S
S. Symbol for sulfur. monia, is converted into o-toluenesulfamide. This is
oxidized with permanganate, treated with acid, and
saccharin crystallized out. In food formulations,
S. See Svedberg.
saccharin is used in the form of its sodium and
calcium salts. Sodium bicarbonate is added to pro-
S. (S).
vide water solubility.
See entropy.
Grade: Commercial, CP, USP, FCC.
Hazard: The National Academy of Sciences has
Sabatier, Paul. (1854–1941). A French chemist
stated that saccharin is a weak carcinogen in animals
who received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1912
and a potential human carcinogen. Products contain-
along with Victor Grignard. His work involved the
ing it must have a warning label.
behavior of oxides as oxidizing catalysts and as
agents for dehydrating and dehydrogenating. He
saccharin ammonium. See ammonium sac-
received his Ph.D. in Nimes, France, and went on to
charin.
become lecturer and faculty member in Toulouse,
France.
saccharolactic acid. See mucic acid.
Sabatier-Senderens reduction. Catalytic hy-
saccharose. See sucrose, carbohydrate.
drogenation of organic compounds in the vapor
phase by passage over hot, finely divided nickel (the
saccharose unit. See carbohydrate.
oldest of all hydrogenation methods).
Sachsse process. See BASF process.
D-saccharic acid. (2,3,4,5-tetrahydroxyhexa-
nedioic acid; tetrahydroxyadipic acid).
“SACI” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for a
COOH(CH
2
O)
4
COOH. The 1,6-dicarboxylic acid
rust-, and corrosion-preventive product effective in
formed by the oxidation of D-glucose.
coatings as thin as 0.5 mil.
Properties: White needles or syrup. Mp 125–126C
with decomposition. Very soluble in water, alcohol,
S acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid).
or ether; deliquescent. Combustible.
Properties: Gray needles, white when pure. Slightly
Derivation: Oxidation of cane sugar, glucose, starch
soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol and ether.
by nitric acid.
Derivation: Fusion of 1-naphthylamine-4,8-disul-
fonic acid with sodium hydroxide.
saccharification. Conversion of wood and other
Use: Azo dye intermediate.
cellulosics (biomass) to glucose by acid hydrolysis
or enzymic hydrolysis. An experimental method
2S acid. See Chicago acid.
using anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with vacuum
distillation is under development.
sacrificial protection. The preferential corro-
sion of a metal coating for the sake of protecting the
saccharin. (o-benzosulfimide; gluside; ben-
substrate metal. For example, when zinc is in contact
zoylsulfonic imide).
with a more noble (less reactive) metal in the elec-
CAS: 81-07-2. The anhydride of o-sulfimide benzo-
tromotive series, such as steel, a galvanic cell is
ic acid. A nonnutritive sweetener.
created in which electric current will flow in the
presence of an electrolyte. Atmospherically conta-
minated moisture constitutes the electrolyte. Under
these conditions, the zinc coating rather than the
steel is affected. Thus, galvanic protection with zinc
is sometimes called sacrificial protection.
See galvanizing.
Properties: White, crystalline powder; exceedingly
sweet taste (500 times that of sucrose). Mp
S-adenosylmethionine. (adoMet; SAM). An
226–230C. Soluble in amyl acetate, ethyl acetate,
enzymatic cofactor involved in methyl group
benzene, and alcohol; slightly soluble in water, chlo-
transfers.
roform, and ether.
Derivation: A mixture of toluenesulfonic acids is
converted into the sodium salt then distilled with
SAE. Abbreviation for Society of Automotive
phosphorus trichloride and chlorine to obtain the o- Engineers. The initials are applied to its specifica-
toluene sulfonyl chloride which, by means of am- tions and tests for motor fuels, oils, and steels.
1102
1103 SALICIN
SAE steel. A grade or type of steel indicated by a Saffil. TM for a group of synthetic inorganic fi-
bers made from alumina and zirconia.
number system; they are principally plain carbon
and of low to medium alloy content, used primarily
in machine parts. The first two numerals designate
safflower oil. Drying oil from safflower (cartha-
either plain carbon or the alloy grouping and quanti- mus) seed, somewhat similar to linseed oil. It is
ty, and the last two the mean carbon content in nonyellowing. Contains 78% linoleic acid (unsatu-
hundredths of 1%. Thus, 10 indicates carbon steels, rated fatty acid).
13 manganese steels; 40 and 44, molybdenum steels Properties: Straw-colored liquid. D 0.923–0.927
(the latter of higher alloy content); 50 and 51, chro- (25/25C), refr index 1.4740–1.4745 (25C), acid val-
mium steels (the latter of higher alloy content); 41, ue 0.6–1.5, iodine no. 140–152, saponification no.
chromium-molybdenum; 61, chromium-vanadium; 186–193, unsaponifiable 0.3–1.0%. Combustible.
92, silicon and silicon-chromium; 46 and 48, nickel- Derivation: Hydraulic or solvent extraction of seeds.
molybdenum (the latter of higher nickel content); Use: Alkyd resins, paints, varnishes, medicine, die-
and 81, 94, 86, 87, 88, 47, 43, and 93, nickel-chromi- tetic foods, margarine, hydrogenated shortening.
um-molybdenum in the order of increasing alloy
content. The letter B between the first two and last
saffron.
two numerals indicates the presence of boron in
Properties: From the dried stigma of Ceocus saffron
amounts of 0.0005–0.003% as a depth-hardening
L.
addition.
Use: Food additive.
