Z
“Zaclon” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of fluxes dilute alcohol; insoluble in water, dilute acids, anhy-
based on active zinc ammonium chloride combined drous alcohols, turpentine, esters, oils, fats. Nontox-
with additives; available in various forms. ic protein of the prolamine class, derived from corn;
contains 17 amino acids. Combustible.
Derivation: By-product of corn processing, by ex-
“Zalba” [Du Pont]. TM for a rubber antioxi-
traction of gluten meal with 85% isopropanol, ex-
dant containing a hindered phenol.
traction of the zein from the extract with hexane,
Properties: Yellow or cream-colored powder. D
precipitation by water, and spray drying.
1.30.
Use: Paper coating, grease-resistant coating, label
Use: Nondiscoloring antioxidant for natural and syn-
varnishes, laminated board, solid-color prints, print-
thetic rubbers and latex; stabilizer in SBR manufac-
ing inks, food coatings, microencapsulation, fibers.
ture.
Zeisel determination. Cleavage of methoxy
Zanzibar gum. A hard, usually fossil type of
and ethoxy groups with boiling hydriodic acid, dis-
copal.
tillation of the alkyl iodide into alcoholic silver ni-
Source: Found on the island of Zanzibar and the
trate, and gravimetric determination as silver iodide.
adjacent African mainland.
Alternatively, the alkyl iodide is oxidized to form
Properties: D 1.062–1.068, mp 240–250C. Insolu-
iodate and the iodine liberated by addition of potas-
ble in most solvents. Combustible.
sium iodide is titrated.
Use: Varnishes.
Zeise’s salt. (Pt(C
2
H
4
)Cl
3
)K. Formed by adding
“zaprinast” [A.G. Scientific].
potassium chloride to a solution of platinous chlo-
CAS: 37762-06-4. mf: C
13
H
13
N
5
O
2
. TM for a specific
ride saturated with ethylene.
cGMP-phosphodiesterase inhibitor.
Properties: White solid. Mp: 235-237°.
Hazard: A poison.
“Zelan” [Du Pont]. TM for a line of durable,
water-repellent textile finishes.
“Zar Exterior Polyurethane” [UGL]. TM
for liquid additive containing ultra violet radiation
“Zelcon” SL [Du Pont]. TM for a quater-
absorbers.
nized, long-chain, complex amine condensation
Use: To resist UV rays.
product used as a fabric softener and conditioner for
compounding into home laundry softeners.
“Zar Tung Oil” [UGL]. TM for oil coating
for wood.
“Zelec” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of antistat-
Use: For durable bartops to resist marks caused by
ic agents, both durable and nondurable.
hot and cold liquids.
“Zenite” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of rubber
“Zar Wood Patch” [UGL]. TM for a latex
accelerators based on zinc salt of 2-mercaptobenzo-
compound.
thiazole, with or without various modifying agents.
Use: To fill nail holes, cracks, or gouges. It accepts
stains better than conventional wood.
zeolite. A natural hydrated silicate of aluminum
and either sodium or calcium or both, of the type
ZDP. Abbreviation for zinc dithiophosphate.
Na
2
O•Al
2
O
3
•xSiO
2
•xH
2
O. Both natural and artifi-
cial zeolites are used extensively for water soften-
“Zectran” [Dow]. TM for insecticides contain-
ing, as detergent builders, and cracking catalysts.
ing 4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl-n-methylcarba-
For the former purpose the sodium or potassium
mate.
compounds are required, since their usefulness de-
pends on the cationic exchange of the sodium of the
zedoarondiol.
zeolite for the calcium or magnesium of hard water.
CAS: 98644-24-7. mf: C
15
H
24
O
3
.
When the zeolite has become saturated with calcium
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
or magnesium ion it is flooded with strong salt solu-
tion, a reverse exchange of cations takes place and
zein. The protein of corn, a prolamin. the material is regenerated. The natural zeolites are
Properties: White to slightly yellow powder; analcite, chabazite, heulandite, natrolite, stilbite,
odorless; tasteless. D 1.226. Free of cystine, lysine, and thomosonite.
and tryptophane. A resinous material dispersible in Synthetic zeolites are made either by a gel process
water with neutral sulfonated castor oil; soluble in (sodium silicate and alumina) or a clay process (ka-
1341
1342“ZEPAR” BP
olin), which forms a matrix to which the zeolite is polyvalent ions of sign opposite to that of the colloi-
added. These processes are quite complex, involv- dal particles. Zeta potentials can be calculated from
ing substitution of various rare-earth oxides. The electrophoretic mobilities, i.e., the rates at which
effectiveness of zeolites depends on their pore size, colloidal particles travel between charged elec-
which may be as small as 4–5 A
˚
. Other applications trodes placed in the solution.
of zeolites are as adsorbents, desiccants, and in solar See electric double layer.
collectors, where they function as both heating and
cooling agent. See molecular sieve; aluminosi-
Zewail, Ahmed H. (1946– ). Awarded Nobel
licate; ion-exchange resin; cage zeolite. Prize in chemistry in 1999 for showing that it is
possible with rapid laser technique to see how atoms
in a molecule move during a chemical reaction using
“Zepar” BP [Du Pont]. TM for a reducing
femtosecond spectroscopy. He performs his re-
agent based on sodium hydrosulfite.
search at the California Institute of Technology in
Use: Bleaching agent for groundwood pulp, un-
Pasadena.
bleached pulp, and old papers.
Ziegler catalyst. A type of stereospecific cata-
“Zepel” [Du Pont]. TM for a fluorocarbon
lyst, usually a chemical complex derived from a
textile finish used as a durable oil and water repel-
transition metal halide and a metal hydride or a
lent.
metal alkyl. The transition metal may be any of those
in groups IV to VIII of the periodic table; the hydride
Zerewitinoff determination. The reaction of
or alkyl metals are those of groups I, II, and III.
methylmagnesium iodide with an active hydrogen-
Typically, titanium chloride is added to aluminum
containing compound provides methane, which can
alkyl in a hydrocarbon solvent to form a dispersion
be measured quantitatively by the increase in vol-
or precipitate of the catalyst complex. These cata-
ume of the system at constant pressure.
lysts usually operate at atmospheric pressure and are
used to convert ethylene to linear polyethylene and
Zerewitinoff reagent. Solution of methylmag-
also in stereospecific polymerization of propylene
nesium iodide in purified n-butyl ether. A clear,
to crystalline polypropylene (Ziegler process).
light-colored liquid that reacts rapidly with moisture
See Natta catalyst.
and oxygen.
Use: Analytical reagent for active hydrogen atoms in
Ziegler, Karl. (1898–1973). A German chemist
organic compounds; also to determine water, alco-
who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1963 with
hols, and amines in inert solvents.
Natta. A great deal of work was concerned with the
chemistry of carbon compounds and development
“Zerlate” [Du Pont]. TM for a wettable fungi-
of plastics. A recipient of the Swinburne medal from
cide powder containing 75% ziram.
the Plastics Institute of London in 1964. After study-
Hazard: Irritant to eyes and mucous membranes.
ing at Marburg he was a professor at Heidelberg.
“Zerlon” [Dow]. TM for a methyl methacry-
Ziegler method. Cyclization of dinitriles at
late-styrene copolymer.
high dilution in dialkyl ether in the presence of
Use: Plastic molding material.
ether-soluble metal alkylanilide and hydrolysis of
the resultant imino-nitrile with formation of macro-
zero gravity. See space, chemistry in.
cyclic ketones in good yields.
zero group. See group (1).
Ziegler-Natta polymerization. Polymeriza-
tion of vinyl monomers under mild conditions using
zeroth law (of thermodynamics). Two
aluminum alkyls and TiCl
4
(or other transition ele-
bodies that have been shown to be individually in
ment halide) catalyst to give a stereoregulated, or
equilibrium with a third body will be in equilibrium
tactic, polymer. These polymers, in which the ster-
when placed in contact with each other, that is, they
eochemistry of the chain is not random, have very
will have the same temperature (H. Reiss).
useful physical properties.
“Zeset” [Du Pont]. TM for a fiber-reactant
“Zimate.” TM for zinc dimethyldithiocarba-
resin for crease resistance and dimensional stabili-
mate.
zation of textiles.
See ziram.
zeta potential. (electrokinetic potential). The
potential across the interface of all solids and liq-
Zimmermann reaction. The reaction that oc-
uids. Specifically, the potential across the diffuse curs between methylene ketones and aromatic poly-
layer of ions surrounding a charged colloidal parti- nitro compounds in the presence of alkali. When
cle, which is largely responsible for colloidal stabili- applied to 17-oxosteroids, the colored compounds
ty. Discharge of the zeta potential, accompanied by formed can be used for the quantitative determina-
precipitation of the colloid, occurs by addition of tion of 17-oxosteroids.
