T. Symbol for (1) tritium; (2) tera-; (3) thymine. hydrocarbons with the same number of carbon

atoms by electrolytic reduction at a lead cathode in

alcoholic sulfuric acid.

2,4,5-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,5-trichlorophenox-

yacetic acid.

Tag Closed Cup. See TCC.

2,4,6-T. Abbreviation for 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

tagetes meal and extract.

Properties: Extracted from the dried ground flower

Ta. Symbol for tantalum.

petals of the Aztec marigold Tagetes erecta L. Mp:

53.5−55.0°. A permissible food additive used to in-

tabun. (dimethylphosphoramidocyanidic acid,

crease the yellow color of the skin and eggs of

ethyl ester).

poultry.

CAS: 77-81-6. (CH

)

NP(O)(C

O)(CN). A nerve

Use: Food additive.

gas.

Properties: Liquid. Fp −50C, bp 240C, flash p 172F

tagged atom. A radioactive isotope used in trac-

(77.7C), d 1.4250 (20/4C). Readily soluble in organ-

ing the behavior of a substance in both biochemical

ic solvents; miscible with water but readily hydro-

and engineering research, e.g., C-14 or I-131.

lyzed; destroyed by bleaching powder, generating

See tracer; label (2).

cyanogen chloride. Combustible.

Hazard: Very toxic by inhalation, cholinesterase in-

Tagliabue Closed Cup. A standard method of

hibitor, a military nerve gas, fatal dose (man) 0.01

determining flash points.

mg/kg.

“TAC” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for tested additive Tagliabue Open Cup A standard method of

chemical items, satisfactory for food additives and determining flash points.

medical uses.

Tag Open Cup. See Tagliabue Open Cup.

tachysterol. C

Properties: Oil; levorotatory. Insoluble in water; sol-

tailings. (1) In flour milling, the product left after

uble in most organic solvents. Protect from air.

grinding and bolting middlings. (2) Impurities re-

Use: Medicine, as the dihydrotachysterol.

maining after the extraction of useful minerals from

an ore. (3) In general, any residue from a mechanical

tackifiers. Refers to compounds used for making

refining or separation process.

an adhesive stickier.

tailored molecule. A molecule that has been

tackiness. (tack). Property of being sticky or

modified chemically to give it certain properties.

adhesive.

tails. Refers to high-boiling impurities that are

taconite. A low-grade iron ore consisting essen-

less volatile than the solvent being distilled.

tially of a mixture of hematite and silica. It contains

25% iron. Found in the Lake Superior district and

talc. (talcum; soapstone; steatite).

western states.

CAS: 14807-96-6.

(OH)

or 3MgO•4SiO

•H

O. A natural hy-

tacrolimus hydrate.

drous magnesium silicate. Compact, massive vari-

CAS: 109581-93-3. mf: C

•H

eties may be called steatite in distinction from the

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

foliated varieties, which are called talc. Soapstone is

an impure variety of steatite.

tacticity. The regularity or symmetry in the mo-

Properties: White, apple-green, gray powder; pearly

lecular arrangement or structure of a polymer mole-

or greasy luster, greasy feel. Mohs hardness 1–1.5

cule. Contrasts with random positioning of substitu-

(may be harder when impure), high resistance to

ent groups along the polymer backbone, or random

acids, alkalies and heat; d 2.7–2.8.

position with respect to one another of successive

Grade: Crude, washed, air-floated, USP, fibrous

atoms in the backbone chain of a polymer molecule.

(99.5%, 99.95%).

See polymer, stereospecific; isotactic.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2 mg/m

, respira-

ble dust; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Tafel rearrangement. Rearrangement of the Use: Ceramics; cosmetics and pharmaceuticals; filler

carbon skeleton of substituted acetoacetic esters to in rubber, paints, soap, putty, plaster, oilcloth;

1202

1203 TANKAGE, GARBAGE

abherent; dusting agent; lubricant; paper; slate pen-

“Tamol 850” [Mid South]. TM for carbox-

ylic homopolymer.

cils and crayons; electrical insulation.

Use: For water treatment, as a scale inhibitor, and

See magnesium silicate.

sludge dispersant.

tall oil. (tallol; liquid rosin). A mixture of rosin

tamuslosin hydrochloride. See r-(−)-5-(2-

acids, fatty acids, and other materials obtained by

((2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propyl)-2.

acid treatment of the alkaline liquors from the dig-

esting (pulping) of pine wood; flash p 360F (182C).

“Tanacol CG” [Sybron]. (isopropylbiphe-

Combustible.

nyl).

Derivation: The spent black liquor from the pulping

CAS: 25640-78-2. TM for solvent.

process is concentrated until the sodium salts

Use: In carbonless-copy-paper systems, replaces

(soaps) of the various acids separate out and are

PCB in capacitors, heat transfer fluid.

skimmed off. These are acidified by sulfuric acid.

Composition and properties vary widely, but aver-

Tanaka, Koichi. (1959– ). Born in Japan, Tana-

age 35–40% rosin acids, 50–60% fatty acids.

ka won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2002 for his

Grade: Crude, refined.

pioneering work concerning the development of

Use: Paint vehicles, source of rosin, alkyd resins,

methods for identification and structure analyses of

soaps, cutting oils and emulsifiers, driers, flotation

biological macromolecules. Tanaka received a de-

agents, oil-well drilling muds, core oils, lubricants

gree in Electrical Engineering from Tohoku Univer-

and greases, asphalt derivatives, rubber reclaiming,

sity and undertakes his research at the Shimadzu

synthesis of cortisone and sex hormones, chemical

Corporation.

intermediates.

“Tanak” MRX [Cytec]. TM for melamine-

tall oil imidazoline.

formaldehyde resin tanning agent used to make

CAS: 61791-36-4.

pure-white leather and for bleaching and filling

Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

chrome leather.

tallow. An animal fat containing C

to C

“Tanamer” [Cytec]. TM for sodium polyacry-

Properties: The solidifying points of the different

late adhesive for use during the drying of leather.

tallows are as follows: from 20–45C for horse fat,

See acrylate.

