P. Symbol for phosphorus. polyethylene film aluminum cans (beer, soft

(textiles) drinks)

ceramic jars (cos-

p-. (p-). Abbreviation for para-.

metic creams)

steel cylinders

PA. Abbreviation for phthalic anhydride and for

(gases)

polyamide.

Pa. Symbol for protactinium.

packing. (1) A collar or gasket used to seal me-

chanical devices to prevent leakage of oil or water;

Paal-Knorr pyrrole synthesis. Formation of

often made of specially compounded rubber or a

pyrroles by heating 1,4-dicarbonyl compounds with

flexible plastic. (2) The operation of placing solid

ammonia or primary amines in a sealed tube.

materials or objects in shipping containers in such a

way as to secure maximum space economy and

Paar turbidimeter. A visual-extinction device

freedom from damage by vibration or impact. Barri-

for measurement of solution turbidity. The length of

ers of paperboard, foamed plastic, or glass fiber are

the column of liquid suspension is adjusted until the

widely used. (3) An inert material used in distillation

light filament can no longer be seen.

columns to baffle the downward flow of countercur-

See nephelometry.

rent liquid; it may be glass fiber or beads, metal

tubes called Raschig rings, metal chains, or specially

PABA. Abbreviation for p-aminobenzoic acid.

shaped devices of various kinds (saddles, helices,

rings, etc.).

PABA sodium. See sodium-p-aminobenzoate.

See tower, distillation.

PAC. See P1-derived artificial chromosome.

paclitaxel. (taxol; 5-␤,20-epoxy-1,2-␣,4,7-

␤,10-␤,13-␣-hexahydroxy-tax-11-en-9-one 4,10-

“Pace” [Olin]. TM for water-treatment chemi-

diacetate 2-benzoate 13-ester with (2r,3s)-n-ben-

cals and particularly chlorinated organic com-

zoyl-3-phenylisoserine). C

pounds.

CAS: 33069-62-4.

Use: Swimming-pool chlorination.

packaging. The operation of placing materials in

suitable containers or protective covering for pur-

poses of storage, distribution, and sale. Some pack-

ages act merely as containers, but others protect

perishable materials (especially foodstuffs) from

environmental damage, contamination, and biologi-

cal deterioration; in this respect the critical factor is

exclusion of moisture vapor, bacteria, and oxygen.

Some packages perform both functions simulta-

neously. Common packaging materials are:

(for nonperishable (for perishable products)

products)

Properties: Needles from aq methanol. Mw 853.99,

wooden boxes, glass bottles

mp 213–216C (decomp). Extracted from the bark of

kegs, barrels

Pacific yew tree, Taxus brevifolia.

fiber drums “tin” cans

Use: Treatment of ovarian cancer.

glass bottles (per- plastic film

See taxol.

fumes,

pharmaceuticals) cellophane (tobacco)

paclobutrazol. See trimmit.

polyvinyl chloride polypropylene

bottles

(detergents) polyvinylidene chloride

padan. [S,S

′

(2-dimethylaminotrimethyl-

aluminum tubes (to- polyethylene enebisthiocarbamate)].

othpaste) CAS: 15263-52-2. C

Cl.

paperboard cartons paraffin-coated paper and Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

board Use: Insecticide.

939

940PAHA

PAHA. See p-aminohippuric acid. “Palacet” [BASF]. TM for a series of organic

pigments used for dyeing and printing on acetate,

nylon, and polyester fibers.

paint. A uniformly dispersed mixture having a

viscosity ranging from a thin liquid to a semisolid

“Palatin” [BASF]. TM for metallized acid

paste and consisting of (1) a drying oil, synthetic

dyestuffs approaching the fastness of chrome colors.

resin, or other film-forming component, called the

binder; (2) a solvent or thinner; and (3) an organic or

palindrome. Biology: A segment of duplex

inorganic pigment. The binder and the solvent are

DNA in which the base sequences of the two strands

collectively called the vehicle. Paints are used (1) to

is the same from each end of the strands.

protect a surface from corrosion, oxidation, or other

type of deterioration, and (2) to provide decorative

palconic acid. An alkali-soluble extract of red-

effects.

wood bark dust. A mixture of partially methylated

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk (except wa-

phenolic acids.

ter based). Toxic if vapors are inhaled over a long

period. The lead content of household paints is limit-

palladium.

ed to 0.5%.

CAS: 7440-05-3. Pd. Metallic element of atomic

See paint; emulsion; vehicle; protective coating; anti-

number 46, aw 106.4, valences of 2, 3, 4, group VIII

fouling paint.

of the periodic table; there are 6 stable isotopes.

Properties: Silver-white, ductile metal that does not

paint, emulsion. (latex paint). A paint com-

tarnish in air. It is the least noble (most reactive) of

posed of two dispersions: (1) dry powders (colo-

the platinum group. Absorbs up to 800 times its own

rants, fillers, extenders) and (2) resin. The former is

volume of hydrogen. Attacked by hot, concentrated

obtained by milling the dry ingredients into water.

nitric acid and boiling sulfuric acid, soluble in aqua

The resin dispersion is either a latex formed by

regia and fused alkalies, insoluble in organic acids,

emulsion polymerization or a resin in emulsion

good electrical conductor. D 12.0, mp 1554C, bp

form. The two dispersions are blended to produce an

2800C, Mohs hardness 4.8, Brinell 61, Vickers

emulsion paint. Surfactants and protective colloids

(annealed) 41. Noncombustible, except as dust.

are necessary to stabilize the product. Emulsion

Occurrence: Siberia, Ural Mountains (the former

paints are characterized by the fact that the binder is

U.S.S.R.), Ontario, South Africa.

in a water-dispersed form, whereas in a solvent paint

Derivation: In ores with platinum, gold, copper, etc.

it is in soluble form. The principal latex paints are

Concentrated ores are dissolved in aqua regia; after

styrene-butadiene, polyvinyl acetate, and acrylic

gold and platinum are removed by chemical treat-

resins. Percentage composition may be 25–30% dry

ment, palladium is precipitated by ammonia, fol-

ingredients, 40% latex, and 20–30% water, plus

lowed by hydrochloric acid. After further purifica-

stabilizers. The unique properties of emulsion paints

tion treatment, ignition yields palladium metal.

are ease of application, absence of disagreeable

Available forms: Wire, leaf, powder, single crystals.

odor, and nonflammability. They can be used on

Grade: CP (99.99%), technical (99.0%).

both interior and exterior surfaces.

Use: Alloys for electrical relays and switching sys-

tems in telecommunication equipment, catalyst for

paint, inorganic. A potassium silicate−based,

reforming cracked petroleum fractions and hydro-

corrosion-resistant coating designed for use on

genation, metallizing ceramics, “white” gold in jew-

bridges and other metalwork subject to marine envi-

elry, resistance wires, hydrogen valves (in hydrogen

ronments.

separation equipment), aircraft spark plugs, protec-

tive coatings.

paint, metallic. A paint in which the primary

palladium chloride. (palladous chloride; pal-

pigment is a finely divided metal dispersed in the

ladium dichloride).

vehicle. Most common is aluminum paint, but other

CAS: 7647-10-1. (1) PdCl

. (2) PdCl

•2H

metals are also used.

Properties: Dark brown, deliquescent powder or

crystals. (1) D 4.0 (18C), mp 675C (decomposes).

paint remover. (varnish remover). A mixture

Soluble in water, hydrochloric acid, alcohol, and

in liquid or paste form containing volatile solvents

acetone.

and nonvolatile components that retard evaporation

Derivation: By solution of palladium in aqua regia

of the solvent, thereby prolonging its action. Typical

and evaporation.

solvents are methanol, denatured ethanol, meth-

Grade: Technical, reagent.

ylene chloride, toluene, benzene, and ethyl acetate.

Use: Analytical chemistry, “electroless” coatings for

Paraffin is often used as the retarder. Caustic remov-

metals, photography, leak detection in gas lines,

ers contain sodium phosphate, sodium silicate, caus-

indelible inks, catalyst.

tic soda, or the like.

palladium diacetate.

paint, water-based.

See paint, emulsion. CAS: 3375-31-3. (CH

COO)

Pd.

941 PALMITOYL CHLORIDE

Properties: Reddish-brown, crystalline solid. De-

palladous sodium chloride. See palladium

composes at 200C. Insoluble in water and alcohols; sodium chloride.

soluble in acetone, chloroform, acetonitrile.

Derivation: Reaction of palladium nitrate or palladi-

pallet. A low platform of wood or metal used for

um sponge with glacial acetic acid.

transportation or temporary storage of materials or

Use: Catalyst for organic reactions.

semifinished products, it stands on supports that are

high enough to permit handling by forklift trucks.

palladium iodide. (palladous iodide). PdI

palmarosa oil. (geranium oil, Turkish).

Properties: Black powder. D 6.003 (18C). Soluble in

CAS: 8014-19-5. A light-yellow essential oil con-

a solution of potassium iodide; insoluble in alcohol,

sisting chiefly of geraniol; optically active.

water, and ether; decomposes at 350C.

Use: Source of geraniol; perfumes and flavors.

palladium monoxide. See palladium oxide.

palm butter. See palm oil.

palladium nitrate. (palladous nitrate).

“Palmetto” [Olin]. TM for agricultural dusting

Pd(NO

)

sulfur.

Properties: Brown salt, deliquescent, decomposed

Use: Insecticide and fungicide.

by heat. Soluble in water with turbidity; soluble in

dilute nitric acid.

palmitamide.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, may react with organic

Properties: Semisynthetic compound derived from

materials.

palm oil.

Use: Analytical reagent, catalyst.

Use: Food additive; packaging material release

agent.

palladium oxide. (palladium monoxide).

PdO.

palmitic acid. (hexadecanoic acid; cetylic

Properties: Black-green or amber solid. D 8.70

acid).

(20C), mp 750C (decomposes). Soluble in dilute

CAS: 57-10-3. CH

(CH

)

COOH. A saturated fatty

acids.

acid, it occurs in natural fats and oils, tall oil, and

Derivation: Careful ignition of the nitrate or pro-

most commercial-grade stearic acid.

longed heating of the finely divided metal at 800C.

Properties: White crystals. D 0.8414 (80/4C), mp

Use: Reduction catalyst in organic synthesis.

62.9, bp 351.5C, 271.5C (100 mm Hg), 139.0C (1

mm Hg), refr index 1.4309 (70C). Soluble in hot

palladium potassium chloride. (palladous

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

potassium chloride; potassium palladium chlo-

Derivation: From spermaceti by saponification and

ride). PdCl

•2KCl.

from palm oil, hydrolysis of natural fats.

Properties: Reddish-brown crystals. D 2.67, mp

Method of purification: Crystallization.

524C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in hot al-

Grade: Technical, 99.8%, FCC.

cohol.

Use: Manufacture of metallic palmitates, soaps, lu-

Use: Reagent for carbon monoxide determination.

bricating oils, waterproofing, food-grade additives.

palmitic acid amide. See palmitamide.

palladium sodium chloride. (palladous so-

dium chloride; sodium palladium chloride).

palmitic acid cetyl ester. See cetin.

NaPdCl

•3H

Properties: Brown salt. Hygroscopic, soluble in al-

palmitin. See tripalmitin.

cohol and water.

Use: Analysis (testing for carbon monoxide, ethyl-

palmitoleic acid. (cis-9-hexadecenoic acid).

ene, illuminating gas, iodine).

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COOH. An unsaturated

fatty acid found in nearly every fat, especially in

“Palladon” [LaMotte]. TM for p-nitrosodime-

marine oils (15–20%).

thylaniline used in the colorimetric determination of

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 1.0C, bp 140–141C

palladium and platinum.

(5 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

and ether. Combustible.

palladous chloride. See palladium chloride.

Grade: Purified product 99%.

Use: Organic synthesis, chromatographic standard.

palladous iodide. See palladium iodide.

palmitoyl chloride. (hexadecanoyl chloride;

palladous nitrate. See palladium nitrate.

palmityl chloride, so-called). CH

(CH

)

COCl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 11–12C, bp 194.5C

palladous potassium chloride. See palladi- (17 mm Hg). Soluble in ether, decomposes in water

um potassium chloride. or alcohol.

942PALMITYL ALCOHOL

palmityl alcohol. See cetyl alcohol. pancreatin. A mixture of enzymes, principally

pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and pancreatic lipase.

Obtained from the pancreas of hog or ox.

palmityltrimethylammonium chloride.

Properties: Cream-colored amorphous powder;

See hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride.

characteristic odor. Acts upon starch and proteins.

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. It changes

palm kernel oil (unhydrogenated).

protein into proteoses and derived substances, and

Properties: From the kernal of the fruit of the oil

starch into dextrins and sugars. Its greatest activity is

palm Elaeis guineensis. A fatty solid; characteristic

in neutral or slightly alkaline media.

sweet nutty flavor.

Derivation: Pancreas gland is extracted by macerat-

Use: Food additive.

ing with chloroform, water, dilute boric acid, glycer-

ol, or alcohol; filtered; and evaporated.

palm nut cake. (palm cake). The cakes

Grade: NF.

formed in the press when the palm nut kernels are

Use: Preparation of so-called predigested protein nu-

expressed to obtain the oil. Contains various useful

trients, in bating compounds of leather; to remove

constituents, such as unexpressed oil, carbohy-

starch and protein sizings from textiles.

drates, proteins, and salts. Typical analysis: proteins

30.4%, fats 8.4%, fiber 41.0%, water 9.5%, ash

Paneth technique. Method demonstrating the

10.6%.

existence of free radicals (e.g., methyl) or atoms,

Use: Cattle-food, fertilizer ingredient.

which is based on the removal of a metallic “mirror”

by a stream of gas containing the radicals. The reac-

palm oil.

tion products can be collected and assayed.

Properties: Yellow-brown, buttery, edible solid at

room temperature. D 0.952, mp 30C, iodine number

13.5, saponification number 247.6. Soluble in alco-

“Pano-drench” [Morton]. TM for a liquid

hol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide. Combus- soil-treatment concentrate containing 0.6% cya-

tible. no(methylmercuri)-guanidine.

Occurrence: Oil palms are native to several coun- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tries in central Africa and are extensively cultivated

in Malaysia, which is its chief commercial source. It

“Pan-o-lite” [Solutia]. TM for monobasic cal-

is also produced in Indonesia.

cium phosphate.

Use: Soap manufacture, pharmacy, food shortening,

Use: Food chemical used in waffle, pancake, and

cutting-tool lubricant, hot-dipped tin coating, terne

cake mixes.

plating, cosmetics, softener in rubber processing,

cotton-goods finishing, substitute for tallow as

pantethine.

mold-release agent.

CAS: 16816-67-4. C

. The disulfide form

of N-pantothenylthioethanolamine. Lactobacilus

palm oil (unhydrogenated).

bulgaricus growth factor (LBF). A fragment of

Properties: From the pulp of the fruit of the oil palm

coenzyme A, a pantothenic acid derivative.

Elaeis guineensis. A deep orange-red fatty semisol-

Use: Biochemical research.

id @ 21−27°; characteristic sweet nutty flavor.

Use: Food additive.

panthenol. USAN for pantothenol.

2-PAM. Abbreviation for 2-pyridine aldoxime

methiodide.

pantocaine. (4-butylaminobenzoic-␤-dimethyl-

aminoethyl ester hydrochloride).

“Pamak” [Aqualon]. TM for various tall oil

NHCOOCH

N(CH3)

•HCl.

products including a series of tall oil fatty acids and

Use: Local anesthetic.

distilled tall oils containing varying percentages of

rosin acids. “Pamak” TP and WTP are residues from

pantolactone. (2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbu-

fractionation of crude tall oil in the manufacture of

tyric acid; ␥-lactone).

tall oil fatty acids.

❘

(OH)C(CH

)

❘

CO.

pamaquine naphthoate. C

Properties: Crystals. D 1.180 (20/20C), mp 79.2C.

Properties: Yellow to orange-yellow; odorless; al-

Soluble in water.

most tasteless powder. Insoluble in water; soluble in

Grade: 80% aqueous solution.

alcohol and acetone.

Use: Preparation of pantothenic acid.

Use: Medicine (antimalarial).

“Pamolyn” [Eastman Chemical China]. pantothenic acid. [N-(2-4-dihydroxy-3,3-di-

TM for a low odor oleic acid. methylbutyryl)-␤-alanine].

