Q
“Qiana” [Du Pont]. TM for a nylon-type syn- quantum number. The quantum is the basic
thetic fiber with properties similar to silk. unit of electromagnetic energy.It characterizes the
wave properties of electrons, as distinct from their
particulate properties. The quantum theory devel-
Q-lure. See cue-lure.
oped by Max Planck states that the energy associ-
ated with any quantum is proportional to the fre-
quad. An energy unit that has come into use in
quency of the radiation, that is e (energy)
=
h!GKu,
recent years in predicting future energy require-
where !GKu is the frequency and h is a universal
ments on a national basis. One quad equals 10
15
Btu,
constant.
which is the energy equivalent of 10
12
cu ft natural
An electron has four quantum numbers that define
gas, or 182 million barrels of oil, or 42 million tons
its properties. These are as follows: (1) The principal
of coal, or 293 billion kilowatt-hours of electricity.
quantum number is a constant that can be any posi-
tive integer (n
=
1, 2, 3 ...). It determines the principal
quadruple point. The temperature at which
energy level, or shell, of the electron, sometimes
four phases are in equilibrium, such as ice, saturated
designated by letters such as K, L, or M, depending
salt solution, water vapor, and salt.
on the value of the principal quantum number. (2)
The angular momentum constant l, also an integer, is
quadrupole resonance. See nuclear quadru-
related to n as l
=
0, 1, ..., n−) 1. Here again, letter
pole resonance.
designations are often used. In s electrons, l
=
0; in p
electrons, l
=
1; in d electrons, l
=
2; and in f elec-
qualitative analysis. See analytical chem-
trons, l
=
3. (3) The magnetic quantum number, m,is
istry.
an integer related to l as: m
=
−1, ..., −1, 0, +1, ..., +l.
(4) The spin quantum number is independent of the
quantitative analysis. See analytical chem-
other three and has a value of either +1/2 or −1/2,
istry.
depending on the direction of rotation of the electron
on its axis in the atomic frame of reference. See
orbital theory; electron; photon; radiation; Pauli
quantization of energy. The assumption that
exclusion principle.
the energy of a particle is not infinitely variable but
can have any one of a definite set of values.
quantum number, azimuthal. The quantum
number specifying the angular momentum of an
quantum dot. (Qdots). Nanometer sized semi-
orbital electron.
conductor particles, made of cadmium selenide
(CdSe), cadmium sulfide (CdS), or cadmium tellu-
quantum number, magnetic. The determi-
ride (CdTe) with an inert polymer coating..
nant of the component of angular momentum vector
of an atomic electron or group of electrons along the
quantum efficiency. (photochemical yield).
externally applied magnetic field.
The number of electrons actually ejected per quan-
tum of light absorbed.
quantum number, radial. The radial motion
quantum number that is an integer for any permitted
quantum jump. See quantum transition.
stationary condition of a particle moving under the
influence of a central field.
quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics de-
scribes a system of particles in terms of a wave
quantum state. (energy level). The energy
function defined over the configuration space of the
state of an atom as determined by the frequencies of
system. Although the concept of particles having
its characteristic spectral lines.
distinct locations is implicit in the potential energy
function that determines the wave function (e.g., of a
quantum transition. (quantum jump). The
ground-state system), the observable dynamics of
sharp change in an atom accompanied by emission
the system cannot be described in terms of the mo-
or absorption of a quantum of radiant energy.
tion of such particles from point to point. In describ-
ing the energies, distributions, and behaviors of
quantum yield. Number of photon-induced re-
electrons in nanometer-scale structures, quantum
actions of a specified type per photon absorbed.
mechanical methods are necessary. Electron wave
functions help determine the potential energy sur-
face of a molecular system, which in turn is the basis
quark. The smallest known bit of matter. Hypo-
for classical descriptions of molecular motion. thetical entities carrying electrical charges of one-
1066
1067 QUETIAPINE FUMARATE
third or two-thirds the normal unit. Light (300 MeV) coordination compounds and tend to be adsorbed on
hypothetical particles used to facilitate calculation surfaces.
of certain observables. Use: Disinfectant, cleanser and sterilizer, cosmetics
(deodorants, dandruff removers, emulsion stabiliz-
ers), fungicides, mildew control, to increase affinity
quartz.
of dyes for film in photography, coating of pigment
CAS: 14808-60-7. SiO
2
. Crystallized silicon diox-
particles to improve dispersibility, to increase adhe-
ide (silica).
sion of road dressings and paints, antistatic additive,
Properties: White to reddish color, luster vitreous.
biocide.