27–38C for beef tallow, 54–56C for stearin and oleo,

32–41C for mutton tallow; d 0.86; refr index 46–49

“Tandem 552” [ACH]. TM for emulsifiers.

(40C) (Zeiss); iodine value 193–202; flash p 509F

Use: As pan release agents for frozen desserts, ice

(265C). Combustible.

cream, baked goods; antibrowning agent for fresh-

Derivation: Extracted from the solid fat or “suet” of

cut fruits, and vegetable.

cattle, sheep, or horses by dry or wet rendering.

Chief constituents: Stearin, palmitin, and olein.

tandem repeat sequences. Multiple copies of

Grade: Edible; inedible; beef tallow; mutton tallow;

the same base sequence on a chromosome; used as

horse fats; acidless; edible, extra.

markers in physical mapping.

Use: Soap stock, leather dressing, candles, greases,

See physical map.

manufacture of stearic and oleic acids, animal feeds,

abherent in tire molds.

tangerine oil. See citrus peel oil.

tallow oil. See “Peacock” [Pfau].

tankage. (animal tankage; tankage rough am-

moniate). The product obtained in abattoir by-prod-

taloximine hydrochloride.

uct plants from meat scraps and bones, that are

CAS: 20230-77-7. mf: C

•ClH.

boiled under pressure and allowed to settle. The

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

grease is removed from the top and the liquor drawn

off. The scrap is then pressed, dried, and sold for

fertilizer.

“Tamol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for anionic,

Grade: Based on percentage of ammonia and bone

polymer-type dispersing agents. Supplied as light-

phosphate. A medium grade has 10% ammonia and

colored powders or aqueous solutions. Effective dis-

20% bone phosphate. Concentrated tankage has had

persant for aqueous suspensions of insoluble dye-

the boiled-down tank liquor and press water added

stuffs, polymers, clays, tanning agents, and

to it before drying and runs 15–17% ammonia.

pigments.

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.

Use: Manufacture of dyestuff pastes, textile printing

and dyeing, pigment dispersion in textile backings,

latex paints and paper coatings, retanning and

tankage, garbage. (tankage fertilizer). Gar-

bleaching of leather, dye resist in leather dyeing, bage treated with steam under pressure, the water

dispersion of pitch in paper manufacture, prefloc and some of the grease removed by pressing, and

prevention in the manufacture of synthetic rubber. further grease removed by solvent extraction. Con-

1204TANNIC ACID

tains 3–4% ammonia, 2–5% phosphoric acid, and In mineral or chrome tanning, the sulfates of chro-

mium, aluminum, and zirconium are used (the last

0.50–1.00% potash.

two for white leather); here the reaction is of a

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously.

coordination nature between the carboxyl groups of

Use: Fertilizer.

the skin collagen and the metal atom. Syntans are

also used; these are sulfonated phenol or naphthols

tannic acid. (gallotannic acid; described as a

condensed with formaldehyde. Condensation prod-

penta-(m-digalloyl)-glucose).

ucts other than phenol having strong hydrogen-

CAS: 1401-55-4. C

. Natural substance wide-

bonding power have been developed. Tannage by

ly found in nutgalls, tree barks, and other plant parts.

any method is a time-consuming and exacting pro-

Tannins are known to be gallic acid derivatives. A

cess, requiring careful control of pH, temperature,

solution of tannic acid will precipitate albumin. Tan-

humidity, and concentration factors.

nins are classified according to their behavior on dry

For further information refer to Tanners’ Council,

distillation into two groups, (1) condensed tannins,

University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio. See

which yield catechol, and (2) hydrolyzable tannins,

leather.

which yield pyrogallol; (2) comprises two groups on

the basis of its products of hydrolysis, glucose, and

tantalic acid anhydride. See tantalum

(a) ellagic acid or (b) gallic acid.

oxide.

Properties: Lustrous, faintly yellowish, amorphous

powder, glistening scales, or spongy mass; darkens

tantalic chloride. See tantalum chloride.

on exposure to air; odorless; strong, astringent taste.

Mp decomposes at 210C. Soluble in water, alcohol,

tantalite. (Fe, Hg)(TaNb)

. The most impor-

and acetone; almost insoluble in benzene, chloro-

tant ore of tantalum, found in Canada, Africa, Brazil,

form, and ether. Flash p 390F (198C), autoign temp

Malaysia. When niobium content exceeds that of

980F (526C). Combustible.

tantalum, the ore is called columbite.

Derivation: Extraction of powdered nutgalls with

water and alcohol.

tantalum.

Grade: Technical, CP, NF, fluffy, FCC.

CAS: 7440-25-7. Ta. Element of atomic number 73

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

in group VB of the periodic table, aw 180.9479,

Use: Chemicals (tannates, gallic acid, pyrogallic

valences of 2, 3, 5; no stable isotopes.

acid, hydrosols of the noble metals); alcohol denatu-

Properties: (1) Black powder. (2) Steel-blue-colored

rant; tanning; textiles (mordant and fixative); elec-

metal when unpolished, nearly a platinum-white

troplating; galvanoplastics (gelatin precipitant);

color when polished. D (1) 14.491, (2) 16.6 (worked

clarification agent in wine manufacture, brewing

metal), mp 2996C, bp 5425C, tensile strength of

and foods, writing inks; pharmaceuticals; deodori-

drawn wire may be as high as 130,000 psi, refr index

zation of crude oil; photography; paper (sizing, mor-

2.05, expansion coefficient 8 × 10

−6

over range

dant for colored papers); treatment of minor burns.