943 “PAPI”

paper. A semisynthetic product made by chemi-

cally processing cellulosic fibers. A wide variety of

sources have been used for specialty papers (flax,

bagasse, esparto, straw, papyrus, bamboo, jute, and

others), but by far the largest quantity is made from

A member of the vitamin-B complex; it is a compo-

softwoods (coniferous trees), such as spruce, hem-

nent of coenzyme A and may be considered a ␤-

lock, pine, etc.; some is also made from such hard-

alanine derivative with a peptide linkage. It is in-

woods as poplar, oak, etc., as well as from synthetic

volved in the release of energy from carbohydrate

fibers. Papermaking technology involves the fol-

utilization and is necessary for synthesis and degra-

lowing basic steps: (1) chipping or other subdivision

dation of fatty acids, sterols, and steroid hormones;

of the logs (see groundwood); (2) manufacture of

it also functions in the formation of porphyrins. It

chemical or semichemical pulp by digestion in acid-

occurs in all living cells and tissues. The natural

ic or alkaline solutions, which separates the cellu-

product is dextrorotatory [

D(+)] and is the only form

lose from the lignin (see pulp, paper); (3) beating the

having vitamin activity.

pulp to break down the fibers and permit proper

Properties: Viscous, hygroscopic liquid. Soluble in

bonding when the sheet is formed; (4) addition of

water, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid; insoluble in

starches, resins, clays, and pigments to the liquid

benzene.

stock (or “furnish”); (5) formation of the sheet con-

Source: (Food sources) Liver, kidney, yeast, crude

tinuously on a fourdrinier machine, where the water

molasses, milk, whole-grain cereals, rice. (Com-

is screened out and the sheet dried by passing over a

mercial sources): Produced synthetically from 2,4-

series of heated drums; (6) high-speed calendering

dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid and ␤-alanine.

for brightness and finish; (7) coating either by ma-

See calcium pantothenate.

chine application or (for heavy finishes) by brushes.

Further information can be obtained from the Tech-

pantothenol. (D(+)-pantothenyl alcohol; pan-

nical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry or

thenol).

from the Institute of Paper Chemistry, Appleton,

CAS: 81-13-0.

WI.

HOCH

C(CH

)

CHOHCONH(CH

)

OH. The

See Appendix II for history of the industry.

alcohol corresponding to pantothenic acid, with vi-

tamin activity.

paper chromatography. (PC). A micro type

Properties: Viscous liquid. Specific rotation +28.36

of chromatography. A drop of the liquid to be inves-

to 30.7 degrees in water (c

5); refr index 1.497

tigated is placed near one end of a strip of paper. This

(20C). Soluble in water, ethanol, methanol.

end is immersed in solvent, which travels down the

Use: Biochemical research, food additive and dietary

paper and selectively distributes the materials

supplement.

present in the original drop. Comparison with

known substances makes identification possible.

papain. (papayotin).

CAS: 9001-73-4.

paper, coated. A paper that is covered on one or

Properties: White or gray, powder. Slightly hygro-

both sides with a suspension of clays, starches, ca-

scopic; partially soluble in water and glycerol; insol-

sein, rosin, wax, or combinations of these to serve

uble in common organic solvents. The most thermo-

special purposes. Machine-coated paper is required

stable enzyme known. Digests proteins.

for standard book printing; the rather light coating is

Derivation: Obtained as dried and purified latex of

applied by any of several devices (air knife, trailing

Carica papaya.

blade, or roll coater). Heavier coatings are applied

Grade: Technical, purified. Technical grade is sus-

by means of brushes or spreading devices. These are

ceptible to decomposition in storage.

required for high-grade printing of magazines, art

Use: Meat tenderizer, other food industries (mainly

books, etc., where excellent photographic reproduc-

to prevent protein haze on chilling beer), tobacco,

tion is essential. Special-purpose coatings as for

pharmaceutical, cosmetic, leather, textiles.

packaging are applied in a separate operation.

paper, synthetic. Paper or paperlike material

papaverine. (6,7-di-methoxy-1-veratrylisoqui-

made from a polyolefin; polypropylene is usually

noline).

selected. A paper made from styrene copolymer

CAS: 58-74-2. (CH

N(OCH

)

.An

fibers has been developed to production stage in

alkaloid.

Japan. Plastic-coated cellulosic papers are available

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 147C.

for children’s books, posters, and similar applica-

Soluble in chloroform, hot benzene, aniline, glacial

tions.

acetic acid, and acetone; slightly soluble in alcohol

and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: From opium or by synthesis.

“Papi” [Pfizer]. TM for a series of methylene

Hazard: Toxic narcotic. diphenyl diisocyanate urethane polymers. Average

Use: A vasodilator used for treatment of hypertension viscosity 250 cP at 25C.

(also as the hydrochloride which is soluble in water). Use: One-shot rigid urethane foams.

944PAPRIKA

“Papi” 50. 50% solution in monochlorobenzene. They occur principally in Pennsylvania and midcon-

Use: Adhesives (rubber to metals and synthetic fab- tinent petroleum. (2) Paraffin wax.

rics), coating intermediate.

“Papi” 94. Lightcolored polymer.

paraffin, chlorinated. A paraffin oil or wax in

Use: Foam seating and packaging.

which some of the hydrogen atoms have been re-

placed by chlorine atoms. Nonflammable.

Use: High-pressure lubricants, as flame retardants in

paprika.

plastics and textiles, as plasticizer for polyvinyl

Properties: Ground dried pod of mild capsicum Cap-

chloride in polyethylene sealants, and in detergents.

sicum annuum L.

Use: Food additive.

paraffin oil. An oil either pressed or dry-dis-

tilled from paraffin distillate. Liquid petrolatum is

paprika oleoresin.

also known as paraffin oil. Combustible.

Properties: Derived from organic solvent extraction

Grade: By viscosity and color.

of ground dried pod of mild capsicum Capsicum

Use: Floor treatment, lubricant.

annuum L.

Use: Food additive.

paraffin distillate. A distilled petroleum frac-

tion that when cooled consists of a mixture of crys-

para-. (p-). A prefix.

talline wax and oil.

See ortho-.

paraffin wax. (paraffin scale; paraffin).

“Parabens” [Napp]. TM for the methyl, pro-

CAS: 8002-74-2.

pyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic

Properties: White, translucent solid; tasteless;

acid. Antimicrobial agents for foods and pharma-

odorless. Consisting of a mixture of solid hydrocar-

ceuticals. Approved by FDA as GRAS.

bons of high molecular weight, e.g., C

See GRAS.

0.880–0.915, mp 47–65C, flash p 390F (198C), aut-

oign temp 473F (245C). Soluble in benzene, ligroin,

paracasein. See casein.

warm alcohol, chloroform, turpentine, carbon disul-

fide, and olive oil; insoluble in water and acids.

paracetaldehyde. See paraldehyde.

Combustible.

Grade: Yellow crude scale, white scale, refined wax,

“Paracol” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of wax

ASTM, NF. Also graded by melting point in F and

and wax-rosin emulsions produced from paraffin

color. The higher-melting grades are more expen-

waxes, microcrystalline waxes, or combinations of

sive.

these waxes with rosin.

Hazard: Many waxes contain carcinogens. TLV: 2

Use: Impart water resistance to paper and allied mate-

mg/m

rials.

Use: Candles; paper coating; protective sealant for

food products, beverages, etc.; glass-cleaning prep-

“Paracril” [Uniroyal]. TM for a group of syn-

arations; hot-melt carpet backing; biodegradable

thetic rubbers of the Buna-N or nitrile type, pro-

mulch (hot melt-coated paper); impregnating

duced by the copolymerization of butadiene and

matches; lubricants; crayons; surgery; stoppers for

acrylonitrile. Resist deterioration by aliphatic hy-

acid bottles; electrical insulation; floor polishes;

drocarbon, mineral and vegetable oils and animal

cosmetics; photography; antifrothing agent in sugar

fats and oils, and are particularly resistant to petrole-

refining; packing tobacco products; protecting rub-

um products. “Paracril” is also used as a plasticizer

ber products from sun-cracking; chewing-gum base

for vinyls and other thermoplastic and thermosetting

(to ASTM specifications).

resins.

“Paraflint.” TM for a polymethylene wax. It is

“Paradene” [Neville]. TM for low-priced,

white, odorless, and has congealing point of 96C.

dark, thermoplastic, coal tar resins (coumarone-in-

Available in flaked form. Approved by FDA.

dene) available in low to high softening-point

ranges.

“Para-Flux” [Hall]. TM for a series of petrole-

Use: Rubber compounding.

um-based plasticizers for natural and synthetic

rubbers.

paradigm. In biochemistry, an experimental

model held to be true.

paraformaldehyde. (paraform).

CAS: 30525-89-4. HO(CH

H. A polymer of

paraffin. (1) Also called alkane. A class of ali- formaldehyde in which n equals 8 to 100. Not to be

phatic hydrocarbons characterized by a straight or confused with the trimer, symtrioxane.

branched carbon chain; generic formula C

2n+2

. Properties: White solid; slight odor of formalde-

Their physical form varies with increasing molecu- hyde. Melting range 120–170C, flash p 160F (71C)

lar weight from gases (methane) to waxy solids. (CC), autoign temp 572F (300C). Insoluble in alco-

945 “PARA RESIN” 2457

hol and ether; soluble in strong alkali solution. The

paraphyletic. Term applied to a group of organ-

higher polymers are insoluble in water Combustible. isms which include the most recent common ances-

Derivation: By evaporating an aqueous solution of tor of all of its members, but not all of the descen-

formaldehyde.

dants of that most recent common ancestor.

Available forms: Flake, powder.

Grade: Bags, carlots.

“Paraplex” [Hall]. TM for polymeric plasti-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

cizers for polymers and resinous coatings. Primarily

Use: Fungicides; bactericides; disinfectants; adhe-

polyesters, but some are epoxidized oils that impart

sives; hardener and waterproofing agent for gelatin;

heat and light stability as well as plasticization. Sup-

contraceptive creams.

plied as viscous liquids in a range of molecular

weights all at 100% solids. Compatible with polyvi-

paraldehyde. (2,4,6-trimethyl-1,3,5-trioxane).

nyl chloride, polyvinyl butyral, cellulosics, and oth-

CAS: 123-63-7. C

. A cyclic polymer (trimer)

er high polymers and elastomers.

of acetaldehyde. A depressant drug; may be addic-

Use: Calendered sheet and film; extruded and molded

tive.

items; electrical wire insulation; coatings for wood,

Properties: Colorless liquid; disagreeable taste;

metal, fabrics, and paper.

agreeable odor. D 0.9960 (20/20C), bp 124.5C, mp

12.6C, vap press 25.3 mm Hg (20C), flash p 96F

paraquat. (generic name for 1,1

′

-dimethyl-

(35.5C) (TOC), sp heat 0.434, refr index 1.40–1.42

4,4

′

-bipyridinium salt).

(20C), bulk d 8.27 lb/gal (20C), autoign temp 460F

CAS: 4685-14-7. [CH

]•2CH

(237C). Decomposes on standing; stable toward al-

Properties: Yellow solid. Soluble in water.

kalies but slowly decomposed to acetaldehyde when

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

treated with a trace of mineral acid; miscible with

skin absorption; use is restricted. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

most organic solvents and volatile oils; soluble in

Use: A widely used non-selective herbicide that kills

water.

all green plant tissue it contacts, especially grasses

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid and sulfuric

and weeds. Has been used to kill marijuana crops.

acid upon acetaldehyde.

Grade: Technical, USP.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

paraquat dibromide.

ingestion.

CAS: 3240-78-6. mf: C

•2Br.

Use: Substitute for acetaldehyde; rubber accelera-

Hazard: Human systemic effects.

tors; rubber antioxidants; synthetic organic chemi-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

cals; dyestuff intermediates; solvent for fats, oils,

waxes, gums, resins; leather; solvent mixture for

paraquat dichloride. (1,1

′

-dimethyl-4,4

′

-bi-

cellulose derivatives; sedative (hypnotic).

pyridynium dichloride).

CAS: 1910-42-5. C

•2Cl.

paralytic shellfish poisoning. See red tide.

Properties: Yellow solid. Very air-sensitive needles

from MeOH/Me

CO. Mp 300°C (decomp), mw

paramagnetic analytical methods. Analy-

257.18. Very soluble in water; slightly soluble

sis of fluid mixtures by measurement of the para-

MeOH, EtOH. Insoluble in nonpolar solvents.

magnetic susceptibilities of materials when exposed

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

to a magnetic field.

Use: Herbicide.

See electron paramagnetic resonance; magnetochem-

istry.

paraquat dihydride. (1,1

′

-dimethyl-4,4

′

-bipy-

paranitraniline. See p-nitroaniline.

ridinium dihydrate; dipyridyldihydrate).

CAS: 4685-14-7. C

•2H

paranitraniline red. See para red.

Properties: Mw 222.32.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

para-oxon. (diethyl para-nitrophenyl phos-

Use: Herbicide.

phate).

CAS: 311-45-5. (C

P(O)OC

. Generic

para red. (paranitraniline red).

name for the oxygen analog of parathion.

(OH)NNC

. A pigment formed by cou-

Properties: Odorless, reddish-yellow oil. Bp

pling diazotized p-nitroaniline with ␤-naphthol. The

148–151C (1 mm Hg), d 1.269 (25/25C), refr index

term is also used to refer to a group of lakes based on

1.5060 (25C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

this dye.

most organic solvents. Decomposes rapidly in alka-

See para toner.

line solutions.

Hazard: Poison by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be re-

“Para Resin” 2457 [Hall]. TM for a petrole-

stricted. um-base resin.

Use: Insecticide. Use: Plasticizer and softener for rubbers.

946PARAROSANILINE

pararosaniline. (CI 42500). “Parez” [Cytec]. TM for a series of melamine-

CAS: 569-61-9. HOC(C

)

. A triphenylmeth- formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins, de-

ane dye. Component of fuchsin.

signed for use in papermaking.

Properties: Colorless to red crystals. Mp 205C. Sol-

uble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in water and

Paris green. See copper acetoarsenite.

ether. Combustible.

Use: Dye (usually as the hydrochloride).

parison. (1) An unformed mass of molten glass

from which finished products are manufactured. (2)

An extruded tube of plastic from which toys and

pararosolic acid. See aurin.

similar items are made by blow molding.

parathion. (generic name for O,O-die-

Paris white. See whiting.

thyl-O,p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioate; ethyl

parathion; O,O-diethyl-p-nitrophenyl thiophosp-

Parkes process. A standard process for the se-

hate; AATP).

paration of silver from lead. From 1 to 2% molten

CAS: 56-38-2. (C

P(S)OC

zinc is added to the lead-silver mixture, heated to

Properties: Deep brown to yellow liquid; usually has

above the melting point of zinc. A scum containing

faint odor. Refr index 1.5367 (25C), d 1.26 (25/4C),

most of the silver and zinc forms on the surface; this

bp 375C, fp 6C, vap press 0.003 mm Hg (24C). Very

is separated and the silver recovered. The separation

slightly soluble in water (20 ppm); completely solu-

of silver is not complete, and the process is repeated

ble in esters, alcohols, ketones, ethers, aromatic hy-

several times.

drocarbons, animal and vegetable oils; insoluble in

petroleum ether, kerosene, spray oils; stable in dis-

paromomycin sulfate. C

S. Antibi-

tilled water and in acid solution; hydrolyzed in the

otic from a strain of Streptomyces.

presence of alkaline materials; slow decomposition

Properties: Creamy white powder; odorless; hygro-

in air.

scopic. Soluble in water; insoluble in chloroform

Grade: Technical grade is 95% pure. Also supplied

and ether.

diluted with inert carriers of various types, and in

Grade: ND.

various proportions.

Use: Medicine (antimicrobial).

Derivation: From sodium ethylate, thiophosphoryl

chloride, and sodium p-nitrophenate.

parsimony. Refers to a rule used to choose

Hazard: Highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation, or

among possible cladograms which states that the

ingestion; cholinesterase inhibitor. Repeated expo-

cladogram implying the least number of changes in

sure may, without symptoms, be increasingly haz-

character states is the best.

ardous. Fatalities have resulted from its accidental

use; use may be restricted. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

. Toxic

partial pressure. The pressure due to one of the

by skin absorption.

several components of a gaseous or vapor mixture.

Use: Insecticide and acaricide.

