S. Symbol for sulfur. monia, is converted into o-toluenesulfamide. This is

oxidized with permanganate, treated with acid, and

saccharin crystallized out. In food formulations,

S. See Svedberg.

saccharin is used in the form of its sodium and

calcium salts. Sodium bicarbonate is added to pro-

S. (S).

vide water solubility.

See entropy.

Grade: Commercial, CP, USP, FCC.

Hazard: The National Academy of Sciences has

Sabatier, Paul. (1854–1941). A French chemist

stated that saccharin is a weak carcinogen in animals

who received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1912

and a potential human carcinogen. Products contain-

along with Victor Grignard. His work involved the

ing it must have a warning label.

behavior of oxides as oxidizing catalysts and as

agents for dehydrating and dehydrogenating. He

saccharin ammonium. See ammonium sac-

received his Ph.D. in Nimes, France, and went on to

charin.

become lecturer and faculty member in Toulouse,

France.

saccharolactic acid. See mucic acid.

Sabatier-Senderens reduction. Catalytic hy-

saccharose. See sucrose, carbohydrate.

drogenation of organic compounds in the vapor

phase by passage over hot, finely divided nickel (the

saccharose unit. See carbohydrate.

oldest of all hydrogenation methods).

Sachsse process. See BASF process.

D-saccharic acid. (2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexa-

nedioic acid; tetrahydroxyadipic acid).

“SACI” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for a

COOH(CH

COOH. The 1,6-dicarboxylic acid

rust-, and corrosion-preventive product effective in

formed by the oxidation of D-glucose.

coatings as thin as 0.5 mil.

Properties: White needles or syrup. Mp 125–126C

with decomposition. Very soluble in water, alcohol,

S acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid).

or ether; deliquescent. Combustible.

Properties: Gray needles, white when pure. Slightly

Derivation: Oxidation of cane sugar, glucose, starch

soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and ether.

by nitric acid.

Derivation: Fusion of 1-naphthylamine-4,8-disul-

fonic acid with sodium hydroxide.

saccharification. Conversion of wood and other

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

cellulosics (biomass) to glucose by acid hydrolysis

or enzymic hydrolysis. An experimental method

2S acid. See Chicago acid.

using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with vacuum

distillation is under development.

sacrificial protection. The preferential corro-

sion of a metal coating for the sake of protecting the

saccharin. (o-benzosulfimide; gluside; ben-

substrate metal. For example, when zinc is in contact

zoylsulfonic imide).

with a more noble (less reactive) metal in the elec-

CAS: 81-07-2. The anhydride of o-sulfimide benzo-

tromotive series, such as steel, a galvanic cell is

ic acid. A nonnutritive sweetener.

created in which electric current will flow in the

presence of an electrolyte. Atmospherically conta-

minated moisture constitutes the electrolyte. Under

these conditions, the zinc coating rather than the

steel is affected. Thus, galvanic protection with zinc

is sometimes called sacrificial protection.

See galvanizing.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; exceedingly

sweet taste (500 times that of sucrose). Mp

S-adenosylmethionine. (adoMet; SAM). An

226–230C. Soluble in amyl acetate, ethyl acetate,

enzymatic cofactor involved in methyl group

benzene, and alcohol; slightly soluble in water, chlo-

transfers.

roform, and ether.

Derivation: A mixture of toluenesulfonic acids is

converted into the sodium salt then distilled with

SAE. Abbreviation for Society of Automotive

phosphorus trichloride and chlorine to obtain the o- Engineers. The initials are applied to its specifica-

toluene sulfonyl chloride which, by means of am- tions and tests for motor fuels, oils, and steels.

1102

1103 SALICIN

SAE steel. A grade or type of steel indicated by a Saffil. TM for a group of synthetic inorganic fi-

bers made from alumina and zirconia.

number system; they are principally plain carbon

and of low to medium alloy content, used primarily

in machine parts. The first two numerals designate

safflower oil. Drying oil from safflower (cartha-

either plain carbon or the alloy grouping and quanti- mus) seed, somewhat similar to linseed oil. It is

ty, and the last two the mean carbon content in nonyellowing. Contains 78% linoleic acid (unsatu-

hundredths of 1%. Thus, 10 indicates carbon steels, rated fatty acid).

13 manganese steels; 40 and 44, molybdenum steels Properties: Straw-colored liquid. D 0.923–0.927

(the latter of higher alloy content); 50 and 51, chro- (25/25C), refr index 1.4740–1.4745 (25C), acid val-

mium steels (the latter of higher alloy content); 41, ue 0.6–1.5, iodine no. 140–152, saponification no.

chromium-molybdenum; 61, chromium-vanadium; 186–193, unsaponifiable 0.3–1.0%. Combustible.

92, silicon and silicon-chromium; 46 and 48, nickel- Derivation: Hydraulic or solvent extraction of seeds.

molybdenum (the latter of higher nickel content); Use: Alkyd resins, paints, varnishes, medicine, die-

and 81, 94, 86, 87, 88, 47, 43, and 93, nickel-chromi- tetic foods, margarine, hydrogenated shortening.

um-molybdenum in the order of increasing alloy

content. The letter B between the first two and last

saffron.

two numerals indicates the presence of boron in

Properties: From the dried stigma of Ceocus saffron

amounts of 0.0005–0.003% as a depth-hardening

addition.

Use: Food additive.

“Saflex” [Solutia]. TM for polyvinyl butyral

SAF black. Abbreviation for super-abrasion

adhesive film supplied in clear, translucent, tinted,

furnace black.

or graduated color, for the plastic interlayer in safety

glass.

safety engineering. Application of engineering

principles to chemical plant safety by professionally

safranine. A family of dyes, some of which are

trained personnel. Following is a checklist of the

useful as biological stains, based on phenazine, hav-

more important items.

ing CI Nos. 50200–50375

(1) Plant construction: separate buildings or outdoor

location of hazardous reaction vessels, storage

safrole. (4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene).

tanks, etc.; interior fire walls and doors, exterior

CAS: 94-59-7. C

blow-out walls, sprinkler systems, enclosed stair-

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow oil. The odor-

ways, explosion vents and safety valves, scram

giving constituent of sassafras, camphorwood, and

alarm systems, color-coded pipelines.

other oils. D 1.100–1.107 (15C), mp 11C, bp 233C,

(2) Fire and explosion prevention, dust control,

optical rotation −0 degrees 30 minutes (15C), refr

proper storage of flammable liquids, grounding of

index 1.5363–1.5385 (20C). Soluble in alcohol;

electrical equipment, accessibility of extinguishers

slightly soluble in propylene glycol; insoluble in

and hose lines, leak detection of reaction vessels,

water and glycerol.

adequate ventilation of storage rooms, accumulation

Derivation: From oil of sassafras or camphor oil.

of solid wastes, static spark control (metal-free

Method of purification: Rectification or freezing.

shoes, static bars on friction-generating machinery).

Grade: Technical.

(3) Toxic hazards: workroom concentration of toxic

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, may not be used in food

agents must conform to OSHA and ACGIH toler-

products (FDA), a carcinogen.

ances.

Use: Perfumery and soaps, manufacture of heliotro-

(4) Protective equipment: goggles and gloves, acid-

pin, medicine (antiseptic).

proof clothing, face masks and respirators, lifelines,

eye-wash fountains, flooding showers. For hot labs

“SAG” [Dow]. TM for silicone defoamers used

and plants handling radioactive materials; decon-

in many industrial and chemical processes.

tamination equipment, glove boxes, and remote-

control devices.

(5) Accident prevention: emergency shutoffs on ma-

sage oil. A yellow to green essential oil used in

chines with moving parts; housing on gears, lathes, perfumery and flavoring; dextrorotatory. There are

rotors, etc.; operator-restraining devices; proper two varieties (Clary and Dalmatian) which have

handling of chain hoists, carton stackers, pallets; different constituents.

training personnel in safety practice.

SAIB. Abbreviation for sucrose acetate isobuty-

rate.

safety glass. (shatterproof glass). A composite

or laminate consisting of two sheets of plate glass

sal ammoniac. See ammonium chloride.

with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral. The plastic is

bonded to the glass such that shattering on impact is

virtually eliminated. Required for automobile wind-

salicin. (salicyl alcohol glucoside).

shields, also used for bulletproof glass, train win- HOCH

. A glucoside obtained from

dows, etc. several species of Salix and Populus.

1104SALICYLAL

Properties: Colorless crystals or white powder. Mp ly soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, ether,

199–202C, d 1.43. Soluble in water, alcohol, alka-

chloroform and benzene.

lies, glacial acetic acid; insoluble in ether.

Grade: NF.

Use: Medicine (analgesic), reagent for nitric acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin.

Use: Fungicide, slimicide, antimildew agent, inter-

mediate.

salicylal. See salicylaldehyde.

salicylic acid. (o-hydroxybenzoic acid).

salicyl alcohol. (o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; ␣-

CAS: 69-72-7. C

(OH)(COOH).

2-dihydroxytoluene; saligenin).

CAS: 90-01-7. HOC

OH.

Properties: White crystals; pungent taste. Mp

86–87C, d 1.16, sublimes at 100C. Very soluble in

alcohol, chloroform, ether; soluble in propylene gly-

col, benzene, and fixed oils; sparingly soluble in

cold water; soluble in hot water. Combustible.

Properties: White powder; acrid taste. Stable in air

Derivation: Hydrolysis of salicin, heating phenol

but gradually discolored by light, d 1.443 (20/4C),

and methylene chloride with caustic.

mp 158–161C, bp 211C (20 mm Hg), sublimes at

Use: Medicine (local anesthetic).

76C. Soluble in acetone, oil of turpentine, alcohol,

ether, benzene; slightly soluble in water. Combus-

salicyl alcohol glucoside. See salicin.

tible.

Derivation: Reacting a hot solution of sodium phe-

salicylaldehyde. (salicylal; salicylic aldehyde;

nolate with carbon dioxide and acidifying the sodi-

o-hydroxybenzaldehyde).

um salt thus formed.

CAS: 90-02-8. C

OHCHO.

Grade: Technical, USP, crude.

Hazard: Dust forms explosive mixture in air. Toxic

by ingestion.

Use: Manufacture of aspirin and salicylates, resins,

dyestuff intermediate, prevulcanization inhibitor,

analytical reagent, fungicide.

salicylic acid, bismuth basic salt.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid or dark-red oil;

CAS: 14882-18-9. mf: C

BiO

bitter, almondlike odor; burning taste. D

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Human systemic

1.165–1.172, fp −7C, bp 196C, flash p 172F

effects.

(77.7C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene;

Use: Agricultural chemical.

slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Interaction of phenol and chloroform in

salicylic acid dipropylene glycol

presence of aqueous alkali.

monoester. See dipropylene glycol mono-

Use: Analytical chemistry, perfumery (violet), syn-

salicylate.

thesis of coumarin, auxiliary fumigant, flavoring.

salicylic aldehyde. See salicylaldehyde.

salicylaldehyde dimethyl acetal carbamate.

CAS: 6884-59-9. mf: C

salicyloyloxytributylstannane.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 4342-30-7. mf: C

Sn.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Tributyl tin com-

pounds are extremely toxic to marine life. TWA 0.1

salicylamide. (o-hydroxybenzamide).

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 65-45-2. C

(OH)CONH

Properties: White or slightly pink crystals. Mp

saligenin. (salicyl alcohol). C

(OH)CH

OH.

139–142C, bp decomposes at 270C. Soluble in hot

Use: Treatment for rheumatism.

water, alcohol, ether, chloroform; slightly soluble in

cold water, naphtha, and carbon tetrachloride.

saligenin cyclic phenyl phosphate.

Derivation: Treatment of methyl salicylate with dry

CAS: 4081-23-6. mf: C

ammonia gas.

Hazard: A poison.

Grade: Technical, NF.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Medicine (analgesic).

saline water. See brine; ocean water.

salicylanilide.

CAS: 87-17-2. HOC

CONHC

. salinity. The saltiness of natural water. The salini-

Properties: Odorless, white, or slightly pink crystals. ty of normal seawater is 35 parts salt per 1000 parts

Mp 136–138C, bp decomposes, stable in air. Slight- water.

1105 SAMARIUM OXIDE

salinomycin. sodium chloride) to an aqueous solution of the sub-

CAS: 53003-10-4. mf: C

stance. Ions of the dissolved salt attract and hold

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 112.5−113.5°.

water molecules, thus making them less free to react

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

with the solute. The result of this is to decrease the

solublility of the solute molecules with consequent

salmine. A protein specific to the salmon.

separation or precipitation. Colloidal suspensions of

Use: Nutritional and biochemical research.

proteins, soaps, and similar substances are precipi-

tated in this way.

salol. See phenyl salicylate.

salt, molten. See fused salt.

saloquinine. (salicyl quinine.)

HOC

COOC

salt of tartar. See acid potassium tartrate.

Use: Antipyretic, antiperiodic.

saltpeter. See niter, potassium nitrate.

sal soda. (washing soda; sodium carbonate

decahydrate). Na

•10H

salt, rock. See sodium chloride.

Properties: White crystals. D 1.44, mp 32.5–34.5C

(loses water at this temperature). Easily soluble in

salts of fatty acids.

water; insoluble in alcohol. A pure form of sodium

Properties: Consists of aluminum, calcium, magne-

carbonate (soda ash).

sium, potassium, and sodium salts of capric, capryl-

Use: Washing textiles, bleaching linen and cotton,

ic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids

general cleanser.

manufactured from fats and oils derived from edible

sources.

salt. (1) The compound formed when the hydro-

Use: Food additive.

gen of an acid is replaced by a metal or its equivalent

(e.g., an NH

radical). Example:

salvage pathway. Synthesis of a biomolecule

HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H

from intermediates in the degradative pathway for

This is typical of the general rule that the reaction of

the biomolecule; a recycling pathway, as distinct

an acid and a base yields a salt and water. Most

from a de novo pathway.

inorganic salts ionize in water solution.

(2) Common salt, sodium chloride, occurs widely in

salvarsan. (dihydroxydiaminoarsenobenzene

nature, both as deposits left by ancient seas and in

dihydrochloride). C

•2H

the ocean, where its average concentration is 2.6%.

Use: To treat syphilis.

See sodium chloride; soap.

salvia oil. The Dalmatian variety of sage oil.

salt bath. A molten mixture of sodium, potassi-

um, barium, and calcium chlorides or nitrates to

SAM. See S-adenosylmethionine.

which sodium carbonate and sodium cyanide are

sometimes added. Used for hardening and temper-

samarium. Sm. A rare-earth metal of the lan-

ing of metals and for annealing both ferrous and

thanide group (group IIIB of the periodic table),

nonferrous metals. Temperatures used may be as

atomic number 62, aw 150.4; valences

2, 3; seven

high as 1315C for hardening high-speed steels.

stable isotopes.

Commercial mixtures are available for a variety of

Properties: Hard, brittle metal that quickly develops

specifications.

an oxide film in air. An active reducing agent. Ig-

See fused salt.

nites at 150C, liberates hydrogen from water. D

7.53, mp 1072C, bp 1900C, hardness similar to iron,

salt bridge. An ionic bond between charged

high neutron absorption capacity. Combustible.

groups that are part of larger covalent structures; salt

Occurrence: Australia, Brazil, southeastern U.S.,

bridges occur in many proteins.

South Africa; also from bastnasite ore in California.

Derivation: Reduction of the oxide with barium or

salt cake. Impure sodium sulfate (90–99%).

lanthanum.

Properties: For properties and derivation see sodium

Use: Neutron absorber, dopant for laser crystals, met-

sulfate.

allurgical research, permanent magnets.

Grade: Technical, glassmakers’ (iron-free).

Use: Paper pulp, detergents and soaps, plate and

samarium chloride. SmCl

•6H

window glass, sodium salts, ceramic glazes, dyes.

Properties: Faintly yellow, hygroscopic crystals. D

See sodium sulfate.

2.383. Loses 5H

O at 110C. Soluble in water.

Derivation: By treating the carbonate or oxide with

salt, fused. See fused salt.

hydrochloric acid.

salting out. Reduction in the water solubility of samarium oxide. Sm

an organic solid or liquid by adding a salt (usually Properties: Cream-colored powder. D 8.347, mp

1106SAMPLING

2300C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids. Absorbs

sandstone. A siliciclastic sedimentary rock con-

moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.

sisting primarily of sand, usually sand that is pre-

Use: Catalyst in the dehydrogenation of ethanol, inf-

dominantly quartz.

rared-absorbing glass, neutron absorber, prepara-

tion of samarium salts.

sandwich molecule. See metallocene; ferro-

cene.

sampling. The methods and the techniques used

in obtaining representative test samples of quantity

Sanger, Frederick. (1918– ). An English bio-

lots of raw materials, semiprocessed work, and fin-

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

ished product for production and quality control.

1958. His research was on protein structure. He

Rules for sampling procedures for both solid and

identified the amino acid sequence of the protein

liquid materials have been established by the Na-

insulin. His Ph.D. was awarded from Cambridge

tional Cottonseed Products Association, Memphis,

University.

TN and by the National Institute of Oilseed Prod-

ucts, San Francisco, CA. The techniques of physical

Sanger sequencing. A widely used method of

sampling are one application of statistical quality

determining the order of bases in DNA.

control.

See sequencing; shotgun sequencing.

SAN. Abbreviation for styrene-acrylonitrile poly-

sanguinarine hydrochloride.

mer.

CAS: 5578-73-4. mf: C

•Cl.

See polystyrene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

sand. Sediment particulates ranging in size from

sanitizer. A special class of disinfectant designed

1/16 to 2 mm.

for use on food-processing equipment, dairy uten-

See silica.

sils, dishes, and glassware in restaurants. Among

them are the hypochlorites, chloramines, and other

sandalwood oil. (santal oil). A pale-yellow,

organic, chlorine-liberating compounds, and quater-

essential oil; strongly levorotatory.

nary ammonium compounds, many of which are

Use: In fragrances, perfumes, and flavoring.

proprietary.

See antiseptic; disinfectant.

sandalwood oil, West Indian oil. See

amyris oil, West Indian type.

santal oil. See sandalwood oil.

sandarac. A natural resin obtained from Moroc-

santalol.

co. Its commercial form is yellow, brittle, amor-

CAS: (␣) 8006-87-9. C

O. A sesquiterpene al-

phous lumps or powder; soluble in alcohol; insolu-

cohol.

ble in benzene and water.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor of oil of sandal-

Use: Special types of varnishes and lacquers.

wood. D 0.971–0.973, refr index 1.504–1.508, bp

300C. Soluble in three parts of 70% alcohol; insolu-

sand casting. See foundry sand.

ble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: From sandalwood oil.

Sandmeyer diphenylurea isatin synthesis.

Use: Perfumery.

Formation of a cyanoformamidine by treatment

of a symmetrical diphenylthiourea with potassium

santalyl acetate. Acetic acid ester of a mixture

cyanide in alcohol containing lead carbonate, reduc-

of ␣- and ␤-santalols.

tion with ammonium sulfide, and ring closure with

Properties: Colorless liquid; light odor of sandal-

concentrated sulfuric acid to isatin-2-anil; also

wood. D 0.982–0.985, refr index 1.487–1.492.

formed smoothly by ring closure of the cyanofor-

Derivation: Treatment of sandalwood oil or santalol

mamidine with aluminum chloride in benzene or

with acetic anhydride.

carbon disulfide.

Use: Perfumery.

Sandmeyer isonitrosoacetanilide isatin

“Santicizer” [Solutia]. TM for a series of plas-

synthesis. Formation of isonitrosoacetodi-

ticizers, including various sulfonamides, phthalates,

phenylamidine by condensation of chloral hydrate,

and glycollates.

hydroxylamine, and aniline; cyclization with con-

centrated sulfuric acid; and quantitative hydrolysis

to isatin on dilution.

“Santicizer 141” [Solutia]. TM for an alkyla-

ryl phosphate ester plasticizer.

Sandmeyer reaction. Replacement of diazoni- Properties: Clear, oily liquid.

um groups in aromatic compounds by halo or cyano Use: Imparts flame resistance, good low temperature

groups in the presence of cuprous salts, copper pow- properties, light and weathering stability, and stabil-

der, or cupric salts. ity in vinyls.

1107 SARCOSINE

“Santicizer 148” [Solutia]. (alkyl diaryl loids. They also have the ability to hemolyze red

phosphate ester). TM for a flexible, processable,

blood corpuscles at very great dilutions. The two

and compatible flame-retardant plasticizer.

groups are triterpenoid and steroid saponins; the

Properties: Clear liquid.

latter are used in research on sex hormones.

Use: For vinyl and nonvinyl resins.

(2) Specific term refers to saponin derived from

Saponaria or Quillaja.

“Santochlor” [Solutia]. (p-dichlorobenzene).

Properties: White, amorphous glucoside; pungent,

CAS: 106-46-7. TM for moth- and mildew-control

disagreeable taste and odor. It foams strongly when

agents.

shaken with water. Soluble in water.

Use: For space deodorants.

Grade: Crude, purified, highest purity.

Hazard: Highly toxic by injection; destroys red

blood cells. Moderately toxic by ingestion.

“Santocure” [Solutia]. TM for a series of ac-

Use: Foam producer in fire extinguishers, detergent

celerators for natural and synthetic rubbers.

in textile industries, sizing, substitute for soap,

emulsification agent for fats and oils.

“Santoflex” [Solutia]. TM for a series of rub-

ber antioxidants and antiozonants.

sapphire. (Al

). Synthetic sapphire is made by

␣-santonin.

crystal-growing techniques.

CAS: 481-06-1. C

. A tricyclic structure.

Properties: Hard, crystalline solid. D 3.98, Mohs

Properties: White powder turning yellow on expo-

hardness 9.0, mp 2040C, dielectric strength 480 kV/

sure to light; odorless; tasteless at first, then bitter. D

cm, dielectric constant 9.0 (20C), coefficient of fric-

1.187, mp 170–173C, bp sublimes, specific rotation

tion 0.05 micron, inert to strong acids and alkalies,

−170 to −175 degrees (2 g/100 mL alcohol). Soluble

excellent high-temperature stability. Can be sealed

in chloroform, alcohol, and most volatile and fatty

to glass. High transmission in infrared and ultravi-

oils; very slightly soluble in water; solutions are

olet.

levorotatory.

Available forms: Rods, spheres, disks, whiskers,

Derivation: By extraction from Artemisia.

single crystals.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, affects color vision.

Use: Electron and microwave tubes, optical elements

Grade: Technical.

in radiation detectors, substrate for thin-film compo-

Use: Medicine (anthelmintic).

nents and integrated circuits, abrasive, record nee-

dles, precision instrument bearings, aluminum com-

“Santoquin” [Solutia]. TM for ethoxyquin.

posites, micromortars for hand-pulverizing

Use: Antioxidant in animal feeds and dehydrated

chemicals.

forage crops.

See corundum.

“Santovar A” [Solutia]. TM for 2,5-di-tert-

saquinavir mesylate. See fortovase.

amylhydro-quinone.

saran. See polyvinylidene chloride; saran

“Santowax” R [Solutia]. TM for mixed ter-

fiber.

phenyls. Yellowish-white, noncrystalline, flaked

solid.

saran fiber. Generic name for a manufactured

Use: Extender for polystyrene.

fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any

long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least

saponification. The chemical reaction in which

80% by weight of vinylidene chloride units

an ester is heated with aqueous alkali such as sodium

(−CH

CCl

−) (Federal Trade Commission).

hydroxide to form an alcohol (usually glycerol) and

Properties: Tenacity 2–2.5 g/denier, elongation

the sodium salt of the acid corresponding to the

15–30%, softens at 115–137C. Highly resistant to

ester. The process is usually carried out on fats

most chemicals and solvents, weather, moths, and

(glyceryl esters of fatty acids). The sodium salt

mildew. Combustible but self-extinguishing.

formed is called a soap. A typical saponification

Use: Screens, upholstery, curtain and drapery fabrics,

reaction is (C

COO)

+ 3NaOH →

rugs and carpets, awnings, filter cloth.

COONa + C

(OH)

See polyvinylidene chloride.

See soap.

sarcolysin. See melphalan.

saponification number. The number of milli-

grams of potassium hydroxide required to hydrolyze

sarcomere. A functional and structural unit of

1 g of a sample of an ester (glyceride, fat) or mixture.

the muscle contractile system.

saponin. (1) A general term applied to two groups

of plant glycosides that on shaking with water form

sarcosine. (methyl glycocoll; methylaminoa-

colloidal solutions giving soapy lathers; they form cetic acid). CH

NHCH

COOH.

oil/ester emulsions and are used as protective col- Properties: Deliquescent crystals;sweet taste. Mp

1108SARDINE OIL

210–215C (decomposes). Very soluble in water; quantity of dissolved matter at a given temperature.

slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible. See unsaturation; solubility (true); supersaturation.

Derivation: Decomposition of creatine or caffeine.

Grade: Technical.

saveall. A device used in the papermaking indus-

Use: Synthesis of foaming antienzyme compounds try to reclaim wastewater containing suspended sol-

for toothpaste, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. ids (fiber, pigment, etc.) for further processing.

There are three types: (1) sedimentation, (2) vacuum

filter, and (3) flotation. Types 1 and 2 are large tanks

sardine oil. See fish oil.

made of tile or concrete, type 3 is a rotary vacuum

filter drum that separates solids from wastewater.

Sarett oxidation. Oxidation of primary and

secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones by

savory oil.

means of CrO

-pyridine complex.

CAS: 8016-68-0. An essential oil used in flavoring,

especially in stuffing for meats and poultry.

sarin. (methylphosphonofluoride acid, isopro-

pyl ester).

saxitoxin.

CAS: 107-44-8. [(CH

)

CHO](CH

)FPO. A nerve

CAS: 35523-89-8. C

•2HCl. A toxic prin-

gas.

ciple present in certain species of shellfish. It is a

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption,

paralytic poison that attacks the central nervous sys-

cholinesterase inhibitor.

tem, acting as a muscular nerve block.

“Sartoner 213” monomer [Sartomer].

Saybolt Universal viscosity. The efflux time

TM for 1,4-butanediol diacrylate.

in seconds (SUS) of 60 mL of sample flowing

CAS: 1070-70-8.

through a calibrated Universal orifice in a Saybolt

Available forms: Liquid.

viscometer under specified conditions.

Use: A cross-linking agent with polymerization char-

See viscosity.

acteristics. Product is a hard, clear, infusable resin.

Uses include inks, adhesives, textile products, poly-

“Saytex” [Albermarle Corp.]. TM for flame

esters, and photoresists.

retardant for engineering plastics used in high tem-

perature applications. Its polymeric structure en-

SAS. (1) Abbreviation for sodium aluminum sul-

courages non-blooming and resists breakdown.

fate.

Use: For demanding molding applications such as

See aluminum sodium sulfate.

cool body toasters, PC diskette drives, and electron-

(2) Abbreviation for sodium alkane sulfonate.

ic connections.

SASOL process. See gasification.

Saytzeff (Zaitsev) rule. The rule predicts that

in elimination reactions the olefin predominantly

satellite. A chromosomal segment that branches

formed will be the one with the largest possible

off from the rest of the chromosome but is still

number of substituents on the carbon-carbon double

connected by a thin filament or stalk.

bond.

satellite DNA. Highly repeated, nontranslated

Sb. Symbol for antimony (from Latin stibium).

segments of DNA whose function is not clear.

SBA. Abbreviation for sec-butyl alcohol.

satin spar. See calcite.

SBG. Abbreviation for standard battery grade,

“Satintone” [Engelhard]. (aluminum sili-

highly purified chemicals manufactured for use in

cate). TM for pigments, coatings, and reinforce-

the battery industry.

ments.

Use: In plastics, rubber, adhesives, inks, and pharma-

SBR. Abbreviation for styrene-butadiene rubber.

ceuticals.

Sc. Symbol for scandium.

satin white. A high-bulking filler used in paper-

coating formulations; a mixture of hydrated lime,

scaffold. In genomic mapping, a series of contigs

potash alum, and aluminum sulfate. Readily hydrat-

that are in the right order but not necessarily con-

ed. Particle size range 0.2–2 microns.

nected in one continuous stretch of sequence.

saturation. (1) The state in which all available scale. (1) A calcareous deposit in water tubes or

valence bonds of an atom (especially carbon) are steam boilers resulting from deposition of mineral

attached to other atoms. The straight-chain paraffins compounds present in the water, e.g., calcium car-

are typical saturated compounds. (2) The state of a bonate. (2) A type of paraffin or petroleum wax from

solution when it holds the maximum equilibrium which all but a few percent of oil has been removed

1109 SCHEELITE

by hydraulic pressing and subsequent processing. characters showing the tendency for one character to

change as the other character or variable changes.

(3) A graduated standard of measurement in which

the units (degrees) are defined in relation to some

property of what is measured, e.g., temperature

scavenger. (getter). (1) In chemistry, any sub-

scale, Brix scale, Baume´ scale. (4) The markings

stance added to a system or mixture to consume or

indicating such units as on a thermometer or gradu-

inactivate traces of impurities. (2) In metallurgy, an

ate. (5) A weighing device that may be of the beam

active metal added to a molten metal or alloy that

type in which weights (poises) and lever systems are

combines with oxygen or nitrogen in the melt and

used, or of the direct-reading spring type in which

causes its removal into the slag. Alloys including

the gravitational pull of the object being weighed is

such metals as thorium, zirconium, and cerium as

counterbalanced by a known constant spring force.

well as carbon and misch metal are used in vacuum

See boiler scale; balance (2).

tubes to absorb traces of residual gases.

“Scav-Ox” [Olin]. TM for a hydrazine oxygen

scale-up. A term used in chemical engineering to

scavenger.

describe the calculations and planning involved in

Use: Prevent corrosion in boilers and oil-wheel

carrying a chemical processing operation from the

casings.

pilot plant to large-scale production stage.

SCC. Abbreviation for the Society of Cosmetic

scandium. Sc. Metallic element of atomic num-

Chemists.

ber 21, group IIIB of the periodic table, aw 44.9559,

valence

3, no stable isotopes.

Schaeffer acid. (2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid;

Properties: Silvery-white solid. Mp 1539C, bp

␤-naphtholsulfonic acid).

2727C, d 2.99. Does not tarnish in air, reacts rapidly

with acids, strongly electropositive. Not attacked by

1:1 mixture of nitric and 48% hydrofluoric acids. It

is chemically similar to the rare earths.

Source: Chief ores are wolframite and thortveitite

(Norway, Madagascar).

Derivation: Reduction of scandium fluoride with

Properties: White leaflets. Mp 122C. Soluble in wa-

calcium or with zinc or magnesium alloy. Purifica-

ter and alcohol.

tion by distillation gives purity of 99+%.

Derivation: Sulfonation of ␤-naphthol with 94% sul-

Use: No major industrial use. An artificial radioac-

furic acid at 95C, yielding a mixture comprising

tive isotope has been used in tracer studies and leak

chiefly Schaeffer acid (56%), R-acid (15%), and G-

detection, and there is some application in the semi-

acid (10%). Separation is effected by dilution with

conductor field.

water, boiling to hydrolyze the sulfonic acid group,

and addition of metallic salts.

scandium fluoride. ScF

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

Derivation: Reaction of scandium oxide with ammo-

nium hydrogen fluoride.

Schaeffer’s salt. (sodium salt of 2-naphthol-

Use: Preparation of scandium metal.

6-sulfonic acid). C

OHSO

Na.

Use: Intermediate for organic chemicals.

scandium oxide. Sc

Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 3.864,

Scheele, C. W. (1742–1786). One of the out-

specific heat 0.153, a weak base. Soluble in hot

standing early chemical thinkers and experimenters,

acids, less so in cold acids.

Scheele was a Swedish scientist who discovered a

Source: Thortveitite.

number of previously unknown substances, among

Use: Preparation of scandium fluoride.

which were tartaric acid, chlorine, manganese salts,

arsine, and copper arsenite (Scheele’s green). He

scanning tunneling microscope. Instrument

also noted the oxidation states of various metals,

that uses a sharply tipped electrode in close proximi-

observed the nature of oxygen two years before

ty to a surface. As the electrode is moved, the change

Priestley’s discovery, and discovered the chemical

in electrode signal relates to the shape of the surface

action of light on silver compounds, thus laying the

being scanned.

foundation of photochemistry and photography.

Use: Study of atomic-scale structure of surfaces,

Scheelite, or natural calcium tungstate, is named

drawing molecular-sized markings on surfaces and

after him.

transport of atoms and molecules.

See: atomic force microscopy; chemical force mi-

Scheele’s green. See copper arsenite.

croscopy.

scheelite. CaWO

. A natural calcium tungstate

scatter diagram. (correlation table). The plot- found in igneous rocks, usually with granite. Some

ted record of frequency distribution of two different molybdenum may replace tungsten.

1110SCHIEMANN REACTION

Use: Ore of tungsten; as a phosphor. plant which then becomes toxic to sucking and

chewing insects.

Schiemann reaction. Formation of diazonium

Schrock, Richard R. (1945– ). An American

fluoborates by diazotization of aromatic amines in

Born in Berne, Indiana who won the Nobel Prize for

the presence of fluoborates, followed by their ther-

chemistry in 2005 for his pioneering work concern-

mal decomposition to aryl fluorides.

ing the development of the metathesis method in

organic synthesis. Awarded a B.A. from the Univer-

Schiff base. A class of compounds derived by

sity of California, Riverside and a Ph.D. from Har-

chemical reaction (condensation) of aldehydes or

vard University. A member of the American Acade-

ketones with primary amines. The general formula

my of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy

is RR

′

X==NR

′′

of Sciences.

Properties: Usually colorless, crystalline solids, al-

though some are dyes. Very weakly basic and hy-

Schweitzer’s reagent. A solution of copper

drolyzed by water and strong acids to carbonyl com-

hydroxide in strong ammonia used in analytical

pounds and amines.

chemistry as a test for wool. It dissolves cotton, silk,

Use: Rubber accelerators; dyes (phenylene blue and

and linen.

naphthol blue); chemical intermediate; liquid crys-

tals in electronic display systems; perfume base.

SCI. Abbreviation for the Society of the

Chemical Industry.

Schmidlin ketene synthesis. Formation of

ketene by thermal decomposition of acetone over

electrically heated wire at 500–750 degrees by a

scillirubroside.

reaction involving radical formation with genera-

CAS: 23604-99-1. mf: C

tion of methane and carbon monoxide.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

Schmidt reaction. Acid catalyzed addition of

hydrazoic acid to carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and

scintillation counter. A device used to detect a

ketones to give amines, nitriles, and amides, respec- pulse of radiation by emitting a flicker of light. ␣-

tively. radiation is counted by inorganic detectors such as

sodium iodide, while organic materials such as plas-

tics may be used for ␤- and ␥- particles.

Scholler saccharification process. Industri-

See phosphor.

al saccharification of wood using 0.5% sulfuric acid

at 170–180 degrees and 165–180 lb/sq inch pres-

scirpenetriol triacetate.

sures. Recovered sugars are fermented to produce

CAS: 4297-61-4. mf: C

about 40 gal alcohol per ton of dry wood.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Scholl reaction. Coupling of aromatic mole-

scission. (1) The rupture of a chemical bond with

cules by treatment with Lewis acid catalysts.

production of 5-electron-volts of energy. (2) In agri-

cultural technology, the separation of fruit or vege-

Schorigin (Shorygin) reaction. Organome-

table products from the tree or vine.

tallic reactions of the Grignard type, employing so-

dium in place of magnesium; the reaction of alkyl

scleroprotein. Any of a large class of proteins

sodium compounds with carbon dioxide to give mo-

that have a supporting or protective function in ten-

nobasic acids is sometimes known as the Wanklyn

dons, bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other hard or

reaction.

tough parts of the animal body. They include the

collagens of skin, tendons, and bones, as well as the

Schotten-Baumann reaction. Acylation of

elastic proteins known as elastins and the keratins.

alcohols with acyl halides in aqueous alkaline solu-

Specific examples are the keratin of hair, hooves,

tion.

and horns, and fibroin from silk.

schradan. (generic name for octamethyl pyro-

scleroscope hardness. See hardness.

phosphoramide; OMPA).

CAS: 152-16-9. [(CH

)

P(O)OP(O)[N(CH

)

]

scopolamine.

Properties: Viscous liquid. D 1.137, bp 120–125C

CAS: 51-34-3. C

. A drug used to inhibit

(0.5 mm Hg), refr index 1.462 (25C). Miscible with

effects of acetylcholine; viscous liquid, soluble in

water; soluble in most organic solvents; hydrolyzed

water and alcohol.

in the presence of acids, but not by alkalies or water

alone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, a cholin-

scouring agent. A compound used to remove

esterase inhibitor, use may be restricted. the natural oils and fats from raw wool, also used to

Use: A systemic insecticide that is absorbed by the remove lubricants applied to rayon yarns or fabrics

1111 SDA

during such operations as throwing, winding, weav-

screw. (auger; worm). A simple machine em-

ing, knitting, etc. ploying the principle of the inclined plane, invented

by the Greek scientist Archimedes. It consists of a

central shaft around which winds a spiral of ribs

SCP. Abbreviation for single-cell protein.

(called “flights”) that are integral with the shaft. The

See protein; single-cell.

distance between the flights is the pitch, or angle of

inclination of the screw. This distance may be uni-

screen. A woven, fabriclike structure made of

form throughout the length of the screw or it may

intersecting strands of wire or plastic, usually

vary from one point to another, depending on use

mounted in a steel frame. They are available in a

requirements. The shorter the distance between

wide range of sizes, weaves, and meshes from as

flights, the more pressure the screw will deliver.

coarse as 25 to as fine as 400. The mesh is the

Screws have a number of important applications in

number of apertures per square inch; it is the square

industrial operations. (1) Extrusion of rubber, plas-

of the number of strands of metal or plastic per linear

tics, and food products: the screw rotates in a cham-

inch. The strands can be made of any suitable metal

ber or barrel, the product being introduced through a

(copper, nickel), alloy (steel, bronze), or synthetic

port where the flights are farthest apart; it is forced

(nylon, PVC). Some types of screen are mechanical-

through a die at the opposite end of the barrel, which

ly vibrated or gyrated to facilitate solids separation;

molds it to the form desired. (2) Mixing of solids:

fine mesh screens require application of force, such

continuous mixing is possible with screws having a

as a stream of water, to effect separation. Screens are

wide variety of pitches and contours that impart a

used for filtration, clarification of suspensions, se-

back-and-forth motion to the product being mixed

paration and classification of solids, and removal of

without moving it to the discharge end until it is

contaminants from semisolid materials. Lab sizes

pushed along by added material. Two screws may

are available. A special application is the wire of a

operate in parallel, their pitches opposing each other

fourdrinier papermaking machine; it may be 38–60

in such a way as to effect maximum mixing. Some

inches. wide and 55–85 mesh; it moves continuous-

screws are cored for circulation of cooling water. (3)

ly over return rolls, the sheet being formed upon it by

Conveying of solids: for this purpose screws with

filtration of wood pulp slurry.

uniform and fairly wide pitch are used; as the screw

See filter media.

turns the solids are passed along from one flight to

the next. These are used for conveying wet and dry

screening. To screen a library (see “Library”) is

solids, wood chips, and similar particulates. (4) An

to select and isolate individual clones out of the

engineering application of the screw is the mecha-

mixture of clones. For example, if you needed a

nism known as a worm gear, in which the flights of

cDNA clone of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone

the screw engage corresponding indentations or

alpha subunit, you would need to make (or buy) a

notches in a shaft or wheel, causing it to turn.

pituitary cDNA library, then screen that library in

order to detect and isolate those few bacteria carry-

scrubber. See absorption tower; scrubbing.

ing alpha subunit cDNA.

(1) Screening by hybridization involves spreading

scrubbing. Process for removing one or more

the mixture of bacteria out on a dozen or so agar

components from a mixture of gases and vapors by

plates to grow several ten thousand isolated colo-

passing it upward and usually countercurrent to and

nies. Membranes are laid onto each plate, and some

in intimate contact with a stream of descending

of the bacteria from each colony stick, producing

liquid, the latter being chosen so as to dissolve the

replicas of each colony in their original growth posi-

desired components and not others. The gas or vapor

tion. The membranes are lifted and the adherent

may be broken into fine bubbles upon entering a

bacteria are lysed, then hybridized to a radioactive

tower filled with liquid, but more frequently the

piece of alpha DNA (the source of which is a story in

tower is filled with coke, broken stone, or other

itself—see “Probe”). When X-ray film is laid on the

packing, over which the liquid flows while exposing

filter, only colonies carrying alpha sequences will

a relatively large surface to the rising gas or vapor.

“light up”. Their position on the membranes show

See absorption (1).

where they grew on the original plates, so you now

can go back to the original plate (where the remnants

scruple. Unit of weight used in pharmacy equiva-

of the colonies are still alive), pick the colony off the

lent to 20 grains or 1/3 dram.

plate and grow it up. You now have an unlimited

source of alpha cDNA.

SDA. Abbreviation for specially denatured al-

(2) Screening by antibody is an option if the bacteria

cohol.

and plasmid are designed to express proteins from

the cDNA inserts (see “Expression clones”). The

SDDC. Abbreviation for sodium dimethyldithio-

principle is similar to hybridization, in that you lift

carbamate.

replica filters from bacterial plates, but then you use

the antibody (perhaps generated after olde tyme

protein purification rituals) to show which colony

SDA. Abbreviation for the Soap and Detergent

expresses the desired protein. Association.

1112SDP

SDP. Abbreviation for 4,4

′

-sulfonyldiphenol. “SeaWash” [ForBest]. TM for a pH neutral

floor cleaning solution.

Use: Used in food preparation areas of food manufac-

Se. Symbol for selenium.

turers, hospitals, restaurants, or schools.

Seaboard process. Method of removing hydro-

“SeaWash 70” [ForBest]. TM for a parts

gen sulfide from a gas by absorption in sodium

cleaning solution, certified as clean air solvent.

carbonate solution. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium

Use: For degreasing in industrial manufacturing or

hydrosulfide are formed. By blowing air through

machine shops.

this solution, hydrogen sulfide is released and car-

ried off, and the sodium carbonate is regenerated.

seawater. See ocean water.

Seaborg, Glen T. (1912–1999). An American

seaweed. See algae; phycocolloid; carrageen-

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

an; kelp.

1951 along with McMillan. He did research in nu-

clear chemistry, physics, and artificial radioactivity.

sebacic acid. (1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid; se-

He discovered the elements plutonium, americum,

bacylic acid; decanedioic acid).

berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, and

CAS: 111-20-6. COOH(CH

)

COOH.

medelevium with his colleague. He codiscovered

Properties: White leaflets. Mp 133C, d 1.110 (25C),

numerous isotopes and radioisotopes. His Ph.D. is

bp 295.0C (100 mm Hg), refr index 1.422 (133.3C).

from the University of California at Berkeley.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

ether. Combustible.

seaborgium. Sg. A transfermium element.

Derivation: From butadiene via dichlorobutene and

Atomic number 106. Very short half-life.

its nitrile derivatives, dry distillation of castor oil

with alkali.

sea coal. Finely ground bituminous coal used in

Grade: CP, purified.

sand mixtures for iron molds to prevent sticking.

Use: Stabilizer in alkyd resins, maleic and other poly-

esters, polyurethanes, fibers, paint products, candles

“Sea Harmony” [Premier]. TM for an or-

and perfumes, low-temperature lubricants and hy-

ganic blend of North Atlantic seaweed and alfalfa.

draulic fluids, manufacture of nylon 610.

Use: Food supplement.

sebaconitrile. NC(CH

)

CN.

sealant. Any organic substance that is soft

Properties: Straw-colored, oily liquid. Bp 199C (15

enough to pour or extrude and is capable of subse-

mm Hg).

quent hardening to form a permanent bond with the

Use: Chemical intermediate for drugs, dyes, and high

substrate. Most sealants are synthetic polymers (sili-

polymers.

cones, urethanes, acrylics, polychloroprene) that are

semisolid before application and later become elas-

sebacoyl chloride. (n-octane-1,8-dicarboxylic

tomeric. A few of the best-known sealants are such

acid dichloride). ClOC(CH

)

COCl.

natural products as linseed oil (putty), asphalt, and

Properties: Liquid. Bp 137–140C (3 mm Hg), 97%

various waxes.

pure. Decomposes slowly in cold water; soluble in

See adhesive.

hydrocarbons and ethers.

Use: Organic intermediate.

Sealstix. TM for a cement of the deKhotinsky

type which adheres to almost any surface; insoluble

sebacoyldioxybis(tributylstannane). See

in all common reagents except alcohol, strong caus-

bis(tributyl(sebacoyldioxy))tin.

tics, and chromic acid cleaning solution.

sebacylic acid. See sebacic acid.

“Sealz” [Uniroyal]. TM for a line of thermo-

plastic rubber compounds that are used as additives

sec-. Abbreviation for secondary.

for asphalt and tar products to raise softening point,

improve low-temperature flexibility, enhance adhe-

(1-␣,3-␤,5z,7e,24r)-9,10-secocholesta-

sive qualities, and increase elasticity.

5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3,24-triol.

CAS: 57333-96-7. mf: C

Searles Lake brine. See brine; Trona

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

process.

seconal sodium. (sodium seconal). Propri-

etary preparation of quinalbarbitone sodium.

seasoning. Any food additive used in low con-

Use: Sedative and hypnotic.

centration to contribute to the taste of food. Best

known is sodium chloride, but the term also includes

various spices, onions, mustards, etc.

secondary. (1) For chemical meaning refer to

See enhancer; potentiator. “primary.” (2) Designates a reversible (recharge-

1113 SEISMOTITE

able) electric battery, generally called a storage bat- times gravity, the molecules begin to settle, leaving

tery. (3) Designates recovery of metal values from pure solvent above a boundary that progressively

scrap or waste products such as aluminum from cans moves toward the bottom of the cell. An optical

or steel from car bodies; also recovery of petroleum system is provided for viewing this boundary, and a

by chemical flooding and hydraulic fracturing. study as a function of the time of centrifuging yields

the rate of sedimentation for the single component,

or for each of many components of a polydisperse

secondary calcium phosphate. See phos-

system. These sedimentation rates may then be re-

phate, dibasic.

lated to the corresponding molecular weights of the

species present after the diffusion coefficients for

secondary metabolism. Pathways that lead to

each species are determined by independent experi-

specialized products, not found in every living cell.

ments. The result of this work is the distribution of

Contrast with intermediary metabolism

molecular weights in the sample which is attainable

by few other methods.

secondary structure. The localized conforma-

See precipitate.

tion of a protein.

sedimentation coefficient. A physical con-

second law of thermodynamics. The law

stant specifying the rate of sedimentation of a parti-

stating that the entropy of the universe is increasing.

cle in a centrifugal field under specified conditions.

second messenger. An effector molecule syn-

seed. That part of a plant that includes the plant

thesized within a cell in response to an external

embryo itself, a quantity of stored food (fats, carbo-

signal (first messenger) such as a hormone.

hydrates, and proteins in varying proportions), and

the enclosing cellulosic coats. The food-storage tis-

sectrometer. A potentiometer for electrometric

sue is called the endosperm. Starch is an important

titration using a cathode-ray tube instead of a mi-

food reserve in the endosperms of cereals and le-

croammeter.

gumes; sugar in sweet corn; protein in soybean and

wheat; and fats in such plants as coconut, cacao,

secular trend. The persistent tendency of a vari-

castor bean, and most types of palms. Growth sub-

able to increase or decrease with passage of time.

stances such as giberellin also occur in seeds; some

also contain alkaloids (ricinine, hyoscine, and caf-

sedanolic acid. C

. A constituent of cel-

feine). The seeds or bulbs of some plants are highly

ery seed oil. Its lactone, also present, which is the

toxic, e.g., hyacinth, larkspur, castor bean, cashew

source of the characteristic odor, is sedanolide.

nut shells. Bitter almond contains as much as 10% of

hydrogen cyanide which is removed in processing.

sedative. A natural or synthetic therapeutic agent

Seeds (which in many cases are equivalent to nuts)

having the property of inducing relaxation and vary-

are an important source of vegetable oils, which are

ing degrees of depression of the central nervous

used as food components, in paints and other indus-

system. The major types of sedatives are (1) chlorine

trial products, and in medicine. There has been con-

substitution products (chloral hydrate, chlorobuta-

siderable experimentation with sunflower seeds, co-

nol); (2) ethanol derivatives (ethyl carbamate, he-

conuts, and soybeans as a source of diesel fuel.

donal); (3) specific aldehydes and ketones (paralde-

hyde, amylene hydrate), (4) barbituric acid

seeding. Trace proportions of a material intro-

derivatives (barbital, barbiturates). Sedatives are al-

duced to initiate a desired reaction where the “seed”

most always prescription drugs.

acts as a nucleating agent. An example is the addi-

See tranquilizer.

tion of a crystal into a supersaturated solution to

induce crystallization.

sedentary. Living in a fixed location, as with

See nucleation.

most plants, tunicates, sponges.

See motile.

seeding, cloud. See nucleation.

sedimentation. The settling out by gravity of

Seger cone. See pyrometric cone.

solid particles suspended in a liquid, the rate of

settling being defined by Stoke’s law. This method

segregation. The normal biological process

is used industrially in water purification. It is also an

whereby the two pieces of a chromosome pair are

analytical procedure for separation of solids of dif-

separated during meiosis and randomly distributed

ferent particle size, as well as for molecular weight

to the germ cells.

determination. The sedimentation of large mole-

cules in a strong centrifugal field permits determina-

Seidlitz salt. See epsom salts.

tion of both average molecular weights and the dis-

tribution of molecular weights in certain systems.

When a solution containing polymer or other large

Seismotite. Trade name for pumice.

molecules is centrifuged at forces up to 250,000 Use: Abrasive in scouring agents.

1114“SELECTOPHORE”

“Selectophore” [Fluka]. TM for products Use: Vulcanization agent without added sulfur, or as

meeting the requirements for the production of reli- a primary or secondary accelerator with sulfur.

able ion-selective electrodes and optodes.

selenium dioxide. (selenous acid anhydride).

“Selectra-Sil” [United Chemical]. TM for CAS: 7446-08-4. SeO

derivatizing reagents of the highest chemical purity. Properties: White or yellowish-white to slightly

reddish, lustrous, crystalline powder or needles. D

Use: Reagent

3.954 (15/15C), mp 340–350C (sublimes). Soluble

in alcohol, water.

selenic acid.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin

CAS: 7783-08-6. H

SeO

absorption. TLV: 0.2 mg(Se)/m

Properties: White, hygroscopic solid. D 3.004 (15/

Use: Analysis (testing for alkaloids), oxidizing agent,

4C), mp 58C (easily undercools), decomposes at

antioxidant in lubricating oils, catalyst.

260C. Very soluble in water; decomposes in alco-

hol; usually available as a liquid.

selenium sulfide. (selenium disulfide).

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem-

CAS: 7488-56-4. SeS

branes.

Properties: Bright-orange powder. Mp less than

100C. Practically insoluble in water and organic

selenious acid. See selenous acid.

solvents.

Grade: USP.

selenious acid disodium salt pentahydrate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to eyes

See sodium selenite pentahydrate.

and skin, an animal carcinogen. TLV: 0.2 mg(Se)/

selenious acid, monosodium salt.

Use: Medicine (treatment of seborrhea, medicated

CAS: 7782-82-3. mf: HO

Se•Na.

shampoos).

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

selenium tetrafluoride.

selenium.

CAS: 10026-03-6. SeF

CAS: 7782-49-2. Se. A nonmetallic element, atomic

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. Fp −10C, bp

number 34, group VIA of the periodic table, aw

105C, d 2.75; reacts strongly with phosphorus and

78.96, valences

2, 4, 6; 6 stable isotopes.

with water (hydrolysis). Soluble in alcohol, sulfuric

Properties: Amorphous, red powder becoming black

acid, ether, and carbon tetrachloride.

on standing and crystalline on heating; vitreous and

Derivation: Reaction of selenium chloride and silver

colloidal forms may be prepared. Crystalline form

fluoride.

has d 4.5, mp 217C, bp 685C; amorphous form

Hazard: Irritant.

softens at 40C and melts at 217C. Crystalline seleni-

Use: Fluorinating agent.

um is a p-type semiconductor; electrically it acts as a

rectifier and has marked photoconductive and pho-

selenoformaldehyde.

tovoltaic action (converts radiant to electrical ener-

CAS: 6596-50-5. mf: CH

Se.

gy); the electrical conductivity increases with in-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m

creasing light irradiation. Soluble in concentrated

Use: Agricultural chemical.

nitric acid and (in liquid form) in common alkalies;

forms binary alloys with silver, copper, zinc, lead,

dl-selenomethionine.

etc. A necessary nutritional factor for animals.

CAS: 2578-28-1. mf: C

Se.

Occurrence: Canada, Japan, Yugoslavia, Mexico;

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m

also in certain soils.

Grade: Commercial (powder or lumps), high-purity

selenous acid. (selenious acid). H

SeO

up to 99.999%.

Properties: Transparent, colorless, deliquescent

Use: Electronics, xerographic plates, TV cameras,

crystals. D 3.0066, mp 70C (decomposes). Soluble

photocells, magnetic computer cores, solar batteries

in water and alcohol; insoluble in ammonia.

(rectifiers, relays), ceramics (colorant for glass),

Derivation: Action of hot nitric acid on selenium.

steel and copper (degasifier and machinability impr-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin

over), rubber accelerator, catalyst, trace element in

absorption. TLV: 0.2 mg(Se)/m

animal feeds.

Use: Reagent for alkaloids.

selenium diethyldithiocarbamate.

selenous acid anhydride. See selenium di-

CAS: 5456-28-0. Se[SC(S)N(C

)

]

oxide.

