T
T. Symbol for (1) tritium; (2) tera-; (3) thymine. hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon
atoms by electrolytic reduction at a lead cathode in
alcoholic sulfuric acid.
2,4,5-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,5-trichlorophenox-
yacetic acid.
Tag Closed Cup. See TCC.
2,4,6-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.
tagetes meal and extract.
Properties: Extracted from the dried ground flower
Ta. Symbol for tantalum.
petals of the Aztec marigold Tagetes erecta L. Mp:
53.555.0°. A permissible food additive used to in-
tabun. (dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid,
crease the yellow color of the skin and eggs of
ethyl ester).
poultry.
CAS: 77-81-6. (CH
3
)
2
NP(O)(C
2
H
5
O)(CN). A nerve
Use: Food additive.
gas.
Properties: Liquid. Fp 50C, bp 240C, flash p 172F
tagged atom. A radioactive isotope used in trac-
(77.7C), d 1.4250 (20/4C). Readily soluble in organ-
ing the behavior of a substance in both biochemical
ic solvents; miscible with water but readily hydro-
and engineering research, e.g., C-14 or I-131.
lyzed; destroyed by bleaching powder, generating
See tracer; label (2).
cyanogen chloride. Combustible.
Hazard: Very toxic by inhalation, cholinesterase in-
Tagliabue Closed Cup. A standard method of
hibitor, a military nerve gas, fatal dose (man) 0.01
determining flash points.
mg/kg.
“TAC” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for tested additive Tagliabue Open Cup A standard method of
chemical items, satisfactory for food additives and determining flash points.
medical uses.
Tag Open Cup. See Tagliabue Open Cup.
tachysterol. C
28
H
44
O.
Properties: Oil; levorotatory. Insoluble in water; sol-
tailings. (1) In flour milling, the product left after
uble in most organic solvents. Protect from air.
grinding and bolting middlings. (2) Impurities re-
Use: Medicine, as the dihydrotachysterol.
maining after the extraction of useful minerals from
an ore. (3) In general, any residue from a mechanical
tackifiers. Refers to compounds used for making
refining or separation process.
an adhesive stickier.
tailored molecule. A molecule that has been
tackiness. (tack). Property of being sticky or
modified chemically to give it certain properties.
adhesive.
tails. Refers to high-boiling impurities that are
taconite. A low-grade iron ore consisting essen-
less volatile than the solvent being distilled.
tially of a mixture of hematite and silica. It contains
25% iron. Found in the Lake Superior district and
talc. (talcum; soapstone; steatite).
western states.
CAS: 14807-96-6.
Mg
3
Si
4
O
10
(OH)
2
or 3MgO4SiO
2
H
2
O. A natural hy-
tacrolimus hydrate.
drous magnesium silicate. Compact, massive vari-
CAS: 109581-93-3. mf: C
44
H
69
NO
12
H
2
O.
eties may be called steatite in distinction from the
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
foliated varieties, which are called talc. Soapstone is
an impure variety of steatite.
tacticity. The regularity or symmetry in the mo-
Properties: White, apple-green, gray powder; pearly
lecular arrangement or structure of a polymer mole-
or greasy luster, greasy feel. Mohs hardness 1–1.5
cule. Contrasts with random positioning of substitu-
(may be harder when impure), high resistance to
ent groups along the polymer backbone, or random
acids, alkalies and heat; d 2.7–2.8.
position with respect to one another of successive
Grade: Crude, washed, air-floated, USP, fibrous
atoms in the backbone chain of a polymer molecule.
(99.5%, 99.95%).
See polymer, stereospecific; isotactic.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2 mg/m
3
, respira-
ble dust; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.
Tafel rearrangement. Rearrangement of the Use: Ceramics; cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; filler
carbon skeleton of substituted acetoacetic esters to in rubber, paints, soap, putty, plaster, oilcloth;
1202
1203 TANKAGE, GARBAGE
abherent; dusting agent; lubricant; paper; slate pen-
“Tamol 850” [Mid South]. TM for carbox-
ylic homopolymer.
cils and crayons; electrical insulation.
Use: For water treatment, as a scale inhibitor, and
See magnesium silicate.
sludge dispersant.
tall oil. (tallol; liquid rosin). A mixture of rosin
tamuslosin hydrochloride. See r-()-5-(2-
acids, fatty acids, and other materials obtained by
((2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propyl)-2.
acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the dig-
esting (pulping) of pine wood; flash p 360F (182C).
“Tanacol CG” [Sybron]. (isopropylbiphe-
Combustible.
nyl).
Derivation: The spent black liquor from the pulping
CAS: 25640-78-2. TM for solvent.
process is concentrated until the sodium salts
Use: In carbonless-copy-paper systems, replaces
(soaps) of the various acids separate out and are
PCB in capacitors, heat transfer fluid.
skimmed off. These are acidified by sulfuric acid.
Composition and properties vary widely, but aver-
Tanaka, Koichi. (1959– ). Born in Japan, Tana-
age 35–40% rosin acids, 50–60% fatty acids.
ka won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2002 for his
Grade: Crude, refined.
pioneering work concerning the development of
Use: Paint vehicles, source of rosin, alkyd resins,
methods for identification and structure analyses of
soaps, cutting oils and emulsifiers, driers, flotation
biological macromolecules. Tanaka received a de-
agents, oil-well drilling muds, core oils, lubricants
gree in Electrical Engineering from Tohoku Univer-
and greases, asphalt derivatives, rubber reclaiming,
sity and undertakes his research at the Shimadzu
synthesis of cortisone and sex hormones, chemical
Corporation.
intermediates.
“Tanak” MRX [Cytec]. TM for melamine-
tall oil imidazoline.
formaldehyde resin tanning agent used to make
CAS: 61791-36-4.
pure-white leather and for bleaching and filling
Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.
chrome leather.
tallow. An animal fat containing C
16
to C
18
.
“Tanamer” [Cytec]. TM for sodium polyacry-
Properties: The solidifying points of the different
late adhesive for use during the drying of leather.
tallows are as follows: from 20–45C for horse fat,
See acrylate.
