T. Symbol for (1) tritium; (2) tera-; (3) thymine. hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon

atoms by electrolytic reduction at a lead cathode in

alcoholic sulfuric acid.

2,4,5-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,5-trichlorophenox-

yacetic acid.

Tag Closed Cup. See TCC.

2,4,6-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

tagetes meal and extract.

Properties: Extracted from the dried ground flower

Ta. Symbol for tantalum.

petals of the Aztec marigold Tagetes erecta L. Mp:

53.5−55.0°. A permissible food additive used to in-

tabun. (dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid,

crease the yellow color of the skin and eggs of

ethyl ester).

poultry.

CAS: 77-81-6. (CH

)

NP(O)(C

O)(CN). A nerve

Use: Food additive.

gas.

Properties: Liquid. Fp −50C, bp 240C, flash p 172F

tagged atom. A radioactive isotope used in trac-

(77.7C), d 1.4250 (20/4C). Readily soluble in organ-

ing the behavior of a substance in both biochemical

ic solvents; miscible with water but readily hydro-

and engineering research, e.g., C-14 or I-131.

lyzed; destroyed by bleaching powder, generating

See tracer; label (2).

cyanogen chloride. Combustible.

Hazard: Very toxic by inhalation, cholinesterase in-

Tagliabue Closed Cup. A standard method of

hibitor, a military nerve gas, fatal dose (man) 0.01

determining flash points.

mg/kg.

“TAC” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for tested additive Tagliabue Open Cup A standard method of

chemical items, satisfactory for food additives and determining flash points.

medical uses.

Tag Open Cup. See Tagliabue Open Cup.

tachysterol. C

Properties: Oil; levorotatory. Insoluble in water; sol-

tailings. (1) In flour milling, the product left after

uble in most organic solvents. Protect from air.

grinding and bolting middlings. (2) Impurities re-

Use: Medicine, as the dihydrotachysterol.

maining after the extraction of useful minerals from

an ore. (3) In general, any residue from a mechanical

tackifiers. Refers to compounds used for making

refining or separation process.

an adhesive stickier.

tailored molecule. A molecule that has been

tackiness. (tack). Property of being sticky or

modified chemically to give it certain properties.

adhesive.

tails. Refers to high-boiling impurities that are

taconite. A low-grade iron ore consisting essen-

less volatile than the solvent being distilled.

tially of a mixture of hematite and silica. It contains

25% iron. Found in the Lake Superior district and

talc. (talcum; soapstone; steatite).

western states.

CAS: 14807-96-6.

(OH)

or 3MgO•4SiO

•H

O. A natural hy-

tacrolimus hydrate.

drous magnesium silicate. Compact, massive vari-

CAS: 109581-93-3. mf: C

•H

eties may be called steatite in distinction from the

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

foliated varieties, which are called talc. Soapstone is

an impure variety of steatite.

tacticity. The regularity or symmetry in the mo-

Properties: White, apple-green, gray powder; pearly

lecular arrangement or structure of a polymer mole-

or greasy luster, greasy feel. Mohs hardness 1–1.5

cule. Contrasts with random positioning of substitu-

(may be harder when impure), high resistance to

ent groups along the polymer backbone, or random

acids, alkalies and heat; d 2.7–2.8.

position with respect to one another of successive

Grade: Crude, washed, air-floated, USP, fibrous

atoms in the backbone chain of a polymer molecule.

(99.5%, 99.95%).

See polymer, stereospecific; isotactic.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2 mg/m

, respira-

ble dust; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Tafel rearrangement. Rearrangement of the Use: Ceramics; cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; filler

carbon skeleton of substituted acetoacetic esters to in rubber, paints, soap, putty, plaster, oilcloth;

1202

1203 TANKAGE, GARBAGE

abherent; dusting agent; lubricant; paper; slate pen-

“Tamol 850” [Mid South]. TM for carbox-

ylic homopolymer.

cils and crayons; electrical insulation.

Use: For water treatment, as a scale inhibitor, and

See magnesium silicate.

sludge dispersant.

tall oil. (tallol; liquid rosin). A mixture of rosin

tamuslosin hydrochloride. See r-(−)-5-(2-

acids, fatty acids, and other materials obtained by

((2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propyl)-2.

acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the dig-

esting (pulping) of pine wood; flash p 360F (182C).

“Tanacol CG” [Sybron]. (isopropylbiphe-

Combustible.

nyl).

Derivation: The spent black liquor from the pulping

CAS: 25640-78-2. TM for solvent.

process is concentrated until the sodium salts

Use: In carbonless-copy-paper systems, replaces

(soaps) of the various acids separate out and are

PCB in capacitors, heat transfer fluid.

skimmed off. These are acidified by sulfuric acid.

Composition and properties vary widely, but aver-

Tanaka, Koichi. (1959– ). Born in Japan, Tana-

age 35–40% rosin acids, 50–60% fatty acids.

ka won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2002 for his

Grade: Crude, refined.

pioneering work concerning the development of

Use: Paint vehicles, source of rosin, alkyd resins,

methods for identification and structure analyses of

soaps, cutting oils and emulsifiers, driers, flotation

biological macromolecules. Tanaka received a de-

agents, oil-well drilling muds, core oils, lubricants

gree in Electrical Engineering from Tohoku Univer-

and greases, asphalt derivatives, rubber reclaiming,

sity and undertakes his research at the Shimadzu

synthesis of cortisone and sex hormones, chemical

Corporation.

intermediates.

“Tanak” MRX [Cytec]. TM for melamine-

tall oil imidazoline.

formaldehyde resin tanning agent used to make

CAS: 61791-36-4.

pure-white leather and for bleaching and filling

Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

chrome leather.

tallow. An animal fat containing C

to C

“Tanamer” [Cytec]. TM for sodium polyacry-

Properties: The solidifying points of the different

late adhesive for use during the drying of leather.

tallows are as follows: from 20–45C for horse fat,

See acrylate.

27–38C for beef tallow, 54–56C for stearin and oleo,

32–41C for mutton tallow; d 0.86; refr index 46–49

“Tandem 552” [ACH]. TM for emulsifiers.

(40C) (Zeiss); iodine value 193–202; flash p 509F

Use: As pan release agents for frozen desserts, ice

(265C). Combustible.

cream, baked goods; antibrowning agent for fresh-

Derivation: Extracted from the solid fat or “suet” of

cut fruits, and vegetable.

cattle, sheep, or horses by dry or wet rendering.

Chief constituents: Stearin, palmitin, and olein.

tandem repeat sequences. Multiple copies of

Grade: Edible; inedible; beef tallow; mutton tallow;

the same base sequence on a chromosome; used as

horse fats; acidless; edible, extra.

markers in physical mapping.

Use: Soap stock, leather dressing, candles, greases,

See physical map.

manufacture of stearic and oleic acids, animal feeds,

abherent in tire molds.

tangerine oil. See citrus peel oil.

tallow oil. See “Peacock” [Pfau].

tankage. (animal tankage; tankage rough am-

moniate). The product obtained in abattoir by-prod-

taloximine hydrochloride.

uct plants from meat scraps and bones, that are

CAS: 20230-77-7. mf: C

•ClH.

boiled under pressure and allowed to settle. The

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

grease is removed from the top and the liquor drawn

off. The scrap is then pressed, dried, and sold for

fertilizer.

“Tamol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for anionic,

Grade: Based on percentage of ammonia and bone

polymer-type dispersing agents. Supplied as light-

phosphate. A medium grade has 10% ammonia and

colored powders or aqueous solutions. Effective dis-

20% bone phosphate. Concentrated tankage has had

persant for aqueous suspensions of insoluble dye-

the boiled-down tank liquor and press water added

stuffs, polymers, clays, tanning agents, and

to it before drying and runs 15–17% ammonia.

pigments.

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.

Use: Manufacture of dyestuff pastes, textile printing

and dyeing, pigment dispersion in textile backings,

latex paints and paper coatings, retanning and

tankage, garbage. (tankage fertilizer). Gar-

bleaching of leather, dye resist in leather dyeing, bage treated with steam under pressure, the water

dispersion of pitch in paper manufacture, prefloc and some of the grease removed by pressing, and

prevention in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. further grease removed by solvent extraction. Con-

1204TANNIC ACID

tains 3–4% ammonia, 2–5% phosphoric acid, and In mineral or chrome tanning, the sulfates of chro-

mium, aluminum, and zirconium are used (the last

0.50–1.00% potash.

two for white leather); here the reaction is of a

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.

coordination nature between the carboxyl groups of

Use: Fertilizer.

the skin collagen and the metal atom. Syntans are

also used; these are sulfonated phenol or naphthols

tannic acid. (gallotannic acid; described as a

condensed with formaldehyde. Condensation prod-

penta-(m-digalloyl)-glucose).

ucts other than phenol having strong hydrogen-

CAS: 1401-55-4. C

. Natural substance wide-

bonding power have been developed. Tannage by

ly found in nutgalls, tree barks, and other plant parts.

any method is a time-consuming and exacting pro-

Tannins are known to be gallic acid derivatives. A

cess, requiring careful control of pH, temperature,

solution of tannic acid will precipitate albumin. Tan-

humidity, and concentration factors.

nins are classified according to their behavior on dry

For further information refer to Tanners’ Council,

distillation into two groups, (1) condensed tannins,

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. See

which yield catechol, and (2) hydrolyzable tannins,

leather.

which yield pyrogallol; (2) comprises two groups on

the basis of its products of hydrolysis, glucose, and

tantalic acid anhydride. See tantalum

(a) ellagic acid or (b) gallic acid.

oxide.

Properties: Lustrous, faintly yellowish, amorphous

powder, glistening scales, or spongy mass; darkens

tantalic chloride. See tantalum chloride.

on exposure to air; odorless; strong, astringent taste.

Mp decomposes at 210C. Soluble in water, alcohol,

tantalite. (Fe, Hg)(TaNb)

. The most impor-

and acetone; almost insoluble in benzene, chloro-

tant ore of tantalum, found in Canada, Africa, Brazil,

form, and ether. Flash p 390F (198C), autoign temp

Malaysia. When niobium content exceeds that of

980F (526C). Combustible.

tantalum, the ore is called columbite.

Derivation: Extraction of powdered nutgalls with

water and alcohol.

tantalum.

Grade: Technical, CP, NF, fluffy, FCC.

CAS: 7440-25-7. Ta. Element of atomic number 73

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

in group VB of the periodic table, aw 180.9479,

Use: Chemicals (tannates, gallic acid, pyrogallic

valences of 2, 3, 5; no stable isotopes.

acid, hydrosols of the noble metals); alcohol denatu-

Properties: (1) Black powder. (2) Steel-blue-colored

rant; tanning; textiles (mordant and fixative); elec-

metal when unpolished, nearly a platinum-white

troplating; galvanoplastics (gelatin precipitant);

color when polished. D (1) 14.491, (2) 16.6 (worked

clarification agent in wine manufacture, brewing

metal), mp 2996C, bp 5425C, tensile strength of

and foods, writing inks; pharmaceuticals; deodori-

drawn wire may be as high as 130,000 psi, refr index

zation of crude oil; photography; paper (sizing, mor-

2.05, expansion coefficient 8 × 10

−6

over range

dant for colored papers); treatment of minor burns.

20–1500C. Electrical resistance 13.6 microhm-cm

(0C), 32.0 (500C). Soluble in fused alkalies; insolu-

tannin. Any of a broad group of plant-derived

ble in acids except hydrofluoric and fuming sulfuric

phenolic compounds characterized by their ability

acids.

to precipitate proteins. Some are more toxic than

Occurrence: Canada, Thailand, Malaysia, Brazil.

others, depending on their source. Those derived

Derivation: From tantalum potassium fluoride by

from nutgalls are believed to be carcinogens, while

heating in an electric furnace, by sodium reduction,

those found in tea and coffee may be virtually non-

or by fused salt electrolysis. The powdered metal is

toxic.

converted to a massive metal by sintering in a vacu-

See tannic acid.

um. Foot-long crystals can be grown by arc fusion.

Corrosion resistance: 99.5% pure tantalum is resis-

tanning. The preservation of hides or skins by use tant to all concentrations of hot and cold sulfuric

of a chemical that (1) makes them immune to bacte- acid (except concentrated boiling), hydrochloric

rial attack; (2) raises the shrinkage temperature; and acid, nitric and acetic acids, hot and cold dilute

(3) prevents the collagen fibers from sticking togeth- sodium hydroxide, all dilutions of hot and cold am-

er on drying, so that the material remains porous, monium hydroxide, mine and seawaters, moist sul-

soft, and flexible. Vegetable tanning is used mostly furous atmospheres, aqueous solutions of chlorine.

for sole and heavy-duty leathers. The chief vegeta- Grade: Powder 99.5% pure, sheet, rods, wire, ultra-

ble tannins are water extracts of special types of pure, single crystals.

wood or bark, especially quebracho and wattle. The Hazard: Dust or powder may be flammable. Toxic

main active constituent is tannic acid. The tannins by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m

penetrate the skin or hides after long periods of Use: Capacitors, chemical equipment, dental and sur-

soaking, during which the molecular aggregates of gical instruments, rectifiers, vacuum tubes, furnace

the tannin form cross-links between the polypeptide components, high-speed tools, catalyst, getter al-

chains of the skin proteins; hydrogen bonding is an loys, sutures and body implants, electronic circuitry,

important factor. thin-film components.

1205 TAR CAMPHOR

tantalum alcoholate. (pentaethoxytantalum). tantalum pentachloride. See tantalum chlo-

Ta.

ride.

Use: Catalyst, intermediate for pure tantalates, pre-

paring thin dielectric films.

tantalum pentoxide. See tantalum oxide.

tantalum carbide. TaC.

tantalum pentafluoride. See tantalum fluo-

Properties: Hard, heavy, refractory, crystalline sol-

ride.

id. Mp 3875C, bp 5500C, d 14.5, hardness 1800 kg/

sq mm, resistivity 30 microohm-cm (room tempera-

tantalum potassium fluoride. (potassium

ture). Extremely resistant to chemical action except

tantalum fluoride; potassium fluotantalate).

at elevated temperature.

CAS: 16924-00-8. K

TaF

Derivation: Tantalum oxide and carbon heated at

Properties: White, silky needles. Slightly soluble in

high temperatures.

cold water; quite soluble in hot water.

Use: Cutting tools and dies, cemented carbide tools.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: Intermediate in preparation of pure tantalum.

tantalum chloride. (tantalic chloride; tanta-

lum pentachloride).

tantiron. A ferrous alloy containing 84.8% iron,

CAS: 7721-01-9. TaCl

13.5% silicon, 1% carbon, 0.4% manganese, 0.18%

Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline powder; highly

phosphorus, 0.05% sulfur. It is resistant to acids.

reactive. Decomposed by moist air. D 3.7, bp 242C,

Use: Chemical equipment.

mp 221C. Soluble in alcohol and potassium hydrox-

ide solution. Keep well stoppered.

tapioca. A product rich in starch, obtained from

Grade: Technical.

the tuberous roots of the cassava plant. It is used both

Use: Chlorination of organic substances, intermedi-

directly as a food and as a thickening agent in emul-

ate, production of pure metal.

sions for food products and industrial applications

(lithographic inks). In many uses it is a satisfactory

substitute for gum arabic.

tantalum disulfide. TaS

Properties: Black powder or crystals. Mp above

3000C. Insoluble in water

TAPPI. Abbreviation for Technical Association

Available forms: 40 micron size.

of the Pulp and Paper Industry.

Use: Solid lubricant.

taq polymerase. A DNA polymerase isolated

from the bacterium Thermophilis aquaticus which is

tantalum fluoride. (tantalum pentafluoride).

very stable to high temperatures. It is used in PCR

CAS: 7783-71-3. TaF

procedures and high temperature sequencing.

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 97C, d 4.74.

Soluble in water and nitric acid.

Use: Catalyst in organic reactions.

tar. See coal tar; cigarette tar; pine tar; tar,

wood.

tantalum nitride. TaN.

tar acid. Any mixture of phenols present in tars

Properties: Hexagonal, brown, bronze, or black

or tar distillates and extractable by caustic soda

crystals. D 16.3, mp 3310–3410C. Insoluble in wa-

solutions. Usually refers to tar acids from coal tar

ter; slightly soluble in aqua regia, nitric acid, hydro-

and includes phenol, cresols, and xylenols. When

gen fluoride.

applied to the products from other tars it should be

Grade: Technical, powder.

qualified by the appropriate prefix, e.g., wood tar

acid, lignite tar acid, etc.

tantalum oxide. (tantalic acid anhydride;

Properties: Soluble in alcohol and coal tar hydrocar-

tantalum pentoxide).

bons. Combustible.

CAS: 1314-61-0. Ta

Grade: 15–18%, 25–28%, and 50–53% phenol.

Properties: Rhombic, crystalline prisms. D 7.6, mp

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

1800C. Insoluble in water and acids except hydro-

absorption; strong irritant to tissue.

gen fluoride.

Use: Wood preservative, insecticide for cattle and

Derivation: From tantalite, by removal of other

sheep dipping (dip oils or sheep dip), manufacture of

metals.

disinfectants.

Grade: Technical, optical (99.995% pure), single

crystals.

tar base. A basic nitrogen compound derived

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

from coal tar, such as pyridine, picoline, lutidine,

Use: Production of tantalum; “rare-element” optical

and quinoline.

glass; intermediate in preparation of tantalum car-

bide; piezoelectric, maser, and laser applications;

dielectric layers in electronic circuits.

tar camphor. See naphthalene.

1206TAR CAMPHOR, CHLORINATED

tar camphor, chlorinated. See chlorona- Use: Paints, waterproofing paper, rubber reclaiming,

phthalene. varnishes, stains, ore flotation, cattle dips, insecti-

cides.

“Tarcel” [Natrochem]. TM for DLC form of

tar, refined. See tar, dehydrated.

“Tarene.”

See “Tarene” [Natrochem].

tar sands. See oil sands.

tar, dehydrated. (tar, refined).

tar soap. Soap containing juniper tar oil.

Properties: Dark-brown, thick, viscid liquid. Com-

bustible.

Derivation: Tar from which the water has been driv-

tartar, cream of. See potassium bitartrate.

en off.

Grade: Technical.

tartar emetic. See antimony potassium tar-

Hazard: Strong irritant, absorbed by skin.

trate.

Use: Waterproofing compounds, roads, medicine.

tartaric acid. (dihydroxysuccinic acid).

tare. (1) The weight of a container, wrapper, or CAS: 87-69-4. HOOC(CH

COOH.

liner that is deducted in determining the net weight Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white,

of a material. (2) A weight used in analytical work to crystalline powder; odorless; acidic taste; stable in

offset the weight of a container. air. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. D 1.76, mp

170C. It has unusual optical properties. The mole-

cule has two asymmetric carbon atoms that result in

“Tarene” [Natrochem]. TM for mixed naval

four isomeric forms, three of which are the natural

D-

stores (pine tar type).

form and the corresponding

L-form, which are opti-

Properties: Dark-brown, viscous liquid. D

cally active, and the inactive meso form:

0.99–1.02, ash 0.5%. Benzene soluble. Combus-

tible.

Use: Plasticizer and softener.

targeted mutagenesis. Deliberate change in

the genetic structure directed at a specific site on the

chromosome. Used in research to determine the tar-

geted region’s function.

See mutation; polymorphism.

The occurrence of some

DL-tartaric acid along with

natural

D-tartaric acid in the wine industry is explained

Tarmac. Proprietary preparation of blast furnace

on the basis of partial racemization. The

L-form is the

slag, refined tar, and other materials.

commercial product.

Use: Road dressing.

Derivation: Occurs naturally in wine lees; made syn-

thetically from maleic anhydride and hydrogen per-

tarnish. A reaction product that occurs readily at

oxide and by an enzymatic reaction with a succinic

room temperature between metallic silver and sulfur

acid derivative.

in any form. The well-known black film that appears

Grade: Technical, CP, crystals, powder, granular,

on silverware results from reaction between atmo-

NF, FCC.

spheric sulfur dioxide and metallic silver, forming

Use: Chemicals (cream of tartar, tartar emetic, acetal-

silver sulfide. It is easily removable with a cleaning

dehyde), sequestrant, tanning, effervescent bever-

compound and is not a true form of corrosion. Plat-

ages, baking powder, fruit esters, ceramics, galva-

ing with a mixture of silver and indium will increase

noplastics, photography (printing and developing,

tarnish resistance. Gold will also tarnish in the pres-

light-sensitive iron salts), textile industry, silvering

ence of a high concentration of sulfur in the environ-

mirrors, coloring metals, acidulant in foods.

ment.

tartrazine. (FD&C Yellow No. 5; (3-car-

tar oil. See creosote; coal tar.

boxy-5-hydroxy)-1-p-sulfophenyl-4-p-sulfopheny-

lazopyrazole trisodium salt; CI 19140).

CAS: 1934-21-0. C

tar oil, wood. (pine tar oil).

Properties: Bright orange-yellow powder. Soluble

Properties: Almost colorless liquid when freshly

in water.

distilled, turns dark reddish-brown; strong odor and

Hazard: An allergen.

taste. D 0.862–0.872. Soluble in ether, chloroform,

Use: Dye, especially for foods, drugs, and cosmetics.

alcohol, and carbon disulfide; flash p 144F (62.2)

(CC). Combustible.

Derivation: Obtained by the destructive distillation

tar, wood. (tar, hardwood).

of the wood of Pinus palustris. Properties: Black, syruplike, viscous fluid.

Method of purification: Rectification. Derivation: A by-product of the destructive distilla-

Grade: Technical, rectified, refined. tion of wood.

1207 TCC

Grade: Technical. (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. See paclitaxel.

Use: Hardwood pitch, wood creosote, heavy high-

boiling wood oils, wood-preserving oils, paint

taxon. Any named group of organisms, not neces-

thinners. sarily a clade. A taxon may be designated by a Latin

name or by a letter, number, or any other symbol.

taste. See flavor.

taxonomy. The science of naming and classify-

ing organisms.

TATA box. A sequence found in the promoter

(part of the 5

′

flanking region) of many genes. Dele-

taxotere.

tion of this site (the binding site of transcription

CAS: 114977-28-5. mf: C

factor TFIID) causes a marked reduction in tran-

Hazard: A poison. Human systemic effects.

scription, and gives rise to heterogeneous transcrip-

tion initiation sites.

Tb. Symbol for terbium.

Taube, Henry. (1915–2005). A Canadian-born

“TBC” [Reilly]. (tri-n-butyl citrate).

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

CAS: 77-94-1. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-

1983 for his pioneering work in inorganic chemistry

cal coatings, direct food ingredient.

and the study of electron-transfer reactions, particu-

larly of metal complexes. Known as an outstanding

TBDMS chloride. See tert-butylchlorodime-

teacher, he was admired and respected by students

thylsilane.

and colleagues for his work at Stanford University.

TBH. Abbreviation for technical benzene hexa-

taurin. See gracilin.

chloride.

Use: An insecticide.

taurine. (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid).

See 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane.

CAS: 107-35-7. NH

H. A crystallizable

amino acid found in combination with bile acids; its

TBP. Abbreviation for tributyl phosphate.

combination with cholic acid is called taurocholic

acid.

TBSM. See p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene

Properties: Solid. Decomposes at 300C. Soluble in

monomer.

water; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Isolated from ox bile, organic synthesis.

TBT. Abbreviation for tetrabutyl titanate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Biochemical research, pharmaceuticals, wetting

agents.

TBTO. Abbreviation for bis(tributyltinoxide).

TC. Abbreviation for trichloroacetic acid or its

taurocholic acid. (cholaic acid; cholyltau-

sodium salt.

rine).

CAS: 81-24-3. C

S. Occurs as sodium salt in

bile. It is formed by the combination of the sulfur-

Tc. Symbol for technetium.

containing amino acid taurine and cholic acid as the

sodium salt. It aids in digestion and absorption of

TCA cycle. (tricarboxylic acid cycle; Krebs

fats.

cycle; citric acid cycle). A series of enzymatic

Properties: Crystals. Stable in air. Mp 125C (decom-

reactions occurring in living cells of aerobic organ-

poses.) Freely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol,

isms, the net result of which is the conversion of

almost insoluble in ether and ethyl acetate.

pyruvic acid, formed by anaerobic metabolism of

Derivation: Isolation from bile.

carbohydrates, into carbon dioxide and water. The

Use: Biochemical research, emulsifying agent in

metabolic intermediates are degraded by a combina-

foods (not over 0.1%).

tion of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation. It is

the major terminal pathway of oxidation in animal,

bacterial, and plant cells. Recent research indicates

tautomerism. A type of isomerism in which mi-

that the TCA cycle may have predated life on earth

gration of a hydrogen atom results in two or more

and may have provided the pathway for formation of

structures, called tautomers. The two tautomers are

amino acids.

in equilibrium. For example, acetoacetic ester has

the properties of both an unsaturated alcohol and a

ketone. The tautomers are called enol and keto.

TCB. Abbreviation for tetracarboxybutane.

See enol; isomer (1).

TCBO. See trichlorobutylene oxide.

“Taxol.” [Bristol-Myers]. TM for 5-␤,20-ep-

oxy-1,2-␣,4,7-␤,10-␤,13-␣-hexahydroxy-tax-11-

TCC. Abbreviation for Tagliabue closed cup, a

en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with standard method of determining flash points.

1208TCDD

TCDD. See dioxin. technetium. Tc. Element with atomic number

43, group VIIB of the periodic table, aw 98.9062,

valences of 4, 5, 6, 7; three radioactive isotopes of

TCEO. See epoxy-1,1,2-trichloroethane.

half-life more than 105 years, also several of rela-

tively short half-life, some of which are ␤ emitters.

TCHH. See cyhexatin.

Technetium was first obtained by the deuteron bom-

bardment of molybdenum, but since has been found

TCHTH. See cyhexatin.

in the fission products of uranium and plutonium.

The chemistry of technetium has been studied by

TCP. Abbreviation for tricresyl phosphate.

tracer techniques and is similar to that of rhenium

and manganese. The free metal is obtained from

TCP. See 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine.

reactor fission products by solvent extraction fol-

lowed by crystallization as ammonium pertechne-

TDE. (generic name for 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-

tate, which is reduced with hydrogen. The metal is

chlorophenyl)ethane; tetrachlorodiphenylethane;

silver-gray in appearance, mp 2200C (4000F), d

DDD).

11.5, slightly magnetic. Compounds of the types

CAS: 72-54-8. (ClC

)

CHCHCl

TcO

,Tc

,NH

TcO

, etc. have been prepared. The

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 109–110C. Solu-

pertechnetate ion has strong anticorrosive proper-

ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water; not com-

ties. Technetium and its alloys are superconductors

patible with alkalies. Combustible.

and can be used to create high-strength magnetic

Derivation: Chlorination of ethanol and condensa-

fields at low temperature. Tc-99 (metastable) is the

tion with chlorobenzene.

most widely used isotope in nuclear medicine.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Metallurgical tracer, cryochemistry, corrosion

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

resistance, nuclear medicine.

absorption; use restricted in some states.

Use: Dusts, emulsions, and wettable powders for

contact control of leaf rollers and other insects.

Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry. (TAPPI). A professional

TDI. Abbreviation for toluene diisocyanate.

group of scientists devoted to the interests of pulp

and paper chemistry and technology. Founded in

TDP. Abbreviation for 4,4

′

-thiodiphenol.

1915, it has seven sections, each concerned with a

specific phase of the industry. It also has 11 local

TDQP. Abbreviation for trimethyldihydroquino-

sections that hold monthly meetings. The associa-

line polymer.

tion publishes its own journal, as well as industry

data sheets, bibliographies, technical monographs

Te. Symbol for tellurium.

on subjects relating to the paper industry. It estab-

lishes standards of quality and testing procedures.

TEA. (1) Abbreviation for triethanolamine. (2)

The address is Technical Park, P.O. Box 105113,

Abbreviation for triethylaluminum.

Atlanta, GA 30348-5113.

Website: http://www.tappi.org.

TEAC. Abbreviation for tetraethylammonium

chloride.

technology transfer. The process of transfer-

ring scientific findings from research laboratories to

tea catechin. See epigallocatechin 3-gallate.

the commercial sector.

tear resistance. The amount of force necessary

“Tecto” [MSD Agvet]. TM a flowable SC

to cause additional damage, in a cut made in a sam-

fungicide.

ple, by force on the sample, where the force is pri-

marily normal to the plane of the cut.

“Tedlar” [Du Pont]. TM for polyvinylfluor-

tebufenozide.

ide film.

CAS: 112410-23-8. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

TEDP. Abbreviation for tetraethyl dithiopyro-

skin contact.

phosphate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

See sulfotepp.

“TEC” [Reilly]. (triethyl citrate).

CAS: 77-93-0. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-

“Tedur” [Bayer]. TM for polysulfide

cal coatings.

polymers.

Available forms: Glass, mineral, and mineral/glass

techneplex. grades.

CAS: 65454-61-7. mf: C

Tc•Na. Use: Injection molding for high-temperature and per-

Hazard: Moderately toxic. formance electronic and automotive parts.

1209 TELLURIUM DISULFIDE

tefestrol. tellurium.

CAS: 129407-28-9.

CAS: 13494-80-9. Te. A nonmetallic element with

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

many properties similar to selenium and sulfur.

Atomic number 52, group VIA of the period table,

aw 127.60, valences of 2, 4, 6; eight stable isotopes.

“Teflon” [Du Pont]. TM for tetrafluoroethyl-

Properties: Silvery-white, lustrous solid with metal

ene (TFE) fluorocarbon polymers available as

characteristics. D 6.24 g/cc (30C), Mohs hardness

molding and extrusion powders, aqueous disper-

2.3, mp 450C, bp 990C. Soluble in sulfuric acid,

sion, film, finishes, and multifilament yarn or fiber.

nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium cy-

The name also applies to fluorinated ethylene-pro-

anide solutions; insoluble in water. Imparts garlic-

pylene (FEP) resins available in the same forms. The

like odor to breath, can be depilatory. It is a p-type

no-stick cookware finishes may be of either type.

semiconductor and its conductivity is sensitive to

Fibers are monofilaments made from copolymer of

light exposure.

TFE and FEP.

Source: From anode slime produced in electrolytic

Use: Packing, bearings, filters, electrical insulation,

refining of copper and lead.

high-temperature industrial plastics, cooking uten-

Derivation: Reduction of telluric oxide with sulfur

sils, plumbing sealants, coating glass fiber for archi-

dioxide; by dissolving the oxide in a caustic soda

tectural structure composites, bonding industrial di-

solution and plating out the metal.

amonds to metal in the manufacture of grinding

Grade: Powder, sticks, slabs, and tablets, 99.5%

wheels.

pure, crystals up to 99.999% pure.

See fluorocarbon polymer.

Hazard: (Metal and compounds as tellurium) Toxic

by inhalation. TLV: 0.1 mg(Te)/m

“Teflon EFTE” [Thanavala]. TM for a co-

Use: Alloys (tellurium lead, stainless steel, iron cast-

polymer of etheylene and tetra flouro-ethylene, also

ings), secondary rubber vulcanizing agent, manu-

known as Tefzel.

facture of iron and stainless steel castings, coloring

Use: Non-stick surfaces.

agent in glass and ceramics, thermoelectric devices,

catalysts, with lithium in storage batteries for space-

“Teflon FEP” [Thanavala]. TM for non-

craft.

stick melt and flow system.

Use: During backing to provide non-pourous films.

tellurium bromide. See tellurium dibromide

and tellurium tetrabromide.

“Teflon PTFE” [Thanavala]. TM for a non-

stick double coating (primer, top coat).

tellurium chloride. See tellurium dichloride.

Use: Coating for the highest operating temperatures.

tellurium dibromide. (tellurium bromide;

TEG. Abbreviation for tetraethylene glycol and

tellurous bromide). TeBr

triethylene glycol.

Properties: Blackish-green, crystalline mass or gray

to black needles; very hygroscopic. Mp 210C, bp

339C. Decomposed by water; soluble in ether; violet

“Tego” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for thin tissue

vapor.

impregnated with heat-convertible phenol-formal-

Hazard: As for tellurium.

dehyde resin, supplied in rolls. Produces waterproof

bond with plywood veneers.

tellurium dichloride. (tellurium chloride;

Use: Hot-press bonding of furniture veneers, premi-

tellurous chloride). TeCl

um wall paneling.

Properties: Amorphous, black mass, greenish-yel-

low when powdered. Decomposed by water. D 6.9,

“Tekflame” [Exxon Chemical

bp 327C, mp 209C.

International]. TM for a firefighting fuel.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

TEL. Abbreviation for tetraethyl lead.

tellurium dioxide. (tellurous acid anhydride).

CAS: 7446-07-3. TeO

telluric acid. (hydrogen tellurate).

Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder;

CAS: 7803-68-1. H

TeO

•2H

OorH

TeO

odorless. D 5.89, mp 733C, bp 1245C. Soluble in

Properties: White, heavy crystals. D 3.07, mp 136C.

concentrated acids, alkalies; slightly soluble in di-

Soluble in hot water and alkalies; slightly soluble in

lute acids, water.

cold water.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on barium tellu-

rate.

tellurium disulfide. (tellurium sulfide). TeS

Hazard: As for tellurium.

Properties: Red powder, turns in time to a dark-

Use: Chemical reagent.

brown amorphous powder, fuses to gray lustrous

mass. Soluble in alkali sulfides; insoluble in acids,

telluric bromide. See tellurium tetrabromide. water.

1210TELLURIUM LEAD

Hazard: As for tellurium. halogen derivatives of cyanogen, such as cyanogen

chloride, aldehydes, alcohols, and the like.

Radical-forming catalysts, such as organic perox-

tellurium lead. See lead; tellurium.

ides, hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic azo compounds

of the type of azoisobutyric acid nitrile, and redox

tellurium sulfide. See tellurium disulfide.

systems are employed for telomerization reactions.

Telomerization reactions are as a rule carried out at

tellurium tetrabromide. (telluric bromide;

an elevated temperature up to 250 degrees. When

tellurium bromide).

volatile reactants are used, the reaction is carried out

CAS: 10031-27-3. TeBr

under elevated pressures, i.e., between 20 and 1000

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 4.3, mp 363C, bp

atmospheres.

420C (decomposes into bromine and dibromide).

Soluble in a little water (decomposes in excess

water).

“Telone” [Dow]. TM for fumigants containing

Hazard: As for tellurium.

1,3-dichloropropene and related C

hydrocarbons.

tellurous acid. H

TeO

“Tel-Tale” [Grace]. TM for silica gel that is

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.053, mp

impregnated with cobalt chloride and turns from

40C (decomposes). Soluble in dilute acids, alkalies;

blue to pink as the relative humidity increases.

slightly soluble in water, alcohol.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

TEM. Abbreviation for triethylene melamine.

tellurous acid anhydride. See tellurium di-

temephos. (O,O,O

′

-tetramethyl-O,O

′

-thio-

oxide.

di-p-phenylene phosphorothionate).

CAS: 3383-96-8.

tellurous bromide. See tellurium dibromide.

Properties: Mp 30–30.5C.

Use: Larvicide for mosquito and blackfly.

tellurous chloride. See tellurium dichloride.

“Temfibre” [Borregaard]. TM for wood

telodrin. (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-

based chemicals.

tetrahydro-4,7-methanonaphthalan).

CAS: 297-78-9.

Properties: Vap press 3 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in

tempalgin.

acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, fuel oil, tol-

CAS: 39296-38-3.

uene, xylene.

mf: C

S•C

NO•C

S•Na.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

telomer. Polymeric products formed from a tel-

omerization reaction.

temper. To increase the hardness and strength of

a metal by quenching or heat treatment.

telomerase. The enzyme that directs the replica-

tion of telomeres.

temperate phage. A phage whose DNA may be

incorporated into the host-cell genome without be-

telomere. The end of a chromosome. This spe-

ing expressed. Contrast with a virulent phage, which

cialized structure is involved in the replication and

destroys the host cell.

stability of linear DNA molecules.

See DNA replication.

temperature. The thermal state of a body con-

sidered with reference to its ability to communicate

telomerization reactions. In telomerization

heat to other bodies (J. C. Maxwell). There is a

reactions, a polymerizable unsaturated compound

distinction between temperature and heat, as is evi-

(the taxogen) is reacted under polymerization condi-

denced by Helmholtz’s definition of heat as “energy

tions in the presence of radical-forming catalysts or

that is transferred from one body to another by a

promoters with a so-called telogen. During the reac-

thermal process,” whereby a thermal process is

tion, the telogen is split into radicals that attach to the

meant radiation, conduction, and/or convection.

ends of the polymerizing taxogen and in some in-

Temperature is measured by such instruments as

stances add on to the double bond of the taxogen and

thermometers, pyrometers, thermocouples, etc., and

thereby form chains whose terminal groups are

by scales such as centigrade (Celsius), Fahrenheit,

formed of the radicals formed from the telogen.

Rankine, Reaumur, and absolute (Kelvin). See

Organic compounds containing an olefinic double

absolute temperature; thermodynamics.

bond, such as ethylene, propylene, hexene, octene,

or styrene, are normally employed as taxogens.

Many different types of compounds can be em-

template. A macromolecular pattern for the syn-

ployed as telogens, for example, halogenated hydro- thesis of another molecule. For example, DNA is a

carbons, such as chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, template for RNA synthesis.

1211 TERBIUM

“Temprite CPVC” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM TEPP. (ethyl pyrophosphate; tetraethyl pyro-

phosphate).

for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride resins formulated

CAS: 107-49-3. (C

)

for process piping, valves, tanks, ductwork, and

Properties: Water-white to amber liquid depending

protective covers.

on purity; hygroscopic. D 1.20, refr index 1.420, bp

Use: For electrical conductors, residential hot and

(pure compound) 135–138C (1 mm Hg). Miscible

cold water–supply piping.

with water and all organic solvents except aliphatic

hydrocarbons; hydrolyzed in water with formation

tenacity. Strength per unit weight of a fiber or

of mono-, di-, and triethyl orthophosphates; water

filament, expressed as g/denier. It is the rupture load

solutions attack metals; commercial material con-

divided by the linear density of the fiber.

tains 40% TEPP.

See tensile strength; denier.

Derivation: From phosphorus oxychloride and etha-

nol or phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phos-

tenderization. (1) Treatment of meats with UV

phate.

radiation or with certain enzyme preparations to

Grade: 40%.

accelerate softening of the collagen fibers and thus

Hazard: Toxic by skin contact, inhalation, or inges-

reduce the time necessary to “hang” the meat. (2)

tion; rapidly absorbed through skin; repeated expo-

The degradation and mechanical weakening under-

sure may, without symptoms, be increasingly haz-

gone by textile fibers under excessive wet abrasion

ardous; cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be

during laundering.

restricted. TLV: 0.004 ppm. Toxic by skin absorp-

tion.

“Tenox” [Eastman]. TM for food-grade anti-

Use: Insecticide for aphids and mites, rodenticide.

oxidants containing one or more of the following

ingredients: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated

tera-. Prefix meaning 10

units (symbol T), 1 Tg

hydroxytoluene, and/or propyl gallate with or with-

1 teragram

grams.

out citric acid. Some formulas are supplied in sol-

vents such as propylene glycol.

teratogen. An agent that causes growth abnor-

“Tenox GT-1” [Eastman]. TM for natural

malities in embryos, genetic modifications in cells,

mixed tocopherols.

etc.; ionizing radiation can have this effect.