1343 ZINC ARSENITE
zinc. Use: Medicine (astringent), preserving wood, textile
CAS: 7440-66-6. Zn. Metallic element of atomic dyeing (mordant and resist), zinc chromate, labora-
number 30, group IIB of the periodic table, aw tory reagent, cross-linking agent for polymers, in-
65.38, valence of 2; five stable isotopes.
gredient of dietary supplements (up to 1 mg daily),
Properties: Shining white metal with bluish-gray
feed additive, ceramic glazes.
luster (called spelter). Not found native. D 7.14, mp
419C, bp 907C, malleable at 100–150C, strongly
zinc acetylacetonate.
electropositive, zinc foil will ignite in the presence
Zn[OC(CH
3
):CHCO(CH
3
)]
2
.
of moisture. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble
Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 138C, bp (sub-
in water.
limes). Very soluble in benzene, acetone; decom-
Source: British Columbia, Mexico, U.S. (Colorado),
poses in water.
Australia, Belgium.
Use: Catalyst in synthesis of long-chain alcohols and
Derivation: Extracted from ores by two distinct
aldehydes, textile weighting agent.
methods, both starting with zinc oxide formed by
roasting the ores: (1) the pyrometallurgical or distil-
“Zincalume” [ATOTECH]. TM for a bright
lation process wherein the zinc oxide is reduced with
zinc electroplating process for consumer’s goods
carbon in retorts from which the resultant zinc is
and military materials. The bath contains zinc cya-
distilled and condensed; and (2) the hydrometallurg-
nide, sodium cyanide, sodium hydroxide, and addi-
ical or electrolytic process wherein the zinc oxide is
tion agents.
leached from the roasted or calcined material with
sulfuric acid to form zinc sulfate solution, which is
zinc ammonium chloride. ZnCl
2
•2NH
4
Cl. A
electrolyzed in cells to deposit zinc on cathodes.
complex salt; double salts with 3–6 molecules of
Grade: Special high-grade (99.990%), high-grade
ammonium chloride have also been prepared.
(99.95%), intermediate (99.5%), brass special
Properties: White powder or crystals. D 1.8. Soluble
(99%), prime western (98%).
in water.
Available forms: Slab, rolled (strip, sheet, rod, tub-
Grade: Technical (foaming and nonfoaming).
ing), wire, mossy zinc, zinc dust powder (99% pure),
Use: Welding, soldering flux, dry batteries, galvan-
single crystals, zinc anodes.
izing.
Hazard: (dust) Flammable, dangerous fire and ex-
plosion risk.
zinc ammonium nitrite.
See zinc dust.
CAS: 63885-01-8. ZnNH
4
(NO
2
)
3
.
Use: Alloys (brass, bronze, and die-casting alloys),
Properties: White powder. Strong oxidizing agent.
galvanizing iron and other metals, electroplating,
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic
metal spraying, automotive parts, electrical fuses,
materials.
storage and dry-cell batteries, fungicides, nutrition
(essential growth element), roofing, gutters, engrav-
zinc antimonide. ZnSb
2
. Silvery-white crys-
ers’ plates, cable wrappings, organ pipes.
tals, d 6.33, mp 570C, decomposes in water.
See calamine; franklinite; hydrozincite; sphalerite;
Use: Thermoelectric devices.
willemite.
Hazard: May be irritating to skin.
zinc-65. Radioactive isotope of mass number 65.
zinc arsenate. Various forms are known. The
Properties: Half-life 250 days, radiation ␤ and ␥.
description following is for zinc orthoarsenate,
Derivation: Pile irradiation of zinc metal and, in the
Zn
3
(AsO
4
)
2
•8H
2
O.
cyclotron, by bombarding copper-65 with deu-
Properties: White, odorless powder. D 3.31 (15C),
terons.
loses 1H
2
O at 100C. Insoluble in water; soluble in
Available forms: Zinc metal and zinc chloride in
acids and alkalies.
hydrochloric acid solution.
Derivation: (1) Occurs in nature as mineral koettig-
Hazard: A radioactive poison.
ite, (2) by reaction of a solution of sodium arsenate
Use: Tracer nuclide in study of wear in alloys, the
and a soluble zinc salt.
nature of phosphor activators, galvanizing, function
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
of traces of zinc in body metabolism, the functions
Use: Insecticide, wood preservative.
of oil additives in lubricating oils, etc.
zinc arsenite. (zinc metaarsenite; ZMA).
zinc abietate. See zinc resinate.
CAS: 10326-24-6. Zn(AsO
2
)
2
.
Properties: Colorless powder. Soluble in acids; in-
zinc acetate. soluble in water. Federal specification TT-W-581
CAS: 557-34-6. Zn(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
•2H
2
O. describes the composition of the solution used for
Properties: White, monoclinic, crystalline plates; wood preservation.
pearly luster; faint acetous odor; astringent taste. D Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 10
1.735, loses 2H
2
O at 100C, mp 200C (decomposes). mg/m
3
of total dust when toxic impurities are not
Soluble in water and alcohol. present, e.g., quartz <1%.
Derivation: Action of acetic acid on zinc oxide. Use: Timber preservative, insecticide.
1344ZINC BACITRACIN
zinc bacitracin. ly soluble in boiling water; fairly soluble in boiling
alcohol.
Properties: Creamy-white powder. Almost insolu-
Derivation: By precipitation from a solution of am-
ble in water. Good thermal stability, usually has
monium caprylate with zinc sulfate.
50–60 units/mg of bacitracin activity.
Use: Fungicide.
Derivation: Action of zinc salts on bacitracin broth.
Grade: USP.
Use: Antibacterial agent in ointments, suppositories,
zinc carbolate. See zinc phenate.
etc.
zinc carbonate.
zinc benzenesulfinate.
CAS: 3486-35-9. ZnCO
3
.
CAS: 24308-84-7. mf: C
12
H
12
O
4
S
2
•Zn.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 4.42–4.45,
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A mild eye
evolves carbon dioxide at 300C. Soluble in acids,
irritant.
alkalies, and ammonium salt solutions; insoluble in
water.
zinc borate. Typical composition: zinc oxide
Derivation: (1) Grinding the mineral smithsonite, (2)
45%, B
2
O
3
34%, may have 20% water of hydration.
action of sodium bicarbonate on a solution of a zinc
Properties: White, amorphous powder. Zinc borate
salt.
of composition 3ZnO•2B
2
O
3
has d 3.64, mp 980C.
Use: Ceramics, fireproofing filler for rubber and
Soluble in dilute acids; slightly soluble in water.
plastic compositions exposed to flame temperature,
Nonflammable.
cosmetics and lotions, pharmaceuticals (ointments,
Derivation: Interaction of the oxides at 500–1000C
dusting powders), zinc salts, medicine (topical anti-
or of zinc oxide slurries with solutions of boric acid
septic).
or borax.
Use: Medicine, fireproofing textiles, fungistat and
zinc chlorate.
mildew inhibitor, flux in ceramics.
CAS: 10361-95-2. Zn(ClO
3
)
2
•4H
2
O.
See “Firebrake ZB” [U. S. Borax].
Properties: Colorless to yellowish crystals. Deli-
quescent, d 2.15, decomposes at 60C. Soluble in
zinc bromate. Zn(BrO
3
)
2
•6H
2
O.
water, alcohol, glycerol, and ether.
Properties: White solid. D 2.566, mp 100C. Deli-
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic
quescent, loses 6H
2
O at 200C; very soluble in water.
materials, strong oxidizing agent.
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic
materials, strong oxidizing agent.
zinc chloride.
CAS: 7646-85-7. ZnCl
2
.
zinc bromide. ZnBr
2
.
Properties: White, granular, deliquescent crystals or
Properties: White, hygroscopic, crystalline powder.
crystalline powder. D 2.91, mp 290C, bp 732C, a
D 4.219, mp 394C, bp 650C. Soluble in water, alco-
10% solution is acid to litmus. Soluble in water,
hol, and ether.
alcohol, glycerol, and ether.
Derivation: Interaction of solutions of barium bro-
Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on zinc or
mide and zinc sulfate, with subsequent crystalliza-
zinc oxide.
tion.
Method of purification: Recrystallization.
Use: Photographic emulsions, manufacture of rayon.
Grade: CP, technical; fused, crystals, granulated;
A solution of 80% zinc bromide is used as a radiation
62.5% solution, 50% solution, USP.
viewing shield.