“Saflex” [Solutia]. TM for polyvinyl butyral
SAF black. Abbreviation for super-abrasion
adhesive film supplied in clear, translucent, tinted,
furnace black.
or graduated color, for the plastic interlayer in safety
glass.
safety engineering. Application of engineering
principles to chemical plant safety by professionally
safranine. A family of dyes, some of which are
trained personnel. Following is a checklist of the
useful as biological stains, based on phenazine, hav-
more important items.
ing CI Nos. 50200–50375
(1) Plant construction: separate buildings or outdoor
location of hazardous reaction vessels, storage
safrole. (4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene).
tanks, etc.; interior fire walls and doors, exterior
CAS: 94-59-7. C
3
H
5
C
6
H
3
O
2
CH
2
.
blow-out walls, sprinkler systems, enclosed stair-
Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow oil. The odor-
ways, explosion vents and safety valves, scram
giving constituent of sassafras, camphorwood, and
alarm systems, color-coded pipelines.
other oils. D 1.100–1.107 (15C), mp 11C, bp 233C,
(2) Fire and explosion prevention, dust control,
optical rotation −0 degrees 30 minutes (15C), refr
proper storage of flammable liquids, grounding of
index 1.5363–1.5385 (20C). Soluble in alcohol;
electrical equipment, accessibility of extinguishers
slightly soluble in propylene glycol; insoluble in
and hose lines, leak detection of reaction vessels,
water and glycerol.
adequate ventilation of storage rooms, accumulation
Derivation: From oil of sassafras or camphor oil.
of solid wastes, static spark control (metal-free
Method of purification: Rectification or freezing.
shoes, static bars on friction-generating machinery).
Grade: Technical.
(3) Toxic hazards: workroom concentration of toxic
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, may not be used in food
agents must conform to OSHA and ACGIH toler-
products (FDA), a carcinogen.
ances.
Use: Perfumery and soaps, manufacture of heliotro-
(4) Protective equipment: goggles and gloves, acid-
pin, medicine (antiseptic).
proof clothing, face masks and respirators, lifelines,
eye-wash fountains, flooding showers. For hot labs
“SAG” [Dow]. TM for silicone defoamers used
and plants handling radioactive materials; decon-
in many industrial and chemical processes.
tamination equipment, glove boxes, and remote-
control devices.
(5) Accident prevention: emergency shutoffs on ma-
sage oil. A yellow to green essential oil used in
chines with moving parts; housing on gears, lathes, perfumery and flavoring; dextrorotatory. There are
rotors, etc.; operator-restraining devices; proper two varieties (Clary and Dalmatian) which have
handling of chain hoists, carton stackers, pallets; different constituents.
training personnel in safety practice.
SAIB. Abbreviation for sucrose acetate isobuty-
rate.
safety glass. (shatterproof glass). A composite
or laminate consisting of two sheets of plate glass
sal ammoniac. See ammonium chloride.
with an interlayer of polyvinyl butyral. The plastic is
bonded to the glass such that shattering on impact is
virtually eliminated. Required for automobile wind-
salicin. (salicyl alcohol glucoside).
shields, also used for bulletproof glass, train win- HOCH
2
C
6
H
4
OC
6
H
11
O
5
. A glucoside obtained from
dows, etc. several species of Salix and Populus.
1104SALICYLAL
Properties: Colorless crystals or white powder. Mp ly soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, ether,
199–202C, d 1.43. Soluble in water, alcohol, alka-
chloroform and benzene.
lies, glacial acetic acid; insoluble in ether.
Grade: NF.
Use: Medicine (analgesic), reagent for nitric acid.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin.
Use: Fungicide, slimicide, antimildew agent, inter-
mediate.
salicylal. See salicylaldehyde.
salicylic acid. (o-hydroxybenzoic acid).
salicyl alcohol. (o-hydroxybenzyl alcohol; ␣-
CAS: 69-72-7. C
6
H
4
(OH)(COOH).
2-dihydroxytoluene; saligenin).
CAS: 90-01-7. HOC
6
H
4
CH
2
OH.
Properties: White crystals; pungent taste. Mp
86–87C, d 1.16, sublimes at 100C. Very soluble in
alcohol, chloroform, ether; soluble in propylene gly-
col, benzene, and fixed oils; sparingly soluble in
cold water; soluble in hot water. Combustible.
Properties: White powder; acrid taste. Stable in air
Derivation: Hydrolysis of salicin, heating phenol
but gradually discolored by light, d 1.443 (20/4C),
and methylene chloride with caustic.
mp 158–161C, bp 211C (20 mm Hg), sublimes at
Use: Medicine (local anesthetic).
76C. Soluble in acetone, oil of turpentine, alcohol,
ether, benzene; slightly soluble in water. Combus-
salicyl alcohol glucoside. See salicin.
tible.
Derivation: Reacting a hot solution of sodium phe-
salicylaldehyde. (salicylal; salicylic aldehyde;
nolate with carbon dioxide and acidifying the sodi-
o-hydroxybenzaldehyde).
um salt thus formed.
CAS: 90-02-8. C
6
H
4
OHCHO.
Grade: Technical, USP, crude.
Hazard: Dust forms explosive mixture in air. Toxic
by ingestion.
Use: Manufacture of aspirin and salicylates, resins,
dyestuff intermediate, prevulcanization inhibitor,
analytical reagent, fungicide.
salicylic acid, bismuth basic salt.
Properties: Colorless, oily liquid or dark-red oil;
CAS: 14882-18-9. mf: C
7
H
5
BiO
4
.
bitter, almondlike odor; burning taste. D
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Human systemic
1.165–1.172, fp −7C, bp 196C, flash p 172F
effects.
(77.7C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene;
Use: Agricultural chemical.
slightly soluble in water. Combustible.
Derivation: Interaction of phenol and chloroform in
salicylic acid dipropylene glycol
presence of aqueous alkali.
monoester. See dipropylene glycol mono-
Use: Analytical chemistry, perfumery (violet), syn-
salicylate.
thesis of coumarin, auxiliary fumigant, flavoring.
salicylic aldehyde. See salicylaldehyde.
salicylaldehyde dimethyl acetal carbamate.