In general this pressure cannot be measured directly

See methyl parathion.

but is obtained by analysis of the gas or vapor and

calculated by use of Dalton’s law.

para toner. An insoluble red pigment derived

See Raoult’s law.

from ␤-naphthol and p-nitroaniline. The former is

sometimes partly replaced by mono-acid F, 2-naph-

particle. Any discrete unit of material structure;

thol-7-sulfonic acid. By varying the conditions of

the particulate basis of matter is a fundamental con-

temperature and acid concentration, different shades

cept of science. The size ranges of particles may be

may be obtained.

summarized as follows: (1) Subatomic: protons,

Use: Paint and printing-ink pigments, making para

neutrons, electrons, deuterons, etc. These are collec-

lakes.

tively called fundamental particles. (2) Molecular:

includes atoms and molecules with size ranging

“Parco” [Occidental]. TM for phosphoric acid

from a few angstroms to half a micron. (3) Colloidal:

and phosphate compounds for dissolving rust from

includes macromolecules, micelles, and ultrafine

the surface of metal.

particles such as carbon black, resolved via electron

microscope, with size ranges from 1 millimicron up

“Parcolene” [Occidental]. TM for chemicals

to lower limit of the optical microscope (1 micron).

for treating metal surfaces to remove extraneous

(4) Microscopic: units that can be resolved by an

matter and/or condition the surface before other

optical microscope (includes bacteria). (5) Macro-

finishing operations.

scopic: all particles that can be resolved by the naked

eye.

See fundamental particle; particle size.

paregoric. Contains a derivative of opium that is

habituating on continued use. Its use is restricted by

the FDA.

particle accelerator. A device in which the

Use: Medicine, especially for digestive disorders. speed of charged subatomic particles (protons, elec-

947 PASTE

trons) and heavier particles (deuterons, alpha parti-

parylene. Generic name for thermoplastic film

cles) can be greatly increased by application of elec- polymers based on p-xylylene and made by vapor-

tric fields of varying intensity, often in conjunction phase polymerization.

with magnetic fields. It is possible to accelerate

Derivation: p-xylene, CH

, is heated with

electrons and protons to speeds approaching the

steam at 950C to produce the cyclic dimer di-p-xy-

speed of light if sufficiently high voltage is used.

lylene, a solid that can be separated in pure form.

Straight-line (linear) accelerators are used for pro-

The dimer is then pyrolyzed at 550C to produce

tons, and doughnut-shaped betatrons for electrons;

monomer vapor of p-xylylene, CH

:CH

other types are the Van de Graaf electrostatic gener-

which is then cooled below 50C and condenses on

ator, the synchrotron, and the cyclotron. Before the

the desired object as a polymer having the repeating

development of nuclear reactors, the cyclotron was

structure −(CH

−)

, with n about 5000 and

used to accelerate deuterons for use in bombarding

molecular weights of about 500,000. The polymer is

stable nuclei to produce neutrons for inducing artifi-

used as a protective coating. Films as thin as 500 A

cial radioactivity, fission, and formation of synthetic

to 5 mils are obtained.

(transuranic) elements.

Use: Thin coatings of high purity and uniformity on

See betatron; cyclotron.

almost any substrate that will resist a high vacuum,

as paper, fabric, polyethylene and polystyrene film,

ceramics, metals, many solid chemicals; electronic

particle size. This term refers chiefly to the solid

miniaturization systems; capacitors; thin film cir-

particles of which industrial materials are composed

cuits.

(carbon black, zinc oxide, clays, pigments, and the

like). The smaller the particle, the greater will be the

total exposed surface area of a given mass. Activity

“Parzate” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of fun-

is a direct function of surface area; i.e., the finer a

gicides. “Parzate” liquid is a solution containing

substance is, the more efficiently it will react, both

22% nabam to be combined with zinc sulfate in the

chemically and physically. A colloidal pigment is a

spray tank. “Parzate” carbon is a wettable powder

more effective colorant than a coarse one because of

containing 75% zineb. “Parzate” D is a finely divid-

the greater surface area of its particles. A pound of

ed powder containing 85% zineb.

channel carbon black has a surface area of 18 acres,

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

which largely accounts for its powerful reinforcing

effect in rubber. Thus, ultrafine grinding of powders

PAS. Abbreviation for p-aminosalicylic acid.

is of utmost importance in such products as paints,

See 4-aminosalicylic acid.

cement, plastics, rubber, dyes, pharmaceuticals,

printing inks, and numerous others.

Paschen series. One of the hydrogen spectral

See particle; surface chemistry; colloid chemistry;

series in the infrared region.

sedimentation.

PAS sodium. See sodium-p-aminosalicylate.

particulate matter. Solid or liquid matter that

is dispersed in a gas, or insoluble solid matter dis-

Passerini reaction. Formation of 2-acyloxy

persed in a liquid, that gives a heterogeneous mix-

amides on treatment of an isonitrile with a carboxyl-

ture.

ic acid and an aldehyde or ketone.

parting agent. See abherent.

passive transport. Transport of a molecule

across a membrane, down a concentration gradient

partition chromatography. The method of

which does not require the input of energy.

chromatography in which equilibrium is established

between two liquid phases, one of which is held in

passivity. A property shown by iron, chromium,

the form of a gel.

and related metals involving loss of their normal

See liquid chromatography.

chemical activity in an electrochemical system or in

a corrosive environment after treatment with strong

partition coefficient. A constant that expresses

oxidizing agents, like nitric acid, and when oxygen

the ratio in which a given solute will be partitioned

is evolved upon them during electrolysis, forming

or distributed between two given immiscible liquids

an oxide coating.

at equilibrium, or between a solvent and adsorbant.

paste. (1) An adhesive composition of semisolid

partition function. An equation giving the dis- consistency, usually water dispersible. The common

tribution of molecules in different energy states in a pastes are based on starch, dextrin, or latex often,

system. Symmetry effects on reaction rates arise with the addition of gums, glues, and antioxidants.

when a reaction requires overlap between two lobes They are widely employed for the adhesion of paper

of the orbitals on each of two reagents: if the algebra- and paperboard. (2) More generally, a soft, viscous

ic signs of the wave functions in the facing lobes do mass of solids dispersed in a liquid. For example,

not match, bond formation between those orbitals is paste resins are finely divided resins mixed with

prohibited. plasticizers to form fluid or semifluid mixtures,

948PASTE SOLDER

without the use of low-boiling solvents or water ous to the public welfare; (5) it must fall within the

emulsions. five statutory classes on which patents may be grant-

ed, i.e., (a) composition of matter, (b) process of

manufacture or treatment, (c) machine, (d) design

paste solder. A paste (2) containing flux, clean-

(ornamental appearance), or (e) a plant produced

er, tinning agent, and powdered metallic solder.

asexually. Special regulations relate to atomic ener-

gy developments and subjects directly affecting na-

pasteurization. Heat treatment of milk, fruit

tional security (Robert Calvert).

juices, canned meats, egg products, etc. for the pur-

Note: In 1980, the Supreme Court in a landmark

pose of killing or inactivating disease-causing or-

decision upheld the patentability of synthetic bacte-

ganisms. For milk, the minimum exposure is 62C for

ria created by recombinant DNA techniques.

30 min or 72C for 15 sec, the latter being called flash

pasteurization. Although this treatment kills all

patent alum. See aluminum sulfate.

pathogenic bacteria and also inactivates enzymes

that cause deterioration of the milk, the shelf life is

patent leather. Fashion leather used chiefly for

limited. To prolong storage life, temperatures of

formal shoes, bags, etc. characterized by a high,

80–88C for 20–40 sec must be used. Complete ster-

glossy finish applied as the final step in processing.

ilization requires ultrahigh pasteurization at from

The finish greatly reduces the poromeric nature of

94C for 3 sec to 150C for 1 sec. In-can heating at

the leather.

116C for 12 min and 130C for 3 min is also em-

ployed for maximum stability and long storage life.

Some meat products are pasteurized by ␣-radiation.

Paterno-Buchi reaction. Formation of oxe-

tanes by photochemical cycloaddition of carbonyl

compounds to olefins.

Pasteur, Louis. (1822–1895). A French chem-

ist and bacteriologist who made three notable contri-

butions to science: (1) As a result of extensive study

pathfinder element. An element present in

of fermentation, which led him to conclude that it is small proportions less than 1%, generally metallic in

caused by infective bacteria, he extended the work nature, associated with ore deposits at the time of

of Jenner on smallpox serum made from cowpox formation. Mapping of the concentration variation

(1775) to development of the concept of immuniz- of the selected element serves to locate the main ore

ing serums and the antibody-antigen relationship deposit. Examples are zinc as the pathfinder for lead,

(1880). Pasteur was the first to inoculate for rabies copper, and silver ores, and molybdenum associated

and anthrax, and suggested the term vaccination with copper deposits.

(from Latin vaccus for “cow”) in recognition of

Jenner’s achievement. (2) Initiation of the practice

pathway. A sequence of reactions, usually of a

of heat-treating wine, and later milk and other food

biochemical nature, in which more-complex sub-

products, to kill or inactivate toxic microorganisms,

stances are converted to simple end products, as in

especially the tuberculosis bacillus. (3) Discovery of

the degradation of the components of foods to car-

the optical properties of tartaric acid, present in wine

bon dioxide and water. Its course is determined

residues, which laid the basis for modern knowledge

largely by preferential factors involving coenzymes

of optical isomers (right- and left-handed molecular

and other catalysts. An example is the TCA cycle,

structure), a phenomenon now often called chirality.

which is the common pathway in the degradation of

See pasteurization; optical isomer.

foodstuffs and cell constituents to carbon dioxide

and water.

“Pastewiz” [Axel]. TM for polymer paste re-

lease agent.

patina. Variously used to refer to an ornamental

Use: Hand application.

and/or corrosion-resisting film on the surface of

copper, copper alloys, including bronzes, and also

PAT. Abbreviation for polyaminotriazole. sometimes iron and other metals. Such a film is

formed by exposure to the air or by a suitable chemi-

cal treatment.

patchouli oil. A yellow to brownish essential oil

used in perfumery and flavoring. It is strongly levo-

rotatory.

patronite. A mixture of vanadium-bearing sub-

stances with the formula VS

found in Peru.

patentability. The qualifications for obtaining a

patent on an invention or chemical process. These

Pattinson process. Process for the removal of

are (1) the invention must not have been published in silver from lead. The silver-lead mixture is melted in

any country or in public use in the U.S., in either case one of a series of pots and allowed to cool slowly.

for more than 1 year before the date of filing the The lead, that is free from silver or poorer in silver,

application; (2) it must not have been known in the separates out as crystals, which are removed, leav-

U.S. before date of invention by the applicant; (3) it ing the silver-rich lead in the molten state. From a

must not be obvious to an expert in the art; (4) it must number of such operations in series, a lead rich in

be useful for a purpose not immoral and not injuri- silver is obtained, collected, and the silver recov-

949 PEANUT OIL

ered.

PCP. (1) Abbreviation for pentachlorophenol. (2)

See Parkes process. Abbreviation for phenylcyclidene hydrochloride.

PCR. See polymerase chain reaction.

“Patvag” [EMS-Grilon]. TM for solutions for

bonding, coating, and sealing components in auto

PCTFE. Abbreviation for polychlorotrifluoroe-

production.

thylene.

See chlorotrifluoroethylene resin.

Pauli exclusion principle. A fundamental

generalization concerning the energy relationships

pcu. Abbreviation for pound centigrade unit, the

of electrons within the atom, namely that no two

amount of heat needed to raise 1 lb of water from 15

electrons in the same atom have the same value for

to 16C.

all four quantum numbers; corollary to this is the

See chu.

fact that only two electrons can occupy the same

orbital, in which case they have opposite spins, i.e.,

Pd. Symbol for palladium.

+1/2 and −1/2. This principle has an important bear-

ing on the sequence of elements in the periodic table

P1-derived artificial chromosome. (PAC).

and on the limiting numbers of electrons in the shells

One type of vector used to clone DNA fragments

(2 in the first, 8 in the second, 18 in the third, 32 in

(100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in

the fourth, etc.).

Escherichia coli cells. Based on bacteriophage (a

See quantum number; shell; orbital theory.

virus) P1 genome.

See cloning vector.

Pauling, Linus. (1901–1994). An American

chemist and physicist who won the Nobel Prize for

PDB. Abbreviation for p-dichlorobenzene.

chemistry in 1954. By using X-ray diffraction analy-

sis he determined the crystal structure of molecules.

PDMS. See polydimethylsiloxane.

He made significant progress in the study of chemi-

cal bonds and discovered the atomic structure of

PE. Abbreviation for pentaerythritol and polyeth-

many proteins including hemoglobin. He is known

ylene.

to the masses for his advocacy of vitamin C. Pauling

was also a recipient of the Nobel peace prize in 1962.

“Peacock” [Pfau]. (tallow oil). TM for aci-

dless tallow.

Paulson Tower. See absorption tower.

Use: Metalworking, lubricants, additives, soaps, cle-

aning compounds, mold releases, animal feed sup-

Pavy’s solution. Modified Fehling’s solution

plements, inks, and pigments.

having enough ammonium hydroxide to redissolve

any precipitated copper oxide.

peacock blue. (␣,␣-bis[N-ethyl-N-(4-sulfoben-

zyl)aminophenyl]-␣-hydroxy-o-toluenesulfonic

Pb. Symbol for lead.

acid sodium salt).

CAS: 2650-18-2.

PBAA. Abbreviation for polybutadieneacrylic

HSOC

COH[C

N(C

)CH

Na]

acid copolymer.

blue organic pigment used especially in inks for

multicolor printing. It is a lake of acid glaucine blue

PBD. See 1,3,4-phenylbiphenylyloxadiazole.

dye on alumina hydrate and is prepared from aniline,

ethanol, benzyl chloride, o-chlorobenzaldehyde,

PBI. See polybenzimidazole.

sulfuric acid, and sodium bisulfite. Note: The term

peacock blue is sometimes applied to other pigments

PBPB. Abbreviation for pyridinium bromide per-

of similar color, such as Prussian blue, that have

bromide.

been treated with phosphotungstic acid.

PCB. Abbreviation for polychlorinated biphenyl.

peanut cake. The press cake resulting from the

extraction of oil from the peanut.

PCC. See premature chromosome condensa-

See peanut oil meal.

tion.

peanut oil. (arachis oil; groundnut oil).

PCE. Abbreviation for pyrometric cone equiva-

CAS: 8002-03-7. A fixed, nondrying oil.

lent, a scale of melting or fusion points of refractory

Properties: Yellow to greenish-yellow. D

materials, based on comparison with the tempera-

0.912–0.920 (25C), solidifying p −5 to +3C, saponi-

ture at which pyrometric cones melt.

fication value 186–194, iodine number 88-98, refr

index 1.4625–1.4645 (40C), flash p 540F (282C),

PCNB. Abbreviation for pentachloronitroben- autoign temp 883F (472C). Soluble in ether, petrole-

zene. um ether, carbon disulfide, and chloroform; insolu-

950PEANUT OIL MEAL

ble in alkalies, but saponified by alkali hydroxides similar to that of a ball mill. It is used for grinding

with formation of soaps; insoluble in water; slightly and mixing of dry chemicals, pigments, food prod-

ucts, and the like. Pebble mills are usually lined with

soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

alumina, buhrstone, or similar material to protect the

Use: Substitute for olive oil and other edible oils, both

walls from wear.

hydrogenated and unhydrogenated; soaps; vehicle

for medicines; salad oil; mayonnaise; margarine.

pebulate. (propyl ethyl-n-butylthiocarbamate).

peanut oil meal. The crushed form of peanut

CAS: 1114-71-2. C

NOS.

cake resulting from the extraction of oil from the

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 142C (20 mm Hg), d

seed. Prepared with or without the shells, the oil

0.945, refr index 1.47. Soluble in benzene, acetone,

meal of commerce contains between 39 and 45%

methanol, and xylene.

crude protein and is sold on that basis. Typical anal-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ysis of 39% protein meal: 39.1% crude protein,

Use: Herbicide.

5.3% crude fiber, 34.3% nitrogen-free extract, 6.2%

ether soluble (fats), 5.3% ash; total digestible nutri-

Pechmann pyrazole synthesis. Formation

ent 80%.

of pyrazoles from acetylenes and diazomethane.

Use: Animal feeds, fertilizer ingredient.

The analogous addition of diazoacetic esters to the

triple bond yields pyrazolecarboxylic acid deriva-

pearl alum. See aluminum sulfate.

tives.

pearl ash. See potassium carbonate.

pectic acid. An acid derived from pectin by

treating it with sodium hydroxide solution, washing

pearl essence. See nacreous pigment.

with isopropyl alcohol, adding alcoholic hydrochlo-

ric acid, washing again with isopropyl alcohol, and

pearl pigment. See nacreous pigment.

drying.

Use: Acidulant in pharmaceuticals.

pearl white. See bismuth oxychloride; bis-

muth subnitrate.

pectin. A high molecular weight hydrocolloidal

substance (polyuronide) related to carbohydrates

pear oil. See amyl acetate.

and found in varying proportions in fruits and plants.

Pectin consists chiefly of partially methoxylated

Pearson’s solution. A dilute sodium arsenate

galacturonic acids joined in long chains.

solution containing 0.1% anhydrous sodium arse-

Properties: White powder or syrupy concentration.

nate.