Properties: Orange-yellow powder; characteristic

odor. D 1.32 (20/20C), melting range 63–71C. Solu-

ble in carbon disulfide, benzene, chloroform; insol-

Semenov, Nikolai N. (1896–1986). A Russian

uble in water. chemist and physicist who won the Nobel Prize in

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin 1956. He authored books on the chain reaction and

absorption. TLV: 0.2 mg(Se)/m

. problems of chemical kinetics and reactivity, as well

1115 SEPHADEX

as many articles. His work concerning thermal com-

semimicrochemistry. Any chemical method

bustion and explosion is utilized in rockets and jet (usually analytical) in which the weight of the sam-

engines. He received his doctorate at Leningrad ple used is from 10 to 100 mg.

State University.

semipermeable membrane. See membrane,

semipermeable.

“Semesan” [Du Pont]. TM for a wettable

powder containing 25.3% hydroxymercurichloro-

semisynthetic. A term often used to describe end

phenol.

products that are manufactured from natural materi-

Hazard: As for mercury compounds.

als but do not occur in the free state, for example,

paper, glass, soap, cement, rayon, leather, etc.

“Semesan Bel” [Du Pont]. TM for a seed

Semmler-Wolff reaction. Rearrangement of

disinfectant containing 12.5% hydroxymercurini-

␣,␤-unsaturated cyclohexenyl ketoximes into aro-

trophenol and 3.8% hydroxymercurichlorophenol.

matic amines under acidic conditions.

Hazard: As for mercury compounds.

S1 end mapping. A technique to determine

semicarbazide hydrochloride. (carbamylhy-

where the end of an RNA transcript lies with respect

drazine hydrochloride; aminourea hydrochlo-

to its template DNA (the gene). Can’t be described

ride).

in a short paragraph. See “RNAse Protection assay”

CAS: 563-41-7. H

NCONHNH

HCl.

for a closely related technique.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 172–175C (decom-

poses). Soluble in water; insoluble in absolute alco-

Sense strand. The strand of DNA during tran-

hol and ether.

scription which is not transcribed into mRNA. This

Derivation: From hydrazine sulfate, potassium or

results from its position as colinear, as opposed to

sodium cyanate, and sodium carbonate, or electro-

complementary, for the RNA sequence. It makes

lytically by the reduction of nitrourea.

“sense” with the genetic code.

Grade: CP, technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

“Sentry” [Dow]. 1. TM for propionic acid. 2.

Use: Reagent for aldehydes and ketones, isolation of

TM for high purity grades of Carbowax polyethane

hormones and isolation of certain fractions from

glycol, polyox water-soluble polymers, and polyvi-

essential oils.

nyl chloride. Solvent for flavors and colors.

Use: Fungistats for the control of certain molds and

yeast in foods; humectant for baked goods, and plas-

semiconductor. An element or compound hav-

ticizer for cork seals and crowns.

ing an electrical conductivity intermediate between

that of conductors and nonconductors (insulators).

“Separan” [Dow]. TM for a series of flocculat-

Most metals have quite high conductivity, while

ing agents. AP30. Synthetic, high molecular weight,

substances like diamond and mica have very low

anionic polymer. C-90 and C-120. Synthetic, high

conductivity (high resistance). Between these ex-

molecular weight, cationic polymers. MGL. Similar

tremes lie the semiconductors, of which germanium,

to NP10. Used in production of uranium. NP10.

silicon, silicon carbide, and selenium are examples,

Synthetic, water-soluble, nonionic, high molecular

with resistivities in the range of 10−2

—109

ohms/cm.

weight polymer of acrylamide. “Separan” NP 10

Slight traces of impurities in the crystalline structure

potable-water-grade flocculant has been accepted,

are essential for semiconduction; arsenic is a typical

subject to maximum use concentration of 1 ppm, by

impurity in semiconductor crystals. These impuri-

the U.S. Public Health Service. NP20 Nonionic

ties function as electron donors or acceptors, and the

polyacrylamide polymer. PG2 Similar to NP10.

semiconductor is designated n-type or p-type, de-

Used in paper manufacture.

pending on the electrical nature of the “holes” or

energy deficits in the crystalline lattice.

separation. A collective term including a large

The functioning of semiconductors involves the sci-

number of unit operations that, in one way or anoth-

ence of solid-state physics. Their discovery in the

er, isolate the various components of a mixture.

early 1940s made possible the development of tran-

Chief among these are evaporation, distillation, dry-

sistors, with their manifold applications in electron-

ing, gas absorption, sedimentation, solvent extrac-

ic devices in which they have largely replaced the

tion, press extraction, adsorption, and filtration.

vacuum tube.

Specialized methods include centrifugation, elec-

There are a few organic semiconducting compounds

tromagnetic separation (mass spectrograph), gas-

that contain a significant amount of carbon-carbon

eous diffusion, and various types of chromatog-

bonding and are also capable of supporting electron-

raphy.

ic conduction. Anthracene and Ziegler-catalyzed

acetylene polymers (conjugated polyolefins) are ex-

amples. See crystals; impurity; solid; solid-

Sephadex. TM for a dry, insoluble powder com-

state chemistry. posed of microscopic beads that are synthetic organ-

1116SEPIA

ic compounds derived from the polysaccharide dex- and texture.

tran. The dextran chains are cross-linked to give a See chelate; coordination compound; complex.

three-dimensional network, and the functional ionic

groups are attached to the glucose units of the poly-

“Sequestrene” [Novartis]. TM for a series of

saccharide chains by ether linkages. Available in complexing agents and metal complexes consisting

of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and salts.

various forms for use in many different phases of

chromatography.

Ser. Abbreviation for serine.

sepia. The red-brown color (pigment).

serendipity. An unexpected scientific discovery

Derivation: Ink of cuttlefish, calcareous portion of

that turns out to be more important than the project

the backs of cuttlefish.

being researched. One example is the discovery of

the sodium sulfide polymer later known as “Thiok-

septanose ring. A seven-membered ring

ol.” White, the researcher, was seeking to develop an

formed by reaction of a CHO group at one end of the

improved automotive coolant. Another is the dis-

septanose molecule with CH

OH at the other end.

covery of the reinforcing effect of carbon black on

rubber while technologists were using it as a black

septiphene. See o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol.

pigment to counteract the whitening effect of zinc

oxide.

“Seqlene” [Hall]. TM for chelating agents.

Use: In derusting and descaling processes for metal;

serendipity berry. See sweetener, nonnutri-

concrete admixtures to retard set and reduce water

tive.

required; textile applications; aluminum etching;

and caustic bottle washing.

SERI. Abbreviation for Solar Energy Research

Institute.

sequence. See base sequence.

See solar energy.

sequence assembly. A process whereby the

serine. (␤-hydroxyalanine; ␣-␣-␤-hydroxypro-

order of multiple sequenced DNA fragments is de-

pionic acid). HOCH

CH(NH

)COOH. A nones-

termined.

sential amino acid occurring naturally in the

L(−)

form.

sequence tagged site. (STS). Short (200 to

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water; in-

500 base pairs) DNA sequence that has a single

soluble in alcohol and ether. Optically active.

DL-

occurrence in the human genome and whose loca-

serine: mp 246C with decomposition;

D(+)-serine:

tion and base sequence are known. Detectable by

mp 228C with decomposition.

polymerase chain reaction.

Available forms: Commercially in all three forms.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein (especially silk

sequencing. Determination of the order of nucle-

protein); synthesized from glycine.

otides (base sequences) in a DNA or RNA molecule,

Use: Biochemical research, dietary supplement, cul-

or the order of amino acids in a protein.

ture media, microbiological tests, feed additive.

sequencing technology. The instrumentation

dl-serine.

and procedures used to determine the order of nucle-

CAS: 302-84-1. mf: C

otides in DNA.

Properties: White crystals from powder, or crystal-

line powder. Mp: 246° (decomp). Sol in water; insol

in alc, ether.

sequestration. The formation of a coordination

Use: Food additive.

complex by certain phosphates with metallic ions in

solution so that the usual precipitation reactions of

Serini reaction. Zinc-promoted rearrangement

the latter are prevented. Thus, calcium soap precipi-

of 17-hydroxy-20-acetoxysterol derivatives into C-

tates are not produced from hard water treated with

20 ketones. The reaction is applicable to other cycl-

certain polyphosphates and metaphosphates (these

ic, as well as open-chain alcohols.

polyphosphates are often improperly referred to as

hexametaphosphates). The term sequestration may

be used for any instance in which an ion is prevented

serotonin. (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-hydroxy-3-

from exhibiting its usual properties due to close (␤-aminoethyl)indole).

combination with an added material. Two groups of CAS: 50-67-9. C

O. A powerful vasoconstric-

organic sequestering agents (chelates in these exam- tor occurring in the brain and blood platelets, it is

ples) of economic importance are the aminopolycar- thought to play a part in regulation of blood pressure

boxylic acids such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic and also has muscle-contracting properties. It has

acid, and the hydroxycarboxylic acids such as glu- been isolated from beef serum and may be synthe-

conic, citric, and tartaric acids. In the food industry sized from 5-benzyloxyindole. Serotonin is similar

sequestering agents aid in stabilizing color, flavor, to the hallucinogenic drugs mescaline, LSD, psilo-

1117 SEX CHROMOSOME

cin, and psilocybin. Its formation is inhibited by p-

sesqui. A prefix meaning one-and-a-half. Often

chlorophenylalanine.

used for salts in which the proportions of metal

oxide to acid anhydride are 2:3, or vice-versa, as in

serpentine. A type of asbestos.

sodium sesquicarbonate.

See asbestos.

sesquiterpene. A terpene having the formula

serum. (1) The continuous phase of a biocolloid

, one and a half times the standard terpene

after the solid or disperse phase has been removed

formula of C

. An example is cadinene, a constit-

by centrifugation, coagulation, or similar means. In

uent of various wood oils (cade oil, cedarleaf oil,

the case of milk, for example, the serum, or whey, is

etc.).

a true solution of sugars, proteins, and mineral com-

pounds in water. (2) Specifically blood from which

set point. A value, such as temperature, to be

corpuscles, platelets, etc., have been removed, espe-

maintained by a controlling instrument for a proce-

cially when prepared with antigenic bacteria for

dure.

inoculation to effect the cure of a disease.

setting point. (1) The temperature at which a

serum albumin. Blood albumin comprising

liquid sets or congeals. (2) The temperature at which

60% of the plasma proteins.

an oil stops flowing when acted on by a small,

Use: As a plasma volume expander.

definite pressure under the proper conditions.

SES. Abbreviation for sodium-2,4-dichlorophe-

setting up. The cessation of flow in a drying

noxyethyl sulfate.

coating such as varnish.

See sesone.

Sevin.

sesame oil. (benne oil; teel oil).

CAS: 63-25-2.

CAS: 8008-74-0. A bland, yellowish, vegetable oil.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 142C, d 1.232 (20C/

Use: Shortenings, salad oil, margarine, and similar

20C). TM for a carbaryl insecticide (1-naphthyl-N-

food products.

methyl carbamate).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m

; not

sesamex. (generic name for 2-(2-ethoxyethox-

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

y)ethyl-3,4-(methylenedioxy)phenyl acetal of ac-

See carbaryl.

etaldehyde).

OCH(CH

)OC

“Sevron” [Crompton]. TM for a group of cat-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 137–141C (0.08 mm Hg).

ionic dyes.

Soluble in nonpolar solvents.

Available forms: Liquid and powder.

Use: Synergist for insecticides.

Use: For acrylic and cationic-dyeable polyester ap-

parel and carpet.

sesamin. (generic name for 2,6-bis[3,4-(me-

thylenedioxy)phenyl]-3,7-dioxabicy-

sewage sludge. A mixture of organic materials

clo[3.3.0]octane). C

resulting from purification of municipal waste.

Properties: Solid. Mp 122.5C. Combustible.

There are two types: (1) Imhoff sludge: a low-grade

Use: Synergist for insecticides and fungicides.

sludge containing 2–3% ammonia and about 1%

phosphoric acid.

sesamolin. (generic name for 6-[3,4-(methy-

See Imhoff tank.

lenedioxy)phenoxy]-2-[3,4-(methylenediox-

(2) Activated sludge: a high-grade sludge contain-

y)phenyl]3,7-dioxabicyclo[3.3.0]octane).

ing 5.0–7.5% ammonia and 2.5–4.0% phosphoric

. Constituent of sesame oil that is a powerful

acid.

synergist of pyrethrum. A 1:1 mixture of pyrethrum

Derivation: (1) By running sewage through settling

and sesamoline has 31 times the insecticidal activity

tanks without access of air. The sludge or solid

of pyrethrum alone.

matter is decomposed by anaerobic bacteria. La-

gooning may be used effectively following activa-

sesin. ted sludge treatment. (2) By running sewage through

CAS: 94-83-7. mf: C

. settling tanks and pumping air (or oxygen) through

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. porous plates at the bottom of the tanks; 20% of the

Use: Agricultural chemical. current “make” is also added. The waste acts as

nutrient for aerobic bacteria, that consume the pol-

luting organic matter. The resulting solids are fil-

sesone. (generic name for sodium-2,4-dichlo-

tered and dried.

rophenoxy-ethyl sulfate; SES; “Crag”).

Use: Fertilizer base.

CAS: 136-78-7. C

OCH

Na.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 245C. Soluble in

water.

sex chromosome. The X or Y chromosome in

Use: Preemergence herbicide. human beings that determines the sex of an individu-

1118SEX-LINKED

al. Females have two X chromosomes in diploid

shark liver oil.

Properties: Yellow to red-brown liquid; strong odor.

cells; males have an X and a Y chromosome. The sex

D 0.917–0.928. Soluble in ether, chloroform, ben-

chromosomes comprise the 23rd chromosome pair

zene, and carbon disulfide.

in a karyotype.

Derivation: By expression from shark livers.

See autosome.

Method of purification: Chilling and filtration.

Grade: Crude, refined.

sex-linked. Traits or diseases associated with the

Use: Source of vitamin A and squalene, biochemical

X or Y chromosome; generally seen in males.

research.

See gene; mutation; sex chromosome.

sexual reproduction. A type of reproduction

sharp. (1) In reference to cheeses, this term de-

in which two parents give rise to offspring that have

notes length of the curing period, usually at least six

unique combinations of genes inherited through the

months, twice as long as for mild cheeses. (2) De-

gametes of the two parents. Sexual reproduction

scriptive of a technique for quick-freezing of foods

involves meiosis and syngamy.

at −20F.

“S-Fatty Acids” [Procter & Gamble]. TM

Sharpless, K. Barry. (1941– ). An American

for fatty acids derived from soybean oil. S-210 is a

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2001 for

soy fatty acid developed primarily for alkyd resins.

his work concerning chirally catalysed oxidation

S-230 is a soy-type fatty acid having a lower unsatu-

reactions. Awarded an Undergraduate degree from

rated acids content and higher titer than S-210.

Dartmouth College and a Ph.D. from Stanford Uni-

Properties: S-210 is a light-yellow liquid and S-230

versity (E. E. van Tamelen) in 1968. Professorships

a light-yellow semisolid at ambient temperature.

at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Stanford

Use: Chemical intermediate, paints and varnishes,

and The Scripps Research Institute. Awarded the

alkyd resins, and soaps.

ACS Arthur C. Cope Award, 1992 and many other

awards.

SFS. (1) Abbreviation for Saybolt Furol seconds.

See Furol viscosity; Saybolt Universal viscosity.

Sharpless reaction. Metal-catalyzed asym-

(2) Abbreviation for sodium formaldehyde sulfoxy-

metric epoxidation of allylic alcohols employing a

late.

system consisting of titanium tetraisopropoxide,

(+)- or (−)-diethyl tartrate, and tert-butyl hydroper-

Sg. Symbol for seaborgium.

oxide. The epoxy alcohols are obtained with a high

degree of optical purity (90%), and their absolute

SGR. Abbreviation for steam gas recycle process

stereochemistry is predictable.

for shale oil recovery.

See shale oil.

Shea butter A substance obtained from the nuts

shale oil. A mixed-base crude oil extracted from

of Bassia.

mountains of sedimentary shale in Colorado, Utah,

Properties: Grey-white solid. D 0.9175.

and Wyoming by heating at 425–535C (approxi-

See “Shebu” [R. I. T. A.].

mately 800–1000F). Two methods can be used: sur-

face mining and excavation. In the first, the shale is

shear. The ratio between a stress (force per unit

bulldozed from beds, crushed, and fed into retorts of

area) applied laterally to a material and the strain

either the vertical or horizontal type. In the second,

resulting from this force. Determination of this ratio

shafts are driven into the mountain and the shale is

is one method of measuring the viscosity of a liquid

heated in situ by direct combustion in an interior

or semisolid.

chamber excavated for the purpose. The in situ

See viscosity.

method is the more efficient. The oil-bearing com-

ponent of the shale is called kerogen. Only 20–30

“Shebu” [R. I. T. A.]. TM for shea butter.

gallons (less than one barrel) of oil is obtained per

Derivation: Extracted from fruit of the Karite tree.

ton of shale processed, and less than 33% of the total

Use: To ameliorate dry skin.

oil content is recoverable. Major obstacles are the

vast earth-moving operations necessary, the need

for large volumes of cooling water, and disposal of

“Sheliflex” [Shell]. TM for a series of petrole-

the spent shale. Though rather extensive pilot plant

um products largely composed of naphthenic and/or

operations have been carried out in recent years, no

paraffinic hydrocarbons.

large-scale production is likely for the indefinite

Properties: Colors ranging from near water-white to

future for both economic and technical reasons.

black; odor slight to none. Viscosity 3–55 cP at 99C,

See kerogen; oil shale; synfuel.

d 0.85–0.95, very low volatilities.

Hazard: Combustible.

shape-selective catalyst. See catalyst, shape- Use: Rubber processing and extending oils, miscella-

selective. neous process oil uses.

1119 SHIU OIL

shell. (1) In physical chemistry, this term is ap- “Shell Sol” [Shell]. TM for a series of aliphatic

plied to any of the several sets of, or orbits of, the hydrocarbon solvents composed of a mixture of

electrons in an atom as they revolve around its nu- paraffinic, naphthenic, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

cleus. They constitute a number of principal quan-

tum paths representing successively higher energy

“Shellwax” [Shell]. TM for a series of paraffin

levels. There may be from one to seven shells, de-

waxes derived from distillate lube streams.

pending on the atomic number of the element and

corresponding to the seven periods of the periodic

sherardizing. The process by which relatively

table. The shells are usually designated by number,

small articles made of iron or steel are coated with

though letter symbols have been used, i.e., K, L, M,

zinc powder. The metal forms an alloy with the steel

N, O, P, Q. The laws of physics limit the number of

surface and produces a thin, tightly adherent, corro-

electrons in the various shells as follows: two in the

sion-resistant coating.

first (K), eight in the second (L), 18 in the third (M),

and 32 in the fourth (N). With the exception of

“Sherbelizer” [Kelco]. TM for an algin deriva-

hydrogen and helium, each shell contains two or

tive–vegetable gum composition.

more orbitals, each of which is capable of holding a

Use: Stabilizer for sherbets, water ices, frozen fruits,

maximum of two electrons.

syrups, purees, chocolate ice cream.

See quantum number; orbital theory; Pauli exclusion

principle.

“Sherbrite” [Aqualon]. TM for brighteners

(2) The hard integument of mollusks and crustace-

for nickel plating. Active ingredient is 1,2-benzisot-

ans, consisting mostly of calcium carbonate, chitin,

hiazolin-3-one-1,1-dioxide sodium salt.

etc. See nacre; oyster shells.

(3) The brittle covering of avian eggs, chiefly calci-

um carbonate, lime, etc. The formation of proper

sher, extract. See euphorbia tirucalli l., ex-

shell structures in certain species of birds is said to tract.

be adversely affected by DDT and similar insectici-

dal contaminants of their food.

shielding. Protection of personnel from the harm-

(4) The shells of nuts are cellulosic in character.

ful effects of ionizing radiation and/or neutrons by

Some contain industrially useful oils.

enclosure of the equipment (reactor, particle accel-

erator, X-ray generator, etc.) with an absorbing ma-

terial. The most efficient of these are cadmium, lead,

shellac. (lac; garnet lac; gum lac; stick lac).

steel, and high-density concrete (3 ft of concrete

Derivation: A natural resin secreted by the insect

equals about 1 ft of steel). Among the plastics, poly-

Laccifer lacca (Coccus lacca) and deposited on the

ethylene affords reasonable protection in thick

twigs of trees in India. After collection, washing,

sheets. Water and paraffin wax are good neutron

and purification by melting and filtering, it is formed

absorbers because of their high hydrogen content.

into thin sheets, that are later fragmented into flakes

Materials such as graphite and beryllium are able to

of orange shellac. This may be dewaxed and

deflect and retard neutrons and are used for this

bleached to a transparent product. Soluble in alco-

purpose as moderators in nuclear reactors. Heavy

hol; insoluble in water.

water is also used.

Grade: (1) Orange: TN (impure), fine, superfine,

heart, superior; (2) bleached and dewaxed (col-

orless).

shiga toxin. See shigella dysenteriae toxin.

Hazard: (Alcohol solution) Flammable, dangerous

fire risk.

shigella dysenteriae toxin.

Use: Sealer coat under varnish; finish coat for floors,

CAS: 75757-64-1.

furniture, etc.; dielectric coatings, deKhotinsky ce-

Hazard: A poison.

ment.

Source: Natural product.

shellac, bleached. Shine-Dalgarno sequence. A sequence in an

Properties: From the resinous secretion, called lac, mRNA required for binding prokaryotic ribosomes.

of the insect Llaccifer (Tachardia) lacca Kerr (fam. The sequence consists of 4-9 purine residues, locat-

Coccidae). Off white, amorphous, granular solid. ed 8-13 bp upstream of the initiation codon.

Sol in alc; insol in water; sltly sol in acetone, ether.

Use: Food additive.

Shirakawa, Hideki. (1936– ). Awarded Nobel

Prize in chemistry in 2000 jointly with Alan J. Heeg-

er and Alan G. MacDiarmid for the discovery and

shellac, bleached, wax-free.

development of conductive polymers. He performs

Properties: From the resinous secretion, called lac,

his research at University of Tsukuba, Japan.

of the insect Llaccifer (Tachardia) lacca Kerr (fam.

Coccidae). light yellow, amorphous, granular solid.

Sol in alc; insol in water; sltly sol in acetone, ether.

shiu oil. (apopino oil). A Japanese oil with a

Use: Food additive. high linalool content.

1120SHODDY

shoddy. Reclaimed scrap wool, rubber, leather, when the hemoglobin is deoxygenated, causing he-

etc., often used in the manufacture of low-quality moglobin molecules to polymerize and deform the

products. red blood cells.

Shoelkopf acid. (1-naphthol-4,8-disulfonic

side chain. See chain.

acid). C

OH(SO

Properties: Colorless crystals.

siderite. (chalybite; spathic iron ore). FeCO

Derivation: Decomposition of 1-naphthylamine-

(usually with some calcium, magnesium, or manga-

4,8-disulfonic acid by diazotization and acidifying

nese).

with heat.

The term siderite is also used for an iron alloy found

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

in meteorites.

Properties: Gray, yellow, brown, green, white, or

short. Baked products: crisp, flaky, e.g., short-

brownish-red mineral; vitreous inclining to pearly

cake; steel: brittle, friable under certain temperature

luster; white streak. D 3.83–3.88, Mohs hardness

conditions, e.g., hot-short (above red heat) and cold-

3.5–4.

short (below red heat). Clay: dry, lacking plasticity.

Occurrence: U.S. (Vermont, Massachusetts, Con-

necticut, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania,

shortening. See cooking (5).

Ohio), Europe.

Use: An ore of iron, when high in manganese used in

shortstopping agent. A material used in a po-

the manufacture of spiegeleisen.

lymerization reaction to cut off the reaction at a

predetermined point, e.g., use of diethylhydroxyla-

“SiDigester Liquid” [ACC Silicones]. TM

mine or sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate to control

for a silicone digester liquid.

synthetic rubber polymerization; tetraethylsilanol is

used in silicone polymers.

sienna. A yellowish hydrated iron oxide. Raw

sienna is a brown-tinted yellow ocher occurring in

short-term exposure limit. (STEL). The 15-

Alabama, California, Pennsylvania, Cyprus, and

minute concentration of an air contaminant that

Italy. Burnt sienna is an orange-brown pigment

should not be exceeded at any time during a work-

made by calcining raw sienna.

day.

See ocher; iron oxide reds.

See Threshold Limit Value.

Use: Colorant in oil paints, stains, pastels, etc.

shotgun cloning. The practice of randomly

clipping a larger DNA fragment into various smaller

sieve. See screen.

pieces, cloning everything, and then studying the

resulting individual clones to determine what oc-

Sievert’s law. Refers to the solubility of mole-

curred.

cules that dissociate during solution, varies as the

square root of the pressure.

shotgun method. Sequencing method that in-

volves randomly sequenced cloned pieces of the

siglure. (generic name for sec-butyl-6-methyl-

genome, with no foreknowledge of where the piece

3-cyclohexane-1-carboxylate).

originally came from.

COOCH(CH

See genomic library.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 113–114C (15 mm Hg). Sol-

uble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

shotgun sequencing. See shotgun method.

Combustible.

Use: Insect attractant.

shot metal. Lead alloy with less than 3% arsenic.

sigma blade. A rotating agitator set horizontally

shuttle vector. A recombinant DNA vector that

in a kneading bowl or chamber used for mixing

can be replicated in two or more different host spe-

doughs and heavy pastes. The blade or arm is shaped

cies, making possible the movement of DNA be-

somewhat like a Greek capital sigma (⌺) lying on its

tween organisms.

side; variations of this shape simulate horizontal

letters S and Z. Some kneaders have two such blades

SI. Abbreviation for International System of Units

that overlap as they turn to provide maximum mix-

(metric system) which is now in use in most coun-

ing efficiency.

tries but not yet officially adopted in U.S.

See kneading.

Si. Symbol for silicon.

sigma bond. A covalent bond directed along the

sickle-cell anemia. A human disease character- line joining the centers of two atoms. They are the

ized by hemoglobin molecules in which a Glu is normal single bonds in organic molecules.

replaced by a Val. This creates a “sticky patch” See pi bond.

1121 SILICA, FUSED

sigma function. Enthalpy of an air-stream mix, “Silcolapse 430” [ACC Silicones]. TM for

minus the heat of the liquid. a 100% non-aqueous antifoam liquid.

“Silcopas” [Grayson]. TM for a coloring

sigma phase. The nonmagnetic, brittle, corun-

liquid.

dum-hard FeCr constituent in stainless steel.

Use: To color silicone rubber and RTV silicone.

sigma value. The value of a quantum number,

sildenafil citrate. See “Viagra” [Pfizer].

which quantizes the component of angular momen-

tum, of spin about the axis of a diatomic molecule.

silent mutation. A mutation in a gene that

causes no detectable change in the biological char-

signal sequence. An amino-terminal sequence

acteristics of the gene product.

that signals the cellular destination of a newly syn-

thesized protein.

silica. (silicon dioxide). SiO

. Occurs widely in

nature as sand, quartz, flint, diatomite.

signal transduction. The process by which an

Properties: Colorless crystals or white powder;

extracellular signal is converted to an intracellular

odorless and tasteless. D 2.2–2.6; thermal conduc-

response.

tivity about half that of glass, mp 1710C, bp 2230C,

high dielectric constant, high heat and shock resis-

sig water. The alkaline solution of soda ash,

tance. Insoluble in water and acids except hydrogen

borax, or ammonia for washing the grain surface of

fluoride; soluble in molten alkai when finely divided

leather before applying color or dye.

and amorphous. Combines chemically with most

metallic oxides; melts to a glass with lowest known

silane. (silicon tetrahydride).

coefficient of expansion (fused silica). Noncom-

CAS: 7803-62-5. SiH

bustible.

Properties: A gas; repulsive odor. Solidifies at

Derivation: Can be made from a soluble silicate

−200C, bp −112C, d 0.68. Decomposes in water;

(water glass) by acidification, washing and ignition.

insoluble in alcohol and benzene.

Arc silica is made from sand, vaporized in a 3000C

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, ignites spontaneously

electric arc.

in air. Strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 5 ppm.

Grade: By purity and mesh size, silica aerogel, hyd-

Use: Doping agent for solid-state devices, production

rated, precipitated.

of amorphous silicon.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, chronic exposure to

dust may cause silicosis.

Use: (Powder) Manufacture of glass, water glass,

silane compounds. Gaseous or liquid com-

ceramics, abrasives, water filtration, microspheres,

pounds of silicon and hydrogen (Si

2n+2

), analogous

component of concrete, source of ferrosilicon and

to alkanes or saturated hydrocarbons. SiH

is called

elemental silicon, filler in cosmetics, pharmaceuti-

silyl (analogous to methyl), and Si

is disilanyl

cals, paper, insecticides, hydrated and precipitated

(analogous to ethyl). A cyclic silicon and hydrogen

grades as rubber reinforcing agent, including sili-

compound having the formula SiH

is called a cyclo-

cone rubber, anticaking agent in foods, flattening

silane. Organofunctional silanes are noted for their

agents in paints, thermal insulator. (Fused) Ablative

ability to bond organic polymer systems to inorganic

material in rocket engines, spacecraft, etc.; fibers in

substrates.

reinforced plastics; special camera lenses. (Amor-

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk.

phous) Silica gel.

See silicone; siloxane.

See quartz; silicic acid; silica gel.

“Silastic” [Dow Corning]. TM for composi-

silica, amorphous fume. (amorphous silica

tions in physical character comparable to milled and

fume).

compounded rubber prior to vulcanization but con-

CAS: 69012-64-2.

taining organosilicon polymers. Parts fabricated of

Hazard: TLV: 2 mg/m

, respirable dust.

“Silastic” are serviceable from −73 to +260C, retain

good physical and dielectric properties in such ser-

vice, show excellent resistance to compression set,

silica, fumed. A colloidal form of silica made by

weathering, and corona. Thermal conductivity is

combustion of silicon tetrachloride in hydrogen-

high, water absorption low.

oxygen furnaces. Fine, white powder.

Use: Diaphragms, gaskets and seals, O-rings, hose,

Use: Thickener, thixotropic, and reinforcing agent in

coated fabrics, wire and cable, and insulating com-

inks, resins, rubber, paints, cosmetics, etc. Base ma-

ponents for electrical and electronic parts.

terial for high-temperature mortars.

See “Aerosil”; “Cab-O-Sil.”

“Silcogum” [Grayson]. TM for a rubber addi-

tive.

silica, fused. (amorphous quartz).

Use: For coloring high consistency silicone rubber. CAS: 60676-86-0. O

Si.

1122SILICA GEL

Properties: Mw 60.09. Made up of spherical submi- drying and ignition, until relatively pure silica re-

croscopic particles under 0.1 micron in size.

mains. During drying the jelly is converted to a

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg/m

(Respirable Fraction).

white, amorphous powder or lumps.

Use: Concrete, grouts, mortars, elastomers, refracto-

Use: Laboratory reagent and reinforcing agent in

ry and coating applications.

rubber.

See silica; quartz, fused.

See silica gel.

silica gel.

silicic acid (ortho).

CAS: 7631-86-9. (silica, amorphous hydrated; si-

CAS: 10193-36-9. mf: H

Si.

licic acid). A regenerative adsorbent consisting of

Hazard: A poison.

amorphous silica. Noncombustible.

Derivation: From sodium silicate and sulfuric acid.

silicic acid, sodium salt.

Grade: Commercial grades capable of withstanding

CAS: 1344-09-8.

temperatures up to 260–315C are supplied in the

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

following mesh sizes: 3–8, 6–16, 14–20, 14–42,

by skin contact. A severe skin and eye irritant.

28–200, and through 325.

Hazard: TLV: TWA (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/

silicochloroform. See trichlorosilane.

of total dust (when toxic impurities are not

present, e.g., quartz <1%).

silicol. Silicic oxide casein metaphosphate.

Use: Dehumidifying and dehydrating agent, air-con-

ditioning, drying of compressed air and other gases

silicomanganese. Alloys consisting principally

and liquids such as refrigerants and oils containing

of manganese, silicon, and carbon.

water in suspension, recovery of natural gasoline

Use: Low-carbon steel in which silicon is not objec-

from natural gas, bleaching of petroleum oils, cata-

tionable. Silicon manganese steels are used for

lyst and catalyst carrier, chromatography, anticak-

springs and high-strength structural steels.

ing agent in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, in

See ferromanganese.

waxes to prevent slipping, in dietary supplements.

See silicic acid; “Britesorb” [PQ].

silicomolybdic acid. See 12-molybdosilicic

acid.

“Silic AR” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for silica-

gel-based formulations suitable for various chroma-

silicon. (silicon powder, amorphous).

tographic applications. The numerical suffixes indi-

CAS: 7440-21-3. Si. Nonmetallic element Atomic

cate the approximate pH of a 10% slurry. Letters F,

number 14, group IVA of the periodic table, aw

G, or GF indicate that the product contains a fluores-

28.086, valence

4, three stable isotopes. It is the

cent material, gypsum binder, or both. “TLC” indi-

second most abundant element (25% of the earth’s

cates suitability for thin-layer chromatography.

crust) and is the most important semiconducting

element; it can form more compounds than any other

silicate. Any of the widely occurring compounds

element except carbon.

containing silicon, oxygen, and one or more metals

Properties: Dark-colored crystals (the octahedral

with or without hydrogen. The silicon and oxygen

form in which the atoms have the diamond arrange-

may combine with organic groups to form silicate

ment). The amorphous form is a dark-brown powder

esters. Most rocks (except limestone and dolomite)

(see silicon, amorphous). D 2.33, mp 1410C, bp

and many mineral compounds are silicates. Typical

2355C, Mohs hardness 7, dielectric constant 12,

natural silicates are gemstones (except diamond),

coordination number 6. Soluble in a mixture of nitric

beryl, asbestos, talc, clays, feldspar, mica, etc. Port-

and hydrofluoric acids and in alkalies; insoluble in

land cement contains a high percentage of calcium

water, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. Combines

silicates. Best known of the synthetic (soluble) sili-

with oxygen to form tetrahedral molecules in which

cates is sodium silicate (water glass).

one silicon atom is surrounded by four oxygen

Hazard: (Natural silicate dusts) Toxic by inhalation.

atoms. In this respect it is similar to carbon. It is also

Use: Fillers in plastics and rubber, paper coatings,

capable of forming −Si==Si− double bonds in orga-

antacids, anticaking agents, cements.

nosilicon compounds.

Occurrence: Does not occur free in nature but is a

silicate garden. The irregular, colored, tubular

major portion of silica and silicates (rocks, quartz,

growths formed in dilute aqueous silicate solutions

sand, clays, etc.).

by dropping water solutions of heavy metal salts into

Derivation: Crystalline silicon is made commercial-

it.

ly (96–98% pure) in an electric furnace by heating

SiO

with carbon, followed by zone refining. It can

silicic acid. (hydrated silica). be purified to 99.7% by leaching. The ultrapure

CAS: 7699-41-4. SiO

•nH

O. The jellylike precipi- semiconductor grade (99.97%) is obtained by reduc-

tate obtained when sodium silicate solution is acidi- tion of purified silicon tetrachloride or trichlorosi-

fied. The proportion of water varies with the condi- lane with purified hydrogen; the silicon is deposited

tions of preparation and decreases gradually during on hot filaments (800C) of tantalum or tungsten. In a

1123 SILICON-GOLD ALLOY

one-step method, sodium fluorosilicate is reacted Properties: A hard, tough, bronzelike alloy contain-

with sodium, the heat produced being sufficient to ing 10–30% silicon.

form silicon tetrafluoride; this, when reacted with Derivation: From silica and copper electrolytically.

sodium, yields high-purity silicon and sodium fluo- Use: Manufacture of silicon-bronze.

ride. The process requires no heat except that pro-

vided by the original reaction. Single crystals of

silicone. (organosiloxane). Any of a large group

both n- and p-type are grown by highly specialized

of siloxane polymers based on a structure consisting

techniques.

of alternate silicon and oxygen atoms with various

Grade: Ferrosilicon, regular (97% silicon), semicon-

organic radicals attached to the silicon:

ductor or hyperpure (99.97% silicon), amorphous.

Hazard: TLV: TWA (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/

of total dust (when toxic impurities are not

present, e.g., quartz <1%). Flammable in powder

form.

Use: Semiconductor in solid-state devices (transis-

Discovered by Kipping in England in 1900.

tors, photovoltaic cells, computer circuitry, rectifi-

Properties: Liquids, semisolids, or solids depending

ers, etc.); organosilicon compounds; silicon carbide;

on molecular weight and degree of polymerization.

alloying agent in steels, aluminum, copper, bronze,

Viscosity ranges from less than 1 to more than 1

and iron (ferrosilicon); cermets and special refracto-

million centistokes. Polymers may be straight chain,

ries; halogenated silanes; spring steels; deoxidizer

or cross-linked with benzoyl peroxide or other free

in steel manufacture.

radical initiator, with or without catalyst. Stable over

See silica; silicate; silicone; ferrosilicon; silicon,

temperature range from –50 to +250C. Very low

amorphous.

surface tension; extreme water repellency; high lu-

bricity; excellent dielectric properties; resistant to

silicon, amorphous. A noncrystalline allotrope

oxidation, weathering, and high temperatures; per-

of silicon that exists in the form of a dark-brown

meable to gases. Soluble in most organic solvents;

powder. It is made from silane (SiH

) plus doping

unhalogenated types are combustible.

agents in a glow-discharge tube at low pressure. A

Derivation: (1) Silicon is heated in methyl chloride

film only a few microns in thickness is deposited on

to yield methylchlorosilanes; these are separated

a glass or metal substrate. The amorphous product

and purified by distillation and the desired com-

contains about 20% hydrogen. It has been found

pound mixed with water. A polymeric silicone re-

superior to crystalline silicon in the manufacture of

sults. (2) Reaction of silicon tetrachloride and a

solar cells.

Grignard reagent (RMgCl), with subsequent hydrol-

ysis and polymerization.

silicon-bronze. An alloy of copper, tin, and sili-

Available forms: Fluids, powders, emulsions, solu-

con used for telephone and telegraph wires.

tions, resins, pastes, elastomers.

Use: (Liquid) Adhesives, lubricants, protective coat-

ings, coolants, mold release agents, dielectric fluids,

silicon carbide.

heat transfer, wetting agents and surfactants, foam

CAS: 409-21-2. SiC.

stabilizer for polyurethanes, diffusion pumps, anti-

Properties: Bluish-black, iridescent crystals. Mohs

foaming agent for liquids, textile finishes, water

hardness 9, d 3.217, sublimes with decomposition at

repellent, weatherproofing concrete, brake fluids,

2700C. Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in

cosmetic items, polishes, foam shields in solar ener-

fused alkalies and molten iron. Excellent thermal

gy collectors, rust preventives. (Resin) Coatings,

conductivity, electrically conductive, resists oxida-

molding compounds, laminates (with glass cloth),

tion at high temperatures. Noncombustible, a nui-

filament winding sealants, room-temperature curing

sance particulate.

cements, electrical insulation, impregnating electric

Derivation: Heating carbon and silica in an electric

coils, bonding agent, modifier for alkyd resins, vi-

furnace at 2000C.

bration-damping devices. (Elastomer, or silicone

Available forms: Powder, filament, whiskers (3 mil-

rubber) Encapsulation of electronic parts; electrical

lion psi), single crystals.

insulation; gaskets; surgical membranes and im-

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human

plants; automobile engine components; flexible

carcinogen.

windows for face masks, air locks, etc.; miscella-

Use: Abrasive for cutting and grinding metals, grind-

neous mechanical products.

ing wheels, refractory in nonferrous metallurgy, ce-

See organosilicon.

ramic industry and boiler furnaces, composite tubes

for steam reforming operations. Fibrous form used

in filament-wound structures and heat-resistant,

silicone oil. See silicone.

high-strength composites.

See “Carborundum”; “Carbofrax.”

silicone rubber. See silicone.

silicon-copper. (copper silicide). silicon-gold alloy. See gold-silicon alloy.

1124SILICON MONOXIDE

silicon monoxide. silicon tetrafluoride. (tetrafluorosilane; sili-

CAS: 10097-28-6. SiO. con fluoride).

Properties: Amorphous, black solid. D 2.15–2.18, CAS: 7783-61-1. SiF

sublimes at high temperature, hard and abrasive.

Properties: Colorless gas; suffocating odor similar

Noncombustible.

to hydrogen chloride. Fumes strongly in air, d 3.57

Grade: Lumps, powders, tablets; optical.

(gas, air

1) (15C), fp −90C, bp −86C. Absorbed

Use: To form thin surface films for protection of

readily in large quantities by water with decomposi-

aluminum coatings, optical parts, mirrors, dielec-

tion; soluble in absolute alcohol. Noncombustible.

trics, or insulators.

Derivation: (1) Action of hydrogen fluoride or con-

centrated sulfuric acid and a metallic fluoride on

silica or silicates; (2) direct synthesis.

silicon nitride. Si

Grade: Pure, 99.5% min.

Properties: Gray, amorphous powder (can be pre-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to mu-

pared as crystals). Sublimes at 1900C, d 3.44, bulk d

cous membranes. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

70–75 lb/cu ft depending on mesh, Mohs hardness

Use: Manufacture of fluosilicic acid, intermediate in

9+, thermal conductivity 10.83 Btu/in/sq ft/hr/F

manufacture of pure silicon, to seal water out of oil

(400–2400F). Resistant to oxidation, various corro-

wells during drilling.

sive media, molten aluminum, zinc, lead, and tin;

soluble in hydrogen fluoride.

Derivation: Reaction of powdered silicon and nitro-

silicon tetrahydride. See silane.

gen in an electric furnace at 1300C.

Use: Refractory coatings, bonding silicon carbide,

silicon tetraiodide. SiI

mortars, abrasives, thermocouple tubes in molten

Properties: White crystals. Mp 120C, bp 290C. Non-

aluminum, crucibles for zone-refining germanium,

combustible.

rocket nozzles, high-strength fibers and whiskers,

Grade: Up to 99.999%.

insulator and passivating agent in transistors and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

other solid-state devices.

tissue.

silicon tetrabromide. (tetrabromosilane).

silicotungstic acid. (12-tungstosilicic acid;

SiBr

silicowolframic acid). H

SiW

•5H

Properties: Fuming, colorless liquid that turns yel-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Very soluble

low in air; disagreeable odor. Decomposed by water

in water and polar organic solvents; relatively insol-

with evolution of heat, d 2.82 (0C), bp 153C, mp 5C.

uble in nonpolar organic solvents. Strong acid. Non-

Noncombustible.

combustible.

Grade: Purity: 99.999%.

Grade: Reagent, technical.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Use: Catalyst for organic synthesis, reagent for alka-

loids, additive to plating processes, as precipitant

silicon tetrachloride. (tetrachlorosilane; sili-

and inorganic ion exchanger, minerals separation,

con chloride).

mordant.

CAS: 10026-04-7. SiCl

See sodium 12-tungstosilicate; tungstosilicates.

Properties: Colorless, exceedingly mobile, fuming

liquid; suffocating odor. Corrosive to most metals

silicowolframic acid. See silicotungstic acid.

when water is present; in the absence of water it has

practically no action on iron, steel, or the common

silk. A natural fiber secreted as a continuous fila-

metals and alloys, and can be stored and handled in

ment by the silkworm, Bombyx mori; silk consists

metal equipment without danger. D 1.483 (20C),

essentially of the protein fibroin and, in the raw

bulk d 12.4 lb/gal, fp −70C, bp 57.6C, refr index

state, is coated with a gum that is usually removed

1.412 (20C). Miscible with carbon tetrachloride, tin

before spinning. D 1.25, elongation at rupture about

tetrachloride, titanium tetrachloride, and sulfur

20%, tenacity 3–5 g/denier. Combustible but self-

mono- and dichlorides; decomposed by water and

extinguishing.

alcohol with evolution of hydrogen chloride. Non-

combustible.

“Sil-Kleer” [Silbrico]. TM for perlite filter aid.

Derivation: Heating silicon dioxide and coke in a

stream of chlorine.

Grade: Technical, 99.5%, CP (99.8%), semicon-

sillimanite. An aluminum silicate, a high-heat-

ductor. resisting material containing a maximum amount of

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong mullite, developed from the alteration of andalusite

irritant to tissue. during firing. This necessitates firing at above

Use: Smoke screens; manufacture of ethyl silicate 1550C for the development of a suitable crystalline

and similar compounds; production of silicones; structure.

manufacture of high-purity silica and fused silica Use: Spark plugs, chemical lab ware, pyrometer

glass; source of silicon, silica, and hydrogen chlo- tubes, special porcelain shapes, furnace patch and

ride; lab reagent. refractories.

1125 SILVER BROMIDE

silo. See ensilage. per), various alloys; plate, ingot, bullion, moss,

sheet, wire, tubing, castings, powder, high purity

(impurities less than 100 ppm), single crystals,

siloxane. (oxosilane). A straight-chain com-

whiskers.

pound (analogous to paraffin hydrocarbons) con-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: (metal) 0.1 mg/m

;

sisting of silicon atoms single-bonded to oxygen and

(soluble compounds as silver) 0.01 mg/m

so arranged that each silicon atom is linked with four

Use: Manufacture of silver nitrate, silver bromide,

oxygen atoms.

photographic chemicals; lining vats and other

equipment for chemical reaction vessels, water dis-

tillation, etc.; mirrors; electric conductors, such as

bus bars; silver plating; electronic equipment; steri-

lant; water purification; surgical cements; hydration

and oxidation catalyst; special batteries; solar cells;

reflectors for solar towers; low-temperature brazing

In some types, hydrogen may replace two or more of

alloys; table cutlery; jewelry; dental, medical, and

the oxygens. Disiloxane and trisiloxane are examples.

scientific equipment; electrical contacts; bearing

See silicone.

metal; magnet windings; dental amalgams. Colloi-

dal silver is used as a nucleating agent in photogra-

“Silspan” [Pecora]. TM for preformed silicone phy and in medicine, often combined with protein.

profile seals. See “Argyrol.”

Note: A sandwich assembly consisting of a layer of

silver between two layers of TiO

is used to coat the

“Siltemp” [Ametek]. TM for a substantially

interior of light bulbs; it is said to reduce power

pure fibrous silica for use in rocket and missile

consumption by more than 50% and triple the life of

construction and for high-temperature insulation of

the bulb. Each layer of the coating, applied by the

motor components and similar applications.

sputtering technique is 180 A

thick.

Use: As a construction material in laminate form

impregnated and bonded with high-temperature

resins.

silver acetate.

CAS: 563-63-3. CH

COOAg.

Properties: White crystals or powder. D 3.26. Mod-

silteplase.

erately soluble in hot water; soluble in nitric acid.

CAS: 131081-40-8.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Lab reagent, oxidizing agent.

“Sil-Trode” [Ampco]. TM for silicon bronze

silver acetylide.

electrodes and filler rod for use in inert-gas welding.

CAS: 13092-75-6. Ag

Properties: White, unstable powder. A salt of acety-

silumin. Aluminum-silicon alloys containing

lene.

12% silicon.

Derivation: Reaction of acetylene with aqueous so-

Properties: D 2.63–2.65.

lution of argentous salts.

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked or

silver.

heated.

CAS: 7440-22-4. Ag. Metallic element, atomic

Use: Detonators.

number 47, group IB of the periodic table, aw

107.868, valence of 1, two stable isotopes.

silver bromate. AgBrO

Properties: Soft, ductile, lustrous, white solid; high-

Properties: White powder. Decomposed by heat, d

est electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals.

5.2. Sensitive to light, keep in amber bottle. Soluble

Excellent light reflector that resists oxidation, but

in ammonium hydroxide; slightly soluble in hot

tarnishes in air through reaction with atmospheric

water.

sulfur compounds. D 10.53, mp 961C, bp 2212C,

thermal conductivity 1.01 cal/cm/sec/C, absorbs

oxygen strongly at the melting point. Soluble in

silver bromide. AgBr.

nitric acid, hot sulfuric acid, and alkali cyanide solu- Properties: Pale yellow crystals or powder, darkens

tions; insoluble in water and alkalies. Noncombusti- on exposure to light, finally turning black. D 6.473

ble except as powder. (25C), mp 432C, bp decomposes at 700C. Soluble in

Derivation: By-product of operations on copper, potassium bromide, potassium cyanide, and sodium

zinc, lead, or gold ores, but some smelters still oper- thiosulfate solutions; very slightly soluble in ammo-

ate on native silver. The recovery ranges from 166 nia water; insoluble in water.

ounces to a few thousandths of an ounce per ton. Derivation: Silver nitrate is dissolved in water and a

See Parkes process; Pattinson process. solution of alkali bromide added slowly. The precip-

Source: Chief silver ores are native silver, argentite itated silver bromide is washed repeatedly with hot

(silver sulfide), and cerargyrite (silver chloride). water; the operation must be carried on in a dark-

Available forms: Pure (“fine”), sterling (7.5% cop- room under a ruby-red light.

1126SILVER CARBONATE

Use: Photographic film and plates, photochromic Hazard: Toxic by ingestion or inhalation. TLV: 0.01

glass, laboratory reagent.

mg/m

Use: Silver plating.

silver carbonate. Ag

Properties: Yellow to yellowish-gray powder. Con-

silver dichromate. (silver bichromate).

tains 78% silver. Light-sensitive. D 6.077; decom-

poses at 218C. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide,

Properties: Dark-red, almost black, crystalline pow-

nitric acid; insoluble in alcohol and water.

der. D 4.770. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide and

Use: Lab reagent.

nitric acid; slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: Possible carcinogen. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

silver chlorate. (argentous chlorate).

CAS: 7783-92-8. AgClO

silver fluoride.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 230C, de-

CAS: 7775-41-9. AgF•H

composes at 270C, d 4.44. Partially soluble in water,

Properties: Yellow or brownish crystalline mass.

light-sensitive.

Very hygroscopic, becomes dark on exposure to

Derivation: Reaction of silver nitrate and sodium

light. D 5.852 (anhydrous), mp 435C, bp 1159C.

chlorate.

Soluble in water.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, may react violently when

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

shocked or heated, store away from combustible

Use: Medicine (antiseptic), substitution of fluorine

materials. Toxic by ingestion.

for bromine and chlorine in organic compounds.

Use: Organic synthesis.

silver iodide. AgI.

silver chloride. AgCl. Properties: Pale-yellow powder; odorless, tasteless;

Properties: White, granular powder; darkens on ex- darkens on exposure to light. D 5.675, mp 556C.

posure to light, finally turning black. Exists in sever- Soluble in hydrogen iodide, potassium iodide, po-

al modifications differing in behavior toward light tassium cyanide, ammonium hydroxide, sodium

and in their solubility in various solvents. D 5.56, mp chloride, and sodium thiosulfate solutions. Insolu-

445C, bp 1550C. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide, ble in water.

concentrated sulfuric acid and sodium thiosulfate Derivation: Silver nitrate solution is heated, alkali

and potassium bromide solutions; very slightly solu- iodide solution added, and the precipitate washed

ble in water. Can be melted, cast, and fabricated like with boiling water in the dark or under ruby red

a metal. illumination.

Derivation: Silver nitrate solution is heated and hy- Use: Photography, cloud seeding for artificial rain-

drochloric acid or salt solution added. The whole is making, lab reagent, antiseptic.

boiled, then filtered, all in the dark or under a ruby-

red light.

“Silver-Lume” A, B [ATOTECH]. TM for

Method of purification: Resolution in ammonium

a bright silver electroplating process for use by sil-

hydroxide and precipitation by hydrochloric acid.

versmiths and electronics manufacturers. The mate-

Grade: Technical; CP; single, pure crystals.

rials used are silver cyanide, potassium cyanide,

Hazard: As for silver.

potassium carbonate, and addition agents.

Use: Photography, photometry and optics, batteries,

photochromic glass, silver plating, production of

silver mercury iodide. See mercuric silver

pure silver, antiseptic. Single crystals are used for

iodide.

infrared absorption cells and lens elements, lab re-

agent.

silver methylarsonate. (methanearsonic acid,

disilver salt). CH

AsI

silver chromate. Ag

CrO

Derivation: Reaction of disodium methylarsonate

Properties: Dark, brownish-red powder. D 5.625.

with silver salts.

Soluble in acids, ammonium hydroxide, potassium

Hazard: Very toxic. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

cyanide, solutions of alkali chromates; insoluble in

Use: Algicides.

water.

Use: Lab reagent.

silver nitrate.

CAS: 7761-88-8. AgNO

silver cyanide. Properties: Colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic

CAS: 506-64-9. AgCN. crystals; becomes gray or grayish-black on exposure

Properties: White powder; odorless, tasteless. Dark- to light in the presence of organic matter; odorless;

ens on exposure to light. D 3.95, decomposes at bitter, caustic metallic taste. Strong oxidizing agent

320C. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide, dilute boil- and caustic. D 4.328, mp 212C, bp (decomposes).

ing nitric acid, and potassium cyanide and sodium Soluble in cold water; more soluble in hot water,

thiosulfate solutions; insoluble in water. glycerol, and hot alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.

Derivation: By adding sodium cyanide or potassium Derivation: Silver is dissolved in dilute nitric acid

cyanide to a solution of silver nitrate. and the solution evaporated. The residue is heated to

1127 SILVER, STERLING

a dull red heat to decompose any copper nitrate, (25C), mp decomposes; contains 47.5% silver; de-

composed by alcohol; light-sensitive, use dark-col-

dissolved in water, filtered, and recrystallized.

ored bottles.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 0.01

Hazard: Dangerous explosion risk, may detonate if

mg/m

shocked or heated.