CAS: 6884-59-9. mf: C
11
H
15
NO
4
.
salicyloyloxytributylstannane.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
CAS: 4342-30-7. mf: C
19
H
32
O
3
Sn.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Tributyl tin com-
pounds are extremely toxic to marine life. TWA 0.1
salicylamide. (o-hydroxybenzamide).
mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m
3
(skin).
CAS: 65-45-2. C
6
H
4
(OH)CONH
2
.
Properties: White or slightly pink crystals. Mp
saligenin. (salicyl alcohol). C
6
H
4
(OH)CH
2
OH.
139–142C, bp decomposes at 270C. Soluble in hot
Use: Treatment for rheumatism.
water, alcohol, ether, chloroform; slightly soluble in
cold water, naphtha, and carbon tetrachloride.
saligenin cyclic phenyl phosphate.
Derivation: Treatment of methyl salicylate with dry
CAS: 4081-23-6. mf: C
13
H
11
O
4
P.
ammonia gas.
Hazard: A poison.
Grade: Technical, NF.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
Use: Medicine (analgesic).
saline water. See brine; ocean water.
salicylanilide.
CAS: 87-17-2. HOC
6
H
4
CONHC
6
H
5
. salinity. The saltiness of natural water. The salini-
Properties: Odorless, white, or slightly pink crystals. ty of normal seawater is 35 parts salt per 1000 parts
Mp 136–138C, bp decomposes, stable in air. Slight- water.
1105 SAMARIUM OXIDE
salinomycin. sodium chloride) to an aqueous solution of the sub-
CAS: 53003-10-4. mf: C
42
H
70
O
11
.
stance. Ions of the dissolved salt attract and hold
Properties: Crystals. Mp: 112.5−113.5°.
water molecules, thus making them less free to react
Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.
with the solute. The result of this is to decrease the
solublility of the solute molecules with consequent
salmine. A protein specific to the salmon.
separation or precipitation. Colloidal suspensions of
Use: Nutritional and biochemical research.
proteins, soaps, and similar substances are precipi-
tated in this way.
salol. See phenyl salicylate.
salt, molten. See fused salt.
saloquinine. (salicyl quinine.)
HOC
6
H
4
COOC
20
H
23
N
20
.
salt of tartar. See acid potassium tartrate.
Use: Antipyretic, antiperiodic.
saltpeter. See niter, potassium nitrate.
sal soda. (washing soda; sodium carbonate
decahydrate). Na
2
CO
3
•10H
2
O.
salt, rock. See sodium chloride.
Properties: White crystals. D 1.44, mp 32.5–34.5C
(loses water at this temperature). Easily soluble in
salts of fatty acids.
water; insoluble in alcohol. A pure form of sodium
Properties: Consists of aluminum, calcium, magne-
carbonate (soda ash).
sium, potassium, and sodium salts of capric, capryl-
Use: Washing textiles, bleaching linen and cotton,
ic, lauric, myristic, oleic, palmitic, and stearic acids
general cleanser.
manufactured from fats and oils derived from edible
sources.
salt. (1) The compound formed when the hydro-
Use: Food additive.
gen of an acid is replaced by a metal or its equivalent
(e.g., an NH
4
+
radical). Example:
salvage pathway. Synthesis of a biomolecule
HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H
2
O.
from intermediates in the degradative pathway for
This is typical of the general rule that the reaction of
the biomolecule; a recycling pathway, as distinct
an acid and a base yields a salt and water. Most
from a de novo pathway.
inorganic salts ionize in water solution.
(2) Common salt, sodium chloride, occurs widely in
salvarsan. (dihydroxydiaminoarsenobenzene
nature, both as deposits left by ancient seas and in
dihydrochloride). C
12
H
14
O
2
N
2
Cl
2
As
2
•2H
2
O.
the ocean, where its average concentration is 2.6%.
Use: To treat syphilis.
See sodium chloride; soap.
salvia oil. The Dalmatian variety of sage oil.
salt bath. A molten mixture of sodium, potassi-
um, barium, and calcium chlorides or nitrates to
SAM. See S-adenosylmethionine.
which sodium carbonate and sodium cyanide are
sometimes added. Used for hardening and temper-
samarium. Sm. A rare-earth metal of the lan-
ing of metals and for annealing both ferrous and
thanide group (group IIIB of the periodic table),
nonferrous metals. Temperatures used may be as
atomic number 62, aw 150.4; valences
=
2, 3; seven
high as 1315C for hardening high-speed steels.
stable isotopes.
Commercial mixtures are available for a variety of
Properties: Hard, brittle metal that quickly develops
specifications.
an oxide film in air. An active reducing agent. Ig-
See fused salt.
nites at 150C, liberates hydrogen from water. D
7.53, mp 1072C, bp 1900C, hardness similar to iron,
salt bridge. An ionic bond between charged
high neutron absorption capacity. Combustible.
groups that are part of larger covalent structures; salt
Occurrence: Australia, Brazil, southeastern U.S.,
bridges occur in many proteins.
South Africa; also from bastnasite ore in California.
Derivation: Reduction of the oxide with barium or
salt cake. Impure sodium sulfate (90–99%).
lanthanum.
Properties: For properties and derivation see sodium
Use: Neutron absorber, dopant for laser crystals, met-
sulfate.
allurgical research, permanent magnets.
Grade: Technical, glassmakers’ (iron-free).
Use: Paper pulp, detergents and soaps, plate and
samarium chloride. SmCl
3
•6H
2
O.
window glass, sodium salts, ceramic glazes, dyes.
Properties: Faintly yellow, hygroscopic crystals. D
See sodium sulfate.
2.383. Loses 5H
2
O at 110C. Soluble in water.