Use: Antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and ointments.

teratogenic. Substances such as chemicals or

tensile strength. The rupture strength (stress-

radiation that cause abnormal development of an

strain product at break) per unit area of a material

embryo.

subjected to a specified dynamic load; it is usually

See mutatgen.

expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). This defi-

nition applies to elastomeric materials and to certain

terbacil.

metals.

CAS: 5902-51-2. C

ClN

See tenacity.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 175C. Soluble in

dimethylacetamide and cyclohexanone; partially

tension cracking. See stress cracking.

soluble in xylene and butyl acetate.

Use: Herbicide.

tenter. A machine used for holding a processed

fabric taut as it is fed into a wind-up or to a cutter. It

“Terbec” [Dow]. TM for a wet strength impr-

consists of a frame along the inner sides of which

over for soils; based on 4-tert-butylcatechol.

travel continuous chains to which gripping devices

are attached at intervals of a few inches; these may

terbia. See terbium oxide.

be either hooks or clamps of various kinds. As the

fabric moves into the machine, the edges are en-

gaged by the grippers and are automatically released

terbium. Tb. Atomic number 65, group IIIB of

at the end of the frame.

the periodic table, a rare-earth element of the yttrium

subgroup (lanthanide series), aw 158.9254, valences

tepa. (generic name for tris(1-aziridi-

of 3, 4; no stable isotopes.

nyl)phosphine oxide).

Properties: Metallic luster. D 8.332, mp 1356C, bp

See triethylenephosphoramide.

2800C. Reacts slowly with water; soluble in dilute

acids. Salts are colorless, highly reactive, handled in

“Tepidone” [Du Pont]. (C

)

NC(S)SNa. inert atmosphere or vacuum.

TM for a water solution of sodium dibutyldithiocar- Source: See rare earths.

bamate. Derivation: Reduction of fluoride with calcium.

Properties: Amber liquid. D 1.08. Grade: Regular, 99.9+% purity (ingots, lumps), sin-

Use: To accelerate vulcanization of natural and syn- gle crystals.

thetic rubber and latex compounds. Use: Phosphor activator, dope for solid-state devices.

1212TERBIUM CHLORIDE

terbium chloride, hexahydrate. terephthalic acid. (p-phthalic acid; TPA;

TbCl

•6H

benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid).

Properties: Transparent, colorless, prismatic crys-

CAS: 100-21-0. C

(COOH)

tals. D 4.35, mp (anhydrous) 588C, very hygroscop-

Properties: White crystals or powder. D 1.51, sub-

ic. Readily soluble in water or alcohol.

limes above 300C. Insoluble in water, chloroform,

Derivation: By treatment of carbonate or oxide with

ether, acetic acid; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble

hydrochloric acid in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen

in alkalies. Combustible.

chloride.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of p-xylene or of mixed

xylenes and other alkyl aromatics (phthalic anhy-

dride). (2) Reacting benzene and potassium carbon-

terbium fluoride. TbF

•2H

ate over a cadmium catalyst.

Properties: Solid. Mp 1172C, bp 2280C. Insoluble

Grade: Commercial, fiber.

in water.

Use: Production of linear, crystalline polyester res-

Hazard: Strong irritant.

ins, fibers, and films by combination with glycols;

Use: Source of terbium.

reagent for alkali in wool; additive to poultry feeds.

terbium nitrate. Tb(NO

)

•6H

2-terephthaloylbenzoic acid.

Properties: Colorless, monoclinic needles or white

HOOCC

COC

COOH.

powder. Mp 89.3C. Soluble in water.

Properties: White to gray powder. Mp 233–237C.

Derivation: By treatment of oxide, carbonate, or

Use: Chemical intermediate.

hydroxide with nitric acid.

Hazard: Strong oxidant, fire risk in contact with

terephthaloyl chloride. (1,4-benzenedicarbo-

organic materials.

nyl chloride). C

(COCl)

terbium oxide. (terbia). Tb

Properties: Dark-brown powder. Soluble in dilute

acids; slightly hygroscopic, absorbs carbon dioxide

from air.

Derivation: By ignition of hydroxides or salts of

oxy-acids.

Grade: 98–99%.

See rare earth.

terbium sulfate. Tb

(SO

)

•8H

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 82–84C, bp

Properties: Colorless crystals. Lose 8H

O at 360C.

259C, flash p 356F (180C). Decomposes in water

Soluble in water.

and alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

terbufos. (O,O-diethyl-S-(tert-butyl)methyl

Use: Dye manufacture; synthetic fibers, resins, films;

phosphorodithioate).

UV absorption; pharmaceuticals; rubber chemicals;

CAS: 13071-79-9. C

. An ester of phos-

cross-linking agent for polyurethanes and polysul-

phoric acid.

fides.

Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 1.10, bp 70C (0.01

mm Hg), fp −29C, flash p 88C (TOC). Soluble in

“Tergitol” [Dow]. TM for a series of nonionic

alcohol, acetone.

and anionic surfactants.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers in water

Use: Soil insecticide.

systems, leveling and spreading agents.

terbutol.

terminal transferase. An enzyme that cata-

CAS: 1918-11-2. mf: C

lyzes the addition of nucleotide residues of a single

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

kind to the 3

′

end of DNA chains. For example,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

polyA synthetase.

termination codons. XH See stop codons.

terebene. A mixture of terpenes, chiefly dipen-

tene and terpinene.

termination factors. (release factors). Pro-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.862–0.866, inac-

tein factors of the cytoplasm required in releasing a

tive optical rotation, Bp 160–172C. Soluble in alco-

completed polypeptide chain from a ribosome..

hol; insoluble in water.

Derivation: From oil of turpentine.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

termination sequence. A DNA sequence that

ingestion and inhalation. appears at the end of a transcriptional unit and sig-

Use: To impart water and oil resistance to cellulosics. nals the end of transcription.

1213 TERPINEOL

ternary. Descriptive of a solution or alloy having Properties: Polymers of ␣-pinene, ␤-pinene, and/or

three components, or of a chemical compound hav- dipentine (FCC III). Mp: 112−118°. Sol in benzene.

ing three constituent elements or groups. Use: Food additive.

ternary acid. An acid that contains three differ-

terpenoid. See terpene.

ent elements. An example would be acetic acid,

COOH.

1,3-terphenyl. See m-terphenyl.

ternary diagram. A constitution diagram for a

m-terphenyl. (m-diphenylbenzene; isodiphe-

ternary alloy system.

nylbenzene; 1,3-terphenyl).

CAS: 92-06-8. mf: C

terneplate. (roofing tin). A lead-tin alloy used

Properties: Needles. Mw 230.32, mp 86−87C, bp

for coating iron or steel; its composition is 75% lead

379C.

and 25% tin. It has a dull finish.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TLV: ceil-

Use: Roofing, deep stamping, gasoline tanks, etc.

ing of 0.5 ppm. Combustible.

1,4(8)-terpadiene. See terpinolene.

o-terphenyl. (1,2-diphenylbenzene).

CAS: 84-15-1. C

Properties: Prisms from MeOH. Mp 58−59°C, bp

terpene. C

. An unsaturated hydrocarbon oc-

337°C, mw 230.32, flash p >230°F.

curring in most essential oils and oleoresins of

Hazard: TLV: CL 0.5 ppm. Combustible.

plants. The terpenes are based on the isoprene unit

p-terphenyl. (1,4-diphenylbenzene).

CAS: 92-94-4. (C

)

Properties: Liquid. D 1.234 (0C), mp 213C, bp

405C, flash p 405F (207C). Combustible.

, and may be either acyclic or cyclic with one or

Derivation: From p-dibromobenzene or bromoben-

more benzenoid groups. They are classified as mono-

zene and sodium.

cyclic (dipentene), dicyclic (pinene), or acyclic (myr-

Method of purification: Zone-melting.

cene), according to the molecular structure. Many ter-

Grade: Technical, scintillation.

penes exhibit optical activity. Terpene derivatives

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV:

(camphor, menthol, terpineol, borneol, geraniol, etc.)

ceiling 0.5 ppm.

are called terpenoids; many are alcohols.

Use: Polymerized with styrene to make a plastic

See polyterpene resin.

phosphor. Single crystals used as scintillation

counters.

terpene alcohol. A generic name for an alcohol

related to or derived from a terpene hydrocarbon,

terpilenol. See terpineol.

such as terpineol or borneol.

terpinene. C

. A mixture of three isomeric

terpene hydrochloride. See 2-bornyl chlo-

cyclic terpenes, ␣-, ␤-, and ␥-terpinene. ␣-terpinene

ride.

has a bp of 180–182C and d 0.8484 (14C). It is found

in cardamom, marjoram, and coriander oils. ␤-terpi-

terpeneless oil. An essential oil from which the

nene has a bp of 183C and d 0.853 (15C). It is found

terpene components have been removed by extrac-

in coriander, lemon, cumin, and ajawan oils.

tion and fractionation, either alone or in combina-

Use: Synthetic flavors.

tion. The optical activity of the oil is thus reduced.

The terpeneless grades are much more highly con-

terpineol. (␣-terpineol; ␤-terpineol; ␥-terpi-

centrated than the original oil (15–30 times). Re-

neol; terpilenol).

moval of terpenes is necessary to inhibit spoilage,

CAS: (␣) 8006-39-1. C

OH.

particularly of oils derived from citrus sources. On

Properties: Colorless liquid or low-melting trans-

atmospheric oxidation the specific terpenes form

parent crystals; lilac odor. D 0.930–0.936 (25C),

compounds that impair the value of the oil; for ex-

solidification p 2C, optical rotation between −0 de-

ample, d-limonene oxidizes to carvone and ␥-terpi-

grees 10 min and +0 degrees 10 min, boiling range

nene to p-cymene. Terpeneless grades of citrus oils

214 to 224C, 90% within 5C, refr index

are commercially available.

1.4825–1.4850 (20C). Soluble in two volumes of

70% alcohol; slightly soluble in water, glycerol.

terpene resin, natural.

Combustible.

Properties: Extracted from wood. Mp: 155°.

Available forms: Mixture of the three isomers

Use: Food additive.

Derivation: By heating terpin hydrate with phos-

phoric acid and distilling or with dilute sulfuric acid,

terpene resin, synthetic. using an azeotropic separation; fractional distilla-

1214“TERPINEOL 318”

tion of pine oil. Occurs naturally in several essential

“Tersan” 75 [Du Pont]. TM for a turf fungi-

oils. cide containing 75% thiram. “Tersan” OM contains

Grade: Technical, perfumery, extra, prime, FCC. 45% thiram and 10% hydroxymercurichlorophenol.

Use: Solvent for hydrocarbon materials, mutual sol- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

vent for resins and cellulose esters and ethers, per-

fumes, soaps, disinfectant, antioxidant, flavoring

tert-. Abbreviation for tertiary.

agent.

dl-tertatalol.

“Terpineol 318” [Aqualon]. TM for a highly

CAS: 34784-64-0. mf: C

refined mixture of tertiary terpene alcohols, pre-

Hazard: Human systemic effects.

dominantly ␣-terpineol; 97% total terpene alcohols;

colorless liquid; fp below 10C; d 0.937 (15.6/

tertiary. (1) For chemical meaning see primary.

15.6C); ASTM distillation range 5–95%,

(2) In petroleum extraction technology, the term

(216–220C).

refers to recovery of petroleum by pumping deter-

gents, high polymers, silicates, etc. into the rock

terpin hydrate. (dipentene glycol).

structure. These techniques are generally known as

(OH)C

C(CH

)

OH•H

enhanced oil recovery.

Properties: Colorless, lustrous, rhombic, crystalline

See chemical flooding; hydraulic fracturing.

prisms or white powder; slight characteristic odor;

slightly bitter taste. Efflorescent, mp 115–117C, an-

tertiary alcohol. An alcohol in which the car-

hydrous mp 105C, bp 258C. Soluble in alcohol and

bon atom to which the hydroxyl group is attached is

ether; slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

also attached to three other carbon atoms.

Derivation: From turpentine oil or d-limonene.

Grade: Technical, NF.

tertiary amine. An amine in which three carbon

Use: Pharmaceuticals, source of terpineol, medicine

atoms are attached to the amino nitrogen.

(expectorant).

tertiary carbon. Carbon atom that is joined to

terpinolene. (1,4(8)-terpadiene).

three other carbon atoms.

CAS: 586-62-9. C

Properties: Water-white to pale-amber liquid. D

tertiary structure. The three-dimensional con-

0.864 (15.5/15.5C), bp 183–185C, flash p 99F

formation of a protein in its native folded state.

(37.2C) (CC), bulk d 7.2 lb/gal (15.5C). Insoluble in

water; soluble in alcohol, ether, glycol.

testing, chemical. Identification of a substance

Derivation: Fractionation of wood turpentine.

by means of reagents, chromatography, spectrosco-

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

py, melting and boiling point determination, etc.

Use: Solvent for resins, essential oils; manufacture of

See analytical chemistry.

synthetic resins, synthetic flavors.

terpinyl acetate.

testing, physical. Application of any procedure

CAS: 80-26-2. C

OOCCH

whose object is to determine the physical properties

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor suggestive of ber-

of a material. There are four major categories of

gamot and lavender. D 0.958–0.968 (15C), refr in-

tests: (1) Those that are direct measurements of a

dex 1.4640–1.4660 (20C), optical rotation varies

property, e.g., tensile strength. (2) Those that subject

around 0 degrees, fp −50C, bp 220C. Soluble in five

the material to actual service conditions; these often

or more volumes of 70% alcohol; slightly soluble in

require a long period of time, e.g., shelf life of foods

water and glycerol. Combustible.

and corrosion of metals. (3) Accelerated tests, which

Derivation: By heating terpineol with acetic acid or

require specially designed equipment that simulates

anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid and subse-

service conditions on an exaggerated scale; in these,

quent distillation.

only a few hours are necessary to duplicate years of

Grade: Technical, prime, extra, FCC.

service life, e.g., oxygen bomb aging of elastomers.

Use: Perfumes, flavoring agent.

(4) Nondestructive testing by X ray or radiography.

Elaborate standard testing procedures are estab-

terpolymer. A polymer made from three mono-

lished by the American Society for Testing and

mers, e.g., ABS polymers.

Materials. The more common types of tests are as

follows:

“Terramycin” [Pfizer]. Proprietary prepara-

abrasion (elastomers, textiles)

tion containing oxytetracycline and oxytetracycline

adhesion (glues, resins)

hydrochloride.

aging (elastomers, plastics, leather, food products)

Use: Antibiotic.

color stability (pigments, organic dyes) (exposure)

corrosion (metals, alloys) (exposure)

“Terra XPS” [DSM China]. TM for fiber dielectric (electrical tapes, plastics, glass)

optic coatings. flammability (textiles, fibers, paper, plastics)

1215 TETRA-

-BUTYLAMMONIUM

flash point of combustible liquids (Tag closed cup Use: Mordant in textile printing, fungicide.

TCC, Cleveland open cup COC, open cup OC

hardness (metals, elastomers, plastics) (Brinell,

1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane.

Rockwell, Shore penetration)

CAS: 10563-26-5. mf: C

high temperature (elastomers, adhesives)

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic

impact strength (composites, glass cement)

by ingestion.

sun-cracking (paints, varnishes, elastomers) (expo-

sure)

tetrabromobisphenol A. See 4,4

′

-(1-methy-

tear (paper, rubber, textiles)

lethylidene)bis(2,6-dibromophenol).

tensile strength (fibers, elastomers, paper, textiles,

metals) viscosity (lubricants) (Saybolt, Engler)

tetrabromo-m-cresolphthalein sulfone.

See exposure testing; nondestructive testing;

CAS: 76-60-8. mf: C

aging.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

testing, physiological. Determination of the

tetrabromo-o-cresol.

toxicity of a substance or product by administering it

CAS: 576-55-6. C

to laboratory animals in controlled dosages, by

Properties: Fine, white crystals. Mp 205C (decom-

mouth, skin application, or injection. Materials

poses). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

commonly subjected to such evaluation are pharma-

ether.

ceuticals, pesticides, and foods. Extensive testing

Derivation: Bromination of o-cresol.

programs are required before such products are ap-

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

proved for human use.

Use: Fungicide.

See LD

tetrabromo-m-cresolphthalein sulfone.

testosterone. See bromocresol green.

CAS: 58-22-0. C

1,1,1,2-tetrabromoethane.

CAS: 630-16-0. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

sym-tetrabromoethane. See acetylene tetra-

bromide.

(1r,3s)3[(1

′

rs)(1

′

-tetrabromoethyl)]-

An androgenic steroid; the male sex hormone pro-

2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid

duced by the testis. It has six times the androgenic

(s)-␣-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl ester.

activity of its metabolic product, androsterone.

Use: Food additive; insecticide.

Properties: White or slightly cream-white crystals or

crystalline powder; odorless; stable in air. Mp

tetrabromoethylene. C

153–157C. Dextrorotatory in dioxane solution; very

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 55–56C, bp

soluble in chloroform; soluble in alcohol, dioxane,

227C.

and vegetable oils; slightly soluble in ether; insolu-

Derivation: Bromination of dibromoacetylene.

ble in water.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Derivation: Isolation from extract of testis, synthesis

from cholesterol or from the plant steroid diosgenin.

tetrabromofluorescein. See eosin.

Grade: NF.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA).

tetrabromomethane. See carbon tetrabro-

Use: Medicine, biochemical research.

mide.

See methyltestosterone.

tetrabromophthalic anhydride. C

testosterone-17-␤-estradiol mixt.

Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 280C.

CAS: 8055-33-2. mf: C

•C

Use: Flame-retardant for plastics, paper, and textiles.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A reproductive

hazard.

3,4,5,6-tetrabromophthalic anhydride.

Use: Hormone.

CAS: 632-79-1. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

TETD. Abbreviation for tetraethylthiuram disul-

skin contact. A mild eye irritant.

fide.

tetrabromosilane. See silicon tetrabromide.

tetraamminecopper sulfate. N

CuSO

Derivation: Dissolving copper sulfate in ammonia

tetra-n-butylammonium chloride.

water, with precipitation by alcohol. (C

)

NCl.

1216TETRABUTYL DICHLOROSTANNOXANE

Properties: Deliquescent, light-tan powder. Mp 1.486, flash p 170F (76.6C). Decomposes in water;

50C. soluble in most organic solvents except ketones.

Use: Substitute in solution for glass-calomel elec- Combustible.

trode systems, coagulant for silver iodide solutions, Derivation: Reaction of titanium tetrachloride with

stereospecific catalyst. butanol.

Use: Ester exchange reactions; heat-resistant paints

(up to 500C); improving adhesion of paints, rubber,

tetrabutyl dichlorostannoxane.

and plastics to metal surfaces; cross-linking agent;

CAS: 10428-19-0. mf: C

OSn

condensation catalyst.

Properties: White crystals from Me

CO. Mp: 112.5°.

Sol in org solvs.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

tetrabutyl urea. (C

)

NCON(C

)

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Properties: Liquid. D 0.880, refr index 1.4535, vap

press below 0.01 mm Hg, bp 305C, fp below −60C,

tetra(2-butylisopropyl) orthosilicate.

flash p 200F (93.3C). Insoluble in water. Combus-

CAS: 63449-47-8. mf: C

Si.

tible.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

Use: Plasticizer.

A moderate skin and eye irritant.

tetrabutyl zirconate. (C

Zr.

tetrabutylphosphonium phenylphosphinate.

Properties: White solid from reaction of zirconium

See tetra-n-butylphosphonium phenylphosphi-

tetrachloride with butanol.

nate.

Use: Condensation catalyst and cross-linking agent.

tetra-n-butylphosphonium

“Tetracaine” [Cetylite]. (2-dimethylamino-

phenylphosphinate.

ethyl-p-butylaminobenzoate).

CAS: 60767-85-3. mf: C

P•C

CAS: 94-24-6.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin irri-

(CH

)

NHC

COOCH

N(CH

)

tant.

Properties: White or light-yellow, waxy solid. Mp

41–46C. Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in

tetrabutylthiuram disulfide.

alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform.

[(C

)

NCH]

Grade: USP.

Properties: Amber-colored liquid; slightly sweet

Use: Medicine (anesthetic).

odor. D 1.03–1.06 (20/20C), solidifies at −30C. Sol-

uble in carbon disulfide, benzene, chloroform, and

tetracalcium aluminoferrate. An ingredient

gasoline; insoluble in water and 10% caustic. Com-

of Portland cement.

bustible.

Use: Vulcanizing and accelerating agent.

tetracarbonylhydrocobalt). See cobalt hy-

drocarbonyl.

tetrabutylthiuram monosulfide.

[(C

)

NCS]

1,2,3,4-tetracarboxybutane. (TCB; 1,2,3,4-

Properties: Brown, free-flowing liquid. D 0.99. Sol-

butanetetracarboxylic acid).

uble in acetone, benzene, gasoline, and ethylene

HOOCCH

CH(COOH)CH(COOH)CH

COOH.

dichloride; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Alkyd resins, epoxy curing agent, sequestrant.

Use: Rubber accelerator.

tetracene. See naphthacene.

tetrabutyltin.

CAS: 1461-25-2. (C

)

Sn.

1,2,3,4-tetrachlorobenzene.

Properties: Colorless or slightly yellow, oily liquid.

CAS: 634-66-2. C

D 1.0572 (20/4C), fp −97C, bp 145C (10 mm Hg),

Properties: White crystals. Mp 46.6, bp 254C. Insol-

decomposes at 265C. Insoluble in water; soluble in

uble in water. Combustible.

most common organic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Component of dielectric fluids, synthesis.

Derivation: Reaction of tin tetrachloride with butyl

magnesium chloride.

1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene.

Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

CAS: 95-94-3. C

Use: Stabilizing and rust-inhibiting agent for sili-

Properties: White flakes. Mp 137.5–140C, flash p

cones, lubricant and fuel additive, polymerization

311F (155C), distillation range 240–246C. Com-

catalyst, hydrogen chloride scavenger.

bustible.

Use: Intermediate for herbicides and defoliants, in-

tetrabutyl titanate. (TBT; butyl titanate; ti-

secticide, impregnant for moisture resistance, elec-

tanium butylate).

trical insulation.

CAS: 5593-70-4. Ti(OC

)

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Bp

310–314C, forms a glass −55C, d 0.996, refr index

tetrachloro-p-benzoquinone. See chloranil.

1217 2,4,5,6-TETRACHLOROPHENOL

tetrachlorobisphenol. (C

OH)

C(CH

)

. removers, varnishes, lacquers, photographic film,

A monomer for flame-retardant epoxy, polyester, resins and waxes, extraction of oils and fats, alcohol

and polycarbonate resins. denaturant, organic synthesis, insecticides, weed

killer, fumigant, intermediate in manufacture of oth-

tetrachlorocyclopentane. er chlorinated hydrocarbons.

CAS: 59808-78-5. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, skin contact,

tetrachloroethylene. See perchloroethylene.

and inhalation. A moderate eye irritant.

cis-n-[1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethyl)thio]-4-

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. See

cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide. (“Difola-

dioxin.

tan”;“captafol”).

CAS: 2425-06-1. C

1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane. (halo- Properties: White solid. Mp 160C. Slightly soluble

carbon 112a; refrigerant 112a). in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

CAS: 76-11-9. CCl

Cl. Hazard: Absorbed by skin. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

; not

Properties: Colorless, liquid or solid; slight ether classifiable as a human carcinogen.

odor. Mw 202.83, mp 40.56C, bp 91.67C, vap press Use: Fungicide.

40 torr (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in ether,

chloroform, and alcohol. Noncombustible.

n-((tetrachloro-2-fluoroethyl)thio)methane-

Hazard: TLV: 500 ppm.

sulfoanilide. See n-(2-fluoro-1,1,2,2-tetra-

Use: Refrigerant.

chloroethylthio).

sym-tetrachlorodifluoroethane. (1,2-difluo-

tetrachloroisophthalonitrile. (1,3-dicyano-

ro-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane; freon 112).

2,4,5,6-tetrachlorobenzene). C

CAS: 76-12-0. CCl

FCCl

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 245C, bp 350C, d

Properties: White solid or colorless liquid; slightly

1.70, insoluble in water, almost insoluble in organic

camphorlike odor when concentrated. Bp 92.8C, mp

solvents.

26C, critical temp 278C, d 1.6447 (25C), refr index

Use: Bactericide, nematocide.

1.413 (25C), bulk d 13.8 lb/gal. Insoluble in water;

soluble in alcohol. Nonflammable.

tetrachloromethane. See carbon tetrachlo-

Grade: Purified, solvent.

ride.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 500 ppm.

Use: Degreasing solvent.

tetrachloronaphthalene. (Halowax).

CAS: 1335-88-2. C

tetrachlorodinitroethane. O

NCCl

CCl

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow solid; aromatic

Properties: White crystals. Decomposes at 130C to

odor. Mw 265.96, sp g 1.59–1.65, mp 115C, bp

nitrogen peroxide.

311.5–360C, flash p 410F. Insoluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Hazard: Combustible. Toxic by inhalation and skin

irritant.

contact. TLV: 2 mg/m

Use: Electrical insulating materials; in resins and

tetrachlorodiphenylethane. See TDE.

polymers for coating textiles, wood, and paper; ad-

ditive in cutting oils.

′

,3,4,6

′

-tetrachlorodiphenyl ether. See See chlorinated naphthalene.

1,3-dichloro-2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)benzene.

2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol.

tetrachlorodiphenyl sulfone. See tetradifon. CAS: 58-90-2. C

HCl

OH.

Properties: Brown flakes or sublimed mass; strong

odor. Mp 69–70C, bp 164C (23 mm Hg), d 1.839

sym-tetrachloroethane. (acetylene tetrachlo-

(25/4C). Soluble in acetone, benzene, ether, and

ride).

alcohol. Nonflammable.

CAS: 79-34-5. CHCl

CHCl

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Properties: Heavy, colorless, corrosive liquid; chlo-

irritant.

roform-like odor. D 1.593 (25/25C), bp 146.5C, fp

Use: Fungicide.

−43C, bulk d 13.25 lb/gal (25C), refr index 1.4918

(25C), flash p none. Soluble in alcohol and ether;

slightly soluble in water. Nonflammable.

2,4,5,6-tetrachlorophenol.

Derivation: Reaction of acetylene and chlorine and CAS: 58-90-2. C

HCl

OH.

subsequent distillation. Properties: Brown solid; phenol odor. D 1.65 (60/

Grade: Technical. 4C), mp above 50C. Soluble in sodium hydroxide

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp- solutions and most organic solvents; insoluble in

tion. TLV: 1 ppm; not classifiable as a human car- water.

cinogen. Toxic by skin absorption. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Use: Solvent, cleansing and degreasing metals, paint irritant.

1218TETRACHLOROPHTHALIC ACID

Use: Fungicide, wood preservative. benzene and low molecular weight hydrocarbons;

viscosity unaffected by temperature. Combustible.

Use: Silicone oils, foam inhibitor in lubricating oils.

tetrachlorophthalic acid. C

(CO

Properties: Colorless, crystalline plates. Soluble in

hot water; sparingly soluble in cold water.

tetracosane. C

or CH

(CH

)

Derivation: By passing a stream of chlorine through

Properties: Crystals. D 0.779 (51/4C), bp 324.1C,

a mixture of phthalic anhydride and antimony penta-

mp 51.5C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

chloride.

Combustible.

Use: Dyes, intermediates.

Use: Organic synthesis.

tetrachlorophthalic anhydride.

n-tetracosanoic acid. See lignoceric acid.

CAS: 117-08-8. C6Cl

(CO)

Properties: White, odorless, free-flowing, nonhyg-

tetracyanoethylene.

roscopic powder. Mp 254–255C, bp 371C. Slightly

CAS: 670-54-2. (CN)

C:C(CN)

. The first member

soluble in water.

of a class of compounds called cyanocarbons.

Use: Intermediate in dyes, pharmaceuticals, plasti-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Sublimes above

cizers, and other organic materials; flame-retardant

120C, mp 198–200C, bp 223C, high thermal stabili-

in epoxy resins.

ty. Burns in oxygen with a hotter flame than acety-

lene.

tetrachloroquinone. See chloranil.

Hazard: Hydrolyzes in moist air to hydrogen cya-

nide.

Use: Organic synthesis, dyes, to make colored solu-

tetrachlorosalicylanilide. C

tions with aromatics.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 160C. Insoluble in

water; soluble in common organic solvents and alka-

line solutions.

tetradecamethylhexasiloxane. C

Use: Bacteriostat; preservative (textile finishes, cut-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 140C (20 mm Hg),

ting oils, plastics); use in foods, drugs, and cosmet-

fp below −100C, d 0.89, refr index 1.4, flash p 118C.

ics may be restricted.

Viscosity unaffected by temperature. Soluble in

benzene and low molecular weight hydrocarbons;

tetrachlorosilane. See silicon tetrachloride.

slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Silicone oil base, foam inhibitor in lubricating

oils.

3,3,4,4-tetrachlorotetrahydrothiophene-1,1-

dioxide.

CAS: 3737-41-5. mf: C

n-tetradecane.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

CAS: 629-59-4. C

or CH

(CH

)

Moderately toxic by inhalation. A severe skin irri-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7653 (20/4C), mp

tant.

5.5C, bp 253.5C, refr index 1.4302 (20C), flash p

212F (100C), autoign temp 396F (202C). Soluble in

alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

tetrachlorothiophene.

Grade: 95%, 99%.

CAS: 6012-97-1.

Hazard: A fire hazard. Lower flammable limit in air

0.5%.

❘

ClCClCClCCl

❘

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent standardized hydro-

Properties: Liquid. Mp 29–30, bp 104C (10 mm

carbon, distillation chaser.

Hg). Soluble in benzene, hexane, alcohols, chloro-

carbons.

tetradecanoic acid. See myristic acid.

Use: Agricultural chemicals, lubricants.

tetradecanol. See myristyl alcohol; 7-ethyl-2-

tetrachlorvinphos.

methyl-4-undecanol.

CAS: 961-11-5. C

Properties: Powder. Mp 97C. Partially soluble in

chloroform; slightly soluble in water.

9-tetradecenal, (z)-.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

CAS: 53939-27-8. mf: C

Use: Insecticide.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Source: Natural product.

tetracine. See tetrazene.

11-tetradecenal, (e)-.

tetracosamethylhendecasiloxane. CAS: 35746-21-5. mf: C

. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 200C (5 mm Hg), d skin contact.

0.924, refr index 1.399, flash p 188C. Soluble in Source: Natural product.

1219 TETRA-(2-ETHYLBUTYL)

1-tetradecene. (␣-tetradecylene). Soluble in chloroform and aromatic hydrocarbons;

:CH(CH

)

. insoluble in water.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.775 (20/4C), fp Use: Insecticide, acaricide, ovicide.

−12C, bp 256C, flash p 230F (110C). Insoluble in

water; very slightly soluble in alcohol and ether.

tetra(diphenylphosphito)pentaerythritol.

Combustible. See pentaerythritol tetrakis(diphenyl phos-

Use: Solvent in perfumes, flavors, medicines, dyes, phite).

oils, resins.

tetradotoxin. A highly toxic venom found in

cis-tetradec-9-enoic acid. See myristoleic pufferlike fish.

acid.

tetraethanolammonium hydroxide.

(z)-9-tetradecenol acetate.

CAS: 77-98-5. (HOCH

)

NOH.

CAS: 16725-53-4. mf: C

. Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 123C, vap

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C). Completely soluble

Source: Natural product. in water. A strong base, approaching sodium hy-

droxide in alkalinity. Aqueous solutions are stable at

room temperature but decomposes on heating to

tetradecylamine. C

weakly basic polyethanolamines.

Properties: White solid; odor of ammonia. Mp 37C,

Grade: Commercial grade is a 40% water solution.

bp 291.2C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

ether. Combustible.

Use: Alkaline catalyst, solvent for certain types of

Grade: 90% purity.

dyes, metal-plating solutions.

Use: Intermediate for manufacture of cationic sur-

face-active agents, germicides.

2,4,6,8-tetraethenyl-2,4,6,8-tetra-

methylcyclotetrasiloxane.

tetradecylbenzyldimethylammonium

CAS: 2554-06-5. mf: C

chloride monohydrate.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation.

N(CH

)

]Cl•H

O. A quaternary

ammonium salt.

Properties: (50% solution in aqueous isopropanol)

tetraethylammonium perfluoro-1-

Viscous liquid that may gelatinize on standing. D octanesulfonate.

0.978 (16C). Miscible with water, alcohol, glycerol CAS: 56773-42-3. mf: C

N•C

and acetone; pH of a 10% solution in distilled water Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

7–8.

Grade: 50% solution in aqueous isopropanol.

1,1,3,3-tetraethoxypropane.

Use: Production of bacteriostatic and fungistatic

CAS: 122-31-6. [(C

CH]

paper.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 105C, refr index 1.410 (20C),

d 0.920 (20/20C), flash p 190F (87.7C). Slightly

tetradecyl chloride. (myristyl chloride). soluble in water; soluble in ether and alcohol. Com-

(CH

)

Cl. bustible.

Properties: Water-white distilled liquid; mild odor. Use: Organic synthesis.

D 0.8590, fp −0.2C, bp 154–155C (15 mm Hg),

15.2% chloride, subject to mild hydrolysis on

tetraethylammonium chloride. (TEAC;

standing.

TEA chloride). (C

)

NCl.

Grade: 97% min.

Properties: (Anhydrous) Colorless, crystals;

odorless. D 1.080. Hygroscopic; freely soluble in

␣-tetradecylene. See 1-tetradecene. water, alcohol, chloroform, acetone; slightly soluble

in benzene and ether. (Tetrahydrate)

)

NCl•4H

O. Crystals. Mp 37.5C, d 1.084.

tetradecyl thiol. (myristyl mercaptan).

Use: Medicine (nerve-blocking agent).

(CH

)

SH.

Properties: Liquid; strong odor. Mp 6.5C, bp

176–180C (22 mm Hg), d 0.8398 (25/4C), refr index

tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate.

1.4612 (20C). Combustible. (C

)

NPF

Grade: 95% (min) purity. Properties: Solid. Mp 255C. Nonhygroscopic but

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. soluble in water; stable to heat, can be stored in

Use: Organic intermediate, synthetic rubber pro- solution without decomposition of the PF

ion.

cessing. Hazard: Irritant to skin.

Use: Maintenance of fluoride atmospheres; prepara-

tion of bactericides and fungicides.

tetradifon. (chlorophenyl-2,4,5-trichlorophenyl

sulfone; 2,4,4

′

,5-tetrachlorodiphenylsulfone).

CAS: 116-29-0. Cl

Cl. tetra-(2-ethylbutyl) silicate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 147C. [(C

Si.

1220TETRAETHYL DITHIOPYRO

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8920–0.9018 (20/

tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) silicate.

20C), fp −100C, bp 238C (50 mm Hg). Insoluble in [C

CH(C

)CH

Si.

water; slightly soluble in methanol; miscible with Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8838, bp

most organic solvents. 350–370C, fp −90C, flash p 390F (198C). Solubility

Use: Heat-transfer medium, hydraulic fluid, wide-

in water below 0.01, 7.4 lb/gal. Combustible.

temperature-range lubricant.

Use: Synthetic lubricants and functional fluids.

tetra-(2-ethylhexyl) titanate. (tetrakis(2-eth-

tetraethyl dithiopyrophosphate. (TEDP).

ylhexyl)titanate). [C

CH(C

)CH

Ti.

See sulfotepp.

Properties: Light-yellow, viscous liquid from the

transesterification of isopropyl titanate with 2-ethyl-

tetraethylene glycol. (TEG).

hexanol. Combustible.

HO(C

OH.

Use: Cross-linking agent, condensation catalyst, ad-

Properties: Colorless liquid; hygroscopic. D 1.1248

hesion promoter, water repellents.

(20/20C), fp −4C, bp 327.3C, vap press above 0.001

mm Hg (20C), refr index 1.4577 (20C), flash p 345F

tetraethyl lead. (TEL).

(174C), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal (20C). Soluble in water;

CAS: 78-00-2. Pb(C

)

insoluble in benzene, toluene, or gasoline. Combus-

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; pleasant odor. D

tible.

1.65, bp 198–202C, 75–85C (13–14 mm Hg), fp

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, plasticizer, lacquers,

−136C, decomposes slowly at room temperature,

coating compositions.

rapidly at 125–150C. Soluble in all organic solvents;

insoluble in water and dilute acids or alkalies. Com-

tetraethylene glycol dibutyl ether. See

bustible.

dibutoxytetraglycol.

Derivation: (1) Alkylation of lead-sodium alloy with

ethyl chloride; (2) electrolysis of an ethyl Grignard

tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate.

reagent with an anode of lead pellets.

Properties: Water-white to pale-straw liquid. Bp

Grade: One grade only, about 98% pure.

200C (1 mm Hg), d 1.075 (20/20C), refr index

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

1.4620 (20C), viscosity 12 cP. Insoluble in water;

absorption. TLV: 0.1 mg(Pb)/m

soluble in styrene, many esters, and aromatics; limit-

Use: Antiknock agent. Leaded gasoline contains 1.10

ed solubility in aliphatic hydrocarbons. Combus-

g lead per gallon. TEL has been largely replaced by

tible.

MBTE.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.

Use: Plasticizer.

tetraethyl orthosilicate. See ethyl silicate.

tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether. See

tetraethyl pyrophosphate. Legal label name

dimethoxytetraglycol.

for tepp.

tetraethylene glycol distearate.

tetraethylthiuram disulfide. (disulfiram;

COOCH

OCH

)

TTD; TETD; bis[diethylthiocarbamyl] disulfide).

Properties: Liquid. Mp 32–33C. Insoluble in water.

CAS: 97-77-8. [(C

)

NCS]

Combustible.

Properties: Light-gray powder; slight odor. D 1.27,

Use: Plasticizer.

melting range 65–70C. Soluble in carbon disulfide,

benzene, and chloroform; insoluble in water.

tetraethylene glycol monostearate.

Hazard: Toxic symptoms when ingested with alco-

COO(CH

hol; animal teratogen. TLV: 2 mg/m

; not classifia-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.971, mp 30–31C. Insoluble

ble as a human carcinogen.

in water. Combustible.

Use: Fungicide, ultraaccelerator for rubber.

Use: Plasticizer.

tetraethylthiuram sulfide. [bis-(diethylthio-

carbamyl)sulfide]. [(C

)

NCS]

tetraethylenepentamine.

Properties: Dark-brown powder; slight odor. D 1.12

CAS: 112-57-2. NH

(CH

NH)

(20/20C), boiling range 225–240C (3 mm Hg).

Properties: Viscous, hygroscopic liquid. D 0.9980

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

(20/20C), fp −30C, bp 333C, vap press above 0.01

Use: Pharmaceutical ointments, fungicide, insecti-

mm Hg (20C), bulk d 8.3 lb/gal (20C), flash p 325F

cide.

(162.7C). Soluble in most organic solvents and wa-

ter. Combustible.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

tetraethyltin.

Use: Solvent for sulfur, acid gases, and various resins CAS: 597-64-8. Sn(C

)

and dyes; saponifying agent for acidic materials; Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.187 (23C), bp

manufacture of synthetic rubber; dispersant in mo- 181C, fp −112C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

tor oils; intermediate for oil additives. hol and ether.