The most common characteristic of pectins is their

property of jelling at room temperature, typically

peat. Semicarbonized residue of plants formed in

after addition of sugar and fruit juices in the prepara-

water-saturated environments (bogs and marshes).

tion of jams or jellies. Soluble in water; insoluble in

It occurs in surface layers 3–10 ft thick and has a

organic solvents.

water content of 85%. Before peat can be used for

Derivation: By dilute-acid extraction of the inner

chemical or fuel purposes it must be field-dried to a

portion of the rind of citrus fruits, or of fruit pom-

water content of 30–40%. Since the dried product is

aces, usually apple.

susceptible to autoignition, storage conditions must

Method of purification: Following decolorization,

minimize this risk. Peat is easily converted to hydro-

the extracts are concentrated by evaporation or the

carbons and is an excellent source of natural gas;

pectins precipitated with alcohol or acetone.

when dry it can be used directly as a fuel. The U.S.

Grade: Pure (NF) containing not less than 6.7%

has peat sources second only to those of the former

methoxy groups and not less than 74% galacturonic

U.S.S.R., located in Alaska, the north-central states,

acid; 150-, 200-, 250-jelly grades, containing vari-

and Maine, where processing on a large scale is

ous diluents.

planned. Their total energy content is said to be

Use: Jellies, foods, cosmetics, drugs, protective col-

equivalent to 240 billion barrels of petroleum. The

loids, emulsifying agents, dehydrating agents.

peat can be gasified for production of methanol after

See gel.

mechanical dewatering. Experimental conversion

studies have been under way for some time. Sub-

pectinase. An enzyme present in most plants. It

stantial quantities of oil, ammonia, and sulfur can be

catalyzes the hydrolysis of pectin to sugar and galac-

obtained as by-products.

turonic acid.

Use: Biochemical research, juice and jelly industry.

pebble. A piece of gravel between 4 and 8 mm in

size.

“Pectinol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for formu-

pebble mill. A jacketed steel cylinder rotating lated enzyme concentrate of fungal origin, with var-

on a horizontal axis and containing flint or porcelain ying degrees of pectinase activity, that hydrolyzes

pebbles as the grinding medium. Its operation is pectic substances.

951 “PEN COTE LIQUID BINDER”

Use: Clarification of wines and fruit juices and pro- Insoluble in water and glycerol; soluble in alcohol

cessing of jellies. and hydrocarbons.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

materials. Strong skin irritant and oxidizing agent.

pectin sugar. See l-arabinose.

Use: Initiator of polymerization reactions.

Pedersen, Charles John. (1904–1989).

“Pelaspan” [Dow]. TM for a series of expand-

Awarded Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1987 for

able polystyrenes in bead or pellet form. Each bead

work in elucidating mechanisms of molecular rec-

contains its own expanding agent, which is activated

ognition, which are fundamental to the enzymic

by heat.

catalysis, regulation, and transport. He reported that

alkali metal ions could be bound by crown ethers

Peligot’s salt. See potassium chlorochromate.

into a more rigid, layered structure, in which the

alkali metal ion was bound into the center of the ring.

pellagra. A disease caused by deficiency of nia-

This field of study is called host-guest chemistry. An

cin in the diet.

American born in Korea, Pedersen received an M.S.

from M.I.T. in 1927.

pellet. A small unit of a light, bulky material

compressed into any of several shapes and sizes,

pedigree. A family tree diagram that shows how a

usually either spherical or rectangular. The opera-

particular genetic trait or disease has been inherited.

tion is performed on a pellet mill, which consists

See inherit.

essentially of a pair of steel rollers around which

rotates a circular perforated metal die. Material is

PEG. Abbreviation for polyethylene glycol.

fed into the chambers above and below the inner

face of the die. As the die turns, in contact with the

“Pegosperse Aldo” [Lonza]. TM for PEG,

rollers, the latter also turns thus compressing the

glyceryl, sorbitan, polysorbate esters, and fatty acid

material and forcing it through the holes in the die at

esters.

the point of tangency, where the extruded segment is

Grade: Liquid, bead, flake, food, Kosher, cosmetic,

sheared off by knives. Pelletizing is advantageous

and industrial grades.

for fluffy particulates that are difficult to handle in

loose form, e.g., carbon black, clays, plastic molding

pelargonic acid. (n-nonoic acid; n-nonanoic

powders, etc. Binding materials called excipients

acid; n-nonylic acid).

are often used.

CAS: 112-05-0. CH

(CH

)

COOH.

Properties: Colorless or yellowish oil; slight odor. D

pelletierine. (␤-2(-piperidyl) propionaldeh-

0.9052 (20/4C), mp 12.5C, bp 255.6C, refr index

yde).

1.4322 (20C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and organic

CAS: 2858-66-4. C

N(CH

)

CHO.

solvents; almost insoluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Liquid alkaloid from the root of the po-

Derivation: By the oxidation of nonyl alcohol or

megranate. D 0.988 (20/4C), bp 195C. Soluble in

nonyl aldehyde; by the oxidation of oleic acid, espe-

water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene.

cially by ozone.

Use: Medicine (in form of its salts, sulfate, tannate,

Grade: Technical, 99%.

valerate).

Hazard: Strong skin irritant.

Use: Organic synthesis, lacquers, plastics, produc-

Pellizzari reaction. Formation of substituted

tion of hydrotropic salts, pharmaceuticals, synthetic

1,2,4-triazoles by the condensation of amides and

flavors and odors, flotation agent, esters for turbojet

acyl hydrazines. When the acyl groups of the amide

lubricants, vinyl plasticizer, gasoline additive.

and acylhydrazine are different, interchange of acyl

groups may occur, with formation of a mixture of

pelargonic alcohol. See nonyl alcohol.

triazoles.

pelargonic aldehyde. See nonanal.

Pelouze synthesis. Formation of nitriles from

alkali cyanides by alkylation with alkyl sulfates or

pelargonyl chloride. (n-nonanoyl chloride).

alkyl phosphates.

(CH

)

COCl.

Properties: Bp 80–85C (5 mm Hg), min assay 97%.

“Penacolite” [Indespec]. TM for resorcinal

Soluble in hydrocarbons and ethers; decomposes in

formaldehyde condensation resins.

water.

Use: As adhesion promoters in tires and mechanical

Hazard: Skin irritant.

rubber products.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

“Pen Cote Liquid Binder” [Penford].

pelargonyl peroxide. (C

COO−)

. TM for ready-to-use liquid coating binders.

Properties: Water-white liquid; faint odor. D 0.926 Use: Enhances optical properties and improves water

min (25/25C), mp 10C, refr index 1.443 min (25C). holding.

952PENETRANCE

penetrance. The probability of a gene or genetic cillin, potassium penicillin G, potassium ␣-phenox-

trait being expressed. (a) “Complete” penetrance yethylpenicillin, potassium phenoxymethylpenicil-

means that the gene or genes for a trait are expressed lin, procaine penicillin G, sodium methicillin,

in all the population who have the genes. (b) “In- sodium penicillin G.

complete” penetrance means the genetic trait is ex-

pressed in only part of the population. The percent

penetrance also may change with the age range of

the population.

penetrant. Any agent used to increase the speed

and ease with which a bath or liquid permeates a

material being processed by effectively reducing the

Hazard: Strong allergen, reaction may be severe in

interfacial tension between the solid and liquid. Pen-

susceptible people.

etrants are widely used in the textile, tanning, and

Use: Medicine (antibiotic).

paper industries for improving dyeing, finishing,

etc. operations. Sulfonated oils, soluble pine oils,

penicillin V. See phenoxymethylpenicillin.

and soaps are popular among the older penetrants,

and the salts of sulfated higher alcohols are typical

penicillinase. An enzyme that antagonizes the

of the synthetic organics developed for this purpose.

antibacterial action of penicillin. Such enzymes are

See wetting agent.

found in many bacteria.

Use: Pharmaceutical, biological research.

“Penford Gum” [Penford]. TM for hydroxy-

See antagonist, structural.

ethyl ether derivatized corn starches.

“Penn Drake Petrosul” [Pennzoil]. TM

“Penglo 65” [Reichhold]. TM for a pale ma-

for a variety of sodium sulfonates.

leic modified pentaerythritol ester of a special tall oil

Properties: Mw 415–619.

in mineral spirits.

Grade: Available as 50, 60, and 70% in mineral oil.

Use: Paint and varnish.

Available forms: Liquid.

Use: Surface-active agent used as solubilizers, emul-

penicillamine. (USAN; d,3-mercaptovaline).

sifiers, rust-preventive bases, and dispersants.

CAS: 52-67-5. (CH

)

C(SH)CH(NH

)COOH.

Properties: Crystals. Decomposes at 178C.

pennyroyal oil. (pulegium oil; hedeoma oil).

Use: Medicine, as a chelate for copper, and in treat-

Yellow to reddish essential oil, strongly dextrorota-

ment of rheumatoid arthritis.

tory.

Use: Manufacture of pulegone, flavoring alcoholic

l-penicillamine.

beverages, emmenagogue.

CAS: 1113-41-3. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

“Penros” [Reichhold]. TM for polymerized

Use: Drug

wood rosin.

Use: Adhesives, gloss oils, paper label coatings,

penicillin.

oleoresinous varnishes, solder flux, spirit varnishes,

CAS: 1406-05-9. (CH

)

NSO(COOH)NHCOR

waxed paper and hot-melt compounds, synthetic

(bicyclic). A group of isomeric and closely related

resins.

antibiotic compounds with outstanding antibacterial

activity, obtained from the liquid filtrate of the

pentaborane.

molds Penicillium notatum and Penicillium chry-

CAS: 19624-22-7. B

sogenum or by a synthetic process that includes

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Fp

fermentation. Total synthesis of the penicillin mole-

−46.6C, bp 58C, d 0.61, vap press 6 mm Hg, decom-

cule by J. C. Sheehan in 1957 was an outstanding

poses at 150C, ignites spontaneously in air if im-

achievement.

pure, flash p 86F (30C) (OC). Hydrolyzes slowly in

Derivation: The mold is grown in a nutrient solution

water.

such as corn steep liquor, lactose, or dextrose. After

Derivation: Hydrogenation of diborane.

several days of cultivation the mold excretes penicil-

Grade: Technical 95%, high purity 99%.

lin into its liquid culture medium. This liquid is then

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

filtered off, and the penicillin extracted and purified

plosion risk. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation,

by countercurrent extraction with amyl acetate, ad-

strong irritant. TLV: 0.005 ppm; STEL 0.013 ppm.

sorption on carbon, or other methods. Different vari-

Use: Fuel for air-breathing engines, propellant.

eties of penicillin are produced biosynthetically by

adding the proper precursors to the nutrient solution.

Grade: Aluminum penicillin G, benzathine penicil-

pentabromodiphenyl ether.

lin G, benzylpenicillin G, chloroprocaine penicillin CAS: 32534-81-9. mf: C

O, hydrabramine penicillin V, phenoxymethylpeni- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

953 PENTADECYLIC ACID

inhalation. Low toxicity by skin contact. A moderate

pentachlorophenol. (PCP).

skin irritant.

CAS: 87-86-5. C

OH.

Properties: White powder or crystals. Mp 190C, bp

310C with decomposition, d 1.978 (22/4C). Slightly

“Pentac” [Occidental]. TM for miticide

soluble in water; soluble in dilute alkali, alcohol,

whose active ingredient is bis(pentachloro-2,4-cy-

ether, benzene.

clopentadien-1-yl).

Derivation: Chlorination of phenol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

pentacarbonyl(piperidine)chromium.

absorption; abuse may be fatal. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

;

CAS: 15710-39-1. mf: C

CrNO

animal carcinogen. Toxic by skin absorption.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Fungicide, bactericide, algicide, herbicide; as

sodium pentachlorophenate, wood preservative

pentacene. (2,3,4,7-dibenzoanthracene).

(telephone poles, pilings, etc.).

CAS: 135-48-8. C

. Highly reactive aromatic

compound consisting of five fused benzene rings.

pentachlorophenyl butyl ether. See butox-

Properties: Deep blue-violet solid. Sublimes at

ypentachlorobenzene.

290–300C, decomposes in air above 300C. Insolu-

ble in water; slightly soluble in organic solvents.

(pentachlorophenyl)glycolonitrile.

Use: Suggested as organic photoconductor (instead

CAS: 21727-09-3. mf: C

NO.

of selenium) in copying systems.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2,2

′

,4,5,6

′

-pentachlorodiphenyl ether. See

1,2,4-trichloro-5-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)benzene.

“Pentacite” [Reichhold]. TM for pale-colored

rosin ester gums and modified rosin esters used in

pentachloroethane. (pentalin).

coating vehicles and in chewing gums and some

CAS: 76-01-7. CHCl

CCl

rubber adhesives.

Properties: Dense, high-boiling, colorless liquid. D

1.685 (15/4C), bp 159.1C, fp −22C, refr index 1.503

pentadecane. CH

(CH

)

(24C). Insoluble in water.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.776, bp 270.5C, mp

Derivation: By chlorination of trichloroethylene, ob-

10C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Com-

tained by a two-step process involving chlorination

bustible.

of acetylene to obtain tetrachloroethane, and remov-

Grade: Technical.

al of hydrogen chloride by action of alkali.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk. Toxic by

inhalation and ingestion.

n-pentadecanoic acid. (pentadecylic acid).

Use: As solvent for oil and grease in metal cleaning.

(CH

)

COOH. A saturated fatty acid normally

Also used for separation of coal from impurities by

not found in vegetable fats but made synthetically.

density difference.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 0.8423 (80/4C), mp

See tetrachloroethane.

51.8–52.8C, bp 339.1C, 212C (16 mm Hg), refr

index 1.4529 (60C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

pentachloronaphthalene.

alcohols and ethers.

CAS: 1321-64-8. C

Grade: 99% pure.

Properties: White powder.

Use: Organic synthesis, reference standard in gas

Hazard: Action similar to chlorinated naphthalenes

chromatography.

and chlorinated diphenyls. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

pentadecanolide. (15-hydroxypentadecanoic

pentachloronitrobenzene. (PCNB).

acid lactone; pentadecalactone).

CAS: 82-68-8. C

Properties: Cream crystals; musty odor. D 1.718

❘

(CH

)

C(O)

❘

(25/4C), mp 142–145C, bp 328C (some decomposi-

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong musky odor.

tion). Practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble

Congeals to white crystals at room temperature.

in alcohols; somewhat soluble in carbon disulfide,

Minimum congealing p 36C, soluble in equal vol-

benzene, chloroform.

ume of 90% ethanol. Combustible.

Derivation: By reacting pentachlorobenzene with

Derivation: Angelica root oil.

fuming nitric acid.

Grade: 98% min.

Grade: Dust, emulsion concentrate, wettable

Use: Perfumery.

powder.

Hazard: Skin irritant. TLV: TWA 0.5 mg/m

; Not

pentadecenyl phenol. See “Cardanol.”

Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen

Use: Intermediate, soil fungicide, slime prevention in

industrial waters, herbicide.

pentadecylic acid. See n-pentadecanoic acid.

9541,3-PENTADIENE

1,3-pentadiene. See piperylene. Properties: Liquid. D 1.28 (25C), refr index 1.5300

(25C). Insoluble in water, alcohol, and hexane; solu-

ble in acetone and benzene. Combustible.

2,4-pentadienol. See 2,4-pentadien-1-ol.

Use: Curing or cross-linking agents for polymers,

especially epoxy resins, intermediate for stabilizers

2,4-pentadien-1-ol.

and antioxidants.

CAS: 4949-20-6. mf: C

Hazard: A severe skin irritant.

pentaerythritol tetranitrate. (PETN).

pentaerythrite tetranitrate. Legal label

CAS: 78-11-5. C(CH

ONO

)

name for pentaerythritol tetranitrate.

Properties: White, crystalline material. D 1.75, mp

138–140C, decomposes above 150C. Very soluble

pentaerythritol. (PE; tetramethylolmethane;

in acetone, slightly soluble in alcohol and ether,

monopentaerythritol).

insoluble in water.

CAS: 115-77-5. C(CH

OH)

Derivation: Esterification of pentaerythritol with ni-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; readily ester-

tric acid.

ified by common organic acids. Bp 276C (30 mm

Hazard: Shock-sensitive explosive. Detonates at

Hg), mp 262C, refr index 1.54–1.56 (20C), d 1.399

210C.

(25/4C). Unaffected when boiled with dilute caustic

Use: Demolition explosive, blasting caps, detonating

alkali. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol;

compositions (“Primacord”).

insoluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether,

and petroleum ether. Combustible.

pentaerythritol tetrastearate.