Derivation: By treating the carbonate or oxide with
salt, fused. See fused salt.
hydrochloric acid.
salting out. Reduction in the water solubility of samarium oxide. Sm
2
O
3
.
an organic solid or liquid by adding a salt (usually Properties: Cream-colored powder. D 8.347, mp
1106SAMPLING
2300C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids. Absorbs
sandstone. A siliciclastic sedimentary rock con-
moisture and carbon dioxide from the air.
sisting primarily of sand, usually sand that is pre-
Use: Catalyst in the dehydrogenation of ethanol, inf-
dominantly quartz.
rared-absorbing glass, neutron absorber, prepara-
tion of samarium salts.
sandwich molecule. See metallocene; ferro-
cene.
sampling. The methods and the techniques used
in obtaining representative test samples of quantity
Sanger, Frederick. (1918– ). An English bio-
lots of raw materials, semiprocessed work, and fin-
chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in
ished product for production and quality control.
1958. His research was on protein structure. He
Rules for sampling procedures for both solid and
identified the amino acid sequence of the protein
liquid materials have been established by the Na-
insulin. His Ph.D. was awarded from Cambridge
tional Cottonseed Products Association, Memphis,
University.
TN and by the National Institute of Oilseed Prod-
ucts, San Francisco, CA. The techniques of physical
Sanger sequencing. A widely used method of
sampling are one application of statistical quality
determining the order of bases in DNA.
control.
See sequencing; shotgun sequencing.
SAN. Abbreviation for styrene-acrylonitrile poly-
sanguinarine hydrochloride.
mer.
CAS: 5578-73-4. mf: C
20
H
14
NO
4
•Cl.
See polystyrene.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
sand. Sediment particulates ranging in size from
sanitizer. A special class of disinfectant designed
1/16 to 2 mm.
for use on food-processing equipment, dairy uten-
See silica.
sils, dishes, and glassware in restaurants. Among
them are the hypochlorites, chloramines, and other
sandalwood oil. (santal oil). A pale-yellow,
organic, chlorine-liberating compounds, and quater-
essential oil; strongly levorotatory.
nary ammonium compounds, many of which are
Use: In fragrances, perfumes, and flavoring.
proprietary.
See antiseptic; disinfectant.
sandalwood oil, West Indian oil. See
amyris oil, West Indian type.
santal oil. See sandalwood oil.
sandarac. A natural resin obtained from Moroc-
santalol.
co. Its commercial form is yellow, brittle, amor-
CAS: (␣) 8006-87-9. C
15
H
24
O. A sesquiterpene al-
phous lumps or powder; soluble in alcohol; insolu-
cohol.
ble in benzene and water.
Properties: Colorless liquid; odor of oil of sandal-
Use: Special types of varnishes and lacquers.
wood. D 0.971–0.973, refr index 1.504–1.508, bp
300C. Soluble in three parts of 70% alcohol; insolu-
sand casting. See foundry sand.
ble in water. Combustible.
Derivation: From sandalwood oil.
Sandmeyer diphenylurea isatin synthesis.
Use: Perfumery.
Formation of a cyanoformamidine by treatment
of a symmetrical diphenylthiourea with potassium
santalyl acetate. Acetic acid ester of a mixture
cyanide in alcohol containing lead carbonate, reduc-
of ␣- and -santalols.
tion with ammonium sulfide, and ring closure with
Properties: Colorless liquid; light odor of sandal-
concentrated sulfuric acid to isatin-2-anil; also
wood. D 0.982–0.985, refr index 1.487–1.492.
formed smoothly by ring closure of the cyanofor-
Derivation: Treatment of sandalwood oil or santalol
mamidine with aluminum chloride in benzene or
with acetic anhydride.
carbon disulfide.
Use: Perfumery.
Sandmeyer isonitrosoacetanilide isatin
“Santicizer” [Solutia]. TM for a series of plas-
synthesis. Formation of isonitrosoacetodi-
ticizers, including various sulfonamides, phthalates,
phenylamidine by condensation of chloral hydrate,
and glycollates.
hydroxylamine, and aniline; cyclization with con-
centrated sulfuric acid; and quantitative hydrolysis
to isatin on dilution.
“Santicizer 141” [Solutia]. TM for an alkyla-
ryl phosphate ester plasticizer.
Sandmeyer reaction. Replacement of diazoni- Properties: Clear, oily liquid.
um groups in aromatic compounds by halo or cyano Use: Imparts flame resistance, good low temperature
groups in the presence of cuprous salts, copper pow- properties, light and weathering stability, and stabil-
der, or cupric salts. ity in vinyls.
1107 SARCOSINE
“Santicizer 148” [Solutia]. (alkyl diaryl loids. They also have the ability to hemolyze red
phosphate ester). TM for a flexible, processable,
blood corpuscles at very great dilutions. The two
and compatible flame-retardant plasticizer.
groups are triterpenoid and steroid saponins; the
Properties: Clear liquid.
latter are used in research on sex hormones.
Use: For vinyl and nonvinyl resins.
(2) Specific term refers to saponin derived from
Saponaria or Quillaja.
“Santochlor” [Solutia]. (p-dichlorobenzene).
Properties: White, amorphous glucoside; pungent,
CAS: 106-46-7. TM for moth- and mildew-control
disagreeable taste and odor. It foams strongly when
agents.
shaken with water. Soluble in water.
Use: For space deodorants.
Grade: Crude, purified, highest purity.
Hazard: Highly toxic by injection; destroys red
blood cells. Moderately toxic by ingestion.
“Santocure” [Solutia]. TM for a series of ac-
Use: Foam producer in fire extinguishers, detergent
celerators for natural and synthetic rubbers.
in textile industries, sizing, substitute for soap,
emulsification agent for fats and oils.
“Santoflex” [Solutia]. TM for a series of rub-
ber antioxidants and antiozonants.
sapphire. (Al
2
O
3
). Synthetic sapphire is made by
␣-santonin.
crystal-growing techniques.
CAS: 481-06-1. C
15
H
18
O
3
. A tricyclic structure.