1221 TETRAHYDROFURAN

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

. tetraglycol dichloride.

(ClCH

OCH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.186, bp 114 (2 mm

tetrafluorodichloroethane. See dichlorotet-

Hg). Slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

rafluoroethane.

Use: High-boiling solvent and extractant for oils,

fats, waxes, and greases; chemical intermediate.

tetrafluoroethylene. (perfluoroethylene;

TFE).

tetraglyme. See dimethoxytetraglycol.

CAS: 116-14-3. F

C:CF

Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −142C, bp −78.4C.

1,2,3,6-tetrahydrobenzaldehyde. Legal label

Insoluble in water; much heavier than air.

name for 3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde.

Derivation: By passing chlorodifluoromethane

through a hot tube.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzene. See cyclo-

Use: Monomer for polytetrafluoroethylene

hexene.

polymers.

tetrahydrobiopterin. The fully reduced coen-

tetrafluoroethylene epoxide. (TFEO).

zyme form of biopterin.

tetrahydrocannibol. C

. The active prin-

ciple of marijuana, a hallucinatory drug. It has been

synthesized and is available in laboratory quantities,

subject to legal restrictions. Animal tests have indi-

Derivation: Oxidation of tetrafluoroethylene at

cated that it can retard cancer growth and also may

120C with UV light; reaction proceeds by free-radi-

promote the acceptance of organ transplants in the

cal mechanism.

human body.

Use: Monomer for products ranging from dimers to

polymers of dp 35.

1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-(10,11-dihydro-

See “FreonE”; “Krytox.”

dibenzo(a,d)cyclohepten-5-yl)-1-methyl-as-

triazine hydrobromide.

tetrafluorohydrazine.

CAS: 22187-44-6. mf: C

•BrH.

CAS: 13847-65-9. F

NNF

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid or colorless gas.

Bp (calc) −73C, heat of vaporization 3170 cal/mole,

␣-(tetrahydro-4,6-dioxo-2-thioxo-

critical temp 36C.

5(2h)pyrimidinylidene)-o-toluic acid.

Hazard: Explodes on contact with reducing agents

CAS: 73909-20-3. mf: C

and at high pressures. Irritant.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Organic synthesis; oxidizer in fuels for rockets,

missiles, etc.

3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-(␣-ethoxybenzyl)-5-

ethyl-5-methylpyrimidine.

tetrafluoromethane. (fluorocarbon 14; car-

CAS: 33236-07-6. mf: C

bon tetrafluoride).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 75-73-0. CF

Properties: Colorless gas. D (liquid) 1.96 (−184C),

tetrahydrofolate. The reduced, active coen-

sp vol 4.4 cu ft/lb (70F), fp −184C, bp −128C.

zyme form of the vitamin folate which functions as

Slightly soluble in water. Nonflammable.

an antioxidant.

Grade: 95% min purity.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.

tetrahydrofuran. (THF).

Use: Refrigerant, gaseous insulator.

CAS: 109-99-9.

3-(4,6-(tetrafluoromethoxy)pyrimidin-2-yl)-

1-((2-methoxycarbonyl)phenyl-

❘

sulfonyl)urea.

Properties: Water-white liquid; ethereal odor. D

CAS: 86209-51-0. mf: C

0.888 (20C), refr index 1.4070 (20C), fp −65C, bp

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

66C, flash p 5F (−15C) (OC), autoign temp 610F

icity by ingestion.

(321C). Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Derivation: (1) Catalytic hydrogenation of furan

tetrafluorosilane. See silicon tetrafluoride.

with nickel catalyst. (2) Acid-catalyzed dehydration

of 1,4-butanediol.

tetraformaltrisazine. See octahydro-

Grade: Technical, spectrophotometric.

(1,2,4,5)tetrazino(1,2-a)(1,2,4,5)tetrazine.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Flammable

limits in air 2–11.8%. Toxic by ingestion and inhala-

tetragastrin. See gastrin tetrapeptide amide. tion. TLV: 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm.

1222TETRAHYDRO-3-FURAN

Use: Solvent for natural and synthetic resins (particu- Use: Chemical intermediate, fine-grain photographic

larly vinyls), in top-coating solutions, polymer coat- development, vulcanization accelerator.

ing, cellophane, protective coatings, adhesives,

magnetic tapes, printing inks, etc. Grignard reac-

tetrahydrofurfuryl benzoate.

tions, lithium aluminum hydride reductions, and

OCH

OOCC

polymerizations; chemical intermediate and mo-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.137 (20/0C), bp

nomer.

300–302C, 138–140C (2 mm Hg). Insoluble in wa-

ter; soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Com-

tetrahydro-3-furancarboxaldehyde. See 3-

bustible.

formyltetrahydrofuran.

Derivation: Tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol and benzoic

acid by esterification.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

2,5-tetrahydrofurandimethanol. (2,5-

bis[hydroxymethyl]tetrahydrofuran). C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.154, mp below

tetrahydrofurfuryl laurate.

−50C, bp 265C, refr index 1.47. Soluble in water,

OCH

OOCCC

alcohol, acetone, benzene; hygroscopic.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.930 (25C). Insolu-

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

ble in water. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis, humectant, solvent.

Use: Plasticizer.

(tetrahydro-2-furanyl)methyl 2-propenoate.

tetrahydrofurfuryl levulinate.

See tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.

CO(CH

)

COOCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 59–62C. Soluble in

water. Combustible.

tetrahydrofurfuryl acetate.

Use: Plasticizer.

OCH

OOCCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.061 (20/0C), bp

194–195C (753 mm Hg). Soluble in water, alcohol,

tetrahydrofurfuryl oleate.

ether, and chloroform. Combustible.

COOCH

Derivation: By treatment of tetrahydrofurfuryl alco-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.923 (25C), bp

hol with acetic anhydride.

240C (5 mm Hg), fp −30C, flash p 329F (165C).

Use: Flavoring.

Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer.

tetrahydrofurfuryl acrylate.

CAS: 2399-48-6. mf: C

tetrahydrofurfuryl phthalate.

Hazard: A moderate skin irritant.

(COOCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.194 (25C), mp be-

low 15C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. (tetrahydrofuryl

Use: Plasticizer.

carbinol).

CAS: 97-99-4. C

OCH

OH.

tetrahydrofuryl carbinol. See tetrahydrofur-

furyl alcohol.

3-(2-tetrahydrofuryl)-5-fluorouracil. See

5-fluoro-3-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)uracil.

tetrahydrogeraniol. See 3,7-dimethyl-1-oc-

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor; hygroscop-

tanol.

ic. D 1.0543 (20/20C), bp 178C, refr index 1.4520

(20C), flash p 167F (75C) (OC), viscosity 5.49 cP

4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2h-

(25C), autoign temp 540F (282C). Miscible with

1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2-

water. Combustible.

naphthalenyl)benzonitrile.

Derivation: Catalytic hydrogenation of furfural.

CAS: 90035-01-1. mf: C

Grade: Commercial, industrial (80%).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Solvent for vinyl resins; dyes for leather; chlori-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

nated rubber; cellulose esters; solvent softener for

nylon; vegetable oils; coupling agent; organic syn-

thesis.

′

-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-

2h-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2-

tetrahydrofurfurylamine. naphthalenyl)(1,1

′

-biphenyl)-4-

CAS: 4795-29-3. C

OCH

. carbonitrile, cis-.

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Refr CAS: 90034-98-3. mf: C

index 1.4520–1.4535 (25C), distilling range Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

150–156C, d 0.977 (20C/20C). Combustible. Use: Agricultural chemical.

1223 1,2,5,6-TETRAHYDRO

′

-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-oxo- odor. Mp 33C. Soluble in 2 parts of 80% alcohol.

2h-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2- Combustible.

naphthalenyl)(1,1

′

-biphenyl)-4- Use: Perfumery.

carbonitrile, trans-.

tetrahydronaphthalene.

CAS: 90034-97-2. mf: C

CAS: 119-64-2. C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

4-((4-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-(4-hydroxy-2-

oxo-2h-1-benzopyran-3-yl)-2-

naphthalenyl)phenoxy)benzonitrile.

CAS: 90035-05-5. mf: C

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D 0.981

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(13C), bp 206C, refr index 1.540–1.547, flash p

Use: Agricultural chemical.

160F (71.1C), fp −25C, moisture content none, resi-

due on evaporation none, acidity neutral, bulk d 8 lb/

4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-

gal, autoign temp 723F (384C). Miscible with most

ol.

solvents; compatible with natural and synthetic ve-

CAS: 64603-91-4. mf: C

hicles; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: A poison.

Derivation: Hydrogenation of naphthalene in the

presence of a catalyst at 150C.

tetrahydrolinalool. (3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol).

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 78-69-3. C

OH.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin; narcotic in high

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D

concentration.

0.832–0.837, optically inactive. Combustible.

Use: Chemical intermediate; solvent for greases, fats,

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

oils, waxes; substitute for turpentine.

1-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-(4-(4-(2-

tetrahydrophthalic anhydride.

methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-7-me

CAS: 85-43-8. C

(CO)

thyl-2,4-dioxo-3-phenylpyrido(2,3-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Solidifica-

d)pyrimidin-5-yl)carbonyl)pyrrolidine.

tion p 99–101C, d 1.20 (105C), flash p 315F (157C)

CAS: 272774-82-0. mf: C

(OC). Slightly soluble in petroleum ether and ethyl

Hazard: A poison.

ether; soluble in benzene. Combustible.

Derivation: Diels-Alder reaction of butadiene and

1-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3-

maleic anhydride.

phenyl-1-(4-(4-phenyl-1-pipera zinyl)

Use: Chemical intermediate for light-colored alkyds,

butyl)pyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5-

polyesters, plasticizers, and adhesives; intermediate

yl)carbonyl)yrrolidine.

for pesticides; hardener for resins.

CAS: 272774-79-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

(+)-(4ar,10br)-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-4-

propyl-2h,5h-(1)benzopyrano(4,3-b)-1,4-

1-((1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methyl-1-(4-(4-

oxazin-9-ol.

methyl-1-piperazinyl)butyl)-2,4-di oxo-3-

CAS: 123671-92-1. mf: C

phenylpyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-5-

Hazard: A poison.

yl)carbonyl)pyrrolidine.

CAS: 272774-83-1. mf: C

tetrahydropyran-2-methanol.

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 100-72-1.

1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-3-(␣-

❘

CHCH

OH.

methylphenethyl)-as-triazine

Properties: Liquid. D 1.0272 (20C), bp 187.2C, fp

hydrochloride.

sets to glass below −70C, flash p 200F (93.3C) (OC).

CAS: 21038-21-1. mf: C

•ClH.

Miscible with water. Combustible.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-1-methyl-4-

1,2,3,3-tetrahydro-3h-pyrano-(3,2-f)

phenylpyridine.

quinoline-8(7h)-one.

CAS: 28289-54-5. mf: C

CAS: 128202-32-4. mf: C

Hazard: A poison. A reproductive hazard.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methylquinoline. 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine. C

N. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.912–0.914 (20/

Properties: Yellowish crystals; strong, civetlike 4C), fp −44C, bp 115.5–120.0C. Combustible.

1224TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENE

Grade: 96% min.

tetraisopropylstannane. See tetraisopro-

Use: Organic intermediate. pyltin.

tetraisopropylthiuram disulfide.

tetrahydrothiophene. (thiophane).

[(CH

CH)

NCS]S

CAS: 110-01-0.

Properties: Tan powder; amine odor. D 1.12 (20/

20C), melting range 95–99C. Soluble in benzene,

❘

chloroform, gasoline; insoluble in water, 10% caus-

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.00 (15.6/

tic, carbon disulfide.

15.6C), boiling range 115–124.4C. Combustible.

Use: Rubber accelerator.

Use: Solvent, intermediate, fuel gas odorant.

tetraisopropyltin.

tetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide. See sul-

CAS: 2949-42-0. mf: C

Sn.

folane.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,8,11-trihydroxy-8-

(hydroxyacetyl)-1-methoxy-10-((2,3,6-

tetraisopropyl titanate. (TPT; titanium iso-

trideoxy-3-(2,3-dihydro-1h-pyrrol-1-yl)-

propylate; isopropyl titanate). Ti[OCH(CH

)

]

␣lyxo-hexopyranosyl)oxy)-, (8s,10s)-5,12-

Properties: Light-yellow liquid that fumes in moist

naphthacenedione.

air. Bp 102–104C (10 mm Hg), mp 14.8C, d 0.954,

CAS: 175795-76-3. mf: C

refr index 1.46, apparent viscosity 2.11 cP (25C).

Hazard: A poison.

Decomposes rapidly in water; soluble in most or-

ganic solvents.

tetrahydroxybutane. See erythritol.

Derivation: Reaction of titanium tetrachloride with

isopropanol

Use: Ester exchange reactions; adhesion of paints,

tetrahydroxydiphenyl. See diresorcinol.

rubber, and plastics to metals; condensation cata-

lyst.

tetrahydroxyethylethylenediamine.

[N,N,N

′

-tetrakis-(2-hydroxyeth-

tetraisopropyl zirconate. Zr[OCH(CH

)

]

yl)ethylenediamine].

Properties: White solid. Decomposes before

(HOCH

)

NCH

N(CH

OH)

melting.

Properties: Clear, viscous liquid. Good heat stabili-

Derivation: By reaction of zirconium tetrachloride

ty. Combustible.

with isopropanol.

Use: Organic intermediate, cross-linking of rigid

Use: Condensation catalyst, cross-linking agent.

polyurethane foams, chelating agent, humectant,

gas absorbent, resin formation, detergent pro-

tetrakis(2-chloroethyl) ethylene

cessing.

diphosphate.

CAS: 33125-86-9. mf: C

′

,5,7-tetrahydroxyflavone.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

CAS: 491-70-3. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

tetrakis(dimethylamino)silane. See octame-

thylsilanetetramine.

2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexanedioic acid. See

saccharic acid.

tetrakis(1,1-dimethylpentyl) silicate. See

tetra(2-butylisopropyl) orthosilicate.

2,3,9,10-tetrahydroxyprotoberberine.

CAS: 162854-37-7. mf: C

tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

chloride. (THPC). (HOCH

)

PCl. A crystal-

line compound made by the reaction of phosphine,

tetrahydroxysilane. See silicic acid (ortho).

formaldehyde, and hydrochloric acid.

Use: Flame-retarding agent for cotton fabrics. May

tetraiodoethylene. (iodoethylene). I

C:CI

be used in combination with triethylolamine and

Properties: Light-yellow, crystals; odorless; turns

urea (Roxel process) or with triethanolamine and

brown on exposure to light. Mp 187C, d 2.98. Insol-

tris(1-aziridinyl) phosphine oxide.

uble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

Derivation: Iodine on diiodoacetylene obtained

N,N,N

′

-tetrakis(2-hydroxypropyl)

from calcium carbide and iodine.

ethylenediamine. (ethylenedinitrilotetra-2-

Use: Surgical dusting powder, antiseptic ointment,

propanol). [−CH

N(CH

OCH

)

]

fungicide.

Properties: Viscous, water-white liquid. Miscible

with water; soluble in ethanol, toluene, ethylene

tetraiodofluorescein. See iodeosin. glycol, and perchloroethylene. Combustible.

1225 TETRAMETHYLDIAMINOBENZO

Use: Cross-linking agent and catalyst in urethane

tetramethylammonium chlorodibromide.

foams, epoxy resin curing, metal complexes, inter- (CH

)

NClBr

mediate. Properties: Powder. Mp 118–126C. Soluble in water

and other polar solvents.

Hazard: Evolves bromine on contact with water.

tetrakis(p-phenoxyphenyl)tin.

Use: Dry brominating agent, ingredient in formula-

CAS: 6452-62-6. mf: C

Sn.

tion of sanitizers.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tetramethylammonium hydroxide.

CAS: 75-59-2. (CH

)

NOH.

“Tetralin” [Du Pont]. TM for tetrahydrona-

Properties: A strong base available in 10% solution.

phthalene.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

tetralite. See tetryl.

1,2,3,5-tetramethylbenzene. See isodurene.

“Tetralol” [Millenium]. TM for an additive.

sym-tetramethylbenzene. See durene.

Use: In floral fragrances and soap perfumes to import

fresh floral and citrus aroma.

N,N,N

′

-tetramethyl-1,3-butanediamine.

CHN(CH

)

N(CH

)

1-tetralone.

Properties: Colorless, stable liquid. Fp −100C, bp

165.0C, d 0.8020 (20/20C), vap press 1.64 mm Hg

❘

HCHCHCHC

❘

CCH

❘

(20C), miscible with water, viscosity 1.0 cP (20C),

flash p 114F (45.5C) (TOC). Combustible.

A ketone of tetrahydronaphthalene.

Use: Catalyst for polyurethane foams and epoxy res-

Properties: Liquid. D 1.090–1.095 (20/20C), bp

ins; high-energy fuels.

120–125C (10 mm Hg), vap press 0.02 mm Hg

(20C), mp 5.3–6.0C, flash p 265F (129.5C). Insolu-

n,n

′

,o,o

′

-tetramethylcurinium diiodide.

ble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 16240-52-1. mf: C

•2I.

Grade: Solvent and intermediate.

Hazard: A poison.

tetram. (O,O-diethyl-S-(␤-diethylamino)-ethyl

2,2,4,4-tetramethyl-1,3-cyclobutanediol.

phosphorothioate hydrogen oxalate).

(CH

)

(OH)

CAS: 78-53-5. (C

POSCH

N(C

)

Properties: White solid. Mp 124–135C, bp

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. Use may be re-

220–225C, isomer composition 50% cis, 50% trans,

stricted.

flash p 125F (51.6C).

Use: Insecticide.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant.

Use: Chemical intermediate, lubricants.

tetramer. An oligomer whose molecule is com-

posed of four molecules of the same chemical com-

tetramethyldiamidophosphoric fluoride.

position.

See dimefox.

See polymer.

tetramethyldiaminobenzhydrol.

1,1,3,3-tetramethoxypropane.

(tetramethyldiaminodiphenylcarbinol; Mi-

[(CH

CH]

chler’s hydrol; hydrol).

Properties: Liquid. Bp 183C, refr index 1.408 (20C),

(CH

)

CH(OH)C

N(CH

)

d 0.995 (20/20C). Soluble in water, hexane, ether,

Properties: Colorless prisms. Forms a colorless so-

and alcohol. Combustible.

lution in ether or benzene and a blue solution in

Use: Organic synthesis.

alcohol or acetic acid.. Mp 96C. Soluble in alcohol,

ether, benzene, and acetic acid Combustible.

tetramethoxy silane. See methyl silicate.

Derivation: Reaction of tetramethyldiamino-

diphenylmethane, hydrochloric acid, and glacial

3,3

′

,4,4

′

-tetramethoxystilbene.

acetic acid; oxidized with lead peroxide.

CAS: 18513-98-9. mf: C

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Dye intermediate, organic synthesis.

tetramethylammonium chloride. tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone. (Mi-

(CH

)

NCl. A quaternary ammonium compound. chler’s ketone; 4,4’-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 1.1690 (20/ bis[dimethylamino]benzophenone).

4C), mp (decomposes). Soluble in water and alco- CAS: 90-94-8. CO[C

N(CH

)

]

hol; insoluble in ether, also available as a 50% solu- Properties: Crystalline leaflets. Mp 172C, bp de-

tion. composes at 360C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

Use: Chemical intermediate, catalyst, inhibitor. water. Combustible.

12264,4

′

-TETRAMETHYLDIAMINODI

Derivation: From dimethylaniline by reaction with

tetramethylethylenediamine. (TMEDA;

phosgene. N,N,N

′

-tetramethylethylenediamine).

Use: Synthesis of dyestuffs, especially auramine de-

CAS: 110-18-9. (CH

)

NCH

N(CH

)

rivatives.

Properties: Colorless liquid; slight ammoniacal

odor. Bp 121–122C, d 0.7765 (20/4C), refr index

1.4170 (25C), fp −55.1C. Soluble in water and most

4,4

′

-tetramethyldiaminodiphenylmethane.

organic solvents. Combustible.

(tetra base).

Grade: Anhydrous (100%), aqueous (65%).

CAS: 101-61-1. H

C[C

N(CH

)

]

Use: Preparation of epoxy curing agents, polyure-

Properties: Yellowish leaflets or glistening plates.

thane formation, corrosion inhibitor, textile finish-

Mp 90–91C, sublimes with decomposition, bp

ing agents, intermediate for quaternary ammonium

390C. Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, ether,

compounds.

carbon disulfide, and acids.

Derivation: By heating dimethylaniline with hydro-

tetramethylguanidine.

chloric acid and formaldehyde.

(CH

)

NC(NH)N(CH

)

Use: Dye intermediate.

Properties: Liquid; slight ammoniacal odor. Bp

159–160C. Soluble in both water and organic sol-

tetramethyldiaminodiphenylsulfone. (4,4

′

vents. A strong base. Combustible.

bis(dimethylamino)diphenylsulfone).

[(CH

)

]

2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane. See phy-

Properties: Solid. Mp 259–260C. Combustible.

tane.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

Use: Intermediate in making dyestuffs and medicinal

chemicals; analytical reagent for lead.

tetramethyl lead. (TML).

CAS: 75-74-1. (CH

)

Pb.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.995, fp −27.5C, bp

1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisilazane.

110C (10 mm Hg), flash p 100F (37.7C). Insoluble

CAS: 7691-02-3. mf: C

NSi

in water; slightly soluble in benzene, petroleum

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ether, alcohol.

Derivation: As for tetraethyl lead. Methyl reagents

sym-tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane.

used instead of ethyl.

CAS: 2627-95-4. mf: C

OSi

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation.

ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. Lower

explosion level 1.8%. TLV: 0.15 mg(Pb)/m

. Toxic

tetramethylene. See cyclobutane.

by skin absorption.

tetramethylenediamine.

tetramethylmethane. See neopentane.

CAS: 110-60-1. H

N(CH

)

Properties: Colorless crystals; strong odor. Mp 27C,

3,3

′

-tetramethylnonyl thiodipropionate.

bp 158–159C. Soluble in water with strongly basic

See ditridecyl thiodipropionate.

reaction. Combustible.

Use: Chemical intermediate, complexing agent, cata-

tetramethyl phosphonosuccinate. See

lyst in resin technology, synthesis of quaternary

phosphonosuccinic acid tetramethyl ester.

ammonium compounds.

tetramethylsilane.

tetramethylene dichloride. See 1,4-dichlo-

CAS: 75-76-3. (CH

)

Si.

robutane.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid. Bp 26.5C, d

0.646 (20/4C), flash p 0F (−17.7C). Insoluble in

3,3

′

-(tetramethylenedioxy)bis(propylamine).

water and cold concentrated sulfuric acid; soluble in

See 1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane.

most organic solvents.

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

tetramethylene glycol. See 1,4-butylene

chloride and methylmagnesium chloride.

glycol.

Grade: Technical, purified.

Hazard: Flammable, high fire risk.

tetramethylene sulfone. See sulfolane.

Use: Aviation fuel, internal standard for NMR ana-

lytical instruments.

1,1,4,4-tetramethyl-6-ethyl-7-acetyl-1,2,3,4-

tetrahydronaphthalene. C

O. A poly- tetramethyl succinonitrile. (TMSM).

cyclic musk. CAS: 3333-52-6. C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 45C, bp 130C (2 Properties: Colorless, solid; odorless. Mw 136.19,

mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. sp g 1.070, mp 170.5C, bp (sublimes). Insoluble in

Use: Perfumes, cosmetics, soaps. water.

1227 TETRA-

-PROPYL DITHIONOPYRO

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:

tetraphene. See benz(a)anthracene.

0.5 ppm.

Use: Blowing agent for vinyl foam production.

1,1,4,4-tetraphenylbutadiene. (TPB).

)

C:CHCH:C(C

)

Properties: White crystals. Two forms, mp

tetramethylthiourea.

CAS: 2782-91-4. mf: C

S. 194–196C and mp 202–204C. Insoluble in water;

Properties: Crystals from H

O. Mp: 79−80°, bp:

soluble in most organic solvents. Combustible.

245°.

Grade: Purified.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Primary fluor or wavelength shifter in soluble

Use: As a drug.

scintillators.

1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiourea. See tetrame- tetraphenylresorcinol diphosphate. See

thylthiourea. resorcinol bis(diphenyl phosphate).

tetraphenylsilane. (C

)

Si.

tetramethylthiuram disulfide. See thiram.

Properties: White solid. Mp 237C, bp 428C. Very

stable and inert. Combustible.

tetramethylthiuram monosulfide. (bisdi-

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

methylthiocarbamyl sulfide).

chloride and phenylmagnesium chloride.

CAS: 97-74-5. [(CH

)

NCH]

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Yellow powder. D 1.40, mp 104–107C.

Use: Heat-transfer medium, polymers.

Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-

ride; insoluble in water and gasoline. Combustible.

tetraphenyltin. (C

)

Sn.

Use: Ultraaccelerator for rubber, fungicide, insecti-

Properties: White powder. D 1.490, mp 225–228C,

cide.

bp above 420C. Insoluble in water; soluble in hot

benzene, toluene, xylene.

tetramethylurea.

Derivation: Reaction of tin tetrachloride with phe-

CAS: 632-22-4. C

nylmagnesium bromide.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 176C, flash p 75C (167F), d

Hazard: Skin irritant.

1.45. Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Use: Stabilizer in chlorinated transformer oils, moth-

Use: Solvent, analytical reagent.

proofing agent, scavenger in dielectric fluids, inter-

mediate.

tetranitroaniline. (TNA).

CAS: 3698-54-2. C

H(NO

)

. A nitration prod-

tetraphosphoric acid. See polyphosphoric

uct of aniline.

acid.

Properties: Mp 170C; explodes at 237C.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk.

tetraphosphorus heptasulfide. See phos-

Use: Manufacture of detonators and primers.

phorus heptasulfide.

tetranitromethane.

tetraphosphorus hexasulfide. See phospho-

CAS: 509-14-8. C(NO

)

rus trisulfide.

tetraphosphorus trisulfide. See phosphorus

sesquisulfide.

tetrapotassium ethylenediaminetetraacetate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Bp

See ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (note).

125.7C, mp 12.5C, d 1.650 (13C). Miscible with

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water; decomposed

tetrapotassium pyrophosphate. (TKPP).

by alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide. Pow-

See potassium pyrophosphate.

erful oxidizing agent.

Derivation: By action of fuming nitric acid on ben-

tetrapropenylsuccinic anhydride. See do-

zene, acetic anhydride, or acetylene.

decenylsuccinic anhydride. Many isomers are

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk. Toxic by

possible.

ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption. TLV: 0.005

ppm; animal carcinogen.

tetra-n-propyl dithionopyrophosphate.

Use: Rocket fuel, as an oxidant or monopropellant;

CAS: 3244-90-4. (C

P(S)OP(S)(OC

)

qualitative test for unsaturated compounds; diesel

Properties: Amber liquid. Bp 148C (2 mm Hg).

fuel booster; organic reagent.

Miscible with most organic solvents; insoluble in

water.

tetra(octylene glycol) titanate. See octyl- Hazard: Highly toxic.

ene glycol titanate. Use: Insecticide, acaricide.

1228TETRAPROPYLENE

tetrapropylene. (dodecene; propylene tetra- tetrasodium pyrophosphate. See sodium

mer). pyrophosphate; sodium polyphosphate.

CAS: 6842-15-5. C

. A mixture of C

monoo-

lefins.

tetrastearyl titanate. Organic intermediate,

Properties: Liquid. D 0.770 (20/20C), boiling range

adhesion promoter, pigment dispersant.

183–218C, bulk d 6.44 lb/gal (15.5). Combustible.

Derivation: Olefin fraction obtained from catalytic

tetrathiin. See oxidimethiin.

polymerization of propylene.

Use: Detergents (dodecylbenzene), lubricant addi-

tetrazene. (4-amidino-1-[nitrosamino-amidino]-

tives, plasticizers.

1-tetrazene).

CAS: 109-27-3.

tetrapropylenepentamine.

NC(:NH)NHNHN:NC(:NH)NHNHNO.

CAS: 13274-42-5. mf: C

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow, fluffy solid.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

Apparent d 0.45 but yields a pellet of d 1.05 under

moderate skin and severe eye irritant.

pressure of 3000 psi. Practically insoluble in water,

alcohol, ether, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride;

slightly hygroscopic.

tetrapropylthiuram disulfide.

Derivation: Interaction of an aminoguanidine salt

[(C

)

NCS]

with sodium nitrite in the absence of free mineral

Properties: Light-cream color; musty odor. D 1.13

acid.

(20/20C), melting range 49–51.5C. Soluble in car-

Use: Initiating explosive.

bon disulfide, benzene, chloroform, and gasoline;

insoluble in water and 10% caustic soda. Combus-

1h-tetrazol-5-amine. See aminotetrazole.

tible.

tetrazolium chloride. (tetrazolium salt;

tetrasilane. Si

TTC; 2,4,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −93.5C, bp 109C, d

Cl(C

)

0.825 (0C).

Properties: White to pale-yellow crystalline powder

Hazard: Severe fire and explosion risk, can ignite or

that darkens on exposure to light. Mp (with decom-

explode in air.

position) 245C. Readily soluble in water.

Use: In germination and viability tests. Viable parts

tetrasodium diphosphate. See sodium py-

of seed are stained red by deposition of red insoluble

rophosphate; sodium polyphosphate.

triphenyl formazan.

tetrasodium EDTA. (ethylenediaminetetraa-

tetrazolium nitro blue. See p-nitro blue

cetic acid; tetrasodium salt; EDTA Na

; sodium

tetrazolium chloride.

edetate).

CAS: 64-02-8. C

anhydrous or 2H

tet resistance. See: Antibiotic resistance.

Properties: White powder. Freely soluble in water.

Use: General-purpose chelating agent.

tetrol. See furan.

“Tetrone” A [Du Pont]. TM for dipentame-

thylenethiuram tetrasulfide rubber accelerator.

“Tetronic” [BASF]. TM for a nonionic tetra-

functional series of polyether block polymers rang-

ing in physical form from liquids through pastes to

flakable solids. They are polyoxyalkylene deriva-

See ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (note).

tives of ethylenediamine. Physical state varies with

molecular weight and oxyethylene content, 100%

tetrasodium hydrogen 2-phosphonato-

active.

butane-1,2,4-tricarboxylate.

Use: Low-foaming detergent formulations; defoam-

CAS: 66669-53-2. mf: C

P•4Na.

ing agents; flexible and rigid polyurethane foams;

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

emulsifying and demulsifying agents; textile pro-

tact.

cessing.

tetrasodium monopotassium tetryl. (tetralite and nitramine are common

tripolyphosphate. Na

. commercial names for trinitrophenylmethylnitra-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 580–600C, mine).

d 2.55. Solubility in water 30 g/100 mL (26C). CAS: 479-45-8. (NO

)

N(NO

)CH

Use: Sequestrant. Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 130–132C, d 1.57

1229 THALLIUM HYDROXIDE

(19C), explodes at 187C. Insoluble in water; soluble Hazard: Forms toxic compounds on contact with

moisture; keep from skin contact. TLV: (soluble

in alcohol, ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid.

salts) 0.1 mg(Tl)/m

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk. Skin

Use: Thallium salts, mercury alloys, low-melting

irritant, absorbed by skin. TLV: 1.5 mg/m

glasses, rodenticides, photoelectric applications,

Use: Detonating agent for less-sensitive high explo-

electrodes in dissolved oxygen analyzers.

sives, indicator (colorless at pH 10.8, dull red at pH

13.0).

thallium acetate. (thallous acetate).

textile oil. Any of various specially compounded

CAS: 563-68-8. TlOCOCH

oils used to condition raw fibers, yarns, or fabric for

Properties: White, deliquescent crystals. Mp 131, d

manufacturing, bleaching, dyeing, and finishing op-

3.68. Soluble in water and alcohol.

erations.

Derivation: Interaction of acetic acid and thallium

carbonate.

“Textone” [Vulcan]. TM for sodium chlorite.

Hazard: As for thallium.

Available forms: Liquid solutions and powder.

Use: High specific gravity solutions used to separate

Use: Used for water disinfection, as a bleaching agent

ore constituents by flotation.

for textiles, and for algae control.

thallium amalgam.

textryl. Generic name for nonwoven structures

Properties: Reported to have fp −60C (30C below

that may be manufactured by wet-processing from

that of mercury).

staple fibers and fibrid binder.

Hazard: As for thallium.

Use: Substitute for mercury in electrical switches,

texture. The physical structure of a solid or semi-

thermometers, etc. for extremely low-temperature

solid material that results from the shape, arrange-

service.

ment, and proportions of its components. The term is

used in the textile industry to characterize fabrics of

thallium bromide. (thallous bromide).

various types and in the food industry to describe

CAS: 7789-40-4. TlBr.

quality characteristics of bakery products, marga-

Properties: Yellowish-white, crystalline powder. D

rines, meats, spun proteins, etc. It is also regarded by

7.557, bp 815C, mp 460C. Soluble in alcohol.

geologists as a property of rocks and soils.

Slightly soluble in water. Insoluble in acetone.

See protein, textured.

Hazard: As for thallium.

Use: Mixed crystals with thallium iodide for infrared

textured protein. See protein, textured.

radiation transmitters used in military detection de-

vices.

TFE. Abbreviation for tetrafluoroethylene.

See polytetrafluorethylene.

thallium carbonate. (thallous carbonate).

TFEO. Abbreviation for tetrafluoroethylene ep-

CAS: 6533-73-9. Tl

oxide.

Properties: Heavy, shiny, colorless or white crystals.

D 7, mp 272C. Highly refractive, melts to dark gray

TGA. Abbreviation for (1) triglycollamic acid;

mass, slightly alkaline taste. Soluble in water; insol-

(2) thermogravimetric analysis.

uble in alcohol.

See thermogravimetric analysis; nitrilotriacetic acid.

Hazard: As for thallium.

Use: Analysis (testing for carbon disulfide), artificial

TGDR. See thioguanine deoxyriboside.

diamonds.

Th. Symbol for thorium.

thallium chloride. (thallous chloride).

CAS: 7791-12-0. TlCl.

thallium.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; becomes vio-

CAS: 7440-28-0. Tl. Metallic element of atomic

let on exposure to light. D 7.004 (30/4C), mp 430C,

number 81, group IIIA of the periodic table, aw

bp 720C. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in

204.37, valences

1, 3; two stable isotopes.

alcohol, ammonium hydroxide.

Properties: Bluish-white, leadlike metal. D 11.85,

Hazard: As for thallium.

mp 302C, bp 1457C, oxidizes in air at room temper-

Use: Catalyst (chlorination), suntan lamp monitors.

ature. Soluble in nitric and sulfuric acids; insoluble

in water but readily forms soluble compounds when

exposed to air or water.

thallium hydroxide. (thallous hydroxide).

Derivation: Flue dusts from lead and zinc smelting. TlOH•H

The thallium compounds recovered are treated to Properties: Yellow needles. Bp (dehydrated) 139C,

obtain the metal by electrolysis, precipitation, or (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol, water.

reduction. Hazard: As for thallium.

Grade: Technical, high purity. Use: Analysis, indicator.

1230THALLIUM IODIDE

thallium iodide. (thallous iodide). ble in mineral acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, or

CAS: 7790-30-9. TlI. ether.

Properties: Yellow powder. D 7.09, bp 824C, mp Hazard: As for thallium.

440C, becomes red at 170C. Insoluble in alcohol; Use: Infrared-sensitive photocells.

slightly soluble in water; soluble in aqua regia.

Hazard: As for thallium.

thallous compound. See corresponding thal-

Use: Mixed crystals with thallium bromide for inf-

lium compound.

rared radiation transmitters.

thalrugosamine. See homoaromoline.

thallium monoxide. (thallium oxide; thallous

THAM. See

oxide).

tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

CAS: 1314-32-5. Tl

Properties: Black powder. Mp 300C, bp 1080C, d

thebaine. (p-morphine).

9.52 (16C). Soluble in alcohol, water (decomposes).

CAS: 115-37-7. C

Oxidizes when exposed to air, keep well stoppered.

Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid. Mp 193C, d

Hazard: As for thallium.

1.30. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

Use: Analysis (testing for ozone), artificial gem, opti-

and ether. It is extracted from poppies of a different

cal glass of high refractive index.

species from morphine-producing opium poppies.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, may induce addiction.

thallium nitrate. (thallous nitrate).

CAS: 10102-45-1. TlNO

theca. General term for any stiff outer covering of

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 5.5, mp 206C (soli-

a unicellular protist, and usually made up of inter-

difies to a glasslike solid), decomposes at 450C.

locking plates. Dinoflagellates and diatoms are ex-

Soluble in hot water; insoluble in alcohol.

amples of protists with thecae.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: A poison. Strong oxidizing agent, fire and

theine. See caffeine.

explosion risk. TLV: 0.1 mg(Tl)/m

. Toxic by skin

absorption.

Thenard’s blue. See cobalt blue.

Use: Analysis, pyrotechnics (green fire).

The National Dendrimer and

thallium(III) nitrate.

Nanotechnology Center. (NDNC). Serves

CAS: 13746-98-0. mf: N

Tl.

as a catalyst for new dendrimer-based research

Properties: IDLH 15 mg/m

(as Tl).

yielding a growing body of valuable intellectual

Hazard: A poison by skin contact.

property. Working cooperatively on a broad range

of research projects. Located at 625 Denison Drive,

thallium oxide. (thallous oxide).

Mount Pleasant, MI 48858.

CAS: 1314-12-1. Tl

Website: http://www.dendrimercenter.org/research

Properties: Finely divided black solid. Mp about

.html.

300C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Oxidizes when

exposed to air.

thenyl alcohol. (2-thienylmethanol; 2-hydrox-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ymethylthiophene; 2-thiophenecarbinol).

Use: Optical glass, synthetic gemstones.

SCH

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 207C. Insoluble in

thallium sesquichloride. (thallo-thallic chlo-

water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

ride). TlCl

•3TlCl or Tl

Derivation: A heterocyclic alcohol made by reaction

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. D 5.9, mp

of 2-thienylmagnesium iodide and formaldehyde.

400–500C. Slightly soluble in water.

Use: No commercially developed applications. d’s

Hazard: As for thallium.

thenyldiamine. (coined name for 2-[2-di-

thallium sulfate. (thallous sulfate).

methylaminoethyl]-3-thenylaminopyridine).

CAS: 7446-18-6. Tl

CAS: 91-79-2.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 6.77, mp 632C.

SCH

)N(C

N)CH

N(CH

)

Soluble in water.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 169–172C (1.0 mm Hg).

Grade: Technical, 99%.

Derivation: Condensing N,N-dimethylaminoethyl-

Hazard: As for thallium.

␣-aminopyridine with 3-thenyl bromide.