27–38C for beef tallow, 54–56C for stearin and oleo,
32–41C for mutton tallow; d 0.86; refr index 46–49
“Tandem 552” [ACH]. TM for emulsifiers.
(40C) (Zeiss); iodine value 193–202; flash p 509F
Use: As pan release agents for frozen desserts, ice
(265C). Combustible.
cream, baked goods; antibrowning agent for fresh-
Derivation: Extracted from the solid fat or “suet” of
cut fruits, and vegetable.
cattle, sheep, or horses by dry or wet rendering.
Chief constituents: Stearin, palmitin, and olein.
tandem repeat sequences. Multiple copies of
Grade: Edible; inedible; beef tallow; mutton tallow;
the same base sequence on a chromosome; used as
horse fats; acidless; edible, extra.
markers in physical mapping.
Use: Soap stock, leather dressing, candles, greases,
See physical map.
manufacture of stearic and oleic acids, animal feeds,
abherent in tire molds.
tangerine oil. See citrus peel oil.
tallow oil. See “Peacock” [Pfau].
tankage. (animal tankage; tankage rough am-
moniate). The product obtained in abattoir by-prod-
taloximine hydrochloride.
uct plants from meat scraps and bones, that are
CAS: 20230-77-7. mf: C
12
H
16
N
4
O
2
ClH.
boiled under pressure and allowed to settle. The
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
grease is removed from the top and the liquor drawn
off. The scrap is then pressed, dried, and sold for
fertilizer.
“Tamol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for anionic,
Grade: Based on percentage of ammonia and bone
polymer-type dispersing agents. Supplied as light-
phosphate. A medium grade has 10% ammonia and
colored powders or aqueous solutions. Effective dis-
20% bone phosphate. Concentrated tankage has had
persant for aqueous suspensions of insoluble dye-
the boiled-down tank liquor and press water added
stuffs, polymers, clays, tanning agents, and
to it before drying and runs 15–17% ammonia.
pigments.
Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.
Use: Manufacture of dyestuff pastes, textile printing
and dyeing, pigment dispersion in textile backings,
latex paints and paper coatings, retanning and
tankage, garbage. (tankage fertilizer). Gar-
bleaching of leather, dye resist in leather dyeing, bage treated with steam under pressure, the water
dispersion of pitch in paper manufacture, prefloc and some of the grease removed by pressing, and
prevention in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. further grease removed by solvent extraction. Con-
1204TANNIC ACID
tains 3–4% ammonia, 2–5% phosphoric acid, and In mineral or chrome tanning, the sulfates of chro-
mium, aluminum, and zirconium are used (the last
0.50–1.00% potash.
two for white leather); here the reaction is of a
Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.
coordination nature between the carboxyl groups of
Use: Fertilizer.
the skin collagen and the metal atom. Syntans are
also used; these are sulfonated phenol or naphthols
tannic acid. (gallotannic acid; described as a
condensed with formaldehyde. Condensation prod-
penta-(m-digalloyl)-glucose).
ucts other than phenol having strong hydrogen-
CAS: 1401-55-4. C
76
H
52
O
46
. Natural substance wide-
bonding power have been developed. Tannage by
ly found in nutgalls, tree barks, and other plant parts.
any method is a time-consuming and exacting pro-
Tannins are known to be gallic acid derivatives. A
cess, requiring careful control of pH, temperature,
solution of tannic acid will precipitate albumin. Tan-
humidity, and concentration factors.
nins are classified according to their behavior on dry
For further information refer to Tanners’ Council,
distillation into two groups, (1) condensed tannins,
University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. See
which yield catechol, and (2) hydrolyzable tannins,
leather.
which yield pyrogallol; (2) comprises two groups on
the basis of its products of hydrolysis, glucose, and
tantalic acid anhydride. See tantalum
(a) ellagic acid or (b) gallic acid.
oxide.
Properties: Lustrous, faintly yellowish, amorphous
powder, glistening scales, or spongy mass; darkens
tantalic chloride. See tantalum chloride.
on exposure to air; odorless; strong, astringent taste.
Mp decomposes at 210C. Soluble in water, alcohol,
tantalite. (Fe, Hg)(TaNb)
2
O
6
. The most impor-
and acetone; almost insoluble in benzene, chloro-
tant ore of tantalum, found in Canada, Africa, Brazil,
form, and ether. Flash p 390F (198C), autoign temp
Malaysia. When niobium content exceeds that of
980F (526C). Combustible.
tantalum, the ore is called columbite.
Derivation: Extraction of powdered nutgalls with
water and alcohol.
tantalum.
Grade: Technical, CP, NF, fluffy, FCC.
CAS: 7440-25-7. Ta. Element of atomic number 73
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
in group VB of the periodic table, aw 180.9479,
Use: Chemicals (tannates, gallic acid, pyrogallic
valences of 2, 3, 5; no stable isotopes.
acid, hydrosols of the noble metals); alcohol denatu-
Properties: (1) Black powder. (2) Steel-blue-colored
rant; tanning; textiles (mordant and fixative); elec-
metal when unpolished, nearly a platinum-white
troplating; galvanoplastics (gelatin precipitant);
color when polished. D (1) 14.491, (2) 16.6 (worked
clarification agent in wine manufacture, brewing
metal), mp 2996C, bp 5425C, tensile strength of
and foods, writing inks; pharmaceuticals; deodori-
drawn wire may be as high as 130,000 psi, refr index
zation of crude oil; photography; paper (sizing, mor-
2.05, expansion coefficient 8 × 10
6
over range
dant for colored papers); treatment of minor burns.
20–1500C. Electrical resistance 13.6 microhm-cm
(0C), 32.0 (500C). Soluble in fused alkalies; insolu-
tannin. Any of a broad group of plant-derived
ble in acids except hydrofluoric and fuming sulfuric
phenolic compounds characterized by their ability
acids.
to precipitate proteins. Some are more toxic than
Occurrence: Canada, Thailand, Malaysia, Brazil.
others, depending on their source. Those derived
Derivation: From tantalum potassium fluoride by
from nutgalls are believed to be carcinogens, while
heating in an electric furnace, by sodium reduction,
those found in tea and coffee may be virtually non-
or by fused salt electrolysis. The powdered metal is
toxic.
converted to a massive metal by sintering in a vacu-
See tannic acid.
um. Foot-long crystals can be grown by arc fusion.