Use: Photographic film, catalyst for ethylene oxide,

Use: Gas masks, medicine (antiseptic).

indelible inks, silver plating, silver salts, silvering

mirrors, germicide (as a wall spray), hair dyeing,

antiseptic, fused form to cauterize wounds, lab re-

silver peroxide. (argentic oxide). Ag

agent.

Properties: Grayish powder. D 7.44 (25C), decom-

poses above 100C. Insoluble in water; soluble in

silver nitride. Ag

sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and ammonium hydroxide.

Properties: Colorless powder.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, strong

Derivation: Reaction of silver compounds with am-

oxidizing agent. Keep out of contact with organic

monia, with or without additives.

materials.

Hazard: Severe explosion hazard when shocked. It is

Use: Manufacture of silver-zinc batteries.

unusually sensitive to mechanical action of any kind

and can explode even in water suspension.

silver phosphate. (silver orthophosphate).

silver nitrite. AgNO

Properties: Yellow powder, turns brown when heat-

Properties: Small yellow or grayish-yellow needles;

ed or on exposure to light. D 6.370 (25C), mp 849C.

becomes gray on exposure to light. Decomposes at

Soluble in acids, potassium cyanide solutions, am-

140C, d 4.453 (26C). Contains 70% silver. Decom-

monium hydroxide, ammonium carbonate and ace-

posed by acids; soluble in hot water; insoluble in

tic acid; very slightly soluble in water.

alcohol.

Derivation: Interaction of silver nitrate and sodium

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

phosphate.

Use: Reagent for alcohols, preparation of aliphatic

Use: Photographic emulsions, catalyst, pharmaceu-

nitrogen compounds, and standard solutions for wa-

ticals.

ter analysis.

silver picrate.

silver orthophosphate. See silver phosphate.

CAS: 146-84-9. C

O(N

)

Ag•H

Properties: Yellow crystals containing 30% silver,

silver oxide. (argentous oxide).

soluble in water. Slightly soluble in alcohol and

CAS: 20667-12-3. Ag

acetone; insoluble in ether and chloroform.

Properties: Dark-brown or black powder; odorless;

Hazard: Severe explosion risk. Very toxic.

metallic taste. D 7.14 (16C), mp decomposes when

Use: Medicine (antimicrobial agent).

heated above 300C, strong oxidizing agent. Soluble

in ammonium hydroxide, potassium cyanide solu-

tion, nitric acid, and sodium thiosulfate solution;

silver potassium cyanide. (potassium cya-

slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

noargentate; potassium argentocyanide).

Derivation: Silver nitrate and alkali hydroxide solu-

CAS: 506-61-6. KAg(CN)

tions are mixed, the precipitate filtered and washed.

Properties: White crystals. D 2.36 (25C), sensitive

Grade: Technical, up to 99.6% pure, particle size

to light. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

2–3 microns.

acids.

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk in contact with or-

Derivation: By adding silver chloride to a solution of

ganic materials or ammonia.

potassium cyanide.

Use: Polishing glass, coloring glass yellow, catalyst,

Hazard: Very toxic. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

purifying drinking water, lab reagent.

Use: Silver plating, bactericide, antiseptic.

silver oxide battery. See zinc–silver oxide

silver sodium chloride. (sodium silver chlo-

battery.

ride). AgCl•NaCl.

Properties: Hard, white crystals. Decomposed by

silver perchlorate.

water. Soluble in a concentrated solution of sodium

CAS: 7783-93-9. AgClO

chloride.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Deliquescent, mp

485C (decomposes), d 2.80. Soluble in water; reacts

silver sodium thiosulfate. (sodium silver

with explosive violence with many organic sol-

thiosulfate). Ag

•2Na

•2H

vents; explodes on grinding.

Properties: White to gray, crystalline powder; sweet

Use: Manufacture of explosive compositions.

taste. Soluble in water.

silver permanganate. AgMnO

Properties: Violet, crystalline powder. D 4.27

silver, sterling. See sterling silver.

1128SILVER SULFATE

silver sulfate. (silver sulfate, normal). simazine. (2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-s-tria-

. zine).

CAS: 122-34-9. ClC

(NHC

)

Properties: Small, colorless, lustrous crystals or

Properties: White solid. Mp 225C. Insoluble in wa-

crystalline powder. Contains about 69% silver, turns

ter; slightly soluble in organic solvents. Combus-

gray on exposure to light. D 5.45 (29C), bp 1085C

tible.

(decomposes), mp 652C. Soluble in ammonium hy-

Use: Herbicide.

droxide, nitric acid, sulfuric acid, hot water; insolu-

ble in alcohol.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Simmons-Smith reaction. Stereospecific

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 0.01 mg/m

synthesis of cyclopropanes by treatment of olefins

Use: Lab reagent.

with methylene iodide and zinc-copper couple.

silver sulfate, normal. See silver sulfate.

Simonini reaction. The preparation of aliphat-

ic esters by the reaction of two moles of the silver

silver sulfide. Ag

salt of a carboxylic acid and one mole of iodine.

Properties: Grayish-black powder. D 7.32 (25C), bp

decomposes, mp 825C. Soluble in concentrated sul-

Simonis chromone cyclization. Formation

furic and nitric acids; insoluble in water.

of chromones from phenol and ␤-keto esters in the

Derivation: By passing hydrogen sulfide gas into

presence of phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus oxy-

silver nitrate solution, washing and drying.

chloride, or sulfuric acid. Coumarins may also be

Use: Inlaying in niello metalwork, ceramics.

formed.

silver trinitromethanide.

Simons process. An electrochemical fluorina-

CAS: 25987-94-4. mf: CAgN

tion process that makes fluorocarbons by passing an

Properties: Soft, ductile, malleable, bright silver

electric current through a mixture of the organic

metal. Tarnishes in air, forming sodium oxides, the

starting compound and liquid anhydrous hydrogen

carbonates, and the hydroxide. mw: 257.90, Mp:

fluoride. The products are hydrogen and the desired

97.8C, bp: 881C. Soluble in liquid NH

fluorocarbon.

Hazard: An explosive.

simple diffusion. The unassisted movement of

“Silver Universal Klister” [Swix]. TM for

molecules across a membrane to a region of lower

a ski wax.

concentration.

Use: Wax useful on both sides of freezing as condi-

tions are changing.

simple distillation. Distillation in which no

appreciable rectification of the vapor occurs, i.e., the

silvex. (fenoprop; generic name for 2-(2,4,5-

vapor formed from the liquid in the still is complete-

trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid).

ly condensed in the distillate receiver and does not

CAS: 93-72-1. Cl

OCH(CH

)COOH.

undergo change in composition due to partial con-

Properties: Solid. Mp 180.4–181.6C. Slightly solu-

densation or contact with previously condensed

ble in water; freely soluble in acetone, methanol.

vapor.

Combustible.

Hazard: Use has been restricted.

simple protein. A protein yielding only amino

Use: Herbicide and plant growth regulator.

acids on hydrolysis.

silvichemical. A chemical derived from wood,

SIMS. Abbreviation for secondary ion mass spec-

e.g., lignins, lignosulfonates (from spent sulfite li-

troscopy.

quor), vanillin, yeast (from fermentation of wood

sugars), tall oil, sulfate turpentine, bark extracts,

single-cell protein. See protein, single-cell.

phenolic materials.

silvicide. A nonselective herbicide used to kill or

single-gene disorder. Hereditary disorder

defoliate bushes and small trees, e.g., ammonium

caused by a mutant allele of a single gene. Examples

sulfamate.

are Duchenne muscular dystrophy, retinoblastoma,

and sickle cell disease.

See polygenic disorders.

silybum marianum (linn.) gaertn., extract.

CAS: 84604-20-6.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).

Source: Natural product.

DNA sequence variations that occur when a single

nucleotide (A, T, C, or G) in the genome sequence is

silylene. An organosilicon compound containing altered.

double-bonded silicon. See mutation; polymorphism; single-gene disorder.

1129 “SKYDROL”

singlet. Two unpaired electrons of a diradical Derivation: Soybeans, tall oil.

having antiparallel spins. Use: Biochemical research, anticholesteremic.

See cholesterol.

singlet oxygen. An electronically stimulated

sitosterol sulfate.

oxygen molecule.

CAS: 24815-93-8. mf: C

O•HO

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

sinorphan.

CAS: 112573-73-6. mf: C

size oil. See throwing oil.

Hazard: A poison.

sizing compound. (1) A material such as starch,

sintering. The agglomeration of metal or earthy

gelatin, casein, gums, oils, waxes, asphalt emul-

powders at temperatures below the melting point.

sions, silicones, rosin, and water-soluble polymers

Occurs in both powder metallurgy and ceramic fir-

applied to yarns, fabrics, paper, leather, and other

ing. While heat and pressure are essential, decrease

products to improve or increase their stiffness,

in surface area is the critical factor. Sintering in-

strength, smoothness, or weight. (2) A material used

creases strength, conductivity, and density.

to modify the cooked starch solutions applied to

See Rittinger’s law.

warp ends prior to weaving.

See slashing compound.

SIPP. Abbreviation for sodium iron pyrophos-

phate.

“Skamex” [Du Pont]. TM for a fluorocarbon

plastic used as a metallurgical additive for the bene-

siRNA. (RNAi). Small Inhibitory RNA.

ficiation of molten metal. Cakes and slugs of it are

specifically designed for immersion in hot metal for

sisal.

removal of excessive quantities of dissolved hydro-

Properties: Hard, strong, light-yellow to reddish fi-

gen. Other forms are added to molds during casting

bers obtained from the leaves of Agave sisilana.

to create a protective atmosphere against the effects

Strength 4.5 g/denier, fineness ranges from 300–500

of absorbed oxygen. Can be used for ferrous and

denier. Combustible, not self-extinguishing.

nonferrous metals.

Source: Africa, Haiti, Bahama, Indonesia.

Hazard: Dust is flammable, may ignite spontaneous-

skatole. (3-methylindole).

ly when wet. Toxic by inhalation.

CAS: 83-34-1. C

Use: Twine, sacking, upholstery, life preservers,

Properties: White, crystalline substance; brows

mattress liners, floor covering.

upon aging; fecal odor. Mp 93–95C, bp 265C. Solu-

ble in hot water, alcohol, benzene. Gives violet color

site-directed mutagenesis. A set of methods

in potassium ferrocyanide and sulfuric acid.

used to create specific alterations in the sequence of

Derivation: Feces; African civet cat; Celtis reticulo-

nucleotides in a gene.

sa, a Javanese tree.

Use: Perfumery (fixative), artificial civet.

site-specific recombination. A type of genet-

ic recombination that occurs only at specific se-

Skou, Jens C. (1918– ). A Danish chemist who

quences.

won the Nobel Prize in 1997 for his discovery of the

first molecular pump, an ion transporting enzyme

“Sitol” [Du Pont]. TM for an oxidizing agent

called Na

-K

ATPase. He is emeritus professor of

in flake form used in discharge printing.

biophysics at Aarhus University, Denmark. He re-

ceived his Ph.D. from Aarhus University.

␤-sitosterol. (dihydrostigmasterol). C

See Boyer, Paul D., Walker, John E.

Skraup synthesis. Synthesis of quinoline or its

derivatives by heating aniline or an aniline deriva-

tive, glycerol, and nitrobenzene in the presence of

sulfuric acid.

SKY. See spectral karyotype.

“Skybond” [Solutia]. TM for polymide resins.

Use: In insulation to provide heat resistance, compo-

Properties: Waxy-white solid; almost odorless and

nent strength, fire resistance; in aircraft reinforce-

tasteless. Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene,

ment, construction; in foams and adhesives.

chloroform, carbon disulfide, and ether. Can be

crystallized from ether as anhydrous needles or from

aqueous alcohol as leaflets with one molecule of

“Skydrol” [Solutia]. TM for a series of fire-

water. resistant aircraft hydraulic fluids.

1130“SKYKLEEN”

500-A: Used for hydraulic systems in turbo jet and

slate. A fine-grained metamorphic rock that

cleaves into thin slabs or sheets. Color usually gray

turbo prop aircraft, which must operate at −54C.

to black, sometimes green, yellow, brown, or red.

7000: Used in aircraft cabin superchargers, expan-

Slates are composed of micas, chlorite, quartz, he-

sion turbines for air-conditioning systems and the

matite, clays, and other minerals.

aircraft hydraulic system itself.

Occurrence: Pennsylvania, Vermont, Maine, Vir-

ginia, California, Colorado, Europe.

“SkyKleen” [Solutia]. TM for an aviation sol-

Use: Roofing, blackboards; (as powder) filler in

vent that is a replacement for chlorinated or ozone

paint, rubber, abrasive.

depleting solvents such as MEK (methyl ethyl ke-

tone), 1,1,1, trichlorethane, isopropyl alcohol, and

slate flour. Finely divided slate used as a filler

acetone. It contains no halogenated materials.

and dusting agent in rubber, plastics, etc.

Properties: Biodegradable. Non-combustible.

Use: A sealant and adhesive removal solvent, useful

slate, green. See slate flour.

for surface preparation for prepaint and prebonding,

general surface cleaning and degreasing.

slave. A remote-controlled mechanism or instru-

ment that repeats the action of an identical mecha-

slack. (1) Descriptive of a soft paraffin wax result-

nism that is controlled by an operator in another

ing from incomplete pressing of the settlings from

location; it may be activated by electromagnets or by

the petroleum distillate. Though it has some applica-

electronic means. Such devices are used chiefly in

tions in this form, it is actually an intermediate prod-

handling or processing radioactive materials but

uct between the liquid distillate and the scale wax

also have communication uses, as in the Telauto-

made by expressing more of the oil.

graph.

See scale (2).

(2) Specifically, to react calcium oxide (lime) with

slimicide. A chemical that is toxic to the types of

water to form calcium hydroxide (slaked or hydrated

bacteria and fungi characteristic of aqueous slimes.

lime), the reaction is CaO + H

O → Ca(OH)

+ heat.

Examples are chlorine and its compounds, orga-

The alternate spelling “slake” has the same

nomercurial compounds, phenols, and related sub-

meaning.

stances.

Use: Largely in paper mills and to some extent in

slaframine. (1-acetoxy-8-aminooctahydroindol-

textile and leather industries.

izine). An alkaloid derived from a fungus that in-

See biocide.

fests clover. It is under research development for use

as an agent in retarding cystic fibrosis.

slip clay. A type of clay containing such a high

percentage of fluxing impurities and of such a tex-

ture that it melts at a relatively low temperature to a

slag. (dross; cinder). (1) Fused agglomerate

greenish or brown glass, thus forming a natural

(usually high in silicates) that separates in metal

glaze. It must be fine-grained, free from lumps or

smelting and floats on the surface of molten metal.

concretions, show a low air shrinkage, and mature in

Formed by combination of flux with gangue of ore,

burning at as low as 704C.

ash of fuel, and perhaps furnace lining. Slag is often

the medium by means of which impurities may be

separated from metal.

slipicone. Fluid silicone compositions to prevent

(2) The residue or ash from coal gasification pro-

adhesion of materials to one another.

cesses, it may run as high as 40% depending on the

Use: Food-processing and packaging equipment.

rank of coal used.

Use: Railroad ballast, highway construction, cement

“Slipkote” [Specialty Lubes]. TM for an

and concrete aggregate, raw material for Portland

anti-seize lube for engine assembly.

cement, mineral wool, and cinder block.

slot blot. Similar to a dot blot, but the analyte is

put onto the membrane using a slot-shaped template.

slake. See slack.

The template produces a consistently shaped spot,

thus decreasing errors and improving the accuracy

slaked lime. See calcium hydroxide; lime,

of the analysis. See Dot blot.

hydrated.

“Slow-Mag” [Searle]. TM for magnesium

slashing compound. A textile sizing material

chloride.

applied to cotton or rayon warp ends by a special

Use: Drug.

machine (slasher).

sludge. Any thick, viscous mass, usually a sedi-

slash pine. A loblolly pine growing in swampy mented or filtered waste product. Examples are (1)

areas (slashes) in southeastern U.S. aluminum ore tailings (red mud), (2) asphaltic petro-

Use: Primarily for manufacture of kraft paper pulp. leum residues, and (3) municipal waste (Imhoff and

1131 SMOKE

activated sludge). All these may be used as compo- coloring glass, bluing paper, starch and textiles, col-

nents of useful products, e.g., (1) in steel manufac- oring rubber.

turing, (2) in roofing and road treatment composi-

tions, and (3) as a base for fertilizers.

“392 SmartPlate Etch” [Hurst]. TM for a

See sewage sludge.

prewetting etch.

Use: For use on laser plates.

“Sludge Conditioner” [Nalco]. TM for a

series of polyelectrolytes.

“Smart Plate Fountain Solution” [Hurst].

Use: Conditions sludge for dewatering and settling in

TM for a one step fountain solution.

municipal sewage treatment plants.

Use: Formulated for use with laser plates.

slurry. A thin, watery suspension; for example,

“394 SmartPlate Prep” [Hurst]. TM for

the feed to a filter press or to a fourdrinier machine;

liquid cleaner.

also a stream of pulverized metal ore. A special use

Use: Removes scattered toner particles to allow

of this term refers to a type of explosives called

clean, sharp images.

“slurry blasting agents” based on gelatinized aque-

ous ammonium nitrate, sensitized with various other

smectic. A molecular structure (layers or planes)

explosives.

occurring in some liquid crystals; it imparts a soft,

soapy property. There are nine types of smectic

slushing agent. A nondrying oil, grease, or sim-

orientation.

ilar material.

Use: Coat metals to afford temporary protection

smelting. Heat treatment of an ore to separate the

against corrosion.

metallic portion with subsequent reduction.

See roasting.

slush molding. A method of molding certain

toys such as doll parts in which a preheated mold is

Smiles rearrangement. Intramolecular nu-

filled with liquid plastic composition and then heat-

cleophilic aromatic substitution in alkaline solution

ed until the required wall thickness has formed. The

resulting in the migration of an aromatic system

remaining liquid plastic is then poured out and the

from one heteroatom to another.

mold heated further at 200–220C until the product

has completely set. The mold is then cooled and the

“Smite” [Du Pont]. TM for emulsifiable in-

product removed.

secticide containing 12.5% methoxychlor and

12.5% malathion.

Sm. Symbol for samarium.

Smith, Michael. (1932–2000). A Canadian

Smalley, Richard E. (1943–2005). An Amer-

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1993 for

ican who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry along

the development of site-specific mutagenesis.

with Robert F. Curl, Jr. and Sir Harold W. Kroto in

See Mullis, Kary Banks.

1996, the 100th anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s

death. The trio won for the discovery of the C

smog. A coined word denoting a persistent combi-

compound called buckminsterfullerene. He gradu-

nation of smoke and fog occurring under appropriate

ated from the University of Michigan and earned a

meteorological conditions in large metropolitan or

Ph.D. from Princeton University.

heavy industrial areas. The discomfort and danger of

See buckminsterfullerene; Curl, Robert F., Jr.; Kroto,

smog is increased by the action of sunlight on the

Sir Harold W.

combustion products in the air, especially sulfur

dioxide, nitric oxide, and exhaust gases (photo-

small nuclear riboNucleoProtein. See

chemical smog). Strongly irritant and even toxic

snRNP.

substances may be present, e.g., peroxybenzoyl ni-

trate. Fatalities have resulted from exposure to par-

small nuclear RNA (snRNA). Any of sev-

ticularly severe photochemical smogs.

eral small RNA molecules in the nucleus. Most

See air pollution.

known snRNAs have a role in the splicing reactions

that remove introns from mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA

smoke. A colloidal or microscopic dispersion of a

molecules.

solid in gas, an aerosol. (1) Coal smoke: A suspen-

sion of carbon particles in hydrocarbon gases or in

smalt. air, generated by combustion. The larger particles

Properties: Blue powder. can be removed by electrostatic precipitation in the

Derivation: A potash-cobalt glass made by fusing stack (Cottrell). Dark color, nauseating odor.

pure sand and potash with cobalt oxide, grinding, See smog; air pollution; Cottrell. (2) Wood smoke:

and powdering. Light-colored particles of cellulose ash, pleasant

Use: Paint pigments, ceramic industries (pigment), aromatic odor. Smoke from special kinds of wood

1132“SMOKEHOUSE CLEANER”

(e.g., hickory, maple) is used to cure ham, fish, etc.,

sneezing gas. See diphenylchloroarsine.

also to preserve crude rubber.

(3) Chemical smoke: Generated by chemical means

snerps. See snRNP.

for military purposes (concealment, signaling, etc.).

(4) Metallic smoke (fume): An emanation from

SNG. Abbreviation for synthetic or substitute nat-

heated metals or metallic ores, the particles being of ural gas.

specific geometric shapes. Such smoke is particular-

ly damaging to vegetation in the neighborhood of

snow, artificial. See artificial snow.

zinc and tin smelters.

(5) Cigarette smoke: There is conclusive evidence

“Snowmelt Instant Ice Melter” [Standard].

that the tars occurring in cigarette smoke can lead to

TM for calcium chloride.

lung cancer; chief factors are age of individual at

Use: Pellets for snow and ice melter. Flake for con-

initiation of smoking, extent of inhalation, and

crete accelerator and dust control.

amount smoked per day. Polonium, a radioactive

element, is known to occur in cigarette smoke; more

snow point. Referring to a gas mixture, the tem-

than 100 compounds have been identified, including

perature at which the vapor pressure of the sublima-

nicotine, cresol, carbon monoxide, pyridene, and

ble component is equal to the actual partial pressure

benzopyrene, the latter a carcinogen. See ciga-

of that component in the gas mixture. This is the

rette tar.

gaseous analog to dew point.

“Smokehouse Cleaner” [Ace]. TM for a

SNP. See single nucleotide polymorphism.

high strength mechanical and recirculation cleaner.

Use: Cleaner.

snRNA. Small nuclear RNA; forms complexes

with proteins to form snRNPs; involved in RNA

smokeless powder. Nitrocellulose containing

splicing, and polyadenylation reactions.

about 13.1% nitrogen, produced by blending materi-

al of somewhat lower (12.6%) and slightly higher

snRNP. (small nuclear riboNucleoProtein;

(13.2%) nitrogen content, converting to a dough

snerps). Particles which are complexes between

with alcohol-ether mixture, extruding, cutting, and

small nuclear RNAs and proteins, and which are

drying to a hard, horny product. Small amounts of

involved in RNA splicing and polyadenylation reac-

stabilizers (amines) and plasticizers are usually

tions.

present, as well as various modifying agents (nitro-

toluene, nitroglycerin salts).

SNTA. Abbreviation for sodium nitrilotriacetate.

Hazard: A low explosive, dangerous fire and explo-

sion risk when exposed to flame or impact.

S1 nuclease. An enzyme which digests only

Use: Sports ammunition, military purposes.

single-stranded nucleic acids.

smudge oil. An oil burned in fruit orchards to

soap. (1) The water-soluble reaction product of a

prevent frost from injuring the trees. No. 3 fuel oil is

fatty acid ester and an alkali (usually sodium hy-

typical of oils used.

droxide), with glycerol as by-product. For the reac-

tion, see saponification. A soap is actually a specific

smut. See fungus; rust (2).

type of salt, the hydrogen of the fatty acid being

replaced by a metal, which in common soaps is

Sn. Symbol for tin (from Latin stannum).

usually sodium. Soap lowers the surface tension of

water and thus permits emulsification of fat-bearing

snake venom. There are two functional types:

soil particles. A typical commercial cleansing soap

(1) those that bring about blood coagulation either

is made by reacting sodium hydroxide with a fatty

by direct action on fibrogen or by converting pro-

acid. The lower the hydrogen content of the acid the

thrombin to thrombin; (2) neurotoxins that act on the

thinner the soap. The by-product of the reaction is

central nervous system, e.g., by inactivation of ace-

glycerol. Many different carboxyl-containing sub-

tylcholine. Rattlesnake and moccasin venom are

stances are used, including rosin, tall oil, vegetable

examples of (1) and cobra venom of (2). The en-

and animal oils and fats (stearic, palmitic, and oleic

zymes of snake venoms are thought to be the actual

acids). Olive oil is used for Castile soap; transparent

toxic principles. Solutions of cobra venom have

soaps are made from decolorized fats. The specific

found use in treatment of arthritis and cancer. The

gravity of soaps is slightly more than 1.0; inclusion

chemistry and pharmacological properties of these

of air gives a floating product. Water solutions of

poisons are not well understood.

sodium soaps in bar, chip, or powder form are uni-

Note: A person bitten by a poisonous snake should be

versally used as mild, emulsifying detergents for

carried, not walked, to a hospital. No alcohol should

washing textiles, skin, paint, etc. Medically, soap is

be administered.

used as an antidote for poisoning by ingestion of

mineral acids or heavy metals. Liquid green soap is

SNDA. Supplemental New Drug Application. made with potassium hydroxide and a vegetable oil.

1133 SODA ASH

(2) Heavy-metal soaps (loosely called metallic developments in cosmetic research and technology.

soaps) are those formed by metals heavier than sodi- The Society has a membership of over 3,700 indi-

um (aluminum, calcium, cobalt, lead, and zinc). viduals. Its offices are at 120 Wall Street, Suite

2400, New York, NY 10005-4088.

These soaps are not water soluble; specific types are

Website: http://www.scconline.org.

used in lubricating greases, gel thickeners, and in

paints as driers and flatting agents. Napalm is an

Society of Plastics Engineers. (SPE). An

aluminum soap. See saponification; detergent.

incorporated technical organization founded in

1942 and devoted primarily to the application of

soap builder. Any material mixed with soap to

sound engineering principles to the manufacture and

improve the cleaning properties, modify the alkali

use of plastics, this rapidly growing organization has

content, or impart water-softening characteristics.

contributed much to the correct evaluation of these

The commonest are some of the sodium phosphates

versatile materials in many fields. It publishes a

and rosin.

monthly journal and sponsors a series of technical

See builder detergent.

books on both theoretical and applied aspects of

plastics technology. Can be reached at PO Box 403,

Soap and Detergent Association. (SDA).

Brookfield, CT 06804-0403, USA.

The Soap and Detergent Association is the non-prof-

Website: http://www.4spec.org.

it trade association representing some 120 North

American manufacturers of household, industrial

Society of the Plastics Industry. (SPI).

and institutional cleaning products; their ingredi-

An incorporated technical organization founded in

ents; and finished packaging. SDA member compa-

1937 and serving the needs of the entire plastics

nies produce more than 90% of the cleaning prod-

industry in the U.S. It establishes standards for the

ucts marketed in the U.S. Established in 1926, SDA

properties and selection of materials and for product

is dedicated to advancing public understanding of

design and engineering. Its two major publications

the safety and benefits of cleaning products, and

are the Plastics Engineering Handbook and the Re-

protecting the ability of its members to formulate

inforced Plastics Handbook. With it are associated

products that best meeting consumer needs. SDA

the Plastics Pipe Institute and the Reinforced Plas-

serves both its member and the public by developing

tics/Composites Institute. It is located at 1801 K ST

and sharing information about industry products

NW, Suite 600K, Washington DC 20006.

with the technical community, policy makers, child

Website: http://www.socplas.org.

care and health professionals, educators, media and

consumers. Its headquarters is at 1500 K Street,

NW, Suite 300, Washington, DC 20005

SOCMA. Abbreviation for Synthetic Organic

Website: http://sdahq.org.

Chemical Manufacturers Association.

soap, heavy metal. See soap (2).

soda. Any one of the forms of sodium carbonate,

also used loosely as equivalent to the word sodium

soap, soft. See green soap; soap. in compounds.

soapstone. See talc.

soda alum. See aluminum sodium sulfate.

Society of the Chemical Industry.

soda ash. (soda, calcined; sodium carbonate,

(SCIAS, SCI). This society was founded in

anhydrous).

London in 1881 to advance applied chemistry in all

CAS: 497-19-8. Na

. The crude sodium carbon-

its branches. The American Section was established

ate of commerce.

in 1894. In 1906 on the anniversary of the “birth of

Properties: Grayish-white powder or lumps contain-

the coal tar industry,” it founded the famous Perkin

ing up to 99% sodium carbonate. Soluble in water;

Medal, which has since been awarded annually for

insoluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

outstanding achievement in chemistry in the U.S. It

Derivation: For nearly a century most of the soda ash

has also offered the Chemical Industry Medal since

produced in the U.S. has been made synthetically by

1932, given for conspicuous service to applied

the ammonia soda (Solvay) process. Largely be-

chemistry. Perkin Medalists include L. Baekeland,

cause of high energy costs and strict pollution con-

F. G. Cottrell, Irving Langmuir, Herbert Dow, A. D.

trols, most of the synthetic production is being aban-

Little, R. R. Williams, Glenn T. Seaborg, and Roger

doned in favor of the natural product obtained from

Adams. Its address is 14/15 Belgrave Square, Lon-

deposits in Utah, California, Wyoming, etc. One of

don SW1X 8PS, UK

the largest producing sites of the natural product is in

Website: http://sci.mond.org.

Green River, Wyoming.

Impurities: Sodium chloride, sodium sulfate, calci-

Society of Cosmetic Chemists. (SCC) The um carbonate and magnesium carbonate, sodium

Society was founded in 1945 to promote high stan- bicarbonate.

dards of practice in the cosmetic sciences and to Grade: Dense 58%, light 58%, extra light, natural,

serve as a focus for the exchange of ideas and new refined.

1134SODA, BAKING

Use: Glass manufacture, chemicals, pulp and paper

Soddy, Frederick (1877–1965). A British

manufacture, sodium compounds, soaps and deter- physicist who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in

1921. His work was concerned with radioactive ele-

gents, water treatment, aluminum production, tex-

ments and atomic energy. His concept of isotopes

tile processing, cleaning preparations, petroleum re-

and the displacement law of radioactive change is

fining, sealing ponds from leakage (sodium ions

basic to nuclear physics. His education was at Ox-

bind to clay particles, which swell to seal leaks),

ford and Glasgow. He later worked in Canada and

catalyst in coal liquefaction.

Australia.

soda, baking. See sodium bicarbonate.

␣-sodio-sodium acetate. (sodium ␣-sodio-

soda, calcined. See soda ash.

acetate). NaCH

COONa.

Properties: Free-flowing powder. Stable in dry air,

soda, caustic. See sodium hydroxide.

decomposes slowly in moist air, decomposes 280C

without melting. Insoluble in ethers and hydrocar-

soda crystals. See sodium carbonate mono-

bons; reacts mildly with water.

hydrate.

Grade: 80–85% pure. Impurities are sodium acetate,

sodium amide, and sodium hydroxide.

soda lime.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, irritant to skin and

CAS: 8006-28-8. A mixture of calcium oxide with

mucous membranes.

sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide intended

Use: Organic intermediate, drying agent for organic

for the absorption of carbon dioxide gas and water

solvents.

vapor.

Properties: White or grayish-white granules unless

sodium. (natrium).

colored by a specified indicator. Must be kept in

CAS: 7440-23-5. Na. Metallic element, atomic

airtight containers.

number 11, group IA of periodic table, aw 22.98977,

Grade: Technical, reagent. Usually percentage

valence

1, no stable isotopes but several radioac-

moisture and mesh size are stated.

tive forms, extremely reactive.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Properties: Soft, silver-white solid oxidizing rapidly

irritant to tissue.

in air; waxlike at room temperature, brittle at low

Use: Drying agent and carbon dioxide absorbent, lab

temperatures. Store in airtight containers or in naph-

reagent.

tha or similar liquid that does not contain water or

free oxygen. D 0.9674 (25C), mp 97.6C, bp 892C.

soda lime glass. See glass.

Decomposes water on contact, with evolution of

hydrogen to form sodium hydroxide; insoluble in

sodalite. See cage zeolite.

benzene, kerosene, and naphtha. Has excellent elec-

trical conductivity and high heat-absorbing ca-

sodamide. See sodium amide.

pacity.

Derivation: Electrolysis of a fused mixture of sodi-

soda, modified. (neutral soda). A combination

um chloride and calcium chloride.

of soda ash and bicarbonate of soda in definite pro-

Method of purification: Distillation.

portions for purposes where an alkali is needed,

Grade: Commercial, technical, brick, amalgam,

ranging in causticity between bicarbonate of soda

coated powders, dispersions (sodium dispersion),

and soda ash. White, crystalline powders; water-sol-

reactor (99.99% pure).

uble and possessing valuable cleansing and purify-

Hazard: Severe fire risk in contact with water in any

ing properties. Prepared in various strengths.

form, ignites spontaneously in dry air when heated;

Use: Washing powders, laundering, wool scouring

to extinguish fires use dry soda ash, salt, or lime.

powders, bottle cleansers, textile cleaners, mild de-

Forms strong caustic irritant to tissue.

tergents.

Use: Tetraethyl and tetramethyl lead, titanium reduc-

tion, sodium peroxide, sodium hydride, polymeriza-

soda monohydrate. See sodium carbonate,

tion catalyst for synthetic rubber, lab reagent, cool-

monohydrate.

ant in nuclear reactors, electric power cable

(encased in polyethylene), nonglare lighting for

soda, natural. See trona.

highways, radioactive forms in tracer studies and

medicine, heat transfer agent in solar-powered elec-

soda niter. See sodium nitrate.

tric generators.

See sodium dispersions.

“Sodaphos” [FMC]. TM for glassy sodium

tetraphosphate.

sodium abietate. (rosin soap; sodium resin-

soda pulp. See pulp, paper.

ate). C

COOONa.

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water. Com-

soda, washing. See sal soda. bustible.

1135 SODIUM ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE

Derivation: By leaching rosin with sodium hydrox- tile printing; cement compositions; paper coating;

ide solution. foods; pharmaceutical preparations; water-base

Use: Soap making, paper coating. paints.

sodium acetate.

sodium alkane sulfonate. (SAS). RSO

Na.

CAS: 127-09-3. (1) NaC

. (2) NaC

•3H

The sodium salt of an alkane sulfonic acid of linear

Properties: Colorless crystals; odorless; efflores-

paraffins having chain lengths of 14–18 carbon

cent. (1) D 1.528, mp 324C, (2) d 1.45, mp 58C,

atoms. Preparation: By reaction of paraffins with

autoign temp 1125F (607C). Soluble in water; sulfur dioxide and oxygen in the presence of ␥-radi-

ation from a cobalt-60 source.

slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in ether. Com-

Use: Biodegradable detergent intermediate.

bustible.

Grade: Highest purity, pure fused, CP, NF, techni-

cal, FCC.

sodium n-alkylbenzene sulfonate.

Use: Dye and color intermediate, pharmaceuticals, Use: Food additive.

cinnamic acid, soaps, photography, purification of

glucose, meat preservation, medicine, electroplat-

sodium alum. See aluminum sodium sulfate.

ing, tanning, dehydrating agent, buffer, lab reagent,

food additive.

sodium aluminate.

CAS: 11138-49-1. Na

or NaAlO

sodium acetone bisulfate. (acetone-sodium

Properties: White powder. Mw 81.97, mp 1650C.

bisulfite). (CH

)

CONaHSO

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; aqueous solu-

Properties: Crystalline material. Soluble in water;

tion strongly alkaline.

decomposed by acids; slightly soluble in alcohol.

Derivation: By heating bauxite with sodium carbon-

Combustible.

ate and extracting the sodium aluminate with water.

Derivation: Interaction of sodium bisulfite and ace-

Grade: Technical, reagent, also 27° Be´ solution.

tone.

Hazard: (Solution) Strong irritant to tissue.

Use: Chemical (pure acetone), photography, textile

Use: Mordant, zeolites, water purification, sizing pa-

(dyeing and printing).

per, manufacture of milk glass, soap and cleaning

compounds.

sodium acetylformate. See sodium pyr-

uvate.

sodium aluminosilicate. (sodium silicoalu-

minate). A series of hydrated sodium aluminum

sodium acid carbonate. See sodium bicar-

silicates having a Na

O:Al

:SiO

mole ratio of

bonate.

approximately 1:1:13.2.

Properties: Fine, white, amorphous powder or

sodium acid methanearsonate. See sodium

beads; odorless and tasteless. Insoluble in water and

methanearsonate.

in alcohol and other organic solvents; at 80–100C is

partially soluble in strong acids and solutions of

sodium acid phosphate. See sodium phos-

alkali hydroxides, pH of a 20% slurry is between 6.5

phate, monobasic.

and 10.5. Noncombustible.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

sodium acid pyrophosphate. See sodium Use: Anticaking agent in food preparations (up to

pyrophosphate, acid. 2%).

sodium acid sulfate. See sodium bisulfate.

sodium aluminum hydride.

CAS: 13770-96-2. NaAlH

sodium acid sulfite. See sodium bisulfite. Properties: White, crystalline material. D 1.24, sta-

ble in dry air at room temperature but very sensitive

to moisture, begins to melt at 183C with decomposi-

sodium acid tartrate. See sodium bitartrate.

tion to evolve hydrogen. Soluble in tetrahydrofuran,

dimethyl “Cellosolve.”

sodium alginate. (sodium polymannuronate).

Derivation: By reaction of aluminum chloride with

CAS: 9005-38-3. (C

Na).

sodium hydride.

Properties: Colorless or slightly yellow solid occur-

Hazard: Severe fire and explosion risk in contact

ring in filamentous, granular, and powdered forms.

with oxidizing agents and water, forms caustic and

Forms a viscous colloidal solution with water; insol-

irritating compounds.

uble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. Combustible.

Use: Reducing agent similar to lithium aluminum

Derivation: Extracted from brown seaweeds (alginic

hydride.

acid).

Grade: NF, FCC, technical.

Use: Thickeners, stabilizers, and emulsifiers in

sodium aluminum phosphate. (sodium

foods, especially ice cream; boiler compounds; aluminum phosphate, acidic).

medicine; experimental ocean-floor covering; tex- NaAl

(PO

)

•4H

OorNa

(PO

)

1136SODIUM ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE

Properties: White powder; odorless. Insoluble in 79C with decomposition. Soluble in water; insolu-

ble in alcohol.

water; soluble in hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: Mixing solutions of sodium phosphate

Grade: Technical, FCC.

and ammonium chloride.

Use: Food additive (baked products).

Grade: Granular, CP, technical.

Use: Analytical reagent.

sodium aluminum phosphate, basic.

Properties: White powder; odorless. Insol in water;

sol in hydrochloric acid.

sodium amytal. (sodium isoamyl ethyl barbi-

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

turate).

Use: Food additive.

Use: Hypnotic.

sodium aluminum silicofluoride. (sodium

sodium anilinearsonate. See sodium arsani-

aluminum fluosilicate). Na

Al(SiF

)

late.

Properties: White powder. Somewhat soluble in

cold water. Corrosive to galvanized iron.

sodium antimonate. (antimony sodiate).

Hazard: Avoid prolonged skin contact. TLV: 2.5

CAS: 11112-10-0. NaSbO

. Other forms are sodium

mg(F)/m

metaantimonate, 2NaSbO

•7H

O, and sodium py-

Use: Moth-proofing and insecticides, also to obtain

roantimonate, Na

•H

acid medium in dyebath.

Properties: White, granular powder. Slightly soluble

in water and alcohol; insoluble in dilute alkalies,

sodium aluminum sulfate. See aluminum

mineral acids; soluble in tartaric acid. Noncombust-

sodium sulfate.

ible.

Grade: Technical, glassmakers’ grade.

sodium amalgam. Na

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 0.5

Properties: A silver-white, porous, crystalline mass

mg(Sb)/m

containing 2–20% of metallic sodium. Decomposes

Use: Opacifier in enamels for cast iron and glass,

water.

ingredient of acid-resisting sheet steel enamels,

Derivation: Mercury is heated to about 200C and

high-temperature oxidizing agent.

sodium, in small pieces, is added slowly. Also

formed at one stage of the process for making chlo-

sodium aristolochate I.

rine and sodium hydroxide by the mercury cell

CAS: 10190-99-5. mf: C

•Na.

process.

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen.

Grade: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 20%.

Source: Natural product.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Preparation of hydrogen, reduction of metal

halogen compounds and organic compounds, re-

sodium arsanilate. (sodium anilinearsonate;

agent in analytical chemistry.

sodium aminophenylarsonate).

CAS: 127-85-5. C

(AsO•OH•ONa) Often

sodium amide. (sodamide).

with one or more water.

CAS: 7782-92-5. NaNH

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless;

Properties: White, crystalline powder; ammonia

faint salty taste. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

odor. Mp 210C, bp 400C. Decomposes in water and

alcohol.

hot alcohol.

Derivation: By dissolving arsanilic acid in sodium

Derivation: Dry ammonia gas is passed over metallic

carbonate solution and crystallizing.

sodium at 350C.

Grade: Technical, medicinal.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation,

Use: Manufacture of sodium cyanide, organic syn-

may cause blindness.

thesis, lab reagent, dehydrating agent.

Use: Medicine (anthelmintic), organic synthesis.

sodium aminophenylarsonate. See sodium

sodium arsenate.

arsanilate.

CAS: 7778-43-0. Na

AsO

•12H

Properties: Clear, colorless crystals; mild alkaline

sodium ammonium hydrogen phosphate.

taste. D 1.7593, mp 86C. Soluble in water; slightly

See sodium ammonium phosphate.

soluble in alcohol and glycerol; insoluble in ether.

Derivation: Reaction of arsenic trioxide and sodium

sodium ammonium phosphate. (micro- nitrate.

cosmic salt; sodium ammonium hydrogen phos- Grade: Pure crystals, CP, technical (60% arsenic

phate; phosphorus salt). NaNH

HPO

•4H

O. pentoxide).

Properties: Transparent, colorless, monoclinic crys- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

tals; odorless; efflorescent. Gives off water and am- Use: Mordant and assist in dyeing and printing, other

monia on heating leaving NaPO

. D 1.57, mp about arsenates, germicide.

1137 SODIUM BISMUTHATE

sodium arsenite. (sodium metaarsenite). sodium benzyl succinate.

C(CH

)

COONa.

CAS: 7784-46-5. NaAsO

Properties: White amorphous or crystalline powder;

Properties: Grayish-white powder that absorbs car-

slight benzyl odor; cool, salty taste. Soluble in

bon dioxide from the air. D 1.87. Soluble in water;

water.

slightly soluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Arsenic trioxide is dissolved in a solu-

tion of sodium carbonate or hydroxide and boiled.

sodium beryllium fluoride. See beryllium

Grade: Crude, pure, 75% arsenious oxide (94% solu-

sodium fluoride.

tion).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

sodium bicarbonate. (baking soda; sodium

Use: Arsenical soaps for taxidermists, antiseptic,

acid carbonate).

dyeing, insecticides, hide preservation, herbicide.

CAS: 144-55-8. NaHCO

Properties: White powder or crystalline lumps;

sodium arsphenamine. See arsphenamine.

cooling, slightly alkaline taste. D 2.159, mp loses

carbon dioxide at 270C. Soluble in water; insoluble

sodium ascorbate.

in alcohol. Stable in dry air, but slowly decomposes

CAS: 134-03-2. C

NaO

. The sodium salt of

in moist air. Noncombustible.

ascorbic acid.

Derivation: Principally by treating a saturated solu-

Use: Antioxidant in food products.

tion of soda ash with carbon dioxide to precipitate

the less soluble bicarbonate; also by purifying the

crude product from the Solvay process.

sodium azide.

Grade: Commercial, pure, highest purity, CP, USP,

CAS: 26628-22-8. NaN

FCC.

Properties: Colorless, hexagonal crystals. Decom-

Use: Manufacture of effervescent salts and bever-

poses at about 300C, d 1.846 (20C). Soluble in water

ages, artificial mineral water, baking powder; other

and in liquid ammonia; slightly soluble in alcohol;

sodium salts; pharmaceuticals; sponge rubber; gold

hydrolyzes to form hydrazoic acid. Combustible.

and platinum plating; treating wool and silk; fire

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: ceiling of 0.29 mg/m

;

extinguishers; prevention of timber mold; cleaning

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

preparations; lab reagent; antacid; mouthwash.

Use: Air-bag inflation, preservative in diagnostic me-

dicinals, intermediate in explosive manufacture.

sodium bichromate. See sodium dichromate.

sodium barbiturate. C

Na.

Properties: White to yellow-tinted powder. Soluble

sodium bifluoride. (sodium acid fluoride).

in water and dilute mineral acid, pH of a 1% aqueous

CAS: 1333-83-1. NaHF

solution 10.5.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.08. Solu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ble in water; decomposes on heating.

Use: Synthetic intermediate, catalyst in ammonium

Hazard: Highly toxic, strong irritant to tissue. TLV:

nitrate propellants, wood impregnating solutions.

2.5 mg(F)/m

See barbiturate.

Use: Tin-plate production, neutralizer in laundry

rinsing operations, preservative for zoological and

anatomical specimens, etching glass, antiseptic.

sodium benzenesulfonchloramine. See

chloramine-B.

sodium biphosphate. See sodium phosphate,

monobasic.

sodium benzoate.

CAS: 532-32-1. C

COONa.

Properties: White crystals or granular; odorless

sodium bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-

powder; sweetish, astringent taste. Soluble in water

aluminohydride. An organometallic metal

and alcohol. Combustible.

hydride, the alkoxy adduct of sodium aluminum

Derivation: Benzoic acid is neutralized with sodium

hydride, soluble in benzene and other hydrocarbons;

bicarbonate solution, the solution filtered, concen-

reacts less strongly with water than lithium alumi-

trated, and allowed to crystallize.

num hydride.

Grade: USP, FCC, technical.

Use: For reduction of organic compounds.

Hazard: Use in foods limited to 0.1%.

Use: Food preservative, antiseptic, medicine, tobac-

sodium bismuthate.

co, pharmaceutical preparations, intermediate for

CAS: 12232-99-4. NaBiO

manufacture of dyes, rust and mildew inhibitor.

Properties: Yellow or brown, amorphous powder.

Slightly hygroscopic. Insoluble in cold water; de-

sodium benzosulfimide. See saccharin.

composes in hot water and acids.

Use: Analysis (testing for manganese in iron, steel,

sodium benzylpenicillin. See penicillin. and ores), reagent, pharmaceuticals.

1138SODIUM BISULFATE

sodium bisulfate. (sodium acid sulfate; niter 2,2

′

-thiobis-(4,6-dichlorophenoxide)).

cake; sodium hydrogen sulfate).

Properties: Solid. Soluble in water.

CAS: 7681-38-1. (1) NaHSO

or (2) NaHSO

•H

Use: Self-sanitizing polishes, waxes, and cleaners;

Properties: Colorless crystals or white, fused lumps.

shoe polish and leather conditioners.

Aqueous solution is strongly acid. (1) d 2.435 (13C),

mp above 315C, (2) d 2.103 (13C), mp 58.5C. Solu-

ble in water. Noncombustible.

sodium borate. (borax; sodium borate decah-

Derivation: A by-product in the manufacture of hy-

ydrate; sodium pyroborate; sodium tetraborate).

drochloric acid and nitric acid.

CAS: 1303-96-4. Na

•10H

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

See borax, anhydrous; borax pentahydrate.

Grade: Pure crystals, pure fused, pure dry, reagent,

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless. D

crude, CP, technical, FCC.

1.73 (20/4C). Loses water of crystallization when

Available forms: Cakes, powder, prills, pearls.

heated, with melting, between 75C and 320C; fuses

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

to a glassy mass at red heat (borax glass); effloresces

Use: Flux for decomposing minerals; substitute for

slightly in warm, dry air. Soluble in water and glyc-

sulfuric acid in dyeing; disinfectant; manufacture of

erol, insoluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

sodium hydrosulfide, sodium sulfate, and soda

Derivation: Fractional crystallization from Searles

alum; liberating CO

in carbonic acid baths, in ther-

Lake brine, solution of kernite ore followed by crys-

mophores; carbonizing wool; manufacture of

tallization. Also from colemanite, natural borax, ux-

magnesia cements, paper, soap, perfumes, foods,

elite, and other borates.

industrial cleaners, metal pickling compounds; lab

Grade: Crystals, granulated, powdered (refined,

reagent.

USP), CP, technical.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 1 mg/m

Use: Heat-resistant glass, porcelain enamel, deter-

sodium bisulfide. See sodium hydrosulfide.

gents, herbicides, fertilizers, rust inhibitors, phar-

maceuticals, leather, photography, bleaches, paint,

sodium bisulfite. (sodium acid sulfite; sodi-

boron compounds, flux for smelting, flame-retar-

um hydrogen sulfite).

dant fungicide for wood, soldering flux, cleaning

CAS: 7631-90-5. NaHSO

preparations, lab reagent.

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder;

slight sulfurous odor and taste. Unstable in air, d

sodium borate, anhydrous. See borax, an-

1.48, mp decomposes. Soluble in water; insoluble in

hydrous.

alcohol. Noncombustible.

Derivation: Sodium carbonate solution is saturated

sodium boroformate.

with sulfur dioxide and the solution crystallized.

NaH

•2HCOOH•2H

Grade: Crystals, pure dry, commercial dry, reagent,

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 110C. Solu-

commercial solution 35 degrees Be´, powder (67%

ble in water.

), CP, USP, FCC.

Use: Buffering agent toward both acid and alkali in

Hazard: Not permitted in meats and other sources of

the range of pH 8.5, textile treating and tanning

vitamin B

, strong irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 5

baths.

mg/m

; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Use: Chemicals (sodium salts, cream of tartar), vat

sodium borohydride.

dye preparation, textiles (antichlor, mordant, dis-

CAS: 16940-66-2. NaBH

charge), food preservative. Bleaching groundwood,

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 1.07, hy-

wool, etc. Reducing agent, fermentation, antiseptic,

groscopic, stable in dry air to 300C; decomposes

cask sterilization (brewing), copper and brass plat-

slowly in moist air or in vacuum at 400C. Soluble in

ing, color preservative for pale crepe rubber, wood-

water, ammonia, amines, pyridine, and dimethyl

pulp digestion, analytical reagent, dietary supple-

ether of diethylene glycol; insoluble in other ethers,

ment.

hydrocarbons, and alkyl chlorides.

Derivation: By reaction of sodium hydride and tri-

sodium bitartrate. (acid sodium tartrate).

methyl borate at 250C.

NaHC

•H

Grade: Technical, powdered, pellets.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp loses wa-

Hazard: Reacts with water to evolve hydrogen and

ter at 100C, bp 219C (decomposes). Soluble in water

sodium hydroxide. Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

(aqueous solution in acid); slightly soluble in alco-

Store out of contact with moisture. Note: An explo-

hol. Combustible.

sion can occur by spontaneous ignition of the gases

Grade: CP, technical, reagent.

released from a saturated solution of sodium boroh-

Use: Analysis (testing for potassium), effervescing

ydride in dimethylformamide at 17C.

mixture, nutrient media.

Use: Source of hydrogen and other borohydrides.

Reduces aldehydes, ketones and acid chlorides.

sodium bithionolate. (USAN; thiobis(4,6-di- Bleaching wood pulp, blowing agent for plastics,

chloro-o-phenylene)oxy disodium; disodium precipitation of mercury from waste effluent (by

1139 SODIUM CHLORATE

reduction), decolorizer for plasticizers, recycling of

sodium carbonate monohydrate. (crystal,

gold and platinum group metals, inorganic and or- carbonate; soda monohydrate; soda crystals).

ganometallic reductions, organic synthesis. CAS: 497-19-8. Na

•H

Properties: White, small crystals or crystalline pow-

der; odorless; alkaline taste. D 1.55, mp 109C (loses

sodium bromate.

water) 851C. Soluble in water and glycerol; insolu-

CAS: 7789-38-0. NaBrO

ble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless. D

Grade: USP, technical, FCC.

3.339, mp 381C (decomposes). Soluble in water;

Use: Photography, cleaning and boiler compounds,

insoluble in alcohol.

pH control of water, food additive, intermediate in

Derivation: By passing bromine into a solution of

thermochemical reactions, manufacture of glass,

sodum carbonate, sodium bromide and sodium bro-

cleaning and bleaching textiles, analytical reagent.

mate being formed.

Hazard: Oxidizing material, dangerous fire risk near

sodium carbonate peroxide. See sodium

organic materials. Toxic by ingestion.

percarbonate

Use: Analytical reagent.

sodium carbonate peroxohydrate. See so-

sodium bromide.

dium percarbonate.

CAS: 7647-15-6. (1) NaBr. (2) NaBr•2H

Properties: White, crystalline powder or granules;

sodium carboxymethylcellulose. See car-

saline and somewhat bitter taste. Absorbs moisture

boxymethylcellulose.

from the air, becoming very hard. D (1) 3.208, (2)

2.176, mp (1) 757.7C, bp 1390C. Soluble in water;

sodium o-carboxymethyltartronate.

moderately soluble in alcohol.

CAS: 41999-58-0. mf: C

•3Na.

Derivation: Occurs naturally in some salt deposits.

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.

Made synthetically by first causing iron to react with

bromine and water. The resulting ferroso-ferric bro-

sodium caseinate.

mide is dissolved in water, sodium carbonate added,

CAS: 9005-46-3.

the solution filtered and evaporated.

Properties: White, coarse powder; odorless; tas-

Grade: CP, crystals, powdered, commercial, pure,

teless. Contains 65% proteins. Soluble in water

highest purity, NF.

(usually with turbidity).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

Derivation: By dissolving casein in sodium hydrox-

Use: Photography, medicine (sedative), preparation

ide and evaporating.

of bromides.

Grade: Edible.

Use: Food additive (binder and extender in sausage,

sodium bromite. NaBrO

soups, etc.), emulsifier, and stabilizer.