Hazard: (Solid) skin irritant; (solution) severe irri-
tant to skin and tissue. TLV: (fume) 1 mg/m
3
; STEL
zinc butylxanthate. Zn(C
4
H
9
OCS
2
)
2
.
2 mg/m
3
.
Properties: White powder. D 1.45. Decomposes
Use: Catalyst, dehydrating and condensing agent in
when heated; moderately soluble in benzene and
organic synthesis, fireproofing and preserving food,
ethylene dichloride; slightly soluble in acetone, in-
soldering fluxes, burnishing and polishing com-
soluble in water and gasoline.
pounds for steel, electroplating, antiseptic and deo-
Use: Ultraaccelerator used in self-curing rubber ce-
dorant preparations (up to 2% solution), textiles
ments.
(mordant; carbonizing agent; mercerizing, sizing,
See xanthate.
and weighting compositions; resist for sulfur colors,
albumin colors, and para red), adhesives, dental ce-
ments, glass etching, petroleum refining, parch-
zinc cadmium sulfide. A fluorescent pig-
ment, dentifrices, embalming and taxidermists’
ment, a phosphor.
fluids, medicine (astringent), antistatic, denaturant
Hazard: As for cadmium.
for alcohol.
zinc caprylate. (zinc octanoate).
CAS: 557-09-5. Zn(C
8
H
15
O
2
)
2
. zinc chloride, chromated. A mixture of zinc
Properties: Lustrous scales. Mp 136C, decomposes chloride and sodium dichromate used as a wood
in moist atmosphere giving off caprylic acid. Slight- preservative. Federal specification TT-W-551 re-
1345 ZINC FLUORIDE
quires that it contain no less than 77.5% zinc chlo-
zinc diethyl. See diethylzinc.
ride and 17.5% sodium dichromate dihydrate.
zinc diethyldithiocarbamate.
CAS: 14324-55-1. Zn[SC(S)N(C
2
H
5
)
2
]
2
.
zinc chloroiodide. Mixture of zinc chloride and
Properties: White powder. D 1.47 (20/20C), melting
iodide.
range 172–176C. Soluble in carbon disulfide, ben-
Properties: White powder. Soluble in water.
zene, and chloroform; insoluble in water.
Use: Disinfectant, pharmaceutical preparations.
Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and mucous mem-
branes.
zinc chromate. ZnCrO
4
•7H
2
O.
Use: Rubber vulcanization accelerator, especially for
Properties: Solid yellow pigment. Mw 307.6
latex foam; heat stabilizer for polyethylene.
Hazard: TLV: 0.01 mg/m
3
, confirmed human carcin-
ogen.
zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate. See ziram.
Use: Pigments.
zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate
zinc cyanide.
cyclohexylamine complex. (zinc dithioa-
CAS: 557-21-1. Zn(CN)
2
.
mine complex).
Properties: White powder. D 1.852, mp 800C (de-
Properties: White powder or slurry of low solubility.
composes). Soluble in dilute mineral acids with pro-
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
duction of hydrogen cyanide; soluble in alkalies;
Use: Fungicide, rodent poison, deer and rabbit repel-
insoluble in water and alcohol.
lent.
Derivation: By precipitation of a solution of zinc
sulfate or chloride with potassium cyanide.
zinc dioxide. See zinc peroxide.
Grade: Technical.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 5
mg(CN)/m
3
.
zinc dithionite. See zinc hydrosulfite.
Use: Metal plating, chemical reagent, insecticide.
zinc dust. A gray powder.
zinc dialkyldithiophosphate. A lubricating-
Grade: Commercial, pigment.
oil additive for corrosion resistance, wear resis-
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk; may form explosive
tance, antioxidant.
mixture with air; in bulk when damp, may heat and
ignite spontaneously on exposure to air.
Use: Zinc salts and other zinc compounds, reducing
zinc dibenzyldithiocarbamate.
agent, precipitating agent, purifier, catalyst, rust-re-
Zn[SCSN(C
7
H
7
)
2
]
2
.
sistant paints, bleaches, pyrotechnics, soot removal,
Properties: White powder. D 1.41, melting range
pipe-thread compounds, sherardizing, decorative
165–175C. Moderately soluble in benzene and eth-
effect in resins, autobody coatings.
ylene dichloride; insoluble in acetone, gasoline, and
water.
zinc ethyl. See diethylzinc.
Use: Accelerator for latex dispersions and cements.
zinc ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. See
zinc dibutyldithiocarbamate.
zineb.
CAS: 136-23-2. Zn[SC(S)N(C
4
H
9
)
2
]
2
.
Properties: White powder; pleasant odor. D 1.24
(20/20C), melting range 104–108C. Soluble in car-
zinc-2-ethylhexoate. See zinc octoate.
bon disulfide, benzene, and chloroform; insoluble in
water.
zinc ethylsulfate. Zn(C
2
H
5
SO
4
)
2
•2H
2
O.
Use: Accelerator for latex dispersions and cements,
Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic, crystalline leaf-
etc; ultra-accelerator for lubricating oil additive.
lets. Soluble in water and alcohol.
Derivation: Interaction of zinc hydroxide and die-
thyl sulfate.
zinc o,o-dibutyl dithiophosphate.
Use: Organic synthesis.
CAS: 6990-43-8. mf: C
16
H
36
O
4
P
2
S
4
Zn.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A mild skin
and severe eye irritant.
zinc-finger protein. A secondary feature of
some proteins containing a zinc atom; a DNA-bind-
ing protein.
zinc dichromate.
CAS: 7789-12-0. ZnCr
2
O
7
•3H
2
O.
Properties: Orange-yellow powder. Soluble in acids
zinc fluoride.
and hot water; insoluble in alcohol and ether. CAS: 7783-49-5. ZnF
2
.
Derivation: Action of chromic acid on zinc hy- Properties: White powder. D 4.84 (15C), mp 872C,
droxide. bp about 1500C. Soluble in hot acids; slightly solu-
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. ble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
Use: Pigment. Derivation: (1) Action of hydrogen fluoride on zinc
1346ZINC FLUOROBORATE
hydroxide, (2) addition of sodium fluoride to a solu- pulps; to treat beet and cane sugar juices; depressant
tion of zinc acetate. in mining flotations; bleaching textiles, vegetable
Grade: Technical, 95% pure. oils, straw, hemp, vegetable tannins, animal glue,
etc.
Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m
3
.
Use: Phosphors, ceramic glazes, wood preserving,
zinc hydroxide. Zn(OH)
2
.
electroplating, organic fluorination.
Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.053. Decom-
poses at 125C. Almost insoluble in water; forms
zinc fluoroborate. Zn(BF
4
)
2
.
both zinc salts and zincates.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Handled as 40 or 48%
Derivation: Addition of a strong alkali to a solution
solution.
of a zinc salt.
Use: Plating and bonderizing, resin curing.
Use: Intermediate, absorbent in surgical dressings,
rubber compounding.
zinc fluorosilicate. (zinc silicofluoride).
CAS: 16871-71-9. ZnSiF
6
•6H
2
O.
zinc hypophosphite. Zn(H
2
PO
2
)
2
•H
2
O.
Properties: White crystals. D 2.104. Decomposes on
Properties: White, hygroscopic crystals. Soluble in
heating; soluble in water.
water and alkalies.
Derivation: Reaction of zinc oxide and fluosilicic
Derivation: Action of hypophosphorous acid on zinc
acid.
hydroxide.
Use: Concrete hardener, laundry sour, preservative,
moth-proofing agents.
zinc iodide. ZnI
2
.
Properties: Hygroscopic, white, crystalline powder;
zinc formaldehyde sulfoxylate.
sharp saline taste. Turns brown on exposure to light
Zn(HSO
2
•CH
2
O)
2
(normal);
or air. D 4.67, mp 446C, bp 625C (decomposes).
Zn(OH)(HSO
2
•CH
2
O) (basic).
Soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies.
Properties: Rhombic prisms. Very soluble in water
Derivation: Interaction of barium iodide and zinc
(normal) (basic is insoluble in water); insoluble in
sulfate, with subsequent crystallization.
alcohol; decomposes in acid.
Use: Medicine (topical antiseptic), analytical re-
Derivation: Reaction of formaldehyde and zinc sul-
agent.
foxylate.
Grade: Basic, normal.
Zincke disulfide cleavage. Formation of sul-
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
fenyl halides by three essentially similar methods
Use: Stripping and discharging agent for textiles.
involving the action of chlorine or bromine on aryl
See hydrosulfite-formaldehyde.
disulfides, thiophenols, or arylbenzyl sulfides.
zinc formate. Zn(CH
2
O)
2
•2H
2
O.