20–1500C. Electrical resistance 13.6 microhm-cm

(0C), 32.0 (500C). Soluble in fused alkalies; insolu-

tannin. Any of a broad group of plant-derived

ble in acids except hydrofluoric and fuming sulfuric

phenolic compounds characterized by their ability

acids.

to precipitate proteins. Some are more toxic than

Occurrence: Canada, Thailand, Malaysia, Brazil.

others, depending on their source. Those derived

Derivation: From tantalum potassium fluoride by

from nutgalls are believed to be carcinogens, while

heating in an electric furnace, by sodium reduction,

those found in tea and coffee may be virtually non-

or by fused salt electrolysis. The powdered metal is

toxic.

converted to a massive metal by sintering in a vacu-

See tannic acid.

um. Foot-long crystals can be grown by arc fusion.

Corrosion resistance: 99.5% pure tantalum is resis-

tanning. The preservation of hides or skins by use tant to all concentrations of hot and cold sulfuric

of a chemical that (1) makes them immune to bacte- acid (except concentrated boiling), hydrochloric

rial attack; (2) raises the shrinkage temperature; and acid, nitric and acetic acids, hot and cold dilute

(3) prevents the collagen fibers from sticking togeth- sodium hydroxide, all dilutions of hot and cold am-

er on drying, so that the material remains porous, monium hydroxide, mine and seawaters, moist sul-

soft, and flexible. Vegetable tanning is used mostly furous atmospheres, aqueous solutions of chlorine.

for sole and heavy-duty leathers. The chief vegeta- Grade: Powder 99.5% pure, sheet, rods, wire, ultra-

ble tannins are water extracts of special types of pure, single crystals.

wood or bark, especially quebracho and wattle. The Hazard: Dust or powder may be flammable. Toxic

main active constituent is tannic acid. The tannins by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m

penetrate the skin or hides after long periods of Use: Capacitors, chemical equipment, dental and sur-

soaking, during which the molecular aggregates of gical instruments, rectifiers, vacuum tubes, furnace

the tannin form cross-links between the polypeptide components, high-speed tools, catalyst, getter al-

chains of the skin proteins; hydrogen bonding is an loys, sutures and body implants, electronic circuitry,

important factor. thin-film components.

1205 TAR CAMPHOR

tantalum alcoholate. (pentaethoxytantalum). tantalum pentachloride. See tantalum chlo-

Ta.

ride.

Use: Catalyst, intermediate for pure tantalates, pre-

paring thin dielectric films.

tantalum pentoxide. See tantalum oxide.

tantalum carbide. TaC.

tantalum pentafluoride. See tantalum fluo-

Properties: Hard, heavy, refractory, crystalline sol-

ride.

id. Mp 3875C, bp 5500C, d 14.5, hardness 1800 kg/

sq mm, resistivity 30 microohm-cm (room tempera-

tantalum potassium fluoride. (potassium

ture). Extremely resistant to chemical action except

tantalum fluoride; potassium fluotantalate).

at elevated temperature.

CAS: 16924-00-8. K

TaF

Derivation: Tantalum oxide and carbon heated at

Properties: White, silky needles. Slightly soluble in

high temperatures.

cold water; quite soluble in hot water.

Use: Cutting tools and dies, cemented carbide tools.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: Intermediate in preparation of pure tantalum.

tantalum chloride. (tantalic chloride; tanta-

lum pentachloride).

tantiron. A ferrous alloy containing 84.8% iron,

CAS: 7721-01-9. TaCl

13.5% silicon, 1% carbon, 0.4% manganese, 0.18%

Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline powder; highly

phosphorus, 0.05% sulfur. It is resistant to acids.

reactive. Decomposed by moist air. D 3.7, bp 242C,

Use: Chemical equipment.

mp 221C. Soluble in alcohol and potassium hydrox-

ide solution. Keep well stoppered.

tapioca. A product rich in starch, obtained from

Grade: Technical.

the tuberous roots of the cassava plant. It is used both

Use: Chlorination of organic substances, intermedi-

directly as a food and as a thickening agent in emul-

ate, production of pure metal.

sions for food products and industrial applications

(lithographic inks). In many uses it is a satisfactory

substitute for gum arabic.

tantalum disulfide. TaS

Properties: Black powder or crystals. Mp above

3000C. Insoluble in water

TAPPI. Abbreviation for Technical Association

Available forms: 40 micron size.

of the Pulp and Paper Industry.

Use: Solid lubricant.

taq polymerase. A DNA polymerase isolated

from the bacterium Thermophilis aquaticus which is

tantalum fluoride. (tantalum pentafluoride).

very stable to high temperatures. It is used in PCR

CAS: 7783-71-3. TaF

procedures and high temperature sequencing.

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 97C, d 4.74.

Soluble in water and nitric acid.

Use: Catalyst in organic reactions.

tar. See coal tar; cigarette tar; pine tar; tar,

wood.

tantalum nitride. TaN.

tar acid. Any mixture of phenols present in tars

Properties: Hexagonal, brown, bronze, or black

or tar distillates and extractable by caustic soda

crystals. D 16.3, mp 3310–3410C. Insoluble in wa-

solutions. Usually refers to tar acids from coal tar

ter; slightly soluble in aqua regia, nitric acid, hydro-

and includes phenol, cresols, and xylenols. When

gen fluoride.

applied to the products from other tars it should be

Grade: Technical, powder.

qualified by the appropriate prefix, e.g., wood tar

acid, lignite tar acid, etc.

tantalum oxide. (tantalic acid anhydride;

Properties: Soluble in alcohol and coal tar hydrocar-

tantalum pentoxide).

bons. Combustible.

CAS: 1314-61-0. Ta

Grade: 15–18%, 25–28%, and 50–53% phenol.

Properties: Rhombic, crystalline prisms. D 7.6, mp

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

1800C. Insoluble in water and acids except hydro-

absorption; strong irritant to tissue.

gen fluoride.

Use: Wood preservative, insecticide for cattle and

Derivation: From tantalite, by removal of other

sheep dipping (dip oils or sheep dip), manufacture of

metals.

disinfectants.