Mp 1713C, Mohs hardness 7, d 2.65. Insoluble in
See detergent, synthetic; coordination compound.
acids except hydrogen fluoride; only slightly at-
tacked by solutions of caustic alkali. Piezoelectric
p-quaterphenyl. C
6
H
5
C
6
H
4
C
6
H
4
C
6
H
5
.
and pyroelectric. Noncombustible.
Properties: Crystals. Mp 316–318C, bp 428C (18
Derivation: Synthetic crystals of good size and pu-
mm Hg).
rity are grown by mass production methods under
Grade: Purified.
very carefully regulated conditions of temperature
Use: As primary fluor or as wavelength shifter in
and concentration.
soluble scintillators.
Hazard: Avoid inhalation of fine particles. TLV: (for
respirable dust) 0.1 mg/m
3
.
quebrachine. See yohimbine.
Use: Electronic components; piezoelectric control in
filters, oscillators, frequency standards, wave filters,
quebracho.
radio and TV components; barrel-finishing abra-
Properties: A wood-derived tannin, the most impor-
sive.
tant tanning agent used in the American leather
See silica.
industry. Combustible.
Derivation: From Aspidosperma quebracho and
quartz, fused. Pure silica that has been melted
Quebracho lorentzi, imported as logs from Argen-
to yield a glasslike material on cooling.
tina.
Use: For apparatus and equipment (such as vacuum
Grade: Liquid: 35–37% tannin. Solid: 65% tannin.
tubes) where its high melting point, ability to with-
Use: Vegetable tanning, retanning of chrome-tanned
stand large and rapid temperature changes, chemical
upper leathers, dyeing, ore flotation, oil-well drill-
inertness and transparency (including UV radia-
ing fluids, flavoring.
tion), and electrical resistance are valuable. Pro-
duced as fibers and fabrics for heat resistance, low
Quelet reaction. Passage of dry hydrogen chlo-
expansion coefficient, and insulating value.
ride through a solution in ligroin of a phenolic ether
See glass.
and an aliphatic aldehyde in the presence or absence
of a dehydration catalyst to yield ␣-chloroalkyl de-
quassia. (bitter ash; bitterwood).
rivatives by substitution in the para position to the
Properties: White to bright-yellow chips or shav-
ether group or in the ortho position in para-substi-
ings; very bitter taste.
tuted phenolic ethers.
Derivation: The wood or bark of Picrasma excelsa
or Quassia amara.
quench. In the terminology of metallurgy, quick
Use: Decoction or tincture as a fly poison, surrogate
cooling of metals or alloys by immersion in cold
for hops, medicine (anthelminthic), hair lotion, fla-
water or oil. This is an essential part of the tempering
voring, alcohol denaturant.
process, especially for steels. If the metal or alloy is
in the liquid (molten) state and the quench time is
extremely short (less than a second), the product will
quaternary ammonium salt. A type of or-
have an amorphous or glasslike structure, because
ganic nitrogen compound in which the molecular
no crystallization occurs.
structure includes a central nitrogen atom joined to
See glass, metallic.
four organic groups (the cation) and a negatively
charged acid radical (the anion). The structure is
quercetin.
indicated as:
CAS: 117-39-5. C
15
H
10
O
7
.
Properties: Yellow needles (dihydrate). Anhydrous
form decomposes at 315C. Soluble in alcohol and
glacial acetic acid; insoluble in water.
Derivation: Bark of fir trees, also synthetically.