Zincke nitration. Replacement of o-orp-bro-
Properties: White crystals. D 2.207 (20C). Loses
mine or iodine atoms (but not fluorine or chlorine
2H
2
O at 140C. Soluble in water; insoluble in al-
atoms) in phenols by a nitro group on treatment with
cohol.
nitrous acid or a nitrite in acetic acid.
Derivation: Action of formic acid on zinc hydroxide.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Catalyst for production of methanol, water-
Zincke-Suhl reaction. Phenol-dienone rear-
proofing agent, textiles, antiseptic. rangement of p-cresols by addition of carbon tetra-
chloride in the presence of aluminum chloride, with
formation of 4-methyl-4-trichloromethylcyclo-
zinc gluconate.
hexa-2,5-dienone.
CAS: 468-02-4. C
12
H
22
O
4
Zn
Properties: White granular or crystalline powder.
Sol in water; very sltly sol in alc.
zinc lactate. Zn(C
3
H
5
O
3
)
2
•3H
2
O.
Use: Dietary supplement and food additive, vitamin Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water. Com-
tablets. bustible.
Derivation: Action of lactic acid on zinc hydroxide.
zinc green. One of a group of brilliant green
pigments consisting of a mixture of Prussian blue
zinc laurate. Zn(C
12
H
23
O
2
)
2
.
and zinc yellow. They are permanent to light but not Properties: White powder. Mp 128C. Almost insol-
to alkali or water. uble in water and alcohol. Combustible.
Use: Flat wall paints and interior work. Derivation: Precipitation of a soluble coconut oil
soap with a solution of a zinc salt.
Use: Paints, varnishes, rubber compounding (soften-
zinc hydrosulfite. (zinc dithionite).
er and activator).
CAS: 7779-86-4. (ZnS
2
O
4
).
Properties: White, amorphous solid. Soluble in
water.
zinc linoleate. Zn(C
17
H
31
COO)
2
.
Grade: Technical. Properties: Brown solid containing 8.5–9.5% zinc.
Use: Brightening groundwood, kraft, and other paper Combustible.
1347 ZINC OXIDE
Derivation: Precipitation from solutions of sodium Properties: Dry, white to tan, greasy, granular pow-
linoleate and soluble zinc salt, or by fusion of the der containing 8.5–10.5% zinc. Mp 70C. Soluble in
fatty acid and zinc oxide. alcohol, ether, carbon disulfide, ligroin; insoluble in
Use: Paint drier, especially with cobalt and manga-
water. Combustible.
nese soaps.
Derivation: Interaction of solutions of zinc acetate
and sodium oleate or by fusion of zinc oxide and
zinc malate. Zn(OOCCH
2
CH
2
OCOO)•3H
2
O.
oleic acid.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in
Use: Paints, resins, and varnishes (drier).
water. Combustible.
Derivation: Action of malic acid on zinc hydroxide.
“Zinc Omadine” [Olin].
CAS: 13463-41-7. TM for zinc pyrithione.
zinc-2-mercaptobenzothiazole.
Properties: Powder.
Zn(C
7
H
4
NS
2
)
2
.
Use: Additive in antidandruff preparations, preserva-
Use: Rubber accelerator, fungicide.
tion of cosmetics, metalworking fluids, inhibition of
bacterial and fungal growth on fabric.
zinc methionine sulfate.
CAS: 56329-42-1.
“Zincon” [LaMotte]. TM for 2-carboxy-2
′
-hy-
Properties: White powder. Freely sol in water.
droxy-5
′
-sulfoformazylbenzene.
Use: Food additive.
Use: In colorimetric determination of zinc and
copper.
zinc molybdate. ZnMoO
4
•2H
2
O.
Properties: Solid. D 3.3, mp 1650C. Insoluble in
zinc orthoarsenate. See zinc arsenate.
water.
Use: Anticorrosion agent, starting material for grow-
zinc orthophosphate. See zinc phosphate.
ing single crystals.
zinc orthosilicate. See zinc silicate.
zinc naphthenate. Zn(C
6
H
5
COO)
2
.
Properties: Amber, viscous, basic liquid or basic
zinc oxalate. ZnC
2
O
4
•2H
2
O.
solid. The liquid contains 8–10% zinc, the solid
Properties: White powder. D 2.562 (24C), mp 100C
contains 16% zinc. Very soluble in acetone. Com-
Soluble in acids and alkalies; slightly soluble in
bustible.
water. (decomposes), combustible.
Derivation: Fusion of zinc oxide or hydroxide and
Derivation: Interaction of zinc sulfate and sodium
naphthenic acid or precipitation from mixture of
oxalate.
soluble zinc salts and sodium naphthenate.
Use: Zinc oxide, organic synthesis.
Use: Drier and wetting agent in paints, varnishes,
resins; insecticide; fungicide; mildew preventive;
zinc oxide. (Chinese white; zinc white).
wood preservative; waterproofing textiles; insulat-
CAS: 1314-13-2. ZnO.
ing materials.
Properties: Coarse white or grayish powder;
odorless; bitter taste. Absorbs carbon dioxide from
zinc nitrate.
the air. Has greatest UV absorption of all commer-
CAS: 7779-88-6. Zn(NO
3
)
2
•6H
2
O.
cial pigments. D 5.47, mp 1975C. Soluble in acids
Properties: Colorless lumps or crystals. D 2.065
and alkalies; insoluble in water and alcohol. Non-
(13C), mp 36.4C, loses water of crystallization be-
combustible.
tween 105 and 131C. Soluble in water and alcohol.
Derivation: (1) Oxidation of vaporized pure zinc
Derivation: Action of nitric acid on zinc or zinc
(French process), (2) roasting of zinc oxide ore
oxide.
(franklinite) with coal and subsequent oxidation
Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, strong
with air, (3) similar treatment starting with other
oxidizing agent.
ores, (4) oxidation of vapor-fractionated die
Use: Acidic catalyst, latex coagulant, reagent, inter-
castings.
mediate, mordant.
Grade: American process, lead-free; French process;
lead-free; green seal; red seal; white seal (according
zinc octanoate. See zinc caprylate.
to fineness); leaded (white lead sulfate); USP; single
crystals.
zinc octoate. (zinc-2-ethylhexoate).
Hazard: Zinc oxide fume is harmful by inhalation.
Zn(OOCCH(C
2
H
5
)C
4
H
9
)
2
.
Zinc oxide powder reacts violently with chlorinated
Properties: Light-straw-colored, viscous liquid. D
rubber at 215C. TLV: (fume) 5 mg/m
3
.
1.16. Insoluble in water; soluble in hydrocarbon
Use: Accelerator activator, pigment and reinforcing
solvents. Combustible.
agent in rubber, ointments, pigment and mold-
Use: Catalyst.
growth inhibitor in paints, UV absorber in plastics,
ceramics, floor tile, glass, zinc salts, feed additive,
zinc oleate. dietary supplement, seed treatment, cosmetics, pho-
CAS: 557-07-3. Zn(C
17
H
33
COO)
2
. toconductor in office copying machines and in color
1348ZINC OXYCHLORIDE
photography, piezoelectric devices, artists’ colo- Derivation: By heating zinc hydroxide with phenol
rant. and extracting with alcohol.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Insecticide.
zinc oxychloride. A saturated solution of zinc
chloride and zinc oxide.
Use: Dentistry.
zinc-1,4-phenolsulfonate. (zinc sulfophenate;
zinc sulfocarbolate).
zinc palmitate. Zn(C
16
H
31
O
2
)
2
.
CAS: 127-82-2. Zn(SO
3
C
6
H
4
OH)
2
•8H
2
O.
Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 1.121, mp
Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white
100C. Insoluble in water and alcohol; slightly solu-
granular powder; odorless; astringent metallic taste.
ble in benzene and toluene. Combustible.
Effloresces in air, turns pink on exposure to air and
Use: Flatting agent in lacquer, pigment suspending
light. Loses water of crystallization at 120C; soluble
agent for paints, rubber compounding, lubricant in
in water and alcohol.
plastics.
Derivation: By heating zinc hydroxide with p-phe-
nolsulfonic acid.
zinc perborate. Zn(BO
3
)
2
with water of hydra-
Grade: Technical.
tion.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Properties: Amorphous white powder. Insoluble in
Use: Insecticide, medicine (antiseptic).
water but slowly decomposed by it, liberating hy-
drogen peroxide.
zinc phosphate. (zinc orthophosphate; zinc
Derivation: Interaction of sodium peroxide, boric
phosphate, tribasic). Zn
3
(PO
4
)
2
.
acid, and zinc salt, or of boric acid and zinc peroxide.
Properties: White powder. D 3.998 (15C), mp 900C.