Use: A desizing compound for textiles.

sodium catechol disulfonate. See disodi-

sodium buthalital.

um-1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonate.

CAS: 510-90-7. mf: C

S•Na.

Hazard: A poison.

sodium cellulosate.

Properties: A cellulosic fiber.

sodium cacodylate. (sodium dimethylarsen-

Derivation: Reaction of sodium methoxide with cot-

ate).

ton or rayon swollen in methanol.

CAS: 124-65-2. (CH

)

AsOONa•3H

Use: Intermediate in preparing grafted fibers when

Properties: White, amorphous crystals or powder.

combined with polyacrylonitrile, there is an average

Deliquescent. Melts about 60C, loses water at 120C.

substitution of one polyacrylonitrile chain for every

Soluble in water and alcohol.

100 to 300 anhydroglucose units of the cellulose.

Derivation: Oxidation and neutralization of cacodyl

oxide.

sodium chlorate.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

CAS: 7775-09-9. NaClO

Use: Herbicide.

Properties: Colorless crystals; odorless; cooling, sa-

line taste. Must not be triturated with any combusti-

sodium calcium aluminosilicate, hydrated.

ble substance. D 2.490, mp 255C, bp (decomposes).

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

Soluble in water and alcohol.

Use: Food additive.

Derivation: A concentrated acid solution of sodium

chloride is heated and electrolyzed, the chlorate

sodium carbolate. See sodium phenate.

crystallizing out.

Grade: Technical, CP, crystals, powder.

sodium carbonate. (soda). Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidant, contact

See soda ash; sal soda; sodium bicarbonate; sodium with organic materials may cause fire.

carbonate monohydrate; sodium sesquicarbonate. Use: Oxidizing agent and bleach (especially to make

1140SODIUM CHLORAURATE

chlorine dioxide) for paper pulps; ore processing; odorless. Easier to handle than chloroacetic acid.

herbicide and defoliant; substitute for potassium

Soluble in water; slightly soluble in methanol; insol-

chlorate, being more soluble in water; matches, ex-

uble in acetone benzene, ether, and carbon tetrachlo-

plosives, flares, and pyrotechnics; recovery of bro-

ride. Noncombustible.

mine from natural brines; leather tanning and finish-

Use: Manufacture of weed killers, dyes, vitamins,

ing; textile mordant; to make perchlorates.

pharmaceuticals; also a defoliant.

sodium chloraurate. See sodium gold chlo-

sodium chloroaluminate. See sodium tetra-

ride.

chloroaluminate.

sodium chloroaurate. See sodium gold

sodium chloride. (table salt; sea salt; halite;

chloride.

rock salt). NaCl.

Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white,

crystalline powder. D 2.165, mp 801C, somewhat

sodium-p-chloro-m-cresolate. A water-solu-

hygroscopic. Soluble in water and glycerol; very ble preservative for cutting oils.

slightly soluble in alcohol. Essential in diet to main-

tain chloride balance in body. Noncombustible.

sodium (r,r)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-

Occurrence: Ocean water (2.6% concentration), de-

hydroxyethyl)amino)propyl)-1,3-

posits in central New York, Southern Michigan,

benzodioxole-2,2-.

Gulf Coast, Great Salt Lake, Newfoundland.

CAS: 138908-40-4. mf: C

ClNO

•2Na.

Derivation: (1) Evaporation and crystallization of

Hazard: A poison.

natural brines, (2) solar evaporation of seawater, (3)

direct mining from underground or surface deposits.

sodium-4-chlorophthalate. (monosodium-4-

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

chlorophthalate). ClC

(COOH)COONa.

Impurities: Sulfates, heavy metals, alkaline earths,

Properties: White to light-gray powder.

magnesium salts, ammonium salts.

Grade: Commercial.

Grade: Highest purity medicinal, crystals; highest

Use: Modifying agent in the manufacture of phthal-

purity, dried; highest purity, fine powder; highest

ocyanine pigments.

purity, fused; reagent; reagent, fused; sea evapo-

rated; ground; microsized; powdered; table salt;

sodium chloroplatinate. (platinic sodium

rock salt; CP; USP; FCC; single, pure crystals.

chloride; platinum sodium chloride; sodium pla-

Use: Chemical (sodium hydroxide, soda ash, hydro-

tinichloride; sodium hexachloroplatinate).

gen chloride, chlorine, metallic sodium), ceramic

CAS: 1307-82-0. Na

PtCl

•4H

glazes, metallurgy, curing of hides, food preserva-

Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in alcohol, wa-

tive, mineral waters, soap manufacture (salting out),

ter. Noncombustible.

home water softeners, highway deicing, regenera-

Grade: Technical, CP.

tion of ion-exchange resins, photography, food sea-

Use: Etching on zinc, indelible ink, microscopy, mir-

soning, herbicide, fire extinguishing, nuclear reac-

rors, photography, plating, catalyst, determination

tors, mouthwash, medicine (heat exhaustion),

of potassium.

salting out dyestuffs, supercooled solutions. Single

crystals are used for spectroscopy, UV and infrared

sodium-o-chlorotoluene-p-sulfonate.

transmissions.

NaSO

(CH

)Cl.

See fused salt.

Properties: Gray to light-tan powder. Soluble in wa-

ter and organic solvents.

sodium chlorite.

Derivation: Sulfonation of o-chlorotoluene, neutral-

CAS: 7758-19-2. NaClO

ized to form the sodium salt.

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. Mp

Use: Synthesis of dyes, intermediates and drugs.

180–200C (decomposes). Slightly hygroscopic.

Soluble in water.

sodium chromate.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

CAS: 7775-11-3. NaCrO

•10H

Hazard: Flammable, strong oxidizing agent, danger-

Properties: Yellow, translucent, efflorescent crys-

ous fire and moderate explosion risk. (Solution)

tals. D 1.483, mp 19.92C. Soluble in water; slightly

Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

soluble in alcohol.

Use: For improving taste and odor of potable water

Derivation: Chrome iron ore is melted in a reverber-

(as an oxidizing agent); bleaching agent for textiles,

atory furnace with lime and soda, in presence of air.

paper pulp, edible and inedible oils, shellacs, var-

The melt is dissolved in water, a small amount of

nishes, waxes and straw products; oxidizing agent;

sodium carbonate added, the solution decanted,

reagent.

acidified with acetic acid, concentrated, and crystal-

lized.

sodium chloroacetate. Available forms: Anhydrous.

CAS: 3926-62-3. ClCH

COONa. Grade: Pure neutral, highest purity, technical, CP,

Properties: White, nonhygroscopic powder; reagent.

1141 SODIUM DEHYDROACETATE

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

. (20C), mp 700C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alco-

Use: Inks, dyeing, paint pigment, leather tanning, hol and ether.

other chromates, protection of iron against corro- Use: Organic synthesis, heat treating of steel, inter-

mediate for manufacture of medicinals.

sion, wood preservative.

sodium cyanide.

sodium chromate decahydrate.

CAS: 143-33-9. NaCN.

CAS: 13517-17-4. mf: CrO

2Na•10H

Properties: White, deliquescent, crystalline powder.

Properties: Deliquescent yellow monoclinic crystals

Mp 563C, bp 149C, the aqueous solution is strongly

from H

O. IDLH Ca [15 mg/m

¢as Cr(VI)].

alkaline and decomposes rapidly on standing. Solu-

Hazard: Confirmed human carcinogen. TWA 0.05

ble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed Human Carcinogen.

Derivation: By absorption of hydrogen cyanide in a

solution of sodium hydroxide with subsequent vacu-

sodium chromate tetrahydrate.

um evaporation.

CrO

•4H

Grade: 30% solution, 73–75%, 96–98%, reagent,

Properties: Yellow crystals. Deliquescent. Soluble

technical, briquettes, granular.

in water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 5

Grade: Technical.

mg(CN)/m

Hazard: As for sodium chromate.

Use: Extraction of gold and silver from ores, electro-

Use: Pigment manufacture, corrosion inhibition,

plating, heat treatment of metals (case-hardening),

leather tanning, other chromium compounds.

making hydrogen cyanide, insecticide, cleaning

metals, fumigation, manufacture of dyes and pig-

sodium citrate. (trisodium citrate).

ments, nylon intermediates, chelating compounds,

CAS: 68-04-2. C

•2H

ore flotation.

Properties: White crystals or granular powder;

odorless; pleasant acid taste. Mp loses 2 waters at

sodium cyanoaurite. See sodium gold cya-

150C, bp decomposes at red heat, stable in air. Solu-

nide.

ble in water, insoluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: Sodium sulfate solution is treated with

sodium cyanocuprate. See sodium copper

calcium citrate, filtered, concentrated and crystal-

cyanide.

lized.

Grade: Highest purity, medicinal; pure; commercial;

CP; USP; FCC.

sodium-2-cyanoethanesulfonate. (sodium-2-

Use: Soft drinks, photography, frozen desserts, meat

sulfopropionitrile). NaO

S(CH

)

CN.

products, detergents, special cheeses, electroplat-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 240C. Soluble in

ing, sequestrant and buffer, nutrient for cultured

water and glacial acetic acid; insoluble in benzene,

buttermilk, removal of sulfur dioxide from smelter

alcohol, and ether.

waste gases, medicine (diuretic, expectorant), anti-

Use: Introduction of sulfonic acid group into surfac-

coagulant for blood withdrawn from body.

tants and other organics.

sodium clodronate.

sodium cyclamate. (sodium cyclohexylsulfa-

CAS: 22560-50-5. mf: CH

•2Na.

mate).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 139-05-9. C

NHSO

Na.

Properties: White crystals or powder; practically

sodium copper chloride. See copper sodi-

odorless; sweet taste. Freely soluble in water; practi-

um chloride.

cally insoluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, and

ether; pH (10% solution) 5.5–7.5. Sweetening pow-

er about 30 times that of sucrose.

sodium copper cyanide. (copper sodium

Grade: NF, FCC.

cyanide; sodium cyanocuprate).

Hazard: Some evidence of causing cancer in labora-

CAS: 14264-31-4. NaCu(CN)

tory animals. Prohibited by FDA for food use.

Properties: White, crystalline, double salt of copper

Use: Nonnutritive sweetener.

cyanide and sodium cyanide. D 1.013 (20C), de-

composes at 100C. Soluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: TWA (fume) 0.2 mg/

sodium dehydroacetate.

; (dust, mist) 1 mg(Cu)/m

; (Proposed: TWA

CAS: 4418-26-2. C

NaO

•H

(fume and respirable particles) 0.05 mg/m

; (dust,

Properties: Tasteless, white powder. Soluble in wa-

mist) 1 mg(Cu)/m

ter and propylene glycol; insoluble in most organic

Use: For preparing and maintaining cyanide copper

solvents.

plating baths based on sodium cyanide.

See dehydroacetic acid.

Grade: FCC.

sodium cyanate. Use: Fungicide, plasticizer, toothpaste, pharmaceuti-

CAS: 917-61-3. NaOCN. cal, preservative in food, mold inhibitor for straw-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 1.937 berries and similar fruits.

1142SODIUM DEOXYCHOLATE

sodium deoxycholate. See deoxycholic acid. Properties: Crystalline solid. Decomposes at 215C.

Slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: Irritant by inhalation.

sodium dextran sulfate. (dextran sulfate).

Use: Herbicide.

Properties: Solid. Soluble in water.

See 2,4-D.

Derivation: Derivatives of dextran having a molecu-

lar weight of 500,000–2,000,000.

sodium-2,4-dichlorophenoxyethyl sulfate.

Use: Fractionation and separation of biological prep-

See sesone.

arations.

sodium-2,2-dichloropropionate. See da-

sodium-3,5-diacetamido-2,4,5-

lapon.

triiodobenzoate. See sodium diatrizoate.

sodium dichromate. (sodium bichromate).

sodium diacetate.

CAS: 10588-01-9. Na

•2H

CAS: 126-96-5. CH

COONa•x(CH

COOH), anhy-

Properties: Red or red-orange deliquescent crystals.

drous or CH

COONa•x(CH

COOH)•yH

O, tech-

D 2.52 (13C), mp 357C, decomposes at 400C, loses

nical.

O on prolonged heating at 100C. Soluble in

Properties: White crystals; acetic acid odor. Decom-

water; insoluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

poses above 150C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble

Derivation: (a) From chromite ore by alkaline roast-

in alcohol; insoluble in ether. Combustible.

ing and subsequent leaching, (2) action of sulfuric

Grade: FCC.

acid on sodium chromate.

Use: Buffer, mold inhibitor, souring agent, interme-

Grade: Technical crystals, technical liquor contain-

diate for acid salts, mordants, varnish hardeners,

ing 69–70% Na

•2H

O, anhydrous 95C, solu-

antitarnishing agents, sequestrant and preservative

ble in water and alcohol.

in foods.

Use: Colorimetry (copper determination), complex-

ing agent, oxidation inhibitor in ethyl ether.

sodium diatrizoate. (sodium-3,5-diacetami-

do-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate).

sodium dihydrogen phosphate. See sodi-

CAS: 737-31-5. C

(COONa)(NHCOCH

)

um phosphate, monobasic.

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; solu-

tions are radiopaque.

sodium dihydroxyethylglycine. (N,N-bis[2-

Grade: USP (as solution for injection).

hydroxyethyl]-glycine).

Use: Radiopaque medium, medicine.

NaOOCCH

N(CH

OH)

Properties: Clear, straw-colored liquid. D 1.204

sodium-1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonate.

(25C), fp about −10C.

See 1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid.

Use: Complexing agent for the transition metals.

sodium dibutyldithiocarbamate. See

sodium dimethylarsenate. See sodium ca-

“Trepidone.”

codylate.

sodium-␣,␤-dichloroisobutyrate. A plant

sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate.

growth regulator.

(SDDC).

CAS: 148-18-5. (CH

)

NCS

Na.

sodium dichloroisocyanurate. (sodium salt

Properties: 40% solution is amber to light green. D

of dichloro-s-triazine-2,4,6-trione).

1.17–1.20 (25/25C).

CAS: 2244-21-5.

Derivation: Reaction of dimethylamine, carbon di-

sulfide, and sodium hydroxide.

NaN

❘

C(O)NClC(O)NClC

❘

Use: Fungicide, corrosive inhibitor, rubber accelera-

Properties: White, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline

tor, intermediate, polymerization shortstop.

powder. Loose bulk d about 37 lb/ft

, granulated 57

lb/ft

. Active ingredient about 60% available chlo-

sodium 2,2-dimethylpropanoate.

rine; decomposes at 230C.

CAS: 1184-88-9. mf: C

•Na.

Hazard: Strong oxidizing material, fire risk near

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

organic materials. Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Active ingredient in dry bleaches, dishwashing

sodium dinitro-o-cresylate.

compounds, scouring powders, detergent-sanitiz-

CAS: 25641-53-6. CH

(NO

)

ONa.

ers, swimming pool disinfectants, water and sewage

Properties: Brilliant-orange-yellow dye that may

treatment, replacement for calcium hypochlorite.

stain clothing and wood.

Derivation: By treating 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol with so-

sodium-2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate. (2,4- dium hydroxide.

D, sodium salt). Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

CAS: 2702-72-9. C

(OCH

COONa)Cl

. Use: Herbicide (control of mustard and other suscep-

1143 SODIUM ETHYLATE

tible weeds), fungicide. Properties: Yellow-orange solid. Insoluble in water;

See 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol. soluble in dilute acids.

Derivation: By treating a solution of uranyl salt with

sodium hydroxide.

sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate. See dioctyl

Hazard: Radioactive and probably a poison.

sodium sulfosuccinate.

Use: Ceramics to produce colored glazes, manufac-

ture of fluorescent uranium glass.

sodium dioxide. NaO

. Exists as impurity (a-

bout 10%) in sodium peroxide, obtained by heating

sodium peroxide in oxygen, reacts with water to

sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.

yield hydrogen peroxide, oxygen, and sodium hy- CAS: 25155-30-0. C

Na.

droxide. Properties: White to light-yellow flakes, granules,

or powder; biodegradable. The dodecyl radical may

have many isomers and the benzene may be attached

sodium dispersion. A stable suspension of mi-

to it in many positions. Combustible.

croscopic sodium particles in a hydrocarbon or other

Derivation: Benzene is alkylated with dodecene, to

medium boiling at temperatures above the melting

which it attaches itself in any secondary position; the

point of sodium (97.5C), e.g., heptane, n-octane,

resulting dodecylbenzene is sulfonated with sulfuric

toluene, xylene, naphtha, kerosene, mineral oil, n-

acid and neutralized with caustic soda. For ABS

butyl ether, etc. Particles range in size from submi-

(branched-chain alkyl) the dodecene is usually a

cron to 30 ␮m depending on the method of prepara-

propylene tetramer, made by catalytic polymeriza-

tion. Dispersions contain up to 50% (by weight) of

tion of propylene. For LAS (straight-chain alkyl),

sodium metal.

the dodecene may be removed from kerosene or

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. To extin-

crudes by molecular sieve, may be formed by Zie-

guish use dry soda ash, sodium chloride, or graphite,

gler polymerization of ethylene, or by cracking wax

followed by carbon dioxide. Do not use carbon tetra-

paraffins to ␣-olefins.

chloride.

See biodegradability; alkyl sulfonate, linear; deter-

Use: For chemical reactions where advantages of

gent; alkylate (3).

controlled reaction rate, lower reaction temperature,

Use: Anionic detergent.

increased yields, or substitution for more expensive

reagent can be achieved, as in, removal of sulfur

sodium dodecyldiphenyl oxide disulfonate.

from hydrocarbons and petroleum, metal powders,

O(SO

)

Na.

sodium hydride, alcohol-free alcoholates, phenylso-

Properties: Dry form 90% min active solution

dium.

(45%). Mp 150C, d 1.1. Very soluble in water,

strong acids, bases, and electrolytes; stable to oxida-

sodium dithionate. (sodium hyposulfate).

tion.

•2H

Properties: Large, transparent crystals; bitter taste.

sodium edetate. See tetrasodium EDTA.

D 2.189 (25C), loses 2H

O at 110C, decomposes at

267C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and

concentrated hydrochloric acid. Combustible.

sodium enolate monohydrate. See erythor-

Use: Chemical reagent. bic acid sodium salt.

sodium erythorbate. (sodium isoascorbate).

sodium dithionite. (sodium hydrosulfite).

NaC

. White free-flowing crystals, soluble in

CAS: 7775-14-6. Na

water.

Properties: Light-lemon-colored solid in powder or

Grade: Technical, FCC.

flake form. Mp 55C (decomposes). Also available in

Use: Antioxidant and preservative.

liquid form. Partially soluble in water; insoluble in

alcohol; strong reducing agent.

Derivation: (1) Zinc is dissolved in a solution of

sodium ethoxide. See sodium ethylate.

sodium bisulfite, the zinc-sodium sulfite precipitat-

ed by milk of lime, leaving the hydrosulfite in solu-

sodium ethylate. (sodium ethoxide; caustic

tion; (2) reaction of sodium formate with sodium

alcohol). C

ONa.

hydroxide and sulfur dioxide.

Properties: White powder, sometimes having

Grade: Technical, reagent.

brownish tinge; readily hydrolyzes to alcohol and

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with moisture. To extin-

sodium hydroxide.

guish fires, flood the reacting mass with water.

Derivation: By carefully adding small amounts of

Use: Vat dyeing of fibers and textiles; stripping agent

sodium to absolute alcohol kept at a temperature of

for dyes; reagent; bleaching of sugar, soap, oils, and

10C, heating carefully to 37.7C, again carefully add-

groundwood; oxygen scavenger for synthetic

ing sodium, cooling to 10C, and adding the same

rubbers.

quantity of absolute alcohol as was used originally.

Hazard: As for caustic soda, ethanol. Sodium hy-

sodium diuranate. (uranium yellow). droxide is formed when sodium ethylate is exposed

•6H

O. to moisture.

1144SODIUM ETHYLENEBISDITHIO

Use: Organic synthesis.

sodium fluophosphate. See sodium fluoro-

phosphate.

See sodium hydroxide; ethanol.

sodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate. See

sodium fluorescein. USP name for uranine.

nabam.

sodium 2-ethylhexanoate.

sodium fluoride.

CAS: 19766-89-3. mf: C

•Na. CAS: 7681-49-4. NaF.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard. Properties: Clear, lustrous crystals or white powder.

Insecticide grade frequently dyed blue. D 2.558

(41C), mp 988C, bp 1695C. Soluble in water; very

sodium-2-ethylhexylsulfoacetate.

slightly soluble in alcohol.

OOCCH

Na.

Derivation: By adding sodium carbonate to hydro-

Properties: Light-cream-colored flakes, water-solu-

gen fluoride.

ble, good foaming properties and excellent resis-

Grade: Pure; CP; USP; insecticide; technical; single,

tance to hard water; solutions practically neutral and

pure crystals.

stable to mineral acids. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Use: Solubilizing agent, particularly for soapless

irritant to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

shampoo compositions; electroplating detergent.

Use: Fluoridation of municipal water (1 ppm), de-

gassing steel, wood preservative, insecticide (not to

sodium ethylmercurithiosalicylate. See

be used on living plants), fungicide and rodenticide,

thimerosal.

chemical cleaning, electroplating, glass manufac-

ture, vitreous enamels, preservative for adhesives,

sodium ethyl oxalacetate. See ethyl sodium

toothpastes, disinfectant (fermentation equipment),

oxalacetate.

dental prophylaxis, cryolite manufacture, single

crystals used as windows in UV and infrared radia-

sodium ethylxanthate. (sodium xanthogen-

tion detecting systems.

ate; sodium xanthate). C

OC(S)SNa.

Properties: Yellowish powder. Soluble in water, al-

cohol.

sodium fluoroacetate. (also known as

Use: Ore flotation agent.

1080).

See xanthic acids.

CAS: 62-74-8. FCH

COONa.

Properties: Fine, white powder; odorless. Nonvola-

sodium ferric pyrophosphate. mf:

tile, decomposes at 200C. Soluble in water; insolu-

)

•xH

ble in most organic solvents.

Properties: White to tan powder; odorless. Insol in

Derivation: Ethyl chloroacetate and potassium fluo-

water; sol in hydrochloric acid.

ride form ethyl fluoroacetate, which is then treated

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

with a methanol solution of sodium hydroxide.

Use: Food additive.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption. TLV: 0.05 mg/m

; STEL 0.15 mg/m

Toxic by skin absorption. For use by trained opera-

sodium ferricyanide. (red prussiate of

tors only, use has been restricted.

soda). Na

Fe(CN)

•H

Use: Predator elimination (coyotes), rodenticide.

Properties: Ruby-red, deliquescent crystals. Soluble

in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Chlorine is passed into sodium ferrocya-

sodium fluoroborate. NaBF

nide solution.

Properties: White powder; bitter acid taste. Slowly

Grade: Technical, CP.

decomposed by heat. D 2.47 (20C), mp 384C. Solu-

Use: Production of pigments, dyeing, printing.

ble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

Derivation: By heating sodium fluoride and hydro-

sodium ferrocyanide. (yellow prussiate of

fluoboric acid and cooling slowly.

soda).

Use: Sand casting of aluminum and magnesium,

CAS: 13601-19-9. Na

Fe(CN)

•10H

electrochemical processes, oxidation inhibitor,

Properties: Yellow, semitransparent crystals. D

fluxes for nonferrous metals, fluorinating agent.

1.458. Partially soluble in water; insoluble in organ-

ic solvents.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

sodium fluorophosphate. (sodium fluo-

Use: Manufacture of sodium ferricyanide, blue pig-

phosphate). Na

ments, blueprint paper, anticaking agent for salt, ore

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp about 625C. Sol-

flotation, pickling metals, polymerization catalyst,

uble in water.

photographic fixing agent.

Grade: 97%.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant.

sodium fluoborate. See sodium fluoroborate. Use: Preparation of bactericides and fungicides.

1145 SODIUM GOLD CYANIDE

sodium fluorosilicate. (sodium silicofluor- mercerizing, caustic boiloff, paint stripping, alumi-

ide; sodium hexafluorosilicate; sodium fluosili-

num etching.

cate). Na

SiF

Properties: White, free-flowing powder; odorless;

sodium gluconate.

tasteless. D 2.7, mp decomposes at red heat. Partial-

CAS: 527-07-1. NaC

ly soluble in cold water; more soluble in hot water;

Properties: White to yellowish crystalline powder.

insoluble in alcohol.

Soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol.

Derivation: From fluosilicic acid and sodium car-

Derivation: From glucose by fermentation.

bonate, or sodium chloride.

Grade: Purified, technical, FCC.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Foods and pharmaceuticals, sequestering agent,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

metal cleaners, paint stripper, aluminum deoxidizer,

irritant to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

bottle-washing preparations, rust removal, chrome

Use: Fluoridation, laundry sours, opalescent glass,

tanning, metal plating, mordant in dyeing.

vitreous enamel frits, metallurgy (aluminum and

beryllium), insecticides and rodenticides, chemical

sodium glucosulfone. (p

′

-diaminodiphenyl-

intermediate, glue, leather and wood preservative,

sulfone-N,N

′

-di-dextrose sodium sulfonate).

moth repellent, manufacture of pure silicon.

The USP grade is an aqueous solu-

tion (for injection), clear and pale yellow, pH

sodium formaldehyde bisulfite.

5.0–6.5.

HOCH

Na.

Use: Medicine.

Properties: White, water-soluble solid.

Derivation: Action of sodium bisulfite, formalde-

sodium glutamate. (monosodium glutamate;

hyde, and water.

MSG).

Use: Textile stripping agent.

CAS: 142-47-2. COOH(CH

)

CH(NH

)COONa.

See hydrosulfite-formaldehyde.

Sodium salt of glutamic acid, one of the common,

naturally occurring amino acids.

sodium formaldehyde hydrosulfite.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp (decom-

Use: Synthetic rubber polymerization and textile

poses). Soluble in water and alcohol. Shows optical

dyeing and stripping agent.

activity, most effective between pH 6 and 8.

See hydrosulfite-formaldehyde.

Derivation: (1) Alkaline hydrolysis of the waste li-

quor from beet sugar refining, (2) a similar hydroly-

sis of wheat or corn gluten, (3) organic synthesis

sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate. (sodi-

based on acrylonitrile.

um sulfoxylate; sodium sulfoxylate formalde-

Grade: Technical, 99%, ND, FCC.

hyde; SFS). HCHO•HSO

Na•2H

Use: Flavor enhancer for foods in concentration of

Properties: White solid. Mp 64C. Soluble in water

about 0.3%.

and alcohol. Usually admixed with a sulfite.

See flavor; glutamic acid.

Use: Stripping and discharge agent for textiles,

bleaching agent for molasses, soap.

See hydrosulfite-formaldehyde.

sodium glycolate. (sodium hydroxyacetate).

NaOOCCH

OH.

Properties: White powder.

sodium formate.

Use: Buffer in electrodeless plating and textile fin-

CAS: 141-53-7. HCOONa.

ishing.

Properties: White, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline

powder; slight odor of formic acid. D 1.919, mp

253C. Soluble in water and glycerol; slightly soluble

sodium gold chloride. (sodium aurichloride;

in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

sodium chloraurate; sodium chloroaurate; gold

Derivation: Carbon monoxide and sodium hydrox-

sodium chloride; gold salts). NaAuCl

•2H

ide are heated under pressure, also from pentaeryth-

Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water and

ritol manufacture.

alcohol.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Derivation: By neutralizing chloroauric acid with

Use: Reducing agent, manufacture of formic acid and

sodium carbonate.

oxalic acid, organic chemicals, mordant, manufac-

Use: Photography, staining fine glass, decorating

ture of sodium dithionite, complexing agent, analyt-

porcelain, medicine.

ical reagent (noble metal precipitant), buffering

agent.

sodium gold cyanide. (sodium cyanoaurite;

sodium aurocyanide; gold sodium cyanide).

sodium glucoheptonate. NaAu(CN)

HOCH

(CH

COONa. Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in water. Con-

Properties: Light-tan, crystalline powder. A seques- tains 46% gold (min).

tering agent for polyvalent metals. Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

Use: Metal cleaning, bottle washing, kier boiling, Use: For gold plating electronic components.

1146SODIUM GUANYLATE

sodium guanylate. (GMP; disodium guanyl- sodium hydrogen trioxoselenite. See sele-

ate). nious acid, monosodium salt.

CAS: 5550-12-9. Na

P•2H

O. A 5

′

-nu-

cleotide.

sodium hydrosulfide. (sodium sulfhydrate;

Properties: Crystals. Soluble in cold water; very

sodium bisulfide; sodium hydrogen sulfide).

soluble in hot water.

CAS: 16721-80-5. NaSH•2H

Derivation: From a seaweed or from dried fish.

Properties: Colorless needles to lemon-colored

Use: Flavor potentiator in foods.

flakes. 70–72% NaSH, mp 55C, water of crystalliza-

See guanylic acid.

tion 26–28%. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: From calcium sulfide by treating it in the

sodium heparin. See heparin.

cold with sodium bisulfate.

Grade: Technical, flake, 70–72%, soluble 40–44%.

Hazard: Contact with acids causes evolution of toxic

sodium heptametaphosphate. See sodium

gases.

metaphosphate.

Use: Paper-pulping dyestuffs processing, rayon and

cellophane desulfurizing, unhairing hides, bleach-

sodium hexachloroosmate. (osmium-sodium

ing reagent.

chloride; sodium-osmium chloride). Na

OsCl

Properties: Orange, rhombic prisms. Contains

40.3% osmium, unstable. Soluble in alcohol, water.

sodium hydrosulfite. See sodium dithionite.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Catalyst (oxidation).

sodium hydroxide. (caustic soda; sodium

hydrate; lye; white caustic).

sodium hexachloroplatinate. See sodium

CAS: 1310-73-2. The most important commercial

chloroplatinate.

caustic.

Properties: White, deliquescent solid; chiefly in

form of beads or pellets, also 50% and 73% aqueous

sodium hexadecanoate. See sodium palmi-

solutions. Absorbs water and carbon dioxide from

tate.

the air. D 2.13, mp 318C, bp 1390C. Soluble in

water, alcohol, and glycerol.

sodium hexafluorosilicate. See sodium

Derivation: Electrolysis of sodium chloride (brines)

fluorosilicate.

(electrolytic cell), reaction of calcium hydroxide

and sodium carbonate.

sodium hexametaphosphate. See “Calgon.”

Grade: Commercial, ground, flake, beads, FCC,

granulated (60% and 75% Na

O), rayon (low in iron,

sodium hexylene glycol monoborate.

copper, and manganese), purified by alcohol (sticks,

BNa.

lumps, and drops), reagent, highest purity, CP, USP.

Properties: Amorphous, white solid. Bulk d 0.25,

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue in presence of moisture,

mp 426C. Soluble in nonpolar solvents.

strong irritant to tissue (eyes, skin, mucous mem-

Grade: Min 98%.

branes), poison by ingestion. TLV: ceiling 2 mg/m

Use: Corrosion inhibitor in organic systems, additive

Use: Chemical manufacture, rayon and cellophane,

to lubricating oils, flame-retardant, siloxane resin

neutralizing agent in petroleum refining, pulp and

additive.

paper, aluminum, detergents, soap, textile process-

ing, vegetable-oil refining, reclaiming rubber, re-

sodium hydrate. See sodium hydroxide.

generating ion exchange resins, organic fusions,

peeling of fruits and vegetables in food industry, lab

reagent, etching and electroplating, food additive.

sodium hydride.

CAS: 7646-69-7. NaH.

Properties: Powder; practically odorless. D 0.92, mp

sodium hypochlorite.

800C (decomposes). Must be kept cool and dry.

CAS: 7681-52-9. NaOCl•5H

Particle size range 5–50 ␮m. Starts to decompose

Properties: Pale-greenish color; disagreeable,

with evolution of hydrogen at about 255C. Prepara-

sweetish odor. Mp 18C. Soluble in cold water; de-

tion: Reaction of sodium metal with hydrogen. A

composed by hot water. Unstable in air unless mixed

microcrystalline dispersion of gray powder in oil

with sodium hydroxide. Strong oxidizing agent.

containing 50 or 25% by weight.

Usually stored and used in solution.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, reacts violently with

Derivation: Addition of chlorine to cold dilute solu-

water evolving hydrogen. Irritant.

tion of sodium hydroxide.

Use: Condensing or alkylating agent, especially for

Grade: Technical.

amines, descaling metals.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to tissue.

sodium hydrogen sulfide. See sodium hy- Use: Bleaching paper pulp, textiles, etc.; intermedi-

drosulfide; sodium bisulfite. ate; organic chemicals; water purification; medi-

1147 SODIUM LACTATE

cine; fungicides; swimming pool disinfectant laun- Derivation: By dissolving the free acid in dilute

dering; reagent; germicide. sodium hydroxide and buffering to pH 6.5–7.7.

Available forms: A 20% solution for injection.

Grade: USP.

sodium hypophosphite.

Use: X-ray contrast medium.

CAS: 7681-53-0. NaH

•H

Properties: Colorless, pearly, crystalline plates or

white, granular powder; saline taste; deliquescent.

sodium iodomethanesulfonate. See sodium

Soluble in water; partially soluble in alcohol.

methiodal.

Derivation: By neutralizing hypophosphoric acid

with sodium carbonate.

sodium iothalamate. (sodium-5-acetamido-

Grade: Technical, CP.

2,4,6-triiodo-N-methylisophthalamate).

Hazard: Explosion risk when mixed with strong

CAS: 1225-20-3. C

(CONHCH

)

COONa.

oxidizing agents, decomposes to phosphine on heat-

Grade: USP (for injection).

ing, store in cool, dry place, away from oxidizing

Use: Medicine (radiopaque medium).

materials.

Use: Pharmaceuticals, reducing agent in electro-

sodium ipodate. (USAN; sodium-3-(dimethy-

deless nickel plating of plastics and metals, lab re-

laminomethyleneamino)-2,4,6-triiodohydrocinna-

agent, substitute for sodium nitrite in smoked meats.

mate).

CAS: 1221-56-3.

sodium hyposulfate. See sodium dithionate.

NaOOCCH

H(I

)N:CHN(CH

)

Use: Radiopaque agent.

sodium inosinate.

CAS: 4691-65-0. C

P. A 5

′

-nucleotide

sodium iron pyrophosphate. (SIPP).

derived from seaweed or dried fish. Sodium guanyl-

)

•xH

ate is a by-product.

Properties: Tan powder. Insoluble in water; soluble

Use: Flavor potentiator in foods.

in dilute acid. Min 14.5% iron. Iron is in complex

See inosinic acid.

form and will not catalyze oxidation reactions.

Derivation: By reacting tetrasodium pyrophosphate

sodium iodate.

with a soluble iron salt.

CAS: 7681-55-2. NaIO

Use: For iron enrichment, particularly in flours and

Properties: White crystals. D 4.28. Soluble in water

cereals.

and acetone; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Interaction of sodium chlorate and io-

sodium isoascorbate. See sodium erythor-

dine in presence of nitric acid.

bate.

Grade: CP, reagent, technical.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, fire risk near organic ma-

sodium d-isoascorbate. See erythorbic acid

terials.

sodium salt.

Use: Antiseptic, disinfectant, feed additive reagent.

sodium isobutylxanthate.

sodium iodide.

CH(CH

)

OC(S)SNa.

CAS: 7681-82-5. (1) NaI. (2) NaI•2H

Use: Ore flotation agent.

Properties: White, cubical crystals or powder, or

See xanthic acid.

colorless crystals; odorless, saline, somewhat bitter

taste. D (1) 3.665, (2) 2.448 (21C), mp (1) 653C, bp

sodium isopropylxanthate.

(1) 1304C. Slowly becomes brown in air, deliques-

CAS: 140-93-2. (CH

)

CHOC(S)SNa.

cent. Soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerol.

Properties: Light-yellow crystals. Soluble in water.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP, single crystals.

Deliquescent, decomposes 150C.

Use: Photography, solvent for iodine, organic chemi-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to skin and mu-

cals, reagent, feed additive, cloud seeding, scintilla-

cous membranes.

tion (thallium-activated form), expectorant.

Use: Chemical weed killer, fortifying agent for cer-

tain oils, ore flotation.

sodium iodide (I-131). (sodium radio-io-

dide). A radioactive form of sodium iodide contain-

ing iodine-131 which can be used as a tracer.

sodium lactate.

Grade: USP (as capsules or solution).

CAS: 72-17-3. CH

OCOONa.

See iodine 131.

Properties: Colorless or yellowish, syrupy liquid.

Very hygroscopic. Mp 17C, decomposes 140C. Sol-

sodium iodipamide. C

NaO

. N,N

′

-adi- uble in water. Combustible.

polybis(3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid) disodi- Grade: Technical, USP (solution with pH 6.0–7.3).

um salt. Use: Hygroscopic agent, glycerol substitute, plasti-

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow, slightly vis- cizer for casein, corrosion inhibitor in alcohol anti-

cous liquid. Water soluble. Radiopaque. freeze.

1148SODIUM-

-LAUROYL

sodium-n-lauroyl sarcosinate. commercial dry sodium bisulfite with which most of

its properties and uses are practically identical.

Na.

Grade: FCC.

Use: Dentrifices, hair shampoos, rug shampoos.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m

; not

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

sodium lauryl sulfate.

Use: In foods, as preservative, lab reagent.

CAS: 151-21-3. NaC

Properties: Small, white or light-yellow crystals;

sodium metaborate.

slight characteristic odor. Soluble in water, forming

CAS: 7775-19-1. NaBO

an opalescent solution.

Properties: White lumps. D 2.464, mp 966C, bp

Grade: USP, technical, FCC.

1434C. Soluble in water. Noncombustible.

Use: Wetting agent in textile industry, detergent in

Derivation: By fusing sodium carbonate and borax.

toothpaste, food additive (emulsifier and thickener).

Use: Herbicide. Also available commercially as oc-

tahydrate and tetrahydrate.

sodium-lead alloy. One of several alloys as

follows: (1) usually containing 10% sodium and

sodium metanilate. NaSO

90% lead, used in the manufacture of lead tetraethyl;

Derivation: The metasodium sulfonate of aniline

(2) containing 2% sodium, used as a deoxidizer and

sold as a solid or 20% aqueous solution prepared by

homogenizer in nonferrous metals where lead is a

neutralizing metanilic acid.

component; (3) used as a stabilizer and deoxidizer

Grade: Technical, 99%, also 20% solution.

for lead in cable sheathing.

Use: Manufacture of synthetic dyestuffs and drugs.

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk, reacts

with moisture, acids, and oxidizing agents.

sodium metaperiodate. See sodium per-

sodium lead hyposulfite. See lead sodium iodate.

thiosulfate.

sodium metaphosphate.

sodium lead thiosulfate. See lead sodium

CAS: 10361-03-2. (NaPO

)

The value of n ranges

thiosulfate.

from 3 to 10 (cyclic molecules) or may be a much

larger number (polymers). Cyclic sodium meta-

sodium lignosulfonate.

phosphate, based on rings of alternating phosphorus

Properties: Tan, free-flowing, spray-dried powder,

and oxygen atoms, range from the trimetaphosphate

containing 70–80% total lignin sulfonates, balance

(NaPO

)

to at least the decametaphosphate. So-

wood sugars. Combustible.

called sodium hexametaphosphate is probably a

Use: Dispersant, emulsion stabilizer, chelating agent.

polymer where n is between 10 and 20 (“Calgon”).

See lignin sulfonate.

The vitreous sodium phosphates having a Na

O/P

mole ratio near unity are classified as sodium meta-

sodium liothyronine. (sodium-l-3[4-(4-hy-

phosphates (Graham’s salts). The average number

droxy-3-iodophenoxy)-3,5-diiodophenyl]alanine).

of phosphorus atoms per molecule in these glasses

NaOOCCH(NH

)CH

IOH.

ranges from 25 to infinity. The term sodium meta-

Properties: Light-tan, crystalline powder; odorless.

phosphate has also been extended to short-chain

Very slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in

vitreous compositions, the molecules of which ex-

alcohol; insoluble in most other organic solvents.

hibit the polyphosphate formula Na

n+2

3n+1

with n

Grade: USP.

as low as 4–5. These materials are more correctly

Use: Medicine (a thyroid hormone).

called sodium polyphosphates.

Use: Dental polishing agents, detergent builders, wa-

sodium magnesium aluminosilicate. See ter softening, sequestrants, emulsifiers, food addi-

“Hydrex” [Huber]. tives, textile processing and laundering.

sodium MBT. (NaMBT). C

Na. A 50%

sodium metasilicate, anhydrous.

aqueous solution of sodium mercaptobenzothiazole,

CAS: 6834-92-0. Na

SiO

. A crystalline silicate.

light-amber liquid, bulk d 10.5 lb/gal.

Properties: Dustless, white granules. Mp 1089C,

Use: Corrosion inhibitor for nonferrous metals, anti-

total Na

O content 51.5%, total Na

O in active form

freeze, paper-mill systems.

48.6%, bulk d 2.61 or 75 lb/cu ft. Soluble in water;

precipitated by acids and by alkaline earths and

sodium mercaptoacetate. See sodium thio-

heavy metal ions, pH of 1% solution 12.6, Noncom-

glycolate.

bustible.

Derivation: Crystallized from a melt of Na

O and

sodium-2-mercaptobenzothiazole. See so-

SiO

at approximately 1089C.

dium MBT.

Use: Laundry, dairy, and metal cleaning; floor clean-

ing; base for detergent formulations; bleaching aid;

sodium metabisulfite. (sodium pyrosulfite). deinking paper. Also available as the pentahydrate

CAS: 7681-57-4. Na

. Chief constituent of whose properties are mp 72.2C, total Na

O content

1149 SODIUM-12-MOLYBDOPHOSPHATE

29.3%, total Na

O in active form 27.8%, d 1.75 or 55 Properties: White, crystalline solid. Readily soluble

lb/cu ft. in water; moderately soluble in alcohol; stable in

concentrated aqueous solution but decomposes in

dilute aqueous solution; unstable in moist soil.

sodium metavanadate.

Hazard: Irritant to tissue, toxic to plants and vegeta-

CAS: 13718-26-8. NaVO

, often with 4H

tion.

Properties: Colorless, monoclinic, prismatic crys-

Use: Fungicide, nematocide, weed killer, insecticide,

tals or pale-green crystalline powder. Mp 630C.

soil fumigant.

Soluble in water. Noncombustible.

Derivation: Sodium hydrate and vanadium pentox-

sodium-N-methyl-N-oleoyl taurate. (oleyl

ide in water solution.

methyl tauride).

Grade: Technical, CP.

CAS: 137-20-2.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

(CH

)(CH

)

CHCH(CH

)

CON(CH

)CH

Use: Inks, fur dyeing, photography, inoculation of

ONa.

plant life, mordants and fixers, corrosive inhibitor in

Properties: Fine, white powder; sweet odor.

gas-scrubbing systems.

Grade: Technical, 32% purity (remainder is mainly

sodium sulfate).

sodium methacrylate. CH

:C(CH

)COONa.

Use: Detergent, pesticide aid.

Properties: Water-soluble monomer.

Use: Resins, chemical intermediate.

sodium methyl siliconate. Most effective

water repellent and cleaner for limestone, concrete,

sodium methanearsonate. (disodium methy-

and similar masonary. Reaction product of aqueous

larsonate; monosodium methanearsonate; sodium

sodium hydroxide and a resinous silicone. Total

acid methanearsonate; sodium methylarsonate).

solids about 30%.

CAS: 2163-80-6. (CH

AsO(OH)ONa).

Properties: White solid. Mp 130–140C. Very solu-

sodium-N-methyltaurate. See N-methyltau-

ble in water.

rine.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Postemergence herbicide for grassy weeds.

sodium molybdate.

sodium methiodal. (sodium iodomethanesul- CAS: 7631-95-0. Commercially, the normal molyb-

fonate). date Na

MoO

or its dihydrate (called sodium mo-

CAS: 126-31-8. ICH

Na. lybdate crystals). Chemically, a wide variety of

Properties: A white, crystalline powder; odorless; complex molybdenum and sodium compounds are

slight salty taste followed by sweetish aftertaste. known.

Decomposes on exposure to light, solutions are neu- Properties: Small, lustrous, crystalline plates. Mp

tral to litmus. Soluble in water; very soluble in meth- 687C, d 3.28 (18C). Soluble in water. Noncombust-

anol; slightly soluble in alcohol; practically insolu- ible.

ble in acetone, ether, and benzene. Derivation: By the action of sodium hydroxide on

Derivation: From sodium sulfite and methylene io- molybdenum trioxide. Complex molybdates are

dide. prepared by dissolving large amounts of molybde-

Grade: NF. num trioxide in solutions of normal molybdates.

Use: Radiopaque contrast medium. Grade: Anhydrous, crystals.

Hazard: Irritant.

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, paint pigment,

sodium methylate. (sodium methoxide).

production of molybdated toners and lakes, metal

CAS: 124-41-4. CH

ONa.

finishing, brightening agent for zinc plating, corro-

Properties: White, free-flowing powder; sensitive to

sion inhibitor, catalyst in dye and pigment produc-

oxygen; decomposed by water; soluble in methanol

tion, additive for fertilizers and feeds, micronutrient.

and ethanol; decomposes in air above 126C.

Hazard: (Solid) Flammable when exposed to heat or

flame. (Solution) Flammable, moderate fire risk.

sodium molybdophosphate.

Use: Condensation reactions; catalyst for treatment

CAS: 1313-30-0. mf: Mo

P•3Na.

of edible fats and oils, especially lard; intermediate

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 5

for pharmaceuticals; preparation of sodium cellulo-

mg(Mo)/m

sate; analytical reagent.

sodium-12-molybdophosphate. (sodium

sodium methyl carbonate. CH

OCOONa.

phospho-12-molybdate). Na

PMo

Properties: White powder. Mp 330C (decomposes),

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 2.83. Soluble in wa-

d 1.66, purity 90% min.

ter, although less soluble than the free acid; strong

oxidizing action in aqueous solution.

sodium-N-methyldithiocarbamate Grade: Technical.

dihydrate. Use: Analysis, neuromicroscopy, catalysts, additives

CAS: 137-42-8. CH

NHC(S)SNa•2H

O. in photographic processes, imparting water resis-

1150SODIUM-12-MOLYBDOSILICATE

tance to plastics, adhesives and cements, pigments.

sodium naphthylaminesulfonate. See sodi-

um naphthionate.

See heteromolybdate.

sodium-12-molybdosilicate. (sodium silico-

sodium niobate. (sodium columbate).

12-molybdate). Na

SiMo

•xH

•7H

O. Important in the purification of

Properties: Yellow crystals. Bulk d 3.44. Soluble in

niobium materials. The crystalline compound forms

water, acetone, alcohol, ethyl acetate; insoluble in

when a niobium compound is treated with hot, con-

ether, benzene, and cyclohexane.

centrated sodium hydroxide. It is sparingly soluble

Grade: Reagent.

in water.

Hazard: Water solution is strong oxidizer, store

away from organic materials.

sodium nitrate. (soda niter).

Use: Catalysts; reagents; fixing and oxidizing agents

CAS: 7631-99-4. NaNO

. Chile saltpeter (caliche) is

in photography; precipitants and ion exchangers in

impure natural sodium nitrate.

atomic energy; plating processes; imparting water

Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals; odorless;

resistance to plastics, adhesives, and cement.

saline, slightly bitter taste. D 2.267, mp 308C, ex-

plodes at 1000F (537C), decomposes at 380C. Solu-

sodium mono- and dimethyl naphthalene

ble in water and glycerol; slightly soluble in alcohol.

sulfonate.

Derivation: From nitric acid and sodium carbonate

Use: Food additive.

and from Chile saltpeter.

Grade: Granular, sticks, powder; crude, 99.5%, dou-

sodium monoxide. (sodium oxide).

ble refined, recrystallized, CP, technical, reagent,

CAS: 12401-86-4. Na

diuretic, FCC.

Properties: White powder. D 2.27, sublimes at

Hazard: Fire risk near organic materials, ignites on

1275C. Soluble in molten caustic soda or potash;

friction and explodes when shocked or heated to

converted to sodium hydroxide by water.

1000F (537C). Toxic by ingestion; content in cured

Hazard: Caustic and strong irritant when wet with

meats, fish, and other food products restricted.

water.

Use: Oxidizing agent; solid rocket propellants; fertil-

Use: Condensing or polymerizing agent in organic

izer; flux; glass manufacture; pyrotechnics; reagent;

reactions, dehydrating agent, strong base.

refrigerant; matches; dynamites; black powders;

manufacture of sodium salts and nitrates; dyes;

sodium myristyl sulfate.

pharmaceuticals; an aphrodisiac; color fixative and

CAS: 1191-50-0. NaC

SO. Anionic detergent.

preservative in cured meats, fish, etc.; enamel for

Use: Foaming, wetting, and emulsifying in cosmetic,

pottery; modifying burning properties of tobacco.

household, and industrial uses.

sodium nitrilotriacetate. See nitrilotriacetic

sodium naphthalenesulfonate. C

Na.

acid.

Properties: Yellowish, crystalline plates or white

odorless scales. Soluble in water; insoluble in alco-

sodium nitrite.

hol. Combustible.

CAS: 7632-00-0. NaNO

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Slightly yellowish or white crystals, pel-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

lets, sticks, or powder. Oxidizes on exposure to air.

Use: Organic synthesis, liquefying agent in animal

D 2.157, mp 271, explodes at 1000F (537C), decom-

glue preparations, naphthols.

poses at 320C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

alcohol and ether.

sodium naphthenate. A white paste, the most

Grade: Reagent, technical, USP, FCC.

important of the naphthenic acid salts, commercial

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk when

samples have consistency of grease, but this will

heated to 537C (1000F) or in contact with reducing

vary with source and manner of processing. Excel-

materials; a strong oxidizing agent. Carcinogen in

lent emulsifying and foam-producing properties,

test animals; its use in curing fish and meat products

low hydrolytic dissociation.

is restricted to 100 ppm.

Use: Detergent, emulsifier, disinfectant, manufac-

Use: Diazotization (by reaction with hydrochloric

ture of paint driers.

acid to form nitrous acid); rubber accelerators; color

See naphthenic acid.

fixative and preservative in cured meats, meat prod-

ucts, fish; pharmaceuticals; photographic and ana-

sodium naphthionate. (sodium ␣-naphthy-

lytical reagent; dye manufacture; antidote for cya-

laminesulfonate). NH

Na•4H

nide poisoning.

Properties: White crystals, turns violet on exposure

to light. Soluble in water; insoluble in ether. Com-

bustible.

sodium nitroferricyanide. (sodium nitro-

Grade: Technical (paste, crystals). prussiate; sodium nitroprusside).

Use: Riegler’s reagent for nitrous acid, manufacture Na

Fe(CN)

NO•2H

of dyestuffs. Properties: Red, transparent crystals; d 1.72; soluble

1151 SODIUM PENTAFLUOROSTANNITE

in water with slow decomposition; slightly soluble

sodium palconate. The sodium salt of an acid

in alcohol. that may be extracted with alkali from redwood dust.

Grade: Reagent, technical. The dark reddish-brown material consists mainly of

Use: Analytical reagent. a partially methylated phenolic acid containing ali-

phatic hydroxyls, phenolic hydroxyls, and carboxyl

groups in the ratio of 2:4:3. The viscosity of aqueous

sodium-p-nitrophenolate. See p-nitrophenol,

solutions rises rapidly with concentration.

sodium salt.

Use: To control viscosity and water loss in drilling

muds and as a dispersing agent.

sodium novobiocin. See novobiocin.

sodium palladium chloride. See palladium

sodium octyl sulfate.

sodium chloride.

CAS: 142-31-4. C

OSO

Na. Anionic detergent,

available commercially as a 35% solution.

sodium palmitate. (sodium hexadecanoate;

Use: Wetting, dispersing, and emulsifying agent.

sodium pentadecanecarboxylate; sodium salt of

hexadecanoic acid).

sodium oleate.

CAS: 408-35-5. CH

(CH

)

COONa.

CAS: 143-19-1. C

COONa.

Properties: White to yellow powder.

Properties: White powder; slight tallowlike odor.

Hazard: A poison. Combustible.

Mp 232–235C. Soluble in water with partial decom-

Use: Polymerization catalyst for synthetic rubbers,

position; soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

laundry and toilet soaps, detergents, cosmetics,

Derivation: Action of alcoholic sodium hydroxide

pharmaceuticals, printing inks, and as an emulsifier.

on oleic acid.

Use: Ore flotation, waterproofing textiles, emulsifier

sodium pantothenate.

of oil-water systems.

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

Use: Food additive.

sodium orthophosphate. See sodium phos-

phate, monobasic; sodium phosphate, dibasic;

sodium paraperiodate. (sodium triparaperio-

sodium phosphate, tribasic.

date). Na

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Very slightly

sodium orthosilicate. Na

SiO

•2NaOH or oth-

soluble in water; soluble in concentrated sodium

er proportions such as 2Na

O•SiO

(anhydrous) or

hydroxide solutions.

2Na

O•SiO

•5.4H

Use: Selectively oxidizes specific carbohydrates and

Properties: (Composition 2Na

O•SiO

) Dustless,

amino acids, wet-strengthens paper, aids combus-

white, flaked product. Bulk d 75/lb/cu ft. Total Na

tion of tobacco.

content 60.8%, percent of total Na

O in active form

59.0. Soluble in water, pH of a 1% solution 13.0.

sodium pentaborate decahydrate.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous

•10H

membranes.

Properties: White crystals. Free-flowing; stable un-

Use: Commercial laundries, metal cleaning, heavy

der ordinary conditions. D 1.72, pH of solution 7.5.

duty cleaning.