Properties: Hard, crystalline solid. D 3.98, Mohs
Properties: White powder turning yellow on expo-
hardness 9.0, mp 2040C, dielectric strength 480 kV/
sure to light; odorless; tasteless at first, then bitter. D
cm, dielectric constant 9.0 (20C), coefficient of fric-
1.187, mp 170–173C, bp sublimes, specific rotation
tion 0.05 micron, inert to strong acids and alkalies,
−170 to −175 degrees (2 g/100 mL alcohol). Soluble
excellent high-temperature stability. Can be sealed
in chloroform, alcohol, and most volatile and fatty
to glass. High transmission in infrared and ultravi-
oils; very slightly soluble in water; solutions are
olet.
levorotatory.
Available forms: Rods, spheres, disks, whiskers,
Derivation: By extraction from Artemisia.
single crystals.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, affects color vision.
Use: Electron and microwave tubes, optical elements
Grade: Technical.
in radiation detectors, substrate for thin-film compo-
Use: Medicine (anthelmintic).
nents and integrated circuits, abrasive, record nee-
dles, precision instrument bearings, aluminum com-
“Santoquin” [Solutia]. TM for ethoxyquin.
posites, micromortars for hand-pulverizing
Use: Antioxidant in animal feeds and dehydrated
chemicals.
forage crops.
See corundum.
“Santovar A” [Solutia]. TM for 2,5-di-tert-
saquinavir mesylate. See fortovase.
amylhydro-quinone.
saran. See polyvinylidene chloride; saran
“Santowax” R [Solutia]. TM for mixed ter-
fiber.
phenyls. Yellowish-white, noncrystalline, flaked
solid.
saran fiber. Generic name for a manufactured
Use: Extender for polystyrene.
fiber in which the fiber-forming substance is any
long-chain synthetic polymer composed of at least
saponification. The chemical reaction in which
80% by weight of vinylidene chloride units
an ester is heated with aqueous alkali such as sodium
(−CH
2
CCl
2
−) (Federal Trade Commission).
hydroxide to form an alcohol (usually glycerol) and
Properties: Tenacity 2–2.5 g/denier, elongation
the sodium salt of the acid corresponding to the
15–30%, softens at 115–137C. Highly resistant to
ester. The process is usually carried out on fats
most chemicals and solvents, weather, moths, and
(glyceryl esters of fatty acids). The sodium salt
mildew. Combustible but self-extinguishing.
formed is called a soap. A typical saponification
Use: Screens, upholstery, curtain and drapery fabrics,
reaction is (C
17
H
35
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
+ 3NaOH →
rugs and carpets, awnings, filter cloth.
3C
17
H
35
COONa + C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
.
See polyvinylidene chloride.
See soap.
sarcolysin. See melphalan.
saponification number. The number of milli-
grams of potassium hydroxide required to hydrolyze
sarcomere. A functional and structural unit of
1 g of a sample of an ester (glyceride, fat) or mixture.
the muscle contractile system.
saponin. (1) A general term applied to two groups
of plant glycosides that on shaking with water form
sarcosine. (methyl glycocoll; methylaminoa-
colloidal solutions giving soapy lathers; they form cetic acid). CH
3
NHCH
2
COOH.
oil/ester emulsions and are used as protective col- Properties: Deliquescent crystals;sweet taste. Mp
1108SARDINE OIL
210–215C (decomposes). Very soluble in water; quantity of dissolved matter at a given temperature.
slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible. See unsaturation; solubility (true); supersaturation.
Derivation: Decomposition of creatine or caffeine.
Grade: Technical.
saveall. A device used in the papermaking indus-
Use: Synthesis of foaming antienzyme compounds try to reclaim wastewater containing suspended sol-
for toothpaste, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. ids (fiber, pigment, etc.) for further processing.
There are three types: (1) sedimentation, (2) vacuum
filter, and (3) flotation. Types 1 and 2 are large tanks
sardine oil. See fish oil.
made of tile or concrete, type 3 is a rotary vacuum
filter drum that separates solids from wastewater.
Sarett oxidation. Oxidation of primary and
secondary alcohols to aldehydes and ketones by
savory oil.
means of CrO
3
-pyridine complex.
CAS: 8016-68-0. An essential oil used in flavoring,
especially in stuffing for meats and poultry.
sarin. (methylphosphonofluoride acid, isopro-
pyl ester).
saxitoxin.
CAS: 107-44-8. [(CH
3
)
2
CHO](CH
3
)FPO. A nerve
CAS: 35523-89-8. C
10
H
17
N
7
O
4
•2HCl. A toxic prin-
gas.
ciple present in certain species of shellfish. It is a
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption,
paralytic poison that attacks the central nervous sys-
cholinesterase inhibitor.
tem, acting as a muscular nerve block.
“Sartoner 213” monomer [Sartomer].
Saybolt Universal viscosity. The efflux time
TM for 1,4-butanediol diacrylate.
in seconds (SUS) of 60 mL of sample flowing
CAS: 1070-70-8.
through a calibrated Universal orifice in a Saybolt
Available forms: Liquid.
viscometer under specified conditions.
Use: A cross-linking agent with polymerization char-
See viscosity.
acteristics. Product is a hard, clear, infusable resin.
Uses include inks, adhesives, textile products, poly-
“Saytex” [Albermarle Corp.]. TM for flame
esters, and photoresists.
retardant for engineering plastics used in high tem-
perature applications. Its polymeric structure en-
SAS. (1) Abbreviation for sodium aluminum sul-
courages non-blooming and resists breakdown.
fate.
Use: For demanding molding applications such as
See aluminum sodium sulfate.
cool body toasters, PC diskette drives, and electron-
(2) Abbreviation for sodium alkane sulfonate.
ic connections.
SASOL process. See gasification.