Use: Analysis (testing for iodine in the presence of

Use: Medicine (as base for various salts, especially

chlorine), ozonometry, rodenticides, pesticide.

the hydrochloride).

thallium sulfide. (thallous sulfide). Tl

S. theobroma oil. (cacao butter; cocoa butter).

Properties: Blue-black, lustrous, microscopic crys- Properties: Yellowish-white solid; chocolate-like

tals or amorphous powder. D 8.46, mp 448C. Solu- taste and odor. D 0.858–0.864 (100/25C), mp

1231 THERMITE

30–35C, refr index 1.4537–1.4585 (40C), saponifi-

“Therabloat” [Pfizer]. (poloxalene).

cation number 188–195, iodine number 35–43. In- CAS: 9003-11-6.

soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble

mf: HO(CH

[CH(CH

)

in boiling dehydrated alcohol; freely soluble in ether

(CH

and chloroform. Combustible.

Properties: Liquid nonionic surfactant polymer. TM

Derivation: From the cacao bean, by expression,

for a veterinary drug used to treat bloat.

decoction, or extraction by solvent.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

Chief constituents: Glycerides of stearic, palmitic,

and lauric acids.

therm. A unit of heat equal to 100,000 Btu. It has

Grade: Crude, refined, USP.

also been used to mean one Btu or one small calorie,

Use: Confectionery, suppositories and pharmaceuti-

but these uses have been abandoned in the U.S.

cals, soaps, cosmetics.

thermal black. Carbon black made from natu-

ral gas by the thermatomic process or by pyrolysis of

theobromine. (3,7-dimethylxanthine).

bituminous coal. It is no longer widely used.

CAS: 83-67-0. C

. The alkaloid found in

cocoa and chocolate products. A purine base closely

thermal cracking. See cracking.

related to caffeine. Also occurs in tea and cola nuts.

thermal decomposition. See decomposition

(6); pyrolysis.

thermal expansion coefficient. The change

in volume per unit volume per degree change in

temperature (cubical coefficient). For isotropic sol-

ids the expansion is equal in all directions, and the

cubical coefficient is about three times the linear

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

coefficient of expansion. These coefficients vary

with temperature, but for gases at constant pressure

the coefficient of volume expansion is nearly con-

theophylline. (1,3-dimethylxanthine).

stant and equals 0.00367 for each degree Celsius at

CAS: 58-55-9. C

any temperature.

thermal neutron. A slow neutron.

See neutron.

thermal pollution. Heat introduced into rivers

or estuaries by power plants or other industrial cool-

ing waters or chemical wastes, which has adverse

effects on estuarine ecology.

Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; odorless; bit-

See water pollution.

ter taste. Mp 270–274C. Slightly soluble in water

and alcohol; more soluble in hot water; soluble in

thermatomic process. Methane or natural gas

alkaline solutions.

is cracked over hot bricks at 870C to form amor-

Derivation: (1) By extraction from tea leaves, (2)

phous carbon (carbon black) and hydrogen.

synthetically from ethyl cyanoacetate.

See thermal black; carbon black.

Grade: Technical, NF.

Use: Medicine (diuretic, muscle relaxant).

“Therm-Chek” [Ferro]. TM for heat stabi-

lizers.

theoretical plate. Any contacting device in a

“Therminol” FR [Solutia]. TM for a family

fractionating column, such as packing, grids, or

of heat-transfer fluids thermally stable to 400C.

screens, that effects the same degree of separation of

vapor from liquid as one simple distillation. A col-

umn that gives the same separation as 10 successive

thermite. A mixture of ferric oxide and powdered

simple distillations is considered to have 10 theoreti- aluminum, usually enclosed in a metal cylinder and

cal plates. The effectiveness of a fractionating col- used as an incendiary bomb, invented by the Ger-

umn is measured in terms of theoretical plates. As man chemist Hans Goldschmidt around 1900. On

many as 100 theoretical plates are used in laboratory ignition by a ribbon of magnesium, the reaction

and industrial operations. The total column height produces a temperature of 2200C, that is sufficient

divided by the number of theoretical plates is known to soften steel. This is typical of some oxide/metal

as HETP (height equivalent to a theoretical plate). reactions which provide their own oxygen supply

This concept is also used in chromatographic tech- and thus are very difficult to stop.

niques. Hazard: Dangerous fire risk.

1232THERMOCHEMISTRY

thermochemistry. That branch of chemistry by assigning fixed numerical values to the measur-

comprising the measurement and interpretation of able attributes of the system. These attributes may

heat changes that accompany changes of state and be wholly reproduced as soon as a fraction of them

chemical reactions. It is closely related to chemical has been reproduced. In this case the fractional num-

thermodynamics. The heat of formation of a com- ber of attributes determines the state, and is referred

pound is the heat absorbed when it is formed from its to as the number of variables of state or the number

elements in their standard states. An exothermic of degrees of freedom of the system.

reaction evolves heat, an endothermic reaction re- The concept of temperature can be evolved as soon

quires heat for initiation. as a means is available for determining when a body

Application of thermochemical principles to gener- is “hotter” or “colder.” Such means might involve

ation of hydrogen by water splitting is being exten- the measurement of a physical parameter such as the

sively researched. The advantage of this method volume of a given mass of the body. When a “hotter”

over electrolysis is its greater net efficiency. Many body, A, is placed in contact with a “colder” body, B,

techniques have been explored, but only a few have it is observed that A becomes “colder” and B “hot-

practical potential. One of the more promising is the ter.” When no further changes occur, and the joint

S-I cycle under study at Lawrence Livermore Labo- system involving the two bodies has come to equi-

ratory. The heat for this would be obtained from librium, the two bodies are said to have the same

either solar receivers or nuclear reactors. The reac- temperature. Thus temperature can only be mea-

tions involved are sured at equilibrium. Therefore thermodynamics is a

O+SO

→ H

+ 2HI science of equilibrium, and a thermodynamic state is

→ H

O+SO

+1/2O

necessarily an equilibrium state. Thermodynamics

2HI → H

See hydrogen (note 2). is a macroscopic discipline, dealing only with the

properties of matter and energy in bulk, and does not

recognize atomic and molecular structure. Although

thermocouple. (thermoelectric thermometer).

severely limited in this respect, it has the advantage

An instrument composed of two wires made of dis-

of being completely insensitive to any change in our

similar metals or semiconducting materials that are

ideas concerning molecular phenomena, so that its

joined at one end (the measuring junction), the other

laws have broad and permanent generality. Its chief

end being the reference junction, which is main-

service is to provide mathematical relations among

tained at a known temperature (usually 0C). The

the measurable parameters of a system in equilibri-

difference in temperature between the measuring

um so that, for example, a variable like pressure may

junction and the reference junction generates an

be computed when the temperature is known, and

electromotive force that is proportional to the tem-

vice versa.

perature difference. Thermocouples are applicable

over a range of −200C to 1800C. The most suitable

conducting materials are iron-constantan, platinum-

thermodynamics, chemical. See chemical

platinum-rhodium, copper-constantan, and Chro- thermodynamics.

mel-Alumel; graphite-silicon carbide is used in the

metallurgical field. Thermocouples are essential for

thermoelectricity. Electricity produced directly

determinations of extreme temperatures that are be-

by applying a temperature difference to various

yond the range of liquid-in-glass thermometers.

parts of electrically conducting or semiconducting

Their industrial applications include molten metals,

materials. Usually two dissimilar materials are used,

fuel beds, ceramic kilns, furnaces, etc.; in laborato-

and the points of contact are kept at different temper-

ries they are used for both high-temperature and

atures (Peltier effect). Many temperature-measuring

cryogenic research. They are also applicable to in-

devices (thermocouples, thermopiles) work on this

termediate temperatures in cases where convention-

principle, since the voltage is proportional to the

al thermometers are impracticable.

temperature difference. Metallic conductors are

See thermoelectricity.

usually used for these “thermometers,” which pro-

duce a rather small current. A newer use for the

thermodynamic potential. See Nernst po- effect is as a source of electrical energy, i.e., a means

tential. of direct conversion of heat into electricity (or vice

versa) without the use of a generator (or motor). The

materials used for these thermoelectric couples are

thermodynamics. A rigorously mathematical

semiconductors (e.g., tellurium; zinc antimonide;

analysis of energy relationships (heat, work, tem-

lead, bismuth, and germanium tellurides; samarium

perature, and equilibrium), the principles of which

sulfide) or thermoelectric alloys, all of which pro-

were first elaborated by J. Willard Gibbs in the mid-

duce relatively large currents. Several of these

19th century. It describes systems whose states are

“cells” are then hooked in series much like the cells

determined by thermal parameters, such as tempera-

of a battery.

ture, in addition to mechanical and electromagnetic

parameters. A system is a geometric section of the

universe, whose boundaries may be fixed or varied,

“Thermoflex” A [Du Pont]. TM for a rub-

and that may contain matter or energy or both. The ber antioxidant containing 25% di-p-methoxydiphe-

state of a system is a reproducible condition, defined nylamine (CH

)

NH; 25% diphenyl-p-phe-

1233 THIABENDAZOLE

nylenediamine C

(NHC

)

; and 50% phenyl-␤- or the volume at constant pressure measure the tem-

naphthylamine C

NHC

. perature; these are used for extremely accurate ther-

modynamic determinations. The gases used are heli-

Properties: Dark-gray pellets. D 1.21, fp above 67C.

um, nitrogen, and hydrogen. (2) Bimetallic, in which

Use: Tire carcasses, transmission belts, etc., to pro-

the sensing element consists of two strips of metals

mote resistance to flexing at operating temperatures.

having different expansion coefficients; its range is

See antioxidant.

from −185 to 425C. (3) Thermoelectric (thermocou-

ple), in which measurement is made by the electro-

thermofor. A heat-transfer medium.

motive force generated by two dissimilar metals; its

See coolant.

range is from −200 to 1800C. (4) Resistance, in

which temperature is measured by change in the

thermoforming. (1) See reforming. (2) Forming

electrical resistance of a metal, usually platinum; its

or shaping a thermoplastic sheet by heating the sheet

range is from −163 to 660C. (5) An optical fiber

above its melting point, fitting it along the contours

thermometer developed by NBS Center for Chemi-

of a mold with pressure supplied by vacuum or other

cal Engineering has a range of up to 2000C. It is

force, and removing it from the mold after cooling

made from a single crystalline sapphire and is much

below its softening point. The method is applied to

more accurate than the existing standard. Based on

polystyrenes, acrylics, vinyls, polyolefins, cellulo-

fundamental radiation principles, it measures ther-

sics, etc.

modynamic temperatures directly. See thermo-

couple; bimetal.

thermofor process. A moving-bed catalytic

cracking process in which petroleum vapor is passed

up through a reactor countercurrent to a flow of

thermonuclear reaction. See fusion.

small beads or catalyst. The deactivated catalyst

then passes through a regenerator and is recircu-

thermoplastic. A high polymer that softens

lated.

when exposed to heat and returns to its original

condition when cooled to room temperature. Natural

thermogravimetric analysis. (TGA). The

substances that exhibit this behavior are crude rub-

weight of a substance heated or cooled at a con-

ber and a number of waxes; however, the term is

trolled rate, in thermogravimetry, which is recorded

usually applied to synthetics such as polyvinyl chlo-

as a function of time or temperature. Frequently the

ride, nylons, fluorocarbons, linear polyethylene,

rate of weight change also is measured electronical-

polyurethane prepolymer, polystyrene, polypropyl-

ly by taking the first derivative of the weight change

ene, and cellulosic and acrylic resins.

with time.

See thermoset.

“Thermoguard” [ATOTECH]. TM for anti-

thermoset. A high polymer that solidifies or

mony-based materials for incorporation in PVC and

“sets” irreversibly when heated. This property is

other chlorine-containing plastics for flameproofing

usually associated with a cross-linking reaction of

properties.

the molecular constituents induced by heat or radia-

tion, as with proteins, and in the baking of doughs. In

thermometer. An instrument for measuring

many cases, it is necessary to add “curing” agents

temperature. The liquid-in-glass thermometer con-

such as organic peroxides or (in the case of rubber)

sists of a graduated glass tube and a bulb containing

sulfur. For example, linear polyethylene can be

a suitable liquid whose expansion and contraction

cross-linked to a thermosetting material by either

indicate the temperature. Its range is from −130 to

radiation or chemical reaction. Phenolics, alkyds,

600C. For scientific purposes the most widely used

amino resins, polyesters, epoxides, and silicones are

liquid is mercury down to its freezing point at −40C;

usually considered to be thermosetting, but the term

below this, alcohol gives readings to −100C and

also applies to materials in which additive-induced

pentane to −130C. Colored alcohol is generally used

cross-linking is possible, e.g., natural rubber.

in household thermometers. Mercury thermometers

ranging up to 600C are available; the mercury is

THF. Abbreviation for tetrahydrofuran.

prevented from vaporizing by a pressurized inert gas

inserted above the mercury column. Metal protec-

thia-. Prefix indicating the presence of sulfur in a

tion tubes for stem and bulb are necessary. The

heterocyclic ring.

softening point of the glass is of primary impor-

tance; borosilicate glasses are satisfactory up to

500C, but Jena glass is required for higher tempera-

thiabendazole. (4-[2-benzimidazolyl]thiazole).

tures. Minimum and maximum thermometers are so CAS: 148-79-8. C

made as to retain their lowest and highest readings Properties: White to tan crystals. Mp 304C. Slightly

indefinitely; the latter are used for oil-well and other soluble in water, alcohols, and chlorinated hydro-

geothermal measurements. carbons; soluble in dimethylformamide.

There are several other types of thermometers: (1) Use: Fungicide effective on citrus fruits, anthel-

Gas in which either the pressure at constant volume mintic.

1234THIACLOPRID

thiacloprid. See (3-((6-chloro-3-pyridi- example is primuline, CI 49000.

nyl)methyl)-2.

See thiazole.

3-(n-2-thiazolylformimidoyl)indole.

thiamine.

(3-(4-amino-2-methylpyrimidyl-5-

CAS: 22394-38-3. mf: C

methyl)-4-methyl-5, ␤-hydroxy-ethylthiazolium

Hazard: A poison.

chloride; vitamin B

). C

ClN

OS. The antineu-

ritic vitamin, essential for growth and the prevention

thiazophyr.

of beriberi. It functions in intermediate carbohydrate

CAS: 117718-60-2. mf: C

metabolism in coenzyme form in the decarboxyla-

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.

tion of ␣-keto acids. Deficiency symptoms: emo-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tional hypersensitivity, loss of appetite, susceptibili-

ty to fatigue, muscular weakness, and polyneuritis.

2-thiazylamine. See 2-aminothiazole.

thickened oil. See blown oil.

thickener. A circular or cylindrical tank

equipped with revolving rakes or plows so designed

as to increase the concentration of solids in a suspen-

sion. The slurry enters through a feed trough or well,

which distributes it uniformly around the circumfer-

Source: Enriched and whole-grain cereals, milk, le-

ence of the tank; the rakes move the thickened sedi-

gumes, meats, yeast. Most of the thiamine commer-

ment toward the center where it is discharged

cially available is synthetic.

through a collecting cone. Thickeners are applicable

Use: Medicine, nutrition, enriched flours. Isolated

to the metallurgical and food industries, ore flota-

usually as the chloride (see formula above). Avail-

tion, and municipal water treatment.

able as thiamine hydrochloride and thiamine mono-

See clarification.

nitrate.

thickening agent. Any of a variety of hydro-

philic substances used to increase the viscosity of

thiamine pyrophosphate. The active coen-

liquid mixtures and solutions and to aid in maintain-

zyme form of vitamin B1 which functions in alde-

ing stability by their emulsifying properties. Four

hyde transfer reactions.

classifications are recognized: (1) starches, gums,

casein, gelatin, and phycocolloids; (2) semisynthet-

1,4-thiazane.

ic cellulose derivatives (carboxymethyl-cellulose,

etc.); (3) polyvinyl alcohol and carboxy-vinylates

❘

SCH

CHNH

❘

(synthetic); and (4) bentonite, silicates, and colloi-

Properties: Colorless liquid; pyridine-like odor. Bp

dal silica. The first group is widely used in the food

169C (758 mm Hg). Fumes in air. Absorbs carbon

industries, especially in ice creams, confectionery,

dioxide from the air. Soluble in alcohol, benzene,

gravies, etc.; other major consumers are the paper,

ether, water. Combustible.

adhesives, textiles, and detergent fields.

Derivation: Interaction of alcoholic ammonia and

See emulsion; colloid, protective; gel.

dichlorodiethyl sulfide.

Grade: Technical.

Thiele reaction. Formation of triacetoxy aro-

Use: Organic synthesis.

matic compounds by the reaction of quinones with

acetic anhydride catalyzed by sulfuric acid or boron

thiazole.

trifluoride.

CAS: 288-47-1.

(thienyl)hydrazine.

❘

CH:NCH:

❘

CH.

CAS: 64059-33-2. mf: C

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow liquid; odor

Hazard: A poison.

resembles that of pyridine. D 1.18, bp 116.8C. Solu-

ble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

thimerosal. (sodium ethylmercurithiosalicy-

Use: Organic synthesis of fungicides, dyes, and rub-

late; ethylmercurithiosalicylic acid, sodium salt).

ber accelerators.

CAS: 54-64-8. NaOOCC

SHgC

Properties: Light-cream-colored, crystalline pow-

thiazole dye. A dye whose molecular structure der; slight characteristic odor. Affected by light.

contains the thiazole ring. The chromophore groups Soluble in water and alcohol; almost insoluble in

are ==C==N−, −S−C==, but the conjugated double ether and benzene; pH (1% solution) 6.7,.

bonds are also of importance. The members of the Derivation: Reaction between ethylmercuric chlo-

class are mainly used as direct or developed dyes for ride and thiosalicylic acid in alcoholic sodium hy-

cotton, though some find use as union dyes. One droxide.

1235 2,2

′

-THIOBIS(CHLOROPHENOL)

Grade: NF.

thioacetamide.

CAS: 62-55-5. CH

CSNH

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation.

Properties: Colorless leaflets. Mp 115C. Stable in

Use: Medicine, bacteriostat, fungistat.

solution. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene.

Combustible.

thin. A nontechnical word used by scientists with

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, a carcin-

a variety of meanings. (1) In electronic metallurgy, a

ogen (OSHA).

thin film is a vapor-deposited coating having a

Use: To replace gaseous hydrogen sulfide in qualita-

thickness of only a single atom; such monatomic

tive analysis.

films, e.g., thorium on tungsten, are used in electron-

ic devices such as cathodes. (2) A coating or film of a

fatty acid on water that is one molecule thick (about

thioacetic acid. (thiacetic acid; ethanethiolic

200 A

) is called a monomolecular film. (3) In thin-

acid).

layer chromatography the term applies to a specially

CAS: 507-09-5. CH

COSH.

prepared mixture of adsorbents spread on a glass

Properties: Clear, yellow liquid; strong unpleasant

slide to a thickness of 1/100 inch. (4) The word is

odor. D 1.05 (25C), fp −17C, bp 81.8C (630 mm

also used in the sense of a liquid of low viscosity, as

Hg). Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combus-

in paint thinner and thin-boiling starch.

tible.

Derivation: By heating glacial acetic acid and phos-

phorus pentasulfide, with subsequent distillation.

thin-boiling starch. See starch, modified;

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

thin.

Use: Chemical reagent, lachrymator.

thin film. In electronic engineering a film having

a “thickness” of a single atom and consisting of a

thioallyl ether. See allyl sulfide.

metal deposited on a metallic substrate either exter-

nally by vapor deposition or internally by diffusion.

thioanisole. C

The base metal is usually tungsten (for a cathode),

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong unpleasant odor.

the film being any of a number of other metals

D 1.053 (25C), fp −15.5C, bp 188C, refr index

(thorium, cesium, zirconium, barium, or cerium).

1.5842 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in most

“The greatest benefit is obtained when the films are

organic solvents. Combustible.

of a monatomic nature; in the case of thorium on

Use: Intermediate, solvent for polymeric systems.

tungsten, the optimum coverage is 0.67 monatomic

layer, i.e., the thorium atoms do not completely

thiobenzoic acid. C

COSH.

cover the tungsten surface. Such films are very tight-

Properties: Yellow oil or crystals. D 1.1825–1.1835

ly bound to the base metal by atomic forces” (W. H.

(20/4C), mp 24C, bp 77.5C (5 mm Hg), 122C (30

Kohl).

mm Hg), refr index 1.602–1.604 (20C). Insoluble in

See thin; film.

water; miscible with organic solvents. Combustible.

Grade: 95% min.

thin-layer chromatography. (TLC). A mi-

Use: Organic intermediate.

cro type of chromatography. The thin layer (0.01

inch) is the adsorbent, usually a special silica gel

2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)-dione.

spread on glass or incorporated in a plastic film.

CAS: 10021-35-9. mf: C

Single drops of the solutions to be investigated are

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

placed along one edge of the glass plate, and this

Use: Agricultural chemical.

edge then dipped into a solvent. The solvent carries

the constituents of the original test drops up the thin

layer in a selective separation, so that a comparison

4,4

′

-thiobis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).

with known standards and various identifying tests

CAS: 96-69-5.

may be made on the spots formed.

Properties: Light-gray to tan powder. Mp 150C min,

See thin.

d 1.10 (25C).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 10 mg/m

; not

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

thinner. A hydrocarbon (naphtha) or oleoresi-

Use: Protection of light-colored rubber from oxida-

nous solvent (turpentine) used to reduce the viscosi-

tion and of nonstaining neoprene compounds

ty of paints to appropriate working consistency, usu-

against deterioration.

ally just before application. In this sense a thinner is

a liquid diluent, except that it has active solvent

power on the dissolved resin.

2,2

′

-thiobis(chlorophenol).

CAS: 97-18-7. [ClC

(OH)]

thio-. A prefix used in chemical nomenclature to Properties: White, crystalline solid; odorless. Mp

indicate the presence of sulfur in a compound, usual- 175.8–186.8C. Insoluble in water.

ly as a substitute for oxygen. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

See thiol. Use: Bacteriostat for cosmetics, fungicide.

12362,2

′

-THIOBIS(4,6-DI-

sec

2,2

′

-thiobis(4,6-di-sec-amylphenol). (2,2

′

- Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 128C. Soluble in

water and alcohol. Combustible.

thiobis[4,6-bis-(1-methylbutyl)phenol]).

Use: Analytical reagent.

[(CH

[CH

]

CH[CH

])

OHC

]

Properties: A dark, viscous liquid. Softening p 0C, d

0.99 (50C).

4,4

′

-thiodiphenol. (TDP). (C

OH)

Use: Rubber antioxidant.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp above

151C, 99.5% pure.

thiocarbamide. See thiourea.

Use: Intermediate, flame-retardant, antioxidant, en-

gineering plastics.

thiocarbanil. See phenyl mustard oil.

thiodiphenylamine. See phenothiazine.

thiocarbanilide. (N,N

′

-diphenylthiourea; sul-

focarbanilide).

thiodipropionic acid.

CAS: 102-08-9. CS(NHC

)

CAS: 111-17-1. HOOCCH

•S•CH

COOH.

Properties: Gray powder. Mp 148C, d 1.32. Soluble

A dicarboxylic acid.

in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Combus-

Properties: Leaflets. Mp 135. Soluble in water and

tible.

alcohol.

Derivation: Interaction of aniline and carbon disul-

Hazard: Use in foods restricted to 0.02% of fat and

fide and alcohol in the presence of sulfur.

oil content, including essential oils.

Use: Intermediates, dyes (sulfur colors, indigo, meth-

Use: Antioxidant in food packaging, soaps, plasticiz-

yl indigo), vulcanization accelerator, synthetic or-

ers, lubricants, fats, and oils.

ganic pharmaceuticals, flotation agent, acid inhib-

itor.

␤,␤-thiodipropionitrile.

CAS: 111-97-7. S(CH

CN)

thiocarbonyl chloride. See thiophosgene.

Properties: White crystals or light-yellow liquid. D

1.1095 (30C), mp 28.65C. Slightly soluble in water

4-thiochromanyl-o,o-dimethyl

and alcohol; soluble in acetone, chloroform, and

dithiophosphate.

benzene.

CAS: 41219-25-4. mf: C

Use: Preservative, selective solvent, chromatog-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

raphy.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

thio-1,3-dithio[4,5-b]quinoxaline. See thio-

thioctic acid. See dl-␣-lipoic acid.

quinox.

thiocyanic acid, phenyl ester.

CAS: 5285-87-0. mf: C

NS.

thioester. An ester of a carboxylic acid with a

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

thiol instead of an alcohol.

thiocyanic acid, trimethylstannyl ester.

thioethanolamine. See 2-aminoethanethiol.

See trimethyltin thiocyanate.

thioflavine T. (CI 49005).

thiodiethylene glycol. See thiodigylcol.

N(HCl)SCC

N(CH

)

Properties: A yellow basic dye of the thiazole class,,

thiodiglycol. (thiodiethylene glycol; ␤-bis-hy-

fluoresces yellow to yellowish-green when excited

droxyethyl sulfide; dihydroxyethyl sulfide).

by UV.

(CH

OH)

Derivation: By heating p-toluidine with sulfur in the

Properties: Syrupy, colorless liquid; characteristic

presence of lead oxide.

odor. D 1.1852 (20C), bp 283C, fp −10C, viscosity

Use: Textile dyeing, fluorescent sign paints, in com-

0.652 cP (20C), flash p 320F (160C), bulk d 9.85 lb/

bination with green or blue pigments to produce

gal, refr index 1.5217 (20C). Soluble in acetone,

brilliant greens, phosphotungstic pigments.

alcohol, chloroform, water; slightly soluble in ben-

zene, carbon tetrachloride, and ether. Combustible.

thiofuran. See thiophene.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of dichloroethyl sulfide, in-

teraction of ethylene chlorohydrin and sodium sul-

fide.

1-thioglycerol.

Hazard: Do not use with hydrochloric acid.

CAS: 96-27-5. CH

(OH)CH(OH)CH

SH.

Use: Intermediate for elastomers and antioxidants;

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 118C (5 mm

solvent for dyes in textile printing.

Hg), d 1.295 (14.4C). Soluble in water, alcohol, and

ether. Combustible.

thiodiglycolic acid. Use: Reducing agent for cystine molecule in human

CAS: 123-93-3. HOOCCH

SCH

COOH. A dicar- hair and wool, for stabilization of acrylonitrile poly-

boxylic acid. mers, medicine.

1237 THIOPHENE

thioglycolic acid. (mercaptoacetic acid). Mp 149–150C. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetone,

CAS: 68-11-1. HSCH

COOH. and ether; slightly soluble in benzene. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong unpleasant odor. Use: Biochemical research, intermediate, rust inhibi-

D 1.325, fp −16.5C, bp 123C (29 mm Hg). Miscible tor, antidarkening agent for crepe rubber, tackifier

with water, alcohol, or ether. Combustible.

for synthetic rubber.

Derivation: Heating chloracetic acid with potassium

hydrogen sulfide.

thiomerin.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

CAS: 20223-84-1. mf: C

HgNO

S•2H.

irritant to tissue. TLV: 1 ppm.

Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m

(as Hg).

Use: Reagent for iron, manufacture of thioglycolates,

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.01. STEL 0.03 mg/m

permanent-wave solutions and depilatories, vinyl

(skin).

stabilizer, manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

thionazin. (generic name for O,O-diethyl-O-2-

thioguanine deoxyriboside.

pyrazinyl phosphorothioate).

CAS: 789-61-7. mf: C

CAS: 297-97-2.

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.

❘

CHCHNCH

❘

COPS(C

2-thiohydantoin. (glycolylthiourea).

Properties: Amber liquid. Mp −1.7C, bp 80C (.001

NHC(S)NHC(O)CH

mm Hg). Slightly soluble in water; miscible with

Properties: Crystals or tan powder. Mp 230C.

most organic solvents.

Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohols and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

ethers.

absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor.

Grade: 99% min.

Use: Insecticide, fungicide, nematocide.

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, rubber accel-

erators, copper-plating brighteners, and dyestuffs.

“Thionex” [Du Pont]. TM for tetramethylthi-

uram monosulfide.

2-thio-4-keto-thiazolidine. See rhodanine.

thionyl chloride. (sulfurous oxychloride; sul-

-thiol. (mercaptan). Suffix indicating that a sub-

fur oxychloride).

stance belongs to the group of organic compounds

CAS: 7719-09-7. SOCl

resembling alcohols but having the oxygen of the

Properties: Pale-yellow to red liquid; suffocating

hydroxyl group replaced by sulfur, as in ethanethiol

odor. D 1.638, fp −105C, bp 79C, decomposes at

SH). Many thiols are characterized by strong

140C, decomposes (fumes) in water. Soluble in ben-

and repulsive odors.

zene, carbon tetrachloride.

Hazard: Aliphatic thiols are flammable. Toxic by

Grade: 93%, 97.5%.

inhalation.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: ceil-

Use: Warning agents in fuel gas lines, chemical inter-

ing 1 ppm.

mediates. Note: Adoption of the name thiol to re-

Use: Pesticides, engineering plastics, chlorinating

place mercaptan has been officially approved as

agent, catalyst.

more consistent with the molecular constitution of

these compounds. The older term, which literally

means “mercury seizing,” is inappropriate.

thiopental sodium. (“Pentothal”; “Sodium

Pentothal”; sodium-5-ethyl-5(1-methylbutyl)-2-

thiobarbiturate). (C

SNa). A rapidly acting

thiolactic acid. (2-mercaptopropionic acid).

barbiturate administered intravenously for general

CAS: 79-42-5. CH

CH(SH)COOH.

anesthesia and hypnosis. Commonly known as

Properties: Oily liquid; unpleasant odor. Becomes

“truth serum.”

crystalline at 10C, d 1.22, bp 116C (16 mm Hg), refr

Hazard: May cause respiratory failure; use only with

index 1.482. Soluble in water, alcohol, and acetone.

physician in attendance.

Readily forms salts with numerous metals that have

quite different properties.

Derivation: Reaction of sodium sulfide, sulfur, and

thiophane. See tetrahydrothiophene.

bromopropionic acid.

Use: Depilatory, hair-waving preparations.

thiophene. (thiofuran).

CAS: 110-02-1.

thiol protease inhibitor.

CAS: 66701-25-5. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

thiomalic acid. (mercaptosuccinic acid).

CAS: 70-49-5. HOOCCH(SH)CH

COOH. Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.5285

Properties: White crystals or powder; sulfuric odor. (20C), d 1.0644 (20/4C), fp −38.5C, bp 84C, flash p

1238␣-THIOPHENEALDEHYDE

30F (−1.1C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

in water. Use: Fungicide, acaricide.

Derivation: From coal tar (benzene fraction) and

petroleum, synthetically from heating sodium succi-

thioridazine. (USAN for 2-methylthio-10-[2-

nate with phosphorus trisulfide.

(N-methyl-2-piperidyl)-ethyl]phenothiazine).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

CAS: 50-52-2. C

Use: Organic synthesis (condenses with phenol and

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 158C. Soluble in

formaldehyde, copolymerizes with maleic anhy-

water and alcohol.

dride), solvent, dye, and pharmaceutical manufac-

Grade: ND (as the hydrochloride).

ture.

Use: Medicine (tranquilizer).

␣-thiophenealdehyde. (2-thiophenecarboxal-

thiosalicylic acid. (2-mercaptobenzoic acid).

dehyde). C

SCHO.

CAS: 147-93-3. HOOCC

SH.

Properties: Oily liquid; almondlike odor. Bp 198C,

Properties: Yellow solid. Mp 164–165C, sublimes.

90C (20 mm Hg), d 1.210–1.220. Very soluble in

Slightly soluble in hot water; soluble in alcohol,

alcohol, benzene, ether; slightly soluble in water.

ether, and acetic acid. Combustible.

Combustible.

Grade: Reagent, technical 80%, pharmaceutical.

Grade: 95%.

Use: Dyes, reagent for iron determination, interme-

Use: Thiophene derivatives, introducing thenyl

diate.

group into organic compounds.

thiophenol. (phenyl mercaptan).

thiosemicarbazide. (aminothiourea).

CAS: 108-98-5. C

SH.

CAS: 79-19-6. NH

CSNHNH

Properties: Water-white liquid; repulsive odor. Bp

Properties: White, crystalline powder; no odor. Mp

168.3C, bp 71C (15 mm Hg), refr index 1.5891, d

180–184C. Soluble in water and alcohol.

1.075 (25/25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

Derivation: From potassium thiocyanate and hydra-

hol and ether. Combustible.

zine salts.

Derivation: Reduction of benzenesulfonyl chloride

Grade: Technical and pure.

with zinc dust in sulfuric acid.

Use: Reagent for ketones and certain metals, photog-

Grade: 99%.

raphy, rodenticide.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

Use: Pharmaceutical synthesis.

thiosinamine. See allyl thiourea.

thiophosgene. (thiocarbonyl chloride).

thiosorbitol. CH

OH(CH

SH.

CAS: 463-71-8. CSCl

Properties: Colorless, nonhygroscopic crystals. Mp

Properties: Reddish liquid. D 1.5085 (15C), bp

92C, strong reducing agent. Soluble in water, ethyl-

73.5C. Decomposes in water and alcohol; soluble in

ene glycol, and formamide; insoluble in benzene,

ether.

carbon tetrachloride and carbon disulfide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Corrosion protection in pickling and plating

Use: Organic synthesis.

baths.

thiophosphoryl chloride.

CAS: 3982-91-0. PSCl

“Thiostat-B” [Uniroyal]. TM for 40% aque-

Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating odor. D

ous solution of sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate.

1.635, bp 126C, fp −35C, decomposed by water,

Use: Bactericide in oil-well water flooding, paper

flash p none. Soluble in carbon disulfide, carbon

slimicide, specialty bactericide.

tetrachloride. Nonflammable.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

“Thiostop” [Uniroyal]. TM for aqueous solu-

tions of the sodium and potassium salts of dimethyl

thiophosphoryl chlorodifluoride. See thio-

dithiocarbamate.

phosphoryl difluoride monochloride.

Properties: Clear, yellow to amber liquid. D

1.18–1.23, good storage stability, potassium salt

thiophosphoryl difluoride monochloride.

will crystallize out at −6.6C and the sodium salt at

CAS: 2524-02-9. mf: ClF

PS.

0C. Avoid long storage in partially filled containers.

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

Use: Short stop in SBR polymerization.

thioquinox. (generic name for 2,3-quinoxali-

thiotepa. USP name for triethylenethiophospho-

nedithiol cyclic trithiocarbonate). C

ramide.

(tricyclic).

Properties: Yellow solid. Mp 180C. Insoluble in

water; slightly soluble in acetone, kerosene, and

thiourea. (thiocarbamide).

alcohol. CAS: 62-56-6. (NH

)

CS.

1239 THORIN

thixotropy. The ability of certain colloidal gels

to liquefy when agitated (as by shaking or ultrasonic

vibration) and to return to the gel form when at rest.

This is observed in some clays, paints, and printing

inks that flow freely on application of slight pres-

Properties: White, lustrous crystals; bitter taste. D

sure, as by brushing or rolling. Suspensions of ben-

1.406, mp 180–182C, bp sublimes in vacuo at

tonite clay in water display this property, which is

150–160C. Soluble in cold water, ammonium thioc-

desirable in oil-well drilling fluids.

yanate solution, and alcohol, nearly insoluble in

See rheology; dilatancy.

ether.

Derivation: (1) By heating dry ammonium thiocya-

nate, extraction with a concentrated solution of am-

“Thompson’s Concrete Care Cleaner and

monium thiocyanate, with subsequent crystalliza-

Degreaser” [Thompson]. TM for a liquid

tion; (2) action of hydrogen sulfide on cyanamide.

concrete cleaner.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

Use: To remove oil, dirt, algae, and mildew.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). May not be used in

food products (FDA); skin irritant (allergenic).

“Thompson’s Water Seal Maximum Deck

Use: Photography and photocopying papers, organic

Stripper” [Thompson]. TM for a liquid

synthesis (intermediate, dyes, drugs, hair prepara-

deck stripper.

tions), rubber accelerator, analytical reagent, amino

Use: To remove oil and latex-based solid and semi-

resins, mold inhibitor.

transparent stains and waterproofers from decks and

other surfaces.

“Thioxin” [Morton]. TM for a series of rubber-

to-metal bonding adhesives. Available in water- and

“Thompson’s Water Seal No Drip Gel

solvent-based formulations for bonding a wide vari-

Stain” [Thompson]. TM for a gel wood

ety of elastomers and rubbers to metal and engi-

stain.

neered plastics.

Use: A gel stain for outdoor furniture and shutters

Use: Antivibration components, transmission seals,

without the mess of ordinary stain.

hoses, bushings, automotive weatherstrip, solid

tires, storage tanks, and bridge bearing pads.

Thomson, J. J., Sr. (1856–1940). A native of

England, Thomson entered Cambridge University

thioxylenol. (mixed isomers). C

(CH

)

SH.

in 1876 and remained there permanently as a profes-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.03 (15.6/15.6C), bp

sor of physics, especially in the field of electrical

122–133C (50 mm Hg). Oxidizes on exposure to air,

phenomena. His observations and calculations of

supplied under nitrogen atmosphere. Combustible.

cathode ray experiments led to proof of the existence

Use: Chemical intermediate, peptizer for natural and

of the electron as the lightest particle of matter

SBR rubbers.

(1896). This proof was announced at the Royal Insti-

tution in the following year. This was the keystone

thiram. (tetramethylthiuram disulfide; bis-(di-

of the theory of atomic structure and one of the most

methylthiocarbamyl)disulfide; thiuram; TMTD).

notable discoveries in the history of science.

CAS: 137-26-8. [(CH

)

NCH]

See Rutherford, Sir Ernest.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; characteristic

odor. D 1.29 (20C), melting range 155–156C. Solu-

thomsonite. (NaCa

(SiO

)

•6H

O). A miner-

ble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, carbon disul-

al, one of the zeolites.

fide; insoluble in water, dilute alkali, gasoline.

Grade: 75% wettable powder, 95% technical pow-

thonzylamine hydrochloride. (2-[(2-di-me-

der, ND.

thylaminoethyl)(p-methoxybenzyl)amino]-pyrimi-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

dinehydrochloride).

skin and eyes. TLV: 1 mg/m

; not classifiable as a

CAS: 63-56-9. C

O•HCl.

human carcinogen.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; faint odor.

Use: Vulcanizing agent for rubber, especially for

Mp 173–176. Very soluble in water; freely soluble

steam hose and other heat-resistant uses; fungicide;

in alcohol and chloroform; practically insoluble in

insecticide; seed disinfectant; lubricating oil addi-

ether and benzene; pH 5.0–6.0 (2% solution).

tive; bacteriostat; animal repellent.

Grade: NF.

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

“Thiramad” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a 75%

thiram formulation. A turf fungicide.

thoria. See thorium dioxide.

Hazard: See thiram.

thiuram. A compound containing the group thorin. HOC

(SO

NNC

AsO

. A re-

NCS. Most are disulfides. The most common mo- agent for the colorimetric determination of micro-

nosulfide is tetramethylthiuram monosulfide. gram quantities of thorium.

See thiram. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

1240THORITE

thorite. ThSiO

. A natural thorium silicate, usual- thorium decay series. The series of radioac-

ly impure, found in pegmatites. tive elements produced as successive intermediate

Properties: Black to orange color, vitreous to resin- products when thorium undergoes spontaneous nat-

ous luster. Mohs hardness 4.5–5, d 4.4–5.2. Ra- ural radioactive disintegration into lead. Many of

dioactive. these are severe radioactive poisons when ingested

Occurrence: Norway, Ceylon. or inhaled as thorium dust particles.