Solubility in water 15.4% (20C), increasing with

temperature. Noncombustible.

sodium orthovanadate. (sodium vanadate;

Use: Weed killer, cotton defoliant, fireproofing com-

trisodium orthovanadate; vanadic(II) acid, triso-

positions, glass manufacture, B supplement for tree

dium salt).

fruit and truck crops.

CAS: 13721-39-6. mf: O

V•3Na

Properties: Colorless, hexagonal prisms. Mw

sodium pentachlorophenate.

183.91, mp 850−866C.

CAS: 131-52-2. C

ONa.

Hazard: Poison by ingestion. TLV: 0.05 mg(V

Properties: White or tan powder. Soluble in water,

ethanol, and acetone; insoluble in benzene.

Grade: Technical, powder, pellets, or briquettes.

sodium oxalate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation; skin irritant.

CAS: 62-76-0. Na

Use: Fungicide; herbicide; slimicide; fermentation

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.34, mp

disinfectant, especially in finishes and papers.

250–270C (decomposes). Soluble in water; insolu-

ble in alcohol.

sodium pentadecanecarboxylate. See sodi-

Grade: Reagent, technical, 88%, 99%.

um palmitate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Reagent, textile finishing, pyrotechnics, leather

finishing, blue printing.

sodium pentafluorostannite.

CAS: 22578-17-2. mf: F

•Na

sodium oxide. See sodium monoxide. Properties: Colorless acicular crystals from H

1152SODIUM PENTOBARBITAL

Mw: 355.37. Soluble in H

O; solubility increased in sodium perchlorate.

aq HF. CAS: 7601-89-0. NaClO

sometimes with an H

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

Properties: White, deliquescent crystals. Mp 482C,

Use: Drug. bp (decomposes), d 2.02. Soluble in water and al-

cohol.

Derivation: (1) Sodium chlorate and sodium chlo-

sodium pentobarbital. See barbiturate.

ride are mixed and heated until fused. The un-

changed chloride is leached out. (2) A cold solution

sodium “Pentothal” [Abbott]. See “Pento-

of sodium chlorate is electrolyzed, the solution con-

thal” [Abbott]; thiopental sodium.

centrated and crystallized.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

sodium perborate, anhydrous.

with organic materials and sulfuric acid.

CAS: 7632-04-4. NaBO

Use: Explosives, jet fuel, analytical reagent.

Properties: White, amorphous powder of unknown

constitution containing active oxygen. Evolves oxy-

sodium periodate. (sodium metaperiodate).

gen gas when dissolved in water; hygroscopic.

(1) NaIO

. (2) NaIO

•3H

Derivation: By heating sodium perborate tetrahyd-

Properties: Colorless crystals. D (1) 3.865 (16C), (2)

rate.

3.219 (18C), mp (1) 300C (decomposes), (2) 175C

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, fire risk in contact

(decomposes). Very soluble in water.

with organic materials. Toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Use: Denture cleaner, oxygen source.

Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Source of periodic acid, analytical reagent, oxi-

sodium perborate monohydrate.

dizing agent.

NaBO

•H

O, better represented as

See sodium paraperiodate.

)

(OH)

Properties: White, amorphous powder. Rapidly sol-

uble in water giving a solution of H

and sodium sodium permanganate.

borate. CAS: 10101-50-5. NaMnO

•3H

Derivation: By partial dehydration of sodium perbo- Properties: Purple to reddish-black crystals or pow-

rate tetrahydrate. der. D 2.47, mp 170C (decomposes). Soluble in

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, fire risk in contact water.

with organic materials. Toxic by ingestion. Derivation: Sodium manganate is dissolved in water

Use: Denture cleaner, bleaching agent in special de- and chlorine or ozone passed in. The solution is

tergents. concentrated and crystallized.

Grade: Technical, sold commercially in solution.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

sodium perborate tetrahydrate.

materials, strong oxidizing agent.

NaBO

•4H

O better represented as

Use: Oxidizing agent; disinfectant; bactericide; man-

)

(OH)

]•6H

ufacture of saccharin; antidote for poisoning by

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 63C, loses water

morphine, curare, and phosphorus.

at 130–150C. Soluble in water 21.5 g/L at 18C,

giving a solution of H

and sodium borate.

Derivation: By crystallization from solutions of bo-

sodium peroxide.

rax and H

CAS: 1313-60-6. Na

Hazard: Oxidizing agent. Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Yellowish-white powder, turning yel-

Use: Bleaching agent for domestic detergents and

low when heated. Absorbs water and carbon dioxide

industrial laundries, mild antiseptic, mouthwash

from air. Active oxygen content about 20% by

(under medical supervision).

weight. D 2.805, mp 460C (decomposes), bp 657

(decomposes). Soluble in cold water with evolution

sodium percarbonate. (sodium carbonate of heat.

peroxohydrate, sodium carbonate peroxide). Derivation: Metallic sodium is heated at 300C in

CAS: 3313-92-6. Na

•1.5H

. aluminum trays in a retort in a current of dry air from

Properties: Stable, microcrystalline powder. Solu- which the carbon dioxide has been removed.

ble in water 120 g/kg at 20C giving a solution of Grade: Technical, reagent.

and sodium carbonate. Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

Derivation: By solution crystallization or by a fluid- with water, alcohols, acids, powdered metals, and

bed process, from concentrated solutions of sodium organic materials. Strong oxidizing agent. Keep dry.

carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, with stabilizers. Irritant.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent; when intimately mixed Use: Oxidizing agent; bleaching of miscellaneous

with certain organic substances, it may initiate com- materials including paper and textiles; deodorant;

bustion. Toxic by ingestion. antiseptic; organic chemicals; water purification;

Use: Bleaching agent for domestic and industrial use, pharmaceuticals; oxygen generation for diving

denture cleaner, mild antiseptic. bells, submarines, etc.; textile dyeing and printing;

1153 SODIUM PHOSPHATE, MONOBASIC

ore processing; analytical reagent; calorimetry; ger-

sodium phenylphosphinate.

micidal soaps. C

PH(O)(ONa).

Properties: Crystals. Mp 355C (decomposes to give

phenylphosphine), stable at room temperature. Sol-

sodium persulfate. (sodium peroxydisulfate).

uble in water.

CAS: 7775-27-1. Na

Use: Antioxidant, heat and light stabilizer.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

water; decomposed by alcohol; decomposes in

moist air.

sodium phenyl sulfinate dihydrate.

Hazard: By ingestion, strong irritant to tissue. TLV:

CAS: 25932-11-0. mf: C

S•Na•2H

0.1 mg/m

Hazard: A mild eye irritant.

Use: Bleaching agent (fats, oils, fabrics, soap), bat-

tery depolarizers, emulsion polymerization.

sodium phosphate. See “Nutrifos” [Solutia];

sodium metaphosphate; sodium phosphate, diba-

sodium phenate. (sodium phenolate; sodium

sic; sodium phosphate, monobasic; sodium

carbolate).

phosphate (P-32); sodium phosphate, tribasic;

CAS: 139-02-6. C

ONa.

sodium polyphosphate; sodium pyrophosphate;

Properties: White, deliquescent crystals. Soluble in

sodium pyrophosphate, acid; sodium tripoly-

water and alcohol; decomposed by carbon dioxide in

phosphate.

the air.

Derivation: Phenol is dissolved in caustic soda solu-

sodium phosphate, dibasic. (DSP; disodi-

tion, concentrated, and crystallized.

um phosphate; sodium orthophosphate, secon-

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

dary; disodium orthophosphate; disodium hydro-

Use: Antiseptic, salicylic acid, organic synthesis.

gen phosphate).

CAS: 7558-79-4. (1) Na

HPO

. (2) Na

HPO

•2H

sodium phenobarbital. (phenobarbital, solu-

(3) Na

HPO

•7H

O. (4) Na

HPO

•12H

O. The dihy-

tion).

drate (2) is also marketed as the duohydrate.

See barbiturate.

Properties: Colorless, translucent crystals or white

powder; saline taste. (1) Hygroscopic; converted to

sodium pyrophosphate at 240C; (2) mp loses water

sodium phenolate. Legal label name for sodi-

at 92.5C, d 2.066 (15C); (3) d 1.679, loses 5H

Oat

um phenate.

48C; (4) mp 35C, d 1.5235, readily loses 5H

Oon

exposure to air at room temperature, loses 12H

Oat

sodium phenolsulfonate. (sodium sulfocar-

100C. Soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol; pH

bolate). HOC

Na•2H

of 1% solution 8.0–8.8. Nonflammable.

Properties: Colorless crystals or granules. Slightly

Derivation: (1) By treating phosphoric acid with a

efflorescent; chars at high temperature, evolving

slight excess of soda ash, boiling the solution to

phenol. Soluble in water, hot alcohol, and glycerol.

drive off carbon dioxide, and cooling to permit the

Use: Medicine (intestinal antiseptic).

dodecahydrate to crystallize; (2) by precipitating

calcium carbonate from a solution of dicalcium

sodium phenylacetate. (sodium ␣-toluate).

phosphate with soda ash.

•COONa.

Grade: Commercial, NF (1) and (3), FCC (1) or (2).

Properties: Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol,

Use: Chemicals, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals, textiles

ether, and ketones; 50% aqueous solution has pH

(weighting silk, dyeing and printing), fireproofing

7.0–8.5 and is pale yellow. Solution tends to crystal-

wood and paper; ceramic glazes, tanning, galvano-

lize at 15C.

plastics, soldering enamels, analytical reagent,

Grade: 50% solution, dry salt.

cheese, detergents, boiler-water treatment, dietary

Use: Percursor in production of penicillin G, interme-

supplement, buffer, sequestrant in foods.

diate for producing heavy metal salts that act as

fungicides.

sodium phosphate, monobasic. (sodium

acid phosphate; sodium biphosphate; sodium

sodium-N-phenylglycinamide-p-arsonate.

orthophosphate, primary; MSP, sodium dihydro-

See tryparsamide.

gen phosphate).

CAS: 7558-80-7. (1) NaH

. (2) NaH

•H

sodium-o-phenylphenate. (sodium-o-phenyl- Properties: (1) White, crystalline powder. Slightly

phenolate). C

)ONa•4H

O. hygroscopic. Very soluble in water. Has acid reac-

Properties: Practically white flakes. Bulk d 38–43 tion; forms sodium acid pyrophosphate at

lb/cu ft, pH of saturated solution in water 12.0–13.5. 225–250C and sodium metaphosphate at

Soluble in water, methanol, acetone. 350–400C; (2) large transparent crystals. Mp loses

Use: Industrial preservative (bactericide and fungi- water at 100C, d 2.040. Very soluble in water; insol-

cide), mold inhibitor for apples and other fruit (pos- uble in alcohol; pH of 1% solution 4.4–4.5. Non-

tharvest). flammable.

1154SODIUM PHOSPHATE (P-32)

Derivation: By treating disodium phosphate with retention of filler and fiber and in pH control, boiler-

proper proportion of phosphoric acid. feed-water treatment, and as a food additive.

Grade: Commercial, food, (2) NF, (1) FCC.

Use: Boiler-water treatment, electroplating, dyeing,

sodium phospho-12-molybdate. See sodi-

acid cleansers, baking powders, cattle feed supple-

um-12-molybdophosphate.

ment, buffer, emulsifier, nutrient supplement in

food, lab reagent, acidulant.

sodium phospho-12-tungstate. See sodium-

12-tungstophosphate.

sodium phosphate (P-32). (sodium radio-

sodium phytate. (USAN; insitol hexaphos-

phosphate). A radioactive form of sodium phos-

phoric ester, sodium salt). C

phate (which phosphate is not specified) containing

Properties: Hygroscopic powder. Water-soluble.

phosphorus-32 which can be used as a tracer.

Use: Chelating agent for trace heavy metals, color

See phosphorus-32.

improvement, medicine.

Grade: USP, as solution.

Use: Biochemical research, medicine (diagnostic aid,

sodium picramate.

antineoplastic).

CAS: 831-52-7. NaOC

(NO

)

Derivation: Yellow, water-soluble salt resulting

sodium phosphate, tribasic. (TSP; trisodi-

from neutralization of picramic acid with caustic

um orthophosphate; trisodium phosphate; terti-

soda.

ary sodium phosphate; sodium orthophosphate,

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion hazard when

tertiary).

dry. Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

CAS: 7601-54-9. Na

•12H

Use: Manufacture of dye intermediates, organic syn-

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.62 (20C), mp

thesis.

75C (decomposes), loses 12H

O at 100C, pH of 1%

solution is 11.8–12.0. Soluble in water. Nonflamm-

sodium platinichloride. See sodium chloro-

able.

platinate.

Derivation: By mixing soda ash and phosphoric acid

in proper proportions to form disodium phosphate

sodium plumbate. Na

PbO

•3H

and then adding caustic soda.

Properties: Fused, light-yellow lumps. Hygroscop-

Grade: Commercial, high purity, CP, FCC (anhy-

ic, decomposed by water and acids. Soluble in al-

drous), anhydrous salt also available.

kalies.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to tissue.

Hazard: As for lead.

Use: Water softeners, boiler-water compounds, de-

tergent, metal cleaner, textiles, manufacture of pa-

sodium plumbite. Na

PbO

per, laundering, tanning, sugar purification, photo-

Derivation: Solution of PbO (litharge) in sodium

graphic developers, paint removers, industrial

hydroxide.

cleaners, dietary supplement, buffer, emulsifier,

Hazard: Highly toxic, corrosive.

food additive.

See lead.

Use: Doctor solution for improving the odor of gaso-

sodium phosphate tribasic dodecahydrate.

line and other petroleum distillates.

CAS: 10101-89-0. mf: O

P•3Na•12H

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

sodium polyphosphate. Na

n+2

3n+1

. The two

most important crystalline sodium polyphosphates

sodium phosphide.

are the pyrophosphate (n

2) and the tripolyphosp-

CAS: 12058-85-4. Na

hate, also called the triphosphate (n

3). The term

Properties: Red solid. Decomposes on heating and

sodium polyphosphate also includes the system of

in water, forming phosphine.

vitreous sodium phosphates for which the mole ratio

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, reacts with water and

of Na

O/P

is between 1 and 2.

acids to form phosphine.

Hazard: As for sodium phosphate.

Use: Sequestering and deflocculating agents, primar-

sodium phosphite. Na

HPO

•5H

ily in water treatment, food processing, and cleaning

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Hygroscopic.

compounds; heavy-set detergent builders.

Mp 53C, bp 200–250C Soluble in water; insoluble

See sodium metaphosphate; sodium pyrophosphate;

in alcohol. (decomposes).

sodium tripolyphosphate.

Use: Antidote in mercuric chloride poisoning.

sodium polysulfide. Na

sodium phosphoaluminate. White powder Properties: Yellow-brown, granular, free-flowing

composed primarily of sodium aluminate (hydrat- polymer. Bulk d 56 lb/cu ft. Combustible.

ed), sodium phosphate (ortho), and small amounts of Use: Manufacture of sulfur dyes and colors, insecti-

sodium carbonate and sodium silicate. cides, oil-resistant synthetic rubber (“Thiokol”), pe-

Use: Paper industry as a sizing adjunct, as an aid in troleum additives, electroplating.

1155 SODIUM SACCHARIN

sodium-potassium alloy. Legal label name for sodium pyrophosphate, acid. (disodium

NaK. pyrophosphate; sodium acid pyrophosphate; di-

sodium diphosphate; disodium dihydrogen pyro-

phosphate; SAPP). Na

•6H

sodium-potassium carbonate. (potassium-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp (decom-

sodium carbonate). NaKCO

•6H

poses) 220C, d 1.862. Soluble in water.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.6344, mp 135C

Derivation: Incomplete decomposition of monoba-

The double salt fuses more readily than the single

sic sodium phosphate.

salts. (decomposes); soluble in water.

Grade: Technical, food, FCC.

Derivation: Mixture of potassium and sodium car-

Use: Electroplating, metal cleaning and phosphatiz-

bonates.

ing, drilling muds, baking powders and leavening

Use: Analysis (flux).

agent, buffer, sequestrant, peptizing agent in cheese

and meat products, frozen desserts.

sodium-potassium phosphate. (potassium-

sodium phosphate). NaKHPO

•7H

sodium pyrophosphate, normal. See sodi-

Properties: White powder. Stable in air. Soluble in

um pyrophosphate.

water.

sodium pyrophosphate peroxide.

sodium-potassium tartrate. See potassium-

•2H

sodium tartrate.

Properties: White powder. Bulk d 73 lb/cu ft, active

oxygen min 9.0% by weight. Water-soluble; mildly

sodium propionate.

alkaline.

CAS: 137-40-6. CH

COONa or C

COO-

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials,

Na•xH

oxidizing agent.

Properties: Transparent crystals or granules; almost

Use: Denture cleansers, dentrifices, household and

odorless. Deliquescent in moist air. Soluble in water

laundry detergents, antiseptic.

and alcohol. Combustible.

Grade: NF, FCC.

sodium pyroracemate. See sodium pyr-

Use: Fungicide, mold preventive, food preservative

uvate.

(bread and other bakery products).

sodium pyrosulfite. See sodium metabisul-

fite.

sodium prussiate, red. See sodium ferricya-

nide.

sodium pyrovanadate. Na

•8H

Properties: Colorless, six-sided plates. Mp (anhy-

sodium prussiate, yellow. See sodium fer-

drous) 654C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

rocyanide.

Derivation: Sodium hydroxide and vanadium pent-

oxide in water solution.

sodium pyroantimonate. See sodium anti-

monate.

sodium pyruvate. (sodium pyroracemate; so-

dium acetylformate). NaOOCCOCH

. White pow-

sodium pyroborate. See sodium borate.

der, apparent mp 205C, very soluble in water.

Use: Biochemical research.

sodium pyrophosphate. (tetrasodium pyro-

sodium resinate. See sodium abietate.

phosphate; sodium pyrophosphate, normal;

TSPP).

sodium rhodanate. See sodium thiocyanate.

CAS: 7722-88-5. (1) Na

. (2) Na

•10H

(one of the sodium polyphosphates).

sodium rhodanide. See sodium thiocyanate.

Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white

powder. (1) Mp 880C, d 2.45. Soluble in water;

sodium ricinoleate.

decomposes in alcohol. (2) Mp 94C (loses water), d

CAS: 5323-95-5. C

OHCOONa.

1.8. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and am-

Properties: White or slightly yellow powder; nearly

monia.

odorless. Soluble in water or alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: By fusing sodium phosphate, dibasic.

Derivation: Sodium salt of the fatty acids from castor

Grade: Pure crystals, dried, fused, CP, FCC.

oil.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/m

Use: Emulsifying agent in special soaps.

Use: Water softener, soap and synthetic detergent

builder, dispersing and emulsifying agent, metal

cleaner, boiler-water treatment, viscosity control of

sodium saccharin. (sodium benzosulfimide;

drilling muds, de-inking newsprint, synthetic rubber gluside, soluble; soluble saccharin).

manufacture, textile dyeing, scouring of wool, buff- CAS: 128-44-9. C

NNaO

S•2H

O. The sodium

er, sequestrant, nutrient supplement, food additive. salt of saccharin.

1156SODIUM SALICYLATE

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder; mp decomposes. Soluble in water; less alkaline than

sodium carbonate. Noncombustible.

odorless or with a faint aromatic odor. In dilute

Derivation: Crystallization of a solution containing

solutions has an intensely sweet taste (500 times

equimolar quantities of sodium carbonate and sodi-

sweeter than sugar). Very soluble in water; slightly

um bicarbonate, also occurs native (as trona) in

soluble in alcohol.

desert areas and in Searles Lake brine.

Grade: NF, FCC.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Use: Foods (nonnutritive sweetener).

Hazard: Irritant to tissue.

See saccharin.

Use: Detergent and soap builder, mild alkaline agent

Hazard: The use of saccharin is being limited due to

for general cleaning and water softening, bath crys-

possible carcinogenicity.

tals, alkaline agent in leather tanning, food additive.

sodium salicylate.

sodium sesquisilicate. Na

(anhydrous).

CAS: 54-21-7. HOC

COONa.

Properties: White, granular powder. Soluble in wa-

Properties: Lustrous, white, crystalline scales or

ter; pH of 1% solution 12.7. Noncombustible.

amorphous powder; saline taste. Soluble in water,

Derivation: Crystals from solutions obtained by

alcohol, and glycerol. Combustible.

heating silica or sodium metasilicate with sodium

Grade: Technical, CP, USP.

hydroxide. Intermediate in composition between or-

Use: Production of salicylic acid; preservative for

tho- and metasilicates, less alkaline than sodium

paste, mucilage, glue, and hides; medicine (anal-

orthosilicate.

gesic).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, protective clothing re-

quired.

sodium salt of hexadecanoic acid. See

Use: Heavy-duty cleaning (metals, laundries), textile

sodium palmitate.

processing.

sodium sarcosinate. (sodium sarcosine).

sodium silicate. (water glass).

NHCH

COONa.

CAS: 6834-92-0. Formulas: Vary from

Grade: 33% aqueous solution.

O•3.75SiO

to 2Na

O•SiO

and with various pro-

Use: Intermediate, stabilizer for diazonium salts,

portions of water. The simplest form of glass.

chelating agent.

Properties: Lumps of greenish glass soluble in steam

under pressure, white powders of varying degrees of

sodium secobarbital. See barbiturate.

solubility, or liquids cloudy or clear and varying

from highly fluid to extreme viscosity, viscosity

sodium selenate.

range from 0.4 to 600,000 cP, fp slightly below

CAS: 13410-01-0. Na

SeO

•10H

water, miscible with some polyhydric alcohols, par-

Properties: White crystals. D 1.603–1.620. Soluble

tially miscible with primary alcohols and ketones,

in water.

gels form with acids between pH 3 and pH 9, coagu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: 0.2 mg(Se)/m

lated by brine, precipitated by alkaline earth and

Use: Reagent, insecticide for nonedible plants.

heavy metal ions. Noncombustible.

Derivation: By fusing sand and soda ash.

sodium selenite.

Grade: (liquid) 40, 47, 52 degrees Be´.

CAS: 10102-18-8. Na

SeO

•5H

Use: Catalysts and silica gels, soaps and detergents,

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; insolu-

adhesives (especially sealing and laminating paper-

ble in alcohol.

board containers), water treatment, bleaching and

Derivation: By neutralizing selenious acid with so-

sizing of textiles and paper pulp, ore treatment, soil

dium carbonate and crystallizing.

solidification, glass foam, pigments, drilling fluids,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: 0.2 mg(Se)/m

binder for abrasive wheels, foundry cores and

Use: Glass manufacture (color control), reagent in

molds, waterproofing mortars and cements, flame-

bacteriology, testing germination of seeds, decorat-

retardant, chemical equipment lining, enhanced oil

ing porcelain.

recovery.

See sodium metasilicate, anhydrous; sodium metasi-

sodium selenite pentahydrate. (selenious

licate pentahydrate; sodium sesquisilicate; sodium

acid disodium salt pentahydrate).

orthosilicate.

CAS: 26970-82-1. mf: O

Se•2Na•5H

Properties: White tetragonal crystals; decomp on

sodium silicoaluminate. See sodium alumi-

heating by H

O loss. Mw: 332.01. Soluble in H

nosilicate.

insoluble in EtOH.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m

sodium silicofluoride. See sodium fluorosili-

cate.

sodium sesquicarbonate.

CAS: 533-96-0. Na

•NaHCO

•2H

O. sodium silico-12-molybdate. See sodium-

Properties: White, needle-shaped crystals. D 2.112, 12-molybdosilicate.

1157 SODIUM SULFIDE

sodium-12-silicotungstate. See sodium-12- sodium styrenesulfonate.

tungstosilicate. CH

:CH

Na. White, free-flowing

powder.

Use: Reactive monomer.

sodium silver chloride. See silver sodium

chloride.

sodium subsulfite. See sodium thiosulfate.

sodium silver thiosulfate. See silver sodi-

um thiosulfate.

sodium sulfachloropyrazine monohydrate.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

sodium-␣-sodioacetate. See ␣-sodiosodium

acetate.

sodium sulfate, anhydrous.

CAS: 7757-82-6. Na

sodium sorbate.

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless; bit-

CAS: 7757-81-5. CH

CH:CHCH:CHCOONa.

ter saline taste. D 2.671, mp 888C. Soluble in water

Combustible.

and glycerol; insoluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

Use: Food preservative.

Derivation: (1) Purification of natural sodium sul-

fate from deposits or brines; (2) by-product of hy-

drochloric acid manufacture from salt and sulfuric

sodium stannate. Na

SnO

•3H

Oor

acid, 2NaCl + H

→ 2HCl + Na

; (3) by-

Sn(OH)

product of phenol manufacture (caustic fusion pro-

Properties: White to light-tan crystals. Soluble in

cess); (4) Hargreaves process.

water; insoluble in alcohol; decomposes in air; aque-

Grade: Technical, CP, detergent, rayon, glass

ous solution slightly alkaline; loses 3H

O at 140C.

maker’s.

Derivation: (1) By fusion of metastannic acid and

Use: Manufacture of kraft paper, paperboard, and

sodium hydroxide, (2) by boiling tin scrap and sodi-

glass; filler in synthetic detergents; sodium salts;

um plumbate solution.

ceramic glazes; processing textile fibers; dyes; tan-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2 mg/m

ning; pharmaceuticals; freezing mix; laboratory re-

Use: Mordant in dyeing, ceramics, glass, source of tin

agent. food additive.

for electroplating and immersion plating, textile

See salt cake.

fireproofing, stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide, blue-

print paper, laboratory reagent.

sodium sulfate decahydrate. (sodium sul-

fate, crystals; Glauber’s salt). Na

•10H

sodium stearate.

Properties: Large, transparent crystals, small nee-

CAS: 822-16-2. NaOOCC

dles, or granular powder. D 1.464 (crystals), mp 33C

Properties: White powder with fatty odor. Soluble in

(liquefies). Loses water of hydration at 100C. Ener-

hot water and hot alcohol; slowly soluble in cold

gy storage capacity is more than seven times that of

water and cold alcohol; insoluble in many organic

water. Soluble in water and glycerol; insoluble in

solvents.

alcohol; solutions neutral to litmus. Nonflammable.

Impurities: Varying quantities of sodium palmitate.

Derivation: Crystallization of sodium sulfate from

Grade: Technical.

water solutions (Glauber’s salt); also occurs in na-

Use: Waterproofing and gelling agent, toothpaste and

ture as mirabilite.

cosmetics, stabilizer in plastics.

Grade: Technical, NF.

Use: Solar heat storage, air-conditioning.

sodium stearoyl lactylate.

CAS: 25383-99-7.

Properties: Cream-colored powder; caramel-like

sodium sulfhydrate. See sodium hydrosul-

odor. Sol in hot oil or fat, dispersible in warm water.

fide.

Use: Food additive.

See “Emulsilac-S” [ACH].

sodium sulfide.

CAS: 1313-82-2. (1) Na

S. (2) Na

S•9H

sodium stearoyl-2-lactylate.

Properties: Yellow or brick-red lumps or flakes or

Properties: White powder. Melting range 46–52C.

deliquescent crystals. (1) D 1.856 (14C), mp 1180C;

Derivation: Sodium salt of reaction product of lactic

(2) d 1.427 (16C), decomposes at 920C. Soluble in

and stearic acids.

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether;

Use: Emulsifier; dough conditioner; whipping agent

largely hydrolyzed to sodium acid sulfide and sodi-

in baked products, desserts, and mixes; complexing

um hydroxide.

agent for starches and proteins.

Derivation: By heating sodium acid sulfate with salt

and coal to above 950C, extraction with water, and

sodium stearyl fumarate. mf: C

NaO

. crystallization.

Properties: Fine white powder. Sol in methanol; Grade: Flake, fused, chip sulfide (60% Na

S), 60%

insol in water. fused and broken, 30% crystals, liquid.

Use: Food additive. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

1158SODIUM SULFITE

risk. Strong irritant to skin and tissue, liberates toxic

sodium-2-sulfopropionitrile. See sodium-2-

hydrogen sulfide on contact with acids.

cyanoethanesulfonate.

Use: Organic chemicals, dyes (sulfur), intermediates,

viscose rayon (sulfur removal), leather (depilatory),

sodium sulforicinoleate.

paper pulp, hydrometallurgy of gold ores, sulfiding

Derivation: Product of successive sulfonation (par-

oxidized lead and copper ores preparatory to flota-

tial) and saponification of castor oil. Composition

tion, sheep dips, photographic reagent, engraving

indefinite.

and lithography, analytical reagent.

Use: Emulsifying and wetting agent.

sodium sulfoxylate. See sodium formalde-

sodium sulfite.

hyde sulfoxylate.

CAS: 7757-83-7. (1) Na

. (2) Na

•7H

Properties: White crystals or powder; saline, sulfu-

sodium tartrate. (sal tartar; disodium tar-

rous taste. D(1) 2.633, (2) d 1.539; mp (1) decom-

trate).

poses, (2) loses 7 H

O at 150C. Soluble in water;

CAS: 868-18-8. Na

•2H

sparingly soluble in alcohol.

Properties: White crystals or granules. D 1.794,

Derivation: (1) Sulfur dioxide is reacted with soda

loses 2H

O at 150C. Soluble in water; insoluble in

ash and water and a solution of the resulting sodium

alcohol.

bisulfite is treated with additional soda ash; (2) by-

Derivation: Neutralization of tartaric acid with sodi-

product of the caustic fusion process for phenol.

um carbonate, concentration, and crystallization.

Grade: Reagent, technical, FCC.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent, FCC.

Hazard: Use prohibited in meats and other sources of

Use: Reagent, food additive, as sequestrant and stabi-

Vitamin B

lizer.

Use: Paper industry (semichemical pulp), reducing

agent (dyes), water treatment, photographic devel-

sodium tartrate, acid. See sodium bitar-

oper, food preservative and antioxidant, textile

trate.

bleaching (antichlor).

sodium TCA. See sodium trichloroacetate.

sodium sulfoacetate derivatives of mono

and diglycerides.

sodium tellurite.

Use: Food additive.

CAS: 10102-20-2. Na

TeO

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water.

sodium sulfobromophthalein.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Bacteriology, medicine.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless; bit-

ter taste. Hygroscopic; soluble in water; insoluble in

sodium tetraborate. See sodium borate.

alcohol and acetone.

Derivation: From phenol and tetrabromophthalic

sodium tetraborate pentahydrate.

acid or anhydride.

CAS: 12179-04-3. mf: B

•2Na•5H

Grade: USP, technical.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant. TWA 1 mg/m

(penta-

Use: Medicine (diagnostic aid).

hydrate).

sodium tetrachloroaluminate. (sodium

sodium sulfocarbolate. See sodium phenol-

chloroaluminate). AlCl

Na. A water-soluble pow-

sulfonate.

der used as catalyst in organic reactions.

sodium sulfocyanate. See sodium thiocya-

sodium-2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenate.

nate.

HCl

ONa•H

Properties: Buff to light-brown flakes. Bulk d 26–29

sodium sulfocyanide. See sodium thiocya-

lb/cu ft, pH of water-saturated solution 9.0–13.0.

nate.

Soluble in water; methanol and acetone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Industrial preservative (bactericide and fungi-

sodium sulfonate. Class name for various sul-

cide).

fonates derived from petroleum, e.g., sodium dode-

cylbenzenesulfonate, sodium xylenesulfonate, sodi-

um toluenesulfonate.

sodium tetradecyl sulfate. (sodium-7-ethyl-

See sodium alkanesulfonate. 2-methyl-4-hendecanol sulfate).

Use: Textile processing oils; oils for metal-working CAS: 139-88-8. C

Na.

(emulsifying and antirust agents); lubricating oils; Properties: White, waxy solid; odorless. Soluble in

emulsifiers for insecticides, herbicides, fungicides; alcohol, ether, and water; 5% solution is clear and

preparation of dyes and intermediates; hydrotropic colorless; pH (5% solution) 6.5–9.0.

solvent; coatings in food packaging. Use: Wetting agent, detergent.

1159 SODIUM TRIPARAPERIODATE

sodium tetrafluoropropionate. Derivation: Heating a solution of sodium sulfite with

CAS: 22898-01-7. mf: C

•Na. powdered sulfur.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

Grade: Technical, crystals, granulated, photograph-

icity by ingestion.

ic, CP, pure, USP, FCC.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Use in foods restricted to 0.1%.

Use: Photography (fixing agent to dissolve un-

changed silver salts from exposed negatives),

sodium tetraphosphate. See sodium poly-

chrome tanning, removing chlorine in bleaching and

phosphate.

papermaking, extraction of silver from its ores, de-

chlorination of water, mordant, reagent, bleaching,

sodium tetrasulfide. Na

reducing agent in chrome dyeing, sequestrant in salt

Properties: Yellow, hygroscopic crystals or clear,

(up to 0.1%), antidote for cyanide poisoning.

dark-red liquid. Mp of crystals 275C.

Grade: Aqueous solution containing 40% by weight

sodium l-thyroxine pentahydrate.

of compound.

CAS: 6106-07-6. mf: C

•Na•5H

Hazard: Fire risk when exposed to flame. Irritant to

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

skin and tissue.

Use: Reducing organic nitro compounds, manufac-

sodium titanate. (sodium tritanate). Na

ture of sulfur dyes, insecticides and fungicides, ore

Properties: White crystals. D 3.35–3.50, mp 1128C.

flotation, soaking hides and skins, preparation of

Insoluble in water. Combustible.

metal sulfide finishes.

Use: Welding.

sodium thimerfonate.

sodium-␣-toluate. See sodium phenylacetate.

CAS: 5964-24-9. mf: C

HgO

•Na.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

(skin).

sodium toluenesulfonate. (p-toluenesulfonic

acid, sodium salt).

sodium thiocyanate. (sodium sulfocyanate;

CAS: 657-84-1. CH

Na.

sodium sulfocyanide; sodium rhodanate; sodium

Properties: Crystals. Soluble in water.

rhodanide).

Use: Dye chemistry, hydrotropic solvent.

CAS: 540-72-7. NaSCN.

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals or white

sodium-p-toluenesulfonchloramine. See

powder. Mp 287C. Soluble in water and alcohol;

chloramine.

hygroscopic and affected by light.

Derivation: By boiling sodium cyanide with sulfur.

sodium trichloroacetate. (sodium TCA).

Grade: Technical; pure (crystals or dried); CP; re-

CAS: 650-51-1. CCl

COONa.

agent; ACS.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin and eyes.

Use: Analytical reagent, dyeing and printing textiles,

Use: Herbicide, pesticide.

black nickel plating, manufacture of other thiocya-

nate salts and artificial mustard oil, solvent for poly-

sodium-2,4,5-trichlorophenate.

acrylates, medicine (antihypertensive).

ONa•1.5H

Properties: Buff to light-brown flakes. Bulk d 28–33

sodium thioglycolate. (sodium mercaptoace-

lb/cu ft, pH of water-saturated solution 11.0–13.0.

tate).

Soluble in water, methanol, acetone.

CAS: 367-51-1. HSCH

COONa. The sodium salt of

Use: Industrial preservative (bactericide and fungi-

thioglycolic acid.

cide).

Properties: Crystals; characteristic odor; hygroscop-

ic; discolors on exposure to air or iron. Soluble in

sodium tridecylbenzenesulfonate. Not a

water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

true compound but a mixture of C

and C

alkyl

Hazard: Yields toxic hydrogen sulfide on decompo-

benzene sulfonates that approximates C

sition, may be toxic by skin absorption.

See sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

Use: Bacteriology, cold-waving hair, depilatory, ana-

lytical reagent.

sodium 2,3,5-triiodobenzoate.

CAS: 17274-12-3. mf: C

•Na.

sodium thiosulfate. (sodium subsulfite;

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

hypo).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 7772-98-7. Na

•5H

O. The anhydrous

salt is also commercially available.

sodium tri-metaphosphate. See sodium

Properties: White, translucent crystals or powder;

metaphosphate.

cooling taste; bitter aftertaste. Efflorescent above

33C in dry air, d 1.729 (17C), mp 48C, bp decom-

poses. Soluble in water and oil of turpentine; insolu-

sodium triparaperiodate. See sodium para-

ble in alcohol; deliquescent in moist air. periodate.

1160SODIUM TRIPHENYL-

ROSANILINE

sodium triphenyl-p-rosaniline sulfonate. inorganic ion-exchanger, additive in plating pro-

See methyl blue. cesses.

sodium undecylenate.

sodium triphosphate. See sodium tripoly-

(CH

:CH(CH

)

COONa.

phosphate.

Properties: White powder. Decomposes above

200C, limite. Solubility in most organic solvents;

sodium tripolyphosphate. (STFF; sodium

soluble in water. Combustible.

triphosphate, tripoly; pentasodium triphosphate).

Use: Bacteriostat and fungistat in cosmetics and

CAS: 13573-18-7. Na

pharmaceuticals.

Properties: White powder. Two crystalline forms of

anhydrous salt (transition p 417C, mp 622C to give

sodium uranate. See sodium diuranate.

melt and sodium pyrophosphate), and a hexahy-

drate.

sodium valproate. A drug that has proved ef-

Derivation: Controlled calcination of sodium ortho-

fective in treating epilepsy. Approved (1978) by

phosphate mixture from sodium carbonate and

FDA, successfully used in Europe since 1970.

phosphoric acid. May contain up to 10% pyrophos-

phate and up to 5% tri-metaphosphate.

sodium vanadate. See sodium orthovana-

Grade: Powdered and granular, FCC, food.

date; sodium pyrovanadate; sodium metavana-

Use: Water softening; sequestering, peptizing, or de-

date.

flocculating agent; food additive and texturizer.

sodium-p-vinylbenzene sulfonate. See so-

sodium trithiocyanurate.

dium styrene sulfonate.

CAS: 17766-26-6. mf: C

•3Na.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact.

sodium warfarin. (sodium-(3-␣-acetonylben-

zyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin). C

NaO

sodium trititanate. See sodium titanate.

See warfarin.

sodium tungstate. (sodium wolframate).

sodium xanthate. See sodium ethylxanthate.

CAS: 13472-45-2. Na

•2H

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.245, mp loses

sodium xanthogenate. See sodium ethylx-

O at 100C and then melts at 692C. Soluble in

anthate.

water; insoluble in alcohol and acids. Noncombust-

ible.

sodium xylenesulfonate. (dimethylbenzene-

Derivation: By dissolving tungsten trioxide or the

sulfonic acid, sodium salt).

ground ore in caustic soda solution, concentration,

CAS: 1300-72-7. (CH

)

NaH

and crystallization.

Use: Hydrotropic solvent, used in detergents.

Grade: Technical, CP, crystals.

Use: Intermediate in preparation of tungsten com-

sodium zinc hexa-metaphosphate. See so-

pounds, (e.g., phosphotungstate), reagent, fireproof-

dium metaphosphate.

ing fabrics and cellulose, alkaloid precipitant.

sodium zirconium glycolate.

sodium-12-tungstophosphate. (sodium

NaH

ZrO(H

COCOO)

phosphotungstate; phosphotungstic acid, sodium

Properties: Clear, light-straw-colored solution. D

salt).

1.28–1.30, containing 35.7–38.6% solids,

CAS: 51312-42-6. Na

•O

•18H

12.5–13.5% ZrO

Properties: Yellowish-white powder. Very soluble

Use: Deodorant, astringent, germicide, sequestrant,

in water and alcohols.

fire-retardant.

Grade: Reagent, technical.

Hazard: An oxidizing agent.

sodium zirconium lactate.

Use: Reagent; manufacture of organic pigments;

CAS: 10377-98-7. NaH

ZrO(CH

CHOCOO)

treatment of furs; antistatic agent for textiles; leather

Properties: Clear, straw-colored solution. D

tanning; making plastic films, cements, and adhe-

1.28–1.30, containing 12.5–13.5% ZrO

, equivalent

sives water-resistant.

to 42.5–45.9% sodium zirconium lactate; pH

7.5–8.0.

Use: Deodorant and antiperspirant.

sodium-12-tungstosilicate.

SiW

•5H

sodium zirconium sulfate. See zirconium

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

sodium sulfate.

water and alcohols; although less so than the free

acid. Noncombustible.

Grade: Reagent, technical.

soft. A nontechnical word used by chemists in

Use: Catalyst for organic synthesis, precipitant and several senses, it describes the following: (1) an acid

1161 SOLAR CELL

having little or no positive charge and whose va- neutral point (6.5–7.5). Texturally, soils are classi-

lence electrons are easily excited (see acid); (2) fied on the basis of their content of sand, silt, and

water that is relatively free from calcium com- clay. Those having 45–50% sand and 20–28% clay

pounds (see water, hard); (3) wood from coniferous

are called loams, those with more than 50% sand are

trees (see softwood).

called sandy, and those with more than 28% clay are

in the clay group. Technologists consider soil as

being made up of layers, known as horizons, each

softener. (1) A substance used when dry powders

having a characteristic composition and physical

are added to a polymeric material (e.g., rubber or

properties; the spectrum of these horizons is called

plastic) to reduce the friction of mechanical mixing

the soil profile. Organic matter is usually excluded

and to facilitate subsequent processing. It exerts

from the profile.

both lubricating and dispersing action, often by

(2) In textile literature, any foreign matter present in

means of emulsification. Examples are vegetable

or on fiber or fabric, i.e., dirt, oil, grease, etc. These

oils, asphaltic materials, and stearic acid, the latter

are usually removable by the action of soap, synthet-

being especially effective with carbon black. It is

ic detergents, or organic solvents.

difficult to distinguish precisely between softeners

and plasticizers; in general, softeners do not enter

into chemical combination with the polymer, and

“Soilbond” [Huntsman]. TM for a soil stabi-

their softening effect tends to be temporary.

lizer.

(2) A fatliquoring agent used to soften leather.

Use: Dust control for road improvement.

(3) A sulfonated oil, fatty alcohol, or quaternary

ammonium compound used in textile finishing to

soil conditioner. (1) A synthetic, long-chain

impart superior “hand” to the fabric and facilitate

organic molecule having carboxyl groups along the

mechanical processing.

chain whose charges react with the positive charges

(4) A substance that reduces the hardness of water

on the soil particles (aluminum and iron). The condi-

by removing or sequestering calcium and magne-

tioners affect the anion exchange capacity of a soil.

sium ions; among those used are various sodium

(2) Loosely, any material added to topsoil to reduce

phosphates and zeolites. See water, hard.

acidity (lime) and promote growth (bone meal).

“Softigen” [Degussa]. TM for fatty acid esters.

“Soilfume” [FMC]. TM for a soil fumigant

See “Witepsol.”

whose active ingredient is ethylene dibromide.

Hazard: As for ethylene dibromide.

“Softisan” [Degussa]. TM for fatty acid esters.

See “Witepsol.”

sol. (1) An abbreviation for soluble. (2) A class of

colloid.

See colloidal; colloid chemistry.

soft lithography. See nanoimprinting.

solan. (generic name for 3

′

-chloro-2-methyl-p-

softwood. In papermaking terminology, an arbi-

valerotoluidide or N-(3-chloro-4-methylphenyl)-

trary name for the wood from coniferous trees (pine,

2-methylpentanamide).

spruce, fir, hemlock) regardless of the hardness or

CAS: 2307-68-8.

softness of the wood itself. Softwoods are used for

(Cl)NHCOCH(CH

)CH

almost all commercial grades of paper.

Properties: Solid. Mp 86C. Insoluble in water; solu-

See pulp, paper.

ble in pine oil, diisobutyl ketone, isophorone, and

xylene. Combustible.

soil. (1) A mixture of inorganic matter derived

from weathered rocks and organic components re-

solanine.

sulting from decay of prior vegetation. Eight ele-

CAS: 20562-02-1. C

. An alkaloid found in

ments are present in the inorganic component in

low percentages in potato and other plants, insoluble

excess of 1% (oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, cal-

in water, soluble in alcohol, decomposes at 285C.

cium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium), most in

the ionized state. Water and air are also present,

solanoside.

either in the voids between the particles or adsorbed

CAS: 4356-33-6. mf: C

on their surfaces. Many other elements occur in

Hazard: A poison.

lower percentages, including trace elements in con-

Source: Natural product.

centration of less than 1000 ppm. Some of these,

e.g., boron (about 20 ppm), are essential for plant

nutrition. Both nitrogen and phosphorus are associ-

solar cell. (photovoltaic cell). A battery-like

ated with the organic content. The concentration of device in which the radiant energy of the sun is

these is a fraction of 1% of each, but they play a vital converted to electrical energy by means of a semi-

part in plant and animal life. The pH of soils varies conductor. The essential component of a solar cell is

widely with location; some soils are as low as pH 4.5 a thin sheet or wafer of crystalline or amorphous

(very acid) and others as high as pH 10 (strongly silicon, plus doping agents. The crystalline form is

alkaline). For most crops the pH ranges around the used in 3-inch squares, but the hydrogenated amor-

1162SOLAR COLLECTOR

phous form is effective in 1-foot squares which are

solar pond. An experimental means of storing

solar energy in either fresh- or saltwater. The “pond”

produced as vapor-deposited coatings on glass only

is actually a large, suitably lined, open container of

a few microns in thickness. A notable advance in the

varying dimensions. In the freshwater type, the heat

technology of solar cells is the experimental devel-

absorbed is retained at night by covering the pond

opment of a photoelectrochemical cell, that utilizes

with an inflated plastic film, supplemented by a

silicon electrodes by which incident light is convert-

layer of foam applied directly to the water. In the

ed to energy. The conversion efficiency is sufficient

salt-water type, heat loss is prevented by a salt gradi-

to indicate that this type of cell may have an impor-

ent, that minimizes convection currents that would

tant future. Its success is due to microthin films of

cool the water. The sodium chloride or magnesium

doped oxides of alumina or magnesia deposited on

chloride used is not uniformly dispersed, but is most

the electrode surfaces, which in turn are coated with

highly concentrated in the darker, bottom layers

platinum a few angstroms thick. The cell can also be

where most of the solar radiation is absorbed. Thus

operated as a battery for use in remote power

the water is warmest and densest at the bottom,

sources.

where it remains, and no convection occurs. The salt

concentration ranges from zero at the surface to 18%

solar collector. A device for utilizing solar en-

or more at the bottom. An experimental salt-gradient

ergy either by absorption or reflection of the incident

pond at Argonne National Laboratory 100 × 100 ×

radiation. Several types have been developed for

12 ft containing 2800 tons of water and 700 tons of

both domestic and industrial application. Some are

sodium chloride has attained a bottom temperature

in the experimental stage. (1) Collection units con-

approaching 180F.

sisting of a blackened absorber surface enclosed by

one or two layers of silvered glass or polished alumi-

solder. A low-melting alloy usually of the lead-tin

num, which admit the incident radiation but prevent

type used for joining metals at temperatures below

the escape of heat; the energy absorbed is transferred

425C. The solder acts as an adhesive and does not

to air or water circulating between the glass plates

form an intermetallic solution with the metals being

and the absorber. (2) Energy-focusing systems (so-

joined.

lar towers) in which the incident radiation is concen-

See brazing; welding.

trated on a central receiver from an array of flat or

parabolic mirrors. This method is utilized for evapo-

solid. Matter in its most highly concentrated form,

rating low-level radioactive wastewater at Los Ala-

i.e., the atoms or molecules are much more closely

mos, as well as in a power generating plant.

packed than in gases or liquids and thus more resis-

Solar energy has important possibilities for chemi-

tant to deformation. The normal condition of the

cal synthesis. A prototype collector for producing

solid state is crystalline structure—the orderly ar-

ammonia from the reduction of nitrogen and water at

rangement of the constituent atoms of a substance in

low temperature and pressure has been reported.

a framework called a lattice (see crystal). Crystals

This reaction is

are of many types and normally have defects and

impurities that profoundly affect their applications,

as in semiconductors. The geometric structure of

solids is determined by X rays which are reflected at

characteristic angles from the crystalline lattices,

which act as diffraction gratings.

solar energy. The National Renewable Energy

See crystallography. Some materials that are physi-

Laboratory, 1617 Cole Blvd., Golden, CO 80401 is a

cally rigid, such as glass, are regarded as highly

center for information on solar energy.

viscous liquids because they lack crystalline struc-

See solar cell; solar collector; solar furnace. For the

ture. All solids can be melted (i.e., the attractive

problem of heat and power storage when sunlight is

forces acting between the crystals are disrupted) by

not available, see storage (4).

heat and are thus converted to liquids. For ice, this

occurs at 0C; for some metals the melting point may

be as high as 3300C. Some solids convert by subli-

solar furnace. An experimental device for at-

mation directly to a gas.

taining extremely high temperatures for physical

and chemical research. Solar radiation is directed by

solid-state chemistry. Study of the exact ar-

an array of 63 heliostats onto a parabolic reflector

rangement of atoms in solids, especially crystals,

that is 2000 m

in area and composed of more than

with particular emphasis on imperfections and

9000 curved mirrors. By this means the radiation is

irregularities in the electronic and atomic patterns in

focused on a target area of 0.3 m

. Three furnaces,

a crystal and the effects of these on electrical and

each of 1000 kW capacity, have been constructed;

chemical properties.

one is located in New Mexico, the others are in

See crystal; semiconductor; impurity.

France and Japan. Calcium carbide is reported to

have been made in the French solar furnace from

lime and coke at 1980C (3600F), under the sponsor-

“Solphenyl” [Novartis]. TM for fast-to-light

ship of the Institute of Gas Technology. direct dyes for cellulosic fibers.

1163 SOLVAY PROCESS

solubility. The ability or tendency of one sub- tive probe is allowed to hybridize to the RNA, then

stance to blend uniformly with another, e.g., solid in single-strand specific nuclease is used to destroy the

remaining unhybridized probe and RNA. The “pro-

liquid, liquid in liquid, gas in liquid, gas in gas.

tected” probe is separated from the degraded frag-

Solids vary from 0–100% in their degree of solubili-

ments, and the amount of radioactivity in it is pro-

ty in liquids, depending on the chemical nature of the

portional to the amount of mRNA in the sample

substances; to the extent that they are soluble they

which was capable of hybridization. This can be a

lose their crystalline form and become molecularly

very sensitive detection method.

or ionically dispersed in the solvent to form a true

solution. Examples are sugar/water, salt/water. Liq-

uids and gases are often said to be miscible with

solution, true. A uniformly dispersed mixture

other liquids and gases rather than soluble. Thus

at the molecular or ionic level, of one or more sub-

nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are freely mis-

stances (the solute) in one or more other substances

cible with each other and air is a solution (uniform

(the solvent). These two parts of a solution are called

mixture) of these gases.

phases.

The physical chemistry of solutions is an extremely

Common types are:

complex mathematical subject in which the princi-

liquid-liquid: alcohol-water

ples of electrolytic dissociation, diffusion, and ther-

solid-liquid: salt-water

modynamics play controlling parts. Raoult’s law

solid-solid: carbon-iron

and Henry’s law are also involved. See miscibili-

ty; solution, true.

Solutions that exhibit no change of internal energy

on mixing and complete uniformity of cohesive

soluble oil. An oil (also called emulsifying oil) forces are called ideal; their behavior is described by

that, when mixed with water, produces milky emul- Raoult’s law. Solutions are involved in most chemi-

sions. In some soluble oils the emulsion is so fine cal reactions, refining and purification, industrial

that instead of milky solutions in water, amber-col- processing, and biological phenomena.

ored, transparent solutions are formed. Typical ex- The proportion of substances in a solution depends

amples are sodium and potassium petroleum sulfo- on their limits of solution. The solubility of one

nates. substance in another is the maximum amount that

Use: Metal-cutting lubricants, textile lubricants, met- can be dissolved at a given temperature and pres-

al-boring lubricants, emulsifying agents. sure. A solution containing such a maximum

amount is saturated. A state of supersaturation can

be created, but such solutions are unstable and may

soluble starch. See starch, modified.

precipitate spontaneously.

“Solulan” [Dow]. TM for an emulsifier and

solutrope. A ternary mixture having two liquid

stabilizer emollient, solubilizer, or foam fortifier.

phases between which one component is distributed

Use: In cold, cleansing or shave creams, lotions,

in an apparent ratio varying with concentration from

mousses, soaps, and shampoos.

less than 1 to greater than 1. In other words, the

solute may be selectively dissolved in one or the

solute. One or more substances dissolved in an-

other of the phases or solvents, depending on the

other substance, called the solvent; the solute is

concentration. This phenomenon has been com-

uniformly dispersed in the solvent in the form of

pared to azeotropic behavior.

either molecules (sugar) or ions (salt), the resulting

mixture is a solution.

See solution, true; solvent.

solvation. In the parlance of colloid chemistry,

the adsorption of a microlayer or film of water or

other solvent on individual dispersed particles of a

solution, colloidal. A liquid colloidal disper-

solution or dispersion. The term solvated hulls has

sion is often called a solution. Since colloidal parti-

been used to describe such particles. It is also ap-

cles are larger than molecules it is strictly incorrect

plied to the action of plasticizers on resin dispersions

to call such dispersions solutions; however, this

in plastisols.

term is widely used in the literature.

See hydration (2).

Note: Wolfgang Ostwald stated, “There are no sharp

differences between mechanical suspensions, col-

loidal solutions, and molecular [true] solutions.

Solvay process. (ammonia soda process).

There is a gradual and continuous transition from the

Manufacture of sodium carbonate (soda ash,

first through the second to the third.”