Hazard: Fire risk when wet, in contact with organic
Soluble in acids and ammonium hydroxide; insolu-
materials.
ble in water.
Use: Medicine, oxidizing agent.
Derivation: Interaction of zinc sulfate and trisodium
phosphate.
zinc permanganate.
Grade: Technical, 98% pure.
CAS: 23414-72-4. Zn(MnO
4
)
2
•6H
2
O.
Use: Dental cements; phosphors; conversion coating
Properties: Violet-brown or black, hygroscopic
of steel, aluminum, and other metal surfaces.
crystals. D 2.47, loses 5H
2
O at 100C. Decomposes
on exposure to light and air; soluble in water and
zinc phosphide.
acids; decomposes in alcohol.
CAS: 1314-84-7. Zn
3
P
2
.
Grade: Technical (95% pure).
Properties: Dark gray, gritty powder. D 4.55 (15C),
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic
mp above 420C, stable if dry. Insoluble in alcohol;
materials, strong oxidizing agent.
soluble in acids; decomposes in water.
Use: Oxidizing agent, medicine (antiseptic).
Derivation: By passing phosphine into a solution of
zinc sulfate.
zinc peroxide. (zinc dioxide).
Grade: Technical, 80–85% pure.
CAS: 1314-22-3. ZnO
2
.
Hazard: Reacts violently with oxidizing agents, pro-
Properties: White powder containing 45–60% ZnO
2
,
duces toxic and flammable phosphine by reaction
balance ZnO. D 1.571, decomposes rapidly above
with acids. Toxic by ingestion. A deadly poison.
150C. Decomposes in acids, alcohol, acetone; insol-
Use: Rodenticide.
uble in water but decomposed by it.
Derivation: Action of barium peroxide on zinc sul-
zinc potassium chromate. See zinc yellow.
fate solution, followed by filtration.
Grade: USP (mixture of peroxide, carbonate, and
zinc potassium iodide. See potassium zinc
hydroxide), technical 50–60%.
iodide.
Hazard: Severe explosion risk when heated; explo-
sive range 190–212C. Fire risk in contact with or-
zinc propionate. Zn(OOCC
2
H
5
)
2
.
ganic materials; strong oxidizing agent.
Properties: Platelets, tablets, or needlelike crystals.
Use: Curative for rubber and elastomers, pharmaceu-
Fairly soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol;
ticals, high-temperature oxidation.
decomposes in moist atmosphere liberating propi-
onic acid. Combustible.
zinc-o-phenanthroline complex.
Derivation: By dissolving zinc oxide in dilute propi-
CAS: 16561-55-0. mf: C
12
H
8
N
2
•Zn.
onic acid and concentrating the solution.
Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
Use: Fungicide on adhesive tape.
zinc phenate. (zinc carbolate; zinc pheno-
zinc-1,2-propylene bisdithiocarbamate.
late). Zn(C
6
H
5
O)
2
. (May be only a mixture of zinc
See propineb.
oxide and phenol).
Properties: White powder. Soluble in alcohol;
slightly soluble in water. Combustible.
zinc pyrithione. See “Zinc Omadine” [Olin].
1349 ZINC SULFITE
zinc pyrophosphate. Zn
2
P
2
O
7
. Properties: (Pure substance) White, hydrophobic
Properties: White powder. D 3.756 (23C). Soluble powder free from grittiness; faint odor. D 1.095, mp
in acids and alkalies; insoluble in water. 130C. Soluble in acids and common solvents when
Use: Pigment.
hot; insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combus-
tible.
Derivation: Action of sodium stearate on solution of
zinc resinate.
zinc sulfate.
Properties: Powder, clear amber lumps, or yellowish
Grade: USP, technical, available free from chick
liquid. May be acidic, basic, or neutral; soluble in
edema factor.
some organic solvents (ether, amyl alcohol). Com-
Use: Cosmetics, lacquers, ointments, dusting pow-
bustible. Chief constituent: zinc abietate.
der, lubricant, mold-release agent, filler, antifoamer,
Derivation: By fusion of zinc oxide and rosin or by
heat and light stabilizer, medicine (dermatitis), tab-
precipitation from solutions of zinc salts and sodium
let manufacture, dietary supplement.
resinate.
Use: Wetting, dispersing, and hardening agent; drier
in paints, varnishes, and resins.
zinc sulfate. (white vitriol; white copperas;
zinc vitriol).
zinc rhodanide. See zinc thiocyanate.
CAS: 7733-02-0. ZnSO
4
•7H
2
O.
Properties: Colorless crystals, small needles, or
zinc ricinoleate.
granular, crystalline powder; without odor; astrin-
Zn[(CH
3
CH
2
)
5
CH
2
OCH
2
CH:CH(CH
2
)
7
CO
2
]
2
.
gent, metallic taste. Efflorescent in air. Solutions
Properties: Fine white powder; faint fatty acid odor.
acid to litmus. D 1.957 (25/4C), mp 100C, loses
Mp 92–95C, d 1.10 (25/25C). Combustible.
7H
2
O at 280C. Soluble in water and glycerol; insolu-
Use: Fungicide, emulsifier, greases, lubricants, wa-
ble in alcohol.
terproofing, lubricating-oil additive, stabilizer in vi-
Derivation: (1) Roasting zinc blend and lixiviating
nyl compounds.
with subsequent purification, (2) action of sulfuric
acid on zinc or zinc oxide.
zinc salicylate. Zn[C
6
H
4
(OH)COO]
2
•3H
2
O.
Grade: Technical, USP, reagent.
Properties: White crystalline needles or powder.
Use: Rayon manufacture, dietary supplement, animal
Soluble in water and alcohol. Combustible.
feeds, mordant, wood preservative, analytical re-
Derivation: By heating zinc hydroxide and salicylic
agent.
acid.
Use: Medicine (antiseptic).
zinc sulfate monohydrate. ZnSO
4
•H
2
O.
Properties: White, free-flowing powder. Soluble in
zinc selenide. ZnSe.
water; insoluble in alcohol.
Properties: Yellowish to reddish crystals. D 5.42
Use: Rayon manufacture, agricultural sprays, chemi-
(15/4C), mp above 1100C. Insoluble in water.
cal intermediate, dyestuffs, electroplating.
Hazard: Fire risk in contact with water or acids.
Use: Windows in infrared optical equipment, phos-
zinc sulfide. ZnS. Exists in two crystalline
phor.
forms, ␣ (wurtzite) and ␤ (sphalerite).
Properties: Yellowish-white powder. Stable if kept
zinc silicate. (zinc orthosilicate). Zn
2
SiO
4
.
dry. ␣: d 3.98. ␤: d 4.102, changes to ␣ form at
Properties: White crystals. D 4.103, mp 1509C. In-
1020C. Sublimes at 1180C. Soluble in acids; insolu-
soluble in water.
ble in water.
Use: Phosphors, spray ingredients, to remove traces
Derivation: By passing hydrogen sulfide gas into a
of copper from gasoline.
solution of a zinc salt.
See willemite.
Grade: Technical, CP, fluorescent or luminous, sin-
gle crystals.
zinc silicofluoride. See zinc fluorosilicate.
Use: Pigment, white and opaque glass, base for color
lakes, rubber, plastics, dyeing (hydrosulfite pro-
zinc-silver oxide battery. Primary or secon-
cess), ingredient of lithopone, phosphor in X-ray
dary battery used where space and weight are criti-
and television screens, luminous paints, fungicide.
cal, i.e., in missiles. The battery has large energy
output for its weight, but the components are expen-
sive and the cycle life is short. To avoid deteriora-
zinc sulfite. ZnSO
3
•2H
2
O.
tion, potassium hydroxide electrolyte is added just
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Absorbs oxy-
before use.
gen from the air to form sulfate. Loses 2H
2
Oat
See battery.
100C; decomposes at 200C. Soluble in sulfurous
acid; insoluble in cold water and alcohol; decom-
zinc stearate. poses in hot water.
CAS: 557-05-1. Zn(C
18
H
35
O
2
)
2
. Percentage of zinc Derivation: Action of sulfurous acid on zinc hy-
may vary according to intended use, some products droxide.
being more basic than others. Use: Preservative for anatomical specimens.
1350ZINC SULFOCARBOLATE
zinc sulfocarbolate. See zinc phenolsulfo- mp 2100C. Soluble in hydrogen fluoride; insoluble
nate.
in water and alkalies; slightly soluble in mineral
acids and hot concentrated sulfuric acid. Noncom-
zinc sulfocyanate. See zinc thiocyanate.
bustible.
Use: Opacifier for ceramic glazes.
zinc sulfophenate. See zinc phenolsulfonate.
zineb. (zinc ethylenebis[dithiocarbamate]).
zinc sulfoxylate. ZnSO
2
.