Use: Medicine, reported formation of epoxy resins on
mixing with epichlorohydrin.
Octadecyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride and
hexamethonium chloride are examples. Pentavalent
nitrogen ring compounds, such as lauryl pyridinium
quetiapine fumarate.
chloride, are also considered quaternary ammonium CAS: 111974-72-2. mf: C
42
H
50
N
6O4
S
2
•C
4
H
4O
4.
compounds. They are all cationic, surface-active Hazard: Human systemic effects.
1068QUICK
quick-. Prefix meaning alive or active, as in quinhydrone.
quicksilver (mercury), quicklime (unslaked lime), CAS: 106-34-3. C
6
H
4
O
2
C
6
H
4
(OH)
2
.
quicksand, quick (the flesh beneath the fingernail). Properties: Dark green crystals. Mp 171C, d 1.40.
Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,
hot water, ammonia.
“Quick-Dry Citrus Solvent” [Kinzua].
Derivation: Oxidation of hydroquinone with sodium
TM for a citrus based solvent.
dichromate.
Use: To replace VOC compounds in industrial
Grade: Reagent, technical.
products.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Electrode for pH determination.
quicklime. See calcium oxide.
quinine.
quicksilver. See mercury.
CAS: 130-95-0. C
20
H
24
N
2
O
2
•3H
2
O. An alkaloid.
Properties: Bulky, white, amorphous powder or
“Quilon” [Du Pont]. TM for a Werner-type
crystalline alkaloid; very bitter taste; odorless. Le-
chromium complex in isopropanol, 30% solution of
vorotatory. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,
stearatochromic chloride.
carbon disulfide, glycerol, alkalies, and acids (with
Use: Water repellent and sizing treatment of cellulo-
formation of salts); very slightly soluble in water.
sic materials, treatment of negatively charged sur-
Derivation: Finely ground cinchona bark mixed with
faces, antiblocking agent, for insolubilizing various
lime is extracted with hot, high-boiling paraffin oil.
water-soluble or swellable coatings, improving
The solution is filtered, shaken with dilute sulfuric
grease-resistant coatings, treatment of feathers.
acid, and the latter neutralized while still hot with
sodium carbonate; on cooling, quinine sulfate crys-
quinacridone. A lightfast pigment used in
tallizes out. The sulfate is then treated with ammo-
paints, printing inks, plastics, etc.
nia, the alkaloid being obtained.
Source: Indonesia, Bolivia.
quinacridone magneta. See 2,9-dimethyl-
Hazard: Skin irritant, ingestion of pure substance
quinacridone.
adversely affects eyes.
Use: Medicine (antimalarial) as the alkaloid or as
quinacrine dihydrochloride. (3-chloro-7-
numerous salts and derivatives; flavoring in carbo-
methoxy-9-(1-methyl-4-diethylamino-butylami-
nated beverages.
no)acridine dihydrochloride).
CAS: 69-05-6. C
23
H
30
ClN
3
O•2HCl•2H
2
O.
Properties: Bright yellow, crystalline powder;
odorless; bitter taste. Decomposes at 248–250C.
Soluble in hot water; pH of 1% water solution 4.5.
Derivation: Organic synthesis.
Grade: USP.
Use: Drug.
quinaldine. (chinaldine; ␣-methylquinoline).
quinine acid sulfate. See quinine.
CAS: 91-63-4. C
9
H
6
NCH
3
.
Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; odor of quinoline;
quinine bisulfate. See quinine.
darkens to reddish brown in air. Bp 246–247C, mp
−2C, d 1.51. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloro-
quinizarin. (1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone; CI
form; insoluble in water.
58050). C
14
H
6
O
2
(OH)
2
.
Derivation: (1) By the treatment of aniline and paral-
Properties: Red or yellow-red crystals. Mp
dehyde with hydrochloric acid and heat; (2) from
194–195C. Soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, ben-
coal tar.
zene, potassium chloride, and sulfuric acid.
Hazard: Strong irritant to mucous membranes.