) from salt, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and

See colloid chemistry.

limestone by an ingenious sequence of reactions

involving recovery and reuse of practically all the

solution hybridization. A method closely re- ammonia and part of the carbon dioxide. Limestone

lated to RNase protection (see “RNase protection is heated to produce lime and carbon dioxide. The

assay”). Solution hybridization is designed to mea- latter is dissolved in water containing the ammonia

sure the levels of a specific mRNA species in a and salt, with resultant precipitation of sodium bi-

complex population of RNA. An excess of radioac- carbonate. This is separated by filtration, dried, and

1164“SOLVENOL”

heated to form normal sodium carbonate. The liquor In liquid-liquid extraction one or more components

from the bicarbonate filtration is heated and treated are removed from a liquid mixture by intimate con-

with lime to regenerate the ammonia. Calcium chlo-

tact with a second liquid that is itself nearly insolu-

ride is a major by-product. Note: Because this pro-

ble in the first liquid and dissolves the impurities and

cess requires much energy and pollutes streams and

not the substance that is to be purified. In other cases

rivers with chloride effluent, many plants using it

the second liquid may dissolve, i.e., extract from the

have closed, production being obtained from the

first liquid, the component that is to be purified, and

natural deposits in the western U.S.

leave associated impurities in the first liquid. Liq-

uid-liquid extraction may be carried out by simply

mixing the two liquids with agitation and then al-

“Solvenol” [Aqualon]. TM for a group of mo-

lowing them to separate by standing. It is often

nocyclic terpene hydrocarbons with minor amounts

economical to use counter-current extraction, in

of terpene alcohols and ketones.

which the two immiscible liquids are caused to flow

Use: General solvent, rubber reclaiming.

past or through one another in opposite directions.

Thus fine droplets of heavier liquid can be caused to

solvent. A substance capable of dissolving anoth-

pass downward through the lighter liquid in a verti-

er substance (solute) to form a uniformly dispersed

cal tube or tower.

mixture (solution) at the molecular or ionic size

The solvents used vary with the nature of the prod-

level. Solvents are either polar (high dielectric con-

ucts involved. Widely used are water, hexane, ace-

stant) or nonpolar (low dielectric constant). Water,

tone, isopropyl alcohol, furfural, xylene, liquid sul-

the most common of all solvents, is strongly polar

fur dioxide, and tributyl phosphate. Solvent

(dielectric constant 81), but hydrocarbon solvents

extraction is an important method of both producing

are nonpolar. Aromatic hydrocarbons have higher

and purifying such products as lubricating and vege-

solvent power than aliphatics (alcohols). Other or-

table oils, pharmaceuticals, and nonferrous metals.

ganic solvent groups are esters, ethers, ketones,

amines, and nitrated and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

solvent, latent. (cosolvent). An organic liquid

The chief uses of organic solvents are in the coatings

that will dissolve nitrocellulose in combination with

field (paints, varnishes and lacquers), industrial

an active solvent. Latent solvents are usually alco-

cleaners, printing inks, extractive processes, and

hols and are used widely in nitrocellulose lacquers in

pharmaceuticals. Since many solvents are flamma-

a ratio of 1 part alcohol to 2 parts active solvent.

ble and toxic to varying degrees, they contribute to

air pollution and fire hazards. For this reason their

solvent naphtha. See naphtha (2b).

use in coatings and cleaners has declined in recent

years. See individual compounds.

Solvent Red 73. See 4

′

-diiodofluorescein.

solvent, aprotic. A solvent that cannot act as a

solvent refining. See solvent extraction.

proton acceptor or donor, i.e., as an acid or base.

Solvent Yellow 3. See o-aminoazotoluene.

solvent drying. Removal of water from metal

surfaces by means of a solvent that displaces it

“Solvesso 100” [ExxonMobil].

preferentially, as on precision equipment, electronic

CAS: 63231-51-6. TM for a solvent for active ingre-

components, etc. Examples of solvents used are

dients, typically in emulsifiable concentrates.

acetone, 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluorethane, 1,1,1-

Hazard: Moderately toxic. A moderate skin and eye

trichloroethane.

irritant.

Use: In agriculture applications; in coatings; as a

solvent dye. See dye, solvent.

solvent in architectural and industrial coatings ap-

plications.

solvent extraction. A separation operation that

solvolysis. A reaction involving substances in

may involve three types of mixture: (1) a mixture

solvent, in which the solvent reacts with the dis-

composed of two or more solids, such as a metallic

solved substance (solute) to form a new substance.

ore; (2) a mixture composed of a solid and a liquid;

Intermediate compounds are usually formed in this

(3) a mixture of two or more liquids. One or more

process.

components of such mixture are removed (extract-

See hydrolysis.

ed) by exposing the mixture to the action of a solvent

in which the component to be removed is soluble. If

the mixture consists of two or more solids, extrac-

soman. (methylphosphonofluoridic acid-1,2,2-

tion is performed by percolation of an appropriate trimethylpropylester).

solvent through it. This procedure is also called CAS: 96-64-0. (CH

)

CCH(CH

)OPF(O)CH

leaching, especially if the solvent is water; coffee nerve gas.

making is an example. Synthetic fuels can be made Properties: Colorless liquid. Evolves odorless gas.

from coal by extraction with a coal-derived solvent Bp 167C, fp −70C, d 1.026 (20C).

followed by hydrogenation. Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

1165 SORBITOL

skin absorption; may be fatal on short exposure;

sorbent. A substance that has a great capacity for

absorbing moisture or other gas or fluid. A com-

cholinesterase inhibitor; military nerve gas; fatal

pound that absorbs, adsorbs, or entraps something.

dose (man) 0.01 mg/kg.

sorbic acid. (2,4-hexadienoic acid).

somatic cell gene therapy. Incorporating

CAS: 110-44-1. CH

CH:CHCH:CHCOOH.

new genetic material into cells for therapeutic pur-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 134.5C, bp

poses. The new genetic material cannot be passed to

228C (decomposes), 153C (50 mm Hg), flash p

offspring.

(OC) 260F (126C). Slightly soluble in water and

See gene therapy.

many organic solvents. Combustible.

Derivation: Trimerization of acetaldehyde and cata-

somatic cell genetic mutation. (acquired

lytic air oxidation of the resulting hexadienal. Found

mutations). A change in the genetic structure that is

in berries of mountain ash.

neither inherited nor passed to offspring.

Grade: FCC, technical.

See germ line genetic mutation.

Use: Fungicide, food preservative (mold inhibitor),

alkyd resin coatings, upgrading of drying oils, cold

somatic cells. Any cell in the body, except gam-

rubber additive, intermediate for plasticizers and

etes and their precursors.

lubricants.

See gamete.

sorbide. (dianhydrosorbitol). C

(OH)

somatostatin-28 (sheep).

Generic name for anhydrides (dicyclic ether dihy-

CAS: 73032-94-7. mf: C

137

207

dric alcohols) derivable from sorbitol by removal of

Hazard: A poison.

two molecules of water. The name is also applied to

specific commercial varieties.

somatotropic hormone. (STH; somatotro-

pin).

sorbitan. (monoanhydrosorbitol; sorbitol anhy-

CAS: 9002-72-6. Hormone secreted by the anterior

dride). C

O(OH)

. Generic name for anhydrides

lobe of the pituitary. It causes an increase in general

(cyclic ether tetrahydric alcohols) derivable from

body growth and also affects carbohydrate and lipid

sorbitol by removal of one molecule of water.

metabolism.

sorbitan fatty acid esters. Mixture of partial

esters of sorbitol and its anhydrides with fatty acids.

Sommelet-Hauser rearrangement. Rear-

Properties: Sorbitan monolaurate and sorbitan

rangement of benzyl quaternary ammonium salts to

monooleate are amber liquids; sorbitan monostea-

ortho-substituted benzyldialkylamines on treatment

rate, sorbitan monopalmitate, and sorbitan tristea-

with alkali metal amides.

rate are cream-colored, waxy solids with slight odor

and bland taste; d of both liquid and solid esters is

Sommelet reaction. Preparation of aldehydes

about 1.0 (25C), mp of solid esters is 54C; they are

from aralkyl or alkyl halides by reaction with hexa-

insoluble in water, somewhat soluble in organic

methylenetetramine followed by mild hydrolysis of

solvents. Combustible.

the formed quaternary salt.

Derivation: Esterification of sorbitol with fatty

acids.

Sonn-Muller method. Preparation of aromatic

Grade: Technical, FCC (for sorbitan monostearate).

aldehydes from anilides by conversion of an acid

Use: Emulsifiers and stabilizers in foods, cosmetics,

anilide with phosphorus pentachloride to an imido

drugs, textiles; plastics, agricultural chemicals.

chloride, reduction of the imido chloride with stan-

See polysorbate.

nous chloride, and hydrolysis of the obtained anil.

sorbitol. (d-sorbite; d-sorbitol; hexahydric al-

sonolysis. The breaking up (molecular fragmen-

cohol).

tation) of molecules by ultrasonic radiation. Exam-

CAS: 50-70-4. C

(OH)

ples: sonolysis in pure water produces hydrogen

Properties: White, odorless, crystalline powder; hy-

atoms, hydroxyl radicals, molecular hydrogen, oxy-

groscopic; faint sweet taste. D 1.47 (−5C), mp (met-

gen, and hydrogen peroxide; acetonitrile in an argon

astable form) 93C, (stable form) 97.5C. Soluble in

atmosphere produces molecular hydrogen, nitrogen,

water, glycerol, and propylene glycol; slightly solu-

and methane.

ble in methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, phenol, and

acetamide; almost insoluble in most other organic

“Sonowax” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

solvents. Approved by FDA for food use.

for a series of wax emulsions based on microcrystal-

Derivation: By pressure hydrogenation of dextrose

line wax for use with resins or as a top finish on

with nickel catalyst. Occurs in small amounts in

various textile fabrics.

various fruits and berries.

Grade: Crystals, technical, 70% aqueous solution

sorb. See sorption. (USP), resin, powder, FCC (solid and solution).

1166SORBITOL ANHYDRIDE

Use: Ascorbic acid fermentation; in solution form for of an acidic or fermented substance.

moisture-conditioning of cosmetic creams and lo- See doctor treatment.

tions, toothpaste, tobacco, gelatin; bodying agent for

paper, textiles, and liquid pharmaceuticals; softener

sour dip. An acid solution of Epsom salts and

for candy; sugar crystallization inhibitor; surfac-

fermenting corn sugar.

tants; urethane resins and rigid foams; plasticizer,

stabilizer for vinyl resins; food additive (sweetener,

sour gas. A natural gas containing 30 grains or

humectant, emulsifier, thickener, anticaking agent);

more of sulfur in the form of hydrogen sulfide and

dietary supplement.

mercaptans. A by-product of gas and oil refining.

sour mash. An unmalted cereal cooked with the

sorbitol anhydride. See sorbitan.

spent liquor of a previously dealcoholized mash

resulting from the manufacture of whiskey.

“Sorbo-Cel” [World Minerals]. TM for a

chemical-coated diatomite filter aid used for selec-

Southern blot. A technique for analyzing mix-

tively removing traces of oil from oil-in-water emul-

tures of DNA whereby the presence and rough size

sions. Effective for removing other trace compo-

of one particular fragment of DNA can be ascer-

nents free of emulsified systems.

tained. Named for its inventor, Dr. E. M. Southern.

Use: Conditioning of boiler-feed water.

See blotting.

L(−)-sorbose.

soybean flour. A fine-ground powder having a

CAS: 87-79-6. HOCH

CO(CH

OH.

particle size of 100 mesh or less, made by steaming

Properties: White, crystalline powder; sweet taste.

soybeans to inactive enzymes, followed by removal

Mp 165C. Soluble in water; almost insoluble in

of hulls and mechanical grinding. It contains

organic solvents. Combustible.

40–50% protein, about 20% fat, and 5% moisture.

Derivation: From sorbitol by submerged culture aer-

Defatted flours are made by extraction with hexane

obic fermentation.

to remove the oil. The flakes produced are used

Grade: Technical, reagent.

chiefly for animal feeds but the full-fat flour has

Use: Manufacture of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), prep-

become an increasingly important factor in high-

aration of special diets, and media for the study of

protein food products, especially textured proteins

metabolism in animals and microorganisms.

and meat analogs.

Sorel cement. See magnesium oxychloride

soybean lectin.

cement.

CAS: 90320-57-3.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Soret effect. The difference in concentration in

Source: Natural product.

different parts of a solution when these parts are at

different temperatures.

soybean meal. The crushed residue from the

extraction of soybeans. Extraction by the hydraulic

sorghum. A cereal plant cultivated in the temper-

or expeller process produces normally a meal with

ate zones; its stems are rich in sucrose and can be

6% residual oils, while the solvent process yields

processed in much the same way as sugarcane and

meal with 1% residual oil. Typical analysis; crude

used as a source of sugar and syrups. In the U.S. it is

protein 43%, crude fiber 5.5%, nitrogen-free extract

grown in the Midwest and in Texas.

30%, ash 6%, oil content 1–6%. Total digestible

nutrients about 75%.

sorption. A surface phenomenon that may be

Use: Animal feeds, adhesives, medium for bacitracin

either absorption or adsorption, or a combination of

production.

the two. The term is often used when the specific

mechanism is not known.

soybean oil. (soya bean oil; chinese bean oil;

soy oil).

sorrel salt. See potassium binoxalate.

Properties: Pale yellow, fixed drying oil. D

0.924–0.929, mp 22–31C, refr index

SOS response. In bacteria, a coordinated induc-

1.4760–1.4775, solidifying p −15 to −8C, Hehner

tion of a variety of genes as a response to high levels

value 94–96, saponification value 190–193, iodine

of DNA damage.

value 137–143, flash p 540F (282C), autoign temp

833F (445C), moderate spontaneous heating. Solu-

sour. (1) Any substance used in textile or laundry ble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and carbon disul-

operations to neutralize residual alkali or decom- fide. Combustible.

pose residual hypochlorite bleach. The commonly Use: Soap manufacture, high-protein foods, paints

used sours are sodium bifluoride and sodium fluosi- and varnishes, cattle feeds, margarine and salad

licate. (2) Contaminated with sulfur compounds, dressings, printing inks, source of nylon 9, plasticiz-

e.g., gasoline or natural gas. (3) Taste characteristic er (epoxidized), alkyd resins. Note: Soybean oil is

1167 SPECIAL PAIRS

the most widely used vegetable oil for both edible polymer composed of at least 85% of a segmented

and industrial use in the U.S. polyurethane (Federal Trade Commission). Imparts

elasticity to garments such as girdles, socks, special

hosiery.

soybean oil (unhydrogenated).

Properties: From the seed of the legume Glycine

max. Amber-colored oil.

Spanish white. (1) Chalk, CaCO

. (2) Bismuth

Use: Food additive.

white, BiO(NO

), basic bismuth white.

soy protein, isolated.

spar. (1) A type of crystalline material such as

Use: Food additive.

Iceland spar or feldspar, usually containing calcium

carbonate or an aluminum silicate; fluorspar is calci-

Soxhlet extractor. A laboratory apparatus con-

um fluoride. Iceland spar has unique optical proper-

sisting of a glass flask and condensing unit used for

ties. (2) A weather-resistant varnish originally used

continuous reflux extraction of alcohol- or ether-

for coating wooden spars of sailing ships, which

soluble components of food products. Named after

may be the reason for its name.

its inventor, a German chemist.

See spar varnish.

space, chemistry in. Experiments carried out

sparger. A perforated pipe through which steam,

on the space shuttle in the early 1980s indicate that

air, or water is sprayed into a liquid during a fermen-

unique types of chemical reactions occur in outer

tation reaction.

space, and that actual products may result that are

Use: Brewing industry to remove traces of wort from

not achievable under the terrestrial environment.

the mash.

Several factors are believed to account for this, pri-

marily zero gravity, though absence of oxygen and

spar, Greenland. See cryolite.

enhanced magnetic effects may also play a part.

Several encouraging results have already been ob-

spar, heavy. See barite.

tained, though until further experiments and operat-

ing data have been investigated, the conclusions

spar, Iceland. See calcite.

must be considered tentative. Among projects that

have been carried out or are contemplated are the

following: (1) Uniform polymer microspheres that

sparking metal. See pyrophoric alloy.

are over twice as large as possible on earth have been

made due to zero gravity. (2) More effective electro-

“Sparkolloid” [Scott]. TM for a fining agent

phoresis reactions for making biological materials

for wine making derived from seaweed.

have been discovered, probably also because of zero

Use: To remove negatively charged particles.

gravity. (3) Possibilities exist for (a) making unique

alloys in space that are not possible on earth, for

spar, satin. See calcite; gypsum.

example lead-copper, lead-zinc, and aluminum-in-

dium; (b) purer crystals for microelectronics; (c)

spar varnish. A durable, water-resistant varnish

better glass for fiber optics; (d) new drugs and phar-

for severe service on exterior exposure. It consists of

maceuticals. Future experiments will involve hu-

one or more drying oils (linseed, tung, or dehydrated

man cells, enzymes, and hormones.

castor oil), one or more resins (rosin, ester gum,

phenolic resin, or modified phenolic resin), one or

“Spacerite” [ALCOA]. Al

•3H

O. TM for a

more volatile thinners (turpentine or petroleum spir-

spacer pigment of titanium dioxide in coatings and

its), and driers (linoleates, resinates, or naphthenates

inks.

of lead, manganese, and cobalt). It is classed as a

Properties: White powder.

long-oil varnish and generally consists of 45–50 gals

of oil for each 100 lb of resin.

space velocity. The volume of gas or liquid,

See varnish.

measured at specified temperature and pressure

(usually standard conditions) passing through unit

SPE. Abbreviation for Society of Plastics Engi-

volume in unit time.

neers.

Use: Comparing flow processes involving different

conditions, rates of flow, and sizes or shapes of

spearmint oil. A yellowish essential oil, strong-

containers.

ly levorotatory.

Use: Source of carvone and as flavoring for medi-

spalling. Chipping an ore for crushing or the

cines, chewing gum, etc.

cracking, breaking, or splintering of materials due to

heat.

special pairs. Antenna molecules which have

spandex. Generic name for a fiber in which the associated with them proteins required for the initial

fiber-forming substance is a long-chain synthetic separation of charge during photosynthesis.

1168SPECIFIC ACTIVITY

specific activity. (1) The activity of a radioele- specific volume. The volume of unit weight of a

ment per unit weight of the element. (2) The activity

substance, as cubic feet per pound or gallons per

per unit mass of a pure radionuclide.

pound, but more frequently milliliters per gram. The

reciprocal of density.

specific gravity. The ratio of the density of a

specific weight. The weight per unit volume of

substance to the density of a reference substance; it

a substance.

is an abstract number that is unrelated to any units.

For solids and liquids, specific gravity is numerical-

“Spectra Flo” [Ferro]. TM for liquid colo-

ly equal to density, but for gases it is not, because of

rants for thermoplastics,

the difference between the densities of the reference

Use: Colorants compatible with polyolefins, styren-

substances, which are usually water (1 g/cc) for

ics, and engineering resins.

solids and liquids and air (0.00129 g/cc, or 1.29 g/L

at 0C and 760 mm Hg) for gases. The specific gravi-

spectral karyotype (SKY). A graphic of all of

ty of a gas is the ratio of its density to that of air; since

the chromosomes of an organism, each labeled with

the specific gravity of air

1.0 (1.29/1.29), this is

a different color. Useful for identifying chromosom-

usually stated to indicate the comparison with the

al abnormalities.

gas under consideration. For example, the density of

See chromosome.

hydrogen is 0.089 g/L but its specific gravity is

0.069 (i.e., 0.089/1.29). The specific gravity of sol-

spectrophotometry. See absorption spectros-

ids and liquids is the ratio of their density to that of

copy.

water at 4C, taken as 1.0, as 1 cc of water weighs 1

gram. Thus, a solid or liquid with a density of 1.5 g/

spectroquality. A specially prepared chemical

cc has a specific gravity of 1.5/1 or 1.5.

of higher purity than those generally available for

Since weights of liquids and gases vary with temper-

spectrophotometric use.

ature, it is necessary to specify both temperatures

involved, except for rough or approximate values.

spectroscopy. (instrumental analysis). A

Thus, the specific gravity of alcohol should be given

branch of analytical chemistry devoted to identifica-

as 0.7893 at 20/4C, the first temperature referring to

tion of elements and elucidation of atomic and mo-

the alcohol and the latter to the water. At 15.56C the

lecular structure by measurement of the radiant en-

specific gravity of alcohol is 0.816. See density;

ergy absorbed or emitted by a substance in any of the

API gravity; Baume´.

wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum in re-

sponse to excitation by an external energy source.

specification. A schedule of minimum perfor-

The types of absorption and emission spectroscopy

mance requirements for specialized products such

are usually identified by the wavelength involved,

as those established by the various committees of the

namely, ␥-ray, X ray, UV, visible, infrared, micro-

American Society for Testing and Materials and the

wave, and radiofrequency. The technique of spec-

Underwriters Laboratories. Such products are sub-

troscopic analysis was originated by Fraunhofer

ject to inspection and test before acceptance.

who in 1814 discovered certain dark (D) lines in the

See testing.

solar spectrum, which were later identified as char-

acterizing the element sodium. In 1861 Kirchhoff

specific heat. The ratio of the heat capacity of a

and Bunsen produced emission spectra and showed

substance to the heat capacity of water, or the quanti-

their relationship to Fraunhofer lines. X-ray spec-

ty of heat required for a 1 degree temperature change

troscopy was utilized by Moseley (1912) to deter-

in a unit weight of material. Commonly expressed in

mine the precise location of elements in the periodic

Btu/lb/degree F or in cal/g/degree. For gas, the spe-

system. Since then, a number of sophisticated and

cific heat at constant pressure is greater than that at

highly specialized techniques have been developed

constant volume by the amount of heat needed for

including Raman spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic

expansion.

resonance, nuclear quadrupole resonance, dynamic

reflectance spectroscopy, laser, microwave, and ␥-

ray spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic reso-

specificity. The ability of an enzyme or receptor

nance.

to discriminate among competing substrates or li-

gands.

spectrum. The radiant energy emitted by a sub-

stance as a characteristic band of wavelengths by

specific rotation. The rotation, in degrees, of

which it can be identified.

the plane of plane-polarized light (D-line of sodium)

See radiation; spectroscopy.

by an optically active compound at 25C, with a

specified concentration and light path.

speculum metal. (1) 66% copper, 34% tin with

trace of arsenic; (2) 64% copper, 32% tin, 4% nickel.

specific susceptibility. See mass suscepti- Properties: D 8.6, mp 750C.

bility. Use: For mirrors for reflecting telescopes.

1169 SPIRITS

spelter. Relatively pure zinc as encountered in spinel. MgAl

. A natural oxide of magnesium

industrial operations such as galvanizing. Lead and/ and aluminum with replacement of magnesium by

or iron are common impurities. iron, zinc, and manganese and of aluminum by iron

and chromium. There are also synthetic spinels, e.g.,

as magnesia-alumina or magnesia-chromia. Their

spent mixed acid. Mixed acid that has given

structure is similar to ferrites.

up part of its nitric acid.

Properties: Color, various shades of red, grading to

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Strong irritant to tissue.

green, brown, and black; luster vitreous. Hardness 8.

There are many varieties.

spent oxide. See iron sponge, spent.

Occurrence: New York, New Jersey, Massachu-

setts, Virginia, North Carolina, Ceylon, Thailand,

Sperry process. An electrolytic process for the

Mozambique.

manufacture of lead carbonate, basic (white lead)

Use: Crystallography; synthetic spinel is used as a

from desilverized lead containing some bismuth.

refractory and in electronic applications.

The impure lead forms the anode. A diaphragm

separates anode and cathode compartments, and car-

bon dioxide is passed into the solution. Impurities,

spin moment. The rotational moment of the

including bismuth, remain on the anode as a slime

momentum of an electron about its axis.

blanket.

spinnerette. An extrusion device shaped some-

sphalerite. (blende, zinc blende). ZnS. Natural

what like a thimble and containing a number of holes

zinc sulfide, usually containing some cadmium,

of exceedingly small diameter through which are

iron, and manganese.

forced solutions of viscose rayon, nylon, molten

Properties: Color yellow, brown, black, or red; lus-

glass, and various other materials. It is made of

ter resinous. Hardness 3.5–4, d 3.9–4.1, good cleav-

precious metals such as gold or platinum. Spinnerets

age. Soluble in hydrochloric acid.

enable extrusion of filaments of one denier or less,

Occurrence: Missouri, Kansas, Oklahoma, Colora-

one-denier filament has a diameter of 40 ␮m. For

do, Montana, Wisconsin, Idaho, Australia, Canada,

commercial work 12 to 15 denier fiber is generally

Mexico.

used.

Use: Most important ore of zinc, also a source of

See denier.

cadmium; phosphor; source of sulfur dioxide for

production of sulfuric acid.

spinosad.

Properties: Isolated from Saccharopolyspora spino-

sphingolipid. An amphipathic lipid with a sphin-

sa (Actinomycetes)

gosine backbone to which are attached a long-chain

CAS: 168316-95-8. mf: C

•C

fatty acid (at the nitrogen) and a polar alcohol.

Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by

ingestion.

sphingomyelin. Diaminophosphatides occur-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ring primarily in nervous tissue and containing a

fatty acid, phosphoric acid, choline, and sphingo-

spin resonance. (ESR). The spin state where

sine. They are soluble in hot absolute alcohol and

electrons go from the lower to the upper energy

insoluble in ether, acetone, and water.

level.

sphingosine. (1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-4-octade-

spin-spin interaction. See spin coupling.

cene). CH

(CH

)

CH:CHCH

OCH(NH

)CH

OH.

Forms part of certain phosphatides, such as cerebro-

spin state. Orientations, in a strong magnetic

sides and sphingomyelins.

field, of an unpaired electron either parallel or anti-

Properties: Waxy crystals. Mp 67C. Soluble in

parallel to the field direction.

ether.

“Spiralloy” [Aqualon]. TM for glass- and oth-

SPI. Abbreviation for Society of the Plastics In-

er filament-wound, resin-bonded internal and exter-

dustry.

nal pressure vessels.

Use: Rocket motor cases, underwater and space

spider. (1) A component of the ejector mecha-

structures, pressure vessels, radomes, torpedo cases,

nism of a compression molding press. (2) A support-

booms, and tubes.

ing device used in the die assembly of an extrusion

machine.

spirits. An obsolescent and ambiguous term usu-

spin coupling. (spin-spin interaction). The in-

ally taken to mean the distilled essence of a sub-

teraction of fields through electron spins.

stance. Mineral or petroleum spirits is a volatile

hydrocarbon distillate similar to naphtha; in phar-

spindle oil. Low-viscosity lubricating oil for macy, the term refers to an alcoholic solution of

textile and other high-speed machinery. volatile principles, e.g., spirits of ammonia, niter,

1170SPIRO(1,3-BENZODIOXOLE

camphor, etc.

sponge. (1) Metal: a finely divided and porous

See tincture. form of metal such as iron, platinum, or titanium.

May be used in sponge form as a catalyst or pressed

into metal ingots. (2) Plastic: cellular plastic, foam,

spiro(1,3-benzodioxole-2,1

′

-cyclohexan)-4-ol,

rubber sponge. (3) Natural: siliceous cells of the

methylcarbamate.

Porifera group of sessile sea animals.

CAS: 22791-18-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

sponge iron. See iron sponge.

spirobiindane.

sponge, iron. (iron, sponge). High-purity,

CAS: 1568-80-5. mf: C

finely divided (dust) of very reactive, unstable me-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

tallic iron (Fe0). Made by reducing an iron oxide at

A mild eye irritant.

such low temperatures that melting does not occur,

usually by mixing iron oxide and coke and applying

limited increase in temperature.

spirochete. A type of bacteria characterized by a

Hazard: Because of its highly reactive nature,

spiral shape; the infective organism of syphilis.

sponge iron is subject to a variety of packaging and

shipping restrictions.

spirocyclane. See spiropentane.

spontaneous combustion. See combustion.

spironolactone. (17-hydroxy-7-␣-mercapto-3-

oxo-17-␣-pregn-4-ene-21-carboxylic acid-␥-lac-

tone-7-acetate).

sporadic cancer. Cancer that occurs randomly

CAS: 52-01-7. C

and is not inherited from parents. Caused by DNA

Properties: Light-cream-colored to light-tan, crys-

changes in one cell that grows and divides, spread-

talline powder; mild mercaptan-like odor. Mp

ing throughout the body.

198–207C (decomposes). Stable in air. Practically

See hereditary cancer.

insoluble in water; soluble in ethyl acetate and etha-

nol; slightly soluble in methanol.

spore. A single cell that is dispersed as a repro-

Grade: USP.

ductive unit, or that encapsulates a cell during unfa-

Use: Medicine (diuretic).

vorable environmental conditions; in organisms

with an alternation of generations.

spiropentane. (spirocyclane; cyclopropanespi-

rocyclopropane).

sporophyte. The diploid stage in the life cycle of

an organism undergoing an alternation of genera-

tions. The sporophyte is multicellular and develops

❘

from a zygote. The mature sporophyte meiotically

produces haploid spores that later generate the gam-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.41220

etophyte generation.

(20C), d 0.7551 (20/4C), fp −107.05C, bp 39.03C.

Derivation: Heating pentaerythrityl tetrabromide in

spot test. Microchemical or semimicrochemical

ethanol with zinc dust.

drop test for chemical compounds, ions, or radicals

using sensitive chemical reactions.

spiro system. A structural formula consisting of

two rings having one carbon atom in common. Most

spray drying. Drying solids by spraying solu-

bicyclic compounds such as naphthalene have two

tions of them into a heated chamber.

carbons in common.

See spiropentane.

sprue. (1) The main feed channel that runs from

the outer face of an injection mold to the gate in a

splice site. Location in the DNA sequence where

single-cavity mold or to the runners of a multiple-

RNA removes the noncoding areas to form a contin-

cavity mold. The liquid polymer is forced through

uous gene transcript for translation into a protein.

this orifice from a nozzle till the mold is filled to

capacity. Some polymer remains in the sprue after

spodumene. LiAl(SiO

)

the mold is closed, leaving a projecting piece that

Properties: White, pale-green, emerald-green, pink,

must be removed after the product is ejected. The

or purple mineral; white streak; vitreous luster. Con-

viscosity of the polymer must be low enough to

tains up to 8% lithium oxide with some replacement

permit it to pass through the sprue readily.

by sodium. D 3.13–3.20, Mohs hardness 6.5–7. In-

(2) A disease attacking the digestive organs as a

soluble in acids.

result of inadequate nutrition, especially in tropical

Occurrence: U.S. (North Carolina, California, Mas-

areas.

sachusetts, South Dakota), Brazil, Mozambique.

Use: Source of lithium, in ceramics and glass as a

source of lithia and alumina.

spun protein. See protein, textured.

1171 STABILIZER

sputtered coating. A protective metallic coat- Sr. Symbol for strontium.

ing applied in a vacuum tube and consisting of metal

ions emanating from a cathode and deposited as a

“SR1” [Sunburst]. TM for an oil based formula

film on objects within the tube. The process involves

for removing oil based stains.

three phases: generation of metal vapor, diffusion of

the vapor, and its condensation. Paper, plastics, and

“SR2” [Sunburst]. TM for a general purpose

similar materials can be coated in this way.

spotter for a broad spectrum of stains.

“SR3” [Sunburst]. TM for a concentrated

squalane. (perhydrosqualene; 2,6,10,15,19,23-

product for removing rust and iron stains.

hexamethyltetracosane; spinacane; dodecahy-

drosqualane).

CAS: 111-01-3. C

. A saturated hydrocarbon.

SRF black. Abbreviation for semireinforcing

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless; tasteless. D

furnace black.

0.805–0.812 (20C), bp 350C, fp −38C, refr index

See furnace black.

1.4520–1.4525 (20C). Miscible with vegetable and

mineral oils; organic solvents, and lipophilic sub-

SS acid. See Chicago acid.

stances. Nondrying, nonoxidizing, noncongealing.

Combustible.

SSR. Simple Sequence Repeat.

Derivation: Hydrogenation of squalene, may occur

See: Microsatellite.

naturally in sebum.

Use: High-grade lubricating oil, vehicle for external-

“STAB2335” [Ashai Denka]. TM for a line

ly applied pharmaceuticals and cosmetics, perfume

of organic and inorganic industrial chemicals, syn-

fixative, gas chromatographic analysis, transformer

thetic resins, synthetic rubber, high-compound fer-

oil.

tilizers, coating materials, latexes, pharmaceutical

and food additives, explosives, photopolymers and

squalene. (spinacene).

platemaking systems, separation and ion-exchange

CAS: 111-02-4. 2,6,10,15,19,23-hexamethyl-

membranes, systems, and equipment.

2,6,10,14,18,22-tetracosahexaene) C

. A natural

raw material found in human sebum (5%) and in

“Stabaxol P” [Rhein].

shark-liver oil. An unsaturated aliphatic hydrocar-

CAS: 159654-97-4. mf: (C

•C

)

bon (carotenoid) with six unconjugated double

Hazard: A poison. Moderately toxic by ingestion

bonds.

and inhalation.

Use: Hydrolysis protection.

“Stabil-9” [Solutia]. TM for sodium alumi-

num phosphate.

Grade: Powder.

Use: Primarily in self-rising flours.

“Stabileze” [International Specialty]. TM

for chemical used as thickner and stabilizer for

polymers.

Properties: Oil with faint odor. D 0.858–0.860

“Stabilide” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for potassi-

(20C), bp 285C (25 mm Hg), fp −60C, refr index

um iodide stabilized with calcium stearate.

1.49–1.50, iodine no 360–380, saponification value

Use: Animal feeds.

0–5. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol;

soluble in lipids and organic solvents. Combustible.

“Stabilisal C-1” [AKZO]. TM for an organic

Grade: 90% min.

compound.

Use: Biochemical and pharmaceutical research, a

Use: An antigellation agent for nitrocellulose-based

precursor of cholesterol in biosynthesis, chemical

bronzing lacquers and for stabilizing dipping lac-

intermediate.

quers.

squeege oil. A liquid vehicle to mix with colors,

stabilizer. Any substance that tends to keep a

that burns off completely on firing ceramics coated

compound, mixture, or solution from changing its

with it.

form or chemical nature. Stabilizers may retard a

reaction rate, preserve a chemical equilibrium, act as

squib. A thin tube filled with black powder to

antioxidants, keep pigments and other components

form a slow-burning fuse to fire an explosive.

in emulsion form, or prevent the particles in a colloi-

dal suspension from precipitating.

squirrel-cage disintegrator. See cage mill. See inhibitor.

1172STABLE TRANSFECTION

stable transfection. A form of transfection ex- stannic anhydride. See stannic oxide.

periment designed to produce permanent lines of

cultured cells with a new gene inserted into their

stannic bromide. (tin bromide; tin tetrabro-

genome. Usually this is done by linking the desired

mide).

gene with a “selectable” gene, i.e. a gene which

CAS: 7789-67-5. SnBr

confers resistance to a toxin. Upon putting the toxin

Properties: White, crystalline mass. Fumes when

into the culture medium, only those cells which

exposed to air. D 3.3, bp 203C, mp 31C. Soluble in

incorporate the resistance gene will survive, and

water, alcohol, and carbon tetrachloride.

essentially all of those will also have incorporated

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

the experimenter’s gene.

Use: Mineral separations.

Staedel-Rugheimer pyrazine synthesis.

stannic chloride.

(tin chloride; tin tetrachlo-

Formation of pyrazines by high-temperature au-

ride; tin perchloride).

toclave reaction of ␣-halogenomethyl ketones with

CAS: 7646-78-8. SnCl

. Often sold in the form of the

ammonia.

double salt with sodium chloride: Na

SnCl

•H

Properties: Colorless, fuming, caustic liquid, that

“Staflex Noda” [Bayer]. TM for n-octyl-n-

water converts into a crystalline solid, SnCl

•5H

decyl adipate.

Keep well stoppered. D 2.2788, fp −33C, bp 114C.

Properties: Liquid

Soluble in cold water, alcohol, carbon disulfide;

Use: For electrical properties for outdoor wire and

decomposed by hot water.

cable applications. In vinyls, combines good heat

Derivation: Treatment of tin or stannous chloride

and light stability with high compatiblity.

with chlorine.

Grade: Technical, CP.

stain. (1) An organic protective coating similar to

Hazard: Evolves heat on contact with moisture. Cor-

a paint, but with much lower solids content (pigment

rosive liquid. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

loading).

Use: Electroconductive and electroluminescent coat-

Use: Exterior and interior coating of wood, furniture,

ings, mordant in dyeing textiles, perfume stabiliza-

flooring, etc.

tion, manufacture of fuchsin, color lakes, ceramic

(2) Any compound used to color bacteria for micro-

coatings, bleaching agent for sugar, stabilizer for

scopic examination, e.g., osmium tetroxide, phos-

certain resins, manufacture of blueprint and other

photungstic acid, uranyl acetate, and certain chromi-

sensitized papers, other tin salts, bacteria and fungi

um compounds.

control in soaps.

stainless steel. See steel, stainless.

stannic chloride pentahydrate.

CAS: 10026-06-9. SnCl

•5H

standard cell. See Weston cell.

Properties: White solid. Mp 56C. Soluble in water or

alcohol.

standard free-energy change. The free-en- Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

ergy change for a reaction occurring under a set of Use: Substitute for anhydrous stannic chloride where

standard conditions: temperature, 298 K, pressure, 1 the presence of water is not objectionable.

atm, and all solutes at 1 M concentration.

stannic chromate. (tin chromate). Sn(CrO

)

standard solution. A solution of a specifically

Properties: Brownish-yellow, crystalline powder.

known concentration used in volumetric analysis.

Partially soluble in water.

Derivation: Action of chromic acid on stannic hy-

Stanley, Wendell M. (1904–1971). An Amer- droxide.

ican biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for chem- Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

istry in 1946 along with Northrop and Sumner. His Use: Coloring porcelain and china.

work on virus research resulted in isolation of crys-

tals proving the virus to be proteinaceous. In the

stannic oxide. (stannic anhydride; tin perox-

1930s, he was concerned with isolating nucleic acid

ide; tin dioxide; stannic acid). SnO

from crystallized virus, and the reproduction of in-

SnO

•xH

fluenza virus. His doctorate was from the University

Properties: White powder; anhydrous or containing

of Illinois. His many accomplishments included

variable amounts of water. D 6.6–6.9, mp 1127C,

membership in the National Advisory Cancer Coun-

sublimes at 1800–1900C. Soluble in concentrated

cil of the United States Public Health Service in the

sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid; insoluble in water.

1950s.

Noncombustible.

Derivation: (1) Found in nature as in the mineral

stannic. The designation for quadrivalent tin or

cassiterite; (2) precipitated from stannic chloride

compounds containing quadrivalent tin.

solution by ammonium hydroxide.

Grade: White, pure; white; gray; CP.

stannic acid. See stannic oxide. Use: Tin salts; catalyst; ceramic glazes and colors;

1173 STANNOUS OXALATE

putty; perfume preparations and cosmetics; textiles facture of lakes; textiles (reducing agent in dyeing,

(mordant, weighting); polishing powder for steel, discharge in printing); tin galvanizing; reagent in

glass, etc.; manufacture of special glasses. analytical chemistry; silvering mirrors; revivication

of yeast sown in must (accelerator); antisludging

agent for lubricating oils; food preservative; stabi-

stannic phosphide. (tin phosphide).

lizer for perfume in soaps; catalyst; soldering flux;

CAS: 25324-56-5. Sn

or SnP.

sensitizing agent for glass, paper, plastics.

Properties: Silver-white, hard mass or lumps.. D

6.56, mp forms Sn

at 415C. Soluble in acids

Derivation: By heating together tin and phosphorus.

stannous chromate. (tin chromate). SnCrO

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 2 Properties: Brown powder. Almost insoluble in

mg(Sn)/m

. water.

Derivation: Interaction of stannous chloride and so-

dium chromate.

stannic sulfide. (artificial gold; mosaic gold;

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

tin bronze; tin disulfide). SnS

Use: Decorating porcelain.

Properties: Yellow to brown powder. D 4.42–4.60,

mp decomposes at 600C. Soluble in concentrated

hydrochloric acid and alkaline sulfides; insoluble in

stannous-2-ethylhexoate. (stannous octoate;

water. tin octotate). Sn(C

)

Derivation: (1) Action of sulfur on a solution of Properties: Light-yellow liquid. D 1.25, Gardner

stannic chloride; (2) by heating tin amalgam with color 3 (max). Insoluble in water, methanol; soluble

sulfur and ammonium chloride, distilling off the in benzene, toluene, petroleum ether; hydrolyzed by

mercury sulfide and ammonium chloride. acids and bases.

Grade: Technical, reagent. Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

. Use: Polymerization catalyst for urethane foams, lu-

Use: Imitation gilding, pigment. bricant, addition agent, stabilizer for transformer

oils.

“Stannochlor” [ATOTECH].

CAS: 7772-99-8. TM for stannous chloride. stannous fluoride. (tin fluoride; tin difluor-

Use: For metalizing glass and plastic; catalyst in ide).

pharmaceuticals, resins, petrochemicals, solder, CAS: 7783-47-3. SnF

tanning agent, and food and beverage preservative. Properties: White, lustrous, crystalline powder; bit-

ter, salty taste. Mp 212–214C. Practically insoluble

in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; slightly soluble in

stannous acetate. Sn(C

)

water.

Properties: Gray to yellow crystals. Mp 182C, d

Grade: NF.

2.30. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to skin

Derivation: Refluxing stannous oxide with 50% ace-

and tissue. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

tic acid in an atmosphere of nitrogen.

Use: Fluoride source in toothpastes.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Note: Stannous hexafluorozirconate is said to be

Use: Reducing agent.

more effective than the fluoride in preventing dental

caries.

stannous bromide. (tin bromide; tin dibro-

mide). SnBr

stannous octoate. See stannous-2-ethylhe-

Properties: Yellow powder. D 5.117 (17C), bp

xoate.

619C, mp 215C. Soluble in hydrochloric acid (di-

lute); soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and acetone;

oxidizes and turns brown in air.

stannous oleate. (tin oleate).

Hazard: Skin irritant. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

. CAS: 1912-84-1. Sn(C

)

Properties: Light-yellow liquid. Insoluble in water

and methanol; soluble in benzene, toluene, petrole-

stannous chloride. (tin crystals; tin salt; tin

um ether; hydrolyzed by acids and bases.

dichloride; tin protochloride).

Hazard: Absorbed by skin. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

CAS: 7772-99-8. (1) SnCl

. (2) SnCl

•2H

Use: Polymerization catalyst, inhibitor.

Properties: White, crystalline mass that absorbs

oxygen from the air and is converted into the insolu-

ble oxychloride. (1) D 3.95 (25/4C), mp 246.8C, bp

stannous oxalate. (tin oxalate).

652C; (2) d 2.71, mp 37.7C, bp (decomposes). Solu- CAS: 814-94-8. SnC

ble in water, alkalies, tartaric acid, and alcohol. Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder. D

Derivation: By dissolving tin in hydrochloric acid. 3.56, mp decomposes at 280C. Soluble in acids;

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent, anhydrous, hydrated. insoluble in water and acetone.

Hazard: Irritant to skin, use in foods restricted to Derivation: By the action of oxalic acid on stannous

0.0015%, as tin. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

. oxide.

Use: Reducing agent in manufacture of chemicals, Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.

intermediates, dyes, polymers, phosphors; manu- Hazard: Absorbed by skin. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

1174STANNOUS OXIDE

Use: Dyeing and printing textiles, catalyst for esteri-

starch.

fication reactions.

CAS: 9005-25-8. A carbohydrate polymer having

the following repeating unit:

stannous oxide. (tin oxide; tin protoxide).

SnO.

Properties: Brownish-black powder. Unstable in air.

Reacts with acids and strong bases. D 6.3, mp 1080C

(600 mm Hg) (decomposes). Insoluble in water. A

nuisance particulate.

Derivation: By heating stannous hydroxide in a cur-

rent of carbon dioxide.

Grade: Technical, CP.

It is composed of about 25% amylose (anhydrogluco-

Use: Reducing agent, intermediate in preparation of

pyranose units joined by glucosidic bonds) and 75%

stannous salts as used in plating and glass industries,

amylopectin, a branched-chain structure.

pharmaceuticals, soft abrasive (putty powder).

Properties: White, amorphous, powder or granules;

tasteless. Various crystalline forms may be ob-

stannous pyrophosphate. Sn

tained, including microcrystalline. Irreversible gel

Properties: White, free-flowing crystals. D 4.009

formation occurs in hot water; swelling of granules

(16C). Insoluble in water.

can be induced at room temperature with such com-

Use: Toothpaste additive.

pounds as formamide, formic acid, and strong bases

and metallic salts.

stannous stearate.

Occurrence: Starch is a reserve polysaccharide in

Use: Food additive.

plants (corn, potatoes, tapioca, rice, and wheat are

commercial sources).

stannous sulfate. (tin sulfate).

Grade: Commercial, powdered, pearl, laundry, tech-

CAS: 7488-55-3. SnSO

nical, reagent, edible, USP.

Properties: Heavy white or yellowish crystals. Mp

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human

loses sulfur dioxide at 360C. Soluble in water and

carcinogen.

sulfuric acid; water solution decomposes rapidly.

Use: Adhesive (gummed paper and tapes, cartons,

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on stannous

bags, etc.), machine-coated paper, textile filler and

oxide.

sizing agent, beater additive in papermaking, gelling

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

agent and thickener in food products (gravies, cus-

Use: Dyeing; tin plating, particularly for plating auto-

tards, confectionery), oil-well drilling fluids, filler

mobile pistons and steel wire.

in baking powders (cornstarch), fabric stiffener in

laundering, urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives for

stannous sulfide. (tin monosulfide; tin proto-

particle board and fiberboard, explosives (nitros-

sulfide; tin sulfide). SnS.

tarch), dextrin (starch gum), chelating and seques-

Properties: Dark-gray or black, crystalline powder.

tering agent in foods, indicator in analytical chemis-

D 5.080, bp 1230C, mp 880C. Soluble in concentra-

try, anticaking agent in sugar, face powders,

ted hydrochloric acid (decomposes); insoluble in

abherent and mold release agent, polymer base.

dilute acids and water.

See starch-based polymer.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

Use: Making bearing material, catalyst in polymer-

ization of hydrocarbons, analytical reagent.

starch-based polymer. (1) A reactive polyol

derived from a mixture of a starch with dibasic acids,

stannous tartrate. (tin tartrate). SnC

hydrogen-donating compounds, and catalysts dis-

Properties: Heavy, white, crystalline powder. Solu-

solved in water; the slurry is subjected to high tem-

ble in water; dilute hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: Action of tartaric acid on stannous peratures and pressures, yielding a low-viscosity

oxide.

polymer in a 50% solids aqueous solution. A molec-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

ular rearrangement takes place, and the polymer

Use: Dyeing and printing fabrics.

formed is completely different from starch in struc-

ture and properties. It can be further reacted with

stannum. The Latin name for tin, hence the sym-

acids, bases, and cross-linking agents. Suggested

bol Sn in chemical nomenclature.

uses are in high-wet-strength papers, as binders in

paper coatings, as moisture barriers in packaging,

staphylococcal enterotoxin b. See entero- and as water-resistant adhesives.

toxin b, staphylococcal.

(2) Yeast fermentation of starch to form a biode-

gradable plastic called “pullulan” (a trigluco poly-

saccharide) has been reported to be commercially

staple. A cotton fiber, usually in reference to

length, i.e., short- or long-staple cotton. feasible. See “Pullulan.”

1175 “STAYBELITE”

starch dialdehyde. Starch in which the original Use: Strengthening agent in paper and manufacture

anhydroglucose units have been partially changed to of powdered rubbers.

dialdehyde form by oxidation, for example, the

product of the oxidation of cornstarch by periodic

“Starfol Wax” [Sherex]. TM for synthetic

acid. Available in cationic dispersions up to 15%

spermaceti wax.

solids for mixing with paper pulp.

Available forms: Flakes.

Use: Thickening agent, tanning agent, binder for leaf

Use: As a cosmetic emollient, drawing compounds,

tobacco, adhesives, wet-strength additive in paper.

finishing aids. lubricants, and leather treatments.

Stark-Einstein law. Every molecule in a

starch-iodide paper. Indicator paper made by

chemical reaction induced by exposure to light ab-

dipping paper in starch paste containing potassium

sorbs one quantum of the radiation causing the reac-

iodide.

tion.

Use: To test for halogens and oxidizers such as hy-

drogen peroxide.

Stark-Luneland effect. The polarization of

light by a beam of moving atoms.

starch, modified. Any of several water-soluble

polymers derived from a starch (corn, potato, tapio-

starter distillate.

ca) by acetylation, chlorination, acid hydrolysis, or

Properties: Steam distillate of culture of Streptococ-

enzymatic action. These reactions yield starch ace-

cus lactis S. cremoris, S. lactis subsp. diacetylactis,

tates, esters, and ethers in the form of stable and fluid

Leuconostoc citrovorum, and L. dextranicum.

solutions and films. Modified starches are used as

Use: Food additive.

textile-sizing agents and paper coatings. Thin-boil-

ing starches have high gel strength, oxidized

“Starwax” 100 [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a

starches made with sodium hypochlorite have low

hard, petroleum microcrystalline wax, minimum mp

gelling tendency. Introduction of carboxyl, sulfo-

82.2C.

nate, or sulfate groups into starch gives sodium or

ammonium salts of anionic starches, yielding clear,

“Sta-Tac” [Reichhold]. TM for olefinic hy-

nongelling dispersions of high viscosity. Cationic

drocarbon resins used as coating vehicles.

starches result from addition of amino groups.

The glucose units of starch can be cross-linked with

statistical mechanics. Statistical mechanics

such agents as formaldehyde, soluble metaphosp-

treats the detailed state of a system (its quantum state

hates, and epichlorohydrin; this increases viscosity

or, in classical models, its position in phase space) as

and thickening power for adhesives, canned foods,

unknown and subject to statistical uncertainties. En-

etc.

tropy is a measure of this uncertainty. Statistical

mechanics describes the distribution of states in an

starch phosphate. An ester made from the re-

equilibrium system at a given temperature (describ-

action of a mixture of orthophosphate salts (sodium

ing either the distribution of probabilities of quan-

dihydrogen phosphate and disodium hydrogen

tum states or the probability density function in

phosphate) with starch.

phase space), and can be used to derive thermody-

Properties: Soluble in cold water (unlike regular

namic properties from properties at the molecular

starch) and has high thickening power. Can be fro-

level.

zen and thawed repeatedly without change in physi-

cal properties.

Staudinger, Hermann. (1881–1965). A Ger-

Use: Thickener for frozen foods; taconite ore binder;

man chemist, winner of a Nobel Prize in 1953 for his

in adhesives, drugs, cosmetics; substitute for arabic

pioneer work on the structure of macromolecules

gum, locust bean gum, and carboxymethyl cellu-

and polymerization. A large part of modern high-

lose.

polymer chemistry is based on his original research.

starch syrup. See glucose.

Staudinger reaction. Synthesis of phosphazo

compounds by the reaction of tertiary phosphines

starch, thin-boiling. See starch, modified.

with organic azides.

starch xanthate. A water-insoluble synthetic

stavudine.

polysaccharide made by reacting starch with sodium

CAS: 3056-17-5. mf: C

hydroxide and carbon disulfide; biodegradable.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: To encapsulate pesticides; the coating, though

insoluble, is permeable to water, thus slowly releas-

“Staybelite” [Aqualon]. TM for hydrogenated

ing the pesticide. Rubber-reinforcing agent.

rosin, a pale, thermoplastic resin. Acid number 165,

USDA color X, softening point 75C, saponification

starch xanthide. Starch xanthate that has been number 167.

cross-linked with oxygen. Use: Adhesives and protective coatings.

1176“STAYRITE”

“Stayrite” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for Properties: Colorless, waxlike solid; slight odor and

stabilizers used to provide increased heat and light taste suggesting tallow. D 0.8390 (80/4C), mp

stability to vinyl resins. Available in range of prod- 69.6C, bp 361.1C, refr index 1.4299 (80C), flash p

ucts, both liquid and solid. 385F (196C), autoign temp 743F (395C). Soluble in

alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, carbon

tetrachloride; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Stead’s reagent. A metallographic etching so-

Derivation: (1) From high-grade tallows and yellow

lution consisting of acidified copper chloride. It is

grease stearin by washing, hydrolysis with the

useful in detecting phosphorous segregation in steel.

Twitchell or similar reagent, boiling, distilling,

Copper tends to deposit on parts of low phosphorous

cooling, and pressing; (2) from oleic acid by hydro-

content.

genation.

Grade: Saponified, distilled, single-pressed, double-

steady state. A condition where properties of

pressed, triple-pressed, USP, FCC, 90% stearic with

any part of a system are constant during a process.

low oleic, grade free from chick edema factor,

99.8% pure.

steam. An allotropic form of water formed at

Use: Chemicals, especially stearates and stearate dri-

212F (100C) and having a latent heat of condensa-

ers; lubricants; soaps; pharmaceuticals and cosmet-

tion of 540 calories per gram. It has a number of

ics; accelerator activator; dispersing agent and soft-

industrial uses, one of the most important being the

ener in rubber compounds; shoe and metal polishes;

production of hydrogen by the steam-hydrocarbon

coatings; food packaging; suppositories and oint-

gas process (reforming), by the steam-water gas

ments.

process, the steam-iron process, and the steam-

See “Hydrofol” [Ashland].

methanol process. It is also used in steam cracking of

gas oil and naphtha; in food processing; as a clean-

stearic acid potassium salt. See potassium

ing agent; in rubber vulcanization; as a source of

stearate.

heat and power; in distillation of plants for produc-

tion of essential oils and perfumes; and in secondary

oil recovery. stearin. (tristearin; glyceryl tristearate).