Corrosion resistance: 99.5% pure tantalum is resis-
tanning. The preservation of hides or skins by use tant to all concentrations of hot and cold sulfuric
of a chemical that (1) makes them immune to bacte- acid (except concentrated boiling), hydrochloric
rial attack; (2) raises the shrinkage temperature; and acid, nitric and acetic acids, hot and cold dilute
(3) prevents the collagen fibers from sticking togeth- sodium hydroxide, all dilutions of hot and cold am-
er on drying, so that the material remains porous, monium hydroxide, mine and seawaters, moist sul-
soft, and flexible. Vegetable tanning is used mostly furous atmospheres, aqueous solutions of chlorine.
for sole and heavy-duty leathers. The chief vegeta- Grade: Powder 99.5% pure, sheet, rods, wire, ultra-
ble tannins are water extracts of special types of pure, single crystals.
wood or bark, especially quebracho and wattle. The Hazard: Dust or powder may be flammable. Toxic
main active constituent is tannic acid. The tannins by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m
3
.
penetrate the skin or hides after long periods of Use: Capacitors, chemical equipment, dental and sur-
soaking, during which the molecular aggregates of gical instruments, rectifiers, vacuum tubes, furnace
the tannin form cross-links between the polypeptide components, high-speed tools, catalyst, getter al-
chains of the skin proteins; hydrogen bonding is an loys, sutures and body implants, electronic circuitry,
important factor. thin-film components.
1205 TAR CAMPHOR
tantalum alcoholate. (pentaethoxytantalum). tantalum pentachloride. See tantalum chlo-
(C
2
H
5
O)
5
Ta.
ride.
Use: Catalyst, intermediate for pure tantalates, pre-
paring thin dielectric films.
tantalum pentoxide. See tantalum oxide.
tantalum carbide. TaC.
tantalum pentafluoride. See tantalum fluo-
Properties: Hard, heavy, refractory, crystalline sol-
ride.
id. Mp 3875C, bp 5500C, d 14.5, hardness 1800 kg/
sq mm, resistivity 30 microohm-cm (room tempera-
tantalum potassium fluoride. (potassium
ture). Extremely resistant to chemical action except
tantalum fluoride; potassium fluotantalate).
at elevated temperature.
CAS: 16924-00-8. K
2
TaF
7
.
Derivation: Tantalum oxide and carbon heated at
Properties: White, silky needles. Slightly soluble in
high temperatures.
cold water; quite soluble in hot water.
Use: Cutting tools and dies, cemented carbide tools.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m
3
.
Use: Intermediate in preparation of pure tantalum.
tantalum chloride. (tantalic chloride; tanta-
lum pentachloride).
tantiron. A ferrous alloy containing 84.8% iron,
CAS: 7721-01-9. TaCl
5
.
13.5% silicon, 1% carbon, 0.4% manganese, 0.18%
Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline powder; highly
phosphorus, 0.05% sulfur. It is resistant to acids.
reactive. Decomposed by moist air. D 3.7, bp 242C,
Use: Chemical equipment.
mp 221C. Soluble in alcohol and potassium hydrox-
ide solution. Keep well stoppered.
tapioca. A product rich in starch, obtained from
Grade: Technical.
the tuberous roots of the cassava plant. It is used both
Use: Chlorination of organic substances, intermedi-
directly as a food and as a thickening agent in emul-
ate, production of pure metal.
sions for food products and industrial applications
(lithographic inks). In many uses it is a satisfactory
substitute for gum arabic.
tantalum disulfide. TaS
2
.
Properties: Black powder or crystals. Mp above
3000C. Insoluble in water
TAPPI. Abbreviation for Technical Association
Available forms: 40 micron size.
of the Pulp and Paper Industry.
Use: Solid lubricant.
taq polymerase. A DNA polymerase isolated
from the bacterium Thermophilis aquaticus which is
tantalum fluoride. (tantalum pentafluoride).
very stable to high temperatures. It is used in PCR
CAS: 7783-71-3. TaF
5
.
procedures and high temperature sequencing.
Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 97C, d 4.74.
Soluble in water and nitric acid.
Use: Catalyst in organic reactions.
tar. See coal tar; cigarette tar; pine tar; tar,
wood.
tantalum nitride. TaN.
tar acid. Any mixture of phenols present in tars
Properties: Hexagonal, brown, bronze, or black
or tar distillates and extractable by caustic soda
crystals. D 16.3, mp 3310–3410C. Insoluble in wa-
solutions. Usually refers to tar acids from coal tar
ter; slightly soluble in aqua regia, nitric acid, hydro-
and includes phenol, cresols, and xylenols. When
gen fluoride.
applied to the products from other tars it should be
Grade: Technical, powder.
qualified by the appropriate prefix, e.g., wood tar
acid, lignite tar acid, etc.
tantalum oxide. (tantalic acid anhydride;
Properties: Soluble in alcohol and coal tar hydrocar-
tantalum pentoxide).
bons. Combustible.
CAS: 1314-61-0. Ta
2
O
5
.
Grade: 15–18%, 25–28%, and 50–53% phenol.
Properties: Rhombic, crystalline prisms. D 7.6, mp
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin
1800C. Insoluble in water and acids except hydro-
absorption; strong irritant to tissue.
gen fluoride.
Use: Wood preservative, insecticide for cattle and
Derivation: From tantalite, by removal of other
sheep dipping (dip oils or sheep dip), manufacture of
metals.
disinfectants.
Grade: Technical, optical (99.995% pure), single
crystals.
tar base. A basic nitrogen compound derived
Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m
3
.
from coal tar, such as pyridine, picoline, lutidine,
Use: Production of tantalum; “rare-element” optical
and quinoline.
glass; intermediate in preparation of tantalum car-
bide; piezoelectric, maser, and laser applications;
dielectric layers in electronic circuits.
tar camphor. See naphthalene.