Saytzeff (Zaitsev) rule. The rule predicts that
in elimination reactions the olefin predominantly
satellite. A chromosomal segment that branches
formed will be the one with the largest possible
off from the rest of the chromosome but is still
number of substituents on the carbon-carbon double
connected by a thin filament or stalk.
bond.
satellite DNA. Highly repeated, nontranslated
Sb. Symbol for antimony (from Latin stibium).
segments of DNA whose function is not clear.
SBA. Abbreviation for sec-butyl alcohol.
satin spar. See calcite.
SBG. Abbreviation for standard battery grade,
“Satintone” [Engelhard]. (aluminum sili-
highly purified chemicals manufactured for use in
cate). TM for pigments, coatings, and reinforce-
the battery industry.
ments.
Use: In plastics, rubber, adhesives, inks, and pharma-
SBR. Abbreviation for styrene-butadiene rubber.
ceuticals.
Sc. Symbol for scandium.
satin white. A high-bulking filler used in paper-
coating formulations; a mixture of hydrated lime,
scaffold. In genomic mapping, a series of contigs
potash alum, and aluminum sulfate. Readily hydrat-
that are in the right order but not necessarily con-
ed. Particle size range 0.2–2 microns.
nected in one continuous stretch of sequence.
saturation. (1) The state in which all available scale. (1) A calcareous deposit in water tubes or
valence bonds of an atom (especially carbon) are steam boilers resulting from deposition of mineral
attached to other atoms. The straight-chain paraffins compounds present in the water, e.g., calcium car-
are typical saturated compounds. (2) The state of a bonate. (2) A type of paraffin or petroleum wax from
solution when it holds the maximum equilibrium which all but a few percent of oil has been removed
1109 SCHEELITE
by hydraulic pressing and subsequent processing. characters showing the tendency for one character to
change as the other character or variable changes.
(3) A graduated standard of measurement in which
the units (degrees) are defined in relation to some
property of what is measured, e.g., temperature
scavenger. (getter). (1) In chemistry, any sub-
scale, Brix scale, Baume´ scale. (4) The markings
stance added to a system or mixture to consume or
indicating such units as on a thermometer or gradu-
inactivate traces of impurities. (2) In metallurgy, an
ate. (5) A weighing device that may be of the beam
active metal added to a molten metal or alloy that
type in which weights (poises) and lever systems are
combines with oxygen or nitrogen in the melt and
used, or of the direct-reading spring type in which
causes its removal into the slag. Alloys including
the gravitational pull of the object being weighed is
such metals as thorium, zirconium, and cerium as
counterbalanced by a known constant spring force.
well as carbon and misch metal are used in vacuum
See boiler scale; balance (2).
tubes to absorb traces of residual gases.
“Scav-Ox” [Olin]. TM for a hydrazine oxygen
scale-up. A term used in chemical engineering to
scavenger.
describe the calculations and planning involved in
Use: Prevent corrosion in boilers and oil-wheel
carrying a chemical processing operation from the
casings.
pilot plant to large-scale production stage.
SCC. Abbreviation for the Society of Cosmetic
scandium. Sc. Metallic element of atomic num-
Chemists.
ber 21, group IIIB of the periodic table, aw 44.9559,
valence
=
3, no stable isotopes.
Schaeffer acid. (2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid;
Properties: Silvery-white solid. Mp 1539C, bp
-naphtholsulfonic acid).
2727C, d 2.99. Does not tarnish in air, reacts rapidly
with acids, strongly electropositive. Not attacked by
1:1 mixture of nitric and 48% hydrofluoric acids. It
is chemically similar to the rare earths.
Source: Chief ores are wolframite and thortveitite
(Norway, Madagascar).
Derivation: Reduction of scandium fluoride with
Properties: White leaflets. Mp 122C. Soluble in wa-
calcium or with zinc or magnesium alloy. Purifica-
ter and alcohol.
tion by distillation gives purity of 99+%.
Derivation: Sulfonation of -naphthol with 94% sul-
Use: No major industrial use. An artificial radioac-
furic acid at 95C, yielding a mixture comprising
tive isotope has been used in tracer studies and leak
chiefly Schaeffer acid (56%), R-acid (15%), and G-
detection, and there is some application in the semi-
acid (10%). Separation is effected by dilution with
conductor field.
water, boiling to hydrolyze the sulfonic acid group,
and addition of metallic salts.
scandium fluoride. ScF
3
.
Use: Azo dye intermediate.
Derivation: Reaction of scandium oxide with ammo-
nium hydrogen fluoride.
Schaeffer’s salt. (sodium salt of 2-naphthol-
Use: Preparation of scandium metal.
6-sulfonic acid). C
10
H
6
OHSO
3
Na.
Use: Intermediate for organic chemicals.
scandium oxide. Sc
2
O
3
.
Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 3.864,
Scheele, C. W. (1742–1786). One of the out-
specific heat 0.153, a weak base. Soluble in hot
standing early chemical thinkers and experimenters,
acids, less so in cold acids.
Scheele was a Swedish scientist who discovered a
Source: Thortveitite.
number of previously unknown substances, among
Use: Preparation of scandium fluoride.
which were tartaric acid, chlorine, manganese salts,
arsine, and copper arsenite (Scheele’s green). He
scanning tunneling microscope. Instrument
also noted the oxidation states of various metals,
that uses a sharply tipped electrode in close proximi-
observed the nature of oxygen two years before
ty to a surface. As the electrode is moved, the change
Priestley’s discovery, and discovered the chemical
in electrode signal relates to the shape of the surface
action of light on silver compounds, thus laying the
being scanned.
foundation of photochemistry and photography.
Use: Study of atomic-scale structure of surfaces,
Scheelite, or natural calcium tungstate, is named
drawing molecular-sized markings on surfaces and
after him.
transport of atoms and molecules.
See: atomic force microscopy; chemical force mi-
Scheele’s green. See copper arsenite.
croscopy.
scheelite. CaWO
4
. A natural calcium tungstate
scatter diagram. (correlation table). The plot- found in igneous rocks, usually with granite. Some
ted record of frequency distribution of two different molybdenum may replace tungsten.