Grade: Technical, optical (99.995% pure), single

crystals.

tar base. A basic nitrogen compound derived

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

from coal tar, such as pyridine, picoline, lutidine,

Use: Production of tantalum; “rare-element” optical

and quinoline.

glass; intermediate in preparation of tantalum car-

bide; piezoelectric, maser, and laser applications;

dielectric layers in electronic circuits.

tar camphor. See naphthalene.

1206TAR CAMPHOR, CHLORINATED

tar camphor, chlorinated. See chlorona- Use: Paints, waterproofing paper, rubber reclaiming,

phthalene. varnishes, stains, ore flotation, cattle dips, insecti-

cides.

“Tarcel” [Natrochem]. TM for DLC form of

tar, refined. See tar, dehydrated.

“Tarene.”

See “Tarene” [Natrochem].

tar sands. See oil sands.

tar, dehydrated. (tar, refined).

tar soap. Soap containing juniper tar oil.

Properties: Dark-brown, thick, viscid liquid. Com-

bustible.

Derivation: Tar from which the water has been driv-

tartar, cream of. See potassium bitartrate.

en off.

Grade: Technical.

tartar emetic. See antimony potassium tar-

Hazard: Strong irritant, absorbed by skin.

trate.

Use: Waterproofing compounds, roads, medicine.

tartaric acid. (dihydroxysuccinic acid).

tare. (1) The weight of a container, wrapper, or CAS: 87-69-4. HOOC(CH

COOH.

liner that is deducted in determining the net weight Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white,

of a material. (2) A weight used in analytical work to crystalline powder; odorless; acidic taste; stable in

offset the weight of a container. air. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. D 1.76, mp

170C. It has unusual optical properties. The mole-

cule has two asymmetric carbon atoms that result in

“Tarene” [Natrochem]. TM for mixed naval

four isomeric forms, three of which are the natural

D-

stores (pine tar type).

form and the corresponding

L-form, which are opti-

Properties: Dark-brown, viscous liquid. D

cally active, and the inactive meso form:

0.99–1.02, ash 0.5%. Benzene soluble. Combus-

tible.

Use: Plasticizer and softener.

targeted mutagenesis. Deliberate change in

the genetic structure directed at a specific site on the

chromosome. Used in research to determine the tar-

geted region’s function.

See mutation; polymorphism.

The occurrence of some

DL-tartaric acid along with

natural

D-tartaric acid in the wine industry is explained

Tarmac. Proprietary preparation of blast furnace

on the basis of partial racemization. The

L-form is the

slag, refined tar, and other materials.

commercial product.

Use: Road dressing.

Derivation: Occurs naturally in wine lees; made syn-

thetically from maleic anhydride and hydrogen per-

tarnish. A reaction product that occurs readily at

oxide and by an enzymatic reaction with a succinic

room temperature between metallic silver and sulfur

acid derivative.

in any form. The well-known black film that appears

Grade: Technical, CP, crystals, powder, granular,

on silverware results from reaction between atmo-

NF, FCC.

spheric sulfur dioxide and metallic silver, forming

Use: Chemicals (cream of tartar, tartar emetic, acetal-

silver sulfide. It is easily removable with a cleaning

dehyde), sequestrant, tanning, effervescent bever-

compound and is not a true form of corrosion. Plat-

ages, baking powder, fruit esters, ceramics, galva-

ing with a mixture of silver and indium will increase

noplastics, photography (printing and developing,

tarnish resistance. Gold will also tarnish in the pres-

light-sensitive iron salts), textile industry, silvering

ence of a high concentration of sulfur in the environ-

mirrors, coloring metals, acidulant in foods.

ment.

tartrazine. (FD&C Yellow No. 5; (3-car-

tar oil. See creosote; coal tar.

boxy-5-hydroxy)-1-p-sulfophenyl-4-p-sulfopheny-

lazopyrazole trisodium salt; CI 19140).

CAS: 1934-21-0. C

tar oil, wood. (pine tar oil).

Properties: Bright orange-yellow powder. Soluble

Properties: Almost colorless liquid when freshly

in water.

distilled, turns dark reddish-brown; strong odor and

Hazard: An allergen.

taste. D 0.862–0.872. Soluble in ether, chloroform,

Use: Dye, especially for foods, drugs, and cosmetics.

alcohol, and carbon disulfide; flash p 144F (62.2)

(CC). Combustible.

Derivation: Obtained by the destructive distillation

tar, wood. (tar, hardwood).

of the wood of Pinus palustris. Properties: Black, syruplike, viscous fluid.

Method of purification: Rectification. Derivation: A by-product of the destructive distilla-

Grade: Technical, rectified, refined. tion of wood.

1207 TCC

Grade: Technical. (2r,3s)-n-benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. See paclitaxel.

Use: Hardwood pitch, wood creosote, heavy high-

boiling wood oils, wood-preserving oils, paint

taxon. Any named group of organisms, not neces-

thinners. sarily a clade. A taxon may be designated by a Latin

name or by a letter, number, or any other symbol.

taste. See flavor.

taxonomy. The science of naming and classify-

ing organisms.

TATA box. A sequence found in the promoter

(part of the 5

′

flanking region) of many genes. Dele-

taxotere.

tion of this site (the binding site of transcription

CAS: 114977-28-5. mf: C

factor TFIID) causes a marked reduction in tran-

Hazard: A poison. Human systemic effects.

scription, and gives rise to heterogeneous transcrip-

tion initiation sites.

Tb. Symbol for terbium.

Taube, Henry. (1915–2005). A Canadian-born

“TBC” [Reilly]. (tri-n-butyl citrate).

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

CAS: 77-94-1. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-

1983 for his pioneering work in inorganic chemistry

cal coatings, direct food ingredient.

and the study of electron-transfer reactions, particu-

larly of metal complexes. Known as an outstanding

TBDMS chloride. See tert-butylchlorodime-

teacher, he was admired and respected by students

thylsilane.

and colleagues for his work at Stanford University.