1206TAR CAMPHOR, CHLORINATED
tar camphor, chlorinated. See chlorona- Use: Paints, waterproofing paper, rubber reclaiming,
phthalene. varnishes, stains, ore flotation, cattle dips, insecti-
cides.
“Tarcel” [Natrochem]. TM for DLC form of
tar, refined. See tar, dehydrated.
“Tarene.”
See “Tarene” [Natrochem].
tar sands. See oil sands.
tar, dehydrated. (tar, refined).
tar soap. Soap containing juniper tar oil.
Properties: Dark-brown, thick, viscid liquid. Com-
bustible.
Derivation: Tar from which the water has been driv-
tartar, cream of. See potassium bitartrate.
en off.
Grade: Technical.
tartar emetic. See antimony potassium tar-
Hazard: Strong irritant, absorbed by skin.
trate.
Use: Waterproofing compounds, roads, medicine.
tartaric acid. (dihydroxysuccinic acid).
tare. (1) The weight of a container, wrapper, or CAS: 87-69-4. HOOC(CH
2
O)
2
COOH.
liner that is deducted in determining the net weight Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white,
of a material. (2) A weight used in analytical work to crystalline powder; odorless; acidic taste; stable in
offset the weight of a container. air. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. D 1.76, mp
170C. It has unusual optical properties. The mole-
cule has two asymmetric carbon atoms that result in
“Tarene” [Natrochem]. TM for mixed naval
four isomeric forms, three of which are the natural
D-
stores (pine tar type).
form and the corresponding
L-form, which are opti-
Properties: Dark-brown, viscous liquid. D
cally active, and the inactive meso form:
0.99–1.02, ash 0.5%. Benzene soluble. Combus-
tible.
Use: Plasticizer and softener.
targeted mutagenesis. Deliberate change in
the genetic structure directed at a specific site on the
chromosome. Used in research to determine the tar-
geted region’s function.
See mutation; polymorphism.
The occurrence of some
DL-tartaric acid along with
natural
D-tartaric acid in the wine industry is explained
Tarmac. Proprietary preparation of blast furnace
on the basis of partial racemization. The
L-form is the
slag, refined tar, and other materials.
commercial product.
Use: Road dressing.
Derivation: Occurs naturally in wine lees; made syn-
thetically from maleic anhydride and hydrogen per-
tarnish. A reaction product that occurs readily at
oxide and by an enzymatic reaction with a succinic
room temperature between metallic silver and sulfur
acid derivative.
in any form. The well-known black film that appears
Grade: Technical, CP, crystals, powder, granular,
on silverware results from reaction between atmo-
NF, FCC.
spheric sulfur dioxide and metallic silver, forming
Use: Chemicals (cream of tartar, tartar emetic, acetal-
silver sulfide. It is easily removable with a cleaning
dehyde), sequestrant, tanning, effervescent bever-
compound and is not a true form of corrosion. Plat-
ages, baking powder, fruit esters, ceramics, galva-
ing with a mixture of silver and indium will increase
noplastics, photography (printing and developing,
tarnish resistance. Gold will also tarnish in the pres-
light-sensitive iron salts), textile industry, silvering
ence of a high concentration of sulfur in the environ-
mirrors, coloring metals, acidulant in foods.
ment.
tartrazine. (FD&C Yellow No. 5; (3-car-
tar oil. See creosote; coal tar.
boxy-5-hydroxy)-1-p-sulfophenyl-4-p-sulfopheny-
lazopyrazole trisodium salt; CI 19140).
CAS: 1934-21-0. C
16
H
9
N
4
O
9
S
2
.
tar oil, wood. (pine tar oil).
Properties: Bright orange-yellow powder. Soluble
Properties: Almost colorless liquid when freshly
in water.
distilled, turns dark reddish-brown; strong odor and
Hazard: An allergen.
taste. D 0.862–0.872. Soluble in ether, chloroform,
Use: Dye, especially for foods, drugs, and cosmetics.
alcohol, and carbon disulfide; flash p 144F (62.2)
(CC). Combustible.
Derivation: Obtained by the destructive distillation
tar, wood. (tar, hardwood).
of the wood of Pinus palustris. Properties: Black, syruplike, viscous fluid.
Method of purification: Rectification. Derivation: A by-product of the destructive distilla-
Grade: Technical, rectified, refined. tion of wood.
1207 TCC
Grade: Technical. (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine.
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. See paclitaxel.
Use: Hardwood pitch, wood creosote, heavy high-
boiling wood oils, wood-preserving oils, paint
taxon. Any named group of organisms, not neces-
thinners. sarily a clade. A taxon may be designated by a Latin
name or by a letter, number, or any other symbol.
taste. See flavor.
taxonomy. The science of naming and classify-
ing organisms.
TATA box. A sequence found in the promoter
(part of the 5
flanking region) of many genes. Dele-
taxotere.
tion of this site (the binding site of transcription
CAS: 114977-28-5. mf: C
43
H
53
NO
14
.
factor TFIID) causes a marked reduction in tran-
Hazard: A poison. Human systemic effects.
scription, and gives rise to heterogeneous transcrip-
tion initiation sites.
Tb. Symbol for terbium.
Taube, Henry. (1915–2005). A Canadian-born
“TBC” [Reilly]. (tri-n-butyl citrate).
chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in
CAS: 77-94-1. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-
1983 for his pioneering work in inorganic chemistry
cal coatings, direct food ingredient.
and the study of electron-transfer reactions, particu-
larly of metal complexes. Known as an outstanding
TBDMS chloride. See tert-butylchlorodime-
teacher, he was admired and respected by students
thylsilane.
and colleagues for his work at Stanford University.
TBH. Abbreviation for technical benzene hexa-
taurin. See gracilin.
chloride.
Use: An insecticide.
taurine. (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid).
See 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane.