CAS: 12122-67-7. Zn(CS
2
NHCH
2
)
2
.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Decomposed
Properties: Light-tan solid. Insoluble in water; solu-
by heat; salt of unstable sulfoxylic acid (H
2
SO
2
). A
ble in pyridine; decomposes on heating.
strong reducing agent.
Derivation: Reaction of sodium ethylenebisdithio-
Derivation: Action of zinc and sulfuryl choride in
carbamate with zinc sulfate or other zinc salts. In
ethereal solution or of sulfur dioxide on granulated
practical application as a fungicide these reactants
zinc in absolute alcohol.
are mixed in the presence of lime; the zineb is not
Use: Stripping agent in dyeing.
formed until after reaction of the carbon dioxide of
the air with the film of the other chemicals on the leaf
zinc telluride. ZnTe. or fruit.
Properties: Reddish crystals. D 6.34 (15C), mp Grade: Commercial dusts and wettable powders
1238C. Decomposes in water. Single crystals avail- usually contain 65% active material.
able for phosphors. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion; irritant to
Derivation: Reaction of zinc oxide and tellurium eyes and mucous membranes.
powder in alkaline solution. Use: Insecticide and fungicide.
Use: Semiconductor research, photoconductor.
zingerone. (4-[4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl]-2-
zinc thiocyanate. (zinc rhodanide; zinc sul- butanone).
focyanate). Zn(CNS)
2
. CAS: 122-48-5. HOC
6
H
3
(OCH
3
)CH
2
CH
2
COCH
3
.
Properties: White, hygroscopic powder or crystals. Properties: Crystals. Mp 40–41C. Soluble in ether;
Soluble in water, alcohol, and ammonium hy- sparingly soluble in water and petroleum ether.
droxide. Use: Flavoring.
Derivation: Interaction of zinc hydroxide and am-
monium thiocyanate.
“Zin-O-Lyte” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of
Grade: Technical, solution, reagent, ACS.
electroplating products for use in zinc cyanide plat-
Use: Analytical chemistry, swelling agent for cellu-
ing baths.
lose esters, dyeing assistant.
“Zinophos” [Cytec]. TM for a soil insecticide
zinc thiophenate. A coined name for a class of
and nematocide whose active ingredient is thion-
peptizing agents for natural and synthetic rubbers; a
azin.
typical example is the tert-butylphenyl sulfide
[(CH
3
)
3
CC
6
H
4
S]
2
Zn.
“Zinpol” [Zinchem]. TM for shellac.
Available forms: Flake, powder, and solution.
zinc undecylenate. [CH
2
:CH(CH
2
)
8
COO]
2
Zn.
Use: Ink, coatings, confectionary, pharmaceutical,
Properties: White, amorphous powder. Mp
and industrial processing.
115–116C. Nearly insoluble in water and alcohol.
Combustible.
ziram. (zinc dimethyldithiocarbamate).
Grade: NF.
CAS: 137-30-4. Zn(SCSNCH
3
CH
3
)
2
.
Use: Medicine (fungistat), cosmetics, chemical inter-
Properties: White and odorless when pure. D 1.71,
mediate.
mp 246C. Almost insoluble in water; soluble in
acetone, carbon disulfide, chloroform, dilute alka-
zinc white. See zinc oxide.
lies, and concentrated hydrochloric acid.
Derivation: Reaction of sodium dimethyldithiocar-
zinc yellow. (citron yellow; buttercup yellow; bamate with a soluble zinc salt in aqueous solution.
zinc potassium chromate; zinc chrome). Grade: 76% wettable powder, 90% technical
CAS: 11103-86-9. 4ZnO•4CrO
3
•K
2
O•3H
2
O. powder.
Properties: Greenish-yellow pigment of compara- Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and mucous mem-
tively low tinting strength. Partially water soluble. branes.
Derivation: Reaction of a solution of potassium Use: Fungicide, rubber accelerator.
dichromate with zinc oxide and sulfuric acid.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
“Zircaloy.” TM for alloys of zirconium with low
Use: Rust-inhibiting paints, artists’ color.
percentages of antimony, iron, chromium, and
nickel.
zinc zirconium silicate. ZnO•ZrO
2
•SiO
2
. Use: Cladding for nuclear fuel elements and other
Properties: White powder. D 4.8, bulk d 115 lb/cu ft, reactor applications.
1351 ZIRCONIUM CARBIDE
“Zircat” [Degussa]. Powder should be kept wet in storage and protective
CAS: 7440-67-7. TM for a zirconium catalyst. clothing should be worn.
Use: Waterborne coatings. Use: Coating nuclear fuel rods, corrosion-resistant
alloys, photo flashbulbs (foil), pyrotechnics, metal-
to-glass seals, special welding fluxes, getter in vacu-
“Zirco” [AKZO]. TM for an oil-soluble poly-
meric zirconyl complex in odorless mineral spirits. um tubes, explosive primers, acid manufacturing
Not a paint drier in itself; has synergistic action on
plants, deoxidizer and scavenger in steel manufac-
metallic driers.
turing, laboratory crucibles, spinnerettes.
“Zircofrax” [Carborundum]. TM for super- zirconium-95. Radioactive zirconium of mass
refractory products from zirconium oxide and zirco- number 95.
nium silicate. Properties: Half-life 63 days, radiation ␤ and ␥.
Properties: High heat resistance, great strength, high Derivation: Obtained in a mixture with niobium
thermal conductivity, high resistance to attack by from the fission products of nuclear reactor fuels.
acids and acid slags, porosity about 25%, low per- Available forms: Zirconium oxalate complex in ox-
meability. alic acid solution.
Use: Bricks and special shapes for ceramic kiln furni- Hazard: Radioactive poison.
ture and in chemical and metallurgical furnaces. Use: To trace the flow of petroleum products in pipe-
lines, to measure rate of catalyst circulation in petro-
leum cracking plants, to study the cracking and po-
zircon.
lymerization of hydrocarbons with various
CAS: 14940-68-2. ZrSiO
4
or ZrO
2
•SiO
2
. A natural
catalysts, etc.
zirconium silicate, represents 60–70% of all zirconi-
um used.
zirconium acetate. H
2
ZrO
2
(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
.
Properties: Brown, gray, red, or colorless; adaman-
Properties: (1) Available as aqueous solution, 22%
tine luster. Mohs hardness 7.5, d 4.68. Insoluble in
ZrO
2
. Clear to pale-amber liquid. D 1.46, pH 3.8–4.2
acids.
(20C), fp −7C, stable at room temperature. (2)
Occurrence: Georgia, Florida, Australia, Brazil.
Available as 13% ZrO
2
(aqueous solution). D 1.20
Use: Source of zirconium oxide, metallic zirconium,
(approx.), pH 3.3–4.0 (20C), stable at room temper-
and hafnium; abrasive; refractories; enamels; re-
ature but temperature of hydrolysis decreases with
fractory porcelain; catalyst; silicone rubbers; found-
pH; undergoes exchange with anion-exchange res-
ry cores.
ins but not with cation exchangers.
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
zirconia. See zirconium oxide.
Use: Preparation of water repellents, other chem-
icals.
zirconic anhydride. See zirconium oxide.
zirconium acetylacetonate. See zirconium
zirconium.
tetraacetylacetonate.
CAS: 7440-67-7. Zr. Metallic element of atomic
number 40, group IVB of the periodic table, aw
zirconium ammonium fluoride. (ammo-
91.22, valences of 2, 3 (halogens only) 4; five stable
nium zirconifluoride). Zr(NH
4
)
2
F
6
.
isotopes.
Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water.
Properties: Hard, lustrous, grayish, crystalline
Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
scales or gray amorphous powder. D 6.4, mp 1850C,
bp 4377C. Soluble in hot, very concentrated acids;
zirconium anhydride. See zirconium oxide.
insoluble in water and cold acids. Corrosion resis-
tant, low neutron absorption.
zirconium boride. (zirconium diboride).
Source: Zircon, baddeleyite (zirconia).
ZrB
2
.
Derivation: The ore is converted to a cyanonitride
Properties: Gray metallic crystals or powders. D
and is chlorinated to obtain zirconium tetrachloride.