Use: Source of thorium.

thorium dioxide. (thorium anhydride; thori-

thorium.

um oxide; thoria). ThO

CAS: 7440-29-1. Th. Metallic element of atomic

Properties: Heavy white powder. D 9.7, mp 3300C

number 90, a member of the actinide series (group

(highest of all oxides), bp 4400C, Mohs hardness

IIIB of periodic table), aw 232.0381, valence of 4;

6.5, very refractory. Soluble in sulfuric acid; insolu-

radioactive, no stable isotopes.

ble in water.

Properties: Soft metal with bright silvery luster

Derivation: Reduction of thorium nitrate.

when freshly cut, similar to lead in hardness when

Grade: Technical and purities to 99.8% ThO

; granu-

pure. Can be cold-rolled, extruded, drawn, and

lar particles; crystals.

welded. D about 11.7, mp 1700C, bp 4500C. Solu-

Use: Ceramics (high temperature), gas mantles, nu-

ble in acids; insoluble in alkalies and water. Some

clear fuel, flame spraying, crucibles, medicine, non-

alloys may ignite spontaneously, the metal in mas-

silica optical glass, catalyst, thoriated tungsten fila-

sive form is not flammable.

ments.

Source: Monazite, thorite. It is about as abundant as

lead.

thorium disulfide. ThS

Derivation: (1) Reduction of thorium dioxide with

Properties: Dark-brown crystals. D 7.30 (25/4C),

calcium; (2) fused salt electrolysis of the double

mp 1875–1975C (in vacuo). Insoluble in water.

fluoride ThF

•KF. The product of both processes is

Use: Solid lubricant.

thorium powder, fabricated into the metal by pow-

der metallurgy techniques. Hot surface decomposi-

thorium fluoride. ThF

tion of the iodide produces crystal bar thorium.

Properties: White powder. Dehydrated between 200

Available forms: Powder, unsintered bars, sintered

and 300C. D (anhydrous) 6.32 (24C), mp 1111C,

bars, sheets.

above 500C reacts with atmospheric moisture to

Hazard: Flammable and explosive in powder form.

form thorium oxyfluoride, ThOF

, and finally the

Dusts of thorium have very low ignition points and

oxide, ThO

. Forms a series of compounds with

may ignite at room temperature. Radioactive decay

other metallic fluorides such as NaF and KF.

isotopes are dangerous when ingested.

Grade: 79–80% ThO

Use: Nuclear fuel (thorium-232 is converted to urani-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

um-233 on neutron bombardment after several de-

Use: Production of thorium metal and magnesium-

cay steps), sun lamps, photoelectric cells, target in

thorium alloys, high temperature ceramics. ThOF

X-ray tubes, alloys.

used as a protective coating on reflective surfaces.

thorium acetylacetonate.

thorium nitrate.

Th[OC(CH

):CHCOCH

]

CAS: 13823-29-5. Th(NO

)

•4H

Properties: Crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in

Properties: White, crystalline mass. Mp 500C (de-

water; resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating, nonioniz-

composes). Soluble in water and alcohol.

ing compound.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

thorium anhydride. See thorium dioxide.

with organic materials, strong oxidizing agent. Ra-

dioactive.

thorium carbide. ThC

Use: Reagent for determination of fluorine, thoriated

Properties: Yellow solid. D 8.96 (18C), mp

tungsten filaments.

2630–2680C, bp 5000C. Decomposes in water.

Use: Nuclear fuel.

thorium oxalate. Th(C

)

•2H

Properties: White powder. D (anhydrous) 4.637

thorium chloride. (thorium tetrachloride).

(16C). Insoluble in water and most acids. Soluble in

CAS: 10026-08-1. ThCl

solutions of alkali and of ammonium oxalates.

Properties: Colorless or white, lustrous needles

Above 300–400C decomposes to thorium oxide,

(light-yellow color caused by iron trace); hygro-

ThO

scopic; partially volatile; crystallizes with variable

Grade: Purities to 99.9%; as 59% ThO

water of crystallization. D 4.59, bp 928C (decom-

Use: Ceramics.

poses), mp 820C. Soluble in alcohol, water.

Grade: Technical; as 50% ThO

Use: Incandescent lighting.

thorium oxide. See thorium dioxide.

1241 THUJONE

thorium sulfate. (thorium sulfate, normal). See air pollution; American Conference of Govern-

Th(SO

)

•8H

O. mental Industrial Hygienists.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.8, mp

loses 4H

O at 42C, remainder at 400C. Slightly

thrombin. A proteolytic enzyme that catalyzes

soluble in water; soluble in ice water.

the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin and thus is

Grade: As 43% ThO

essential in the clotting mechanism of blood. It is

present in the blood in the form of prothrombin

under normal conditions; when bleeding begins, the

thorium tetrachloride. See thorium chlo-

prothrombin is converted to thrombin, which in turn

ride.

activates the formation of fibrin.

Thorpe reaction. Base-catalyzed condensation

thrombocyte. See platelet.

of two molecules of nitrile to yield imines that tau-

tomerize to enamines.

thromboxane. See prostaglandin.

thortveitite. An ore containing 37–42% scandi-

throwing oil. An oil applied to prepare raw silk

um oxide. A basic material in the production of

and filament rayon for “throwing,” the operation by

scandium.

which the filaments are twisted into threads. Ap-

plied by a bath, the oils condition the filaments and

THPC. See tetrak-

yarns for subsequent weaving or knitting. Usually

is(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride.

compounded to be self-emulsifying and may con-

tain a sizing agent such as dextrin, gelatin, etc.

Thr. Abbreviation of threonine.

See slashing compound.

′

end. The end of a nucleic acid that lacks a

throwing power. A term denoting the effec-

nucleotide bound at the 3

′

position of the terminal

tiveness of an electrolytic cell for depositing metal

residue.

uniformly over a surface being electroplated, partic-

ularly in irregular and recessed areas. The throwing

three-phase equilibrium. The state of equi-

power is the weight of deposition per unit distance

librium of vapor, liquid, and solid phases of a pure

between the electrodes.

substance at a definite pressure and temperature.

thuja oil. (arbor vitae oil).

threonine. (␣-amino-␤-hydroxybutyric acid).

CAS: 8007-20-3.

CAS: 72-19-5. CH

CH(OH)CH(NH

)COOH. An

Properties: Pale-yellow essential oil; camphorlike

essential amino acid.

odor. D 0.910–0.920, refr index 1.459 (20C), optical

Properties: Colorless crystals. (dl-threonine) Mp

rotation −10 to −13 degrees in 100 mm tube. Soluble

228–229C with decomposition; (l(−)-threonine)

in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, fixed

(naturally occurring) mp 255–257C with decompo-

oils, and mineral oil. Combustible. Chief known

sition; (dl-allo-threonine), mp 250–252C. Soluble in

constituents: Dextro-pinene, levofenchone, thujone,

water. Optically active.

should contain more than 60% ketones calculated as

Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein (casein), organic

thujone.

synthesis.

Derivation: Distilled from the leaves of the white

Use: Nutrition and biochemical research, dietary sup-

cedar, Thuja occidentalis.

plement.

Grade: Technical, FCC (as cedarleaf oil).

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

threshold energy. The energy limit for an inci-

dent particle or photon below which a particular

␣-thujaplicin.

endothermic reaction will not occur.

CAS: 1946-74-3.

Properties: A minor component of Thujopsis dola-

brata. SIEB. et ZUCC. var. hondai MAKINO mf:

Threshold Limit Value. (TLV). A set of

standards established by the American Conference

Hazard: A poison.

of Governmental Industrial Hygienists for concen-

trations of airborne substances in workroom air.

They are time-weighted averages based on condi-

thujone.

tions that it is believed that workers may be repeat- CAS: 546-80-5. C

O. A terpene-type ketone

edly exposed to day after day without adverse ef- contained in thuja oil and the oils of sage, tansy, and

fects. The TLV values are revised annually and wormwood.

provide the basis for the safety regulations of Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.915–0.919 (20/

OSHA. They are intended to serve as guides in 20C), bp 203C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

control of health hazards rather than definitive hol. Combustible.

marks between safe and dangerous concentration. In Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

this book, these are indicated by TLV. Use: Solvent.

1242THULIA

thulia. See thulium oxide. rotatory in solution; soluble in water, methanol, hot

ethanol, hot acetone, and hot ethyl acetate; sparingly

thulium. Tm. Atomic number 69, group IIIB of soluble in hot chloroform; soluble in pyridine and

the periodic table, a rare-earth element of the lan-

glacial acetic acid.

thanide groups, aw 168.9342, valence of 3; no stable

Use: Biochemical research. Also available as trityl

isotopes.

thymidine and as tritiated thymidine in a radioactive

Properties: Metallic luster. D 9.318, mp 1550C, bp

form.

1727C. Reacts slowly with water; soluble in dilute

acids. Salts colored green.

thymidylic acid. The nucleotide of thymine,

Derivation: Isolated by reduction of the fluoride with

i.e., the phosphate ester of thymidine.

calcium.

Grade: Regular high purity (ingots, lumps).

thymine. (5-methyluracil; 5-methyl-2,4-dioxy-

Hazard: Fire risk in form of dust.

pyrimidine; T).

Use: Ferrites, X-ray source.

CAS: 65-71-4.

See rare earth.

❘

C(O)NHC(O)NH

❘

CH. One of the pyrimidine

thulium-170. Radioactive thulium of mass num-

bases of living matter.

ber 170.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Decomposes

Use: X-ray source in portable units.

at 335–337C. Slightly soluble in hot water; insolu-

ble in cold water, alcohol; sparingly soluble in ether;

thulium chloride. TmCl

•7H

readily soluble in alkalies.

Properties: Green, deliquescent crystals. Mp 824C,

Derivation: Hydrolysis of deoxyribonucleic acid,

bp 1440C. Very soluble in water and alcohol.

from methylcyanoacetylurea by catalytic reduction.

Use: Biochemical research.

thulium nitrate.

See base pair; nucleotide.

CAS: 14985-19-4. mf: N

•Tm.

Hazard: A poison.

thymine-2-deoxyriboside. See thymidine.

thulium oxalate. Tm

)

•6H

Properties: Greenish-white precipitate, loses H

Oat

thymine dimer. See pyrimidine dimer.

50C. Soluble in aqueous alkali oxalates.

Derivation: Precipitation of a solution containing a

thymol. (isopropyl-m-cresol; thyme camphor;

thulium salt and a mineral acid by addition of oxalic

thymic acid).

acid.

CAS: 89-83-8. (CH

)

CHC

(CH

)OH.

Use: Analytical separation of thulium (and other rare-

earth metals) from the common metals.

thulium oxide. (thulia). Tm

Properties: Dense white powder with greenish tinge,

slightly hygroscopic. Absorbs water and carbon di-

oxide from the air. D 8.6. Exhibits a reddish in-

candescence on heating, changing to yellow and

then white on prolonged heating. Slowly soluble in

strong acids.

Properties: White crystals; aromatic odor and taste.

Derivation: By ignition of thulium oxalate, salt of

D 0.979, mp 48–51, bp 233C. Soluble in alcohol,

other oxyacids, or hydroxide.

carbon disulfide, chloroform, glacial acetic acid,

Grade: 99–99.9%.

ether, and fixed or volatile oils; slightly soluble in

Use: Source of thulium metal.

water and glycerol. Combustible.

Derivation: From thyme oil or other oils, syntheti-

thylakoid. Closed cisterna, or disc, formed by the

cally from m-cresol and isopropyl chloride by the

pigment-bearing internal membranes of chloro-

Friedel-Crafts method at −10C.

plasts.

Grade: Technical, NF, reagent.

Use: Perfumery, mold and mildew preventive, mi-

“Thylate” [Du Pont]. TM for a wettable off-

croscopy, preservative, antioxidant, flavoring, labo-

white powder containing 65% thiram.

ratory reagent, synthetic menthol.

thymic acid. See thymol.

thymol blue. (thymolsulfonphthalein).

CAS: 76-61-9.

thymidine. (thymine-2-deoxyriboside).

CAS: 50-89-5. C

. The nucleoside (deoxy-

riboside) of thymine. Occurs in DNA. C

❘

C[C

(CH

)(OH)CH(CH

)

]

Properties: Crystalline needles. Mp 185C. Dextro- Properties: Brown-green powder or crystals. Mp

1243 TIGLIUM OIL

223C (decomposes). Insoluble in water; soluble in

thyroxine. (3,5,3

′

-tetraiodothyronine).

alcohol or dilute alkali.

CAS: 51-48-9.

Use: Acid-base indicator in pH range 1.5 (pink) to

HOC

CH(NH

)COOH.

2.8–8 (yellow) to 9.6 (blue).

See indicator.

thymol iodide. [C

(CH

)(OI)(C

)]

. Princi-

pally dithymol diiodide.

Properties: Red-brown powder or crystals; slight

aromatic odor; affected by light. Soluble in ether,

The hormone produced by the thyroid gland. It is an

chloroform, and fixed or volatile oils; slightly solu-

amino acid and a derivative of tyrosine. It increases the

ble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

metabolic rate and oxygen consumption of animal

Derivation: Interaction of thymol and potassium in

tissues.

alkaline solution.

Properties: Optically active, the l-isomer is the natu-

Grade: Technical.

ral and physiologically active form. (dl-thyroxine)

Use: Feed additive, antifungal agent.

Needles. Decomposes at 231–233C. Insoluble in

water, alcohol, and the common organic solvents;

thymolphthalein.

soluble in alcohol in the presence of mineral acids or

alkalies. (l-thyroxine) Crystals. Decomposes at

❘

COO

❘

C[C

(CH

)(OH)CH(CH

)

]

235–236C. (d-thyroxine) Crystals. Decomposes at

Properties: White powder. Mp 245C. Insoluble in

237C.

water; soluble in alcohol and acetone, and dilute

Derivation: Obtained from the thyroid glands of

alkali and acids.

animals; also made synthetically.

Use: Acid-base indicator in pH range 9.3 (colorless)

Use: Medicine (hormone), biochemical research.

to 10.5 (blue).

See triiodothyronine.

See indicator.

Ti. Symbol of titanium.

thymolsulfonphthalein. See thymol blue.

TIBAL. Abbreviation for triisobutylaluminum.

p-thymoquinone. (2-isopropyl-5-methylbenzo-

quinone).

“TIC Pretested Guarcel 302” [TIC]. TM

CAS: 490-91-5. C

(CH

)CH(CH

)

for a powder developed with bland guar gum.

Properties: Bright-yellow crystals; penetrating

Use: For dairy-based dry mix beverages.

odor. Mp 45.5C, bp 232C. Slightly soluble in water;

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

“TIC Pretested Nutriloid Arabic” [TIC].

Derivation: From diazonium salt of aminothymol

TM for a sprayable dry powder food additive.

and nitrous acid.

Use: As a mouthfeel aid providing a creamy texture

Use: Fungicide.

without viscosity.

thyrocalcitonin. A thyroid hormone having sig-

Tiemann rearrangement. Rearrangement of

nificant effect on the calcium content of bone and

amide oximes (available from nitriles and hydroxyl-

blood. It can retard bone damage and may be in-

amine) to monosubstituted ureas by treatment with

volved in the incidence of dental caries and the form

benzenesulfonyl chloride and water.

of dental calculus known as tartar.

Tiffeneau-Demjanov ring expansion. Re-

thyroid. See thyroxine.

arrangement of ␤-amino alcohols on diazotization

with nitrous acid to give ring-expanded carbonyl

compounds.

thyronine. (desiodothyroxine).

HOC

CH(NH

)COOH. The p-hy-

droxyphenyl ether of tyrosine. Thyronine and its

tiglic acid. (methylcrotonic acid; crotonolic

iodinated derivatives are used in biochemical re-

acid; trans-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid).

search on the thyroid gland and its activity.

CAS: 80-59-1. CH

CH:C(CH

)COOH. The trans

isomer of angelic acid.

Properties: Thick, syrupy liquid or colorless crys-

thyrotropic hormone. (TSH; thyrotropin). A

tals; spicy odor. D 0.9641, mp 65C, bp 198.5C.

hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pitu-

Soluble in alcohol, ether, hot water. Combustible.

itary gland. It increases the rate of removal of iodine

Derivation: From croton oil. Also occurs in English

from the blood by the thyroid gland, synthesis of the

chamomile oil.

thyroid hormone, and its release into the blood-

Use: Perfumes, flavors, emulsion breakers.

stream. The thyrotropic hormone is a protein with a

low molecular weight (about 10,000) that contains

some carbohydrate.

tiglium oil. See croton oil.

1244TIME-WEIGHTED AVERAGE

time-weighted average. (TWA). tin anhydride. See stannic oxide.

The average concentration of an air contaminant for

a conventional 8-hour workday and a 40-hour work-

tin ash. See stannic oxide.

work.

See Threshold Limit Value.

tin bis(diethyldithiocarbamate).

CAS: 16248-90-1. mf: C

•Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 2 mg(Sn)/m

timolol. C

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tin bisulfide. See stannic sulfide.

tin bronze. See stannic sulfide.

tincal. See borax.

tincture. An alcoholic or aqueous alcoholic solu-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 72C.

tion of an animal or vegetable drug or a chemical

Use: Adrenergic blocker used in treatment of hyper-

substance. The tincture of potent drugs is essentially

tension, glaucoma, and for reducing risk of second

a 10% solution. Tinctures are more dilute than fluid

heart attack. FDA approved.

extracts and less volatile than spirits.

tin dibutylditrifluoroacetate. See

tin. (stannum).

bis(trifluoroacetoxy)dibutyltin.

CAS: 7440-31-5. Sn. Metallic element of atomic

number 50, group IVA of the periodic system, aw

tin, dichlorodidodecyl-. See didodecyltin di-

118.69, valences of 2, 4; 10 isotopes.

chloride.

Properties: Silver-white, ductile solid (␤ form). D

7.29 (20C), mp 232C, bp 2260C. Changes to brittle,

tin, dioctyldiphenyl-. See dioctyldiphenyltin.

gray (␣) tin at temperature of 18C, but the transition

is normally very slow. Soluble in acids and hot

“Tinopal” [Novartis]. TM for a group of fluor-

potassium hydroxide solution; insoluble in water.

escent whitening agents, which absorb UV light in

Elemental tin has low toxicity, but most of its com-

the near visible range and reemit the energy as visi-

pounds are toxic.

ble light.

Derivation: By roasting the ore (cassiterite) to oxi-

Use: Heavy-duty detergents to whiten fabrics, paper,

dize sulfates and to remove arsine, then reducing

plastics, fibers, coatings, waxes, etc.

with coal in a reverberatory furnace or by smelting

in an electric furnace; secondary recovery from tin

tin oxide. See stannous oxide.

plate.

Occurrence: Malaysia (called Straits tin), Indonesia,

tin perchloride. See stannic chloride.

Thailand, Bolivia.

Grade: By percentage purity; spectrographic grade

tin plating. The process of covering steel, iron,

is 99.9999%; block tin is a common designation for

or other metal with a layer of tin by dipping it in the

pure tin.

molten metal, by electroplating, or by immersion in

Available forms: Sheet, wire, tape, pipe, bar, ingot,

solutions that deposit tin by chemical action of their

powder, single crystals.

components. Ingredients for the chemical process

Hazard: All organic tin compounds are toxic. TLV:

are cream of tartar and stannous chloride. The metal

(inorganic compounds except SnH

and SnO

as Sn)

being plated also takes part in the process. The ob-

2 mg/m

; (organic compounds as Sn) 0.1 mg/m

jective is to utilize the superior corrosion resistance

Use: Tin plate, terneplate, Babbitt metal, pewter,

of tin and in some cases to improve appearance.

bronze, corrosion-resistant coatings, collapsible

See terneplate.

tubes, anodes for electrotin plating, hot-dipped coat-

ings, cladding, solders, low-melting alloys for fire

tin protochloride. See stannous chloride.

control, organ pipes, dental amalgams, diecasting.

White, type, and casting metal. Manufacture of

tin protosulfide. See stannous sulfide.

chemicals, tinned wire (all copper wire that is to be

rubber covered). Block tin is used to coat copper

tin protoxide. See stannous oxide.

cooking utensils and lead sheet, or to line lead pipe

for distilled water, beer, carbonated beverages, and

tin resinate. See soap (2).

some chemicals. Note: In speaking of fabricated

articles, “tin” is often used when tinplate (thin sheets

tin salt. See stannous chloride.

of steel coated with tin) is meant, e.g., “a tin can.” To

distinguish, articles (such as condenser coils) made

of solid tin are said to be made of “block tin.”

tin spirits. Solutions of tin salts used in dyeing.

1245 TITANIUM ACETYLACETONATE

tin stearate. See stannous stearate. titanellow. See titanium trioxide (not to be con-

fused with titan yellow, an organic dye containing

no titanium).

tin tetrabromide. See stannic bromide.

titania. See titanium dioxide.

tin tetrachloride. Legal label name (Rail) for

stannic chloride.

titanic acid. (titanic hydroxide; metatitanic

tintometer. A device for comparison of colors of

acid). H

TiO

or Ti(OH)

. Water content variable.

solutions.

Properties: White powder. Insoluble in mineral

acids and alkalies except when freshly precipitated;

insoluble in water.

“Tinuvin” [Novartis]. TM for a group of UV

Derivation: From hydrochloric acid solution of tita-

absorbers, substituted hydroxyphenyl benzotria-

nates by treating with ammonia and then drying over

zoles, e.g., 2-(2

′

-hydroxy-5

′

-methylphe-

concentrated sulfuric acid or by boiling titanium

nyl)benzotriazole.

sulfate solution.

Grade: Technical.

tiocarbazil.

Use: Mordant.

CAS: 36756-79-3. mf: C

NOS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

titanium.

icity by ingestion.

CAS: 7440-32-6. Ti. Metallic element of atomic

Use: Agricultural chemical.

number 22, group IVB of the periodic table, aw

47.90, valences of 2, 3, 4; five isotopes.

“Tipersul” [Du Pont]. TM for fibrous potas-

Properties: Silvery solid or dark-gray, amorphous

sium titanate, crystalline fibers 1 micron in diameter

powder. D 4.6 (20C), mp 1675C, bp 3260C, sp heat

melting at 1371C, useful to 1204C.

0.13 Btu/lb/F, thermal conductivity 105 Btu/ft

/F/

Available forms: Lumps, blocks, and loose fibers.

hour, as strong as steel but 45% lighter, Vickers

Use: High-temperature thermal, acoustical, and elec-

hardness 80–100, excellent resistance to atmospher-

trical insulation; filter media.

ic and seawater corrosion and to corrosion by chlo-

rine, chlorinated solvents, and sulfur compounds;

“Tiron” [LaMotte]. TM for disodium-1,2-dih-

reactive when hot or molten. Insoluble in water,

ydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate.

inert to nitric acid but attacked by concentrated sul-

Use: Colorimetric determination of ferric iron, titani-

furic acid and hydrochloric acid. Unaffected by

um, or molybdenum.

strong alkalies.

Source: Ilmenite, rutile, titanite, titanium slag from

Tiselius, Arne W. K. (1902–1971). A Swed-

certain iron ores.

ish biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemis-

Derivation: (1) Reduction of titanium tetrachloride

try in 1948. Renowned for research in separation

with magnesium (Kroll process) or sodium (Hunter

methods of biochemical matter, in particular elec-

process) in an inert atmosphere of helium or argon.

trophoresis and chromatography. Work also in-

The titanium sponge is consolidated by melting. (2)

volved virus isolation and synthesis of blood plas-

Electrolysis of titanium tetrachloride in a bath of

ma. He earned degrees from the University of

fused salts (alkali or alkaline-earth chlorides).

Upsala and Princeton University, as well as a multi-

Grade: Technical (powder), commercially pure

tude of honorary degrees.

(sheets, bars, tubes, rods, wire, and sponge), single

crystals.

Tishchenko reaction. Formation of esters

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

from aldehydes by an oxidation-reduction process

risk. (Metal) Ignites in air at 1200C, will burn in

in the presence of aluminum or sodium alkoxides.

atmosphere of nitrogen. Do not use water or carbon

dioxide to extinguish.

Use: Alloys (especially ferrotitanium); as structural

tissue culture. Method by which cells derived

material in aircraft, jet engines, missiles, marine

from multicellular organisms are grown in liquid

equipment, textile machinery, chemical equipment

media.

(especially as anode in chloride production), desal-

ination equipment, surgical instruments, orthopedic

tissue-specific expression. Gene function

appliances, food-handling equipment; X-ray tube

which is restricted to a particular tissue or cell type.

targets; abrasives; cermets; metal-ceramic brazing,

For example, the glycoprotein hormone alpha sub-

especially in nickel-cadmium batteries for space

unit is produced only in certain cell types of the

vehicles; electrodeposited and dipped coatings on

anterior pituitary and placenta, not in lungs or skin;

metals and ceramics; electrodes in chlorine battery.

thus, expression of the glycoprotein hormone alpha-

chain gene is said to be tissue-specific. Tissue spe-

cific expression is usually the result of an enhancer

titanium acetylacetonate. See titanylacety-

which is activated only in the proper cell type. lacetonate.

1246TITANIUM AMMONIUM OXALATE

titanium ammonium oxalate. See ammo- Grade: Technical, of many variations, pure, USP,

nium titanium oxalate. single crystals, whiskers.

Hazard: TLV: (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/m

total dust (when toxic impurities are not present,

titanium boride. (titanium diboride). TiB

e.g., quartz <1%); Not Classifiable as a Human Car-

Properties: Extremely hard solid with oxidation re-

cinogen.

sistance up to 1400C. Mp 2980C, d 4.50, Mohs

Use: White pigment (in paints, paper, rubber, plas-

hardness 9+, low electrical resistivity.

tics, etc.), opacifying agent, cosmetics, radioactive

Use: Metallurgical additive, high-temperature elec-

decontamination of skin, floor coverings, glassware

trical conductor, refractory, cermet component,

and ceramics, enamel frits, delustering synthetic

coatings resistant to attack by molten metals, alumi-

fibers, printing inks, welding rods. Single crystals

num manufacture, super alloys.

are high-temperature transducers.

titanium butylate. See tetrabutyl titanate.

titanium disilicide. TiSi

Use: In special alloy applications, as a flame or blast

titanium carbide. TiC.

impingement–resistant coating material.

Properties: Extremely hard, crystalline solid with

gray metallic color. Mp 3140C, bp 4300C, d 4.93,

titanium disulfide. TiS

resistivity 60 micro-ohm-cm (room temperature).

Properties: Yellow solid. D 3.22 (20C). Decom-

Insoluble in water; soluble in nitric acid and aqua

posed by steam.

regia.

Use: Solid lubricant.

Use: Additive (with tungsten carbide) in making cut-

ting tools and other parts subjected to thermal shock,

titanium ester. A series of titanium compounds

arc-melting electrodes, cermets, coating dies for

whose general formula is Ti(OR)

where R is a hy-

metal extrusion (0.2 mil film by vapor deposition).

drocarbon group, e.g., tetraisopropyl titanate.

Use: Adhesion promoters, ester-exchange catalysts,

titanium chelate. (HOYO)

Ti(OR)

cross-linking agents, heat-resistant paints.

NYO)

Ti(OR)

. A series of titanium compounds

See tetrabutyl titanate; tetra(2-ethylhexyl) titanate.

where Y and R are hydrocarbon groups, e.g., octyl-

ene glycol titanate, triethanolamine titanate.

titanium ferrocene. See titanocene dichlo-

Use: Surface-active agents, corrosive inhibitors,

ride.

cross-linking agents.

titanium hydride. TiH

titanium diboride. See titanium boride.

Properties: Black, metallic powder that dissociates

above 288C. The evolution of hydrogen is gradual

titanium dichloride.

and practically complete at 650C. D 3.8, attacked by

CAS: 10049-06-6. TiCl

strong oxidizing agents.

Properties: Black powder. D 3.13. Decomposed by

Derivation: Direct combination of titanium with hy-

water; decomposes at 475C in vacuo; hygroscopic.

drogen, reduction of titanium oxide with calcium

Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in chloroform, ether,

hydride in the presence of hydrogen above 600C.

carbon disulfide.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, dust may

Derivation: Reduction of titanium tetrachloride with

explode in presence of oxidizing agents.

sodium amalgam, dissolving titanium metal in hy-

Use: Powder metallurgy, production of pure hydro-

drochloric acid.

gen (can contain 1800 cc (STP) H/cc of hydride),

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignites in

production of foamed metals, solder for metal-glass

air, store under water or inert gas.

composites, electronic getter, reducing atmosphere

for furnaces, hydrogenation agent, refractories.

titanium dioxide. (titanic anhydride; titanic

acid anhydride; titanic oxide; titanium white;

titanium isopropylate. See tetraisopropyl ti-

titania).

tanate.

CAS: 13463-67-7. TiO

Properties: White powder in two crystalline forms,

titanium monoxide. TiO. A weakly basic ox-

anatase and rutile. It has the greatest hiding power of

ide of titanium, prepared by reduction of the dioxide

all white pigments. Noncombustible.

at 1500C; it has no important industrial uses.

Derivation: From ilmenite or rutile. (1) Ilmenite is

treated with sulfuric acid and the titanium sulfate

further processed. The product is primarily the ana-

titanium nitride. TiN.

tase form. (2) Rutile is chlorinated and the titanium Properties: Golden-brown, hard, brittle plates. Mp

tetrachloride converted to the rutile form by vapor- 2927C, d 5.24, sp heat 8.86 cal/mole at 25C, electri-

phase oxidation. Papermakers are using this form to cal resistivity 21.7 micro-ohm-cm.

an increasing extent in preference to the anatase Use: High-temperature bodies, cermets, alloys, recti-

form. fiers, semiconductor devices.

1247 “TITANOX”

titanium ore. See rutile; ilmenite. Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to skin

and tissue.

titanium oxalate. (titanous oxalate).

Use: Pure titanium and titanium salts, iridescent ef-

)

•10H

fects in glass, smoke screens, titanium pigments,

Properties: Yellow prisms. Soluble in water; insolu-

polymerization catalyst.

ble in alcohol and ether.

Derivation: Action of oxalic acid on titanous chlo-

ride.

titanium trichloride. (titanous chloride).

CAS: 7705-07-9. TiCl

titanium peroxide. See titanium trioxide.

Properties: Dark-violet, anhydrous, deliquescent

crystals. D 2.6, decomposes above 440C, decom-

titanium potassium fluoride. (potassium ti-

poses in air and water with heat evolution. Soluble in

tanium fluoride). TiK

alcohol, acetonitrile, certain amines; slightly soluble

Properties: White leaflets. Soluble in hot water.

in chloroform; insoluble in ether and hydrocarbons.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Hazard: Fire risk in the presence of oxidizing materi-

Use: Titanic acid, titanium metal.

als. Irritant to skin and tissue; open container only in

oxygen-free or inert atmosphere.

titanium potassium oxalate. (potassium ti-

Use: Reducing agent, organic synthesis, cocatalyst

tanium oxalate). TiO(C

•2H

for polyolefin polymerization, organometallic syn-

Properties: Colorless, lustrous crystals. Soluble in

thesis involving titanium, laundry stripping agent.

water.

Derivation: By treating titanium hydroxide with po-

titanium trioxide. (titanium peroxide; tita-

tassium oxalate and oxalic acid.

nello; pertitanic acid). TiO

Grade: Technical, pure, 22% TiO

(min).

Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in acids.

Use: Mordant in cotton and leather dyeing, sensitiza-

Use: Dental porcelain and cements, yellow tile.

tion of aluminum for photography.

titanocene dichloride. (dicyclopentadienylti-

titanium sesquisulfate. See titanous sulfate.

tanium dichloride; titanium ferrocene).

)

TiCl

titanium sponge. The metal in crude form as

Properties: Red crystals. Mp 287–289C. Moderately

reduced from the tetrachloride; ingots are made

soluble in toluene, chloroform; sparingly soluble in

from it by consumable-electrode refining (arc-melt-

ether and water. Stable in dry air, slowly hydrolyzed

ing).

in moist air.

See titanium.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, irritant to skin and

mucous membranes.

titanium sulfate. (titanic sulfate; basic titani-

Use: Ziegler polymerization catalyst (with aluminum

um sulfate; titanyl sulfate).

alkyls).

CAS: 13825-74-6. Ti(SO

)

•9H

O, also TiO-

See metallocene.

•H

•8H

O. A commercial material, possibly

a mixture.

titanous chloride. See titanium trichloride.

Properties: White, cakelike solid. Highly acidic,

similar to 50% sulfuric acid, typical composition

titanous oxalate. See titanium oxalate.

20% TiO

, 50% sulfuric acid, 30% water, hygro-

scopic. D 1.47. Soluble in water; solutions hydro-

titanous sulfate. (titanium sesquisulfate).

lyze readily unless protected from heat and dilution.

(SO

)

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on ilmenite ore.

Properties: Green, crystalline powder. Insoluble in

Hazard: Irritant to skin and tissue.

water, alcohol, concentrated sulfuric acid; soluble in

Use: Treatment of chrome yellow and other colors,

dilute hydrochloric acid or sulfuric acid, giving vio-

production of titanous sulfate used as reducing agent

let solutions.

or stripper for dyes, laundry chemical.

Grade: Commercial grade made and supplied as a

dark-purple solution containing 15% Ti

(SO

)

titanium tetrachloride. (titanic chloride).

Use: Textile industry as reducing agent for stripping

CAS: 7550-45-0. TiCl

or discharging colors.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fumes strongly when

exposed to moist air, forming a dense and persistent

white cloud. (Pure) d 1.7609 (0C), bp 136.4C, fp

“Titanox” [Velsicol]. TM of a series of white

−30C. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; soluble in pigments comprising titanium dioxide in both ana-

water with evolution of heat; concentrated aqueous tase and rutile crystalline forms and also extended

solutions are stable and corrosive; dilute solutions with calcium sulfate (titanium dioxide–calcium pig-

precipitate insoluble basic chlorides. ment). Noncombustible.

Derivation: By heating titanium dioxide or the ores Use: Paints, paper, rubber, plastics, leather and leath-

and carbon to redness in a current of chlorine. er finishes, inks, coated textiles, textile delustering,

1248TITANYL ACETYLACETONATE

ceramics, roofing granules, welding rod coatings,

TMA. Abbreviation for trimethylamine and tri-

and floor coverings. mellitic anhydride.

titanyl acetylacetonate. (titanium acetylace- TMEDA. Abbreviation for tetramethylethylene-

tonate). TiO[OC(CH

):CHCOCH

]

. diamine.

Properties: Crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in

water; resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating, nonioniz-

TML. Abbreviation for tetramethyllead.

ing compound.

Derivation: Reaction of titanium oxychloride with

TMSM. See tetramethyl succinonitrile.

acetylacetone and sodium carbonate.

Use: Cross-linking agent for cellulosic lacquers.

TMTD. Abbreviation for tetramethylthiuram di-

sulfide.

titanyl sulfate. See titanium sulfate.

See thiram.

titer. In solutions (1) the concentration of a dis-

TMTU. See tetramethylthiourea.

solved substance as determined by titration; (2) the

minimum amount or volume needed to bring about a

TNA. Abbreviation for tetranitroaniline.

given result in titration; or (3) the solidification point

of fatty acids that have been liberated from the fat by

TNB. Abbreviation for trinitrobenzene.

hydrolysis.

TNBS. See 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.

titration. Any of a number of methods for deter-

mining volumetrically the concentration of a desired

substance in solution by adding a standard solution

TNT. Abbreviation for trinitrotoluene.

of known volume and strength until the reaction is

completed, usually as indicated by a change in color

tobacco. Cured leaves of plants of the family

due to an indicator. Organic solvents are used in

Solanaceae, genus Nicotiiana; the species N. taba-

titrating water-insoluble substances (nonaqueous ti-

cum is the most important domestic source. Curing

tration). Several types of electrical measurement

consists of drying and long aging. The leaves are

techniques are used, among which are amperomet-

dehydrated by hanging in warm air to terminal mois-

ric, conductometric, and coulometric titration meth-

ture content of 20–30%, during which time starches

ods, and spectrophotometry is another possible pro-

reduce to sugars, the chlorophyll is discharged, and

cedure. Titration has been successfully automated,

the color darkens. The product is then aged from one

the extent depending on the type of measurement

to five years to remove unpleasant odor; cigar tobac-

used.

co is “fermented” with water, with resulting hydrol-

ysis, deamination, and decarboxylation. Aging fer-

titration curve. A plot of the pH versus the mentation and oxidizers improve taste, aroma, and

equivalents of acid or base, added during titration of smoking qualities. Humectants and flavoring agents

a base or an acid. are added to some cigarette blends.

Scores of chemical compounds have been identified

in unburned tobacco. Basically it is cellulose. The

TKP. Abbreviation for tripotassium phosphate.

cured product contains acids (citric, oxalic, formic),

See potassium phosphate, tribasic.

alkaloids (nicotine, anabasine, myosmine), and car-

bohydrates (lignin, pentosans, starch, sucrose), as

TKPP. Abbreviation for tetrapotassium pyro-

well as tannin, ammonia, glutamine, and micro

phosphate.

amounts of zinc, iodine, copper, manganese, and

See potassium pyrophosphate.

polonium-210. See cigarette tar; smoke (4).

A nicotine-free tobacco substitute, TM “Cytrel,” has

Tl. Symbol for thallium.

been developed. See “Cytrel” [Celanese].

Hazard: A carcinogen. Many other deleterious ef-

TLV. See Threshold Limit Value.

fects from chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke.

Tm. Symbol for thulium.

tobacco mosaic virus. The first virus to be

obtained in crystalline form (from diseased tobacco

Tm. The melting point for a double-stranded nu- plants). The protein portion of this virus (95% of

cleic acid. Technically, this is defined as the temper- each particle) contains about 2300 peptide chains,

ature at which 50% of the strands are in double- each having 150 amino acids and ending with threo-

stranded form and 50% are single-stranded, i.e., nine. Molecular weight of each chain is about

midway in the melting curve. A primer has a specific 17,000, total molecular weight 40 million. The com-

Tm because it is assumed that it will find an opposite plete sequence of the amino acids has been deter-

strand of appropriate character. mined.

1249 TODD, SIR ALEXANDER R

tobermorite gel. 3CaO•2SiO

•3H

O. A calci- Properties: Clear yellow, viscous oil. D 0.947–0.958

um silicate hydrate; a main cementing ingredient of (25/25C), refr index 1.5030–1.5070 (20C).

concrete because of its great surface area. Derivation: Synthetic.

Grade: NF, FCC.

Tobias acid. (2-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic

Use: Biological antioxidant, meat curing (nitrosa-

acid; 2-amino-1-naphthalene-sulfonic acid).

mine blocker), nutrient, medicine. Also available as

the acetate.

See tocopherol.

tocophersolan. (USAN for d-␣-tocopheryl

polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate).

O•OOC(CH

)

COO(CH

H. n

22. A

water-miscible vitamin E.

Properties: White needles. Soluble in hot water.

Use: Dietary food supplement, medicine.

Derivation: Sulfonation of ␤-naphthol with chloro-

sulfonic acid in nitrobenzene at 0C followed by

d-␣-tocopheryl acetate.

heating the resulting 1-sulfonic acid with ammo-

CAS: 58-95-7. mf: C

nium hydrogen sulfite and ammonia at 145–150C.