CAS: 107-35-7. NH
2
CH
2
CH
2
SO
3
H. A crystallizable
amino acid found in combination with bile acids; its
TBP. Abbreviation for tributyl phosphate.
combination with cholic acid is called taurocholic
acid.
TBSM. See p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene
Properties: Solid. Decomposes at 300C. Soluble in
monomer.
water; insoluble in alcohol.
Derivation: Isolated from ox bile, organic synthesis.
TBT. Abbreviation for tetrabutyl titanate.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Biochemical research, pharmaceuticals, wetting
agents.
TBTO. Abbreviation for bis(tributyltinoxide).
TC. Abbreviation for trichloroacetic acid or its
taurocholic acid. (cholaic acid; cholyltau-
sodium salt.
rine).
CAS: 81-24-3. C
26
H
45
NO
7
S. Occurs as sodium salt in
bile. It is formed by the combination of the sulfur-
Tc. Symbol for technetium.
containing amino acid taurine and cholic acid as the
sodium salt. It aids in digestion and absorption of
TCA cycle. (tricarboxylic acid cycle; Krebs
fats.
cycle; citric acid cycle). A series of enzymatic
Properties: Crystals. Stable in air. Mp 125C (decom-
reactions occurring in living cells of aerobic organ-
poses.) Freely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol,
isms, the net result of which is the conversion of
almost insoluble in ether and ethyl acetate.
pyruvic acid, formed by anaerobic metabolism of
Derivation: Isolation from bile.
carbohydrates, into carbon dioxide and water. The
Use: Biochemical research, emulsifying agent in
metabolic intermediates are degraded by a combina-
foods (not over 0.1%).
tion of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation. It is
the major terminal pathway of oxidation in animal,
bacterial, and plant cells. Recent research indicates
tautomerism. A type of isomerism in which mi-
that the TCA cycle may have predated life on earth
gration of a hydrogen atom results in two or more
and may have provided the pathway for formation of
structures, called tautomers. The two tautomers are
amino acids.
in equilibrium. For example, acetoacetic ester has
the properties of both an unsaturated alcohol and a
ketone. The tautomers are called enol and keto.
TCB. Abbreviation for tetracarboxybutane.
See enol; isomer (1).
TCBO. See trichlorobutylene oxide.
“Taxol.” [Bristol-Myers]. TM for 5-,20-ep-
oxy-1,2-,4,7-,10-,13--hexahydroxy-tax-11-
TCC. Abbreviation for Tagliabue closed cup, a
en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with standard method of determining flash points.
1208TCDD
TCDD. See dioxin. technetium. Tc. Element with atomic number
43, group VIIB of the periodic table, aw 98.9062,
valences of 4, 5, 6, 7; three radioactive isotopes of
TCEO. See epoxy-1,1,2-trichloroethane.
half-life more than 105 years, also several of rela-
tively short half-life, some of which are emitters.
TCHH. See cyhexatin.
Technetium was first obtained by the deuteron bom-
bardment of molybdenum, but since has been found
TCHTH. See cyhexatin.
in the fission products of uranium and plutonium.
The chemistry of technetium has been studied by
TCP. Abbreviation for tricresyl phosphate.
tracer techniques and is similar to that of rhenium
and manganese. The free metal is obtained from
TCP. See 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine.
reactor fission products by solvent extraction fol-
lowed by crystallization as ammonium pertechne-
TDE. (generic name for 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-
tate, which is reduced with hydrogen. The metal is
chlorophenyl)ethane; tetrachlorodiphenylethane;
silver-gray in appearance, mp 2200C (4000F), d
DDD).
11.5, slightly magnetic. Compounds of the types
CAS: 72-54-8. (ClC
6
H
4
)
2
CHCHCl
2
.
TcO
2
,Tc
2
O
7
,NH
4
TcO
4
, etc. have been prepared. The
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 109–110C. Solu-
pertechnetate ion has strong anticorrosive proper-
ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water; not com-
ties. Technetium and its alloys are superconductors
patible with alkalies. Combustible.
and can be used to create high-strength magnetic
Derivation: Chlorination of ethanol and condensa-
fields at low temperature. Tc-99 (metastable) is the
tion with chlorobenzene.
most widely used isotope in nuclear medicine.
Grade: Technical.
Use: Metallurgical tracer, cryochemistry, corrosion
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin
resistance, nuclear medicine.
absorption; use restricted in some states.
Use: Dusts, emulsions, and wettable powders for
contact control of leaf rollers and other insects.
Technical Association of the Pulp and
Paper Industry. (TAPPI). A professional
TDI. Abbreviation for toluene diisocyanate.
group of scientists devoted to the interests of pulp
and paper chemistry and technology. Founded in
TDP. Abbreviation for 4,4
-thiodiphenol.
1915, it has seven sections, each concerned with a
specific phase of the industry. It also has 11 local
TDQP. Abbreviation for trimethyldihydroquino-
sections that hold monthly meetings. The associa-
line polymer.
tion publishes its own journal, as well as industry
data sheets, bibliographies, technical monographs
Te. Symbol for tellurium.
on subjects relating to the paper industry. It estab-
lishes standards of quality and testing procedures.
TEA. (1) Abbreviation for triethanolamine. (2)
The address is Technical Park, P.O. Box 105113,
Abbreviation for triethylaluminum.
Atlanta, GA 30348-5113.
Website: http://www.tappi.org.
TEAC. Abbreviation for tetraethylammonium
chloride.
technology transfer. The process of transfer-
ring scientific findings from research laboratories to
tea catechin. See epigallocatechin 3-gallate.
the commercial sector.
tear resistance. The amount of force necessary
“Tecto” [MSD Agvet]. TM a flowable SC
to cause additional damage, in a cut made in a sam-
fungicide.
ple, by force on the sample, where the force is pri-
marily normal to the plane of the cut.
“Tedlar” [Du Pont]. TM for polyvinylfluor-
tebufenozide.
ide film.
CAS: 112410-23-8. mf: C
22
H
28
N
2
O
2
.