1110SCHIEMANN REACTION
Use: Ore of tungsten; as a phosphor. plant which then becomes toxic to sucking and
chewing insects.
Schiemann reaction. Formation of diazonium
Schrock, Richard R. (1945– ). An American
fluoborates by diazotization of aromatic amines in
Born in Berne, Indiana who won the Nobel Prize for
the presence of fluoborates, followed by their ther-
chemistry in 2005 for his pioneering work concern-
mal decomposition to aryl fluorides.
ing the development of the metathesis method in
organic synthesis. Awarded a B.A. from the Univer-
Schiff base. A class of compounds derived by
sity of California, Riverside and a Ph.D. from Har-
chemical reaction (condensation) of aldehydes or
vard University. A member of the American Acade-
ketones with primary amines. The general formula
my of Arts and Sciences and the National Academy
is RR
′
X==NR
′′
.
of Sciences.
Properties: Usually colorless, crystalline solids, al-
though some are dyes. Very weakly basic and hy-
Schweitzer’s reagent. A solution of copper
drolyzed by water and strong acids to carbonyl com-
hydroxide in strong ammonia used in analytical
pounds and amines.
chemistry as a test for wool. It dissolves cotton, silk,
Use: Rubber accelerators; dyes (phenylene blue and
and linen.
naphthol blue); chemical intermediate; liquid crys-
tals in electronic display systems; perfume base.
SCI. Abbreviation for the Society of the
Chemical Industry.
Schmidlin ketene synthesis. Formation of
ketene by thermal decomposition of acetone over
electrically heated wire at 500–750 degrees by a
scillirubroside.
reaction involving radical formation with genera-
CAS: 23604-99-1. mf: C
30
H
42
O
10
.
tion of methane and carbon monoxide.
Hazard: A poison.
Source: Natural product.
Schmidt reaction. Acid catalyzed addition of
hydrazoic acid to carboxylic acids, aldehydes, and
scintillation counter. A device used to detect a
ketones to give amines, nitriles, and amides, respec- pulse of radiation by emitting a flicker of light. ␣-
tively. radiation is counted by inorganic detectors such as
sodium iodide, while organic materials such as plas-
tics may be used for - and ␥- particles.
Scholler saccharification process. Industri-
See phosphor.
al saccharification of wood using 0.5% sulfuric acid
at 170–180 degrees and 165–180 lb/sq inch pres-
scirpenetriol triacetate.
sures. Recovered sugars are fermented to produce
CAS: 4297-61-4. mf: C
21
H
28
O
8
.
about 40 gal alcohol per ton of dry wood.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
Scholl reaction. Coupling of aromatic mole-
scission. (1) The rupture of a chemical bond with
cules by treatment with Lewis acid catalysts.
production of 5-electron-volts of energy. (2) In agri-
cultural technology, the separation of fruit or vege-
Schorigin (Shorygin) reaction. Organome-
table products from the tree or vine.
tallic reactions of the Grignard type, employing so-
dium in place of magnesium; the reaction of alkyl
scleroprotein. Any of a large class of proteins
sodium compounds with carbon dioxide to give mo-
that have a supporting or protective function in ten-
nobasic acids is sometimes known as the Wanklyn
dons, bones, cartilages, ligaments, and other hard or
reaction.
tough parts of the animal body. They include the
collagens of skin, tendons, and bones, as well as the
Schotten-Baumann reaction. Acylation of
elastic proteins known as elastins and the keratins.
alcohols with acyl halides in aqueous alkaline solu-
Specific examples are the keratin of hair, hooves,
tion.
and horns, and fibroin from silk.
schradan. (generic name for octamethyl pyro-
scleroscope hardness. See hardness.
phosphoramide; OMPA).
CAS: 152-16-9. [(CH
3
)
2
N]
2
P(O)OP(O)[N(CH
3
)
2
]
2
.
scopolamine.
Properties: Viscous liquid. D 1.137, bp 120–125C
CAS: 51-34-3. C
17
H
21
NO
4
. A drug used to inhibit
(0.5 mm Hg), refr index 1.462 (25C). Miscible with
effects of acetylcholine; viscous liquid, soluble in
water; soluble in most organic solvents; hydrolyzed
water and alcohol.
in the presence of acids, but not by alkalies or water
alone.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, a cholin-
scouring agent. A compound used to remove
esterase inhibitor, use may be restricted. the natural oils and fats from raw wool, also used to
Use: A systemic insecticide that is absorbed by the remove lubricants applied to rayon yarns or fabrics
1111 SDA
during such operations as throwing, winding, weav-
screw. (auger; worm). A simple machine em-
ing, knitting, etc. ploying the principle of the inclined plane, invented
by the Greek scientist Archimedes. It consists of a
central shaft around which winds a spiral of ribs
SCP. Abbreviation for single-cell protein.
(called “flights”) that are integral with the shaft. The
See protein; single-cell.
distance between the flights is the pitch, or angle of
inclination of the screw. This distance may be uni-
screen. A woven, fabriclike structure made of
form throughout the length of the screw or it may
intersecting strands of wire or plastic, usually
vary from one point to another, depending on use
mounted in a steel frame. They are available in a
requirements. The shorter the distance between
wide range of sizes, weaves, and meshes from as
flights, the more pressure the screw will deliver.