Properties: From vacuum steam distillation and

Purification is by precipitation from dilute solution

acetylation of edible vegetable oil products. (FCC

of the sodium salt.

III) Colorless to yellow oil; odorless. Mp:

Use: Azo dye intermediate, optical brighteners.

26.5−27.5°, bp: 205° @ 0.02 mm (bath). Insol in

water, sol in alc; misc with acetone, chloroform,

TOC. Abbreviation for Tagliabue open cup, a

ether, vegetable oil.

standard method for determining flash points.

Use: Food additive; drug.

tocamphyl. See hepasynthyl.

dl-␣-tocopheryl acetate.

CAS: 7695-91-2. mf: C

tocopherol. (vitamin E). Any of a group of

Properties: From vacuum steam distillation and

related substances (␣-, ␤-, ␥-, and ⌬-tocopherol)

acetylation of edible vegetable oil products. (FCC

that constitute vitamin E. The ␣-form (which occurs

III) Colorless to yellow oil; odorless. Insol in water;

naturally as the d-isomer) is the most potent. Occurs

sol in alc; misc with acetone, chloroform, ether,

naturally in plants, especially wheat germ. All are

vegetable oil.

derivatives of dihydrobenzo-␥-pyran and differ

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

from each other only in the number and position of

Use: Food additive.

methyl groups. Vitamin E is required by certain

rodents for normal reproduction. Muscular and cen-

dl-␣-tocopheryl acid succinate.

tral nervous system depletion along with general-

CAS: 4345-03-3. mf: C

ized edema are deficiency symptoms in all animals.

Properties: From vacuum steam distillation and suc-

It is not required as a dietary supplement for humans.

cinylation of edible vegetable oil products. (FCC

Properties: Viscous oils. Soluble in fats; insoluble in

III) Colorless to white crystalline powder or needles

water. Stable to heat in the absence of oxygen, to

from pet ether; odorless and tasteless. Mp: 76−77°.

strong acids, and to visible light; unstable to UV

Insol in water; very sol in chloroform, sol in acetone,

light, alkalies, and oxidation.

alc, ether, vegetable oil.

Use: Medicine, nutrition, antioxidants for fats, ani-

Use: Food additive.

mal feed additive.

dl-␣-tocopherol. (dl-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-2- Todd, Sir Alexander R. (1907–1997). A

′

,12

′

-trimethyltridecyl)-6-chromanol). British chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chem-

CAS: 59-02-9. C

OOH. The most important of istry in 1957. His diverse research and accomplish-

the vitamin E group. ments involved phosphorylation and mechanisms of

1250“TOFRANIL”

biological reactions concerning phosphates. Many Derivation: Reduction of o-nitrotoluene with zinc

of his studies concerned the structure of nucleic dust and caustic soda and conversion of the hydrazo-

acids, nucleotides, nucleotidic coenzymes, as well toluene by boiling with hydrochloric acid.

Grade: Technical, dry, or paste.

as vitamins B

, and E. Work in biological organ-

Hazard: TLV: Animal Carcinogen.

ic chemistry indicated that hemp plant could be used

Use: Dyes, sensitive reagent for gold (1:10 million

for production of narcotics. Todd had degrees

detectable) and for free chlorine in water, curing

awarded from Oxford, Frankfurt, and Glasgow,

agent for urethane resins (also available as the dihy-

among others.

drochloride).

“Tofranil” [Novartis]. Proprietary preparation

of imipramine hydrochloride.

Tollens’ reagent. Solution of ammoniacal sil-

Use: Antidepressant.

ver nitrate containing free sodium bicarbonate.

Hazard: May explode on standing from the forma-

toiletries. Liquid cosmetic preparations usually

tion of silver nitride.

consisting of an essential oil-alcohol mixture used

Use: To test for aldehydes.

chiefly for application to hair and scalp, as after-

shave lotions, etc.

tolnaftate. (USAN for o-2-naphthyl-meta-N-

dimethylthiocarbanilate).

“Tok” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for 2,4-dichlo-

CAS: 2398-96-1. C

OC(S)N(CH

rophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether product.

Use: Antifungal treatment (medicine).

Use: Herbicide.

tolualdehdye. See tolyl aldehydes.

tokamak. A transliterated Russian word for an

assembly for producing nuclear fusion. It consists

toluazotoluidine. See o-aminoazotoluene.

essentially of a doughnut-shaped evacuated cham-

ber called a torus, of 18-inch cross section, through

which the plasma moves. Surrounding the torus is an

tolu balsam. See balsam.

electromagnetic field powerful enough to confine

the energized plasma sufficiently to achieve the re-

toluene. (methylbenzene; phenylmethane).

quired density of 10

particles/cc/sec and a tempera-

CAS: 108-88-3. C

ture well above 44 million centigrade. Up to 74

million centigrade has been obtained experimental-

ly, but 100 million centigrade will be necessary for

power production. The vacuum chamber and the

magnetic field simulate conditions on the sun, i.e.,

absence of air and immense gravitational forces.

Several experimental tokamaks are in operation in

the U.S., the largest being at Princeton, NJ. It is

Properties: Colorless liquid; benzenelike odor. D

utilizing hydrogen and deuturium as a test plasma

0.866 (20/4C), fp −94.5C, bp 110.7C, refr index

and thus can attain temperatures of only 100,000C.

1.497 (20C), aniline equivalent 15, flash p 40F

After further experimentation and modification, it

(4.4C) (CC), autoign temp 997F (536C). Soluble in

should be capable of reaching the 100 million centi-

alcohol, benzene, and ether; insoluble in water.

grade necessary for power production when tritium

Derivation: (1) By catalytic reforming of petroleum.

is used.

(2) By fractional distillation of coal tar light oil.

See fusion.

Method of purification: Rectification.

Grade: (Usually defined in terms of boiling ranges)

tokuthion oxon. See ethaphos.

Pure, commercial, straw-colored, nitration, scintil-

lation, industrial.

tolan. (diphenylacetylene). C

C:CC

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

Properties: Monoclinic crystals. Mp 59–61C, bp

limits in air 1.27–7%. Toxic by ingestion, inhala-

300C, 170C (19 mm Hg), d 0.966 (100/4C). Insolu-

tion, and skin absorption. TLV: 50 ppm; not classifi-

ble in water; soluble in ether or hot alcohol.

able as a human carcinogen.

Grade: Technical, purified.

Use: Aviation gasoline and high-octane blending

Use: Organic synthesis, purified grade, primary fluor

stock; benzene, phenol, and caprolactam; solvent

or wavelength shifter in soluble scintillators.

for paints and coatings, gums, resins, most oils,

rubber, vinyl organosols; diluent and thinner in ni-

o-tolidine. (3,3

′

-dimethylbenzidine; diaminodi- trocellulose lacquers; adhesive solvent in plastic

tolyl). toys and model airplanes; chemicals (benzoic acid,

CAS: 119-93-7. [C

(CH

)NH

]

. benzyl and benzoyl derivatives, saccharin, medi-

Properties: Glistening plates, white to reddish. Mp cines, dyes, perfumes); source of toluenediisocya-

129–131C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly nates (polyurethane resins); explosives (TNT); tolu-

soluble in water. Affected by light. Combustible. ene sulfonates (detergents); scintillation counters.

1251

-TOLUENESULFONYL

toluene-2,4-diamine. (m-tolylenediamine; o-toluenesulfonamide.

MTD; m-toluylenediamine; diaminotoluene).

CAS: 88-19-7. CH

CAS: 95-80-7. CH

(NH

)

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 156.3C. Soluble

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 99C, bp 280C.

in alcohol; slightly soluble in water and ether. Com-

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

bustible.

Derivation: Reduction of m-dinitrotoluene with iron

Use: Plasticizer.

and hydrochloric acid.

Hazard: A carcinogen.

p-toluenesulfonamide. (p-toluenesulfamine;

Use: Chain extender and cross-linker, intermediate in

PTSA).

organic synthesis of dyes, polymers, especially

CAS: 70-55-3. CH

polyurethanes.

Properties: White leaflets. Mp 137C. Soluble in al-

cohol; very slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: By amination of p-toluene sulfonchlo-

toluene-2,4-diisocyanate. (2,4-tolylene dii-

ride.

socyanate; m-tolylene diisocyanate; TDI).

Use: Organic synthesis, plasticizers and resins, fun-

CAS: 584-84-9. CH

(NCO)

gicide and mildewicide in paints and coatings.

p-toluenesulfondichloroamide. See dichlo-

ramine-T.

o-toluenesulfonic acid. (o-toluenesulfonate).

CAS: 104-15-4. C

(SO

H)(CH

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 67.5C, bp 129C.

Soluble in alcohol, water, and ether. Combustible.

Properties: Water-white to pale-yellow liquid; sharp

Derivation: By sulfonating toluene with concentra-

pungent odor. Bp 251C, 120C (10 mm Hg), flash p

ted sulfuric acid at 100C.

270F (132C), mp 19.4–21.5C (pure isomer), d 1.22

Grade: Anhydrous, monohydrate, 40% aqueous so-

(25/15.5C), vap press 0.01 mm Hg (20C). Reacts

lution.

with water, producing carbon dioxide; reacts with

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

compounds containing active hydrogen (may be vi-

irritant to tissue.

olent). Soluble in ether, acetone, and other organic

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, acid catalyst.

solvents. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of 2,4-diaminotoluene with

p-toluenesulfonic acid. (p-toluenesulfonate).

phosgene.

CAS: 104-15-4. C

(SO

H)(CH

Method of purification: Distillation to remove hy-

Properties: Colorless leaflets. Mp 107C, bp 140C

drogen chloride.

(20 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and water.

Grade: 100% 2,4-isomer; 80% and 65% 2,4-isomer

Combustible.

both mixed with 2,6-isomer.

Derivation: By action of chlorosulfonic acid on tolu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong

ene at a low temperature.

irritant to skin and tissue, especially to eyes. TLV:

Grade: Anhydrous, monohydrate; 40% aqueous so-

0.005 ppm; STEL 0.02 ppm; not classifiable as a

lution.

human carcinogen.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

Use: Polyurethane foams, elastomers and coatings,

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, organic catalyst.

cross-linking agent for nylon 6.

o-toluenesulfonyl chloride. (o-toluenesulfo-

chloride; o-toluenesulfonchloride).

toluene-2,6-diisocyanate. See toluene-2,4-di-

CAS: 98-59-9. H

Cl.

isocyanate.

Properties: Oily liquid. D 1.3383 (20/4C), mp

10.2C, bp 154C (36 mm Hg). Insoluble in water;

p-toluenesulfamine. See p-toluenesulfon-

soluble in hot alcohol and in ether and benzene.

amide.

Combustible.

Derivation: Action of chlorosulfonic acid on tol-

uene.

p-toluenesulfanilide. CH

Use: Intermediate in the synthesis of saccharin and

Properties: White to pink crystalline solid. Mp

dyestuffs.

103C. Soluble in most lacquer solvents. Combus-

tible.

Derivation: p-Toluene sulfonchloride treated with

p-toluenesulfonyl chloride. (tosyl chloride;

aniline in the presence of lime or carefully regulated p-toluenesulfochloride; p-toluenesulfonchloride).

amounts of alkalies. H

Cl.

Grade: Technical. Properties: Solid. Mp 71C, bp 145–146C (15 mm

Use: Softener for acetylcellulose in proportions up to Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,

50%, dyestuff intermediate. and benzene. Combustible.

12524-TOLUENESULFONYL ISOCYANATE

Use: Organic synthesis.

4-toluenesulfonyl isocyanate. See 4-methyl-

benzenesulfonyl isocyanate.

Properties: Transparent crystals. Mp 180C, bp

275C, ionization constant 4.3 ×10

−5

. Slightly soluble

p-toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide.

in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: By treating cymene or turpentine with

Properties: Fine, white powder. D 1.428, decom-

nitric acid.

poses at 440F (226C dry), 415–430F (212–221C

Use: Agricultural chemicals, animal feed supple-

compounded).

ment.

Use: Blowing agent for polyolefins, impact polysty-

rene, polypropylene, ABS, etc.

␣-toluic aldehyde. See phenylacetaldehyde.

toluenethiol. (thiocresol; tolyl mercaptan).

CAS: 100-53-8. CH

SH.

m-toluidine. (m-aminotoluene).

Properties: Cream to white, moist crystals; musty

CAS: 108-44-1. CH

odor. Bp 195C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.980, fp −31.5C, bp

hol or ether. There are three isomers with different

203.3C, flash p 187F (86.1C). Slightly soluble in

boiling points.

water; soluble in alcohol or ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

Derivation: Reduction of m-nitrotoluene.

Use: Intermediate, bacteriostat.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbed

by skin. TLV: 2 ppm; not classifiable as a human

carcinogen.

␣-toluenethiol. See benzyl thiol.

Use: Dyes, manufacture of organic chemicals.

toluene trichloride. See benzotrichloride.

o-toluidine. (o-aminotoluene).

CAS: 95-53-4. CH

toluene trifluoride. See benzotrifluoride.

Properties: Light-yellow liquid, becomes reddish-

brown on exposure to air and light. Volatile with

toluhydroquinone. CH

(OH)

steam, d 1.008 (20/20C), fp −16C, bp 200C, flash p

Properties: Pink to white crystals. Mp 125–127C.

185F (85C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; very

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

acetone.

Derivation: By the reduction of o-nitrotoluene or

Use: Antioxidant, polymerization inhibitor.

obtained mixed with p-toluidine by the reduction of

crude nitrotoluene.

␣-toluic acid. See phenylacetic acid.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbed

by skin. TLV: 2 ppm; animal carcinogen.

m-toluic acid. (m-toluylic acid; 3-methylben-

Use: Textile printing dyes, vulcanization accelerator,

zoic acid). C

COOH.

organic synthesis.

Properties: White to yellowish crystals. D 1.0543,

mp 109C, bp 263C, ionization constant 5.3 × 10

−5

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

p-toluidine. (p-aminotoluene).

ether. Combustible.

CAS: 106-49-0. CH

Derivation: Oxidation of m-xylene with nitric acid.

Properties: White lustrous plates or leaflets. D 1.046

Use: Organic synthesis, to form N,N-diethyl-m-to-

(20/4C), mp 45C, bp 200.3C, flash p 189F (87.2C).

luamide, a broad-spectrum insect repellent.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in

water. Combustible.

Derivation: By the reduction of p-nitrotoluene with

o-toluic acid. (o-toluylic acid; 2-methylben-

iron and hydrochloric acid.

zoic acid). C

COOH.

Grade: Technical, flake, or cast.

Properties: White crystals. D 1.0621, mp

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbed

103.5–104C, bp 256C, refr index 1.512 (114.6C),

by skin. TLV: 2 ppm; animal carcinogen.

ionization constant 1.2 × 10

−5

. Slightly soluble in

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, reagent for lignin, ni-

water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform. Combus-

trite, chloroglucinol.

tible.

Derivation: Oxidation of o-xylene with dilute nitric

acid.

toluidine maroon. CH

OH-

Use: Bacteriostat.

CONHC

. An organic azo pigment obtained

by the azo coupling of m-nitro-p-toluidine with the

p-toluic acid. (p-toluylic acid; 4-methylben- m-nitroanilide of ␤-hydroxynaphthoic acid.

zoic acid). C

COOH. Properties: Good lightfastness and weather resis-

1253

-TOLYL PHENYLACETATE

tance, excellent acid and alkali resistance, poor re-

4-o-tolylazo-o-diacetotoluide. See diacety-

sistance to bleeding. laminoazotoluene.

Use: Air-dried and baked enamels, truck body fin-

ishes.

o-tolyl biguanide. NH

(CNHNH)

Properties: White to off-white powder. Mp 138C

toluidine red. Any of a class of pigments based (min). Combustible.

on couplings of ␤-naphthol and m-nitro-p-toluidine. Use: Antioxidant for soaps produced from animal or

See toluidine maroon. vegetable oil.

tolu oil. (tolu balsam oil). p-tolyldiethanolamine. (HOC

)

Properties: Yellow liquid; hyacinth-like odor. D Properties: Crystals. Mp 62C, bp 297.1C, vap press

0.945–1.09. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, <0.1 (20C), d 1.0723 (20/20C), solubility in water

and carbon disulfide. Chief known constituents: A 1.67% by weight (20C), viscosity 155 cP (20C),

terpene, C

, and esters of cinnamic and benzoic flash p 385F (196C). Very soluble in acetone, etha-

acid. nol, ethyl acetate, benzene. Combustible.

Derivation: From tolu balsam by distillation. Use: Emulsifier, dyestuff intermediate.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Medicine (expectorant), cough syrups.

2-p-tolyl-5,6-dihydroimidazo(2,1-a)

See balsam.

isoquinoline.

CAS: 61001-19-2. mf: C

toluol. Obsolete name for toluene. Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

toluqinone. (2-methylquinone; p-toluqinone). m-tolylenediamine. See toluene-2,4-diamine.

Properties: Yellow leaflets or needles. Mp 65–67C.

m-tolylenediaminesulfonic acid. [4,6-di-

Soluble in hot water; very soluble in alcohol, ether,

amino-m-toluenesulfonic acid (SO

1)].

acetone, ethyl acetate, and benzene.

(NH

)

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in al-

“Tolu-Sol” [Shell]. TM for a series of solvents, kalies.

predominantly C

hydrocarbons, low in naphthenic Derivation: By addition of m-toluylenediamine sul-

hydrocarbons and containing 3–50% aromatics, the fate to oleum and heating.

balance being essentially paraffinic. Use: Dyes.

Use: Lacquer diluents and gravure ink solvents.

Hazard: May be flammable.

m-tolylenediisocyanate. See toluene-2,4-dii-

socyanate.

toluyl aldehyde. See tolylaldehyde.

2-p-tolylimidazo(2,1-a)isoquinoline.

toluylene. See stilbene. CAS: 61001-04-5. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

m-toluylenediamine. See toluene-2,4-di-

amine.

p-tolyl isobutyrate. See p-cresyl isobutyrate.

toluylene red. See neutral red. 2-tolyl isocyanate. See 1-isocyanato-2-me-

thylbenzene.

m-, o-, and p-toluylic acid. See corre-

sponding toluic acid.

4-tolyl isocyanate. See 1-isocyanato-4-me-

thylbenzene.

tolyl acetate. See cresyl acetate.

p-tolyl-1-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid.

(tolylperi acid). C

p-tolylaldehyde. (p-toluylaldehyde; p-tolual-

Properties: Greenish-gray needles. Soluble in alco-

dehyde; p-methylbenzaldehyde).

hol; rather insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 1334-78-7. CH

CHO.

Derivation: Arylation of 1-naphthylamine-8-sufon-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.54693

ic acid with p-toluidine.

(16.6C), d 1.020, bp 204C. Slightly soluble in water;

Grade: Technical, mostly as sodium salt.

soluble in alcohol and ether. There are also o- and m-

Use: Azo colors.

isomers. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, pure.

Use: Perfumes, pharmaceutical and dyestuff interme-

4-(p-tolyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine. See 4-(4-

diate, flavoring agent. methylphenyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

␣-tolylaldehyde dimethylacetal. See phe- p-tolyl phenylacetate. See p-cresyl pheny-

nylacetaldehyde dimethylacetal. lacetate.

12543-(

-TOLYLSULFONYL)

3-(p-tolylsulfonyl)acrylonitrile. TOPO. Abbreviation for trioctylphosphinic

oxide.

CAS: 1424-48-2. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

topochemical reaction. Any chemical reac-

eye irritant.

tion that is not expressible in stoichiometric relation-

ships. Such reactions are characteristic of cellulose;

tolyl-p-toluenesulfonate. See cresyl-p-to-

they can take place only at certain sites on the mole-

luenesulfonate.

cule where reactive groups are available, i.e., in the

amorphous areas or on the surfaces of the crystalline

tomatidine. C

. A steroid secondary

areas.

amine, the nitrogenous aglycone of tomatine. Isolat-

ed from the roots of the Rutgers tomato plant as the

topoisomerases. Enzymes that introduce posi-

hydrochloride, C

•HCl.

tive or negative supercoils in closed, circular duplex

Properties: Crystals. Decomposes at 275–280C.

DNA.

tomatine.

“Tordon” [Dow].

TM for picloram.

CAS: 17406-45-0. C

. A glycosidal alka-

loid prepared from the dried leaves and stems of the

torr. A pressure unit used chiefly in vacuum tech-

tomato plant. White crystals used as plant fungicide

nology; it is the pressure required to support 1 mm

and as a specific precipitating agent for cholesterol

Hg at 0C.

and other sterols. The crude extract is referred to as

tomatin.

torsion balance. A balance having equal arms

and using horizontal steel bands for pivots and

tomatine hydrochloride.

bearings.

CAS: 17605-83-3. mf: C

•ClH.

Hazard: A poison. An eye irritant.

torula yeast. A yeast that utilizes fermentable

sugar in industrial wastes, such as fruit cannery

“Tone” [Dow]. TM for caprolactone-based mo-

refuse and sulfite liquor from pulp mills. The dried

nomers and polymers.

yeast is high in protein and vitamin content, en-

Use: For high-performance urethane elastomers and

abling it to be used for enriching animal feeds. The

adhesives.

enzymes present are destroyed during drying. It is

now being made by a new process utilizing petrole-

toner. An organic pigment that does not contain

um-derived ethanol.

inorganic pigment or inorganic carrying base

(ASTM). Important toners are Pigment Green 7,

torus. A doughnut-shaped vacuum chamber that

Pigment Blue 15, Pigment Yellow 12, and Pigment

is an essential part of a nuclear fusion reactor.

Blue 19.

See tokamak; JET.

See lake.

tosyl. (Ts).

tonka. (tonka bean; coumarouna bean; dip-

CAS: 302-17-0. CH

−

. The p-toluenesulfo-

teryx).

nyl radical. Esters of p-toluenesulfonic acid are

Properties: Black-brownish seeds with wrinkled

known as tosylates.

surface and brittle shining or fatty skins, aromatic

bitterish taste, balsamic vanilla-like odor, efflo-

Toth process. A process for production of alu-

rences of coumarin often appear on the surface.

minum metal that utilizes kaolin and other high-alu-

Combustible.

mina clays. The clay is chlorinated after calcination,

Use: Production of natural coumarin, flavoring ex-

and the aluminum chloride resulting is reacted with

tracts, toilet powders.

metallic manganese to yield aluminum and manga-

nese chloride. The reaction occurs at the compara-

tonka bean camphor. See coumarin.

tively low temperature of 260C. The manganese

chloride is recovered as manganese metal and chlo-

“Tonox” [Uniroyal]. TM for a blend of aro-

rine by oxidation and subsequent reduction, the

matic primary amines, the main component of

manganese being recycled. This is a much cheaper

which is p,p-diaminodiphenylmethane.

and more efficient method than the Hall process,

Use: Epoxy and urethane curative.

because it requires less energy input and does not

utilize imported bauxite.

Topfer’s reagent. Dimethylaminoazobenzene

0.5 g in 100 cc 95% ethanol.

tourmaline.

Use: To test acidity of stomach contents.

(Na,Ca)(Al,Fe)B

(AlSi

)(O,OH,F)

complex borosilicate of aluminum.

topical. A medical term meaning “applied to the Use: Pressure gauges, optical equipment, oscillator

surface of the skin.” plates, source of boric acid.

1255 TOXIC SUBSTANCES

tower, distillation. A metal cylinder from 6 with protein expression patterns using bioinformat-

inches to 20 ft in diameter located between the boiler ics to understand the role of gene-environment inter-

actions in disease and dysfunction.

and the condenser in distillation units. The vapors

rise through the tower, some of the liquid conden-

sate flowing back down through the tower (reflux).

toxicology. The branch of medical science devot-

Horizontal plates at intervals of 2 ft are used to

ed to the study of poisons, including their mode of

achieve contact between countercurrent liquid and

action, effects, detection, and countermeasures. The

the vapor stream. Vapor passes through the liquid on

subject may be subdivided into (1) clinical, (2) envi-

the plate through several apertures, each covered by

ronmental, (3) forensic, and (4) occupational (indus-

a cap, an arrangement called a bubble cap plate.

trial). The Institute of Chemical Toxicology was

Various types of packings are used in smaller col-

formed in 1975, its members comprising a number

umns, e.g., metal chains, tubes, glass beads, Raschig

of the larger chemical companies.

rings, etc.

See toxicity; poison (1).

See HETP (2).

Possibly supplanting distillation towers in the future

toxic substances. The following list includes a

is a circular metal drum that rotates at 1800 rpm and

number of chemical individuals and groups that are

contains conventional packing materials. The cen-

generally regarded as having toxic properties by

trifugal force separates the liquid and vapor compo-

ingestion, inhalation, or absorption via the skin.

nents as they pass through the drum. This novel

There is considerable variation in the degree of tox-

distillation technique has been developed by ICI in

icity among these, and the listing is by no means

England and is called Higee, i.e., high gravity.

exhaustive.

See toxicity.

toxaphene. (generic name for technical chlo-

rinated camphene).

Individuals Groups

CAS: 8001-35-2. C

. Formula is approxi-

aniline aldehydes

mate, contains 67–69% chlorine.

asbestos (carcinogen) alkaloids

Properties: Amber, waxy solid; mild odor of chlo-

benzidine (carcin- allyl compounds

rine and camphor. Melting range 65–90C, d 1.66

ogen)

(27C). Soluble in common organic solvents.

benzpyrene (carcin- arsenic and compounds

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-

ogen)

tion; most uses prohibited. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

; STEL 1

carbon monoxide barium and soluble

mg/m

); animal carcinogen.

chlorine compounds

coal tar pitch (carcin- barbiturates

toxicity. The ability of a substance to cause dam-

ogen)

age to living tissue, impairment of the central ner-

cresol beryllium and soluble

vous system, severe illness, or, in extreme cases,

hydrogen peroxide compounds

death when ingested, inhaled, or absorbed by the

hydrogen sulfide chlorinated hydrocarbons

skin. The amounts required to produce these results

methanol chromium (hexavalent

vary widely with the nature of the substance and the

nickel carbonyl carcinogenic compounds)

time of exposure to it. “Acute” toxicity refers to

osmium tetroxide corrosive materials

exposure of short duration, i.e., a single brief expo-

oxalic acid cyanides

sure; “chronic” toxicity refers to exposure of long

ozone cadmium and compounds

duration, i.e., repeated or prolonged exposures.

phenol fluorine and compounds

The toxicity hazard of a material may depend on its

pyrene lead compounds

physical state and on its solubility in water and acids.

pyridine mercury and compounds

Some metals that are harmless in solid or bulk form

phosphine organic phosphate esters

are quite toxic as fume, powder, or dust. Many sub-

stibine radioactive substances

stances that are intensely poisonous are actually

sulfur dioxide selenium and compounds

beneficial when administered in micro amounts, as

vinyl chloride mono- thallium and compounds

in prescription drugs, e.g., strychnine.

mer (carcinogen)

Toxicity is objectively evaluated on the basis of test

tin (organic compounds)

dosages made on experimental animals under con-

trolled conditions. Most important of these are the

The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) passed

(lethal dose, 50%) and the LC

(lethal concen-

by the U.S. Congress in 1976 provides the legal

tration, 50%) tests, which include exposure of the

basis for regulations concerning all aspects of the

animal to oral ingestion and inhalation of the materi-

manufacture of such products. Establishment and

al under test. A substance having an LD

of less than

enforcement of such regulations are carried out by

400 mg/kg of body weight is considered very toxic.

the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The

American Conference of Governmental Industrial

toxicogenomics. The study of how genomes re- Hygienists issues a periodically revised list of

spond to environmental stressors or toxicants. Com- Threshold Limit Values for substances in workroom

bines expression profiling of genome-wide mRNA air, upon which the industrial safety standards of the

1256TOXIC SUBSTANCES CONTROL

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

tracer. A chemical entity (almost invariably ra-

(OSHA) are based. The Food and Drug Administra- dioactive and usually an isotope) added to the react-

tion (FDA) is responsible for the enforcement of the ing elements or compounds in a chemical process,

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Decisions made by which can be traced through the process by appro-

these agencies are arrived at only after extensive priate detection methods, e.g., Geiger counter. Com-

testing by both manufacturers and independent pounds containing tracers are often said to be

groups. Effective control of toxic materials has as- “tagged” or “labeled.” Carbon-14 is a commonly

sumed increasing importance in recent years and used tracer, and radioactive forms of iodine and

may be expected to become still more rigorous. sodium are also used. Many complex biochemical

See poison (1); NIOSH. reactions have been examined in this way (e.g.,

A Toxicology Data Bank (TDB) has been estab- photosynthesis). Nonradioactive deuterium (hydro-

lished by the National Library of Medicine of NIH. gen isotope) is sometimes used, the detection being

The data are set up in a computer-based on-line file by molecular weight determination. Radioactive en-

available for public use. Extensive physical data are zymes are also available for tracer studies, e.g.,

included. ribonuclease, pepsin, trypsin, and others.

Additional information can be found in Dangerous See labeling (2).

Properties of Industrial Materials, 11th Edition,

Richard J. Lewis, Sr., Editor, published by John

“Tra-Cide” [Nalco]. TM for testing service.

Wiley & Sons, Inc. This book contains 25,000 en-

Use: To determine biocide toxicity and microbiologi-

tries, each of which gives physical, chemical, and

cal activity in industrial process waters.

toxicological data about potentially hazardous ma-

terials.

trademark. (TM). A word, symbol, or insignia

designating one or more proprietary products or the

Toxic Substances Control Act. (TSCA).

manufacturer of such products, that has been offi-

See toxic substances; Environmental Protection

cially registered with the government trademark

Agency.

agency. The accepted designation is a superior capi-

tal R enclosed in a circle; however, quotation marks

toxins. Proteins produced by some organisms and

may also be used, as in this dictionary. The term

toxic to some other species.

trade name, though widely used, is not applicable to

such products; according to the U.S. Trade Mark

TPA. Abbreviation for terephthalic acid.

Association, a trade name is the name under which a

company does business, e.g., the Blank Chemical

TPB. Abbreviation for tetraphenylbutadiene.

Company. Use of a trademark without proper indi-

cation of its proprietary nature places the name in

TPG. Abbreviation for triphenylguanidine.

jeopardy; a number of trademarks have been invali-

dated as a result of this practice.

TPN. Abbreviation for triphosphopyridine nucle-

otide.

trade name. See trademark.

See nicontinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

trade sales. In the paint industry this term is

TPO rubber. Abbreviation for thermoplastic

applied to paints intended for sales to the general

polyolefin rubber.

public, as in hardware stores and similar outlets.

See elastomer.

Tpp. (1) Abbreviation for triphenyl phosphate. (2)

tragacanth gum.

Abbreviation for thiamine pyrophosphate.

CAS: 9000-65-1.

See cocarboxylase.

Properties: Dull white, translucent plates or yellow-

ish powder. Soluble in alkaline solutions, aqueous

TPT. (1) Abbreviation for triphenyltetrazolium

hydrogen peroxide solution; strongly hydrophilic;

chloride.

insoluble in alcohol. Combustible.

See tetrazolium chloride. (2) Abbreviation for tetrai-

Chief constituents: Polysaccharides of galactose,

sopropyl titanate.

fructose, xylose, and arabinose with glucuronic

acid.

trace element. (micronutrient). An element es- Occurrence: Southwestern Europe, Greece, Turkey,

sential to plant and animal nutrition in trace concen- Iran.

tration, i.e., minute fractions of 1% (1000 ppm or Grade: USP, FCC, No. 1, 2, 3.

less). Plants require iron, copper, boron, zinc, man- Use: Pharmacy (emulsions), adhesives, leather dress-

ganese, potassium, molybdenum, sodium, and chlo- ing, textile printing and sizing, thickener and emul-

rine. Animals require iron, copper, iron, manganese, sifier, dyes, food products (ice cream, desserts),

cobalt, selenium, and potassium. Such elements are toothpastes, coating soap chips and powders, hair-

also called micronutrients. Do not confuse with wave preparations, confectionery, printing inks, tab-

tracer. let binder.

1257 TRANSGENIC MOUSE

tranquilizer. See psychotropic drug transesterification. See ester interchange.

transfection. The introduction of foreign DNA

trans-. See cis-.

into a host cell.

See cloning vector; gene therapy.

transalkylation. A type of disproportionation

reaction by which toluene is hydrogenated to ben-

transferase. An enzyme whose activity causes a

zene and mixed xylene isomers free from ethylben-

transfer of a radical from one molecule to another.

zene, avoiding the formation of methane resulting

Examples are transaminases, transacetylases, and

from the conventional hydrodealkylation process.

transmethylases, which effect the transfer of amino,

Transalkylation of toluene to benzene involves the

acetyl, and methyl groups respectively.

use of a catalyst; the yield is claimed to be 97%,

See enzyme.

based on toluene feed.

transference number. That portion of the total

transaminase. (aminopherase). An enzyme that

current carried by any species of ion in an electrolyte

facilitates the reversible transfer of an amino group

in the fluid state. The symbol t

is usually used for a

from an ␣-amino acid to an ␣-keto acid.

positive ion and t

−

for a negative ion.

See aminotransferases.

transfermium element. An elements with an

transamination. The use of nitrogen of one ami-

atomic number greater than 100, the atomic number

no acid for synthesizing another amino acid in vivo.

of fermium.

See periodic table; atomic number.

transcription. The enzymatic process whereby

the genetic information contained in one strand of

transfer mold. A chamber in which a thermo-

DNA is synthesized into a complementary sequence

setting plastic is softened by heat and pressure and

of bases in an mRNA chain.

from which it is forced by high pressure through a

suitable orifice into a closed mold for final curing.

transcriptional control. The regulation of the

rate of a protein’s synthesis by regulation of the

transferrin. A 90 kDa protein responsible for the

formation of its mRNA.

transport of iron and uptake by the liver.

transcription factor. A protein which is in-

transfer RNA. See ribonucleic acid.

volved in the transcription of genes. These usually

bind to DNA as part of their function (but not neces-

transformation. A process by which the genetic

sarily). A transcription factor may be general (i.e.,

material carried by an individual cell is altered by

acting on many or all genes in all tissues) or tissue-

incorporation of exogenous DNA into its genome.

specific (i.e., present only in a particular cell type

and activating the genes restricted to that cell type).

transformer oil. A liquid having the property of

Its activity may be constitutive or may depend on the

insulating the coils of transformers, both electrically

presence of some stimulus; for example, the gluco-

and thermally. There are two broad classes, (1) natu-

corticoid receptor is a transcription factor which is

ral and (2) synthetic. The natural type includes re-

active only when glucocorticoids are present.

fined mineral oils (petroleum fractions), which have

low viscosities and high chemical and oxidative

transcription unit. The sequence from the

stability. The synthetic types are (1) chlorinated

transcriptional start site to the site of termination,

aromatics (chlorinated biphenyls and trichloroben-

inclusive of introns.

zene) known collectively as askarels; (2) silicone

oils; and (3) ester liquids such as dibutyl sebacate.

transcriptome. The full complement of activa-

All these types are nonflammable but combustible.

ted genes, mRNAs, or transcripts in a particular

Flash points are 250–300F (121–148C).

tissue at a particular time

See dielectric.

Note: Use of PCB (chlorinated biphenyls) has been

transduction. (1) The conversion of energy from

discontinued because of their ecologically damag-

one form to another (ATP synthesis by a chemios-

ing effects.

motic mechanism). (2) The conversion of informa-

tion from one form to another (epinephrine outside a

transgenic. An organism that has genes from

liver cell causing cAMP inside the cell). (3) The

another organism incorporated within its genome as

transfer of genetic information from one cell to an-

a result of recombinant DNA procedures.

other by means of a viral vector.

transgenic mouse. A mouse which carries ex-

trans effect. Bond holding a group trans to the perimentally introduced DNA. The procedure by

more electronegative or other labilizing group is which one makes a transgenic mouse involves the

weakened. injection of DNA into a fertilized embryo at the pro-

1258TRANSIENT TRANSFECTION

nuclear stage. The DNA is generally cloned and may perform the synthesis, and tRNA to bring in the

be experimentally altered. It will become incorpo- amino acids.

rated into the genome of the embryo. That embryo is

implanted into a foster mother, who gives birth to an

translational control. The regulation of the

animal carrying the new gene. Various experiments

rate of a protein’s synthesis by regulation of the rate

are then carried out to test the functionality of the

of translocation of the ribosome.

inserted DNA.

translational repressor. A repressor that

transient transfection. When DNA is trans-

blocks translation of a mRNA.

fected into cultured cells, it is able to stay in those

cells for about 2-3 days, but then it will be lost unless

transmix. See 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-

steps are taken to ensure that it is retained—see

dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic.

stable transfection). During those 2-3 days, the DNA

is functional and any functional genes it contains

transmutation. The natural or artificial transfor-

will be expressed. Investigators take advantage of

mation of atoms of one element into atoms of a

this transient expression period to test gene function.

different element as the result of a nuclear reaction.

The reaction may be one in which two nuclei inter-

“Transist AR” [Mallinckrodt]. A grade of

act, as in the formation of oxygen from nitrogen and

reagent-quality chemicals, specially controlled for

helium nuclei (␤-particles), or one in which a nu-

use in the manufacture of semiconductors and other

cleus reacts with an elementary particle such as a

electronic devices and precision instruments.

neutron or proton. Thus a sodium atom and a proton

form a magnesium atom. Radioactive decay, e.g., of

transition element. (transition metal). Any of

uranium, can be regarded as a type of transmutation.

a number of elements in which the filling of the

The first transmutation was performed by the En-

outermost shell to eight electrons within a period is

glish physicist Rutherford in 1919.

interrupted to bring the penultimate shell from 8 to

18 or 32 electrons. Only these elements can use

transpiration. Passage of water from the roots of

penultimate shell orbitals as well as outermost shell

a plant to the atmosphere via the vascular system and

orbitals in bonding. All other elements, called “ma-

the stomata of the leaves.

jor group” elements, can use only outermost shell

orbitals in bonding. Transition elements include ele-

transposable element. A class of DNA se-

ments 21 through 29 (scandium through copper), 39

quences that can move from one chromosomal site

through 47 (yttbrium through silver), 57 through 79

to another.

(lanthanum through gold), and all known elements

See transposon.

from 89 (actinium) on. All are metals. Many are

noted for exhibiting a variety of oxidation states and

forming numerous complex ions, as well as possess-

transposition. The movement of a gene or set of

ing extremely valuable properties in the metallic

genes (transposon) from one site in the genome to

state.

another.

See orbital theory.

transportation label. See label (1).

transition point The temperature at which two

crystalline forms of a polymorphic substance are in

transporters. Proteins that span a membrane and

equilibrium.

transport specific molecules across the membrane.

transition state. An activated form of a mole-

“Transport-Plus” [Nalco]. TM for boiler wa-

cule in which the molecule has undergone a partial

ter treatment program.

chemical reaction and has bond characteristics of

both reactant and product.

transposon. (transposable element). A segment

of DNA that can move from one position in the

transition state theory. (TSS). Gives ap-

genome to another.

proximate descriptions of chemical reaction rates

based on the on the properties of two potential wells

transuranic element. An element of higher

and a transition state between them.

atomic number than uranium, not found naturally,

and produced by nuclear bombardment. The highest

transition-type system. See peritectic

discovered are 105 and 106. They are all radioactive.

system.