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and
TEDP. Abbreviation for tetraethyl dithiopyro-
skin contact.
phosphate.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
See sulfotepp.
“TEC” [Reilly]. (triethyl citrate).
CAS: 77-93-0. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-
“Tedur” [Bayer]. TM for polysulfide
cal coatings.
polymers.
Available forms: Glass, mineral, and mineral/glass
techneplex. grades.
CAS: 65454-61-7. mf: C
14
H
17
N
3
O
10
TcNa. Use: Injection molding for high-temperature and per-
Hazard: Moderately toxic. formance electronic and automotive parts.
1209 TELLURIUM DISULFIDE
tefestrol. tellurium.
CAS: 129407-28-9.
CAS: 13494-80-9. Te. A nonmetallic element with
Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
many properties similar to selenium and sulfur.
Atomic number 52, group VIA of the period table,
aw 127.60, valences of 2, 4, 6; eight stable isotopes.
“Teflon” [Du Pont]. TM for tetrafluoroethyl-
Properties: Silvery-white, lustrous solid with metal
ene (TFE) fluorocarbon polymers available as
characteristics. D 6.24 g/cc (30C), Mohs hardness
molding and extrusion powders, aqueous disper-
2.3, mp 450C, bp 990C. Soluble in sulfuric acid,
sion, film, finishes, and multifilament yarn or fiber.
nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium cy-
The name also applies to fluorinated ethylene-pro-
anide solutions; insoluble in water. Imparts garlic-
pylene (FEP) resins available in the same forms. The
like odor to breath, can be depilatory. It is a p-type
no-stick cookware finishes may be of either type.
semiconductor and its conductivity is sensitive to
Fibers are monofilaments made from copolymer of
light exposure.
TFE and FEP.
Source: From anode slime produced in electrolytic
Use: Packing, bearings, filters, electrical insulation,
refining of copper and lead.
high-temperature industrial plastics, cooking uten-
Derivation: Reduction of telluric oxide with sulfur
sils, plumbing sealants, coating glass fiber for archi-
dioxide; by dissolving the oxide in a caustic soda
tectural structure composites, bonding industrial di-
solution and plating out the metal.
amonds to metal in the manufacture of grinding
Grade: Powder, sticks, slabs, and tablets, 99.5%
wheels.
pure, crystals up to 99.999% pure.
See fluorocarbon polymer.
Hazard: (Metal and compounds as tellurium) Toxic
by inhalation. TLV: 0.1 mg(Te)/m
3
.
“Teflon EFTE” [Thanavala]. TM for a co-
Use: Alloys (tellurium lead, stainless steel, iron cast-
polymer of etheylene and tetra flouro-ethylene, also
ings), secondary rubber vulcanizing agent, manu-
known as Tefzel.
facture of iron and stainless steel castings, coloring
Use: Non-stick surfaces.
agent in glass and ceramics, thermoelectric devices,
catalysts, with lithium in storage batteries for space-
“Teflon FEP” [Thanavala]. TM for non-
craft.
stick melt and flow system.
Use: During backing to provide non-pourous films.
tellurium bromide. See tellurium dibromide
and tellurium tetrabromide.
“Teflon PTFE” [Thanavala]. TM for a non-
stick double coating (primer, top coat).
tellurium chloride. See tellurium dichloride.
Use: Coating for the highest operating temperatures.
tellurium dibromide. (tellurium bromide;
TEG. Abbreviation for tetraethylene glycol and
tellurous bromide). TeBr
2
.
triethylene glycol.
Properties: Blackish-green, crystalline mass or gray
to black needles; very hygroscopic. Mp 210C, bp
339C. Decomposed by water; soluble in ether; violet
“Tego” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for thin tissue
vapor.
impregnated with heat-convertible phenol-formal-
Hazard: As for tellurium.
dehyde resin, supplied in rolls. Produces waterproof
bond with plywood veneers.
tellurium dichloride. (tellurium chloride;
Use: Hot-press bonding of furniture veneers, premi-
tellurous chloride). TeCl
2
.
um wall paneling.
Properties: Amorphous, black mass, greenish-yel-
low when powdered. Decomposed by water. D 6.9,
“Tekflame” [Exxon Chemical
bp 327C, mp 209C.
International]. TM for a firefighting fuel.
Hazard: As for tellurium.
TEL. Abbreviation for tetraethyl lead.
tellurium dioxide. (tellurous acid anhydride).
CAS: 7446-07-3. TeO
2
.
telluric acid. (hydrogen tellurate).
Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder;
CAS: 7803-68-1. H
2
TeO
4
2H
2
OorH
6
TeO
6
.
odorless. D 5.89, mp 733C, bp 1245C. Soluble in
Properties: White, heavy crystals. D 3.07, mp 136C.
concentrated acids, alkalies; slightly soluble in di-
Soluble in hot water and alkalies; slightly soluble in
lute acids, water.
cold water.
Hazard: As for tellurium.
Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on barium tellu-
rate.
tellurium disulfide. (tellurium sulfide). TeS
2
.
Hazard: As for tellurium.
Properties: Red powder, turns in time to a dark-
Use: Chemical reagent.
brown amorphous powder, fuses to gray lustrous
mass. Soluble in alkali sulfides; insoluble in acids,
telluric bromide. See tellurium tetrabromide. water.
1210TELLURIUM LEAD
Hazard: As for tellurium. halogen derivatives of cyanogen, such as cyanogen
chloride, aldehydes, alcohols, and the like.
Radical-forming catalysts, such as organic perox-
tellurium lead. See lead; tellurium.
ides, hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic azo compounds
of the type of azoisobutyric acid nitrile, and redox
tellurium sulfide. See tellurium disulfide.
systems are employed for telomerization reactions.
Telomerization reactions are as a rule carried out at
tellurium tetrabromide. (telluric bromide;
an elevated temperature up to 250 degrees. When
tellurium bromide).
volatile reactants are used, the reaction is carried out
CAS: 10031-27-3. TeBr
4
.
under elevated pressures, i.e., between 20 and 1000
Properties: Yellow crystals. D 4.3, mp 363C, bp
atmospheres.