TBH. Abbreviation for technical benzene hexa-

taurin. See gracilin.

chloride.

Use: An insecticide.

taurine. (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid).

See 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane.

CAS: 107-35-7. NH

H. A crystallizable

amino acid found in combination with bile acids; its

TBP. Abbreviation for tributyl phosphate.

combination with cholic acid is called taurocholic

acid.

TBSM. See p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene

Properties: Solid. Decomposes at 300C. Soluble in

monomer.

water; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Isolated from ox bile, organic synthesis.

TBT. Abbreviation for tetrabutyl titanate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Biochemical research, pharmaceuticals, wetting

agents.

TBTO. Abbreviation for bis(tributyltinoxide).

TC. Abbreviation for trichloroacetic acid or its

taurocholic acid. (cholaic acid; cholyltau-

sodium salt.

rine).

CAS: 81-24-3. C

S. Occurs as sodium salt in

bile. It is formed by the combination of the sulfur-

Tc. Symbol for technetium.

containing amino acid taurine and cholic acid as the

sodium salt. It aids in digestion and absorption of

TCA cycle. (tricarboxylic acid cycle; Krebs

fats.

cycle; citric acid cycle). A series of enzymatic

Properties: Crystals. Stable in air. Mp 125C (decom-

reactions occurring in living cells of aerobic organ-

poses.) Freely soluble in water; soluble in alcohol,

isms, the net result of which is the conversion of

almost insoluble in ether and ethyl acetate.

pyruvic acid, formed by anaerobic metabolism of

Derivation: Isolation from bile.

carbohydrates, into carbon dioxide and water. The

Use: Biochemical research, emulsifying agent in

metabolic intermediates are degraded by a combina-

foods (not over 0.1%).

tion of decarboxylation and dehydrogenation. It is

the major terminal pathway of oxidation in animal,

bacterial, and plant cells. Recent research indicates

tautomerism. A type of isomerism in which mi-

that the TCA cycle may have predated life on earth

gration of a hydrogen atom results in two or more

and may have provided the pathway for formation of

structures, called tautomers. The two tautomers are

amino acids.

in equilibrium. For example, acetoacetic ester has

the properties of both an unsaturated alcohol and a

ketone. The tautomers are called enol and keto.

TCB. Abbreviation for tetracarboxybutane.

See enol; isomer (1).

TCBO. See trichlorobutylene oxide.

“Taxol.” [Bristol-Myers]. TM for 5-␤,20-ep-

oxy-1,2-␣,4,7-␤,10-␤,13-␣-hexahydroxy-tax-11-

TCC. Abbreviation for Tagliabue closed cup, a

en-9-one 4,10-diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with standard method of determining flash points.

1208TCDD

TCDD. See dioxin. technetium. Tc. Element with atomic number

43, group VIIB of the periodic table, aw 98.9062,

valences of 4, 5, 6, 7; three radioactive isotopes of

TCEO. See epoxy-1,1,2-trichloroethane.

half-life more than 105 years, also several of rela-

tively short half-life, some of which are ␤ emitters.

TCHH. See cyhexatin.

Technetium was first obtained by the deuteron bom-

bardment of molybdenum, but since has been found

TCHTH. See cyhexatin.

in the fission products of uranium and plutonium.

The chemistry of technetium has been studied by

TCP. Abbreviation for tricresyl phosphate.

tracer techniques and is similar to that of rhenium

and manganese. The free metal is obtained from

TCP. See 2-hydroxy-3,5,6-trichloropyridine.

reactor fission products by solvent extraction fol-

lowed by crystallization as ammonium pertechne-

TDE. (generic name for 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-

tate, which is reduced with hydrogen. The metal is

chlorophenyl)ethane; tetrachlorodiphenylethane;

silver-gray in appearance, mp 2200C (4000F), d

DDD).

11.5, slightly magnetic. Compounds of the types

CAS: 72-54-8. (ClC

)

CHCHCl

TcO

,Tc

,NH

TcO

, etc. have been prepared. The

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 109–110C. Solu-

pertechnetate ion has strong anticorrosive proper-

ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water; not com-

ties. Technetium and its alloys are superconductors

patible with alkalies. Combustible.

and can be used to create high-strength magnetic

Derivation: Chlorination of ethanol and condensa-

fields at low temperature. Tc-99 (metastable) is the

tion with chlorobenzene.

most widely used isotope in nuclear medicine.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Metallurgical tracer, cryochemistry, corrosion

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

resistance, nuclear medicine.

absorption; use restricted in some states.

Use: Dusts, emulsions, and wettable powders for

contact control of leaf rollers and other insects.

Technical Association of the Pulp and

Paper Industry. (TAPPI). A professional

TDI. Abbreviation for toluene diisocyanate.

group of scientists devoted to the interests of pulp

and paper chemistry and technology. Founded in

TDP. Abbreviation for 4,4

′

-thiodiphenol.

1915, it has seven sections, each concerned with a

specific phase of the industry. It also has 11 local

TDQP. Abbreviation for trimethyldihydroquino-

sections that hold monthly meetings. The associa-

line polymer.

tion publishes its own journal, as well as industry

data sheets, bibliographies, technical monographs

Te. Symbol for tellurium.

on subjects relating to the paper industry. It estab-

lishes standards of quality and testing procedures.

TEA. (1) Abbreviation for triethanolamine. (2)

The address is Technical Park, P.O. Box 105113,

Abbreviation for triethylaluminum.

Atlanta, GA 30348-5113.

Website: http://www.tappi.org.

TEAC. Abbreviation for tetraethylammonium

chloride.

technology transfer. The process of transfer-

ring scientific findings from research laboratories to

tea catechin. See epigallocatechin 3-gallate.

the commercial sector.

tear resistance. The amount of force necessary

“Tecto” [MSD Agvet]. TM a flowable SC

to cause additional damage, in a cut made in a sam-

fungicide.

ple, by force on the sample, where the force is pri-

marily normal to the plane of the cut.