See actinide; periodic table.

translation. The process of decoding a strand of

mRNA, thereby producing a protein based on the

“Trasar” [Nalco]. TM for technology that uses

code. This process requires ribosomes (which are information from a chemical trace to enhance pro-

composed of rRNA along with various proteins) to gram value such as automation and diagnostics.

1259 TRIALLYL PHOSPHITE

Traube purine synthesis. Preparation of an triacontanoic acid. See melissic acid.

appropriate 4,5-diaminopyrimidine by introduction

of the amino group into the 5 position of 4-amino-6-

1-triacontanol. CH

(CH

)

OH. A 30-car-

hydroxy- or 4,6-diaminopyrimidines by nitrosation

bon, straight-chain fatty alcohol.

and ammonium sulfide reduction, followed by ring

Properties: Colorless needles from ether. Mp

closure with formic acid or chlorocarbonic ester.

85−88C, d at mp 0.777. Soluble in most organic

solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Traube’s rule. The adsorption from aqueous

Occurrence: Beeswax, carnauba wax, leaf wax.

solution on carbon increases with increase in molec-

Use: Biochemical research, growth promoter, fertil-

ular weight of a homologous series of fatty acids.

izer supplement.

tremolite.

triacyiglycerol. An ester of glycerol with three

CAS: 1332-21-4. Ca

(OH)

. A variety of as-

molecules of fatty acid; also called a triglyceride or

bestos. Some tremolite is sold as “fibrous talc.”

neutral fat.

Properties: White to light-green color, vitreous to

silky luster. Mohs hardness 5–6, d 3.0–3.3, resistant

“Triadine” [Olin]. TM for industrial bacteri-

to acids. Noncombustible.

cide/fungicide.

Occurrence: New York, California, Maryland,

Use: As a preservative in inhibiting growth of bacte-

South Africa.

ria and fungi in aqueous-based metal working fluids,

Hazard: Inhalation of dust or fine particles is danger-

aqueous analytical and diagnostic reagents.

ous. Carcinogenic.

Use: As asbestos, particularly in acid-resisting appli-

cations, ceramics, paint.

trialkyl boranes. R

B. (where R

alkyl radi-

cal).

tremorine dichlorohydrate.

See tributylborane; triethylborane.

CAS: 300-68-5. mf: C

•2ClH.

Hazard: A poison.

trialkylsilanol. An alcohol derivative of silane.

Hazard: May be flammable.

treemoss concrete.

Use: Short-stopping agent for silicone polymers.

CAS: 68648-41-9.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

triallylamine.

A mild skin irritant.

CAS: 102-70-5. (H

C:CHCH

)

Source: Natural product.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.800 (20/4C), fp −70C, bp

150–151C, refr index 1.4501 (20C), flash p 103F

trenbolone. mf: C

(39.4C) (TOC).

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 186°.

Hazard: Fire risk. Irritant.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

Use: Intermediate.

“Trendcheck” [Nalco]. TM for real-time sta-

tistical process control system.

triallyl cyanurate.

CAS: 101-37-1. (CH

:CHCH

OC)

tretamine. (generic name for 2,4,6-tris(1-azir-

Properties: Colorless liquid or solid. Mp 27.32C,

idinyl)-s-triazine).

flash p above 176F (80C) (TOC), d 1.1133 (30C),

See triethylenemelamine.

refr index 1.5049 (25C). Miscible with acetone, ben-

zene, chloroform, dioxane, ethyl acetate, ethanol,

triacetate fiber. See acetate fiber.

and xylene. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

triacetin. (glyceryl triacetate).

Use: Polymers as monomer and modifier, organic

CAS: 102-76-1. C

(OCOCH

)

intermediate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; slight fatty odor; bitter

taste. D 1.160 (20C), bp 258–260C, sets to a glass at

triallyl cyanurate coagent. See “Perkalink”

−37C, refr index 1.4312 (20C), flash p 300F (149C),

[Akzo].

bulk d 9.7 lb/gal. Slightly soluble in water; very

soluble in alcohol, ether, and other organic solvents.

triallyl phosphate. (CH

:CHCH

PO.

Combustible.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Fp −50C, bp 80C

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on glycerol.

(0.5 mm Hg), refr index 1.448 (25C), d 1.064 (25/

Method of purification: Vacuum distillation.

15C). Combustible.

Grade: Technical, CP, ND, FCC.

Use: Intermediate.

Use: Plasticizer, fixative in perfumery, manufacture

of cosmetics, specialty solvent, to remove carbon

dioxide from natural gas, medicine (topical anti-

triallyl phosphite. See phosphorous acid, tri-

fungal). allyl ester.

1260TRIAMCINOLENE

triamcinolene. (␣-fluoro-16(␣)-hydroxypredni- 180F (82.2C). Soluble in alcohol and ether. Com-

solone). bustible.

CAS: 124-94-7. C

. Derivation: direct heating of boric acid and amyl

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp alcohol.

264–268C. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in

Use: Varnishes.

usual organic solvents; soluble in dimethylform-

amide.

tri-p-tert-amylphenyl phosphate.

Grade: ND.

)

PO.

Use: Medicine. Also available as the acetonide.

Properties: White solid; odorless. Liquid. Boiling

range 305–345C (5 mm Hg), mp 62–63C. Insoluble

in water. Combustible.

1,3,5-triaminobenzene.

Use: Plasticizer.

CAS: 108-72-5. C

(NH

)

Properties: Solid. Mp (anhydrous) 129C, (hydrate)

triarylmethane dye. Any of a group of dyes

84–86C (1.5 moles water). Soluble in water, ace-

whose molecular structure involves a central carbon

tone, and alcohol; insoluble in ether, cold benzene,

atom joined to three aromatic nuclei. CI numbers

carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether. Combus-

range from 42000 to 44999. The color is due in part

tible.

to the aromatic rings and to the chromophore groups

Use: Ion-exchange resin intermediate, wetting and

==C==NH and ==C==N−. The members of this class

frothing agents, photographic developers, organic

function as basic dyes for cotton, using tannin as a

reactions.

mordant, or if they contain sulfonic acid groups, as

acid dyes for wool and silk. Examples are malachite

2,4,6-triaminotoluene trihydrochloride.

green and methyl violet.

(NH

HCl)

•H

See triphenylmethane dye.

Properties: Light-tan to cream crystals. Mp 119C

(free base). Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

s-triazine derivatives. See ammelide;

and acetone; insoluble in benzene.

ammeline; melamine.

Use: Nongelatin photographic emulsion with ethyl-

enediamine for fixation, ion-exchange resins, wet-

s-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)dione riboside. See

ting and frothing agents, photographic developers,

6-azauridine.

intermediate for varnishes and rubber chemicals.

s-triazine-2,4,6-triol. See cyanuric acid.

2,4,6-triamino-sym-triazine. See melamine.

triazole. C

. A five-membered ring com-

s-triaminotrinitrobenzene. See 2,4,6-trini-

pound containing three nitrogens in the ring.

tro-1,3,5-benzenetriamine.

Use: Suggested as photoconductors in copying

systems.

triamminetrinitratatorhodium (III).

CAS: 41762-18-9. mf: H

Rh.

(1,2,4)triazolo(1,5-a)pyrimidine.

Properties: IDLH 100 mg/m

(as Rh).

CAS: 275-02-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison. TWA 1 mg(Rh)/m

. Not Classifi-

Hazard: A poison.

able as a human carcinogen.

(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)pyrimidine.

triamylamine. (C

)

CAS: 274-98-6. mf: C

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D 0.79–0.80

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(20C), triamylamine content at least 98.0%, 95%

boils between 225 and 260C, flash p 215F (101.6C),

(1,2,4)triazolo(4,3-a)quinoline.

refr index 1.4374 (18C). Insoluble in water; soluble

CAS: 235-06-3. mf: C

in gasoline. Combustible.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Derivation: Reaction of amyl chloride and ammonia.

Hazard: Irritant.

(1h-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-yl)tricyclo-

Use: Corrosion inhibitor, insecticidal preparations.

hexylstannane.

CAS: 41083-11-8. mf: C

Sn.

triamylbenzene. (C

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor faintly aromatic.

skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

D 0.87 (20C), boiling range 300–320C, flash p 270F

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

(132.2C). Combustible.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

triazone resin. One of a class of amino resins

produced from urea, formaldehyde, and a primary

triamyl borate. (C

)

. amine.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor faintly alcoholic. Use: Textile and fabric treatment.

D 0.845 (20C), boiling range 220–280C, flash p See dimethylolethyltriazone.

1261 TRI-

-BUTYLAMINE

tribasic. See monobasic. 1,1,1-tribromo-2-methyl-2-propanol.

CBr

C(CH

)

OH.

Properties: Fine, white crystals. Mp 176–177C. Sol-

tribenzoside. See ethyl-3,5,6-tri-o-benzyl-d-

uble in water, methanol, ether. Combustible.

glucofuranoside.

Use: Organic synthesis.

tribenzylchlorostannane. See chlorotriben-

tribromonitromethane. See bromopicrin.

zylstannane.

tribromophenol. See bromol.

tribenzyltin chloride. See chlorotribenzyl-

stannane.

1,2,3-tribromopropane. (allyl tribromide).

CAS: 96-11-7. BrCH

CHBrCH

Br.

tribenzyltin formate. See formyloxytriben-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.43, mp 16C, bp

zylstannane.

220C, refr index 1.584. Soluble in alcohol and ether;

insoluble in water.

tribrominated polystyrene. See ethenylben-

Derivation: Gamma-ray initiated reaction of bromo-

zene tribromo deriv. homopolymer.

trichloromethane with allyl bromide.

Use: Nematocide.

tribromoacetaldehyde. (bromal). CBr

CHO.

Properties: Oily, yellowish liquid. D 2.66, bp 174C.

3,4

′

,5-tribromosalicylanilide. (tribromasa-

Soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. Combustible.

lan).

Derivation: (1) By adding bromine to a solution of

CAS: 87-10-5. Br

(OH)C(O)NHC

Br. An

paraldehyde in ethylacetate. (2) By adding bromine

active antiseptic.

to absolute alcohol, fractionating, treating the frac-

Use: Soaps.

tion boiling at 165C with water, and distilling.

Hazard: A suspected carcinogen. Use in cosmetics

Hazard: As for bromine.

prohibited (FDA).

Use: Organic synthesis.

tributoxyethyl phosphate.

tribromoacetic acid. CBr

COOH.

[CH

(CH

)

O(CH

)

PO.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 135C, bp

Properties: Slightly yellow, oily liquid. D 1.020

245–250C. Soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. Com-

(20C), fp −70C (viscous liquid), boiling range

bustible.

215–228C (4 mm Hg), flash p 435F (223C), refr

Derivation: By oxidizing tribromoacetaldehyde

index 1.434 (25C). Insoluble or limited solubility in

with nitric acid.

glycerol, glycols, and certain amines; soluble in

Hazard: As for bromine.

most organic liquids. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Use: Primary plasticizer for most resins and elasto-

mers, floor finishes and waxes, flame-retarding

tribromo-tert-butyl alcohol. (acetone-bro-

agent.

moform). CBr

C(CH

)

OH.

Properties: Fine, white, prismatic crystals; camphor

tri-n-butyl aconitate. C

(COOC

)

odor and taste. Mp 176C. Slightly soluble in water;

Properties: Colorless, odorless liquid. D 1.018

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

(20C), refr index 1.4500–1.4530 (25C), bp 190C (3

Derivation: Reaction of acetone and bromoform

mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in organic sol-

with solid potassium hydroxide.

vents. Combustible.

Hazard: As for bromine.

Use: Plasticizer-stabilizer for vinylidene chloride

Use: Vinyl chloride polymerization.

polymers, synthetic rubbers and cellulosic lacquers,

insecticides.

tribromoethanol. (1,1,1-tribromoethyl alco-

hol).

tri-n-butylaluminum. (CH

)

Al.

CAS: 75-80-9. CBr

OH.

Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. Bulk d

Properties: White crystals or powder; slight aromat-

0.823 g/mL (20C), fp −26.7C.

ic odor and taste. Mp 79–82C, bp 94C (11 mm Hg),

Derivation: Exchange reaction of butene-1 and iso-

unstable in air and light. Slightly soluble in water;

butyl aluminum.

soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, and amylene hy-

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ig-

drate; aqueous and alcoholic solutions decompose

nites spontaneously.

on exposure to light. Combustible.

Use: Production of organo-tin compounds.

Grade: NF.

Derivation: By reduction of tribromoacetaldehyde

tri-n-butylamine.

with aluminum isopropylate.

CAS: 102-82-9. (C

)

Use: Medicine (basal anesthetic).

Properties: Pale-yellow liquid; amine odor. Bp

214C, fp −70C, d 0.8 (20/20C), bulk d 6.5 lb/gal, refr

tribromomethane. See bromoform. index 1.4297 (20C), flash p 185F (85C) (OC).

1262TRI-

-BUTYLBORANE

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic

tributyl(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)phosphonium

solvents. Combustible. chloride.

Derivation: By reaction of butanol or butyl chloride CAS: 115-78-6. Cl

P(C

)

Cl.

with ammonia. Properties: White, crystalline solid; mild aromatic

Grade: Technical. odor. Technical grade melts at 114–120C. Soluble in

Hazard: Skin irritant, CNS stimulant. water, acetone, ethanol, isopropanol and hot ben-

Use: Solvent, inhibitor in hydraulic fluids, interme- zene; insoluble in hexane and ether.

diate. Use: Growth retardant for ornamental plants.

tri-n-butylborane. (tri-n-butylborine). tributyl(glycoloyloxy)tin. See (glycoloylox-

(CH

)

B. y)tributylstannane.

Properties: Colorless pyrophoric fluid. Fp −34C, bp

170C (222 mm Hg), d 0.747 (25C), vap press 0.1

tributyliosocyanatostannane.

mm Hg (20C), refr index 1.4285 (20C), flash p −32F

CAS: 681-99-2. mf: C

NOSn.

(−35.5C). Insoluble in water; soluble in most organ-

Hazard: A poison. Flammable liquid. TWA 0.1

ic solvents.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, store and

use in inert atmosphere, ignites spontaneously in air.

tributyl(methacryloxy)stannane.

Use: Petrochemical industry, organic reactions, cata-

CAS: 2155-70-6. mf: C

Sn.

lyst.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and intravenous

routes. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

tributyl borate. (butyl borate). (C

)

(skin).

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.8550–0.8570,

bp 232.4C, distillation range, 85% distills between

tributyl(oleoyloxy)stannane.

135C and 140C (40 mm Hg), refr index 1.4071

CAS: 3090-35-5. mf: C

Sn.

(25C), fp below −70C, viscosity 1.601 cP (25C),

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

flash p 200F (93.3C) (OC). Hydrolyzes rapidly;

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

miscible with common organic liquids. Combus-

tible.

2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenol.

Derivation: From butanol and boric acid.

[(CH

)

OH.

Use: Welding fluxes, intermediate in preparation of

Properties: Solid. Mp 131C. Insoluble in water; sol-

borohydrides, flame retardant for textiles (with bo-

uble in most organic solvents. Combustible.

ric acid).

Use: Permissible antioxidant for aviation gasolines

(when mixed with other butylphenols) (ASTM).

tri-n-butylborine. See tri-n-butylborane.

tributyl-o-phenylphenoxytin. See (2-biphe-

tributylchlorostannane. See chlorotributyl-

nyloxy)tributyltin.

stannane.

tri-p-tert-butylphenyl phosphate.

tri-n-butylchlorostannate. See tributyltin

[(CH

)

PO.

chloride.

Properties: Solid. Bp 320C (5 mm Hg), mp

102–105C, flash p 545F (285C). Insoluble in water.

tributyl citrate. (butyl citrate).

Combustible.

O(COOC

)

Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow, stable,

odorless, nonvolatile liquid. Fp −20C, bp 233.5C

tributyl phosphate. (TBP).

(22.5 mm Hg), flash p 315F (157C) (COC), refr

CAS: 126-73-8. (C

)

index 1.4453 (20C), d 1.042 (25/25C), bulk d 8.7 lb/

Properties: Stable, colorless liquid; odorless. Refr

gal at 20C, pour p viscosity 31.9 cP (25C). Practical-

index 1.4226 (25C), bp 292C, latent heat of vapor-

ly insoluble in water. Combustible.

ization 55.1 cal/g (289C), fp below −80C, flash p

Grade: Technical.

295F (146C) (COC), Saybolt viscosity 38.6 sec at

Use: Plasticizer, antifoam agent, solvent for nitrocel-

29.4C, bulk d 8.19 lb/gal, d 0.978 (20/20C). Misci-

lulose.

ble with most solvents and diluents; soluble in wa-

ter. Combustible.

tri-n-butyl citrate. See tributyl citrate; “Ci-

Grade: Technical.

troflex 4” [Reilly]; “TBC” [Reilly].

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

skin. TLV: 0.2 ppm.

n,n,n-tributyl-2,4-dichlorobenzenemetha- Use: Heat-exchange medium, solvent extraction of

naminium chloride. metal ions from solution of reactor products, solvent

CAS: 3278-43-1. mf: C

N•Cl. for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, plasticizer, pig-

Hazard: A severe eye irritant. ment grinding assistant, antifoam agent, dielectric.

1263 TRIBUTYLTIN-␥-CHLORO

tri-n-butyl phosphine. (CH

)

P. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Properties: Colorless liquid; garlic odor. D 0.8100

(min at 25/4C), fp −60 to −65C, bp 240C, flash p

tri-n-butylstannane hydride.

104F (40C), autoign temp 392F (200C), refr index

CAS: 688-73-3. mf: C

Sn.

1.463 (20C). Almost insoluble in water; miscible

Properties: A liquid. D: 1.103 @ 20°, bp:

with ether, methanol, ethanol, benzene. An organic

112.5−113.5° @ 8 mm.

base and strong reducing agent. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. TWA 0.1

Use: Polymerization cross-linking catalyst, organic

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

intermediate, fuels.

tributylstannic hydride. See tri-n-butylstan-

tributyl phosphite.

nane hydride.

CAS: 102-85-2. (C

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 120C (8 mm

tributyl thiophosphate. See tributyl phos-

Hg), d 0.911 (25C), refr index 1.4301 (25C), flash p

phorothioate.

250F (121C). Decomposes in water; soluble in com-

mon organic solvents. Combustible.

tributyltin-p-acetamidobenzoate.

Use: Additive for greases and extreme-pressure lu-

CAS: 2857-03-6. mf: C

Sn.

bricants, stabilizer for fuel oils and polyamides, gas-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

oline additive.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

O,O,O-tributyl phosphorothioate. (tributyl

tributyltin acetate.

thiophosphate). (C

PS.

CAS: 56-36-0. (C

)

SnOOCCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Bp

Properties: White, crystalline solid.

142–145C (4.5 mm Hg), d 0.987, flash p 295F

Derivation: Reaction of sodium acetate with tribu-

(146C) (COC). Insoluble in water; soluble in most

tyltin chloride.

organic solvents. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor.

Use: Fungicide and bactericide.

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant additive, antifoam agent,

hydraulic fluid, intermediate.

tributyltin benzoate. See benzoyloxytribu-

tylstannane.

S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate.

(“DEF”) [Bayer].

tri-n-butyltin bromide.

CAS: 78-48-8. (C

PO.

CAS: 1461-23-0. mf: C

Sn•Br.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 150C (0.3 mm Hg). Insoluble

Properties: Liquid. D: 1.3365, bp: 163°/12 mm, refr

in water; soluble in aliphatic, aromatic, and chlori-

index: 1.5000.

nated hydrocarbons.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

skin contact and inhalation. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

;

Use: Cotton defoliant.

STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributylphosphorotrithioite.

tributyltin chloride. (tri-n-butylchlorostan-

CAS: 150-50-5. (C

nate). (C

)

SnCl.

Properties: Nearly colorless liquid. Bp 115–134C

Properties: Colorless liquid.. D 1.20 (20/4C); refr

(0.08 mm Hg), d 1.02 (20C), refr index 1.542 (25C).

index 1.4903 (25C); bp 145–147C (5 mm Hg). Solu-

Insoluble in water; soluble in a variety of organic

ble in the common organic solvents; including alco-

solvents.

hol, heptane, benzene, and toluene; insoluble in cold

Derivation: Reaction of butyl mercaptan with phos-

water, but hydrolyzes in hot water

phorus trichloride.

Derivation: Reaction of tetrabutyltin with dibutyltin

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

chloride.

Use: Cotton defoliant.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

Use: Rodenticide, intermediate, rodent-repellent ca-

n-(tributylplumbyl)benzimidazole.

ble coatings.

CAS: 23188-89-8. mf: C

Pb.

Hazard: A poison.

tributyltin chloroacetate.

CAS: 5847-52-9. mf: C

ClO

Sn.

tributyl(8-quinolinolato)tin.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 5488-45-9. mf: C

NOSn.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributyltin-␥-chlorobutyrate.

CAS: 33550-22-0. mf: C

ClO

Sn.

tributylstannanecarbonitrile. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 2179-92-2. mf: C

NSn. mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

1264TRIBUTYLTIN CYANATE

tributyltin cyanate. See cyanatotributylstan- tributyltin laurate.

nane. CAS: 3090-36-6. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tri-n-butyltin cyanide. See tributylstannane-

carbonitrile.

tributyl tin linoleate. See (linoleoylox-

y)tributylstannane.

tributyltin cyclohexanecarboxylate.

CAS: 2669-35-4. mf: C

Sn.

tributyltin methacrylate. See tribu-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

tyl(methacryloxy)stannane.

mg/m

(skin)

tri-n-butyltin methanesulfonate.

tributyltin-s,s

′

-dibutyldithiocarbamate.

CAS: 13302-06-2. mf: C

SSn.

See 2,2-dibutyl-1,3,2-oxathiastannolane.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributyltin dimethyldithiocarbamate.

CAS: 20369-63-5. mf: C

Sn.

tributyltin neodecanoate.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 28801-69-6. mf: C

Sn.

mg/m

(skin)

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributyltin-2-ethylhexanoate.

CAS: 5035-67-6. mf: C

Sn.

tributyltin nonanoate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

CAS: 4027-14-9. mf: C

Sn.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributyltin hydroxide.

CAS: 1067-97-6. mf: C

OSn.

tri-n-butyltin oleate. See tribu-

Properties: Waxy solid or oil. Mp: 15−16°.

tyl(oleoyloxy)stannane.

Hazard: Moderately toxic. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

;

STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributyltin-o-phenylphenoxide. See (2-bi-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

phenyloxy)tributyltin.

tri-n-butyltin iodide. See iodotributylstan-

tributyltin salicylate. See salicyloyloxytribu-

nane.

tylstannane.

tributyltin iodoacetate.

tributyltin sulfide. See 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexabutyl-

CAS: 73927-91-0. mf: C

Sn.

distannthiane.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tri-n-butyltin undecylate. See tribu-

tyl(undecanoyloxy)stannane.

tributyltin-o-iodobenzoate.

CAS: 73927-93-2. mf: C

Sn.

tributyltin-␣-(2,4,5-trichloro-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

phenoxy)propionate.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 73940-89-3. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

tributyltin-p-iodobenzoate.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 73940-88-2. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

tri-n-butyl tricarballylate.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

OCOCH

)

CHCOOC

Properties: Liquid. D 1.004 (24C), refr index 1.4388

tributyltin-␤-iodopropionate.

(26.5C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 73927-95-4. mf: C

Sn.

Use: Plasticizer.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)tin.

CAS: 73927-98-7. mf: C

OSn.

tributyltin isopropylsuccinate.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 53404-82-3. mf: C

Sn.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg/m

(skin)

tributyl(undecanoyloxy)stannane.

CAS: 69226-47-7. mf: C

Sn.

tributyltin isothiocyanate. See tributyliso- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

cyanatostannane. m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

1265 1,2,4-TRICHLOROBENZENE

tributyrin. See glyceryl tributyrate. irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 1 ppm; not classifia-

ble as a human carcinogen.

Use: Organic synthesis, reagent for detection of albu-

tricalcium aluminate. See calcium alumi-

min, medicine, pharmacy, herbicides.

nate.

trichloroacetic acid tripropylstannyl ester.

tricalcium citrate. See calcium citrate.

See tripropyltin trichloroacetate.

tricalcium orthoarsenate. See calcium arse-

nate.

trichloroacetonitrile.

CAS: 545-06-2. CCl

CN.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 85C, d 1.44, refr

tricalcium orthophosphate. See calcium

index 1.440.

phosphate, tribasic.

Derivation: Reaction of methylnitrile, hydrochloric

acid, and chlorine.

tricalcium phosphate. See calcium phos-

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

phate, tribasic.

Use: Insecticide.

tricalcium silicate.

trichloroacetyl chloride. CCl

COCl.

Use: Anticaking agent in foods (up to 2%).

Properties: Liquid. D 1.654 (0/4C), bp 118C. De-

See cement, Portland.

composes in water; soluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

tricamba. (3,5,6-trichloro-o-anisic acid).

irritant to skin and tissue.

CAS: 2307-49-5. C

HCl

(COOH)(OCH

Properties: Crystals. Mp 137–139C. Very slightly

soluble in water; moderately soluble in xylene; free-

S-2,3,3-trichloroallyl-N,N-diiso-

ly soluble in alcohol. propylthiolcarbamate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. CAS: 2303-17-5.

Use: Herbicide. [(CH

)

CH]

NC(O)SCH

CCl:CCl

Properties: Oily liquid. Bp 148–149C (9 mm Hg),

mp 29–30C. Practically insoluble in water; soluble

tricarbimide. See cyanuric acid.

in alcohol, acetone, ether, and heptane. Combus-

tible.

tricarboxylic acid cycle. See TCA cycle.

Use: Herbicide.

trichlohexyltin hydroxide. See cyhexatin.

trichloro-o-anisic acid. See tricamba.

trichlorfon. (O,O-dimethyl[2,2,2-tri-chloro-1-

2,4,6-trichloroanisole. C

hydroxyethyl]phosphonate).

Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 60C, bp 240C (238

CAS: 52-68-6. (CH

P(O)CH(OH)CCl

mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene,

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 83–84C, bp

methanol, and dioxane; gradually sublimes at room

100C (1 mm Hg), d 1.73 (20/4C). Soluble in water,

temperature.

benzene, chloroform, ether; insoluble in oils.

Use: Dyeing auxiliary for polyester fabrics.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, absorbed by skin,

use may be restricted.

Use: Systemic insecticide, medicine (anthelmintic).

1,2,3-trichlorobenzene.

CAS: 87-61-6. C

trichloroacetaldehyde. See chloral.

Properties: White crystals. D (solid) 1.69, refr index

1.5776 (19C), bp 221C, mp 52.6C, flash p 235F

(112.7C) (CC). Insoluble in water; slightly soluble

trichloroacetaldehyde, hydrated. See chlo-

in alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.

ral hydrate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Organic intermediate.

trichloroacetic acid. (TCA).

CAS: 76-03-9. CCl

COOH.

Properties: Deliquescent, colorless crystals; sharp,

1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.

pungent odor. D 1.6298, mp 57.5C, bp 197.5C, flash CAS: 120-82-1. C

p none. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Non- Properties: Colorless, stable liquid; odor similar to

flammable. that of o-dichlorobenzene. D 1.4634 (25C), bp

Derivation: (1) By treating chloral hydrate with fum- 213C, mp 17C, flash p 210F (98.9C). Miscible with

ing nitric acid. (2) From glacial acetic acid by the most organic solvents and oils; insoluble in water.

action of chlorine in the presence of sunlight, UV Combustible.

radiation, or catalysts. Derivation: Chlorination of monochlorobenzene.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP. Grade: Technical, 99%, mixture of 1,2,4- and 1,2,3-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong isomers distilling at 213–219C.

12662,3,6-TRICHLOROBENZYLOXY

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV:

1,1,1-trichloroethane. (methyl chloroform).

CAS: 71-55-6. CH

CCl

ceiling 5 ppm.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.325, bp 75C, fp

Use: Solvent in chemical manufacturing, dyes and

−38C, flash p none. Insoluble in water; soluble in

intermediates, dielectric fluid, synthetic transformer

alcohol and ether. Nonflammable.

oils, lubricants, heat-transfer medium, insecticides.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and tissue. TLV: 350 ppm.

Use: Solvent for cleaning precision instruments, met-

2,3,6-trichlorobenzyloxypropanol.

al degreasing, pesticide, textile processing.

(Cl)

OCH

CH(CH

)OH.

See “Aerothenet TT” [Dow]; “Tri-Ethane” [PPG].

Properties: Liquid. Bp 121–124C (0.1 mm Hg). Al-

most insoluble in water; soluble in most organic

1,1,2-trichloroethane. (vinyl trichloride; ␤-

solvents. Combustible.

trichloroethane).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

CAS: 79-00-5. CHCl

Cl.

Use: Herbicide.

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; characteristic

sweet odor. Bp 113.7C, d 1.4432 (20C/4C), refr

((2,3,6-trichlorobenzyl)oxy)-2-propanol.

index 1.4458, vap press 16.7 mm Hg (20C), bulk d

CAS: 34314-31-3. mf: C

12.0 lb/gal (20C), fp −36.4C, flash p none. Miscible

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

with alcohols, ethers, esters, and ketones; insoluble

Use: Agricultural chemical.

in water. Nonflammable.

Grade: Technical.

1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(chlorophenyl)ethane.

Hazard: Irritant, absorbed by skin. TLV: 10 ppm.

See DDT.

Use: Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, other prod-

ucts; organic synthesis.

1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-

methoxyphenyl)ethane. See methoxychlor.

trichloroethanol.

CAS: 115-20-8. CCl

OH.

B-trichloroborazole.

Properties: Viscous liquid; etherlike odor; hygro-

scopic. Bp 150C, fp 13C, d 1.541 (25/4C). Slightly

❘

ClNHBClNHBCl

❘

NH.

soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, and

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 84.5–85.5C,

carbon tetrachloride. Combustible.

bp 96.5–98C (37 mm Hg). Soluble in many organic

Use: Intermediate, anesthetic.

solvents; highly reactive.

Use: Intermediate, gelling agent, catalyst complex-

trichloroethylene. (tri).

ing agent.

CAS: 79-01-6. CHCl:CCl

Properties: Stable, low-boiling, colorless, photo-

trichlorobromomethane. See bromotrichlo-

reactive liquid; chloroform-like odor. Will not at-

romethane.

tack the common metals even in the presence of

moisture. Bp 86.7C, fp −73C, d 1.456–1.462 (25/

25C), refr index 1.4735 (27C). Miscible with com-

trichlorobutylene oxide. (TCBO).

mon organic solvents; slightly soluble in water.

Nonflammable.

Derivation: From tetrachloroethane by treatment

with lime or alkali in the presence of water, or by

thermal decomposition, followed by steam distilla-

A reactive liquid epoxide used as an organic solvent

tion.

and surfactant intermediate; its polymers can be used

Grade: USP, technical, high purity, electronic, metal

for polyester, polyurethane, and polyacrylic resins,

degreasing, extraction.

polyether polyols, flame-retardants, etc.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Use as solvent not

permitted in some states. FDA has prohibited its use

in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. TLV: 50 ppm.

3,4,4

′

-trichlorocarbanilide.

Use: Metal degreasing; extraction solvent for oils,

NHCONHC

Cl.

fats, waxes; solvent dyeing; dry-cleaning; refriger-

Properties: Heat-resistant white powder. Mp 250C.

ant and heat-exchange liquid; fumigant; cleaning

Use: Bacteriostat in soaps and detergents, plastics.

and drying electronic parts; diluent in paints and

adhesives; textile processing; chemical intermedi-

1,2,4-trichloro-5-(2,6-

ate; aerospace operations (flushing liquid oxygen).

dichlorophenoxy)benzene.

CAS: 130892-67-0. mf: C

trichloroethylene epoxide. See epoxy-1,1,2-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

trichloroethane.

trichloroethane. See “Extrema” [Schumach-

er].

trichloroethyltin. See ethyltin trichloride.

1267 TRICHLOROMETHYLSULFENYL

trichlorofluoroethylene. trichloromethyl chloroformate. (diphos-

CAS: 359-29-5. mf: C

F. gene). ClCOOCCl

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor similar to phos-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

gene (newly mown hay). D 1.65 (15C), bp

tion.

127–128C, fp −57C, vap d 6.9 (air

1), refr index

1.45664 (22C). Decomposed by heat, porous sub-

trichlorofluoromethane. (fluorotrichloro-

stances, activated carbons (with evolution of phos-

methane; fluorocarbon-11).

gene), also by alkalies, hot water. Soluble in alcohol,

CAS: 75-69-4. CCl

benzene, and ether. Noncombustible.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; nearly

Derivation: (1) By chlorinating methyl formate, (2)

odorless. Bp 23.7C, fp −111C, d 1.494 (17.2C),

by chlorinating methyl chloroformate. In both meth-

critical press 43.2 atm. Noncombustible.

ods the mixture of chloro-derivatives is then sepa-

Derivation: From carbon tetrachloride and hafnium,

rated by fractionation.

in the presence of fluorinating agents such as anti-

Grade: Technical.

mony tri- and pentafluoride.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

Grade: Technical, 99.9% min.

irritant to tissue.

Hazard: TLV: Celling of 1000 ppm.

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison gas.

Use: Solvent, fire extinguishers, chemical intermedi-

ate, blowing agent.

trichloromethyl ether. CHCl

OCH

Cl.

3,5,6-trichloro-2-hydroxypyridine. See 2-

Properties: Liquid; pungent odor. D 1.5066 (10C),

hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine.

bp 130–132C. Soluble in alcohol, benzene, and

ether; insoluble in water.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin, evolves

trichloroisocyanuric acid. (1,3,5-trichloro-s-

lachrymatory fumes.

triazine-2,4,6-trione).

CAS: 87-90-1.

N-(trichloromethylmercapto)-tetra-

hydrophthalimide. See captan.

❘

NClCONClCO

❘

NCl.

Properties: White, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline

powder or granules. Loose bulk d 31 lb/cu ft, granu-

trichloromethylphenylcarbinyl acetate.

lar 60 lb/cu ft; available chlorine 85%; decomposes

(␣-[trichloromethyl]benzyl acetate).

at 225C.

CAS: 90-17-5. C

CH(CCl

)OOCCH

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials,

Properties: White, crystalline solid; intense rose

strong oxidizing agent. Toxic by ingestion.

odor. Mp 86–88C. Soluble in 18 parts of 95% al-

Use: Active ingredient in household dry bleaches,

cohol.

dishwashing compounds, scouring powders, deter-

Use: Perfumes, fixative for essential oils and per-

gent sanitizers, commercial laundry bleaches,

fumes.

swimming-pool disinfectant, bactericide, algicide,

bleach, and deodorant.

trichloromethylphosphonic acid.

CCl

PO(OH)

. Strong dibasic acid.

trichloroisocyanuric acid-potassium

Properties: Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble

dichloroisocyanurate (1:4). See monotri-

in benzene and hexane.

chloro-tetra(monopotassium dichloro)-penta-s.

Use: Catalyst and condensation agent.

trichloromelamine. (N,N

′

-trichloro-2,4,6-

1,1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol. See

triamine-1,3,5-triazine).

chlorobutanol.

❘

C(NHCl)NC(NHCl)N

❘

C(NHCl).

trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride. (perchlo-

Properties: Fine, white powder. Autoign temp 320F

romethyl mercaptan).

(160C). Slightly soluble in water and glacial acetic

CAS: 594-42-3. ClSCCl

acid; insoluble in carbon tetrachloride and benzene;

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; disagreeable odor.

pH of saturated aqueous solution 4.

Mildly decomposed by moist air, subject to the ac-

Derivation: By chlorination of melamine.

tion of oxidizing agents, reducing agents, chlorine,

Grade: 89% available chlorine.

etc. D 1.722 (0C), bp 148–149C (decomposes), vap

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, can ignite spontaneous-

d 6.414, volatility 18,000 mg/cu m (20C). Insoluble

ly in contact with reactive organic materials.

in water. Nonflammable but supports combustion.

Use: Chlorine bleach and bactericide.

Derivation: Chlorination of carbon disulfide, thio-

phosgene, or methyl thiocyanate.

trichloromethane. See chloroform.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

␣-(trichloromethyl)benzyl acetate. See tri- irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

chloromethylphenylcarbinyl acetate. Use: Organic synthesis, dye intermediate, fumigant.

12683-TRICHLOROMETHYLTHIO

3-trichloromethylthiobenzothiazolone. Use: Plant hormone, herbicide, defoliant.

CAS: 3567-79-1. mf: C

NOS

See dioxin.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)ethyl-2,2-

dichloropropionate. See erbon.

trichloronaphthalene. (halowax).

CAS: 1321-65-9. C

2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid.

Properties: A white solid. Mw 231.50.

See silvex.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 5 mg/m

(skin).

Use: Wire coating, electrical insulations.

2,4,6-trichlorophenyl acetate.

CAS: 23399-90-8. C

OOCCH

trichloronitromethane. See chloropicrin.

Use: Fungicide, especially on cotton seed.

trichloronitrosomethane. CCl

NO.

1-((2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)methoxy)-2-

Properties: Dark-blue liquid; unpleasant odor. D 1.5

propanol.

(20C); bp 5C (70 mm Hg). Slowly decomposes, but

CAS: 1861-44-5. mf: C

is more stable in solution. Soluble in alcohol, ben-

Hazard: A mild eye irritant.

zene, ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Interaction of sulfuric acid, sodium tri-

1,2,3-trichloropropane.

chloromethylsulfinate, and sodium nitrate.

CAS: 96-18-4. CH

ClCHClCH

Cl.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.3888 (20/4C), fp

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and tissue.

−15C, bp 156.17C, refr index 1.4822 (20C), flash p

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison gas (lachry-

180F (82.2C) (COC). Slightly soluble in water; dis-

mator).

solves oils, fats, waxes, chlorinated rubber, and nu-

merous resins. autoign temp 580F (304C). Combus-

trichlorononylsilane. See nonyl trichlorosi-

tible.

lane.

Derivation: Chlorination of propylene.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption;

trichlorooctadecylsilane. See octadecyltri-

strong irritant. TLV: 10 ppm.

chlorosilane.

Use: Paint and varnish remover, solvent, degreasing

agent.

trichlorooctylsilane. See octyl trichlorosi-

lane.

tri(chloropropyl) phosphate.

CAS: 26248-87-3. mf: C

2,4,5-trichlorophenol.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A reproduc-

CAS: 95-95-4. C

OH.

tive hazard.

Properties: Gray flakes in sublimed mass; strong

See “Antiblaze” [Albermarle].

phenolic odor. D 1.678 (25/4C), bp 252C, mp

68–70C, no flash p. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

trichlorosilane. (1) (silicochloroform).

acetone. Nonflammable.

CAS: 10025-78-2. SiHCl

Hazard: May cause skin irritation.

Properties: Colorless volatile liquid. D 1.336, fp

Use: Fungicide, bactericide.

−127C, bp 32C, refr index 1.3990, flash p 7F

(−13.9C). Soluble in benzene, ether, heptane, per-

2,4,6-trichlorophenol. (2,4,6-T). chloroethylene; decomposed by water. Purity of

CAS: 88-06-2. C

OH. 99.9999% is commercially attainable.