420C (decomposes into bromine and dibromide).
Soluble in a little water (decomposes in excess
water).
“Telone” [Dow]. TM for fumigants containing
Hazard: As for tellurium.
1,3-dichloropropene and related C
3
hydrocarbons.
tellurous acid. H
2
TeO
3
.
“Tel-Tale” [Grace]. TM for silica gel that is
Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.053, mp
impregnated with cobalt chloride and turns from
40C (decomposes). Soluble in dilute acids, alkalies;
blue to pink as the relative humidity increases.
slightly soluble in water, alcohol.
Hazard: As for tellurium.
TEM. Abbreviation for triethylene melamine.
tellurous acid anhydride. See tellurium di-
temephos. (O,O,O
,O
-tetramethyl-O,O
-thio-
oxide.
di-p-phenylene phosphorothionate).
CAS: 3383-96-8.
tellurous bromide. See tellurium dibromide.
Properties: Mp 30–30.5C.
Use: Larvicide for mosquito and blackfly.
tellurous chloride. See tellurium dichloride.
“Temfibre” [Borregaard]. TM for wood
telodrin. (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-
based chemicals.
tetrahydro-4,7-methanonaphthalan).
CAS: 297-78-9.
Properties: Vap press 3 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in
tempalgin.
acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, fuel oil, tol-
CAS: 39296-38-3.
uene, xylene.
mf: C
13
H
17
N
3
O
4
SC
9
H
17
NOC
7
H
8
O
3
SNa.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
telomer. Polymeric products formed from a tel-
omerization reaction.
temper. To increase the hardness and strength of
a metal by quenching or heat treatment.
telomerase. The enzyme that directs the replica-
tion of telomeres.
temperate phage. A phage whose DNA may be
incorporated into the host-cell genome without be-
telomere. The end of a chromosome. This spe-
ing expressed. Contrast with a virulent phage, which
cialized structure is involved in the replication and
destroys the host cell.
stability of linear DNA molecules.
See DNA replication.
temperature. The thermal state of a body con-
sidered with reference to its ability to communicate
telomerization reactions. In telomerization
heat to other bodies (J. C. Maxwell). There is a
reactions, a polymerizable unsaturated compound
distinction between temperature and heat, as is evi-
(the taxogen) is reacted under polymerization condi-
denced by Helmholtz’s definition of heat as “energy
tions in the presence of radical-forming catalysts or
that is transferred from one body to another by a
promoters with a so-called telogen. During the reac-
thermal process,” whereby a thermal process is
tion, the telogen is split into radicals that attach to the
meant radiation, conduction, and/or convection.
ends of the polymerizing taxogen and in some in-
Temperature is measured by such instruments as
stances add on to the double bond of the taxogen and
thermometers, pyrometers, thermocouples, etc., and
thereby form chains whose terminal groups are
by scales such as centigrade (Celsius), Fahrenheit,
formed of the radicals formed from the telogen.
Rankine, Reaumur, and absolute (Kelvin). See
Organic compounds containing an olefinic double
absolute temperature; thermodynamics.
bond, such as ethylene, propylene, hexene, octene,
or styrene, are normally employed as taxogens.
Many different types of compounds can be em-
template. A macromolecular pattern for the syn-
ployed as telogens, for example, halogenated hydro- thesis of another molecule. For example, DNA is a
carbons, such as chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, template for RNA synthesis.
1211 TERBIUM
“Temprite CPVC” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM TEPP. (ethyl pyrophosphate; tetraethyl pyro-
phosphate).
for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride resins formulated
CAS: 107-49-3. (C
2
H
5
)
4
P
2
O
7
.
for process piping, valves, tanks, ductwork, and
Properties: Water-white to amber liquid depending
protective covers.
on purity; hygroscopic. D 1.20, refr index 1.420, bp
Use: For electrical conductors, residential hot and
(pure compound) 135–138C (1 mm Hg). Miscible
cold water–supply piping.
with water and all organic solvents except aliphatic
hydrocarbons; hydrolyzed in water with formation
tenacity. Strength per unit weight of a fiber or
of mono-, di-, and triethyl orthophosphates; water
filament, expressed as g/denier. It is the rupture load
solutions attack metals; commercial material con-
divided by the linear density of the fiber.
tains 40% TEPP.
See tensile strength; denier.
Derivation: From phosphorus oxychloride and etha-
nol or phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phos-
tenderization. (1) Treatment of meats with UV
phate.
radiation or with certain enzyme preparations to
Grade: 40%.
accelerate softening of the collagen fibers and thus
Hazard: Toxic by skin contact, inhalation, or inges-
reduce the time necessary to “hang” the meat. (2)
tion; rapidly absorbed through skin; repeated expo-
The degradation and mechanical weakening under-
sure may, without symptoms, be increasingly haz-
gone by textile fibers under excessive wet abrasion
ardous; cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be
during laundering.
restricted. TLV: 0.004 ppm. Toxic by skin absorp-
tion.
“Tenox” [Eastman]. TM for food-grade anti-
Use: Insecticide for aphids and mites, rodenticide.
oxidants containing one or more of the following
ingredients: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated
tera-. Prefix meaning 10
12
units (symbol T), 1 Tg
=
hydroxytoluene, and/or propyl gallate with or with-
1 teragram
=
10
12
grams.
out citric acid. Some formulas are supplied in sol-
vents such as propylene glycol.
teratogen. An agent that causes growth abnor-
“Tenox GT-1” [Eastman]. TM for natural
malities in embryos, genetic modifications in cells,
mixed tocopherols.
etc.; ionizing radiation can have this effect.
Use: Antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and ointments.
teratogenic. Substances such as chemicals or
tensile strength. The rupture strength (stress-
radiation that cause abnormal development of an
strain product at break) per unit area of a material
embryo.
subjected to a specified dynamic load; it is usually
See mutatgen.
expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). This defi-
nition applies to elastomeric materials and to certain
terbacil.
metals.