6.085, mp 3000C, Mohs hardness 8, electrical resis-
This is reduced with magnesium (Kroll process) in
tivity 9.2 micro-ohm-cm (20C), excellent thermal
inert atmosphere. The metal can be prepared in a
shock resistance, poor oxidation resistance above
highly pure and ductile form by vapor-phase decom-
1100C.
position of the tetraiodide. Hafnium must be re-
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
. Toxic.
moved for uses in nuclear reactors
Use: Refractory for aircraft and rocket applications,
See hafnium.
thermocouple protection tubes, high temperature
Grade: Plate, strip, bars, wire, sponge and briquettes,
electrical conductor, cutting tool component, coat-
powder, foil, technical, pure (hafnium free), single
ing tantalum, cathode in high-temperature electro-
crystals.
chemical systems.
Hazard: Flammable and explosive as dust or powder
and in form of borings, shavings, etc. A suspected
carcinogen. Not permitted in cosmetics (FDA).
zirconium carbide. ZrC.
TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
(applies to all Zr compounds). Properties: Gray, crystalline solid. D 6.78, Mohs
1352ZIRCONIUM CARBONATE, BASIC
hardness 8+, mp 3400C, bp 5100C. Insoluble in bined hydrogen which can be driven off in a vacuum
water and hydrochloric acid; soluble in oxidizing above 600C.
acids and attacked by oxidizers. Properties: Gray-black metallic powder. Stable
Derivation: By heating zirconium oxide and coke in toward air and water. D 5.6, autoign temp 518F
an electric furnace. (270C).
Grade: Technical. Derivation: Reduction of zirconia with calcium hy-
Hazard: Powder or dust will ignite spontaneously. dride or magnesium in the presence of hydrogen,
TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
. direct combination of hydrogen and zirconium.
Use: Incandescent filaments, abrasive, cermet com- Grade: Commercial (contains hafnium), reactor
ponent, high-temperature electrical conductor, re- (hafnium free), electronic.
fractory, metal cladding, cutting tool component. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, especially
in the presence of oxidizers. TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
Use: Vacuum-tube getter, powder metallurgy, source
zirconium carbonate, basic. (zirconyl car-
of hydrogen, metal-foaming agent, nuclear modera-
bonate; zirconium carbonate). ZrOCO
3
or ZrO-
tor, reducing agent, hydrogenation catalyst.
CO
3
•xH
2
O.
Properties: White, amorphous powder. Soluble in
acids; insoluble in water.
zirconium hydroxide. Zr(OH)
4
.
Derivation: By adding sodium carbonate to a solu-
Properties: White, bulky, amorphous powder. D
tion of zirconium salt.
3.25, decomposes to ZrO
2
at 550C. Soluble in dilute
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
mineral acids; insoluble in water and alkalies.
Use: Preparation of zirconium oxide.
Derivation: Action of sodium hydroxide (solution)
on a zirconium salt solution.
zirconium chloride. See zirconium tetrachlo- Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
ride. Use: Source of zirconium oxide and zirconium sul-
fate, glass colorants.
zirconium chloride, basic. See zirconium
oxychloride.
zirconium hydroxychloride solution. See
zirconyl hydroxychloride solution.
zirconium diboride. See zirconium boride.
zirconium lactate.
zirconium dioxide. See zirconium oxide.
CAS: 63919-14-2. H
4
ZrO(CH
3
CHOCO
2
)
3
.
Properties: White, slightly moist pulp. Decomposes
zirconium disilicide. (zirconium silicide). without melting. Very slightly soluble in water and
ZrSi
2
. the common organic solvents; soluble in aqueous
Properties: Gray solid. D 4.88 (22C). Soluble in alkalies with formation of salts, decomposes to hy-
hydrogen fluoride; insoluble in water and aqua drous zirconia above pH 10.5, efficient odor absorb-
regia. er. Combustible.
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
. Grade: Zirconia 25% (min).
Use: Coatings resistant to flame or blast impinge- Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
ment, special alloys. Use: Body deodorants, source of zirconia.
zirconium disulfide. ZrS
2
.
zirconium naphthenate.
Properties: Gray, crystalline solid. D 3.87, mp
Properties: Amber-colored, heavy, transparent liq-
1550C. Insoluble in water.
uid. D 1.05. Viscosity equivalent to that of heavy
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
lubricating oil. Very stable, unlike other metallic
Use: A solid lubricant.
naphthenates, possesses no drying properties. Solu-
ble in all common solvents. Combustible.
zirconium fluoride. See zirconium tetrafluo- Derivation: By heating a mixture of naphthenic acid
ride. and zirconium sulfate.
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
Use: Ceramics (enamels, glazes); lubricants; paints
zirconium glycolate. H
2
ZrO(C
2
H
2
O
3
)
3
.
and varnishes (antichalking agent, minimizer of
Properties: Solid. Decomposes without melting on
moisture and solar radiation effects).
heating to 220C. Insoluble in water and organic
solvents; soluble in alkali and sulfuric acid solu-
tions. One or more of the acidic hydrogens may be
zirconium nitrate.
replaced by alkali metals or ammonium to give wa-
CAS: 13746-89-9. Zr(NO
3
)
2
•5H
2
O.
ter-soluble salts.
Properties: White, hygroscopic crystals. Decom-
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
poses at 100C. Soluble in water and alcohol.
Use: Cosmetic (deodorant), medicine, sequestrant.
Derivation: Action of nitric acid on zirconium oxide.
Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact
zirconium hydride. with organics, strong oxidizing agent. Hazard: TLV:
CAS: 7704-99-6. ZrH
2
. Contains 1.7–2.1% com- 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
1353 ZIRCONIUM SULFATE, BASIC
Use: Preservative. Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
Use: Chemical reagent, cation scavenger, coagulant,
carrier for radioactive phosphorus.
zirconium nitride. ZrN. A brassy-colored
powder produced by heating the metal in nitrogen.
Properties: Mohs hardness 8+, d 7.09, mp 2930C.
zirconium potassium chloride. (potassium
Slightly soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and sul- zirconium chloride). ZrCl
4
•KCl. A source of zirco-
furic acid; soluble in concentrated acids. nium for magnesium alloys, to remove iron in an
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
. insoluble form.
Use: Special crucibles, cermets, refractories.
zirconium potassium fluoride. (potassium
fluozirconate; potassium zirconifluoride).
zirconium orthophosphate. See zirconium
CAS: 16923-95-8. ZrK
2
F
6
.
phosphate.
Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water (hot).
Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m
3
.
zirconium oxide. (zirconia; zirconium diox-
Use: Grain refiner in magnesium and aluminum,
ide; zirconic anhydride; zirconium anhydride).
welding fluxes, catalyst, optical glass.
ZrO
2
. Occurs in nature as baddeleyite.
Properties: Heavy, white, amorphous powder. D
zirconium potassium sulfate. (potassium
5.73, mp 2700C, Mohs hardness 6.5, refr index 2.2.
zirconium sulfate). 2K
2
SO
4
•Zr(SO
4
)
2
•3H
2
O.
Insoluble in water and most acids or alkalies at room
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Slightly solu-
temperature; soluble in nitric acid and hot concen-
ble in water.
trated hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, and sulfuric acids.
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
Most heat resistant of commercial refractories; die-
lectric.
zirconium pyrophosphate. ZrP
2
O
7
.
Derivation: By heating zirconium hydroxide or zir-
Properties: White solid. Stable to 1550C. Insoluble
conium carbonate.
in water and dilute acids other than hydrogen fluo-
Grade: Reagent, technical, crystals, fused, whiskers,
ride, coefficient of thermal expansion 5 × 10
−6
at
CP (99% zirconia), hydrous. The fused grade is
1000C.
reported to be harder than diamond (11 on Mohs
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
scale).
Use: Refractory, olefin polymerization catalyst,
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
phosphor.
Use: (Unstabilized) Production of piezoelectric crys-
tals, high-frequency induction coils, colored ceram-
ic glazes, special glasses, source of zirconium metal,
zirconium silicate. See zircon.
heat-resistant fibers, (hydrous) odor absorbent, to
cure dermatitis caused by poison ivy. (Stabilized
zirconium silicide. See zirconium disilicide.
with CaO refractory furnace linings, crucibles, solid
electrolyte for batteries operating at high tempera-
“Zirconium Spinel.” Trade designation for a
ture.
synthetic complex containing 39–41% zirconium
oxide, 20–22% silicon dioxide, 18.5–20.5% alumi-
zirconium oxychloride. (zirconium chloride, num oxide, and 17–21% zinc oxide. Mp 1704C.
basic; zirconyl chloride). ZrOCl
2
•8H
2
O. Use: Glaze opacifier in the ceramic industry.
Properties: White, silky crystals. Loses 6H
2
Oat
150C, 8H
2
O at 210C, d 44 lb/cu ft. Soluble in water,
zirconium sulfate.
methanol, and ethanol; insoluble in other organic
CAS: 14644-61-2. Zr(SO
4
)
2
•4H
2
O.
solvents; aqueous solutions are acidic.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Bulk d 70 lb/
Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on zirconi-
cu ft, decomposes to monohydrate at 100C. Soluble
um oxide.
in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in
Grade: Technical, 36% ZrO
2
, HP.
hydrocarbons. Aqueous solutions are strongly acid-
Use: Textile, cosmetic and grease additive, antiper-
ic, will precipitate potassium ions and amino acids
spirant, water repellents, chemical reagent, zirconi-
from solution, are decomposed by bases and heat.
um salts, in lakes and toners of acidic and basic dyes,
Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on zirconium
oil-field acidizing aid.
hydroxide.