Grade: Technical, nitration, CP. Technical grade is

C(CH

OOCC

)

88% monopentaerythritol and 12% dipentaeryth-

Properties: Hard, high-melting wax, ivory-colored.

ritol.

Essentially neutral, acid number 1, softening p 67C.

Derivation: Reaction of acetaldehyde with an excess

Combustible.

of formaldehyde in an alkaline medium.

Use: Polishes, coatings, textile finishes.

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

Use: Alkyd resins, rosin and tall oil esters, special

pentaerythritol tetrathioglycolate.

varnishes, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, insecti-

C(CH

OOCCH

SH)

cides, synthetic lubricants, explosives, paint swell-

Properties: Liquid. D 1.385 (25C), refr index 1.5499

ing agents.

(25C). Insoluble in water, alcohol, and hexane; par-

tially soluble in benzene; soluble in acetone. Com-

pentaerythritol ester of partially

bustible.

hydrogenated wood rosin.

Use: Curing or cross-linking agents for polymers,

Properties: Hard, amber-colored solid. Sol in ace-

especially epoxy resins, intermediate for stabilizers

tone, benzene; insol in water.

and antioxidants.

Use: Food additive.

pentaerythritol ester of wood rosin.

pentaglycerine. See trimethylolethane.

Properties: Hard, amber-colored solid. Sol in ace-

tone, benzene; insol in water.

′

,3,4

′

,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone. See morin.

Use: Food additive.

pentalin. See pentachloroethane.

pentaerythritol tetraacetate.

CAS: 597-71-7. C(CH

OOCCH

)

Properties: White, crystalline powder; extremely

“Pentalyn” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of non-

stable in sunlight. Mp 84C, bp 225C (30 mm Hg).

reactive and heat-reactive pentaerythritol esters of

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

rosin. Available in solid and flake form in various

Derivation: By the esterification of pentaerythritol

grades.

with acetic acid.

Use: Varnishes, floor polishes, inks, and adhesives.

Grade: Technical.

1,1,3,3,5-pentamethyl-4,6-dinitroindane.

pentaerythritol tetrakis(diphenyl

CAS: 116-66-5. C

phosphite). (tet-

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals; musk-type odor.

ra(diphenylphosphito)pentaerythritol).

Mp min 132C. Slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in

C[CH

OP(OC

)

]

. A low-melting, white, waxy

diethyl phthalate.

solid with a slight phenolic odor, d 1.24 (25/15.5C),

Use: Perfumery.

mp 30–60C, ref index 1.5823 (25C). Combustible.

Use: Ingredient in stabilizer systems for resins.

pentamethylene. See cyclopentane.

pentaerythritol tetra(3-mercap-

topropionate).

C(CH

OOCCH

SH)

. pentamethyleneamine. See piperidine.

955 PENTASODIUM DIETHYLENE

pentamethylene-1,1-bis(1-methyl- pentanethiol. (amyl mercaptan).

pyrrolidinium bitartrate). See pentolini- CAS: 110-66-7. C

SH. A mixture of isomers.

um tartrate. Properties: Water-white to light-yellow liquid;

strong offensive odor. D 0.83–0.84 (20C), mercap-

pentamethylenediamine. See cadaverine. tan content greater than 90.0%, initial bp above

104.0C, final bp below 130C, bulk d 6.99 lb/gal,

flash p 65F (18.3C) (OC). Insoluble in water; solu-

pentamethylene dibromide. (1,5-dibromo-

ble in alcohol. These properties vary with propor-

pentane). BrCH

(CH

)

Br.

tions of isomers.

Properties: Colorless, aromatic liquid. Fp −35C, bp

Derivation: Mixing amyl bromide and potassium

224C. Insoluble in water.

hydrosulfide in alcohol.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

pentamethylene glycol. See 1,5-pentanediol.

inhalation.

Use: Synthesis of organic sulfur compounds, chief

pentamethylpararosaniline chloride. See

constituent of odorant used in gas lines to locate

methyl violet.

leaks.

2,4,4,6,6-pentamethyl-2-phenyl-

pentanoic acid. See n-valeric acid.

cyclotrisiloxane.

CAS: 17962-31-1. mf: C

1-pentanol. See n-amyl alcohol, primary.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

2-pentanol. (sec-n-amyl alcohol; sec-amyl al-

pentanal. See n-valeraldehyde.

cohol, active; methyl propyl carbinol; 1-methyl-

butyl alcohol).

n-pentane. (amyl hydride).

CAS: 6032-29-7. CH

OCH

CAS: 109-66-0. CH

(CH

)

Properties: (Racemic form) Colorless liquid. Fp

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. Fp

−75C, bp 119.3C, d 0.811 (20/20C), bulk d 6.75 lb/

−129.7C, bp 36.074C, refr index 1.35748 (20C), d

gal (20C), refr index 1.4041 (40.5C), flash p 105F

0.62624, flash p −40F (−40C), autoign temp 588F

(40.5C) (OC), autoign temp 657F (347C). Soluble in

(308C). Soluble in alcohol and most organic sol-

water; miscible with alcohol and ether. Combus-

vents; insoluble in water.

tible.

Derivation: Fractional distillation from petroleum,

Derivation: Fractional distillation of the mixed alco-

purified by rectification.

hols resulting from the chlorination and hydrolysis

Grade: Pure, technical, commercial.

of pentanes.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to eyes, nose, and

plosion risk. Explosive limits 1.4–8% in air. Narcot-

throat.

ic in high concentration. TLV: 600 ppm; STEL 750

Use: Solvent for paints and lacquers, pharmaceutical

ppm.

intermediate.

Use: Artificial ice manufacture, low-temperature

thermometers, solvent extraction processes, blow-

3-pentanol. (sec-n-amyl alcohol; 1-ethyl-1-

ing agent in plastics (e.g., expandable polystyrene),

propanol; diethyl carbinol).

pesticide.

CAS: 584-02-1. CH

CHOHCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.82 (20C), fp below

pentanedinitrile. See glutaronitrile.

−75C, bp 115.6C, bulk d 6.81 lb/gal, refr index 1.41

(20C), flash p 94F (34.4C) (CC), autoign temp 650F

pentanedioic acid. See glutaric acid.

(343C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly solu-

ble in water.

pentanedioic acid anhydride. See glutaric

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to eyes, nose, and

anhydride.

throat. TLV: 100 ppm; STEL 125 ppm

Use: Solvent, flotation agent, pharmaceuticals.

1,5-pentanediol. (pentamethylene glycol).

CAS: 111-29-5. HOCH

(CH

)

OH.

2-pentanone. See methyl propyl ketone.

Properties: Viscous liquid. Bp 240C, fp −15.6C, d

0.9921 (20/20C), bulk d 8.2 lb/gal (20C), flash p

3-pentanone. See diethyl ketone.

265F (129C) (OC), autoign temp 633F (334C). Mis-

cible with water and alcohol Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

penta resin. Ester gum made from rosin and

Use: Hydraulic fluid, lubricating-oil additive, anti- pentaerythritol.

freeze, plasticizer and polyester resin intermediate.

pentasodium diethylenetri-

2,3-pentanedione.

See acetyl propionyl.

aminepentaacetate. C

•5Na. A so-

dium salt of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.

2,4-pentanedione. See acetylacetone. Use: A chelating agent.

956PENTASODIUM TRIPHOSPHATE

pentasodium triphosphate. See sodium tri- “Pentex” [Uniroyal]. TM for tetrabutylthiur-

am monosulfide.

polyphosphate.

Use: Rubber accelerator. When mixed with 87.5%

clay, it is used for sponge rubbers and called “Pentex

n-pentatriacontane. C

or CH

(CH

)

Flour.”

Properties: Crystals. D 0.782 at 75C, bp 331C (15

mm Hg), mp 75C. Combustible.

“Pentite” [Occidental]. TM for tet-

Use: Organic synthesis.

ra(diphenylphosphito)pentaerythritol.

See pentaerythritol tetrakis(diphenylphosphite).

pentazocine. (2-dimethylallyl-5,9-dimethyl-2

′

hydroxy benzomorphan).

pentlandite. (Fe,Ni)S.

CAS: 359-83-1. C

NO. A synthetic drug

Properties: Light-bronze-yellow mineral, metallic

claimed to be as effective as morphine but without

luster, contains 35.57% nickel. Soluble in nitric

its addictive properties. Has a noncumulative effect.

acid, d 4.6–5, Mohs hardness 3.5–4.

FDA approved.

Occurrence: Canada (Ontario), Norway.

Use: Nickel ore.

pentazocine lactate.

CAS: 17146-95-1. mf: C

NO•C

pentobarbital. (5-ethyl-5-(1-methylbu-

Hazard: A poison. A human skin irritant.

tyl)barbituric acid).

CAS: 76-74-4. C

“Pentecat L” [AKZO]. TM for a 50% aque-

See barbiturate.

ous solution of lithium naphthenate.

Use: Alcoholysis catalyst in alkyd varnish cooking.

pentolinium tartrate. (pentamethylene-1,1-

bis(1-methylpyrrolidinium) bitartrate).

1-pentene. (␣-n-amylene; propylethylene).

CAS: 52-62-0. C

CH:CH

Properties: White- to light-cream-colored, crystal-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −165C, bp 30C, d

line powder. Slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in

0.6410 (20C), flash p 0F (−17.7C) (OC), autoign

ether, chloroform; very soluble in water; pH of 1%

temp 523F (272C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in

solution in water is 3.0–4.0, decomposes 203C.

water.

Use: Medicine (antihypertensive).

Derivation: Natural gasoline.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

pentolite. A high explosive consisting of equal

ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.

parts of pentaerythritol tetranitrate and trinitroto-

Use: Organic synthesis, blending agent for high-oc-

luene.

tane motor fuel, pesticide formulations.

Hazard: Dangerous, explodes on shock or heating.

2-pentene. (␤-n-amylene; sym-methylethyle-

“Penton” [Aqualon].

thylene).

CAS: 646-04-8. CH

HC:CHCH

. Mixed cis-

(CH

Cl)

❘

. TM for a thermoplastic resin de-

and trans-isomers are available commercially. cis-

rived from 3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane. A chlorinat-

isomer

ed polyether.

Properties: A linear polymer extremely resistant to

chemicals and to thermal degradation at molding

and extrusion temperature, d 1.4, self-extinguishing,

dimensionally stable, very low water absorption,

outstanding chemical resistance. Natural, black, or

Properties: Bp 37C, fp −180C, d 0.656 (20/4C),

olive-green molding powder. Finely divided powder

flash p 0F (−17.7C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in

for coatings.

water.

Use: Solid and lined valves, pumps, pipe, and fit-

Grade: Technical, 95.0 mole %. trans-isomer

tings; monofilament for filter supports and column

packing.

pentosan. A complex carbohydrate (hemicellu-

lose) present with the cellulose in many woody plant

Properties: Bp 36.4C, fp −139C, d 0.6482 (20C), tissues, particularly cereal straws and brans, charac-

flash p 0F (−17.7C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in terized by hydrolysis to give five-carbon-atom sug-

water. ars (pentoses). Thus the pentosan xylan yields the

Derivation: Natural gasoline. sugar xylose (HOH

C•CHOH•CHOH•CHOH•

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. CHO) that is dehydrated with sulfuric acid to yield

Use: Polymerization inhibitor, organic synthesis. furfural (C

957 PEPTONE

pentose. General term for sugars with five carbon parent or translucent scales; should have no odor;

converts proteins into albumoses and peptones; sol-

atoms per molecule.

uble in water; insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, and

ether.

pentose phosphate pathway. A pathway in-

Derivation: From the glandular layer of fresh hog

volved in the oxidation of glucose, and a source of

stomachs.

reducing equivalents (NADPH) and pentoses for

Grade: Technical, NF.

biosynthetic processes; present in most organisms.

Use: Medicine (digestive ferment); substitute for ren-

Also called the phosphogluconate pathway, pentose

net in cheese making.

phosphate shunt, or hexose monophosphate shunt.

pepsinogen. An inactive precursor of pepsin.

“Pentothal” [Abbott]. TM for sodium thiopen-

tal, a barbiturate.

peptide. See polypeptide.

See thiopental sodium.

peptidase. An enzyme that hydrolyzes a peptide

pentyl. Synonym for the amyl group, C

−.

bond.

See protease.

pentyl acetate. See amyl acetate.

peptide bond. A planar, amide linkage between

pentylamine. See n-amylamine.

the a-amino group of one amino acid and the a-

carboxyl group of another, with the elimination of a

␣-pentylcinnamaldehyde. See ␣-amylcin-

molecule of water.

namic aldehyde.

peptide finger-printing. See peptide map-

p-tert-pentylphenol. (p-tert-amylphenol).

ping.

CAS: 80-46-6. C

OH.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 95C, bp 261C, d

peptide mapping. (peptide finger-printing).

0.962 (20/4C). Insoluble in water; soluble in organic

The characteristic pattern of fragments formed by

solvents.

the separation of a mixture of peptides resulting

Derivation: Condensation of tert-pentanol with phe-

from hydrolysis of a protein or peptide..

nol with aluminum chloride catalyst.

Use: Pesticide intermediate, oil-soluble resin manu-

facture, may be useful as germicide and fumigant.

peptidoglycan. A major component of bacterial

cell walls consisting of parallel heteropolysacchar-

ides cross-linked by short peptides.

6-(pentylthio)purine.

CAS: 5443-89-0. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

“PeptiSelect” [Fluka]. TM for a series of

high-quality peptides that have been specially se-

1-(4-pentynyloxy)-4-phenoxybenzene. lected.

CAS: 42873-80-3. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

peptization. Stabilization of hydrophobic colloi-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dal solutions by addition of electrolytes that provide

the necessary electric double layer of ionic charges

Penzold’s reagent. Solution of diazobenzosul-

around each particle. Such electrolytes are known as

fonic acid and potassium hydroxide.

peptizing agents. The ions of the electrolyte are

Use: Testing for sugar in urine.

strongly adsorbed on the particle surfaces. Stable

solutions of nonionizing substances acquire a

“Pepha-Ctive” [Centerchem]. charge in contact with water by preferential adsorp-

Properties: Clear yellowish liquid. TM for an algae tion of the hydroxyl ions, which may be considered

extract. peptizing agents. The term is also loosely applied to

Use: In cosmetics to protect the mitochondria and the softening or liquefaction of one substance by

increases the ATP levels of skin cells leading to trace quantities of another, analogous to the diges-

enhancement of cell turnovers. tion of a protein by an enzyme (pepsin).

peppermint oil. Essential oil with strong aro-

peptone.

matic odor and taste, levorotatory, chief component

Properties: (1) From albumin: white or pale-yellow

is menthol.

amorphous powder. (2) From meat: light-brown

Use: To flavor mouthwashes, chewing gum, liqueurs,

amorphous powder. (3) From milk: light-brown

toothpastes; source of menthol.

powder. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol or

ether.

pepsin. (pepsinum). Derivation: (1) By digestion of egg albumin by pep-

Properties: A digestive enzyme of gastric juice. sin and a small quantity of dilute hydrochloric acid

White or yellowish-white powder or lustrous trans- at 38–40C (body temperature). (2) By digestion of

958“PEPTRIX”

red meat with pancreatin at body temperature. (3) Derivation: By distilling potassium perchlorate with

strong sulfuric acid (96%) under reduced pressure in

By digestion of casein.

an oil bath at 140–190C.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

Method of purification: Rectification.

Use: Preparation of nutrient media in bacteriology;

Grade: Technical, CP.

nutrient.

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, will ignite vigor-

ously in contact with organic materials, or detonate

“Peptrix” [Crowley]. TM for a rubber peptizer.

by shock or heat. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation,

Use: For rubber reclaiming and processing.

strong irritant.

Use: Analytical chemistry, catalyst, manufacture of

per-. A prefix signifying complete or extreme and

various esters, ingredient of electrolytic bath in de-

specifically denoting: (1) a compound containing an

position of lead, electropolishing, explosives.

element in its highest state of oxidation, as perchlor-

ic acid; (2) presence of the peroxy group, −O−O−,as

perchlorobenzene. See hexachlorobenzene.

peracetic and perchromic acids; (3) exhaustive sub-

stitution or addition, as perchloroethylene.

perchlorocyclopentadiene. See hexachloro-

cyclopentadiene.

peracetic acid. (peroxyacetic acid).

CAS: 79-21-0. CH

COOOH.

perchloro-2-cyclopentenone. See

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong odor. Bp 105C,

2,3,4,4,5,5-hexachloro-2-cyclopenten-1-one.

fp −30C, d 1.15 (20C), flash p 105F (40.5C) (OC).