Steam from geothermal sources such as hot springs C

)

and fumaroles is utilized as an energy source. Steam Properties: Colorless crystals or powder; odorless;

for industrial processing is also being generated by tasteless. Mp 71.6C, d 0.943 (65C). Insoluble in

solar energy techniques. See geothermal ener- water; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, carbon disul-

gy; latent heat. fide. Combustible.

Derivation: Constituent of most fats.

Grade: Technical, also graded as to source.

steam distillation. See hydrodistillation.

Use: Soap, candles, candies, adhesive pastes, metal

polishes, waterproofing paper, textile sizes, leather

steam reforming. See reforming.

stuffing, manufacture of stearic acid.

steapsin. A lipase in the pancreatic juice.

stearin pitch. See fatty acid pitch.

See enzyme.

stearone. An aliphatic ketone, insoluble in water,

stearamide. (octadecanamide).

stable to high temperatures, acids, and alkalies;

CAS: 124-26-5. CH

(CH

)

CONH

compatible with high-melting vegetable waxes, par-

Properties: Colorless leaflets. Mp 109C, bp 251C

affins, and fatty acids; incompatible with resins,

(12 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in

polymers and organic solvents at room temperature

alcohol and ether.

but compatible with them at high temperature. Com-

Use: Corrosion inhibitor in oil wells.

bustible.

Use: Antiblocking agent.

stearato chromic chloride. A polynuclear

complex in the form of a six-membered ring. The

N-stearoyl-p-aminophenol.

two chromium atoms are bridged on one side by a

HO(C

)NHCOCH

(CH

)

hydroxyl group, and on the other side by the carbox-

Properties: White to off-white powder. Mp

yl oxygens of the stearic acid. The water-soluble

131–134C. Insoluble in water; soluble in polar or-

complex results from the neutralization of stearic

ganic solvents (especially when hot) such as alco-

acid with basic chromic chloride. It acts as a water

hol, dioxane, acetone, and dimethylformamide.

repellent and abherent.

Combustible.

Use: Antioxidant.

stearic acid. (n-octadecanoic acid).

CAS: 57-11-4. CH

(CH

)

COOH. The most com-

mon fatty acid occurring in natural animal and vege-

stearoyl chloride. (n-octadecanoyl chloride).

table fats. Most commercial stearic acid is 45% CH

(CH

)

COCl.

palmitic acid, 50% stearic acid and 5% oleic acid, Properties: Mp 23C, bp 174–178C (2 mm Hg). Solu-

but purer grades are increasingly used. ble in hydrocarbons and ethers. Combustible.

1177 STENGEL PROCESS

Use: Preparation of substituted amines and amides, process, which uses air for this purpose, has been

acid anhydrides, esterification of alcohols, synthesis supplanted by the basic oxygen process in which

of other organic compounds. pure oxygen is injected into molten iron. A small

percentage of steel is also made in the electric fur-

nace, with iron ore as oxidant. Low-carbon (mild)

stearoyl proplene glycol hydrogen

steels contain 0.02–0.3% carbon; medium-carbon

succinate. See succistearin.

grades from 0.3–0.7% carbon; and high-carbon

grades 0.7–1.5%.

stearyl alcohol. (1-octadecanol; octadecyl al-

There are many special-purpose types of steel in

cohol).

which one or more alloying metals are used, with or

CAS: 112-92-5. CH

(CH

)

OH.

without special heat treatment. The most common

Properties: Unctuous, white flakes or granules; faint

additives are chromium and nickel, as in the 18-8

odor; bland taste. D 0.8124 (59/4C), bp 210.5C (15

stainless steels; these add greatly to corrosion resis-

mm Hg), mp 59C. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and

tance. High-speed and tool steels, designed primari-

ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

ly for efficient cutting, contain such alloying metals

Derivation: Reduction of stearic acid.

as tungsten, molybdenum, manganese, and vanadi-

Grade: Commercial, technical, USP.

um as well as chromium. Cobalt and zirconium are

Use: Perfumery, cosmetics, intermediate, surface ac-

used for construction steels.

tive agents, lubricants, resins, antifoam agent.

Available forms: Rods, bars, sheet, strips, wire,

wool.

stearyl citrate.

Use: Construction, ship hulls, auto bodies, machinery

Use: Food additive.

and machine parts, cables, abrasive, chemical equip-

ment, belts for tire reinforcement.

stearyl-2-lactylic acid.

Use: Food additive.

steel, stainless. Alloy steels containing high

stearyl mercaptan. (octadecyl mercaptan).

percentages of chromium, from less than 10% to

(CH

)

SH.

more than 25%. There are three groups: (1) Austen-

Properties: Solid. Mp 25C, bp 205–209C (11 mm

itic, which contain both chromium (16% min) and

Hg), d 0.8420 (25/4C), refr index 1.4591 (34C).

nickel (7% min); a stress-corrosion resistant type

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

contains 2% silicon. (2) Ferritic, which contain

Hazard: Strong irritant.

chromium only and cannot be hardened by heat

Use: Organic intermediate, synthetic rubber pro-

treatment. (3) Martensitic, which contain chromium

cessing.

and can be hardened by heat treatment; these last are

ferromagnetic. A subgroup of the martensitic steels

stearyl methacrylate. Group name for

comprises the precipitation-hardening types.

:C(CH

)COO(CH

)

13 to 17).

See SAE steel.

Properties: Bulk d 0.864 (25/15C), boiling range

310–370C.

Steffen process. A process used in beet sugar

Use: Monomer for plastics, molding powders, sol-

manufacture to separate residual sugar from molas-

vent coatings, adhesives, oil additives; emulsions

ses. Based on the formation of insoluble tricalcium

for textile, leather, paper finishing.

saccharate and its subsequent decomposition to sug-

ar in the presence of a weak acid such as carbonic.

stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate.

Properties: A soft, practically tasteless, off-white to

Steinbuhl yellow. See barium chromate.

tan, waxy solid having a lardlike consistency; insol-

uble in water, soluble in chloroform and ethylene

stellarator. A type of torus developed for fusion

glycol.

research. It differs from tokamaks in respect to the

Derivation: Reaction of citric acid, monoglycerides

method of confining the plasma.

of fatty acids (obtained by the glycerolysis of edible

See torus; fusion; tokamak.

fats and oils or derived from fatty acids), and stearyl

alcohol.

stem cell. Undifferentiated, primitive cells in the

Grade: FCC.

bone marrow that have the ability to both multiply

Use: Emulsion stabilizer in foods (not over 0.15%).

and to differentiate into specific blood cells.

steatite. A mixture of talc, clay, and alkaline-

stem group. All the taxa in a clade preceding a

earth oxides.

major cladogenesis event. They are often difficult to

Use: Chiefly as a ceramic insulator in electronic de-

recognize because they may not possess synapo-

vices.

morpies found in the crown group.

steel. An alloy of iron and 0.02–1.5% carbon; it is

made from molten pig iron by oxidizing out the

Stengel process. A method of making ammo-

excess carbon and other impurities. The open-hearth nium nitrate fertilizer from anhydrous ammonia and

1178“STEPANTAN”

nitric acid. The fertilizer particles can be made in

stereospecific polymer. See polymer, ste-

different sizes according to the use. reospecific.

steric. Pertaining to the spatial relationships of

“Stepantan” [Stepan]. TM for an aqueous so-

atoms in a molecular structure, and in particular, to

lution.

the space-filling properties of a molecule.

Use: As a drilling foamer base, fire fighting foam,

and other foam-forming applications.

steric hindrance. A characteristic of molecular

structure in which the molecules have a spatial ar-

Stephen aldehyde synthesis. Preparation of

rangement of their atoms such that a given reaction

aldehydes from nitriles by reduction with stannous

with another molecule is prevented or retarded.

chloride in ether saturated with hydrochloric acid.

The intermediate aldimine salts have to be hydro-

steric strain. The additional energy of molecu-

lyzed. The best results are obtained in the aromatic

lar bonds due to peculiar molecular geometry.

series.

sterilization. (1) Complete destruction of all bac-

stereoblock polymer. A polymer whose mole-

teria and other infectious organisms in an industrial,

cule is made of comparatively long sections of iden-

food, or medical product; it must be followed by

tical stereospecific structure, these sections being

aseptic packaging to prevent recontamination, usu-

separated from one another by segments of different

ally by hermetic sealing. The methods used involve

structure, as for example, blocks of an isotactic poly-

either wet or dry heat, use of chemicals such as

mer interspersed with blocks of the same polymer

formaldehyde and ethylene oxide filtration (phar-

with a syndiotactic structure.

maceutical products), and irradiation by UV or ␥-

See polymer, stereospecific; block polymer.

radiation. Milk is sterilized by heating for 30 sec-

onds at 135C, followed by in-can heating at 115C for

several minutes and aspetic packaging.

(2) Rendering a life-form incapable of reproduction

by radiation or chemical treatment. See chemo-

sterilant.

sterling silver. According to U.S. law, this term

is restricted to silver alloys containing at least 92.5%

pure silver and 7.5% maximum other metal (usually

copper).

See silver.

stereochemistry. A subdiscipline of organic

chemistry devoted to study of the three-dimensional

steroid. One of a group of polycyclic compounds

spatial configurations of molecules. One aspect of

closely related biochemically to terpenes. They in-

the subject deals with stereoisomers—compounds

clude cholesterol, numerous hormones, precursors

that have identical chemical constitution, but differ

of certain vitamins, bile acids, alcohols (sterols), and

as regards the arrangement of the atoms or groups in

certain natural drugs and poisons (such as the digi-

space. Stereoisomers fall into two broad classes:

talis derivatives). Steroids have as a common nu-

optical isomers and geometric (cis-trans) isomers.

cleus a fused, reduced, 17-carbon-atom ring system,

Another aspect of stereochemistry concerns control

cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene. Most steroids

of the molecular configuration of high-polymer sub-

also have two methyl groups and an aliphatic side

stances by use of appropriate (stereospecific) cata-

chain attached to the nucleus. The length of the side

lysts.

chain varies and generally contains 8, 9, or 10 car-

See optical isomer; enantiomer; asymmetry; poly-

bon atoms in the sterols, 5 carbon atoms in the bile

mer, stereospecific; Ziegler catalyst; geometric

acids, 2 in the adrenal cortical steroids, and none in

isomer.

the estrogens and androgens. Steroids are classed as

lipids because of their solubility in organic solvents

stereoisomer. See stereochemistry.

and insolubility in water.

Most of the naturally occurring steroids have been

“Stereon” [Firestone]. TM for styrene-butadi-

synthesized and many new steroids unknown in

ene block copolymers.

nature have been synthesized for use in medicine,

Use: In adhesives, plastics, and asphalt.

such as the fluorosteroids (dexamethasone).

stereoregular polymer. See polymer, ste-

sterol. A steroid alcohol. Such alcohols contain

reospecific.

the common steroid nucleus, plus an 8- to 10-car-

bon-atom sidechain and a hydroxyl group. Sterols

stereospecific catalyst. See catalyst, stereo- are widely distributed in plants and animals, both in

specific. the free form and esterified to fatty acids. Cholester-

1179 STOICHIOMETRY

ol is the most important animal sterol; ergosterol is

stilbene. (toluelene; trans form of ␣,␤-diphe-

nylethylene).

an important plant sterol (phytosterol).

CAS: 103-30-0. C

CH:CHC

Properties: Colorless or slightly yellow crystals. D

Stevens rearrangement. Migration of an al-

0.9707, mp 124–125, bp 306–307C. Soluble in ben-

kyl group from a quaternary ammonium salt to an

zene and ether; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble

adjacent carbanionic center on treatment with strong

in water. Combustible.

base. The product is a rearranged tertiary amine,

Derivation: By passing toluene over hot lead oxide.

sulfonium, or sulfide.

Method of purification: Crystallization, zone melt-

ing used for very pure crystals.

STH. See somatotropic hormone.

Grade: Technical, pure.

Use: Manufacture of dyes and optical bleaches, crys-

stibic anhydride. See antimony pentoxide.

tals are used as phosphors and scintillators. Note:

The cis form of ␣,␤-diphenylethylene (isostilbene)

stibine. See antimony hyride.

is a yellow oil, bp 145C (13 mm Hg), mp 1C.

stibium. The Latin name for the element antimo-

stilbene dye. A dye whose molecules contain

ny; hence the symbol Sb.

both the −N==N− and the >C==C< chromophor

groups in their structure and whose CI numbers

stibnite. (gray antimony; antimony glance; an-

range from 40,000 to 40,999. These are direct cotton

timonite). Sb

dyes.

Properties: Lead-gray mineral, subject to blackish

tarnish, metallic luster. D 4.52–4.62, Mohs hardness

stilbestrol. See diethylstilbestrol.

2. Soluble in concentrated boiling hydrochloric acid

with evolution of hydrogen sulfide.

still. A device for the conversion of a material

Occurrence: Japan, China, Mexico, Bolivia, Peru,

from the solid or liquid state to the vapor state, with

South Africa.

or without simultaneous chemical decomposition.

Use: The most important ore of antimony.

The vapor is condensed in a separate part of the

apparatus becoming liquid or solid again.

sticky ends. After digestion of a DNA with cer-

tain restriction enzymes, the ends left have one

stillage. The grain residue from alcohol produc-

strand overhanging the other to form a short (typi-

tion used in feeds and feed supplements.

cally 4 nt) single-stranded segment. This overhang

will easily re-attach to other ends like it and become

stirrer. See impeller; agitator.

known as “sticky ends.”

The overhangs thus produced can still hybridize

STM. Abbreviation for scanning tunneling mi-

(“anneal”) with each other, even if they came from

croscope.

different parent DNA molecules, and the enzyme

ligase will then covalently link the strands. Sticky

Stobbe condensation. Condensation of alde-

ends therefore facilitate the ligation of diverse seg-

hydes or ketones with diethyl succinate in the pres-

ments of DNA, and allow the formation of novel

ence of a strong base to form monoesters of ␣-alkyli-

DNA constructs.

dene (or arylidene) succinic acids.

Stieglitz rearrangement. Rearrangement of

Stock system. See chemical nomenclature.

trityl hydroxylamines to Schiff bases on treatment

with phosphorous pentachloride.

Stoddard solvent.

CAS: 8052-41-3. A widely used dry cleaning sol-

stigmasterol. C

O•H

O. A plant sterol.

vent. U.S. Bureau of Standards and ASTM D-484-

52 define it as a petroleum distillate clear and free

from suspended matter and undissolved water, and

free from rancid and objectionable odor. The mini-

mum flash p is 100F (37.7C). Distillation range,

more than 50% over at 350F (177C), 90% over at

375F (190C), and the end point below 410F (210C);

autoign temp 450F (232C). Combustible.

Hazard: Fire risk. Toxic by ingestion. TLV: 100

ppm.

Use: Dry cleaning, spot and stain removal.

Properties: Insoluble in water; soluble in usual or-

ganic solvents. Combustible.

Derivation: From soy or calabar beans.

stoichiometry. The branch of chemistry and

Use: Preparation of progesterone and other important chemical engineering that deals with the quantities

steroids. of substances that enter into and are produced by

1180STOKES’S LAW

chemical reactions. For example, when methane kept well separated. Oxidizing agents (nitrates, per-

oxides, etc.) should not be stored near reducing or

unites with oxygen in complete combustion, 16 g of

combustible materials. Heat-sensitive materials

methane requires 64 g of oxygen. At the same time

should be kept away from hot pipes or other heat

44 g of carbon dioxide and 36 g of water are formed

sources, especially in the case of flammable liquids.

as reaction productions. Every chemical reaction

Chemicals that will ignite spontaneously in air or

has its characteristic proportions. The methods of

react with water vapor require special storage condi-

obtaining these from chemical formulas, equations,

tions to keep them out of contact with air. See

atomic weights, and molecular weights and determi-

pyrophoric.

nation of what and how much is used and produced

Reactive organic monomers that tend to polymerize

in chemical processes is the major concern of stoi-

at room temperature, e.g., styrene, must contain an

chiometry.

inhibitor when stored or shipped.

(3) Food Products. Long shelf life at or near room

Stokes’s law. (1) The rate at which a spherical

temperature is highly desirable for processed foods.

particle will rise or fall when suspended in a liquid

This is achieved partly by the use of antioxidants and

medium varies as the square of its radius; the density

other preservatives and partly by processing tech-

of the particle and the density and viscosity of the

niques. Much experimental work has been done in

liquid are essential factors. Stokes’s law is used in

this field. Refrigerated storage at temperatures near

determining sedimentation of solids, creaming rate

4.5C is used for meats, eggs, and other dairy prod-

of fat particles in milk, etc.

ucts. Meats and quick-frozen foods can be stored

(2) In atomic processes, the wavelength of fluores-

indefinitely at or below −18C. Controlled-atmo-

cent radiation is always longer than that of the excit-

sphere storage to retard postharvest ripening is used

ing radiation.

for unprocessed fruits and vegetables. See aging

(2); atmosphere, controlled.

“Stoko” [Goldschmid]. TM for a line of skin

(4) Energy. The conventional method of storing

care and cleansing products.

energy is by means of primary and secondary batter-

ies. See dry cell; storage battery.

Stolle synthesis. Formation of indole deriva-

The growing need for energy conservation has sti-

tives by the reaction of arylamines with ␣-haloacid

mulated research on new and more effective meth-

chlorides or oxalyl chloride, followed by cyclization

ods, especially in regard to solar and wind energy,

of the resulting amides with aluminum chloride.

the collection of which is intermittent or nonuni-

form. Two such methods are in limited use. One (for

stop bath. An acid solution for stopping photo-

electric power plants) involves compressing air with

graphic development by chemical neutralization of

off-peak electricity and storing it in subterranean

developer.

cavities from which it can be withdrawn when need-

ed. The other (for domestic use) involves electrical-

stop codons. (termination codons; nonsense

ly heating refractory bricks at night at off-peak rates;

codons). UAA, UAG, and UGA. In protein synthe-

the stored heat is given up during the day with 90%

sis these codons signal the termination of a polypep-

energy recovery. A number of other techniques are

tide chain..

in the experimental stage: use of Glauber’s salt,

which has seven times the heat capacity of water, for

storage. Any method of keeping raw materials,

storing solar energy; specialized batteries; so-called

chemicals, food products, and energy while await-

solar ponds; groundwater heated by solar or indus-

ing use, transportation, or consumption. The term

trial process heat and returned to underground stor-

storage is often applied to various types of wastes,

age; and mechanical devices such as flywheel tech-

but the more accurate word is disposal.

nology.

See radioactive waste; chemical waste; waste control.

(5) For information on storage, see chemical data

(1) Raw materials. Normally storage is in suitably

storage.

protected and well-ventilated interior areas at ambi-

ent temperature. Outdoor storage is practicable in

some cases, e.g., logs for pulpwood, certain bulk

storage battery. A secondary battery, so called

solids and liquids received in metal or fiber drums. because the conversion of chemical to electrical

Storage of flammable liquids in large underground energy is reversible and the battery is thus recharga-

tanks is standard practice (gasoline, fuel oil). Hygro- ble. An automobile battery usually consists of 12–17

scopic materials (paper, textiles) should be in a hu- cells with plates (electrodes) made of sponge lead

midity-controlled environment. Combustible mate- (negative plate or anode) and lead dioxide (positive

rials that tend to build up internal heat on long plate or cathode) that is in the form of a paste. The

standing at high ambient temperature (cellulosics electrolyte is sulfuric acid. The chemical reaction

such as paper, hay, grain; bulk wool; and certain that yields electric current is Pb + PbO

+2H

vegetable oils) should be stored in well-ventilated ←→ 2PbSO

+2H

O+2e. More complicated and

areas. expensive types have nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium,

(2) Chemicals. Materials that may react to form silver-zinc, and silver-cadmium as electrode materi-

hazardous products in case of spillage should be als. A sodium-liquid sulfur battery for high-temper-

1181 STREPTOMYCIN

ature operation as well as a chlorine-zinc type using long, similar to those of hardwoods. Straw can be

titanium electrodes have also been developed. pulped by the alkaline process to yield specialty

As part of the U.S. effort to replace gasoline with papers of high quality. Use of straw for papermaking

another form of energy, DOE is supporting short- is of limited importance in the U.S. due to the abun-

dance of pulpwood.

and long-term research on batteries for electric vehi-

cles at Argonne National Laboratories. Three types

intended to deliver 20–30 kwh are in the short-term

streaming electromotive force. See

program: improved lead-acid, nickel-zinc and nick-

streaming potential

el-iron. The long-term program includes lithium-

metal sulfide, sodium-sulfur (␤-battery), zinc-chlo-

streaming potential. (streaming electromo-

rine, and metal-air. Independent research indicates

tive force). (1) The current set up between ex-

that a zinc–nickel oxide system has encouraging

tremes of a diaphragm when a liquid is forced

possibilities. A lead-acid battery for storing energy

through a porous diaphragm. (2) The electromotive

from solar cells has been reported to have a life of

force produced by the flow of a liquid past a solid

5–7 years.

surface.

storax. USP name for styrax.

Strecker amino acid synthesis. Synthesis

of ␣-amino acids by simultaneous reaction of alde-

“Storite” [MSD Agvet]. TM for a post harvest

hydes with ammonia and hydrogen cyanide fol-

pesticide.

lowed by hydrolysis of the resulting amino nitriles.

Stork enamine reaction. Synthesis of ␣-al-

Strecker degradation. Interaction of an ␣-

kyl or ␣-acyl carbonyl compounds from enamines

amino acid with a carbonyl compound in aqueous

and alkyl or acyl halides.

solution or suspension to give carbon dioxide and an

aldehyde or ketone containing one less carbon atom.

STP. Abbreviation for standard temperature and

Inorganic oxidizing agents can also be used to bring

pressure, i.e., 0C and 1 atm pressure.

about the reaction.

STP (hallucinogen).

Strecker sulfite alkylation. Formation of al-

CAS: 15588-95-1. mf: C

kyl sulfonates by reaction of alkyl halides with alkali

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

or ammonium sulfites in aqueous solution in the

presence of iodide.

STPP. Abbreviation for sodium tripolyphosp-

hate.

streptolin.

Properties: An antibiotic isolated as the hydrochlo-

straight chain. See aliphatic.

ride. Gummy mass, soluble in water, most stable at

pH 3.0–3.5.

straight-run. See gasoline.

Derivation: Produced by Streptomyces # 11.

Use: Antibiotic, possible rodenticide.

strain. The resistance to deformation, that is, the

tendency to resume its original shape, of a material

subjected to a static or dynamic load. Strain in-

streptomycin.

creases as a function of stress; at rupture it represents

CAS: 57-92-1. C

. A specific antibiotic,

the maximum strength of the material, usually mea-

but the term is also used loosely to designate several

sured in pounds per square inch or kilograms per

chemically related antibiotics produced by actino-

square centimeter. The relationship of stress to

mycetes. Streptomycin is produced by Streptomyces

strain is indicated by a curve obtained by stretching a

griseus and consists of streptidine attached in glyco-

sample of standard dimensions in a device designed

sidic linkage to the disaccharide, streptobiosamine.

for that purpose.

It is active against Gram-negative bacteria and the

See stress; modulus of elasticity.

tubercle bacillus. Usually available as trihydrochlo-

ride, phosphate, or sesquisulfate.

Straits tin. 99.895% pure tin.

Properties: A base that readily forms salts with an-

ions. Quite stable but very hygroscopic. One unit

strangeness. See antiparticle.

equals one microgram of pure crystalline streptomy-

cin base.

strategy. A computer-aided approach to a prob-

Derivation: From Streptomyces griseus by aerobic

lem in organic synthesis, e.g., in biomimetic chemis-

fermentation. The streptomycin is then concentrated

try or recombinant DNA. Strategies may be group

by adsorption on activated carbon and purified.

oriented, nonoriented, or long range.

Hazard: Damage to nerves and kidneys may result

from ingestion. Use restricted by FDA.

straw. A fibrous, cellulosic component of cereal Use: Medicine (antibacterial).

plants (wheat, rice, etc.). Its fibers are 1–1.5 mm See dihydrostreptomycin.

1182STREPTONIGRIN

streptonigrin. (USAN) lence

2, radioactive isotopes strontium-89 and

strontium-90. There are four stable isotopes.

CAS: 3930-19-6. C

. An antibiotic derived

Properties: Pale-yellow, soft metal; chemically sim-

from Streptomyces flocculus. Dark-brown, rectan-

ilar to calcium. D 2.54, mp 752, bp 1390C. Soluble

gular crystals.

in alcohol and acids, decomposes water on contact.

Occurrence: Ores of strontianite and celestite (Mex-

stress. The deformation undergone by a material

ico, Spain).

when subjected to a definite load (the force applied

Derivation: (1) Electrolysis of molten strontium

per unit area). The load may be static (constant) or

chloride in a graphite crucible with cooling of the

dynamic (increasing at a uniform rate). In either case

upper, cathodic space; (2) thermal reduction of the

it induces a strain in the material that results in

oxide with metallic aluminum (strontium aluminum

rupture if the deforming force exceeds its strength.

alloy formed), and distilling the strontium in a

See strain; modulus of elasticity.

vacuum.

Grade: Technical.

stress cracking. (tension cracking). Develop-

Hazard: Spontaneously flammable in powder form,

ment of transverse cracks in a rubber or plastic

ignites when heated above its mp. Reacts with water

product exposed to atmospheric oxygen at low

to evolve hydrogen. Store under naphtha.

(5–10%) elongation for long periods of time, for

Use: Alloys, “getter” in electron tubes.

example, coiled hose, packaging materials, etc.,

both in service and during storage. Cracking will

strontium-90. Radioactive strontium isotope.

occur in the absence of light. It can be minimized in

Properties: Half-life is 38 years. Radiation: ␤.

the case of a plastic such as polyethylene by lower-

Derivation: From the fission products of nuclear

ing the density and the melt index, and in rubber by

reactor fuels.

use of antioxidants.

Available forms: A mixture containing strontium-

90, yttrium-90, and strontium-89 chlorides in hydro-

stringency. A term used to describe the condi-

chloric acid solution; also as the carbonate and tita-

tions of hybridization. By varying the conditions

nate.

(especially salt concentration and temperature), a

Hazard: Highly toxic radioactive poison; present in

given probe sequence may be allowed to hybridize

fallout from nuclear explosions. Absorbed by grow-

only with its exact complement (high stringency), or

ing plants; when ingested attacks bone marrow with

with any somewhat related sequences (relaxed or

possibly fatal results. It may be partially removed

low stringency). Increasing the temperature or de-

from milk by treatment with vermiculite.

creasing the salt concentration will tend to increase

Use: Radiation source in industrial thickness gauges,

the selectivity of a hybridization reaction, and thus

elimination of static charge, treatment of eye dis-

will raise the stringency.

eases, in radio-autography to determine the unifor-

mity of material distribution, in electronics for stu-

stripping. (1) Removal of relatively volatile

dying strontium oxide in vacuum tubes, activation

components from a gasoline or other liquid mixture

of phosphors, source of ionizing radiation in lumi-

by distillation, evaporation, or by passage of steam,

nous paint, cigarette density control, measuring silk

air, or other gas through the liquid mixture. (2)

density, atomic batteries, etc.

Rapid removal of color from an improperly dyed

fabric or fiber by a chemical reaction. Compounds

strontium acetate.

used for this purpose in vat dyeing or in discharge

CAS: 543-94-2. Sr(C

)

•1/2H

printing are termed discharging agents. Substances

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

commonly used as strippers are sodium hydrosul-

water; loses 1/2H

O at 150C.

fite, titanous sulfate, sodium and zinc formaldehyde

Derivation: Interaction of strontium hydroxide and

sulfoxylates.

acetic acid, followed by crystallization.

Use: Intermediate for strontium compounds, catalyst

stroma. The space and aqueous solution enclosed

production.

within the inner membrane of a chloroplast.

strontium bromate. Sr(BrO

)

•H

strontia. See strontium oxide.

Properties: Colorless or yellowish crystals, lustrous

powder, hygroscopic. Soluble in water. D 3.773.

strontianite. SrCO

. Natural strontium car-

Loses water at 120C, decomposes at 240C.

bonate.

Hazard: Strong oxidant, fire risk in contact with

Properties: White, gray, yellow, green color; vitre-

organic materials.

ous luster. Mohs hardness 3.5–4, d 3.7.

Occurrence: California, New York, Washington,

Germany, Mexico.

strontium bromide.

Use: Source of strontium chemicals.

CAS: 10476-81-0. SrBr

•6H

Properties: White, hygroscopic crystals or powder.

strontium. Sr. Metallic element of atomic num- D 2.386 (25/4C), loses 4H

O at 89C, losing remain-

ber 38, group IIA of periodic table, aw 87.62, va- ing water by 180C; mp anhydrous salt 643C. Solu-

1183 STRONTIUM NITRATE

ble in water, alcohol, and amyl alcohol; insoluble in

strontium fluoride.

ether.

CAS: 7783-48-4. SrF

Derivation: Strontium carbonate is treated with bro-

Properties: White powder. D 4.2, mp 1463C, bp

mine or hydrobromic acid.

2489C. Soluble in hydrochloric acid and hydrogen

Grade: Anhydrous powder, crystals, technical, CP.

fluoride; insoluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Grade: Crystals, 99.2% pure.

Use: Medicine (sedative), lab reagent.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: Substitute for other fluorides, electronic and

optical applications, single crystals for lasers, high-

strontium carbonate. SrCO

temperature dry-film lubricants.

Properties: White, impalpable powder. D 3.62, loses

carbon dioxide at 1340C. Soluble in acids, carbonat-

strontium hydroxide. (strontium hydrate).

ed water, and solutions of ammonium salts; slightly

(1) Sr(OH)

. (2) Sr(OH)

•8H

soluble in water.

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals. (1) D

Derivation: Celestite is boiled with a solution of

3.625, mp 375C, decomposes 710C; (2) d 1.90.

ammonium carbonate or is fused with sodium car-

Soluble in acids and hot water; slightly soluble in

bonate.

cold water; absorbs carbon dioxide from air.

Grade: Precipitated, technical, natural, reagent.

Derivation: Heating the carbonate or sulfide in

Use: Catalyst, in radiation-resistant glass for color

steam.

television tubes, ceramic ferrites, pyrotechnics.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.

Use: Extraction of sugar from beet sugar molasses,

strontium chlorate.

lubricant soaps and greases, stabilizer for plastics,

CAS: 7791-10-8. (1) Sr(ClO

)

. (2) Sr(ClO

)

•8H

glass, adhesives.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. (1) D 3.152,

mp decomposes at 120C. Soluble in water; slightly

strontium hyposulfite. See strontium thio-

soluble in alcohol.

sulfate.

Derivation: Strontium hydroxide solution is warmed

and chlorine passed in, with subsequent crystalliza-

strontium iodide.

tion.

CAS: 10476-86-5. (1) SrI

•6H

O. (2) SrI

Grade: Technical, reagent.

Properties: (1) White, crystalline plates. Decom-

Hazard: Dangerous explosion risk in contact with

poses in moist air; becomes yellow on exposure to

organic materials; highly sensitive to shock, heat,

air or light. (2) White crystals. Soluble in water and

and friction; strong oxidizing agent.

alcohol. (2) D 4.549, mp 515C, bp decomposes. (1)

Use: Manufacture of red-fire and other pyrotechnics,

D 2.67 (25C), mp 90C (decomposes).

tracer bullets.

Derivation: By treating strontium carbonate with

hydriodic acid.

strontium chloride.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

CAS: 10476-85-4. (1) SrCl

. (2) SrCl

•6H

Use: Medicine (source of iodine), intermediate.

Properties: White, crystalline needles; odorless;

sharp, bitter taste. (1) D 3.054, mp 872C, bp 1250C;

strontium lactate. Sr(C

)

•3H

(2) d 1.964, mp loses 6H

O at 150C. Soluble in water

Properties: White crystals or granular powder;

and alcohol.

odorless. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether.

Derivation: Strontium carbonate is fused with calci-

um chloride, the melt extracted with water, the solu-

strontium molybdate. SrMoO

tion concentrated and crystallized.

Properties: Crystalline powder. D 4, mp 1600C.

Grade: Reagent, technical, anhydrous.

Insoluble in water.

Use: Strontium salts, pyrotechnics, electron tubes.

Grade: 99.39% pure, single crystals.

Use: Anticorrosion pigments, electronic and optical

strontium chromate. (chromic acid, stronti-

applications, single crystals, solid-state lasers.

um salt (1:1)).

CAS: 7789-06-2. SrCrO

strontium monosulfide. See strontium sul-

Properties: Light-yellow pigment. D 3.84. Rust-in-

fide.

hibiting and corrosion-resistant properties. Has

good heat and light resistance and low reactivity in

strontium nitrate.

highly acid vehicles.

CAS: 10042-76-9. Sr(NO

)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: TWA 0.0005

Properties: White powder. D 2.98, mp 570C, bp

ppm; Suspected Human Carcinogen.

645C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in absolute

Use: Metal protective coatings to prevent corrosion,

alcohol.

colorant in polyvinyl chloride resins; pyrotechnics,

Derivation: A concentrated solution of strontium

sulfate ion control in electroplating baths.

chloride is treated with a solution of sodium nitrate.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

strontium dioxide. See strontium peroxide. Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, fire risk in contact

1184STRONTIUM NITRITE

with organic materials, may explode when shocked Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless;

or heated. sweet saline taste. Soluble in water and alcohol;

Use: Pyrotechnics, marine signals, railroad flares, decomposes when heated. Protect from light.

matches. Derivation: Interaction of strontium carbonate and

salicylic acid.

Use: Pharmaceutical and fine chemical manufacture.

strontium nitrite. Sr(NO

)

Properties: White or yellowish powder or hygro-

strontium stearate. Sr(OOCC

)

scopic needles. D 2.8, decomposes at 240C. Soluble

Properties: White powder. Mp 130–140C. Insoluble

in water; insoluble in alcohol.

in alcohol; soluble (forms gel) in aliphatic and aro-

matic hydrocarbons.

strontium oxalate. SrC

•H

Use: Grease and wax compounding.

Properties: White powder; odorless. Loses H

Oat

150C. Insoluble in cold water.

strontium sulfate. SrSO

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: White precipitate or crystals of the min-

Use: Pyrotechnics, catalyst manufacture, tanning.

eral celestite; odorless. D 3.71–3.97, mp 1605C.

Slightly soluble in concentrated acids; very slightly

strontium oxide. (strontia). SrO.

soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and dilute

Properties: Grayish-white, porous lumps. D 4.7, mp

sulfuric acid.

2430C, bp 3000C. Soluble in fused potassium hy-

Derivation: (1) Celestite is ground; (2) precipitation

droxide, converted to hydroxide by water. Combus-

of any soluble strontium salt with sodium sulfate.

tible.

Grade: Natural, precipitated, air-floated, 90%, 325

Derivation: Decomposition of strontium carbonate

mesh, free from sodium salts, CP.

or hydroxide.

Use: Pyrotechnics, ceramics and glass, paper manu-

Grade: Lump, powder, porous carbide-free, reagent.

facture.

Use: Manufacture of strontium salts, pyrotechnics,

pigments, greases and soaps, a major desiccant.

strontium sulfide. (strontium monosulfide).

CAS: 1314-96-1. SrS.

strontium perchlorate. Sr(ClO

)

Properties: Gray powder, has hydrogen sulfide odor

Properties: Colorless crystals. Very soluble in water

when in presence of moist air. D 3.7, mp 2000C.

and alcohol.

Soluble in acids (decomposes); slightly soluble in

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk in contact with or-

water.

ganic materials.

Derivation: Reduction of celestite with coke at high

Use: Oxidizing agent, pyrotechnics.

temperatures.

Grade: Technical, high purity.

strontium peroxide. (strontium dioxide).

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk. Irritant to

CAS: 1314-18-7. (1) SrO

. (2) SrO

•8H

skin and tissues.

Properties: White powder; odorless; tasteless. (1) D

Use: Depilatory, luminous paints, manufacture of

4.56, mp decomposes at 215C; (2) d 1.951, loses

strontium chemicals.

O at 100C and decomposes when heated to a

higher temperature. Soluble in ammonium chloride

strontium tartrate. SrC

•4H

solution and alcohol; soluble in ammonium chloride

Properties: White crystals. D 1.966. Slightly soluble

solution and alcohol; decomposes in hot water;

in water. Combustible.

slightly soluble in cold water.

Use: Pyrotechnics.

Derivation: (1) By passing oxygen over heated

strontium oxide; (2) reaction of strontium hydroxide

strontium thiosulfate. (stontium hyposul-

and hydrogen peroxide.

fite). SrS

•5H

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

Properties: Fine needles. D 2.17, mp loses 4H

Oat

with organic materials; sensitive to heat, shock, cat-

100C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

alysts, reducing agents; oxidizing agent.

Use: Bleaching, fireworks, antiseptic.

strontium titanate. SrTiO

Properties: Powder. D 4.81, mp 2060C. Insoluble in

strontium-potassium chlorate. (potassium-

water and most solvents.

strontium chlorate). Sr(ClO

)

•2KClO

Grade: Technical, single crystals.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

Use: Electronics, electrical insulation.

water.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk in contact with or-

strontium zirconate. SrZrO

ganic materials; sensitive to heat, shock, catalysts, Properties: Powder. Mp 2600C.

reducing agents; oxidizing agent. Use: Electronics.

Use: Pyrotechnics.

structural antagonist. See antagonist, struc-

strontium salicylate. Sr(C

)

•2H

O. tural.

1185 STYRENE MONOMER

structural formula. See formula, chemical. “Stymer” Vinyl Styrene [Solutia]. TM for

resins used as sizes for filament acetates. L.F. A

vinyl resin. Styrene copolymer resin.

structural genomics. The effort to determine

Properties: Soluble in water, ammonium hydroxide,

the 3D structures of large numbers of proteins using

and sulfur.

both experimental techniques and computer simula-

tion.

S-type synthetic elastomer. See styrene-bu-

tadiene rubber.

structure. (1) In the terminology of the textile

industry, any woven fabrics. (2) In chemistry, the

styphnic acid. (2,4,6-trinitroresorcinol).

arrangement of atoms and groups in a molecule.

CAS: 82-71-3. C

H(OH)

(NO

)

Properties: Yellow crystals; astringent taste. An ini-

strychnidine. C

tiating explosive. Mp 179–180C. Forms addition

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 256C.

compounds with many hydrocarbons; soluble in al-

Use: Reagent for nitrate determination.

cohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: Nitration of resorcinol.

strychnine.

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when heated.

CAS: 57-24-9. C

. An alkaloid.

Use: Priming agents in the explosives industry.

styracin. See cinnamyl cinnamate.

styralyl acetate. See ␣-methylbenzyl acetate.

styralyl alcohol. See ␣-methylbenzyl alcohol.

styrax. A type of balsam found in Central Ameri-

ca and the Near East.

See balsam.

Properties: Hard white crystals or powder; bitter

taste. Mp 268–290C, bp 270C (5 mm Hg). Soluble in

styrenated oil. A drying oil whose drying and

chloroform; slightly soluble in alcohol and benzene;

hardening characteristics have been modified by

slightly soluble in water and ether.

incorporation of styrene or a similar monomer.

Derivation: Extraction of the seeds of Nux vomica

with acetic acid, filtration, precipitation by alkali

styrene. See polystyrene; styrene monomer.

and filtration.

Grade: Crystals, powder, technical.

styrene-acrylonitrile. See polystyrene.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV:

0.15 mg/m

styrene-butadiene rubber. (SBR). By far the

Use: Pesticide.

most widely used type of synthetic rubber, its con-

sumption for all applications is four times that of

STS. See sequence tagged site.

polybutadiene, its nearest competitor, and 1.5 times

that of all other elastomers combined. Its manufac-

stuff. Term used by papermakers to refer to the

ture involves copolymerization of three parts buta-

aqueous pulp suspension fed onto the fourdrinier

diene with one part styrene. These materials are

wire from the headbox.

suspended in finely divided emulsion form in a large

See furnish.

proportion of water, in the presence of a soap or

detergent. Also present in small amounts are an

Stuffer disulfone hydrolysis rule. (1) All

initiator or catalyst which is usually a peroxide, and

sulfones containing vicinal sulfone

a chain-modifying agent such as dodecyl mercaptan.

group–substituted carbon atoms (␥-disulfones) are

Use: Tires, footwear, mechanical goods, coatings,

hydrolyzed by dilute alkali with formation of ␤-hy-

adhesives, solvent-release sealants, carpet backing.

droxysulfone and sulfinate. (2) All sulfones in

See rubber, synthetic; polymerization; free radical.

which adjacent carbon atoms carry a strongly nega-

tive group, and one or two sulfone residues can be

styrene glycol.

cleaved into a sulfinic acid and an unsaturated com-

CAS: 93-56-1. C

pound.

Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 67C, bp 272C.

Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Use: Plasticizers.

“STXS” [Condea Vista].

Available forms: Liquid. TM for sodium, toluene,

xylene, sulfonate.

styrene monomer. (vinylbenzene; phenyleth-

Use: A hydrotrope or solubilizing agent in detergent ylene; cinnamene).

formulas. CAS: 100-42-5. C

CH:CH

1186STYRENE NITROSITE

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; aromatic odor. Fp (“Styron Verelite”). Available in wide range of

−30.63C, bp 145.2C, d 0.9045 (25/25C), bulk d 7.55

translucent and opaque colors, as well as natural and

lb/gal (20C), flash p 88F (31.1C), autoign temp

crystal.

914F (490C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

Use: Packaging, toys, appliance parts, bottle closures

and ether; readily undergoes polymerization when

and containers, hot and cold drinking cups, televi-

heated or exposed to light or a peroxide catalyst. The

sion cabinet backs, automotive components and ma-

polymerization releases heat and may become ex-

chine housings, lighting equipment.

plosive.

Derivation: From ethylene and benzene in the pres-

styryl carbinol. See cinnamic alcohol.

ence of aluminum chloride to yield ethylbenzene,

which is catalytically dehydrogenated at 630C to

sub-cloning. If you have a cloned piece of DNA

form styrene.

(say, inserted into a plasmid) and you need unlimit-

Grade: Technical 99.2%, polymer 99.6%.

ed copies of only a part of it, you might “sub-clone”

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk, explosive

it. This involves starting with several million copies

limits in air 1.1–6.1%, must be inhibited during

of the original plasmid, cutting with restriction en-

storage. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 50

zymes, and purifying the desired fragment out of the

ppm; STEL 40 ppm; not classifiable as a human

mixture. That fragment can then be inserted into a

carcinogen.

new plasmid for replication. It has now been sub-

Use: Polystyrene; SBR, ABS, and SAN resins; pro-

cloned.

tective coatings (styrene-butadiene latex, alkyds);

styrenated polyesters; rubber-modified polystyrene;

suberane. See cycloheptane.

copolymer resins; intermediate.

suberic acid. (octanedioic acid).

HOOC(CH

)

COOH.

Properties: Colorless crystals from water. Mp 143C,

bp 279C (100 mm Hg). Partially soluble in water and

ether; soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: Oxidation of oleic acid with nitric acid.

styrene nitrosite. A compound resulting from

Use: Intermediate for the synthesis of drugs, dyes,

the reaction between styrene and nitrogen dioxide

and high polymers.

and used as a qualitative or quantitative specific test

for monomeric styrene in mixtures with other hydro-

suberone. See cycloheptanone.

carbons.

sublimation. The direct passage of a substance

styrene oxide.

from solid to vapor without appearing in the inter-

CAS: 96-09-3.

mediate (liquid) state. An example is solid carbon

dioxide which vaporizes at room temperature; the

❘

conversion may also be from vapor to solid under

Properties: Colorless to pale-straw-colored liquid.

appropriate conditions of temperature.

Boiling range 194.2–195C (5–95%), fp −36.6C,

flash p 180F (82.2C) (COC), refractive index 1.5328

subnuclear particle. A particle either found in

(25C), d 1.0469 (25/4C). Miscible with benzene,

the nucleus or observed coming from the nucleus as

acetone, ether, and methanol. Combustible.

the result of nuclear reaction or rearrangement, i.e.,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

neutrons, mesons, etc.

Use: Highly reactive organic intermediate.

substance. Any chemical element or compound.

“Styresol” [Reichhold]. TM for a group of

All substances are characterized by a unique and

styrenated alkyd resins with air-drying and baking

identical constitution and are thus homogeneous. “A

properties and high resistance to gasoline, alkalies,

material of which every part is like every other part

acids, and water.

is said to be homogeneous and is called a substance.”

(Black and Conant, Practical Chemistry.)

See homogeneous.

“Styrofoam” [Dow]. TM for expanded cellular

polystyrene (available in colors).

substantive dye. See direct dye.

Use: Insulating materials; light-weight materials for

boats, toys, etc.; separators in packing containers;

airport runways; highway construction; battery

substituent. An atom or radical that replaces

cases.

another in a molecule as the result of a reaction.

See substitution.

“Styron” [Dow]. TM for polystyrene resins,

general purpose, medium and high impact, heat and

substitute natural gas. See synthetic natural

impact-heat resistant, and light-stabilized resins gas.

1187 SUCCINYL OXIDE

substitution. The replacement of one element or dyes, esters for perfumes, photography, in foods as a

radical by another as a result of a chemical reaction. sequestrant, buffer, neutralizing agent.

Chlorination of benzene to produce chlorobenzene

is a typical example; in this case a chlorine atom

succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide.

replaces a hydrogen atom in the benzene molecule.

(diaminozide). (CH

)

NNHCOCH

COOH.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 155C, pH 3.8 (500

substitution mutation.

ppm). Soluble in water; insoluble in simple hydro-

In genetics, a type of mutation due to replacement of

carbons.

one nucleotide in a DNA sequence by another nucle-

Use: Growth retardant used in greenhouses, retards

otide; or replacement of one amino acid in a protein

premature fruit drop.

by another amino acid.

succinic acid peroxide.

substrate. (1) A substance upon which an en-

CAS: 123-23-9. (HOOCCH

CO)

zyme or ferment acts. (2) Any solid surface on which

Properties: Fine, white powder; odorless. Mp 125C

a coating or layer of a different material is deposited.

(decomposes). Moderately soluble in water; insolu-

ble in petroleum solvents and benzene.

substrate-level phosphorylation. Phospho-

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with combustible mate-

rylation of ADP or some other nucleoside 5

′

-diphos-

rials, oxidizing agent. Toxic by ingestion and inhala-

phate coupled to the dehydrogenation of an organic

tion, irritant to skin.

substrate; independent of the electron transport

Use: Polymerization catalyst, deodorants, anti-

chain.

septics.

subtilin. An antibiotic produced by the metabolic

succinic anhydride. (2,5-diketotetrahydrofu-

processes of a strain of Bacillus subtilis. It is a cyclic

rane; succinyl oxide; butanedoic anhydride).

polypeptide similar to bacitracin in chemical struc-

CAS: 108-30-5.

ture and antibiotic activity, but not as important

clinically. Subtilin is active against many Gram-

❘

C(O)OC(O)

❘

positive bacteria, some Gram-negative cocci, and

Properties: Colorless or light-colored needles or

some species of fungi. It is a surface tension depres-

flakes. D 1.104 (20/4C), mp 120C, bp 261C, sub-

sant and its antibiotic action is increased by use of

limes at 115C (5 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol and

wetting agents.

chloroform; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Soluble in water in pH range 2.0–6.0.

Grade: Distilled.

Soluble in methanol and ethanol (up to 80%); insol-

Use: Manufacture of chemicals, pharmaceuticals, es-

uble in dry ethanol or other common organic sol-

ters; hardener for resins, starch modifier in foods.

vents. Relatively stable in acid solutions. Inactivat-

ed by pepsin and trypsin and destroyed by light.

succinimide. (2,5-diketopyrrolidine).

Use: Seed disinfectant, bacteriostat in foods.

CAS: 123-56-8.

subtilisins. (Alk [Solutia]; bacillus subtilis

❘

(O)NHC(O)

❘

or C

N•H

BPN; “Maxatase” [Pfizer]).

Properties: Colorless crystals or thin, light-tan

CAS: 1395-21-7 and 9014-01-1.

flakes. Nearly odorless; sweet taste. Mp 125–127C,

Properties: Light-colored prills.

bp 287–288C, d 1.41. Soluble in hot and cold water

Proteolytic enzyme.

and in sodium hydroxide solution; slightly soluble in

Hazard: TLV: ceiling 0.00006 mg/m

alcohol; insoluble in ether and chloroform.

Use: Laundry detergent additive.

Derivation: Conversion of succinic acid to succi-

namide, followed by heating; ammonia splits off to

succinaldehyde. (butanedial).

give a diacyl-substituted derivative (succinimide).

OHCCH

CHO.

Grade: Purified, technical.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.064 (20/4C), bp 169–170C,

Use: Growth stimulants for plants, organic synthesis.

refr index 1.4254. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

ether. The name succinaldehyde is often incorrectly

succiniodimide. See N-iodosuccinimide.

used in commerce as a synonym for succinic anhy-

dride.

succinonitrile. See ethylene cyanide.

succinic acid. (butanedioic acid).

succinylated monoglycerides.

CAS: 110-15-6. CO

H(CH

)

Properties: Off-white colored waxy solid; bland

Properties: Colorless crystals; odorless; acid taste. D

taste. Mp: 60°. Sol in warm methanol, ether, n-pro-

1.552, mp 185C, bp 235C. Slightly soluble in water;

panol.

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Use: Food additive.

Derivation: Fermentation of ammonium tartrate.

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC.

Use: Organic synthesis, manufacture of lacquers,

succinyl oxide. See succinic anhydride.

1188SUCCISTEARIN

succistearin. Use: Low-foam nonionic detergent, surfactants.

Use: Food additive.

sucrose octaacetate.

sucrase. See invertase.

CAS: 126-14-7. C

(OOCCH

)

Properties: White, hygroscopic, crystalline materi-

sucroblanc. A mixture used to purify and bleach

al; bitter taste. When once melted does not recrystal-

sugar solution in one operation. Contains high-test

lize on cooling but becomes a transparent film. Mol-

calcium hypochlorite, calcium superphosphate,

ten film is very adhesive but this property is lost on

lime, and Filtercel (a grade of “Celite”).

cooling. Rate of hydrolysis, practically nil. Gives no

action with Fehling’s solution. D (fused) 1.28 (20/

sucrose. (table sugar; saccharose).

20C), bp 260C (0.1 mm Hg), mp 79–84C, refr index

CAS: 57-50-1. C

1.4660 (20C), decomposes at 285C, viscosity 29.5

cP (100C), specific rotation +54.96 degrees (CCl

Soluble in acetic acid, acetone, benzene; slightly

soluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, reagent, denaturing.

Use: Plasticizer for cellulose esters and plastics, ad-

hesive and coating compositions, insecticide, ter-

mite repellent, denaturant in rubbing alcohol formu-

las, lacquers, flavoring.

Properties: Hard, white, dry crystals, lumps, or pow-

sucrose polyester. An experimental, synthetic,

der; sweet taste; odorless. D 1.5877, decomposes

noncaloric fat substitute composed of a mixture of 6-

160–186C, optical rotation +33.6 degrees. Soluble

, 7-, and 8-fatty acid esters of sucrose. These esters

in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; solutions are

are not decomposed by the digestive enzymes as are

neutral to litmus. Combustible.

the triesters in natural fats; thus they are not metabo-

Derivation: By crushing and extraction of sugarcane

lized and can be recovered from the excreta. The

(Saccharum officinarum) with water or extraction of

physical properties of sucrose polyester are similar

the sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) with water, evaporat-

to those of fats occurring in milk, margarine, and

ing, and purifying with lime, carbon, and various

vegetable oils. It has been found effective in notably

liquids. Also obtainable from sorghum by conven-

reducing body weight in preliminary trials when

tional methods. Occurs in low percentages in honey

substituted for natural dietary fats in salad dressings,

and maple sap.

spreads, and milk mixture. Sucrose polyester also

Grade: Reagent, USP, technical, refined.

has a beneficial effect on serum cholesterol levels. It

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human

has met all FDA test requirements satisfactorily.

carcinogen.

Use: Sweetener in foods and soft drinks, manufacture

of syrups, source of invert sugar, confectionery,

sugar. A carbohydrate product of photosynthesis

preserves and jams, demulcent, pharmaceutical composing one, two, or more saccharose groups.

products, caramel, chemical intermediate for deter- The monosaccharide sugars (often called simple

gents, emulsifying agents, and other sucrose deriva- sugars) are composed of chains of 2–7 carbon

tives. atoms. One of the carbons carries aldehydic or ke-

See sugar. tonic oxygen which may be combined in acetal or

ketal forms. The remaining carbons usually have

sucrose acetate isobutyrate. (SAIB). hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups. Chief among

(CH

COO)

[OOCCH(CH

)

]

. the monosaccharides are glucose (dextrose) and

Properties: Clear sucrose derivative available either fructose (levulose). These are optical isomers of

as a semisolid (100%) or as a 90% solution in etha- formula C

, i.e., their crystals have the property

nol. D 1.146 (25/25C). Combustible. of rotating to either left or right under polarized

Derivation: By controlled esterification of sucrose light. Hence the alternate names dextrose and levu-

with acetic and isobutyric anhydrides. lose.

Use: Modifier for lacquers, hot-melt coating formu- See

D-; optical rotation.

lations, extrudable plastics. Among the disaccharides are sucrose (cane or beet

sugar); lactose, found in milk; maltose, obtained by

sucrose fatty acid esters. hydrolysis of starch; and cellobiose from partial

Use: Food additive. hydrolysis of cellulose. High-polymer sugars occur

as water-soluble gums such as arabic, tragacanth,

sucrose monostearate. etc. Hydrolysis of sucrose yields invert sugar com-

Properties: White powder; odorless, tasteless. posed of equal parts fructose and glucose. Sugar is

Derivation: By reaction of sugar and methyl stearate an important source of metabolic energy in foods

in a suitable solvent and with potassium carbonate and its formation in plants is an essential factor in the

catalyst. life process.