Use: Antioxidant in synthetic lubricants, dyes.
Use: Manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals, fine or-
ganic chemicals, acid-base indicators.
quinol. See hydroquinone.
quinaphthol. (quinine--naphthol ␣-sulfo-
quinoline. (chinoline).
nate). C
20
H
24
N
2
O
2
•(OHC
10
H
6
•SO
3
H)
2
.
CAS: 91-22-5. C
9
H
7
N. A basic heterocyclic nitroge-
Properties: Yellow crystalline powder, contains
nous compound occurring in coal tar and obtained
42% quinine; bitter taste. Mp 185–186C. Moderate-
from it, but more frequently by synthesis.
ly soluble in hot water or alcohol; insoluble in cold
water.
Derivation: Interaction of quinine and -naphthol-
sulfonic acid.
Use: Medicine.
1069 “QUOTANE”
Properties: Highly refractive, colorless liquid; dark- cides, analytical reagent, photography, oxidizing
ens with age; hygroscopic; peculiar odor. D 1.0899, agent.
fp −15C, bp 238C, autoign temp 896F (480C). Solu-
p-quinonedioxime. See “GMF.”
ble in water, alcohol, ether, and carbon disulfide.
Combustible.
Derivation: By treatment of aniline and nitroben-
quinone oxime dye. See nitroso dye.
zene with glycerol and sulfuric acid and heat.
Use: Preserving anatomical specimens; manufacture
quinoxaline. (1,4-benzodiazine; benzo-p-diaz-
of quinolinol sulfate; niacin and copper-8-quinoli-
ine). C
8
H
6
N
2
(bicyclic). An organic base.
nolate; flavoring.
Properties: Colorless, crystalline powder. Mp 30C,
bp 229C. Soluble in water and organic solvents.
quinoline dye. See cyanine dye.
Use: Organic synthesis.
quinolinic acid.
quinoxalinedithiol cyclic trithiocarbonate.
CAS: 89-00-9. mf: C
7
H
5
NO
4
.
See thioquinox.
Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic
by ingestion. A mild skin irritant.
(2,3-quinoxalinyldithio)dimethyltin.
CAS: 73927-90-9. mf: C
10
H
10
N
2
S
2
Sn.
8-quinolinol. See 8-hydroxyquinoline.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2
mg/m
3
(skin)
(8-quinolinolato)tributylstannane. See tri-
(2,3-quinoxalinyldithio)diphenyltin.
butyl(8-quinolinolato)tin.
CAS: 73927-96-5. mf: C
20
H
14
N
2
S
2
Sn.
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2
quinomethionate. C
10
H
6
N
2
OS
2
.
mg(Sn)/m
3
(skin).
Properties: Tan to yellow crystals. Mp 170C. Solu-
ble in benzene, toluene, and dioxane; insoluble in
quinoxidine.
water.
CAS: 10103-89-6. mf: C
14
H
14
N
2
O
6
.
Use: Fungicide, acaricide.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
quinone. (1,4-benzoquinone; chinone).
quinsol. C
9
H
6
NOSO
3
K•H
2
O. Yellow, crystalline
CAS: 106-51-4. C
6
H
4
O
2
.
powder. Combustible.
Use: Fungicide.
quintozene. See pentachloronitrobenzene
Properties: Yellow crystals; irritant odor. D 1.307,
quinuclidine.
mp 115.7, bp sublimes. Soluble in alcohol, ether, CAS: 100-76-5. mf: C
7
H
13
N.
and alkalies; slightly soluble in hot water. Volatile Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.
with steam, being in part decomposed. Combustible. Low toxicity by inhalation. A moderate skin and
Derivation: By oxidation of aniline with chromic severe eye irritant.
acid, extraction with ether and distillation.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to skin
“Quotane” [Glaxo-SmithKline]. TM for an
and mucous membranes. TLV: 0.1 ppm. ointment and lotion containing dimethisoquin hy-
Use: Manufacture of dyes and hydroquinone, fungi- drochloride.