Soluble in water, alcohol, sulfuric acid; strong oxi-

dizing agent.

perchloroethane. See hexachloroethane.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of acetaldehyde, (2) reac-

tion of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide with sulfu-

perchloroethylene. (tetrachloroethylene).

ric acid catalyst.

CAS: 127-18-4. Cl

C:CCl

Grade: Technical, 40% soluble in acetic acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid; etherlike odor. Ex-

Hazard: Oxidizing material, dangerous in contact

tremely stable, resists hydrolysis. D 1.625 (20/20C),

with organic materials, explodes at 110C. Strong

bp 121C, fp −22.4C, bulk d 13.46 lb/gal (26C), refr

irritant.

index 1.5029 (25C), flash p none. Miscible with

Use: Bleaching textiles, paper, oils, waxes, starch;

alcohol, ether, and oils; insoluble in water. Non-

polymerization catalyst; bactericide and fungicide,

flammable.

especially in food processing; epoxidation of fatty

Derivation: (1) By chlorination of hydrocarbons and

acid esters and epoxy resin precursors; reagent in

pyrolysis of the carbon tetrachloride also formed,

making caprolactam, synthetic glycerol.

(2) from acetylene and chlorine via trichloroeth-

ylene.

per-acids. Derivatives of hydrogen peroxide, the Method of purification: Distillation.

molecules of which contain one or more directly Grade: Purified, technical, USP, as tetrachloroethy-

linked pairs of oxygen atoms, −O−O−. Examples are lene, spectrophotometric.

persulfuric, perchromic, peracetic acids. Perman- Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 50 ppm;

ganic, perchloric, and periodic acids are not per- STEL 200 ppm.

acids in this sense. Use: Dry-cleaning solvent, vapor-degreasing sol-

See per-(2); per-(1). vent, drying agent for metals and certain other sol-

ids, vermifuge, heat-transfer medium, manufacture

of fluorocarbons.

“Perapret” [BASF]. TM for finishing agents

and binders (polymer dispersions), additives for

wash-and-wear finishing.

perchloromethane. See carbon tetrachloride.

perbenzoic acid. See benzoyl hydroperoxide. perchloromethyl mercaptan. Legal label

name for trichloromethylsulfenyl chloride.

perbromobiphenyl.

CAS: 13654-09-6. mf: C

. perchloropentacyclodecane.

Hazard: Confirmed Human Carcinogen. CAS: 2385-85-5. C

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp (sealed

tube) 485C. Nonflammable.

percarbamide. See urea peroxide.

Use: Fire-retardant additive in elastomeric resin

systems.

perchloric acid.

CAS: 7601-90-3. HClO

perchloropropylene. See hexachloropropy-

Properties: Colorless, fuming, hygroscopic liquid,

lene.

unstable in concentrated form. D 1.764, bp 19C (11

mm Hg), fp −112C, evolves heat on combination

with water. Commercial aqueous solutions contain

perchloryl fluoride.

65–70% HClO

. CAS: 7616-94-6. ClFO

959 PERI ACID

Properties: Colorless, noncorrosive gas or liquid;

n-perfluorooctanesulfonyl-n-methyl-

sweet odor. Fp −146C, bp −46.8C, d (liquid) 1.434 carbamoyl ((nonadecaethoxy)

(20C). Nonflammable but supports combustion. butoxy)butyl ether.

Hazard: Dangerous in contact with organic materi- CAS: 52032-20-9. mf: (C

-C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

als, strong oxidizing agent. Toxic by inhalation.

TLV: 3 ppm; STEL 6 ppm.

Use: Oxidant in rocket fuels, oxidizing and fluorinat-

perfluoropropane. Legal label name (Air) for

ing agent in chemical reactions.

octafluoropropane.

perchromic acid. Probably (HO)

Cr(OOH)

perfluoropropene. See hexafluoropropylene.

Properties: Unstable acid formed when a solution of

chromic acid is added to hydrogen peroxide; forms

performic acid. (peroxyformic acid).

deep-blue crystals below −15C; the blue color can

CAS: 107-32-4. HCOOOH.

be extracted from solutions by ether; decomposes in

Properties: Colorless liquid. Miscible with water,

acid solution to form chromic salts and in alkaline

alcohol, ether; soluble in benzene, chloroform; solu-

solution to form chromates; the blue color can be

tions are unstable.

used as a test for chloride or chromate.

Derivation: Mixture of formic acid, peroxide, and

Hazard: Irritant.

sulfuric acid is allowed to interact for two hours and

then distilled.

“Peregal” [International Specialty]. TM

Grade: 90% solution.

for a series of textile chemicals. One of which is ST,

Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated or in

a polymeric dye complexing agent.

contact with reducing materials, metals, and metal-

lic oxides. Strong irritant and oxidizing agent.

perfect gas. See gas.

Use: Oxidation, epoxidation, and hydroxylation re-

actions.

perfluidone.

CAS: 37924-13-3. C

. A preemergence

perfume. A blend of pleasantly odorous sub-

herbicide.

stances (usually liquids) obtained from the essential

oils of flowers, leaves, fruit, roots, or wood of a wide

perfluoro-2-butene. Legal label name for oc-

variety of plants, either by steam distillation or sol-

tafluoro-2-butene.

vent extraction. Flower oils (rose, jasmine) are ex-

tracted with a nonpolar solvent to give a waxy mix-

perfluoro(2-butoxypropyl vinyl ether).

ture called a concrete; the wax is then removed by a

CAS: 115659-47-7. mf: C

second solvent (an alcohol), which is then in turn

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A severe eye

removed to form an absolute. It is necessary that all

irritant.

the solvent be eliminated to obtain the finest per-

fumes. The center of this industry has long been in

perfluorobutyric acid. See heptafluorobutyr-

Grasse, France. Perfume materials are also derived

ic acid.

from animal sources (musk, ambergris) and from

resinous extracts (terpenes and balsams); they are

perfluorocarbon compound. A fluorocarbon

also made synthetically. Cologne and toilet water

in which the hydrogen directly attached to the car-

are weak alcoholic solutions (5% or less) of per-

bon atoms is completely replaced by fluorine.

fumes. Fine perfumes may contain as many as 30

ingredients, and their blending is an art rather than a

perfluorocyclobutane. See octafluorocyclo-

science. The largest volume use of perfumes is in

butane.

soaps, lotions, shaving creams, and cosmetics.

See fragrance; odorant.

perfluorodimethylcyclobutane. An inert

fluorocarbon liquid.

perhydrosqualene. See squalane.

Properties: Bp 45C, stable to 260C.

Use: Evaporative coolant for electronic equipment.

peri acid. (1-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid).

perfluoroethylene. See tetrafluoroethylene.

perfluoroisobutylene. See octafluoro-sec-bu-

tene.

perfluorooctanesulfonic acid.

CAS: 1763-23-1. mf: C

S. Properties: White needles. Slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A reproductive Derivation: Nitration of naphthalene-␣-sulfonic

hazard. acid followed by reduction with iron and crystalliza-

Use: Agricultural chemical. tion of the sodium salt.

Li Be

Na Mg

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr

Al Si P S Cl Ar

BCNOFNe

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe

Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn

Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu

Th Pa U

Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr

Fr Ra Ac Unq Unp Unh Uns

Group

IIA

IIIA

IIIB

IVA

IVB

VIA

VIB

VIIA

VIIB

VIIIA

VIII

IIIB

IIIA

IVB

IVA

VIB

VIA

VIIB

VIIA

New notation

Periodic table of the elements

CAS version

Previous IUPAC form

10 11 12

1.0079

6.941

22.9898

39.0983

40.08

44.9559

47.88

50.9415

51.996

54.9380

55.847

58.9332

58.69

63.546

65.39

69.72

72.59

74.9216

78.96

79.904

83.80

26.9815

28.0855

30.9738

32.06

35.453

39.948

10.81

12.011

14.0067

15.9994

18.9984

20.179

4.00260

85.4678

87.62

88.9059

91.224

92.9064

95.94

(98)

101.07

102.906

106.42

107.868

112.41

114.82

118.71

121.75

127.60

126.905

131.29

132.905

137.33

138.906

178.49

180.948

183.85

186.207

(223)

226.025

227.028

104

(261)

105

(262)

106

(263)

107

(262)

190.2

192.22

195.08

196.967

200.59

204.383

207.2

208.980

(209)

(210)

(222)

140.12

140.908

144.24

(145)

150.36

151.25

157.25

158.925

162.50

164.930

167.26

168.934

173.04

174.967

232.038

231.036

238.029

237.048

(244)

(243)

(247)

(251)

(252)

100

(257)

101

(258)

102

(259)

103

(260)

24.305

9.01218

aaaa

Lanthanide

series

Actinide

series

Note: Atomic masses shown here are the 1983 IUPAC values (maximum of six significant figures). a Symbols based on IUPAC systematic names.

IIBIB

960PERICLASE

Use: Azo dye intermediate, production of Chicago Properties: White crystals. Mp 122C, decomposes at

acid. 130C, loses 2H

O at 100C. Soluble in water, alco-

hol; slightly soluble in ether.

Derivation: By the interaction of iodine and concen-

periclase. MgO. A natural or calcined magne-

trated perchloric acid, by low-temperature electro-

sium oxide used as a lining and maintenance materi-

lytic oxidation of concentrated iodic acid.

al for basic oxygen steelmaking furnaces and other

Method of purification: Crystallization.

refractories.

Hazard: Dangerous in contact with organic materi-

als. Irritant and oxidizing material.

“Periclase” [Martin Marietta]. TM for a

Use: Oxidizing agent, increasing wet strength of pa-

high purity dead burned magnesium oxide.

per, photographic paper.

perilla oil.

Properties: Light-yellow drying oil. D 0.932–0.945, periodic law. Originally stated in recognition of

an empirical periodic variation of physical and

saponification value 191–193, iodine value

chemical properties of the elements with atomic

187–202, refr index 1.4841. Soluble in alcohol,

weight, this law is now understood to be based fun-

ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide. Combusti-

damentally on atomic number and atomic structure.

ble. Subject to spontaneous heating.

A modern statement is: The electronic configura-

Derivation: From the seeds of Perilla ocimoides,

tions of the atoms of the elements vary periodically

grown commonly in Japan and Korea. Chief constit-

with their atomic number. Consequently, all proper-

uents: Linoleic and linolenic acids.

ties of the elements that depend on their atomic

Use: Substitute for linseed oil, edible oil in Asia,

structure (electronic configuration) tend also to

manufacture of varnishes.

change with increasing atomic number in a periodic

manner.

perindopril erbumine. See perindopril tert-

butylamine.

periodic table. An arrangement of the chemical

perindopril tert-butylamine.

elements by symbol in a geometric pattern designed

CAS: 107133-36-8. mf: C

•C

to represent the periodic law by aligning the ele-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

ments in periods so that the corresponding parts of

the several periods are adjacent. When the elements

periodic acid. are aligned in order of increasing atomic number,

CAS: 13444-71-8. HIO

•2H

O. they constitute a succession of period, each begin-

961 “PERMALUME G”

ning with an alkali metal (one electron in the outer-

Perkin reaction. Formation of ␣,␤-unsaturated

most principal quantum level) and ending with an

carboxylic acids by aldol condensation of aromatic

element of the helium family, helium, neon, argon,

aldehydes and acid anhydrides in the presence of an

krypton, xenon, and radon (each having eight elec-

alkali salt of the acid.

trons in the outermost principal quantum level, ex-

cept for helium, which is limited to two). Each heli-

Perkin rearrangement. Formation of benzo-

um family element is followed directly in atomic

furan-2-carboxylic acids and benzofurans by heat-

number by an alkali metal, which begins a new

ing 3-halocoumarins with alkali.

period.

The advantage of placing each successive period so

Perkin, Sir William Henry. (1838–1907).

that it is adjacent to the preceding period in its

An English chemist who was the first to make a

corresponding parts is that similar elements are thus

synthetic dyestuff (1856). He studied under Hof-

brought together in groups. For example, the alkali

mann at the Royal College of London. Perkin’s first

metals that begin each period have similar properties

dye was called mauveine, but he proceeded to syn-

that correspond to their atomic structure, each hav-

thesize alizarin and coumarin, the first synthetic

ing one outermost shell electron. In a periodic table,

perfume. In 1907 he was awarded the first Perkin

the elements exhibit a steady trend in properties

Medal, which has ever since been awarded by the

from the beginning of each period, where they are

American Division of the Society of Chemical In-

metals, to the end, where they are nonmetals. Within

dustry for distinguished work in chemistry. Not-

each group the elements are quite similar. A given

withstanding the fact that Perkin patented and manu-

element can be predicted, on the basis of its position

factured mauve dye in England, the center of the

in a periodic table, to resemble the other elements of

synthetic dye industry shifted to Germany, where it

its group and be intermediate in properties between

remained untill 1914.

its adjacent neighbors within its period. The chief

See Hofmann, August Whilhelm.

function of a periodic table is to serve as a funda-

mental framework for the systematic organization

Perkow reaction. Formation of enol phos-

of chemistry (R. T. Sanderson). See Mendeley-

phates on treatment of ␣-halocarbonyl compounds

ev, D. I.

with trialkyl phosphites.

Note: Dr. Glenn T. Seaborg predicted the existence of

synthetic superheavy elements 107–168 on the basis

perlite.

of theoretical calculations. Numbers 122–153 he

CAS: 93763-70-3. Eutectic between ferrite and

called “superactinides.”

cementite (steelmaking).

Properties: Average density of 0.13. Expands when

peripheral proteins. Proteins that are loosely

finely ground and heated. Natural glass, amorphous

or reversibly bound to a membrane by hydrogen

mineral consisting of fused sodium potassium alu-

bonds or electrostatic forces which can be easily

minum silicate, containing <1% quartz.

released from the membrane. Contrast with integral

Hazard: Slightly toxic by ingestion. A nuisance dust.

proteins.

TLV: TWA (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/m

of total

dust; not classifiable as a human carcinogen (when

toxic impurities are not present, e.g., quartz <1%)

peritectic system. (transition type system;

Use: Filter aid, food additive.

unstable compound system; hidden maximum

system). Constitution-temperature system or dia-

“Permacore” [Phillips]. TM for high-density

gram in which there is a binary compound unstable

polyethylene pipe.

in contact with a melt of its own composition.

Use: Underground sewer systems, manholes, indus-

trial, and municipal.

peritectic temperature. Temperature in a per-

itectic system at which there is equilibrium between

permafil. A mixture in which the liquid under-

the solid and the remaining melt, the composition of

goes complete polymerization and hardens without

which conforms to the peritectic point, at which the

the necessity of any evaporation. Anaerobic permaf-

temperature line meets the liquids curve.

ils harden out of contact with air.

“Perkalink” [Akzo].

“Permalloy.” TM for an alloy containing 78.5%

CAS: 101-37-1. TM for triallyl cyanurate coagent.

nickel and 21.5% iron. It has high magnetic perme-

Use: Coagent for peroxide cross-linking of PE, EVA,

ability and electrical resistivity.

and EPDM.

Use: Transocean submarine cables.

Perkin alicyclic synthesis. Synthesis of ali- “Permalume G” [ATOTECH]. TM for a

cyclic compounds from ␣,!GKW-dihaloalkanes and semibright nickel electroplating process. The plat-

compounds containing active methylene groups in ing bath contains nickel sulfate, nickel chloride,

the presence of sodium ethoxide. boric acid, and organic addition agents.

962PERMALUX

permalux. See dicatechol borate 1,3-di(o-tol- permissible explosive. See explosive, per-

yl)guanidine salt. missible.

“Perone” [Du Pont]. TM for HOOH, 30, 35,

“Permalux” [Du Pont]. TM for a di-o-to-

and 50% solutions by weight.

lylguanidine salt of dicatechol borate.

See hydrogen peroxide.