1189 SULFATE PULP

sugarcane wax. A hard wax varying from dark

green to tan and brown, produced by solvent extrac-

tion of cane, mp 76–79C. Combustible.

Grade: Domestic refined, in slabs.

Use: Carbon paper, pigment disperser, castings, lu-

Properties: White, crystalline solid; odorless. Non-

bricant for plastics in food wrappers.

volatile; nonhygroscopic, d 2.1, mp 205C (decom-

poses). Soluble in water; slightly soluble in organic

sugar, corn. See dextrose.

solvents. Aqueous solutions are highly ionized giv-

ing pH values lower than solutions of formic, phos-

sugar, grape. See dextrose.

phoric, and oxalic acids. All the common salts (in-

cluding calcium, barium, and lead) are extremely

sugar, invert. See invert sugar, sugar.

soluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: Reagent, crystalline, granular.

sugar of lead. See lead acetate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Metal and ceramic cleaning, nitrite removal in

sugar of milk. See lactose.

azo dye operations, gas-liberating compositions, or-

ganic synthesis, analytical acidimetric standard,

sugar, reducing. Sugars that will reduce Fehl- amine sulfamates used as plasticizers and fire-retar-

ing’s solution or similar test liquids, with conversion dants, stabilizing agent for chlorine and hypochlor-

of the blue soluble copper salt to a red, orange or ite in swimming pools, bleaching paper pulp and

yellow precipitate of cuprous oxide. Glucose and textiles, catalyst for urea-formaldehyde resins, sul-

maltose are typical examples of reducing sugars, fonating agent, pH control, hard-water-scale remov-

their molecules containing an aldehyde group that is al, electroplating.

the basis for this type of reaction.

sulfanilamide. See sulfa drug.

sugar substitute. See sweetener, nonnutri-

tive.

sulfanilic acid. (p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid;

p-anilinesulfonic acid).

CAS: 121-57-3. H

H•H

suicide inhibitor. A relatively inert molecule

Properties: Grayish-white, flat crystals. Mp chars at

that is transformed by an enzyme at its active site

280–300C. Soluble in fuming hydrochloric acid;

into a reactive substance that irreversibly inactivates

slightly soluble in water; very slightly soluble in

the enzyme.

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: By heating aniline with weak fuming

sulfabromomethazine sodium.

sulfuric acid and pouring the reaction product into

CAS: 116-45-0. mf: C

BrN

water.

Properties: Crystals. Decomp 250−252°. Sol in alka-

Grade: Technical, pure, reagent.

line solns.

Use: Dyestuffs, organic synthesis, medicine, reagent.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

m-sulfanilic acid. See metanilic acid.

sulfachlorpyridazine.

CAS: 80-32-0. mf: C

CIN

sulfanitran.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

CAS: 122-16-7. mf: C

Properties: Crystals from alc (aq). Mp: 239−240°.

sulfa drug. Any of a group of 50 or more com-

Sol in acetone, ethanol, methanol, water, ether.

pounds characterized by the presence of both sulfur

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

and nitrogen, with high specificity for certain bacte-

ria. Because of their toxicity and often serious side

sulfate. The salt of sulfuric acid as in sodium

effects, their use in treating disease is limited, since

sulfate.

the less toxic antibiotics are generally available.

Many are used in veterinary medicine. Among the

best known are sulfanilamide, sulfadiazine, sulfapy-

sulfate mineral. A mineral in which the basic

ridine, sulfamerazine, sulfasoxazole, and gantricin.

building block is a sulfur atom linked to four oxygen

atoms. Most sulfate minerals are highly soluble in

water and form by the evaporation of natural waters.

sulfaethoxypyridazine.

CAS: 963-14-4. mf: C

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 183−184°. Sol in water at

sulfate process. The process of producing paper

37°.

products from woodchips by using a cooking liquor

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

that contains caustic soda, sodium sulfide, soda ash,

and sodium sulfate.

sulfamic acid.

CAS: 5329-14-6. sulfate pulp. See pulp, paper.

1190SULFATE-REDUCING

sulfate-reducing bacteria. Fermenting bacte- Properties: Grayish-white solid. Stable but hygro-

ria that obtain energy by converting sulfate com- scopic in air. Mp 98C, anhydrous form melts at

141C. Soluble in water, alcohol; insoluble in ben-

pounds into sulfide compounds. These bacteria,

zene.

which cannot tolerate oxygen, are common in the

Derivation: Direct sulfonation of benzoic acid with

muds of swamps, ponds, and lagoons. Bacteria of

sulfur trioxide.

this type seem to have flourished in Archean time,

Use: Derivative for surface-active agents.

when there was little atmospheric oxygen.

o-sulfobenzoic acid. HO

COOH.

sulfate turpentine. A by-product turpentine

Properties: White needles. Mp 68–69C (with 3H

from Kraft paper manufacture.

of crystallization), mp 134C (dry). Soluble in water

and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

sulfation. (1) The formation of insoluble white

Derivation: (1) From saccharin and concentrated

lead sulfate in the plates of a lead storage battery. (2)

hydrochloric acid, (2) by the oxidation of thiosali-

The attachment of SO

H to a carbon or nitrogen

cylic acid with potassium permanganate in alkaline

atom.

solution.

Use: Manufacture of sulfonaphthalein indicators,

sulfenamide. A compound having the typical

dyes.

structure RSNH

o-sulfobenzoic anhydride.

sulfide dye. (sulfur dye). One of a group of

water-insoluble dyes produced by heating various

organic compounds with sulfur. The characteristic

❘

COO

❘

chromophore groupings are ≡C−S−C≡ and

Properties: Solid. Mp 129.5C, bp 184–186C (18 mm

≡C−S−S−C≡; CI numbers range from

Hg). Soluble in hot water, ether, and benzene.

53,000–54,999. Like vat dyes, sulfide dyes are re-

Use: Polymerization inhibitor.

duced to a water-soluble, colorless form before ap-

plication and are then oxidized to their original col-

sulfobetaines. See “Crosultaines” [Croda].

ored state. Application is usually to cotton from a

sodium sulfide bath. Sulfur black (CI 53,185) is an

sulfocarbanilide. See thiocarbanilide.

important example.

sulfocarbathion K.

1,1

′

-sulfinylbis(1,2-dichloroethane).

CAS: 114654-31-8.

CAS: 23248-53-5. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

tion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

sulfocarbolic acid. See phenolsulfonic acid.

sulfite. The normal salt of sulfurous acid as in

sodium sulfite.

sulfodehydroabietic acid monosodium salt.

See ecabet sodium.

sulfite acid liquor. An aqueous solution of

calcium bisulfite or calcium and magnesium bisul-

sulfoderm. Silicic acid with 1% colloidal sulfur.

fites containing a large amount of free sulfur diox-

ide. It is prepared from sulfur dioxide and limestone,

1-(4-sulfo-2,3-dichlorophenyl)-3-

dolomite, or lime by countercurrent extraction.

methylpyrazolone.

Use: Manufacture of sulfite pulp for paper.

(Cl

H)N

❘

NC(CH

)CH

❘

CO.

sulfite process. The treatment of wood chips

Properties: White or yellowish powder or crystals.

with bisulfite under heat and pressure to remove

Very soluble in water; soluble in alkalies.

impurities from cellulose to be used in papermaking.

Derivation: By condensation of dichlorophenylhy-

drazine sulfonic acid with ethylacetoacetate.

sulfite pulp. See pulp, paper.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

sulfite waste liquor. A waste liquor produced

“Sulfogene” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of

in the sulfite paper process. Sold in variations from a

sulfur colors.

dilute solution to a solid.

Use: Extensively on cotton work clothing and similar

Use: Foam producer, emulsifier, adhesives, tanning

fabrics and to a limited extent on rayon and other

agent, binder for briquets, cores, unpaved roads,

materials.

source of torula yeast.

See lignin sulfonate; waste disposal.

sulfolane. (1,1-dioxide tetrahydrothiofuran;

m-sulfobenzoic acid. tetramethylene sulfone).

COOH•2H

O. CAS: 126-33-0.

1191 SULFUR

sulfotepp. (ethyl thiopyrophosphate; tetraethyl

❘

dithiopyrophosphate).

Properties: Liquid. D 1.2606 at 30/4C, mp

CAS: 3689-24-5. (C

P(S)OP(S)(OC

)

27.4–27.8C, bp 285C, flash p 330F. Miscible with

Properties: Yellow liquid. Bp 136–139C (2 mm Hg).

water, acetone, toluene (at 30C). Slightly miscible

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic

with octanes, olefins, naphthenes.

solvents.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Hazard: Combustible. Toxic by ingestion.

absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be re-

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resins, medicine (anti-

stricted. TLV: 0.2 mg/m

; not classifiable as a hu-

bacterial).

man carcinogen. Toxic by skin absorption.

Use: Insecticide.

n-sulfomethyl-polymyxin B sodium salt.

See sulfomyxin.

sulfoxide. (generic name for 1,2-(methylenedi-

oxy)-4-[2-(octylsulfinyl)propyl]benzene(n-octyl

sulfoxide isosafrole)).

sulfomyxin.

CAS: 120-62-7. C

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

Properties: Brown liquid. Insoluble in water; slight-

ly soluble in oils, miscible with most organic sol-

sulfonation. The introduction of the sulfo group

vents.

into an organic compound whereby it connects to a

Use: Insecticide synergist.

carbon or nitrogen atom.

sulfur.

sulfonic acid. An organic compound containing

CAS: 7704-34-9. S. Nonmetallic element, atomic

in its molecule one or more sulfo radicals, −SO

OH.

number 16, group VIA of periodic table, aw 32.06,

The sulfur atom is directly united to a carbon atom.

valences

2, 4, 6; four stable isotopes.

Properties: Pure sulfur exists in two stable crystal-

4,4

′

-sulfonyldiphenol. (SDP). (C

OH)

line forms, ␣ and ␤, and at least two amorphous

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp above

(liquid) forms. (1) ␣-Sulfur: rhombic, octahedral,

247C; 99.5% pure.

yellow crystals; stable at room temperature. D 2.06,

Derivation: Oxidation of 4,4

′

-thiodiphenol.

transition to ␤ form 94.5C, mp (rapid heating)

Use: Intermediate, product modification.

112.8C, refr index 1.957. (2) ␤-Sulfur: monoclinic,

prismatic, pale-yellow crystals slowly changing to ␣

p-1-sulfophenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone.

form below 94.5C. D 1.96, mp 119C, bp 444.6C,

flash p 405F (207C), autoign temp 450F (232C), refr

H)N

❘

NC(CH

)CH

❘

CO.

index 2.038. Both forms are insoluble in water,

Properties: White or yellowish powder. Very slight-

slightly soluble in alcohol and ether, soluble in car-

ly soluble in water; soluble in alkalies.

bon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and benzene.

Derivation: By condensation of phenylhydrazine

Combustible.

sulfonic acid with ethylacetoacetate.

Occurrence: Native in Texas, Louisiana, Sicily,

Canada (Alberta), Poland, Saudi Arabia, Mexico,

4-sulfophthalic anhydride.

Iraq, offshore deposits in Gulf of Mexico, the former

(CO)

U.S.S.R., Japan.

Properties: Reddish-brown syrup. Crystallizes par-

Derivation: Direct mining by Frasch process, low-

tially on long standing; hygroscopic; fluorescent in

grade ores by Chemico process, smelter waste gas,

solution under UV radiation. D 1.62 (25C). Very

sour natural gas, coal, iron pyrites, gypsum, solvent

soluble in water, alcohol; insoluble in ether, ben-

extraction of volcanic ash, petroleum, coke oven

zene. Combustible.

gas, photolysis of hydrogen sulfide.

Use: Esters of 4-sulfophthalic acid used in wetting,

Grade: Technical (lumps, roll, flour), rubber mak-

cleansing, emulsifying, softening, and equalizing

er’s, NF (sublimed), crude, refined, precipitated

agents with textiles. Derivatives have application as

(milk of sulfur), high purity (impurities less than 10

surface-active agents.

ppm), also available in prilled form.

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk in finely divided

5-sulfosalicylic acid. form.

OH(SO

OH)COOH•2H

O. Use: Sulfuric acid manufacture, pulp and paper man-

Properties: Colorless crystals, colored pink by traces ufacture, carbon dilsulfide, rubber vulcanization,

of iron. Mp 120C (anhydrous), decomposes at high- detergents, petroleum refining, dyes and chemicals,

er temperatures. Very soluble in water. drugs and pharmaceuticals, explosives, insecticides,

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid and salicylic rodent repellents, soil conditioner, fungicide, coat-

acid. ing for controlled-release fertilizers, nucleating

Use: Reagent for albumin, colorimetric reagent for agent for photographic film, cement sealant, binder

ferric ion, intermediate for dyes, surfactants, cata- and asphalt extender in road paving (up to 40%),

lysts, grease additives. base material for low-temperature mortars.

1192SULFUR-35

sulfur-35. Radioactive sulfur of mass number 35. Derivation: Chlorine is passed into sulfur monochlo-

Properties: Half-life: 87.1 days, radiation: ␤. ride to saturation at 6–10C followed by carbon diox-

Derivation: By pile irradiation of elemental sulfur or ide to drive off the excess chlorine.

of various chlorides. Grade: Technical.

Available forms: Solid elemental sulfur, sulfate in Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

weak hydrochloric acid, barium sulfide in barium irritant to tissue.

hydroxide solution, elemental sulfur in benzene so- Use: Chlorine carrier or chlorinating agent, rubber

lution, in tagged compounds such as carbon disul- vulcanizing, vulcanized oils, purifying sugar juices,

fide, chlorosulfonic acid, thiourea, sulfanilamide, sulfur solvent, chloridizing agent in metallurgy,

thiamine, heparin, insulin, “Sucaryl,” etc. manufacture of organic chemicals and insecticides.

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

Use: Research tool in studying mechanism of rubber

sulfur dioxide.

vulcanization and polymerization of synthetic rub-

CAS: 7446-09-5. SO

ber, role of sulfur in the coking process and in steel,

Properties: Colorless gas or liquid; sharp, pungent

effect of sulfur on engine wear, sulfur removal in the

odor. D 1.4337, liquid at 0C, fp −76.1C, bp −10C,

viscose process, behavior of detergents during ash-

vap press 3.2 atm (20C), refr index (liquid) 1.410

ing, sulfur deposition in diesel engines, action of

(24C), an outstanding oxidizing and reducing agent.

sulfur in silver plating solutions, protein metabo-

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; forms sulfurous

lism, surface active agents and surface phenomena,

acid (H

). Noncombustible.

drug actions, etc.

Derivation: (1) By roasting pyrites in special fur-

naces. The gas is readily liquefied by cooling with

sulfurated lime. See lime, sulfurated. ice and salt or at a pressure of three atmospheres. (2)

By purifying and compressing sulfur dioxide gas

from smelting operations. (3) By burning sulfur.

sulfurated potash. See potash, sulfurated.

Grade: Commercial, USP, technical, refrigeration,

anhydrous 99.98% min.

sulfur bromide. (sulfur monobromide). S

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes

Properties: Yellow liquid, becomes red when ex-

and mucous membranes, especially under pressure.

posed to air. D 2.6 (15C), fp −40C, bp 54C (0.2 mm

Dangerous air contaminant and constituent of smog.

Hg). Decomposed by water; soluble in carbon disul-

Not permitted in meats and other sources of vitamin

fide.

. TLV: 2 ppm; STEL 5 ppm; not classifiable as a

Hazard: Avoid inhalation of fumes, strong irritant to

human carcinogen. U.S. atmospheric standard 0.140

tissue.

ppm.

Use: Chemicals (H

, salt cake, sulfites, hydrosul-

sulfur chloride. (sulfur subchloride; sulfur

fites of potassium and sodium, thiosulfates, alum

monochloride).

from shale, recovery of volatile substances), sulfite

CAS: 10025-67-9. S

paper pulp, ore and metal refining, soybean protein,

Properties: Amber to yellowish-red, oily, fuming

intermediates, solvent extraction of lubricating oils,

liquid; penetrating odor. Soluble in alcohol, ether,

bleaching agent for oils and starch, sulfonation of

benzene, carbon disulfide, and amyl acetate; decom-

oils, disinfecting and fumigating, food additive (in-

poses on contact with water. D 1.690 (15.5C), fp

hibition of browning, of enzyme-catalyzed reac-

−80C; bp 138C; flash p 266F (130C). Combustible.

tions, bacterial growth), reducing agent, antioxi-

Derivation: By passing chlorine over molten sulfur.

dant.

Method of purification: Distillation.

Hazard: Reacts violently with water in closed vessel.

sulfur dye. See sulfide dye.

Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong irritant to

tissue. TLV: ceiling 1 ppm.

sulfuretted hydrogen. See hydrogen sulfide.

Use: Chemicals (sulfur solvent, acetic anhydride,

thionyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride from carbon

disulfide, various chlorohydrins from glycerol, gly-

sulfur hexafluoride.

col, etc.), analytical reagent, rubber vulcanizing, CAS: 2551-62-4. SF

vulcanized oils, purifying sugar juices, military poi- Properties: Colorless gas; odorless. Fp −64C (sub-

son, insecticide, hardening soft woods (by treatment limes), d (gas) 6.5 g/L, d (liquid) 1.67, specific

with sulfur chloride dissolved in carbon disulfide), volume 2.5 cu ft/lb (21.1C). Slightly soluble in wa-

pharmaceuticals, sulfur dyes, extraction of gold ter; soluble in alcohol and ether. Noncombustible.

from its ores. Hazard: TLV: 1000 ppm.

Use: Dielectric (gaseous insulator for electrical

equipment and radar wave guides).

sulfur dichloride. SCl

Properties: Reddish-brown, fuming liquid; pungent

chlorine odor. D 1.638 (15.5C), fp −78C, bp decom-

sulfuric acid. (hydrogen sulfate; battery acid;

poses above 59C on rapid heating, boils near 60C, electrolyte acid).

refr index 1.567 (20C). Decomposes in water and CAS: 7664-93-9. H

. By far the most widely

alcohol; soluble in benzene. used industrial chemical.

1193 SULFUR TRIOXIDE

Properties: Strongly corrosive, dense, oily liquid;

sulfuric chloride. See sulfuryl chloride.

colorless to dark brown depending on purity. Misci-

ble with water. Very reactive, dissolves most metals;

sulfuric oxychloride. See sulfuryl chloride.

concentrated acid oxidizes, dehydrates, or sulfo-

nates most organic compounds, often causes char-

sulfur monobromide. See sulfur bromide.

ring; d of pure material 1.84; mp 10.4C; bp varies

over range 315–338C due to loss of sulfur trioxide

sulfur monochloride. See sulfur chloride.

during heating to 300C or higher.

Note: Use great caution in mixing with water due to

sulfurous acid.

heat evolution that causes explosive spattering. Al-

CAS: 7782-99-2. A solution of sulfur dioxide in

ways add the acid to water, never the reverse.

water. The formula H

is used, but the acid is

Derivation: From sulfur, pyrite (FeS

), hydrogen sul-

known only through its salts.

fide, or sulfur-containing smelter gases by the con-

Properties: Colorless liquid; suffocating sulfur odor.

tact process (vanadium pentoxide catalyst). The first

D 1.03, unstable. Soluble in water.

step is combustion of elemental sulfur or roasting of

Derivation: Absorption of sulfur dioxide in water.

iron pyrites to yield sulfur dioxide. Then follows the

Grade: Technical, CP.

critical reaction, catalytic oxidation of sulfur diox-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

ide to sulfur trioxide.

irritant to tissue.

Use: Organic synthesis; bleaching straw and textiles,

etc.; paper manufacture; wine manufacture; brew-

ing; metallurgy; ore flotation; medicine (antiseptic);

reagent in analytical chemistry; sulfites; as preser-

vative for fruits, nuts, foods, wines; disinfecting

in a four-stage converter at 425–450C with evolu-

ships.

tion of heat. After cooling to 160C, the sulfur triox-

ide is absorbed in a circulating stream of 98–99%

sulfur oxychloride. See thionyl chloride.

sulfuric acid, where it unites with the small excess of

water in the acid to form more sulfuric acid.

sulfur pentachloride. (disulfur decafluoride).

CAS: 5714-22-7. S

Properties: Colorless gas; SO

odor. Mw 254.11, sp

g 2.08 at 0C, mp −92C, bp 29C, vp 561 torr (20C).

Sulfuric acid can also be made by the “Cat-Ox”

Insoluble in water.

process and from gypsum (calcium sulfate).

Hazard: TLV: ceiling 0.01 ppm.

Grade: Commercial 60 degrees Be´: (d 1.71, 77.7%

sulfuric acid); 66 degrees Be´ (d 1.84, 93.2% sulfuric

sulfur subchloride. See sulfur chloride.

acid); 98% (d 1.84); 99% (d 1.84); 100% (d: 1.84)

depending on supplier; reagent ACS, CP.

sulfur tetrafluoride.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 1 mg/m

;

CAS: 7783-60-0. SF

STEL 3 ppm; Suspected Human CVarcinogen.

Properties: A gas. Fp −124C, bp −40C. Decomposes

See note above.

in water. Noncombustible.

Use: Fertilizers, chemicals, dyes and pigments, et-

Grade: Available in cylinders at 90–94% purity.

chant, alkylation catalyst, electroplating baths, iron

Hazard: High by inhalation, strong irritant to eyes

and steel, rayon and film, industrial explosives, lab

and mucous membranes. TLV: ceiling 0.1 ppm.

reagent, nonferrous metallurgy.

Use: Fluorinating agent for making water and oil

See sulfuric acid, fuming.

repellents and lubricity improvers.

sulfuric acid, fuming. (oleum).

sulfur trioxide. (sulfuric anhydride).

CAS: 8014-95-7. xH

•ySO

. A solution of sulfur

CAS: 7446-11-9. SO

, (SO

)

trioxide in sulfuric acid.

Properties: Exists in three solid modifications; ␣ mp

Properties: Heavy, oily liquid; colorless to dark

62C, ␤ mp 32.5C, ␥ mp 16.8C. The ␣ form appears

brown depending on purity. Fumes strongly in moist

to be the stable form but the solid transitions are

air. Extremely hygroscopic.

commonly slow; a given sample may be a mixture of

Derivation: Sulfur trioxide produced by the contact

the various forms and its melting point not constant.

process is absorbed in concentrated sulfuric acid.

The solid sublimes easily.

Grade: Commercial (10–70% free SO

depending on

Derivation: Passing a mixture of SO

and oxygen

supplier), CP.

over a heated catalyst such as platinum or vanadium

Hazard: Reacts violently with water. Strong irritant

pentoxide.

to tissue.

See sulfuric acid.

Use: Sulfating and sulfonating agent, dehydrating

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, fire risk in contact with

agent in nitrations, dyes, explosives, lab reagent.

organic materials, an explosive increase in vapor

pressure occurs when the ␣ form melts. The anhy-

sulfuric anhydride. See sulfur trioxide. dride combines with water, forming sulfuric acid

1194SULFURYL CHLORIDE

and evolving heat. Highly toxic, strong irritant to Derivation: Sulfonation of 1-naphthylamine-8-sul-

tissue. fonic acid or 1-naphthylamine-4,8-disulfonic acid.

Use: Sulfonation of organic compounds, especially

Use: Intermediate for Chicago acid.

nonionic detergents, solar energy collectors. It is

usually generated in the plant where it is to be used.

sulvanite. (ethyl sulfuryl chloride).

ClSO

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 135C.

sulfuryl chloride. (chlorosulfuric acid; sulfo-

Use: Poison gas.

nyl chloride; sulfuric chloride; sulfuric oxychlo-

ride).

sumiseven.

CAS: 7791-25-5. SO

CAS: 83657-22-1. mf: C

ClN

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Rapidly

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

decomposed by alkalies and by hot water; soluble in

tact.

glacial acetic acid. D 1.667 at 20C, bp 69.2C, fp

−54C, vap d 4.6.

Sumner, James B. (1887–1955). An Ameri-

Derivation: (1) By heating chlorosulfonic acid in the

can biochemist who won the Nobel Prize in chemis-

presence of catalysts. (2) From sulfur dioxide and

try in 1946 along with Northrop and Stanley. His

chlorine in the presence of either activated carbon or

work was mainly concerned with enzymes, and he

camphor.

was the first in the field to isolate and crystallize an

Grade: Technical.

enzyme and determined it was a protein. He inspired

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

followers to continue research in virus and enzyme

Use: Organic synthesis (chlorinating agent, dehy-

study. His education was at Harvard and he taught

drating agent, acylating agent) pharmaceuticals,

for many years at Cornell.

dyestuffs, rubber-base plastics, rayon, solvent, cata-

lyst.

sump. A chamber or large container into which

waste liquids from processing or mechanical opera-

sulfuryl fluoride.

tions are allowed to collect and from which they are

CAS: 2699-79-8. SO

removed by a pump.

Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −136.7C, bp −55.4C.

Slightly soluble in cold water and most organic

“Sun Anti-Chek Wax 55” [Carroll]. TM

solvents. Noncombustible.

for general purpose paraffin wax inhibitor for ozone

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 5 ppm; STEL 10

cracking and weathering, nonstaining.

ppm.

Use: As a process aid and lubricant.

Use: Insecticide, fumigant.

sunflower cake. The press-cake resulting from

sulphenone. (p-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfone).

hydraulic press expression of sunflower seeds. Typ-

CAS: 80-00-2.

ical analysis: proteins 21.0%, fats 8.5%, fiber

Properties: White solid. Mp 98C. Insoluble in water;

48.9%, water 10.2%, ash 11.4%.

soluble in hexane, xylene, carbon tetrachloride, and

Use: Cattle food, fertilizer ingredient.

acetone.

Use: A miticide.

sunflower meal. The mealy form assumed by

sunflower seeds after crushing and heating. If the oil

“Sulphon” [BASF]. TM for acid dyestuffs

cake is ground the product again is in this mealy

used on wool and silk, fair to good fastness to light,

form. It contains 55–60% protein.

good fastness to washing, etc.; can be used on leath-

Use: Animal feed, fertilizers.

er and paper.

sunflower oil.

sulprofos. (O-ethyl-O-[4-(methylthi-

Properties: Pale-yellow, semidrying oil; mild taste;

o)phenyl]-S-propyl phosphorodithioate; Bolstar

pleasant odor. D 0.924–0.926, iodine value

[Bayer Corp]).

130–135, refr index 1.4611. Soluble in alcohol,

CAS: 35400-43-2. C

ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide. Combus-

Properties: Tan colored liquid; sulfide odor. Mw

tible.

322.43, sp g 1.20 (20C), bp 125C (0.0075 torr).

Chief constituents: Mixed triglycerides of linoleic,

Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water.

oleic, and other fatty acids.

Hazard: TLV: 1 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human

Derivation: By expression from the seeds of Helian-

carcinogen.

thus annuus.

Use: Insecticide.

Method of purification: Filtration.

Grade: Crude, refined.

Use: Modified alkyd resins, soap, edible oil, marga-

sultam acid. (1,8-naphthosultam-2,4-disulfonic

rine, shortening, dietary supplement.

acid). C

(SO

NHSO

Properties: White solid. Soluble in water; slightly

soluble in alcohol.

sunflower oil (unhydrogenated).

1195 SUPEROXIDE

Properties: From the seed of Helianthus annuus. transmitting electric current underground by means

Amber-colored liquid. of superconducting cables has been developed.

Use: Food additive. See cryogenics.

“Sunproof” [Uniroyal]. TM for a series of

supercooled liquid. A liquid cooled below its

protective waxes to prevent static atmospheric

normal freezing point without solidification.

cracking in all types of synthetic and natural

rubbers.

supercritical fluid. A dense gas that is main-

tained above its critical temperature (the tempera-

“Supac” [Phillips]. TM for engineered geotex-

ture above which it cannot be liquefied by pressure).

tile nonwoven fabric.

Such fluids are less viscous and diffuse more readily

Use: Civil engineering applications.

than liquids, and are thus more efficient than other

solvents in liquid chromatography.

superactinide. See periodic table.

“Superfloc A-836” [Cytec].

superalloy.

An iron-base, cobalt-base, or nickel-

Properties: Off-white granular powder. Den: 47-53

base alloy that combines high-temperature mechan-

Ib/f

, pH of 0.5% solution at 77F 6.5-8.5. TM for a

ical properties, oxidation resistance and creep resis-

dry polyacrylamide cationic, flocculated with con-

tance to an unusual degree. Constitutions of these

trolled molecular weight distribution and varying

alloys are as follows. Iron-base: 10–45% nickel,

charge densities.

13–19% chromium, 1.3–6% molybdenum, balance

Use: Works effectively to control and substantially

iron. Cobalt-base: 0–26% nickel, 0–26% chromium,

prevent silt loss (erosion) in furrow irrigated agricul-

0–15% tungsten, balance cobalt. Nickel-base:

ture.

55–75% nickel, 10–20% chromium, 0–6% alumi-

num, 0–5% titanium. All contain less than 0.5%

“Supergro” [Phillips]. TM for engineered ge-

carbon, plus other special ingredients. Superalloys

otextile fabric.

can be used up to 2500F.

Use: Erosion control mat.

Use: Jet engine parts, turbo-superchargers, extreme

high-temperature applications.

“Superlitefast” [Crompton]. TM for a group

of direct dyes.

“Super-Backacite” [Reichhold]. TM for

Available forms: Powder.

pure phenolic resins used as coating vehicles.

Use: For dyeing of cellulosic fibers.

“Super-Beckamine” [Reichhold]. TM for

“Superloid” [Kelco]. TM for ammonium algi-

melamine-formaldehyde resins used as coating ve-

nate, a hydrophilic colloid.

hicles.

Use: Suspending, thickening, emulsifying, and stabi-

lizing agent in creaming and bodying of rubber latex

supercalender. A machine used for finishing

products; protective colloid in resin emulsion paints,

paper. It is a vertical stack of from 3 to 12 or more

adhesives, fire-retarding compositions, ceramics,

rolls through which the sheet is threaded. The top

etc.

and bottom rolls are of chilled cast iron and are

larger than the intermediate rolls, several of which

“Superlume” [Uniroyal]. TM for a superlev-

are of the fiber type. Overall widths may be as much

eling, bright-nickel electroplating process on steel

as 15 ft. Operating speeds range from 600 to 2000 ft

stampings, brass, copper, zinc die castings, etc. The

per minute. The supercalender imparts gloss and

materials used are nickel sulfate, nickel chloride,

smoothness to high-grade papers, both coated and

boric acid, and addition agents.

uncoated, as a result of the interaction of the metal

and resilient fiber rolls.

supernatant. A liquid forming a clear layer

See fiber roll; calender; paper.

above a percipitate produced from a solution of the

liquid.

superconductivity. The phenomenon in which

certain metals, alloys, and compounds at tempera-

superoxide. A compound characterized by the

tures usually near absolute zero lose both electrical

presence in its structure of the O

−

ion. The O

−

ion

resistance and magnetic permeability, i.e., have infi-

has an odd number of electrons (17) and as a result

nite electrical conductivity. Depending upon the

all superoxide compounds are paramagnetic. At

substance, the maximum temperature (transition

room temperature they have a yellowish color. At

temperature) for the phenomenon as of 1985 was

low temperature many of them undergo reversible

0.5–28K. Superconductivity does not occur in alkali

phase transitions accompanied by a color change to

metals, noble metals, ferro- and antiferromagnetic

white. The stable superoxides are

metals. It is well known in elements having 3, 5, or 7

valence electrons per atom, and is associated with sodium superoxide NaO

high room-temperature resistivity. A system for potassium superoxide KO

1196SUPERPALITE

rubidium superoxide RbO

mutation. Must be located at a site different from the

cesium superoxide CsO

site of the first mutation.

calcium superoxide Ca(O

)

strontium superoxide Sr(O

)

“Supralan” [BASF]. TM for metallized acid

barium superoxide Ba(O

)

colors of good fastness and level dyeing properties.

tetramethylammonium superoxide (CH

)

“Supramine” XA [BASF]. TM for a leather

In these compounds each oxygen atom has an oxida-

chemical, solubilized sulfur phenol condensate,

tion number of −1/2 instead of −2, as a normal oxide.

75% active.

superpalite. (diphosgene; green cross gas; tri-

“Supranol” [BASF]. TM for dyestuffs used on

chloromethylchloroformate). ClCOOCCl

wool and silk; good fastness to light, washing, and

Properties: D 1.6525, bp 127.5–128C.

seawater; can also be used on leather.

“Superpax” [Pfizer]. TM for 92–94.5% zirco-

surface. In physical chemistry the area of contact

nium silicate with bulk d 68 lb/cu ft, average particle

between two different phases or states of matter,

size 5 microns max.

e.g., finely divided solid particles and air or other gas

Use: Ceramic glazes and as a filler for resins and

(solid-gas); liquids and air (liquid-gas); insoluble

rubbers.

particles and liquid (solid-liquid). Surfaces are the

sites of the physicochemical activity between the

superphosphate. (acid phosphate). The most

phases that is responsible for such phenomena as

important phosphorus fertilizer, made by the action

adsorption, reactivity, and catalysis. The depth of a

of sulfuric acid on insoluble phosphate rock (essen-

surface is of molecular order of magnitude. The term

tially calcium phosphate, tribasic) to form a mixture

interface is approximately synonymous with sur-

of gypsum and calcium phosphate, monobasic. A

face, but it also includes dispersions involving only

typical composition is CaH

(PO

)

•H

O 30%, CaH-

one phase of matter, i.e., solid-solid or liquid-liquid.

10%, CaSO

45%, iron oxide, alumina, silica

See interface; surface area; surface chemistry.

10%, water 5%. Typical analysis: Moisture

10–15%, available phosphoric acid (as P

)

surface-active agent. (surfactant). Any com-

18–21%, insoluble phosphoric acid 0.3–2%, total

pound that reduces surface tension when dissolved

phosphoric acid (as P

) 19–23%.

in water or water solutions, or that reduces interfa-

Grade: Based on available P

cial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid

Use: Fertilizer.

and a solid. There are three categories of surface-

See triple superphosphate; nitrophosphate.

active agents: detergents, wetting agents, and emul-

sifiers; all use the same basic chemical mechanism

superphosphoric acid. See polyphosphoric

and differ chiefly in the nature of the surfaces in-

acid.

volved.

See interface; surface chemistry.

supersaturation. The condition in which a sol-

vent contains more dissolved matter (solute) than is

surface area. The total area of exposed surface

present in a saturated solution of the same compo-

of a finely divided solid (powder, fiber, etc.) includ-

nents at equivalent temperature. Such solutions may

ing irregularities of all types. Since activity is great-

occur or can be made when a saturated solution

est at the surface, that is, the boundary between the

cools gradually so that nucleating crystals do not

particle and its environment, the larger the surface

form. They are extremely unstable and will precipi-

area of a given substance, the more reactive it is.

tate upon addition of even one or two crystals of the

Thus reduction to small particles is a means of in-

solute or upon shaking or other slight agitation.

creasing the efficiency of both chemical and physi-

Supersaturated solutions occur in the confectionery

cal reactions; for example, the coloring effect of

industry, e.g., in fudges, maple sugar, etc.

pigments is increased by maximum size reduction.

Carbon black is notable among solids for its huge

“Super Shock” [Arch]. TM for a shock sys-

surface area (as much as 18 acres/lb for some types);

tem for swimming pools.

the activity of its surface accounts for its outstanding

Use: Fast dissolving weekly pool treatment.

ability to increase the strength and abrasion resis-

tance of rubber. The capacity of activated carbon to

“Super-Sta-Bac” [Reichhold]. TM for hy-

adsorb molecules of gases is due to this factor. Sur-

drocarbon resins that are polymers of mixed olefins.

face area is measured most accurately by nitrogen

adsorption techniques.

suppressor gene. A gene that can suppress the

action of another gene.

surface chemistry. The observation and mea-

surement of forces acting at the surfaces of gases,

suppressor mutation. A mutation that totally liquids and solids or at the interfaces between them.

or partially restores a function lost in a previous This includes the surface tension of liquids (vapor

1197 SWEETEN

pressure, solubility); emulsions (liquid-liquid inter- filter membranes, the system is a colloidal suspen-

sion (or solution). Examples of solid-in-liquid sus-

faces); finely divided solid particles (adsorption,

pensions are comminuted wood pulp in water,

catalysis); permeable membranes and microporous

which becomes paper on filtration; the fat particles

materials; and biochemical phenomena such as os-

in milk; and the red corpuscles in blood. A liquid-in-

mosis, cell function, and metabolic mechanisms in

gas suspension is represented by fog or by an aerosol

plants and animals. Surface chemistry has many

spray. If the particles are larger than colloidal di-

industrial applications, a few of which are air pollu-

mensions they will tend to precipitate if heavier than

tion, soaps and synthetic detergents, reinforcement

the suspending medium, or to agglomerate and rise

of rubber and plastics, behavior of catalysts, color

to the surface if lighter. This can be prevented by

and optical properties of paints, aerosol sprays of all

incorporation of protective colloids. Polymerization

types, monolayers and thin films, both metallic and

is often carried out in suspension, the product being

organic. Outstanding names in the development of

in the form of spheres or beads.

this science are Graham, Freundlich, and W. Ost-

See solution; colloidal; dispersion; emulsion; colloid

wald in the 19th Century and Harkins, Langmuir,

chemistry.

LaMer, and McBain in the 20th.

See colloid chemistry.

“Sustane” [Eastman Chemical China].

surface tension. In any liquid, the attractive

TM for a low viscosity blend weighting agent for

force exerted by the molecules below the surface

liquids.

upon those at the surface-air interface, resulting

from the high molecular concentration of a liquid

“Sustane” [UOP]. TM for synthetic, food-

compared to the low molecular concentration of a

grade antioxidant product line including BHA,

gas. An inward pull, or internal pressure, is thus

BHT, TBHQ, propyl gallate, and liquid blends.

created which tends to restrain the liquid from flow-

Use: To preserve vegetable oils, animal fats, spices,

ing. Its strength varies with the chemical nature of

baked goods, nuts, pet foods, dressing oils, confec-

the liquid. Polar liquids have high surface tension

tions, cereals, sausage, cosmetics, and dehydrated

(water

73 dynes/cm at 20C); nonpolar liquids have

potatoes.

much lower values (benzene

29 dynes/cm, ethanol

22.3 dynes/cm), thus they flow more readily than

Svedberg, Theodor. (1884–1971). A Swedish

water. Mercury, with the highest surface tension of

chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1926. Author of

any liquid (480 dynes/cm) does not flow, but disin-

Die Methoden zur Herstellung Kolloider Losungen

tegrates into droplets.

anorganischer Stoffe. His work included research in

See interface; surface-active agent.

colloidal chemistry, molecular size determination,

and methods of electrophoresis, as well as the devel-

surfactant. See surface-active agent.

opment of the ultracentrifuge for separation of col-

loidal particles in solution. His education was in

“Sur-Gard” [Nalco]. TM for chemicals used

Sweden with later work done at the University of

for treatment of boiler water to inhibit scale and

Wisconsin before returning to Uppsalla.

corrosion and to remove oxygen from the boiler

water.

Svedberg. (S). A unit of measure of the rate at

“Surlyn” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of ion-

which a particle sediments in a centrifugal field.

omer resins.

Properties: (“Surlyn” A) Thermoplastic produced as

Swarts reaction. Fluorination of organic poly-

a granular material; flexible, transparent, grease re-

halides with antimony trifluoride (or zinc and mer-

sistant; very light weight but tough. Izod impact

cury fluorides) in the presence of a trace of a penta-

strength 5.7–14.6 ft-lb/in (higher than any other

valent antimony salt.

polyolefin), tensile strength 3,500–5,500 psi, elon-

gation 300–400%, softening point 71. Insoluble in

“Sweet Design” [Cargill]. TM for a sweetner

any commercial solvent. Subject to slow swelling by

system.

hydrocarbons, to slow attack by acids.

Use: In food and beverage manufacturing to produce

Use: Coatings, packaging films, products made by

better tasting frozen desserts and sweetened prod-

injection or blow molding, or by thermoforming.

ucts with little or no sugar.

SUS. Abbreviation for Saybolt Universal Sec-

onds.

sweeten. (1) To add sugar or a synthetic product

See Saybolt Universal viscosity.

to foods or beverages to provide a sweet taste (fla-

vor). (2) To deodorize and purify petroleum prod-

suspension. A system in which very small parti- ucts by removing sulfur compounds (doctor treat-

cles (solid, semisolid, or liquid) are more or less ment). (3) In industrial slang, to increase the quality

uniformly dispersed in a liquid or gaseous medium. of a low-cost product by adding more expensive

If the particles are small enough to pass through ingredients.

1198SWEETENER, NONNUTRITIVE

sweetener, nonnutritive. A food additive, ei- Also used in industrial applications, glass and lens

ther natural or synthetic, usually having much great- coating, cosmetics, penetrating oils, and personal-

er sweetness intensity than sugar (sucrose), but care products.

without its caloric value. In some cases it acts as an

enhancer or potentiator of sweetness. Chief among

sylvan. (␣-methylfuran). C

O. Constituent of

them is saccharin, a benzoic acid derivative. The

wood tar.

cyclamate group was removed from the market by

FDA in 1970 because of animal carcinogenicity,

sylvic acid. See abietic acid.

though the evidence in respect to human toxicity is

controversial.

sylvite. (sylvine). KCl. A natural potassium chlo-

Increasing research has developed several new non-

ride, contains 43% potassium chloride, 57% sodium

caloric sweeteners: the dihydrochalcone group of

chloride, sometimes with up to 0.26% bromide.

disaccharide, glycyrrhizin (licorice extract), espe-

Properties: Colorless or white, bluish or reddish in

cially its ammoniated derivative; dulcin (4-ethoxy-

color, white streak, vitreous luster, resembles rock

phenylurea), the glycoprotein of “miracle fruit;” and

salt in appearance. D 1.97–1.99, Mohs hardness 2.

a polypeptide from a tropical fruit called the “seren-

Occurrence: West Texas, New Mexico, Europe.

dipity berry,” said to be 3000 times sweeter than

Use: Major source of potassium compounds in the

sucrose. “Aspartame” (C

) has been ap-

U.S., fertilizers.

proved by FDA.

symbiosis. Two (or more) organisms that are

sweet oil. See olive oil.

mutually interdependent and live in physical associ-

ation.

sweet water. (1) The glycerin and water mixture

obtained when fats are split (or hydrolyzed) with

symmetrical compound. A compound de-

water to give fatty acid and glycerin. (2) The wash-

rived from benzene in which the hydrogen atom on

ings from char used in sugar refining. (3) In engi-

three alternate carbon atoms has been replaced with

neering terminology, plain water cooled to just be-

another element or group, for example, at the 1, 3,

low the freezing point and used to preserve milk and

and 5 positions.

other food products.

“Symmetrel” [Du Pont]. (amantadine hy-

swep. (generic name for methyl-3,4-dichloro-

drochloride). TM for a synthetic antiviral drug spe-

carbanilate; methyl-n-3,4-dichlorophenylcarba-

cific for A

-type virus infection (one type of Asian

mate). CH

OOCNHC

flu). It is taken orally and acts by preventing the

Properties: Crystals. Mp 113C. Insoluble in water

virus from entering cells. It is inactive against B-

and kerosene; soluble in acetone and dimethylform-

type viruses. Reported to be effective in treatment of

amide.

Parkinson’s disease.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Herbicide.

symmetry. Arrangement of the constituents of a

molecule in a definite and continuously repeated

swertianolin.

space pattern or coordinate system. It is described in

CAS: 23445-00-3. mf: C

terms of three parameters called elements of sym-

Hazard: A poison.

metry (1) The center of symmetry, around which the

Source: Natural product.

constituent atoms are located in an ordered arrange-

ment; there is only one such center in a molecule,

“Sybicort” [Lapgap]. TM for a drug.

which may or may not be an atom. (2) Planes of

Use: For treatment of asthma and pulmonary dis-

symmetry, which represent division of a molecule

eases.

into mirror-image segments. (3) Axes of symmetry,

represented by lines passing through the center of

“Sylgard” [Dow Corning]. TM for a series of

symmetry; if the molecule is rotated it will have the

silicone resin encapsulants used in electronic assem-

same position in space more than once in a complete

blies.

360 degree turn, e.g., the benzene molecule with 6

axes of symmetry requires a 60-degree rotation to

“Syloid” [Grace]. TM for a series of micron-

return to its identical position.

sized silicas.

See stereochemistry; asymmetry.

Use: Flatting agents, lacquer, baking finishes, inks,

paper reproduction, adhesives, pharmaceuticals, in-

symport. Cotransport of solutes across a mem-

sulation.

brane in the same direction.

“Syltherm” [Dow Corning]. TM for dime-

thylsyloxane polymer.

synapomorphy. A character which is derived,

Use: (561) Dielectric coolant for transformers; (800) and because it is shared by the taxa under consider-

high temperature, liquid-phase, heat-transfer liquid. ation, is used to infer common ancestry.

1199 SYNTHESIS

synaptase. See emulsion. Synge, Richard L. M. (1914–1994). An Irish

mathematician and physicist who won the Nobel

Prize for chemistry in 1952 along with Archer. His

“Syncal” [Aqualon]. TM for synthetic sweet-

research was on the application of methods of physi-

ener, saccharin, including sodium and calcium salts

cal chemistry to isolate and analyze proteins, with

and insoluble form, as well as several different parti-

special attention to antibiotic peptides and higher

cle size distributions.

plants. He received his doctorate from Cambridge.

syndet. Abbreviation form for synthetic deter-

“Synoca” [Nalco]. TM for a group of cleaning

gent.

compounds including wetting agents, detergents, or

See detergent.

alkaline hexametaphosphate.

Use: Continuous conditioning and batch washing of

syndiotactic. A type of polymer molecule in

paper machine felts. Paper-mill system boil-outs.

which groups of atoms that are not part of the back-

Deinking of secondary fiber.

bone structure are located in some symmetrical and

recurring fashion above and below the atoms in the

“Synotol” [Drew]. TM for a series of alkano-

backbone chain, when the latter are arranged so as to

lamides of fatty acids.

be in a single plane.

Use: Foam builders, viscosity improvers, wetting

See polymer, stereospecific.

agents, detergents, and opacifiers.

“Synpro” [Ferro]. TM for aluminum, calcium,

lithium, magnesium, and zinc stearates.

syntan. A synthetic organic tanning material

made from phenolsulfonic acids and formaldehyde.

Use: Chrome- and vegetable-tanned leathers.

See tanning.

synteny. Genes occurring in the same order on

syndrome. The group or recognizable pattern of

chromosomes of different species.

symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular

See linkage; conserved sequence.

trait or disease.

synthane process. See Fischer-Tropsch pro-

syneresis. The contraction of a gel on standing,

cess; gasification.

with exudation of liquid. The separation of serum

from a blood clot, or of the whey in milk souring or

synthases. Enzymes that catalyze reactions in

cheese making are examples.

which no NTP is required as an energy source.

“Synthe-Copal” [Reichhold]. TM for pale-

synergism. A chemical phenomenon (the oppo-

colored rosin ester gums used as coating vehicles,

site of antagonism) in which the effect of two active

and in chewing gums and rubber adhesives.

components of a mixture is more than additive, i.e.,

it is greater than the equivalent volume or concentra-

tion of either component alone. A substance that

“Synthemul” [Reichhold]. TM for a series of

induces this result when added to another substance acrylate-acrylonitrile, acrylic, and styrene acrylic

is called a synergist. emulsions.

synthesis. Creation of a substance that either du-

synfuel. Any gaseous or liquid fuel made by the

plicates a natural product or is a unique material not

synthesis gas reaction; synthetic natural gas (SNG)

found in nature, by means of one or more chemical

and methanol are examples, the latter being the only

reactions, or (for elements) by a nuclear change.

synfuel commercially available in the U.S. (Othmer,

High temperature and pressures as well as a catalyst

1983).

are usually required. Though syntheses are more

See semisynthetic.

readily achieved with organic compounds because

of the great versatility of the carbon atom, extremely

syngamy. The process of union of two gametes;

important syntheses of inorganic compounds were

sometimes called fertilization. It encompasses both

made in the early years of chemistry. A list of note-

plasmogamy and karyogamy.

worthy syntheses with approximate dates would in-

clude the following:

syngas. Shortened form of synthesis gas.

Inorganic Organic

syngeneic. Genetically identical members of the sulfuric acid urea (Wohler) 1828

same species. (chamber) 1746 mauveine (Perkin) 1857

1200SYNTHESIS GAS

synthetic natural gas. (SNG; syngas). Any

Inorganic Organic

manufactured fuel gas of approximately the same

(contact) 1890 Celluloid (Hyatt) 1869

composition and Btu value as that obtained naturally

soda ash (LeBlanc) 1800 ethylbenzene

from oil fields (85% methane and 15% ethane).

(Solvay) 1861 (Friedel Crafts) 1877

There are two major methods of synthesis involving

ammonia rayon

catalysts, high temperature, and high pressure: (1)

(Haber-Bosch) 1912 (Chardonnet) 1884

direct hydrogenation of coal; and (2) methanation of

plutonium 1940 phenolic resins

synthesis gas, obtained by hydrogenolysis of coal or

(Baekeland) 1910

steam-reforming of naphtha or similar petroleum

neoarsphenamine

distillate. Other methods involve pyrolysis of solid

(Ehrlich) 1910

wastes and extraction from oil shale and manures.

aldehydes, al-

See gasification; hydrogenolysis.

cohols

(Oxo synthesis) 1920

Synthetic Organic Chemical

methanol 1927

Manufacturers Association. (SOCMA).

neoprene

Manufacturers of synthetic organic chemicals that

(Nieuwland) 1930

are products manufactured from coal, natural gas,

nylon (Carothers) 1935

crude petroleum and certain natural substances such

SBR rubber 1940

as vegetable oils, fats protein, carbohydrates, rosin,

polyisoprene 1950

grain, and their derivatives. The address is 1850 M

St N.W., Suite 700, Washington, DC 20036.

The tremendous proliferation of synthetic materials

Website: http://www.socma.com.

in recent years, especially in the high-polymer field,

was made possible by the increasingly sophisticated

synthetic paraffin and succinic derivatives.

use of catalysts, particularly the Ziegler and Natta

Use: Food additive.

stereospecific type.

Synthesis of elements has also occurred; since 1940

synthetic resin. See resin, synthetic.

all the transuranic elements from 93 to 106, as well

as a vast array of radioisotopes of natural elements,

synthine process. See Fischer-Tropsch

have been created by nuclear bombardment of vari-

process.

ous types. See resin, synthetic; semisynthetic.

synthol. Liquid fuel containing fatty acids, water-

synthesis gas. Any of several gaseous mixtures

soluble alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and esters.

used for synthesizing a wide range of compounds,

Obtained from reduction of carbon monoxide in

both organic and inorganic, especially ammonia.

water-gas at high temperature and pressure with iron

Such mixtures result from reacting carbon-rich sub-

as catalyst.

stances with steam (steam reforming) or steam and

oxygen (partial oxidation); they contain chiefly car-

“Synthorich NC” [Synthotex]. TM for a

bon monoxide and hydrogen, plus low percentages

softener.

of carbon dioxide and usually less than 2.0% nitro-

Use: To give value added finish to fabrics.

gen. The organic source materials may be biomass,

natural gas, methane, naphtha, heavy petroleum

“Synthorm RLS” [Synthotex]. TM for a

oils, or coke (coal). The reactions are nickel-cata-

mould releasing agent.

lyzed steam-cracking (reforming) of methane or

Use: For rubber moulds.

natural gas (CH

O → CO + 3H

); partial oxida-

tion of methane, naphtha, or heavy oils; and the

“Synthosoft SWNI” [Synthotex]. TM for a

water-gas reaction with coke (C + H

O → CO + H

nonionic softner with extra whiteners.

With transition-metal catalysts synthesis gas yields

alcohols, aldehydes, acrylic acid, etc., and has many

synton. Any of several isomers of prostaglandin

useful reactions with acetylene; it is the basis of the

from which prostaglandin analogs and intermedi-

Oxo and Fischer-Tropsch reactions. Synthesis gas

ates may be derived.

from that the carbon monoxide has been removed

and which has been adjusted to a ratio of 3 parts

syntopherol acetate. See dl-␣-tocopheryl ac-

hydrogen and 1 part nitrogen is used for ammonia

etate.

synthesis (nitrogen fixation). Processing with a cata-

lyst at high temperatures and pressures yields am-

syrosingopine.

monia.

CAS: 84-36-6. C

. Methyl reserpate ester

See ammonia, anhydrous; Oxo process; Haber, Fritz;

of syringic acid ethyl carbonate. An analog of reser-

water gas; gasification; Fischer-Tropsch process.

pine.

Properties: White or slightly yellowish powder.

synthetases. Enzymes that catalyze reactions us- Practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble in

ing ATP or another NTP as an energy source. methanol; soluble in chloroform and acetic acid.

1201 “SYTON”

Grade: NF.

systematics. Field of biology that deals with the

diversity of life. Systematics is usually divided into

Use: Medicine.

phylogenetics and taxonomy.

“Systox” [Bayer]. TM for demeton.

syrup. Commercial name for an aqueous solution

of cane or beet sugar (sucrose) sold in tank car lots to

manufacturers of candy, soft drinks, soda-fountain

“Syton” [Solutia]. TM for a series of colloidal

goods, etc. USP grade is an aqueous solution of cane

silicas dispersed in water.

sugar (85g/100 mL). A viscous liquid with d 1.313.

Use: Antisoil and antislip agents.