“Tedlar” [Du Pont]. TM for polyvinylfluor-

tebufenozide.

ide film.

CAS: 112410-23-8. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

TEDP. Abbreviation for tetraethyl dithiopyro-

skin contact.

phosphate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

See sulfotepp.

“TEC” [Reilly]. (triethyl citrate).

CAS: 77-93-0. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-

“Tedur” [Bayer]. TM for polysulfide

cal coatings.

polymers.

Available forms: Glass, mineral, and mineral/glass

techneplex. grades.

CAS: 65454-61-7. mf: C

Tc•Na. Use: Injection molding for high-temperature and per-

Hazard: Moderately toxic. formance electronic and automotive parts.

1209 TELLURIUM DISULFIDE

tefestrol. tellurium.

CAS: 129407-28-9.

CAS: 13494-80-9. Te. A nonmetallic element with

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

many properties similar to selenium and sulfur.

Atomic number 52, group VIA of the period table,

aw 127.60, valences of 2, 4, 6; eight stable isotopes.

“Teflon” [Du Pont]. TM for tetrafluoroethyl-

Properties: Silvery-white, lustrous solid with metal

ene (TFE) fluorocarbon polymers available as

characteristics. D 6.24 g/cc (30C), Mohs hardness

molding and extrusion powders, aqueous disper-

2.3, mp 450C, bp 990C. Soluble in sulfuric acid,

sion, film, finishes, and multifilament yarn or fiber.

nitric acid, potassium hydroxide, and potassium cy-

The name also applies to fluorinated ethylene-pro-

anide solutions; insoluble in water. Imparts garlic-

pylene (FEP) resins available in the same forms. The

like odor to breath, can be depilatory. It is a p-type

no-stick cookware finishes may be of either type.

semiconductor and its conductivity is sensitive to

Fibers are monofilaments made from copolymer of

light exposure.

TFE and FEP.

Source: From anode slime produced in electrolytic

Use: Packing, bearings, filters, electrical insulation,

refining of copper and lead.

high-temperature industrial plastics, cooking uten-

Derivation: Reduction of telluric oxide with sulfur

sils, plumbing sealants, coating glass fiber for archi-

dioxide; by dissolving the oxide in a caustic soda

tectural structure composites, bonding industrial di-

solution and plating out the metal.

amonds to metal in the manufacture of grinding

Grade: Powder, sticks, slabs, and tablets, 99.5%

wheels.

pure, crystals up to 99.999% pure.

See fluorocarbon polymer.

Hazard: (Metal and compounds as tellurium) Toxic

by inhalation. TLV: 0.1 mg(Te)/m

“Teflon EFTE” [Thanavala]. TM for a co-

Use: Alloys (tellurium lead, stainless steel, iron cast-

polymer of etheylene and tetra flouro-ethylene, also

ings), secondary rubber vulcanizing agent, manu-

known as Tefzel.

facture of iron and stainless steel castings, coloring

Use: Non-stick surfaces.

agent in glass and ceramics, thermoelectric devices,

catalysts, with lithium in storage batteries for space-

“Teflon FEP” [Thanavala]. TM for non-

craft.

stick melt and flow system.

Use: During backing to provide non-pourous films.

tellurium bromide. See tellurium dibromide

and tellurium tetrabromide.

“Teflon PTFE” [Thanavala]. TM for a non-

stick double coating (primer, top coat).

tellurium chloride. See tellurium dichloride.

Use: Coating for the highest operating temperatures.

tellurium dibromide. (tellurium bromide;

TEG. Abbreviation for tetraethylene glycol and

tellurous bromide). TeBr

triethylene glycol.

Properties: Blackish-green, crystalline mass or gray

to black needles; very hygroscopic. Mp 210C, bp

339C. Decomposed by water; soluble in ether; violet

“Tego” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for thin tissue

vapor.

impregnated with heat-convertible phenol-formal-

Hazard: As for tellurium.

dehyde resin, supplied in rolls. Produces waterproof

bond with plywood veneers.

tellurium dichloride. (tellurium chloride;

Use: Hot-press bonding of furniture veneers, premi-

tellurous chloride). TeCl

um wall paneling.

Properties: Amorphous, black mass, greenish-yel-

low when powdered. Decomposed by water. D 6.9,

“Tekflame” [Exxon Chemical

bp 327C, mp 209C.

International]. TM for a firefighting fuel.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

TEL. Abbreviation for tetraethyl lead.

tellurium dioxide. (tellurous acid anhydride).

CAS: 7446-07-3. TeO

telluric acid. (hydrogen tellurate).

Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder;

CAS: 7803-68-1. H

TeO

•2H

OorH

TeO

odorless. D 5.89, mp 733C, bp 1245C. Soluble in

Properties: White, heavy crystals. D 3.07, mp 136C.

concentrated acids, alkalies; slightly soluble in di-

Soluble in hot water and alkalies; slightly soluble in

lute acids, water.

cold water.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on barium tellu-

rate.

tellurium disulfide. (tellurium sulfide). TeS

Hazard: As for tellurium.

Properties: Red powder, turns in time to a dark-

Use: Chemical reagent.

brown amorphous powder, fuses to gray lustrous

mass. Soluble in alkali sulfides; insoluble in acids,

telluric bromide. See tellurium tetrabromide. water.

1210TELLURIUM LEAD

Hazard: As for tellurium. halogen derivatives of cyanogen, such as cyanogen

chloride, aldehydes, alcohols, and the like.

Radical-forming catalysts, such as organic perox-

tellurium lead. See lead; tellurium.

ides, hydrogen peroxide, aliphatic azo compounds

of the type of azoisobutyric acid nitrile, and redox

tellurium sulfide. See tellurium disulfide.

systems are employed for telomerization reactions.