(HOC

B•HNC(NHC

)

Properties: Light-grayish-brown powder. D 1.27,

perovskite. A natural or synthetic crystalline

fp>165C.

mineral composed of calcium dioxide and titanium

Use: Rubber antioxidant, vulcanization of neoprene.

dioxide. The natural material was discovered in

Russia in about 1850; the synthetic type can be so

permanent magnet. A magnet whose magnet-

made as to incorporate particles of catalysts (plati-

ic properties are not affected by removing it from an

num or palladium), that are protected by the crystal-

external magnetic field.

line structure from contamination by lead and other

poisons, thus permitting use of leaded gasoline in

Permanent Orange. See dinitraniline or-

cars equipped with emission-control devices.

ange.

peroxidase. An enzyme found in most plant cells

permanent-press resin. (durable-press res-

and some animal cells, that promotes the oxidation

in). A thermosetting resin used as a textile impreg-

of various substrates, such as phenols, aromatic

nant or fiber coating to impart crease resistance and

amines, etc., by means of hydrogen peroxide.

permanent hot-creasing to suitings, dress fabrics,

etc. Chemicals such as formaldehyde and maleic

peroxide. (1) Any compound containing a biva-

anhydride are the basis of these products. The resin

lent O−O group, i.e., the oxygen atoms are univa-

is “cured” after the fabric has been tailored into a

lent. Such compounds release atomic (nascent) oxy-

garment. A permanent-press fabric that requires no

gen readily. Thus they are strong oxidizing agents,

resin has been developed (a blend of polyester with

and fire hazards when in contact with combustible

cotton or rayon).

materials, especially under high-temperature condi-

tions. The chief industrial uses of peroxides are as

Permanent Red 2B Amine. See 4-amino-

oxidizing agents, bleaching agents, and initiators of

2-chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid.

polymerization. (2) Hydrogen peroxide.

permanent set. (permanent elongation). The

peroxisome. Membrane-bounded organelle in

extent to which vulcanized rubber and other elasto-

the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells functioning in the

meric materials are permanently deformed after ex-

destruction of proteins and characterized by perox-

tension to break. In general it varies in the range of

ide-forming enzymes.

5–10% of the original length, depending on the for-

mulation and state of cure.

peroxisomicin A2.

See elasticity.

CAS: 156768-16-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

permanent white. BaSO

. Precipitated barium

Source: Natural product.

sulfate.

peroxisomicine A2. See peroxisomicin Aa2.

“Permasep” [Du Pont]. TM for a method of

desalinating water by reverse osmosis using mem-

peroxyacetic acid. See peracetic acid.

branes composed of hollow nylon fibers that provide

maximum membrane surface.

peroxybenzoyl nitrate. A component of pho-

See osmosis.

tochemical smog.

Hazard: More than 200 times as irritating to the eyes

permenorm. Nickel-iron alloy produced by

as formaldehyde. A concentration of 0.02 ppm

magnetic annealing and drastic cold reduction and

causes moderate to severe conjunctival irritation.

used for mechanical rectifiers and low-frequency

See smog.

amplifiers. This alloy has a rectangular hysteresis

loop that eliminates arcing at the contacts of me-

peroxyformic acid. See performic acid.

chanical rectifiers, as well as other desirable prop-

erties.

peroxysulfuric acid. See Caro’s acid.

permethrin. [(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-3-(2,2- perphenazine.

dichlorovinyl)-2,2- CAS: 58-39-9. C

ClN

OS.

dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate]. Properties: Crystals, sensitive to light. Mp 97–100C.

CAS: 52645-53-1. Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol and acetone.

Use: Insecticide, nematocide, acaricide. Grade: ND.

963 PETROCHEMICAL

Use: Medicine.

Peterson reaction (olefination). Reaction of

␣-silylated carbanions with carbonyl compounds,

yielding ␤-hydroxyl-alkyl silanes, which undergo

perrhenic acid. HReO

. Exists only in solution,

instantaneous elimination to afford olefins.

commercially available as aqueous syrup. Strong,

very stable, monobasic acid; extremely soluble in

petitgrain oil. See neroli oil.

water and organic solvents.

petitgrain oil, Paraguay type.

Perrin rule. Ions of charge opposite to that of a

Properties: From steam distillation of the leaves of

diaphragm have by far the greatest effect, on endos-

Citrus aurantium L. subspecies amara. Yellow to

mosis. The higher their valence (of opposite sign)

brown liquid; harsh bitter odor. D: 0.878−0.889, refr

the greater the reduction of electroosmotic flow.

index: 1.455 @ 20°. Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil,

propylene glycol; insol in glycerin.

“Persistol” [BASF]. TM for agents for the

Use: Food additive.

wash-proof water-repellent finishing of textiles of

natural and synthetic fibrous materials and fiber

PETN. Abbreviation for pentaerythritol tetrani-

mixes.

trate.

perstoff See trichloromethylchloroformate.

“Petra” [General Electric]. TM for a PET

(polyethylene terphthalate) resin.

persulfuric acid. See Caro’s acid.

Use: Injection molding.

“Perthane” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for an

“Petrac Crude Glyceride” [Ferro]. TM

agricultural insecticide based on 1,1-dichloro-2,2-

for glycerol.

bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane. Supplied as a wettable

powder or emulsifiable concentration.

“Petrac Vyn-Eze” [Ferro]. TM for stearam-

ide of commercial stearic acid.

Peru balsam. See balsam.

“Petrac Wax” [Ferro]. TM for paraffin and

Perutz, Max F. (1914–2002). An Austrian mo-

polyethylene wax.

lecular biologist who was a recipient of the Nobel

Prize for chemistry in 1962 along with Kendrew.

Petrenko-Kritschenko piperidone synthesis.

His work was concerned with crystalline protein

Formation of piperidones by cyclization from

structure, particularly the molecular structure of he-

two moles of aldehyde and one mole each of aceto-

moglobin and myoglobin. nicotinamide adenine di-

nedicarboxylic ester and of ammonia or a primary

nucleotide was educated in England and Austria.

amine. Used widely in synthesis of tropane deriva-

tives.

PES. Abbreviation for photoelectron spectros-

copy.

petri dish. A small concave glass plate having an

easily removable cover, used for the culture of bac-

pesticide. Any substance, organic or inorganic,

teria. Named after its inventor, a German biologist.

used to destroy or inhibit the action of plant or

animal pests; the term thus includes insecticides,

petrochemical. An organic compound for which

herbicides, rodenticides, miticides, etc.

petroleum or natural gas is the ultimate raw material.

See methyl parathion. Virtually all pesticides are tox-

Thus, cracking of petroleum produces ethylene,

ic to humans to some degree. They vary in biode-

which is converted to ethylene glycol, the latter

gradability. The use of more- toxic types, especially

being a typical petrochemical. The term is also ap-

DDT, has been restricted. Microencapsulated con-

plied to substances such as ammonia, because the

trolled-release forms are available.

hydrogen used to form the ammonia is derived from

See insecticide; biocide.

natural gas. Thus, synthetic fertilizers are consid-

ered to be petrochemicals. At least 175 substances

petalite. (lithium aluminum silicate). are designated as petrochemicals including many

LiAl(Si

)

. paraffin, olefin, naphthene, and aromatic hydrocar-

Properties: Colorless, white, gray, or occasionally bons (methane, ethane, propane, ethylene, propyl-

pink mineral, white streak, vitreous luster. Resem- ene, butenes, cyclohexane, benzene, toluene, naph-

bles spodumene in appearance. Contains up to 4.9% thalene, etc.) and their derivatives, even though

lithia, sometimes with partial replacement by sodi- some of their commercial production is from

um or less often by potassium. Insoluble in acids, d sources other than petroleum. The percentage of

2.39–2.46, Mohs hardness 6–6.5. total hydrocarbon consumption represented by pet-

Occurrence: U.S. (Massachusetts, Maine); Sweden. rochemicals is steadily increasing; some authorities

Use: Source of lithium salts, in ceramics and glass. maintain that petroleum is too valuable to be used

964PETROLATUM

for fuel and that it should be conserved for future

petroleum coke. See coke.

petrochemical development.

petroleum ether. This term is used synony-

mously with petroleum naphtha. It is also sometimes

petrolatum. A semisolid or liquid mixture of

used as a synonym for ligroin or petroleum spirits. It

hydrocarbons derived by distillation of paraffin-

is technically a misnomer, because it is not an ether

base petroleum fractions. The solid form (mineral

in the chemical sense. For details about specified

jelly) may be either water-white or pale yellow. Its

distillation ranges and other distinctive properties,

chief uses are in mild ointments, cosmetics, softener

consult ASTM and API specifications.

in rubber mixtures and food processing (release

See naphtha (1).

agent in bakery products, dehydrated fruits and veg-

etables), protective coating (raw fruits and vegeta-

petroleum gas, liquefied. See liquefied pe-

bles), and defoaming agent (beet sugar, yeast). The

troleum gas.

liquid form (white mineral oil) is used as a laxative,

textile lubricant, and dispersing agent. There are

petroleum jelly. See petrolatum

three grades of both solid and liquid types with

various specifications (USP, NF, and FCC).

petroleum naphtha. See naphtha (1).

See ointment.

petroleum spirits. In Great Britain the term

petrolatum wax. A microcrystalline wax con-

petroleum spirits refers to a volatile hydrocarbon

taining hydrocarbons from C

to C

. Solidify-

mixture having a flash p 32F (0C).

ing range 71–83C.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk.

See wax, microcrystalline.

See naphtha (1a); spirits; petroleum ether.

petrolenes. (malthenes). Portions of bituminous

petroleum, synthetic. See pyrolysis.

substances soluble in hexane.

petroleum thinner. See naphtha (1a).

petroleum. (crude oil). A highly complex mix-

ture of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic (naphthenic), and

petroleum wax. A high molecular weight solid

aromatic hydrocarbons, containing a low percentage

hydrocarbon derived from petroleum. There are

of sulfur and trace amounts of nitrogen and oxygen

three types: paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes,

compounds. Said to have originated from both plant

and petrolatum waxes. All are made mostly by sol-

and animal sources 10–20 million years ago. The

vent dewaxing, although pressing and sweating pro-

most important petroleum fractions, obtained by

cesses are still used.

cracking or distillation, are various hydrocarbon

gases (butane, ethane, propane), naphtha of several

“Petrolite” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a hard

grades, gasoline, kerosene, fuel oils, gas oil, lubri-

grade of petroleum microcrystalline wax; a synthet-

cating oils, paraffin wax, and asphalt. From the hy-

ic polymer; an oxidized hydrocarbon; a modified

drocarbon gases, ethylene, butylene, and propylene

hydrocarbon; or a despersion.

are obtained; these are important industrial interme-

diates, being the source of alcohols, ethylene gly-

“Petromat” [Phillips]. TM for engineered

cols, and monomers for a wide range of plastics,

nonwoven fabric.

elastomers, and pharmaceuticals. Benzene, phenol,

Use: Paving repair.

toluene, and xylene can be made from petroleum,

and hundreds of other products, including biosyn-

“Petronates” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

thetically produced proteins, are petroleum derived.

for salts of petroleum sulfonic acids, varying in

About 5% of the petroleum consumed in the U.S. is

molecular weight and color.

used as feedstocks by the chemical industries.

Use: Emulsifying agents, dispersing agents, wetting

Occurrence: At present, half of the world’s proven

agents, corrosion preventive.

resources are in the Middle East and North Africa,

the other half being divided among the U.S. (includ-

“Petronauba” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for an

ing Alaska), Canada, Venezuela, the former

oxidized hydrocarbon.

U.S.S.R., the North Sea area, Indonesia, Mexico,

Romania, and Australia.

“Petrotac” [Phillips]. TM for engineered non-

Properties: Viscous, dark-brown liquid; unpleasant

woven fabric.

odor. D 0.78–0.97, flash p 20–90F.

Use: Paving repair membranes.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

ingestion, local skin irritant. For further information

“Petrothene” [Quantum]. TM for polypro-

refer to The American Petroleum Institute.

pylene resins for blown, cast, and water-quenched

See natural gas; petrochemical

films, substrate coating, wire and cable coating, in-

jection molding, blow molding, thermoforming,

petroleum benzin. A special grade of ligroin. pipe extrusion, calendering.

965 PH

Available forms: Solid cubes and pellets in natural the ions H

and OH

−

, with recombination at such a

and black. rate that with very pure water at 22C there is a

concentration of oppositely charged ions of 1/

10,000,000, or 10

−7

, mole per liter. This is commonly

“Petrowet” R [Du Pont]. TM for a surface-

expressed by saying that pure water has a pH of 7,

active agent composed of saturated hydrocarbon

which means that its concentration of hydrogen ions

sodium sulfonate. A wetting and penetrating agent

is expressed by the exponent 7, without its minus

effective in high concentration of electrolytes and

acids, suitable for use in acidizing of oil wells. sign.

When acids or hydroxyl-containing bases are in

water solution they ionize more or less completely,

pewter. Tin alloys with 5–15% tin, 0–3% copper,

furnishing varying concentrations of H

and OH

−

and 0–15% lead. White metal and Britannia metal

ions, respectively, to the solution. Strong acids and

are also of this general composition.

bases ionize much more completely than weak acids

and bases; thus strong acids give solutions of pH

peyote. Root of cactus Lophophora williamsii

1–3, while solutions of weak acids have a pH of 6.

(Mexico) known as an hallucinogen.

Strong bases give solutions of pH 12 or 13, while

weak bases give solutions of pH 8. Because the pH

Pfau-Plattner azulene synthesis. Forma-

scale is logarithmic, the intervals are exponential

tion of azulenes by ring enlargement of indanes on

and thus represent far greater differences in concen-

addition of diazoacetic ester, hydrolysis, dehydro-

tration than the values themselves seem to indicate

genation, and decarboxylation of the resulting acid.

(see table).

PFGE. See pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

Ratio of H

or OH

Pfitzinger reaction. Formation of quinoline-4-

Concentration

carboxylic acids by condensation of isatic acids

pH to That of

from isatin with ␣-methylene carbonyl compounds;

Value Pure Water

subsequent decarboxylation yields quinolines.

at 22C

Acid side 1 1,000,000

Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidation. Oxidation of al-

(excess

cohols to carbonyl derivatives with dimethyl sulfox-

of H

ions) 2 100,000

ide and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. The procedure is

3 10,000

especially useful for the conversion of a primary

4 1,000

alcohol to an aldehyde without further oxidation to

5 100

the carboxylic acid.

610

Neutrality 7 1

PFOS. See perfluorooctanesulfonic acid.

Alkaline side 8 10

(excess

PF resins. Abbreviation for phenol-formalde-

of OH

ions) 9 100

hyde resins.

10 1,000

11 10,000

PG. Abbreviation for polypropylene glycol.

12 100,000

13 1,000,000

PGA. Abbreviation for pteroylglutamic acid.

Liquid pH Value

See folic acid.

Pure water 7

Seawater 7.8–8.2

PGB. See podophyllotoxin 4-o-glucoside.

Electroplating bath 6.5–5

0.01 N HCl 2

PGDN. See propylene glycol dinitrate.

0.1 N HCl 1.08

0.1 N H

1.17

pH. pH is a value taken to represent the acidity or

0.01 N NaOH 12

alkalinity of an aqueous solution; it is defined as the

0.1 N acetic acid 3

logarithm of the reciprocal of the hydrogen-ion con-

0.1 N NH

OH 11

centration of a solution:

Gastric juices 1.7

Urine 5–7

Blood 7.3–7.5

Milk 6.5–7

Soil (optimum for 6–7

crops)

The pH scale is designed to conveniently character-

ize the acidity of aqueous acid-base systems. Pure In acid-base titrations, changes in pH can be detect-

water is the standard used for the pH scale. Under ed by indicators such as methyl orange, phenol-

ordinary conditions water molecules dissociate into phthalein, etc. Litmus paper can also be used as a

966PHAGE

rough indication of acidity or alkalinity. In carrying thermodynamic equilibrium in a system of chemical

out titrations, the end point signaled by an indicator reactants. The number of degrees of freedom (F)

does not always correspond to a neutral pH (7). allowed in a given heterogeneous system may be

pH control is of critical importance in a large num-

examined by analysis or observation and plotted on

ber of industrial operations such as water purifica-

a graph by proper choice of the components (C), the

tion, chrome tanning process for leather, in preser-

phases (P), and the independently variable factors of

vation of food products, in electroplating baths,

temperature and pressure. The principles of the

dyeing, agriculture, and numerous other instances.

phase rule apply to all multicomponent systems,

See acid; base.

including solvent blends, glass, alloys, and plastics.

phage. A virus for which the natural host is a

phase transition. Abrupt change in physical

bacterial cell.

properties as temperature is changed continuously.

See bacteriophage.

Water freezing at 0C for instance.

phagemid. A type of plasmid which carries with-

Phe. Abbreviation for phenylalanine.

in its sequence a bacteriophage replication origin.

When the host bacterium is infected with “helper”

␣-phellandrene. (4-isopropyl-1-methyl-1,5-cy-

phage, the phagemid is replicated along with the

clohexadiene).

phage DNA and packaged into phage capsids.

CAS: 99-83-2.

phaltan. See folpet.