coarse as 25 to as fine as 400. The mesh is the
Screws have a number of important applications in
number of apertures per square inch; it is the square
industrial operations. (1) Extrusion of rubber, plas-
of the number of strands of metal or plastic per linear
tics, and food products: the screw rotates in a cham-
inch. The strands can be made of any suitable metal
ber or barrel, the product being introduced through a
(copper, nickel), alloy (steel, bronze), or synthetic
port where the flights are farthest apart; it is forced
(nylon, PVC). Some types of screen are mechanical-
through a die at the opposite end of the barrel, which
ly vibrated or gyrated to facilitate solids separation;
molds it to the form desired. (2) Mixing of solids:
fine mesh screens require application of force, such
continuous mixing is possible with screws having a
as a stream of water, to effect separation. Screens are
wide variety of pitches and contours that impart a
used for filtration, clarification of suspensions, se-
back-and-forth motion to the product being mixed
paration and classification of solids, and removal of
without moving it to the discharge end until it is
contaminants from semisolid materials. Lab sizes
pushed along by added material. Two screws may
are available. A special application is the wire of a
operate in parallel, their pitches opposing each other
fourdrinier papermaking machine; it may be 38–60
in such a way as to effect maximum mixing. Some
inches. wide and 55–85 mesh; it moves continuous-
screws are cored for circulation of cooling water. (3)
ly over return rolls, the sheet being formed upon it by
Conveying of solids: for this purpose screws with
filtration of wood pulp slurry.
uniform and fairly wide pitch are used; as the screw
See filter media.
turns the solids are passed along from one flight to
the next. These are used for conveying wet and dry
screening. To screen a library (see “Library”) is
solids, wood chips, and similar particulates. (4) An
to select and isolate individual clones out of the
engineering application of the screw is the mecha-
mixture of clones. For example, if you needed a
nism known as a worm gear, in which the flights of
cDNA clone of the pituitary glycoprotein hormone
the screw engage corresponding indentations or
alpha subunit, you would need to make (or buy) a
notches in a shaft or wheel, causing it to turn.
pituitary cDNA library, then screen that library in
order to detect and isolate those few bacteria carry-
scrubber. See absorption tower; scrubbing.
ing alpha subunit cDNA.
(1) Screening by hybridization involves spreading
scrubbing. Process for removing one or more
the mixture of bacteria out on a dozen or so agar
components from a mixture of gases and vapors by
plates to grow several ten thousand isolated colo-
passing it upward and usually countercurrent to and
nies. Membranes are laid onto each plate, and some
in intimate contact with a stream of descending
of the bacteria from each colony stick, producing
liquid, the latter being chosen so as to dissolve the
replicas of each colony in their original growth posi-
desired components and not others. The gas or vapor
tion. The membranes are lifted and the adherent
may be broken into fine bubbles upon entering a
bacteria are lysed, then hybridized to a radioactive
tower filled with liquid, but more frequently the
piece of alpha DNA (the source of which is a story in
tower is filled with coke, broken stone, or other
itself—see “Probe”). When X-ray film is laid on the
packing, over which the liquid flows while exposing
filter, only colonies carrying alpha sequences will
a relatively large surface to the rising gas or vapor.
“light up”. Their position on the membranes show
See absorption (1).
where they grew on the original plates, so you now
can go back to the original plate (where the remnants
scruple. Unit of weight used in pharmacy equiva-
of the colonies are still alive), pick the colony off the
lent to 20 grains or 1/3 dram.
plate and grow it up. You now have an unlimited
source of alpha cDNA.
SDA. Abbreviation for specially denatured al-
(2) Screening by antibody is an option if the bacteria
cohol.
and plasmid are designed to express proteins from
the cDNA inserts (see “Expression clones”). The
SDDC. Abbreviation for sodium dimethyldithio-
principle is similar to hybridization, in that you lift
carbamate.
replica filters from bacterial plates, but then you use
the antibody (perhaps generated after olde tyme
protein purification rituals) to show which colony
SDA. Abbreviation for the Soap and Detergent
expresses the desired protein. Association.
1112SDP
SDP. Abbreviation for 4,4
′
-sulfonyldiphenol. “SeaWash” [ForBest]. TM for a pH neutral
floor cleaning solution.
Use: Used in food preparation areas of food manufac-
Se. Symbol for selenium.
turers, hospitals, restaurants, or schools.
Seaboard process. Method of removing hydro-
“SeaWash 70” [ForBest]. TM for a parts
gen sulfide from a gas by absorption in sodium
cleaning solution, certified as clean air solvent.
carbonate solution. Sodium bicarbonate and sodium
Use: For degreasing in industrial manufacturing or
hydrosulfide are formed. By blowing air through
machine shops.
this solution, hydrogen sulfide is released and car-
ried off, and the sodium carbonate is regenerated.
seawater. See ocean water.
Seaborg, Glen T. (1912–1999). An American
seaweed. See algae; phycocolloid; carrageen-
chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in
an; kelp.
1951 along with McMillan. He did research in nu-
clear chemistry, physics, and artificial radioactivity.
sebacic acid. (1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid; se-
He discovered the elements plutonium, americum,
bacylic acid; decanedioic acid).
berkelium, californium, einsteinium, fermium, and
CAS: 111-20-6. COOH(CH
2
)
8
COOH.
medelevium with his colleague. He codiscovered
Properties: White leaflets. Mp 133C, d 1.110 (25C),
numerous isotopes and radioisotopes. His Ph.D. is
bp 295.0C (100 mm Hg), refr index 1.422 (133.3C).
from the University of California at Berkeley.
Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and
ether. Combustible.
seaborgium. Sg. A transfermium element.
Derivation: From butadiene via dichlorobutene and
Atomic number 106. Very short half-life.
its nitrile derivatives, dry distillation of castor oil
with alkali.
sea coal. Finely ground bituminous coal used in
Grade: CP, purified.
sand mixtures for iron molds to prevent sticking.
Use: Stabilizer in alkyd resins, maleic and other poly-
esters, polyurethanes, fibers, paint products, candles
“Sea Harmony” [Premier]. TM for an or-
and perfumes, low-temperature lubricants and hy-
ganic blend of North Atlantic seaweed and alfalfa.
draulic fluids, manufacture of nylon 610.
Use: Food supplement.
sebaconitrile. NC(CH
2
)
8
CN.
sealant. Any organic substance that