Telomerization reactions are as a rule carried out at

tellurium tetrabromide. (telluric bromide;

an elevated temperature up to 250 degrees. When

tellurium bromide).

volatile reactants are used, the reaction is carried out

CAS: 10031-27-3. TeBr

under elevated pressures, i.e., between 20 and 1000

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 4.3, mp 363C, bp

atmospheres.

420C (decomposes into bromine and dibromide).

Soluble in a little water (decomposes in excess

water).

“Telone” [Dow]. TM for fumigants containing

Hazard: As for tellurium.

1,3-dichloropropene and related C

hydrocarbons.

tellurous acid. H

TeO

“Tel-Tale” [Grace]. TM for silica gel that is

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.053, mp

impregnated with cobalt chloride and turns from

40C (decomposes). Soluble in dilute acids, alkalies;

blue to pink as the relative humidity increases.

slightly soluble in water, alcohol.

Hazard: As for tellurium.

TEM. Abbreviation for triethylene melamine.

tellurous acid anhydride. See tellurium di-

temephos. (O,O,O

′

-tetramethyl-O,O

′

-thio-

oxide.

di-p-phenylene phosphorothionate).

CAS: 3383-96-8.

tellurous bromide. See tellurium dibromide.

Properties: Mp 30–30.5C.

Use: Larvicide for mosquito and blackfly.

tellurous chloride. See tellurium dichloride.

“Temfibre” [Borregaard]. TM for wood

telodrin. (1,3,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-3a,4,7,7a-

based chemicals.

tetrahydro-4,7-methanonaphthalan).

CAS: 297-78-9.

Properties: Vap press 3 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in

tempalgin.

acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, fuel oil, tol-

CAS: 39296-38-3.

uene, xylene.

mf: C

S•C

NO•C

S•Na.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

telomer. Polymeric products formed from a tel-

omerization reaction.

temper. To increase the hardness and strength of

a metal by quenching or heat treatment.

telomerase. The enzyme that directs the replica-

tion of telomeres.

temperate phage. A phage whose DNA may be

incorporated into the host-cell genome without be-

telomere. The end of a chromosome. This spe-

ing expressed. Contrast with a virulent phage, which

cialized structure is involved in the replication and

destroys the host cell.

stability of linear DNA molecules.

See DNA replication.

temperature. The thermal state of a body con-

sidered with reference to its ability to communicate

telomerization reactions. In telomerization

heat to other bodies (J. C. Maxwell). There is a

reactions, a polymerizable unsaturated compound

distinction between temperature and heat, as is evi-

(the taxogen) is reacted under polymerization condi-

denced by Helmholtz’s definition of heat as “energy

tions in the presence of radical-forming catalysts or

that is transferred from one body to another by a

promoters with a so-called telogen. During the reac-

thermal process,” whereby a thermal process is

tion, the telogen is split into radicals that attach to the

meant radiation, conduction, and/or convection.

ends of the polymerizing taxogen and in some in-

Temperature is measured by such instruments as

stances add on to the double bond of the taxogen and

thermometers, pyrometers, thermocouples, etc., and

thereby form chains whose terminal groups are

by scales such as centigrade (Celsius), Fahrenheit,

formed of the radicals formed from the telogen.

Rankine, Reaumur, and absolute (Kelvin). See

Organic compounds containing an olefinic double

absolute temperature; thermodynamics.

bond, such as ethylene, propylene, hexene, octene,

or styrene, are normally employed as taxogens.

Many different types of compounds can be em-

template. A macromolecular pattern for the syn-

ployed as telogens, for example, halogenated hydro- thesis of another molecule. For example, DNA is a

carbons, such as chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, template for RNA synthesis.

1211 TERBIUM

“Temprite CPVC” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM TEPP. (ethyl pyrophosphate; tetraethyl pyro-

phosphate).

for chlorinated polyvinyl chloride resins formulated

CAS: 107-49-3. (C

)

for process piping, valves, tanks, ductwork, and

Properties: Water-white to amber liquid depending

protective covers.

on purity; hygroscopic. D 1.20, refr index 1.420, bp

Use: For electrical conductors, residential hot and

(pure compound) 135–138C (1 mm Hg). Miscible

cold water–supply piping.

with water and all organic solvents except aliphatic

hydrocarbons; hydrolyzed in water with formation

tenacity. Strength per unit weight of a fiber or

of mono-, di-, and triethyl orthophosphates; water

filament, expressed as g/denier. It is the rupture load

solutions attack metals; commercial material con-

divided by the linear density of the fiber.

tains 40% TEPP.

See tensile strength; denier.

Derivation: From phosphorus oxychloride and etha-

nol or phosphorus oxychloride and triethyl phos-

tenderization. (1) Treatment of meats with UV

phate.

radiation or with certain enzyme preparations to

Grade: 40%.

accelerate softening of the collagen fibers and thus

Hazard: Toxic by skin contact, inhalation, or inges-

reduce the time necessary to “hang” the meat. (2)

tion; rapidly absorbed through skin; repeated expo-

The degradation and mechanical weakening under-

sure may, without symptoms, be increasingly haz-

gone by textile fibers under excessive wet abrasion

ardous; cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be

during laundering.

restricted. TLV: 0.004 ppm. Toxic by skin absorp-

tion.

“Tenox” [Eastman]. TM for food-grade anti-

Use: Insecticide for aphids and mites, rodenticide.

oxidants containing one or more of the following

ingredients: butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated

tera-. Prefix meaning 10

units (symbol T), 1 Tg

hydroxytoluene, and/or propyl gallate with or with-

1 teragram

grams.

out citric acid. Some formulas are supplied in sol-

vents such as propylene glycol.

teratogen. An agent that causes growth abnor-

“Tenox GT-1” [Eastman]. TM for natural

malities in embryos, genetic modifications in cells,

mixed tocopherols.

etc.; ionizing radiation can have this effect.