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
Use: Chemical reagent, lubricants, catalyst support,
zirconium phosphate. (zirconium phosphate,
protein precipitation, tanning of white leather.
basic; zirconium orthophosphate).
ZrO(H
2
PO
4
)
2
•3H
2
O.
Properties: White, dense, amorphous powder. De-
zirconium sulfate, basic. (zirconyl sulfate).
composes on heating. Soluble in acids; insoluble in Zr
5
O
8
(SO
4
)
2
•xH
2
O. Similar in properties to the oxy-
water and organic solvents; extensively hydrolyzed chloride and is prepared in a similar fashion, the end
in basic solution. result being in cake form.
Derivation: Action of phosphoric acid on zirconium Use: Textile treatment and white leather tanning and
hydroxide. retannage.
1354ZIRCONIUM TETRAACETYLACETONATE
zirconium tetraacetylacetonate. (zirconium amorphous mass. D 1.46, fp −7C. Becomes solid on
acetylacetonate). Zn[OC(CH
3
):CHCO(CH
3
)]
4
. heating.
Properties: A colorless, crystalline tetrachelate. D Derivation: Addition of acetic acid to water suspen-
1.415, mp 194–5C (decomposition begins at 125C).
sion of carbonated zirconia.
Soluble in pyridine, acetone, benzene, and other
Use: Waterproofing textiles, precipitation of pro-
organic solvents having some polarity; slightly solu-
teins, starch, etc.; for textile and paper coatings.
ble in water.
Derivation: Reaction among zirconyl chloride, ace-
zirconyl carbonate. See zirconium carbon-
tylacetone, and sodium carbonate.
ate, basic.
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
Use: Cross-linking agent for polyol, polyester, and
zirconyl chloride. See zirconium oxychlo-
polyalkyloxy resins; lubricant and grease additive;
ride.
reagent; catalyst.
zirconyl hydroxychloride.
zirconium tetrachloride. (zirconium chlo-
CAS: 10119-31-0. ZrOOHCl•xH
2
O.
ride).
Properties: Colorless or slightly amber liquid (aque-
CAS: 10026-11-6. ZrCl
4
.
ous solution). D 1.26. Forms a soluble glass on
Properties: White, lustrous crystals. D 2.8, sublimes
evaporation, pH of solution 0.8, reacts with alkalies
above 300C. Soluble in alcohol; decomposes in
to form hydrous zirconia; contains 20% zirconia.
water.
Use: Pharmaceuticals, deodorants, precipitation of
Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on zirconi-
acid dyes, water repellents for textiles.
um hydroxide.
Grade: Technical.
zirconyl nitrate (basic). (zirconyl hydroxy-
Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 5 mg(Zr)/m
3
.
nitrate). ZrO(OH)NO
3
.
Use: Source of the pure metal (formed as intermedi-
Properties: Aqueous solution. D 1.35 (25C).
ate in process), analytical chemistry, water repel-
Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.
lents for textiles, tanning agent, zirconium com-
Use: Gelatins and improving lamination bonds of
pounds, special catalysts of the Friedel-Crafts and
polyvinyl alcohol.
Ziegler types.
zirconyl sulfate. See zirconium sulfate,
zirconium tetrafluoride. (zirconium fluo-
basic.
ride).
CAS: 7783-64-4. ZrF
4
.
“Zircotan” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for zirco-
Properties: White powder. D 4.43, mp 600C (sub-
nium tanning agents that produce through-white
limes), slightly soluble in water and hydrogen fluo-
leather.
ride.
Use: Tannage of white kid suede, glove leathers;
Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m
3
.
retannage of chrome leather.
Use: Component of molten salts for nuclear reactors.
ZMA. Abbreviation for zinc metaarsenite.
zirconocene dichloride. (dicyclopentadienyl-
See zinc arsenite.
zirconium dichloride). (C
5
H
5
)
2
ZrCl
2
.
Properties: White crystals. Mp 244C. Soluble in
Zn. Symbol for zinc.
polar organic solvents. Stable in dry air, very slowly
hydrolyzes in moist air.
zoalene. (dinitolmide; 3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide).
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact, irri-
CAS: 148-01-6. (O
2
N)
2
C
6
H
2
(CH
3
)CONH
2
.
tant to eyes and mucous membranes.
Properties: Yellowish solid. Mp 177C. Very slightly
Use: Rubber accelerator, component of a catalyst
soluble in water; soluble in acetone, acetonitrile,
system for polymerization of vinyl monomers, cur-
dioxane, and dimethylformamide.
ing agent for water-repellent silicone materials,
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m
3
; Not Classifiable as a Human
agent for plating with zirconium.
Carcinogen.
See metallocene.
Use: Coccidiostat, food additive.
zircon porcelain. See porcelain, zircon.
“Zoamix” [Dow]. TM for poultry coccidiostats
containing 3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide.
zircon sand. A sand containing considerable
zirconium, titanium, and related metals.
zoapatanolide a.
Use: Source of these elements and also in foundries
CAS: 84886-38-4. mf: C
20
H
26
O
6
.
for casting of alloys.
Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
zirconyl acetate.
CAS: 20645-04-9. Zr(OH)
2
(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
2
. “Zobar” [Du Pont]. TM for a weed killer
Properties: (22% ZrO
2
solution) Tacky, resinous, based on an aqueous solution of the dimethylamine
1355 “ZYTEL”
salts of polychlorobenzoic acids, containing four
Zr. Symbol for zirconium.
pounds of acid equivalent per gallon.
Zsigmondy, Richard. (1865–1929). A native
of Austria, Zsigmondy received the Nobel Prize in
“Zoldine” [Angus]. TM for bicyclic oxazoli-
chemistry in 1925 for his work in the field of colloid
dines.
chemistry, which was initiated by his interest in ruby
Grade: Industrial.
Available forms: Liquid. glass (a colloidal gold suspension). His most impor-
Use: Catalysts, resin reactions, formaldehyde substi- tant contribution to chemistry was his invention of
tute, cross-linking agents, and tanning agents. the ultramicroscope (with Siedentopf) in 1903.
See ultramicroscope; Tyndall effect.
zone refining. A purification process that in-
zwitterion. See isoelectric point.
volves repeated melting and crystallization. The
sample to be purified is placed in a relatively long,
narrow tube and then passed slowly through a fur-
zygote. The product of gamete fusion. In organ-
nace having short, alternate hot and cold zones. isms with a haploid life cycle, the zygote immediate-
Melting occurs opposite the hot zones and crystalli- ly undergoes meiosis, but in organisms with a multi-
zation opposite the cold zones. As the rod moves cellular diploid stage, the zygote is merely the first
through the furnace the zones move along the rod. stage in the diploid portion of the life cycle.
Impurities remain in the molten zones and so are
carried to one end of the rod. The process has been
zym-. (zymo-). Relating to a ferment or fermen-
most used for relatively high-cost materials used in
tation.
small quantities at very high purities, as for solid-
state electronic purposes.
zymase. The enzyme present in yeast that con-
verts sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
“Zonester” [Arizona]. TM for rosin esters.
Available forms: Solid or beaded grades.
zymo-. See zym-.
Use: As a gum base, tackifier, resin for adhesives,
printing inks and coatings.
zymogen. An inactive precursor of an enzyme;
for example, trypsinogen—the precursor of trypsin.
“Zonolite” [Grace]. TM for verxite (expanded
hydrobiotite).
zymohexase. See aldolase.
“Zonyl” [Du Pont]. TM for a fluorosurfactant zymose. Enzyme found in yeast. It hydrolyzes
wetting agent that is superior to hydrocarbon surfac- glucose to alcohol (fermentation).
tants because of greater surface tension reduction.
zyprexa.
CAS: 132539-06-1. mf: C
17
H
20
N
4
S.
“Zoxamide technical” [BIOMOL].
Hazard: Human systemic effects.
CAS: 156052-68-5. mf: C
14
H
16
Cl
3
NO
2
. TM for a
fungicide.
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and
“Zytel” [DuPont-Toray]. TM for engineering
skin contact. resins and high-end specialty polymers.