Properties: Yellow flakes; strong phenolic odor. D Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

1.675 (25/4C), fp 61C, bp 248–249C. Soluble in Use: Intermediate, purification of silicon.

acetone, alcohol, and ether. Nonflammable. (2) Generic name for compounds of the formula

Hazard: May cause skin irritation. RSiCl

of which methyl trichlorosilane, CH

SiCl

Use: Fungicide, herbicide, defoliant. most important.

N,N

′

′′

-trichloro-2,4,6-triamine-1,3,5-

3,4,5-trichlorophenol.

triazine. See trichloromelamine.

CAS: 609-19-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-triazine. See cyanuric

chloride.

2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid. (2,4,5-

T).

1,3,5-trichloro-s-triazine-2,4,6-trione. See

CAS: 93-76-5. C

OCH

trichloroisocyanuric acid.

Properties: Light-tan solid. Mp 151–153C. Soluble

in alcohol; insoluble in water; available as sodium

and amine salts.

trichloromethyltin. See methyltrichlorostan-

Hazard: Use has been restricted. TLV: 10 mg/m

. nane.

1269

-TRIDECANOIC

trichlorotrifluoroacetone. (1,1,3-trichloro- CAS: 78-30-8. (CH

PO. A mixture of

isomers.

1,3,3-trifluoroacetone). CCl

FCOCClF

Properties: Practically colorless liquid; odorless.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 84.5C, fp −78C.

Stable, nonvolatile. Bp 420C, refr index 1.556

Miscible with water and most organic solvents; sta-

(25C), d 1.162 (25/25C), bulk d 9.7 lb/gal, crystal-

ble to acid but not alkalies. Nonflammable.

lizing p −35C, flash p 437F (225C), autoign temp

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes.

770F (410C). Miscible with all the common sol-

Use: Solvent in acid media, complexing agent.

vents and thinners, also with vegetable oils; insolu-

ble in water. Combustible.

1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane. (tri-

Derivation: From cresol and phosphorus oxychlo-

fluorotrichloroethane).

ride.

CAS: 76-13-1. CCl

FCClF

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption. The

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; nearly

o- isomer is highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

(skin);

odorless. Bp 47.6C, fp −35C, critical press 33.7 atm,

Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen.

d 1.42 (25C). Noncombustible.

Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene,

Derivation: From perchloroethylene and hafnium.

nitrocellulose; fire-retardant for plastics; air-filter

Grade: Technical, spectrophotometric.

medium; solvent mixtures; waterproofing; additive

Hazard: TLV: 1000 ppm.

to extreme pressure lubricants; hydraulic fluid; heat-

Use: Dry-cleaning solvent, fire extinguishers, to

exchange medium.

make chlorotrifluoroethylene, blowing agent, poly-

mer intermediate, solvent drying, drying electronic

tri-o-cresylphosphate. See tricresyl phos-

parts and precision equipment.

phate.

trichocyst. Organelle in ciliates and dinoflagel-

tricresyl phosphite. (CH

lates which releases long filamentous proteins when

Properties: Colorless liquid; slight phenolic odor.

the cell is disturbed. Used as a defense against

Bp 191C (0.11 mm Hg), d 1.115 (20/4C), flash p

would-be predators.

440F (226.6C) (OC). Insoluble in water; miscible

with acetone, alcohol, benzene, ether, and kerosene.

tricholine citrate. (tris[2-hydroxyeth-

Combustible.

yl]trimethylammonium citrate).

Grade: Technical.

[(CH

)

NCH

OH]

•C

Use: Stabilizer and plasticizer for plastics and resins.

Use: Medicine, nutrition.

tricyanic acid. See cyanuric acid.

trichotecene. See mycotoxin.

tricyclic. An organic compound composed of

tricobalt tetraoxide. See cobalto-cobaltic

only three-ring structures, which may be identical or

oxide.

different, e.g., anthracene.

tricosane. CH

(CH

)

sym-tricyclodecane. See adamantane.

Properties: Glittering leaflets. D 0.779 (48C), bp

234C (15 mm Hg), mp 48C. Soluble in alcohol;

tricyclodecanedimethanol.

insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 26160-83-8. mf: C

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis.

tricyclohexyl borate. See boric acid ester.

n-tricosanoic acid. CH

(CH

)

COOH. A satu-

rated fatty acid not normally found in natural fats or

oils.

1-(tricyclohexylstannyl)-1h-1,2,4-triazole.

Properties: Synthetic compound is a white crystal- See (1h-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-

line solid. Mp 79.1C. yl)tricyclohexylstannane.

Use: Purified product is used in medical research and

as reference standard for gas chromatography.

n-tridecane. CH

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.755 (20/4C), bp

tri-m,p-cresyl borate. (CH

)

. 225.5C, fp −5.45C, refr index 1.4250 (20C), flash p

Properties: Light-amber liquid. D 1.065 (25C), bp 175F (79.4C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

385–395C, refr index 1.5480 (24C), flash p 240F Combustible.

(115.5C) (COC). Miscible with acetone, benzene, Grade: 95%, 99%, research.

chloroform; hydrolyzes on contact with water. Use: Organic synthesis, distillation chaser.

Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer, organic synthesis.

n-tridecanoic acid. (tridecylic acid; tridecoic

acid). CH

(CH

)

COOH. A saturated fatty acid

tricresyl phosphate. (tritolyl phosphate; usually prepared synthetically.

TCP). Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 44.5C, d 0.8458

1270TRIDECANOL

(80/4C), bp 312.4C, 192.2C (16 mm Hg), refr index bility in water 0.002% (85C) by weight. Combus-

tible.

1.4328 (50C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

Use: Plasticizer.

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Grade: 99% pure.

Use: Organic synthesis, medical research.

tridodecyl amine. See trilauryl amine.

tridecanol. See tridecyl alcohol.

tridodecyl borate. See boric acid ester.

2-tridecenal.

tridymite. (christensenite; crystalline silica).

CAS: 7774-82-5. mf: C

CAS: 15468-32-3. SiO

. A vitreous, colorless, or

Properties: White to yellow liquid; oily, citrus odor.

white native form of pure silica, found variously but

D: 0.842−0.862, refr index: 1.457. Sol in alc, fixed

not so commonly as quartz. Quartz will change into

oils; insol in water.

tridymite with a 16.2% increase in volume at 870C.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

Unlike quartz, it is soluble in boiling sodium carbon-

Use: Food additive.

ate solution; d 2.28–2.3; Mohs hardness 7.

Hazard: TLV: (silica, crystalline) Respirable Frac-

tridecoic acid. See n-tridecanoic acid.

tion: 0.05 mg/m

tridecyl alcohol. (tridecanol). C

OH.

trietazine. (generic name for 2-chloro-4-dieth-

A commercial mixture of isomers.

ylamino-6-ethylamino-s-triazine).

Properties: Low-melting white solid; pleasant odor.

CAS: 1912-26-1. ClC

[N(C

)

]NHC

Bp 274C, mp 31C, d 0.845 (20/20C), bulk d 7.0 lb/

Properties: Solid. Practically insoluble in water; par-

gal, flash p 180F (82.2C) (TOC). Combustible.

tially soluble in benzene and chloroform.

Derivation: Oxo process from C

hydrocarbons.

Use: Herbicide, plant growth regulator.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Esters for synthetic lubricants, detergents, anti-

foam agent, other tridecyl compounds, perfumery.

“Tri-Ethane” [PPG].

CAS: 71-55-6. TM for 1,1,1-trichloroethane sol-

vent.

tridecylbenzene. (1-phenyltridecane).

Use: Cold cleaning, vapor degreasing, resins applica-

(CH

)

tion, dry-film photoresist processing, adhesive sol-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.85–0.86 (60/60F),

vent, in aerosols as solvent and vapor-pressure de-

refr index 1.4815–1.4830. Combustible.

pressant.

Use: Detergent intermediate.

tridecylic acid. See n-tridecanoic acid.

triethanolamine. (TEA; tri[2-hydroxyeth-

yl]amine).

tri(decyl)orthoformate. CH(OC

)

CAS: 102-71-6. (HOCH

)

Properties: Liquid. Bp 194C, fp −15 to −20C, refr

Properties: Colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid;

index 1.448. Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene,

slight ammoniacal odor. Mp 21.2C, bp 335C (de-

naphtha, ether, and alcohol.

composes), vap press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C), d

Use: To remove small quantities of water from ethers

1.126, flash p 375F (190.5C) (OC), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal.

or other solvents in which acid catalysts can be

Miscible with water, alcohol; soluble in chloroform;

employed.

slightly soluble in benzene and ether; slightly less

alkaline than ammonia, commercial product con-

tains up to 25% diethanolamine and up to 5% mo-

tri(decyl) phosphite. (C

noethanolamine. Combustible.

Properties: Water-white liquid; decyl alcohol odor.

Derivation: Reaction of ethylene oxide and am-

D 0.892 (25/15.5C), mp below 0C, refr index 1.4565

monia.

(25C), flash p 455F (235C). Combustible.

Grade: Technical, regular, 98%, USP.

Use: Chemical intermediate, stabilizer for polyvinyl

Use: Fatty acid soaps used in dry-cleaning, cosmet-

and polyolefin resins.

ics, household detergents, and emulsions. Wool

scouring, textile antifume agent and water-repellent,

2,4,6-tri(dimethylaminomethyl)phenol.

dispersion agent, corrosion inhibitor, softening

[(CH

)

NCH

]

OH.

agent, emulsifier, humectant and plasticizer, chelat-

Properties: Liquid. Refr index 1.5181. Combustible.

ing agent, rubber accelerator, pharmaceutical alkal-

Use: Antioxidants, acid neutralizers, stabilizers, and

izing agent.

catalysts for epoxy and polyurethane resins.

tri(dimethylphenyl)phosphite. (trixylenyl triethanolamine dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

phosphate). [(CH

)

PO. CAS: 27323-41-7. mf: C

S•C

Properties: Liquid. D 1.155, refr index 1.5535, bp Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

243–265C (10 mm Hg), flash p 450F (232C). Solu- Use: Food additive.

1271 TRIETHYL CITRATE

triethanolamine lauryl sulfate. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignites

CAS: 139-96-8. (HOC

)

NOS(O)

. A liq-

spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with water,

uid or paste.

acids, alcohols, halogens, and amines. Destructive

Use: Detergent; wetting, foaming, and dispersing

to tissue.

agent for industrial, cosmetic and pharmaceutical

Use: Catalyst intermediate for polymerization of ole-

applications, especially shampoos.

fins, especially ethylene; pyrophoric fuels; produc-

tion of ␣-olefins and long-chain alcohols; gas plat-

ing of aluminum.

triethanolamine methanearsonate.

CAS: 5902-97-6. mf: C

•xCH

AsO

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

triethylamine.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 121-44-8. (C

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong ammoniacal

triethanolamine oleate. See trihydroxyethy-

odor. Bp 89.7C, fp −115.3C, d 0.7293 (20/20C),

lamine oleate.

bulk d 6.1 lb/gal, flash p 10F (−6.67C) (OC). Soluble

in water and alcohol.

triethanolamine stearate. See trihydroxye-

Derivation: From ethyl chloride and ammonia with

thylamine stearate.

heat and pressure.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

triethanolamine titanate. See titanium che-

limits in air 1.2–8.0%. Toxic by ingestion and inha-

late.

lation, strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 10 ppm.

Use: Catalytic solvent in chemical synthesis; acceler-

1,1,3-triethoxybutane.

ator activators for rubber; wetting, penetrating, and

CAS: 5870-82-6. mf: C

waterproofing agents of quaternary ammonium

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

types; curing and hardening of polymers (e.g., core-

Low toxicity by inhalation. A mild skin irritant.

binding resins); corrosion inhibitor; propellant.

1,1,3-triethoxyhexane.

triethyl(3-aminopropyl)silane. See (3-ami-

CH(OC

)

CH(OC

nopropyl)triethylsilane.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8746 (20/20C), bp

133C (50 mm Hg), fp −100C, bulk d 7.3 lb/gal, flash

triethylborane. (triethylborine; boron trie-

p 210F (98.9C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

thyl). (C

)

Use: Synthesis of aldehydes, acids, esters, chlorides,

Properties: Colorless liquid. D (25C), flash p −32F

amines, etc.

(35.5C), fp −93C, bp 95C, refr index 1.3971, heat of

combustion 20,000 Btu/lb. Miscible with most or-

triethoxymethane. See triethyl-o-formate.

ganic solvents; immiscible with water.

Derivation: Reaction of triethylaluminum and boron

1,1,3-triethoxy-3-methoxypropane. (trie-

halide or diborane and ethylene.

thylmethyl malonaldehyde diacetal).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, ignites

(CH

O)(C

O)CHCH

CH(OC

)

spontaneously in air. Reacts violently with water

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9300 (25/4C), bp

and oxidizing materials. Toxic by inhalation, strong

86C (6 mm Hg). Combustible.

irritant.

Grade: 99%.

Use: Igniter or fuel for jet and rocket engines, fuel

Use: Intermediate, cross-linking, and insolubilizing

additive, olefin polymerization catalyst, interme-

agent.

diate.

triethylaconitate.

triethyl borate. (ethyl borate). (C

)

OOCCHC(COOC

)CH

COOC

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. Hydrolyzes

Properties: Liquid. D 1.096 (25C), refr index 1.4517

rapidly depositing boric acid in finely divided crys-

(26C), bp 154–156 (5 mm Hg). Combustible.

talline form. Bp 120C, d 0.863–0.864 (20/20C),

Use: Plasticizer.

flash p 51.8F (11C) (CC), bulk d 7.20 lb/gal (20C),

refr index 1.37311 (20C).

triethylaluminum. (ATE; TEA; aluminum

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

triethyl).

Use: Antiseptics, disinfectants, antiknock agent.

CAS: 97-93-8. (C

)

Al.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.837, fp −52.5C, bp

triethylborine. See triethylborane.

194C, sp heat 0.527 (33C), flash p −63F (−53C).

Miscible with saturated hydrocarbons.

Derivation: By introduction of ethylene and hydro-

triethyl citrate. (ethyl citrate).

gen into an autoclave containing aluminum. The CAS: 77-93-0. C

(COOC

)

reaction proceeds at moderate temperature and var- Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; bitter taste. Bp

ying pressures. 294C, bp 126–127C (1 mm Hg), d 1.136 (25C), pour

Grade: 88–94%. p −46C, flash p 303F (150.5C) (COC). Solubility in

1272TRIETHYLENE DIAMINE

water 6.5 g/100 cc; solubility in oil 0.8 g/100 cc.

triethylene glycol didecanoate.

COO(C

OCC

Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 237 (2.0 mm Hg), d

Derivation: Esterification of citric acid.

0.9584 (20/20C), viscosity 28.6 cP (20C). Combus-

Grade: Technical, refined, FCC.

tible.

Use: Solvent and plasticizer for nitrocellulose and

Use: Plasticizer.

natural resins, softener, paint removers, agglutinant,

perfume base, food additive (not over 0.25%).

See “TEC” [Reilly].

triethylene glycol di(2-ethylbutyrate).

OCOCH

(CH

OCH

)

OCOC

triethylene diamine. (1,4-diazobicy-

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9946 (20/

clo[2,2,2]octane).

20C), bulk d 8.3 lb/gal (20C), bp 196C (5 mm Hg),

CAS: 280-57-9. N(CH

)

vap press 5.8 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 10.3 cP

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic crystals. Mp

(20C), flash p 385F (196C). Solubility in water

158C, bp 174C.

0.02% by weight (20C). Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

Use: Plasticizer.

Use: Catalyst for polyurethane foams, oxidation and

polymerization catalyst, chemical intermediate

triethylene glycol di(2-ethylhexoate).

(metal complexes, quaternary ammonium com-

OCOCH

(CH

OCH

)

OCOC

pounds, etc.), bromine and iodine addition com-

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9679 (20/

pounds.

20C), bulk d 8.1 lb/gal (20C), bp 219C (5 mm Hg),

vap press 1.8 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 15.8 cP

triethylene glycol. (TEG).

(20C), flash p 405F (207C). Insoluble in water.

CAS: 112-27-6. HO(C

Combustible.

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; practical-

Use: Plasticizer.

ly odorless. D 1.1254 (20/20C), bp 287.4C, vap

press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C), flash p 350F

triethylene glycol dihydroabietate.

(176.6C) (CC), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal (20C), fp −7.2C,

COO(C

OCC

viscosity 0.478 cP (20C), autoign temp 700F

Properties: Liquid. D 1.080–1.090 (25C), refr index

(371C). Soluble in water; immiscible with benzene,

1.5180 (20C), vap press 2.5 (225C), flash p 438F

toluene, and gasoline. Combustible.

(226C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: From ethylene and oxygen as a by-prod-

Use: Plasticizer.

uct of ethylene glycol manufacture.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Solvent and plasticizer in vinyl, polyester, and

triethylene glycol dimethyl ether. (tri-

polyurethane resins; dehydration of natural gas; hu-

glyme). CH

(OCH

)

OCH

mectant in printing inks; extraction solvent.

Properties: Water-white liquid; mild ether odor. D

0.9862 (20/20C), refr index 1.4233 (20C), flash p

triethylene glycol diacetate.

232F (111C), bp 216.0C (760 mm Hg), 153.6C (100

CAS: 111-21-7.

mm Hg), fp −46C. Completely soluble in water and

COOCH

OCH

OOCCH

hydrocarbons at 20C. May contain peroxides. Com-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.112 (25C), refr

bustible.

index 1.437 (25C), bp 300C, fp below −60C. Com-

Use: Solvent for gases, coupling immiscible liquids.

bustible.

Use: Plasticizer.

triethylene glycol dioctoate. See triethylene

glycol dicaprylate.

triethylene glycol dibenzoate.

CO(OCH

)

OOCC

triethylene glycol dipelargonate.

Properties: Crystals. Bp 210–223C, mp 46C, flash p

COO(C

OCC

457F (236C) (TOC), d 1.168. Combustible.

Properties: Clear liquid. D 0.964 (20/20C), bp 251C

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins, adhesives.

(5 mm Hg), fp +1 to −4C, refr index 1.4470 (23C),

flash p 410F (210C). Almost insoluble in water;

triethylene glycol dicaprylate. (triethylene

soluble in most organic solvents. Combustible.

glycol dioctoate).

Use: Plasticizer.

COO(CH

OCC

Properties: Clear liquid. D 0.973 (20C), acidity

0.3% max (caprylic), moisture 0.05% max, fp −3C,

triethylene glycol dipropionate.

bp 243C (5 mm Hg), soluble in most organic sol-

CO(OCH

)

OOCC

vents. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.066 (25C), refr

Use: Low-temperature plasticizer for elastomers.

index 1.436 (25C), bp 138–142C (2 mm Hg), fp

below −60C. Solubility in water 6.70% by weight.

triethylene glycol dichloride. See triglycol Combustible.

dichloride. Use: Plasticizer.

1273 TRIETHYL PHOSPHITE

triethylene glycol monobutyl ether. See mp sets to a glass at low temperature, refr index

butoxytriglycol. 1.451 (25C), flash p 340F (171C) (COC). Combus-

tible.

Use: Plasticizer, intermediate.

triethylene glycol monohexyl ether. See

2-(2-(2-(hexyloxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethanol.

tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate.

triethylenemelamine. (tretamine; TEM;

(COOC

)

2,4,6-tris(1-aziridinyl)-s-triazine).

Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor. D 0.992 (20/

CAS: 51-18-3.

20C), distillation range 278–284C (3 mm Hg)

(5–95%), fp a gel at −35C, refr index 1.4846 (23C),

bulk d 8.26 lb/gal (20C). Combustible.

❘

C[N(CH

)

]NC[N(CH

)

❘

C[N(CH

)

Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: White, crystalline, powder; odorless. Mp

160C (polymerizes); polymerizes readily with heat

triethylhydroxytin sulfate. See

or moisture. Soluble in alcohol, water, methanol,

bis(triethyltin) sulfate.

chloroform, and acetone.

Grade: NF.

triethylmethane. See 3-ethylpentane.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Use: Medicine (antineoplastic), insecticide, chemo-

sterilant.

triethylmethyl malonaldehyde diacetal.

See 1,1,3-triethoxy-3-methoxypropane.

triethylenephosphoramide. (tepa; tris-(1-

aziridinyl)-phosphine oxide; APO).

triethylorthoformate. (triethoxymethane).

CAS: 545-55-1.

CAS: 122-51-0. CH(OC

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Bp

145.9C, refr index 1.39218 (18.8C), d 0.895 (20/

❘

)

PO.

20C), flash p 86F (30C) (CC). Soluble in alcohol,

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 41C. Soluble in

ether; decomposes in water.

water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of sodium ethylate with chlo-

Derivation: From ethyleneimine.

roform or reaction of hydrochloric acid with hydro-

Hazard: Highly toxic, strong irritant to skin and

cyanic acid in ethanol solution.

tissue.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic.

Use: Medicine (antineoplastic), insect sterilant. Also

Use: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals.

used with tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium

chloride (THPC) to form a condensation polymer

suitable for flame-proofing cotton.

triethyl phosphate. (TEP).

See tris[1-(2-methyl)aziridinyl]phosphine oxide.

CAS: 78-40-0. (C

)

Properties: Colorless, high-boiling liquid; mild

odor. Fp −56.4C, bp 216C, flash p 240F (115.5C),

triethylenetetramine.

refr index 1.4055 (20C), bulk d 8.90 lb/gal (20C).

CAS: 112-24-3. NH

NH)

Very stable at ordinary temperatures, compatible

Properties: Moderately viscous, yellowish liquid,

with many gums and resins, soluble in most organic

less volatile than diethylenetriamine but resembles

solvents, miscible with water. When mixed with

it in many other properties. Bp 277.5C, d 0.9818 (20/

water is quite stable at room temperature, but at

20C), mp 12C, flash p 275F (135C) (CC), bulk d 8.2

elevated temperatures it hydrolyzes slowly. Com-

lb/gal (20C), autoign temp 640F (337.7C). Soluble

bustible.

in water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, 97%.

Grade: Technical, anhydrous.

Hazard: May cause nerve damage but to a lesser

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue, causes skin burns

extent than other cholinesterase-inhibiting com-

and eye damage.

pounds.

Use: Detergents and softening agents; synthesis of

Use: Solvent; plasticizer for resins, plastics, gums;

dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, and rubber accelerators.

manufacture of pesticides; catalyst; lacquer re-

mover.

tri(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate.

CAS: 78-42-2. [C

CH(C

)CH

]

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9260 (20/

triethyl phosphite.

20C), bulk d 7.70 lb/gal (20C), bp 220C (5 mm Hg),

CAS: 122-52-1. (C

)

vap press 1.9 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 14.1 cP

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9687 (20C), bp

(20C), pour p −74C, flash p 405F (207C). Insoluble

156.6C, refr index 1.413 (25C), flash p 130F

in water. Combustible.

(54.4C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

Use: Plasticizer.

ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

tri(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite. (C

P. Use: Synthesis, plasticizers, stabilizers, lubricant and

Properties: Straw-colored liquid. D 0.897 (25/15C), grease additives.

1274

-TRIETHYL

O,O,O-triethyl phosphorothioate. (triethyl Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

thiophosphate). mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 126-68-1. (C

PS.

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Bp

trifluoroamine oxide.

93.5–94C (10 mm Hg), d 1.074, flash p 225F CAS: 13847-65-9. (F

NO). A perfluorated amine

(107.2C) (COC). Combustible. obtained by fluorination of nitrosyl fluoride with

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, cholinesterase inhib- UV light or high temperature or pressure. An alter-

itor. nate process is by burning nitric oxide and fluorine,

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant additive, antifoam agent, rapidly quenching the gaseous mixture as it leaves

the flame zone.

hydraulic fluid, intermediate.

trifluorobromomethane. (bromotrifluoro-

triethylstannium bromide. See bromotrie-

methane; Halon 1301).

thylstannane.

CAS: 75-63-8. CBrF

Properties: Nonflammable colorless gas. Mw

triethyltin acetate. See acetoxytriethylstan-

148.92, mp −167.7C, bp −58C, vap d 5 (air

1) at

nane.

−58C. Very soluble in chloroform.

Hazard: TLV: 1000 ppm.

triethyltin bromide. See bromotriethylstan-

Use: Fire-extinguisher agent.

nane.

trifluorochloroethylene. Legal label name

triethyltin bromide-2-pipecoline.

(Rail) for chlorotrifluoroethylene.

CAS: 73926-90-6. mf: C

BrSn•C

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

trifluorochloromethane. See chlorotrifluoro-

mg/m

(skin)

methane.

triethyltin chloride.

1,1,1-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-

CAS: 994-31-0. mf: C

ClSn.

toluidine. See trifluralin.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D: 1.440 @ 20°/4°, mp:

15.5°, bp: 210°. Insol in water; sol in org solv.

trifluoroethene.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 359-11-5. mf: C

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

triethyltin phenoxide.

trifluoromethane. See fluoroform.

CAS: 1529-30-2. mf: C

OSn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin). 4-trifluoromethoxy-n-chloro-

carboxyphenylurethan. See methyl (chlo-

rocarbonyl)(4-(trifluoromethox-

triethyltin sulphate. See bis(triethyltin) sul-

y)phenyl)carbamate.

fate.

trifluoromethylbenzene. See benzotri-

triethyl tricarballylate.

fluoride.

OCOCH

)

CHCOOC

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.087 (20C), refr

index 1.4234 (26C), bp 158–160C (5 mm Hg). Solu-

2-trifluoromethyl benzimidazole.

bility in water 0.62% (20C) by weight. Combustible. CAS: 312-73-2. mf: C

Use: Plasticizer. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

triethyl(trifluoroacetoxy) stannane. See

trifluoroacetic acid triethylstannyl ester.

3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol. (1,1,1-tri-

fluoro-4-nitro-m-cresol). CF

(NO

)OH.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 74–76C.

trifluoroacetic acid.

Use: To exterminate lampreys, especially in the

CAS: 76-05-1. CF

COOH.

Great Lakes. It is placed in tributary streams, where

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid; hygroscopic;

it kills the lamprey larvae.

pungent odor. Bp 72.4C, d 1.535, fp −15.25C, index

of refr 1.2850 (20C). Very soluble in water. Non-

flammable.

4-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1-

Hazard: Irritant to skin. piperazineethanol mono(2-

Use: Strong nonoxidizing acid, laboratory reagent, (acetyloxy)benzoate) (salt).

solvent, catalyst. CAS: 54851-13-7. mf: C

O•C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

trifluoroacetic acid triethylstannyl ester.

CAS: 429-30-1. mf: C

Sn. trifluoronitrosomethane. CF

NO.

1275 TRIHEXYLENE GLYCOL BIBORATE

Properties: Midnight blue, fairly stable gas; dis- Derivation: Extraction from animal, vegetable, and

marine matter.

agreeable odor. Bp −84C, fp −150C. Nonflamm-

Use: Fatty acids and derivatives, manufacture of edi-

able.

ble oils and fats, manufacture of monoglycerides.

Derivation: (1) Interaction of fluorine and silver

cyanide in the presence of silver nitrate; (2) from

triglycerol monolinolenate. See polyglycer-

nitric oxide and iodotrifluoromethane or bromotri-

ol ester.

fluoromethane in the presence of UV light.

Hazard: Strong irritant to mucous membranes and

tissue.

triglycerol trilinoleate. See polyglycerol

Use: Monomer for nitroso rubber.

ester.

triglycine. See nitrilotriacetic acid.

trifluorostyrene. C

. A monomer designed

for the production of polytrifluorostyrene and for

triglycol dichloride. (triethylene glycol di-

copolymerization with vinyl monomers.

chloride). Cl(C

Cl.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 68C, fp −23C, refr index

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.1974 (20/20C), bp

1.474, d 1.22, dipole moment 1.98 (D). The polymer

241.3C, flash p 250F (121C), bulk d 10.0 lb/gal

is soluble in toluene, chloroform, and methyl ethyl

(20C), fp −31.5C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

ketone and has dielectric constant of 2.56. Non-

Grade: Technical.

flammable.

Use: Solvent for hydrocarbons, oils, etc.; extractant;

Use: Membranes for fuel tanks and water purifica-

intermediate for resins and insecticides; organic

tion.

synthesis.

trifluorotrichloroethane. See trichlorotri-

triglycollamic acid. See nitrilotriacetic acid.

fluoroethane.

triglyme. See triethylene glycol dimethyl

4,4

′

-((2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoro-

ether.

methyl)ethylidene)bis(4,1-

phenyleneoxy))bisbenzenamine.

trigonelline. (coffearine; caffearine; gynesine;

CAS: 69563-88-8. mf: C

N-methylnicotinic acid betaine).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

NCOOCH

•H

O. A base formed in the seeds of

tact. An eye irritant.

many plants.

Properties: Colorless prisms. Mp 218C (decom-

trifluorovinylchloride. See chlorotrifluoroe-

poses). Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol;

thylene.

nearly insoluble in ether, benzene, and chloroform.

Derivation: Plant seeds, coffee beans, synthetically

trifluralin. (generic name for 1,1,1,-trifluoro-

by heating nicotinic acid with methyl iodide and

2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine).

treatment with silver oxide.

CAS: 1582-09-8. F

C(NO

)

N(C

)

Use: Biochemical research.

Properties: Yellowish-orange solid. Mp 48.5–49C,

bp 139–140C (4.2 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; solu-

“Trigonox 22-8880” [Akzo]. TM for mixture

ble in xylene, acetone, and ethanol.

of 80% 1,1-bis(tert-butylperoxy)cyclohexane in bu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tyl benzoyl phthalate.

Use: Herbicide, especially for cotton plant.

Available forms: Liquid.

Use: Initiator for SMC and BMC formulations.

triforine.

CAS: 26644-46-2. mf: C

tri-n-hexylaluminum. (C

)

Al.

Properties: White crystals. Mp: 155°. Sol in water,

Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. Bp 105C

CMF, DMSO.

(0.001 mm Hg).

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

Derivation: Exchange reaction between hexene and

skin contact. Human systemic effects.

isobutyl aluminum.

Use: food additive; fungicide; agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Ignites in air at room temperature.

Use: Polyolefin catalyst.

triformol. See sym-trioxane.

trihexylene glycol biborate. (C

)

triglyceride. Any naturally occurring ester of a cyclic borate.

normal acid (fatty acid) and glycerol. The chief Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.982 (21C), boiling

constituents of fats and oils, they have the general range 314–326C, refr index 1.4375 (25C), flash p

formula: CH

(OOCR

)CH(OOCR

)CH

(OOCR

), 345F (173.9C). Soluble in most organic solvents;

where R

, and R

are usually of different chain hydrolyzes slowly in water. Combustible.

length. Refining processes often yield commercial Derivation: Reaction of hexylene glycol with boric

products in which the R chain lengths are the same. oxide.

1276TRIHEXYL PHOSPHITE

Use: Gasoline additive, chemical intermediate. factant made by reaction of triethanolamine with

oleic acid. Combustible.

Use: Emulsifying agent.

trihexyl phosphite. (C

Properties: Mobile, colorless liquid; characteristic

trihydroxyethylamine stearate. (triethano-

odor. D 0.897 (20/4C), bp 135–141C (0.2 mm Hg),

lamine stearate). (HOCH

)

N•HOOCC

flash p 320F (160C) (COC). Miscible with most

Properties: Cream-colored, waxlike solid; faint fatty

common organic solvents; insoluble in water; hy-

odor. D 0.968, pH 8.8–9.2 (25C) (5% aqueous dis-

drolyzes very slowly, high degree of thermal stabili-

persion), mp 42–44C. Soluble in methanol, ethanol,

ty; exposure to air should be minimum. Combus-

mineral oil, vegetable oil; dispersible in hot water.

tible.

Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for insecticides, component of vi-

Use: Emulsifying agent for cosmetic and pharmaceu-

nyl stabilizers, lubricant additive, specialty solvent.

tical industries.

trihexyltin acetate. See acetoxytrihexylstan-

1,3,8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone.

nane.

See emodin.

tri-n-hexyl trimellitate. See “Morflex 560”

2,4,6-trihydroxytoluene. See methylphloro-

[Reilly].

glucinol.

trihydric. Any alcohol in which three hydroxyl

2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid. C

COOH. A

groups are present.

plant growth regulator used as a growth retardant.

See polyol; glycerol.

2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid sodium salt. See

trihydrochloride.

sodium 2,3,5-triiodobenzoate.

CAS: 146714-97-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

triiodoisopropylgermane.

CAS: 21342-26-7. mf: C

GeI

1,2,3-trihydroxyanthraquinone. See an-

Hazard: A poison.

thragallol.

triiodomethane. See iodoform.

1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone. See pur-

purin.

triiodopropylgermane.

CAS: 13904-39-7. mf: C

GeI

1,2,7-trihydroxyanthraquinone. See an-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

thrapurpurin.

triiodothyronine. (liothyronine; 3,5,3

′

-triiodo-

1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene. See pyrogallol.

thyronine). HOC

IOC

CH(NH

)COOH. Ei-

ther a derivative or precursor of thyroxine. Triiodo-

1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene. See phloroglu-

thyronine increases the metabolic rate and oxygen

cinol.

consumption of animal tissues.

Use: Biochemical research, medicine (metabolic in-

3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid. See gallic

sufficiency).

acid.

triisobutylaluminum. (TIBAL).

2,4,5-trihydroxybutyrophenone.

[(CH

)

CHCH

]

Al.

(OH)

COC

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7876 (20C), fp

Properties: Yellow-tan crystals. Mp 149–153C,

−5.6C, bp 114C (30 mm Hg), flash p 32F (0C),

bulk d 6.0 lb/gal (20C). Very slightly soluble in

autoign temp 39F (4C).

water; soluble in alcohol and propylene glycol.

Derivation: Reaction of isobutylene and hydrogen

Use: Antioxidant for polyolefins and paraffin waxes,

with aluminum under moderate temperature and

food additive.

varying pressures.

Hazard: Highly toxic, destroys tissue. Flammable;

4,5,7-trihydroxycoumarin.

dangerous fire risk; ignites spontaneously in air;

CAS: 17575-26-7. mf: C

reacts violently with water, acids, alcohols, amines,

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

and halogens.

Use: Polyolefin catalyst, manufacture of primary al-

tri(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. See triethanola-

cohols and olefins, pyrophoric fuel.

mine.

triisobutylene. (C

)

. A mixture of isomers

trihydroxyethylamine oleate. (triethanola- readily prepared by polymerizing isobutylene. A

mine oleate). (HOCH

)

•HOOCC

. Sur- typical mixture is 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane-3

1277 TRIMEDLURE

and 2-neopentyl-4,4-dimethylpentene-1. May be Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. D

depolymerized to simpler isobutylene derivatives. 0.914 (20/4C), bp 94–96C (50 mm Hg), flash p 165F

Properties: Liquid. D 0.764 (60F), boiling range (73.9C) (COC). Miscible with most common organ-

175.5–178.9C. Combustible. ic solvents; insoluble in water; hydrolyzes slowly in

Use: Synthesis of resins, rubbers, and intermediate water; exposure to air should be minimum; high

organic compounds; lubricating-oil additive; raw

thermal stability. Combustible.

material for alkylation in producing high-octane

Use: Intermediate for insecticides, component of vi-

motor fuels.

nyl stabilizers, lubricant additive, specialty solvent.

triisobutyltin chloride. See chlo-

triisopropyltin acetate.

ro(triisobutyl)stannane.

CAS: 19464-55-2. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

triisodecyl phosphite. See isodecyl phos-

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

phite.

triisopropyltin chloride.

triisooctyl phosphite. (C

CAS: 14101-95-2. mf: C

ClSn.

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. D

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

0.891 (20/4C), bp 161–164C (0.3 mm Hg), flash p

385F (196C) (COC). Miscible with most common

triisopropyltin undecylenate.

organic solvents; insoluble in water, hydrolyzes

CAS: 73928-00-4. mf: C

Sn.

very slowly; exposure to air should be minimum;

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

high thermal stability. Combustible.

mg/m

(skin)

Use: Intermediate for insecticides, component of vi-

nyl stabilizers, lubricant additive, specialty solvent.

triketohydrindene hydrate. See ninhydrin.

O,O,O-triisooctyl phosphorothioate. (trii-

trilaurin. The glyceride of lauric acid (glyceryl

sooctyl thiophosphate). (C

PS.

trilaurate).

Properties: Colorless liquid; characteristic odor. Bp

160–170C (0.2 mm Hg), d 0.933, flash p 410F

trilaurylamine. (tridodecyl amine).

(210C) (COC). Insoluble in water; soluble in most

)

organic solvents. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.82, mp 14C. Solu-

Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor.

ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combus-

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant additive, hydraulic fluid,

tible.

intermediate.

Use: Chemical intermediate, metal complexes.

triisooctyl trimellitate. C

(COOC

)

trilauryl phosphite. (C

Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor. D 0.992 (20/

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.866 (25/15C),

20C), distillation range 272–286C (5–95%), fp a gel

refr index 1.456 (25C), mp 10C. Combustible.

at −45C, refr index 1.4852 (23C). Practically insolu-

Use: Stabilizer in polymers, chemical intermediate.

ble in water. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer.

trilauryl trithiophosphite. (C

Properties: Pale yellow liquid. D 0.915 (25/15C),

triisopropanolamine. N(C

OH)

mp 20C, refr index 1.502 (25C), flash p 430F (221C)

Properties: Crystalline, white solid. Mild base (a

(COC). Combustible.

mixture of isopropanolamines that has density of

Use: Stabilizer, lubricant, chemical intermediate.

1.004–1.010 and is liquid at room temperature is

also marketed). D 0.9996 (50/20C), mp 45C, bp

“Trilene” [Great Lakes/Asia Pacific]. TM

305C, vap press below 0.01 mm Hg (20C), viscosity

for liquid EPDM.

1.38 cP (60C), flash p 320F (160C) (OC). Soluble in

water. Combustible.

trimagnesium phosphate. See magnesium

Grade: Technical.

phosphate, tribasic.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.

Use: Emulsifying agents.

trimec.

CAS: 8077-38-1.

triisopropyl borate. [(CH

)

CH]

mf: C

ClO

•C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 138–140C, fp

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

−59C, d 0.8138, flash p 82F (27.7C) (TCC).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Reaction of isopropyl alcohol with boric

oxide.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

trimedlure. (generic name for tert-butyl 4(or

5)-chloro-2-methylcyclohexanecarboxylate).

triisopropyl phosphite. [(CH

)

CH]

C(Cl)C

COOC(CH

)

1278TRIMELLITIC ACID

Properties: Liquid. Bp 90–92C (0.6 mm Hg). Solu- Use: Medicine (anticonvulsant).

ble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

Use: Insect attractant.

trimethoxyborine. See trimethyl borate.

trimellitic acid. (1,2,4-benzenetricarboxylic

trimethoxyboroxine. (methyl metaborate).

acid).

(CH

. A cyclic compound.

CAS: 528-44-9. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 10–11C, bp (disso-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 220C. Partially

ciates), d 1.216 (25C), refr index 1.3986. Non-

soluble in DMF and alcohol; insoluble in benzene

flammable.

and carbon disulfide; slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: Reaction of methyl borate with boric

Derivation: Oxidation of pseudocumene.

acid.

Use: Organic synthesis (plasticizers, polymers, and

Grade: 99%.