Use: Antioxidant in foods, cosmetics, and ointments.

teratogenic. Substances such as chemicals or

tensile strength. The rupture strength (stress-

radiation that cause abnormal development of an

strain product at break) per unit area of a material

embryo.

subjected to a specified dynamic load; it is usually

See mutatgen.

expressed in pounds per square inch (psi). This defi-

nition applies to elastomeric materials and to certain

terbacil.

metals.

CAS: 5902-51-2. C

ClN

See tenacity.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 175C. Soluble in

dimethylacetamide and cyclohexanone; partially

tension cracking. See stress cracking.

soluble in xylene and butyl acetate.

Use: Herbicide.

tenter. A machine used for holding a processed

fabric taut as it is fed into a wind-up or to a cutter. It

“Terbec” [Dow]. TM for a wet strength impr-

consists of a frame along the inner sides of which

over for soils; based on 4-tert-butylcatechol.

travel continuous chains to which gripping devices

are attached at intervals of a few inches; these may

terbia. See terbium oxide.

be either hooks or clamps of various kinds. As the

fabric moves into the machine, the edges are en-

gaged by the grippers and are automatically released

terbium. Tb. Atomic number 65, group IIIB of

at the end of the frame.

the periodic table, a rare-earth element of the yttrium

subgroup (lanthanide series), aw 158.9254, valences

tepa. (generic name for tris(1-aziridi-

of 3, 4; no stable isotopes.

nyl)phosphine oxide).

Properties: Metallic luster. D 8.332, mp 1356C, bp

See triethylenephosphoramide.

2800C. Reacts slowly with water; soluble in dilute

acids. Salts are colorless, highly reactive, handled in

“Tepidone” [Du Pont]. (C

)

NC(S)SNa. inert atmosphere or vacuum.

TM for a water solution of sodium dibutyldithiocar- Source: See rare earths.

bamate. Derivation: Reduction of fluoride with calcium.

Properties: Amber liquid. D 1.08. Grade: Regular, 99.9+% purity (ingots, lumps), sin-

Use: To accelerate vulcanization of natural and syn- gle crystals.

thetic rubber and latex compounds. Use: Phosphor activator, dope for solid-state devices.

1212TERBIUM CHLORIDE

terbium chloride, hexahydrate. terephthalic acid. (p-phthalic acid; TPA;

TbCl

•6H

benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid).

Properties: Transparent, colorless, prismatic crys-

CAS: 100-21-0. C

(COOH)

tals. D 4.35, mp (anhydrous) 588C, very hygroscop-

Properties: White crystals or powder. D 1.51, sub-

ic. Readily soluble in water or alcohol.

limes above 300C. Insoluble in water, chloroform,

Derivation: By treatment of carbonate or oxide with

ether, acetic acid; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble

hydrochloric acid in an atmosphere of dry hydrogen

in alkalies. Combustible.

chloride.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of p-xylene or of mixed

xylenes and other alkyl aromatics (phthalic anhy-

dride). (2) Reacting benzene and potassium carbon-

terbium fluoride. TbF

•2H

ate over a cadmium catalyst.

Properties: Solid. Mp 1172C, bp 2280C. Insoluble

Grade: Commercial, fiber.

in water.

Use: Production of linear, crystalline polyester res-

Hazard: Strong irritant.

ins, fibers, and films by combination with glycols;

Use: Source of terbium.

reagent for alkali in wool; additive to poultry feeds.

terbium nitrate. Tb(NO

)

•6H

2-terephthaloylbenzoic acid.

Properties: Colorless, monoclinic needles or white

HOOCC

COC

COOH.

powder. Mp 89.3C. Soluble in water.

Properties: White to gray powder. Mp 233–237C.

Derivation: By treatment of oxide, carbonate, or

Use: Chemical intermediate.

hydroxide with nitric acid.

Hazard: Strong oxidant, fire risk in contact with

terephthaloyl chloride. (1,4-benzenedicarbo-

organic materials.

nyl chloride). C

(COCl)

terbium oxide. (terbia). Tb

Properties: Dark-brown powder. Soluble in dilute

acids; slightly hygroscopic, absorbs carbon dioxide

from air.

Derivation: By ignition of hydroxides or salts of

oxy-acids.

Grade: 98–99%.

See rare earth.

terbium sulfate. Tb

(SO

)

•8H

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 82–84C, bp

Properties: Colorless crystals. Lose 8H

O at 360C.

259C, flash p 356F (180C). Decomposes in water

Soluble in water.

and alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

terbufos. (O,O-diethyl-S-(tert-butyl)methyl

Use: Dye manufacture; synthetic fibers, resins, films;

phosphorodithioate).

UV absorption; pharmaceuticals; rubber chemicals;

CAS: 13071-79-9. C

. An ester of phos-

cross-linking agent for polyurethanes and polysul-

phoric acid.

fides.

Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 1.10, bp 70C (0.01

mm Hg), fp −29C, flash p 88C (TOC). Soluble in

“Tergitol” [Dow]. TM for a series of nonionic

alcohol, acetone.

and anionic surfactants.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers in water

Use: Soil insecticide.

systems, leveling and spreading agents.

terbutol.

terminal transferase. An enzyme that cata-

CAS: 1918-11-2. mf: C

lyzes the addition of nucleotide residues of a single

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

kind to the 3

′

end of DNA chains. For example,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

polyA synthetase.

termination codons. XH See stop codons.

terebene. A mixture of terpenes, chiefly dipen-

tene and terpinene.

termination factors. (release factors). Pro-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.862–0.866, inac-

tein factors of the cytoplasm required in releasing a

tive optical rotation, Bp 160–172C. Soluble in alco-

completed polypeptide chain from a ribosome..

hol; insoluble in water.

Derivation: From oil of turpentine.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

termination sequence. A DNA sequence that

ingestion and inhalation. appears at the end of a transcriptional unit and sig-

Use: To impart water and oil resistance to cellulosics. nals the end of transcription.

1213 TERPINEOL

ternary. Descriptive of a solution or alloy having Properties: Polymers of ␣-pinene, ␤-pinene, and/or