CAS: 5902-51-2. C
9
H
13
ClN
2
O
2
.
See tenacity.
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 175C. Soluble in
dimethylacetamide and cyclohexanone; partially
tension cracking. See stress cracking.
soluble in xylene and butyl acetate.
Use: Herbicide.
tenter. A machine used for holding a processed
fabric taut as it is fed into a wind-up or to a cutter. It
“Terbec” [Dow]. TM for a wet strength impr-
consists of a frame along the inner sides of which
over for soils; based on 4-tert-butylcatechol.
travel continuous chains to which gripping devices
are attached at intervals of a few inches; these may
terbia. See terbium oxide.
be either hooks or clamps of various kinds. As the
fabric moves into the machine, the edges are en-
gaged by the grippers and are automatically released
terbium. Tb. Atomic number 65, group IIIB of
at the end of the frame.
the periodic table, a rare-earth element of the yttrium
subgroup (lanthanide series), aw 158.9254, valences
tepa. (generic name for tris(1-aziridi-
of 3, 4; no stable isotopes.
nyl)phosphine oxide).
Properties: Metallic luster. D 8.332, mp 1356C, bp
See triethylenephosphoramide.
2800C. Reacts slowly with water; soluble in dilute
acids. Salts are colorless, highly reactive, handled in
“Tepidone” [Du Pont]. (C
4
H
9
)
2
NC(S)SNa. inert atmosphere or vacuum.
TM for a water solution of sodium dibutyldithiocar- Source: See rare earths.
bamate. Derivation: Reduction of fluoride with calcium.
Properties: Amber liquid. D 1.08. Grade: Regular, 99.9+% purity (ingots, lumps), sin-
Use: To accelerate vulcanization of natural and syn- gle crystals.
thetic rubber and latex compounds. Use: Phosphor activator, dope for solid-state devices.
1212TERBIUM CHLORIDE
terbium chloride, hexahydrate. terephthalic acid. (p-phthalic acid; TPA;
TbCl
3
6H
2
O.
benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid).
Properties: Transparent, colorless, prismatic crys-
CAS: 100-21-0. C
6
H
4
(COOH)
2
.
tals. D 4.35, mp (anhydrous) 588C, very hygroscop-
Properties: White crystals or powder. D 1.51, sub-
ic. Readily soluble in water or alcohol.
limes above 300C. Insoluble in water, chloroform,
Derivation: By treatment of carbonate or oxide with
ether, acetic acid; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble
hydrochloric acid in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen
in alkalies. Combustible.
chloride.
Derivation: (1) Oxidation of p-xylene or of mixed
xylenes and other alkyl aromatics (phthalic anhy-
dride). (2) Reacting benzene and potassium carbon-
terbium fluoride. TbF
3
2H
2
O.
ate over a cadmium catalyst.
Properties: Solid. Mp 1172C, bp 2280C. Insoluble
Grade: Commercial, fiber.
in water.
Use: Production of linear, crystalline polyester res-
Hazard: Strong irritant.
ins, fibers, and films by combination with glycols;
Use: Source of terbium.
reagent for alkali in wool; additive to poultry feeds.
terbium nitrate. Tb(NO
3
)
3
6H
2
O.
2-terephthaloylbenzoic acid.
Properties: Colorless, monoclinic needles or white
HOOCC
6
H
4
COC
6
H
4
COOH.
powder. Mp 89.3C. Soluble in water.
Properties: White to gray powder. Mp 233–237C.
Derivation: By treatment of oxide, carbonate, or
Use: Chemical intermediate.
hydroxide with nitric acid.
Hazard: Strong oxidant, fire risk in contact with
terephthaloyl chloride. (1,4-benzenedicarbo-
organic materials.
nyl chloride). C
6
H
4
(COCl)
2
.
terbium oxide. (terbia). Tb
2
O
3
.
Properties: Dark-brown powder. Soluble in dilute
acids; slightly hygroscopic, absorbs carbon dioxide
from air.
Derivation: By ignition of hydroxides or salts of
oxy-acids.
Grade: 98–99%.
See rare earth.
terbium sulfate. Tb
2
(SO
4
)
3
8H
2
O.
Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 82–84C, bp
Properties: Colorless crystals. Lose 8H
2
O at 360C.
259C, flash p 356F (180C). Decomposes in water
Soluble in water.
and alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.
Hazard: Skin irritant.
terbufos. (O,O-diethyl-S-(tert-butyl)methyl
Use: Dye manufacture; synthetic fibers, resins, films;
phosphorodithioate).
UV absorption; pharmaceuticals; rubber chemicals;
CAS: 13071-79-9. C
9
H
21
O
2
PS
3
. An ester of phos-
cross-linking agent for polyurethanes and polysul-
phoric acid.
fides.
Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 1.10, bp 70C (0.01
mm Hg), fp 29C, flash p 88C (TOC). Soluble in
“Tergitol” [Dow]. TM for a series of nonionic
alcohol, acetone.
and anionic surfactants.
Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers in water
Use: Soil insecticide.
systems, leveling and spreading agents.
terbutol.
terminal transferase. An enzyme that cata-
CAS: 1918-11-2. mf: C
17
H
27
NO
2
.
lyzes the addition of nucleotide residues of a single
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.
kind to the 3
end of DNA chains. For example,
Use: Agricultural chemical.
polyA synthetase.
termination codons. XH See stop codons.
terebene. A mixture of terpenes, chiefly dipen-
tene and terpinene.
termination factors. (release factors). Pro-
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.862–0.866, inac-
tein factors of the cytoplasm required in releasing a
tive optical rotation, Bp 160–172C. Soluble in alco-
completed polypeptide chain from a ribosome..
hol; insoluble in water.
Derivation: From oil of turpentine.
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by
termination sequence. A DNA sequence that
ingestion and inhalation. appears at the end of a transcriptional unit and sig-
Use: To impart water and oil resistance to cellulosics. nals the end of transcription.
1213 TERPINEOL
ternary. Descriptive of a solution or alloy having Properties: Polymers of -pinene, -pinene, and/or