❘

:CHCH

❘

CH[CH(CH

)

]CH:CH. A monocyclic

terpene occurring as (1) d- and (2) l-optical isomers.

pharaoh’s serpent eggs. (mercuric thiocya-

Properties: Colorless oil. Insoluble in water; soluble

nate). (NCS)

Hg. Swells when heated.

in ether. (1) D 0.8463 (25C), bp 66–68C (16 mm

Hg), refr index 1.4777; (2) d 0.8324 (20C), bp

pharmaceutical. A broad term that includes not

58–59C (16 mm Hg), refr index 1.4724. Combus-

only all types of drugs and medicinal and curative

tible.

products but also ancillary products such as tonics,

Derivation: (1) Found in ginger oil, Ceylon, and

dietary supplements, vitamins, deodorants, and the

Seychelles cinnamon oil. (2) Found in eucalyptus

like.

oil.

See drug.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption;

strong irritant.

pharmacogenomics. The study of the interac-

Use: Flavoring, perfumery.

tion of an individual’s genetic makeup and response

to a drug.

␤-phellandrene. (4-isopropyl-1-methylene-2-

cyclohexene).

“Pharmolin” [Engelhard]. (kaolin clay).

TM for aluminum silicate.

❘

C:CH:CHCH[CH(CH

)

]CH

❘

. A monocyclic

Use: For various internal and external pharmaceuti-

terpene occurring as (1) d- and (2) l-optical isomers.

cal compositions used in antidiarrheal medications.

Properties: (1) Mobile oil; pleasant odor; burning

taste. D 0.8520 (20C), bp 171–172C, refr index

phase. (1) One of the three states or conditions in

1.4788; (2) mobile oil, d 0.8497 (15C), bp 178–179,

which substances can exist, i.e., solid, liquid, or gas

flash p (TCC) 120F (48.9C), refr index 1.4800. Both

(vapor). The condition depends primarily on the

are insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in ether.

concentration of atoms of molecules; solids are the

Combustible.

most dense, gases the least, and liquids occupy the

intermediate position. Solids are normally crystals,

phen-. A prefix indicating phenol and benzene

liquids are amorphous, and gases are without struc-

derivatives.

ture.

See matter. (2) A physically distinct and mechanical-

phenacaine hydrochloride. (N,N

′

-bis(p-

ly separable portion of a dispersion or solution.

ethoxyphenyl)acetamidine hydrochloride).

Phases may be solid, liquid, or gaseous (vapor). In

•HCl•H

any mixture or solution the major component is

Properties: Small, white crystals; odorless; faintly

called the continuous or external phase and the mi-

bitter taste. Incompatible with alkalies, mp 190C.

nor component the dispersed or internal phase. The

Soluble in alcohol, boiling water, and chloroform;

latter may or may not be uniformly dispersed in the

less so in cold water; insoluble in ether.

continuous phase.

Grade: NF, technical.

See colloid chemistry; solution.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Medicine (topical anesthetic).

phase rule. Propounded by J. Willard Gibbs in

1877, the phase rule is a general system of equations

of the form F

C −P + 2 stating the boundaries of

phenacetin. USP name for acetophenetidin.

967

-PHENETIDINE

phenacyl chloride. See chloroacetophenone. Use: Organic synthesis, manufacturing of dyes, larvi-

cide.

phenacyl fluoride. See fluoroacetophenone.

phenethicillin. See potassium-␣-phenoxyethyl

penicillin.

phenanthraquinone. See phenanthrenequi-

none.

phenethyl acetate. See 2-phenylethyl ace-

tate.

phenanthrene.

CAS: 85-01-8. C

phenethyl alcohol. (phenylethyl alcohol; 2-

phenylethanol; benzyl carbinol).

CAS: 60-12-8. C

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor; sharp burn-

ing taste. D 1.017–1.020 (25C), refr index

1.5310–1.5340 (20C), fp −27C, bp 219C, flash p

216F (102C). Soluble in 50% alcohol; soluble 1 part

Properties: Colorless, shining crystals. D 1.063, mp

in 50 parts of water; soluble in fixed oils, alcohol,

100.35C, bp 340C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, ben-

and glycerol; slightly soluble in mineral oil. Com-

zene, carbon disulfide, and acetic acid; insoluble in

bustible.

water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By reduction of phenylacetic ethyl

Derivation: Fractional distillation of high-boiling

ester by sodium in absolute alcohol. (2) By the ac-

coal tar oils with subsequent recrystallization from

tion of ethylene oxide on phenylmagnesium bro-

alcohol.

mide and subsequent hydrolysis. (3) Component of

Hazard: A carcinogen.

many essential oils.

Use: Dyestuffs, explosives, synthesis of drugs, bio-

Grade: Technical, NF, FCC.

chemical research, manufacturing phenanthrene-

Use: Organic synthesis, synthetic rose oil, soaps,

quinone.

flavors, antibacterial, preservative.

phenanthrenequinone. (not phenanthraqui-

sec-phenethyl alcohol. See ␣-methylbenzyl

none).

alcohol.

CAS: 84-11-7. C

Properties: Yellow-orange, needlelike crystals. D

phenethylamine. See 2-phenylethylamine.

1.4045, mp 206–207C, bp sublimes above 360C.

Soluble in sulfuric acid, benzene, glacial acetic acid

phenethyl anthranilate. See 2-phenylethyl

and hot alcohol; insoluble in water.

anthranilate.

Derivation: By oxidation of a boiling solution of

phenanthrene in glacial acetic acid with chromic

phenethyl isobutyrate. See 2-phenylethyl

acid, extraction in sodium disulfite, precipitation by

isobutyrate.

means of hydrochloric acid, and recrystallization.

Use: Organic synthesis, dyes.

phenethyl phenylacetate. See 2-phenylethyl

phenylacetate.

1,10-phenanthroline. (4,5-phenanthroline; o-

phenanthroline).

phenethyl propionate. See 2-phenylethyl

CAS: 66-71-7. C

•H

O. A heterotricyclic

propionate.

compound.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 93–94C,

phenethyl salicylate. See 2-phenylethyl sali-

anhydrous 117C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble

cylate.

in alcohol, benzene, and acetone.

Derivation: Heating o-phenylenediamine with glyc-

o-phenetidine. (2-aminophenetole).

erol, nitrobenzene, and concentrated sulfuric acid;

CAS: 94-70-2. NH

also from 8-aminoquinoline.

Properties: Oily liquid, rapidly becomes brown on

Use: Forms a complex compound with ferrous ions

exposure to light or air. Solidifies at about −20C, bp

used as an indicator; drier in coatings industry.

228–230C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

phenarsazine chloride. See diphenylamine-

Derivation: Reduction of o-nitrophenetole with iron

chloroarsine.

filings and hydrochloric acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption.

phenazine. (azophenylene).

Use: Manufacture of dyes, laboratory reagent.

CAS: 92-82-0. C

. A tricyclic compound.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 170–171C, bp

above 360C. Very slightly soluble in water; partially

p-phenetidine. (4-aminophenetole).

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. CAS: 156-43-4. NH

968PHENETOLE

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; becomes red to

“Phenmad” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a 10%

phenylmercuric acetate aqueous solution.

brown on exposure to air and light. D 1.0613 (15C),

Use: Turf fungicide.

mp 2–4C, bp 253–255C. Insoluble in water; soluble

Hazard: Highly toxic.

in alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: Ethylating p-nitrophenol with ethyl sul-

fate or chloride in the presence of sodium hydroxide,

phenobarbital. (phenylbarbital; phenylethyl-

followed by reduction with iron filings and hydro-

malonylurea; 5-ethyl-5-phenylbarbituric acid).

chloric acid.

CAS: 50-06-6. C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Properties: White, shining, crystalline powder;

absorption.

odorless; stable. Mp 174–178C. Soluble in alcohol,

Use: Dyestuffs intermediate, pharmaceuticals, labo-

ether, chloroform, alkali hydroxides, alkali carbon-

ratory reagent.

ate solutions; sparingly soluble in water.

Derivation: Condensation of phenylethylmalonic

acid derivatives and urea.

phenetole. (phenyl ethyl ether).

Grade: USP.

CAS: 103-73-1. C

Hazard: May have damaging side effects.

See barbiturate.

Use: Medicine (sedative), laboratory reagent. Also

available as the sodium salt, which has good water

solubility.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Bp 172C, fp −30C,

d 0.967 (20/4C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

pheno black ep. See apomine black gx.

hol and ether. Combustible.

phenocoll hydrochloride. (aminoacetophen-

etidide hydrochloride; glycocoll-p-phenetidine

phenetsal. See p-acetylaminophenyl salicylate.

hydrochloride). C

NHCOCH

•HCl.

Properties: Fine, white, crystalline powder. Mp

“Phenex” [Hall]. TM for ␣-ethyl-␤-propyla-

95C. Soluble in water and warm alcohol; slightly

crylaniline.

soluble in chloroform, ether, and benzene.

Use: Accelerator for natural and synthetic rubber and

Derivation: By the action of aminoacetic acid upon

latexes.

phenetidine and acidifying.

Use: Medicine (analgesic).

phenic acid See phenol.

phenocopy. A trait not caused by inheritance of a

“Phenidone B” [Charkit]. TM for 4-methyl-

gene which appears to be identical to a genetic trait.

1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone.

Use: Photographic developer.

phenol. (1) A class of aromatic organic com-

pounds in which one or more hydroxy groups are

phenindione. (2-phenyl-1,3-indanedione).

attached directly to the benzene ring. Examples are

CAS: 83-12-5. C

phenol itself (benzophenol), the cresols, xylenols,

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals; practically

resorcinol, naphthols. Though technically alcohols,

odorless. Insoluble in water; soluble in methanol,

their properties are quite different.

alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene; solutions in alka-

(2) Phenol (carbolic acid; phenylic acid; benzophe-

lies are red; in concentrated sulfuric acid blue.

nol; hydroxybenzene).

Use: Medicine (blood anticoagulant).

CAS: 108-95-2. C

OH.

pheniramine maleate. (prophenpyridamine

maleate; 1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridyl)-3-di-methylami-

nopropane maleate).

CAS: 132-20-7. C

•C

Properties: White, crystalline powder; faint amine-

Properties: White, crystalline mass that turns pink or

like odor. Mp 104–108C. Very soluble in alcohol

red if not perfectly pure or if under influence of light;

and water; slightly soluble in benzene and ether, 1%

absorbs water from the air and liquefies; distinctive

solution has pH between 4.5 and 5.5.

odor; sharp burning taste. When in very weak solu-

Grade: NF.

tion it has a sweetish taste. D 1.07, mp 42.5–43C, bp

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

182C, flash p 172.4F (78C) (CC), autoign temp

1319F (715C). Soluble in alcohol, water, ether,

“Phenlam” [Huntsman]. TM for a line of phe- chloroform, glycerol, carbon disulfide, petrolatum,

nolic resins. fixed or volatile oils, and alkalies. Combustible.

Use: To provide high strength, fire and heat resis- Derivation: Most of the phenol in the U.S. is made by

tance at low weight plastics. the oxidation of cumene, yielding acetone as a by-

969 PHENOL RED

product. The first step in the reaction yields cumene cured, resistant to moisture, solvents, and heat up to

hydroperoxide, which decomposes with dilute sul-

200C, dimensionally stable, good electrical resis-

furic acid to the primary products, plus acetophe-

tance, sound and noise absorbent, decomposed by

none and phenyl dimethyl carbinol. Several other

oxidizing acids, fair resistance to alkalies. Cannot be

benzene-based processes have been used in the past;

successfully colored. Noncombustible.

derivation from benzoic acid is also possible.

Use: Molded and cast articles, bonding powders, ion

Method of purification: Rectification.

exchange, laminating and impregnating, plywood

Grade: Fused, crystals, or liquid, all as technical (82,

and glass-fiber composites, ablative coatings for

90, and 95%, other components mostly cresols), CP,

aerospace use, binder for oil-well sands, paint and

and USP.

baked enamel coatings, thermal and acoustic insula-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

tion, brake linings, clutch facings, shell molds,

absorption; strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 5 ppm; not

chemical equipment, machine and instrument hous-

classifiable as a human carcinogen. Toxic by skin

ings, chemical-resistant mortars, machine parts,

absorption.

electrical devices.

Use: Phenolic resins, epoxy resins (bisphenol-A),

See A-stage resin; B-stage resin; C-stage resin; novo-

nylon-6 (caprolactam), 2,4-D, selective solvent for

lak; Baekeland, L. H.; phenolic resin.

refining lubricating oils, adipic acid, salicylic acid,

phenolphthalein, pentachlorophenol, acetopheneti-

phenol-furfural resin. A phenolic resin that

din, picric acid, germicidal paints, pharmaceuticals,

has a somewhat sharper transition than phenol-

laboratory reagent, dyes and indicators, slimicide,

formaldehyde from the soft, thermoplastic stage to

biocide, general disinfectant.

the cured, infusible state and can be fabricated by

Note: High-boiling phenols are mixtures containing

injection molding since it has little tendency to hard-

predominantly m-substituted alkyl phenols. Their

en before curing conditions are reached.

boiling points range from 238 to 288C; they set to a

glass at −30C.

phenolic. See phenolic molding compound.

phenolate process. A process for removing

phenolic acids. Aromatic acids having one or

hydrogen sulfide from gas by the use of sodium

more hydroxyl groups on the benzene ring.

phenolate, which reacts with the hydrogen sulfide to

give sodium hydrosulfide and phenol. This can be

phenolic molding compound. (phenolic).

reversed by steam heat to regenerate the sodium

Thermosetting compound composed essentially of

phenolate.

phenol-formaldehyde resin alone or intimately

mixed with fillers, pigments, or dyes.

phenol, camphorated.

CAS: 8002-06-0. mf: C

O•C

phenolic resin. Any of several types of synthet-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human sys-

ic thermosetting resin obtained by the condensation

temic effects.

of phenol or substituted phenols with aldehydes

such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and furfural.

phenol coefficient. In determining the effec-

Phenol-formaldehyde resins are typical and consti-

tiveness of a disinfectant using phenol as a standard

tute the chief class of phenolics.

of comparison, the phenol coefficient is a value

obtained by dividing the highest dilution of the test

phenolics. Designation for phenol-formaldehyde

disinfectant by the highest dilution of phenol that

resins and plastics.

sterilizes a given culture of bacteria under standard

conditions of time and temperature.

phenolphthalein. (3,3-bis(p-hydroxyphen-

See disinfectant.

yl)phthalide).

CAS: 77-09-8. (C

OH)

(an approxima-

phenoldisulfonic acid. C

tion).

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 90C. Decom-

Properties: Pale-yellow powder; forms an almost

poses above 100C; soluble in water and alcohol.

colorless solution in neutral or acid solution, pink to

Use: Manufacture of dye intermediates.

deep red in presence of alkali, but colorless in the

presence of large amounts of alkali. D 1.2765, mp

phenol-formaldehyde resin. The first syn-

261C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies; insolu-

thetic thermosetting polymer; the reaction product

ble in water.

of phenol with aqueous 37–50% formaldehyde at

Derivation: Interaction of phenol and phthalic anhy-

50–100C, with basic catalyst, discovered by Baeke-

dride in sulfuric acid.

land in 1907 and trademarked “Bakelite” in 1911.

Grade: Technical, pure reagent, NF.

Polymerization is of the condensation type, pro-

Use: Acid-base indicator, laboratory reagent, medi-

ceeding through three stages. With an acid catalyst

cine (laxative).

novolak resins, which are thermoplastic, are pro-

duced.

Properties: Gray to black, hard, infusible solid when

phenol red. See phenolsulfonephthalein.

970PHENOLSULFONEPHTHALEIN

phenolsulfonephthalein. (phenol red). phenoxyacetic acid.

CAS: 143-74-8. (C

OH)

COSO

(an approxi- CAS: 122-59-8. C

OCH

COOH.

mation). Properties: Light-tan powder. Bp 285C, mp 98C.

Properties: Bright- to dark-red, crystalline powder; Soluble in ether, water, alcohol, carbon disulfide,

stable in air. Slightly soluble in water, alcohol, and glacial acetic acid. Combustible.

acetone; almost insoluble in chloroform and ether; Use: Intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesti-

soluble in alkali hydroxides and carbonates. cides, other organics, fungicides, flavoring, labora-

Derivation: Reaction of phenol with o-sulfobenzoic tory reagent, precursor in antibiotic fermentations,

acid anhydride. Differs from phenolphthalein in (especially penicillin V).

containing an SO

group in place of a CO group.

Grade: Technical, reagent, USP. The USP spelling is

o-phenoxybenzoic acid.

phenolsulfonphthalein.

CAS: 2243-42-7. mf: C

Use: Acid-base indicator, diagnostic reagent in medi-

Hazard: A poison.

cine, laboratory reagent.

p-phenoxybenzoic acid.

CAS: 2215-77-2. mf: C

phenolsulfonic acid. (sulfocarbolic acid).

Hazard: A poison.

HOC

Properties: Yellowish liquid, becoming brown on

2-phenoxy-4h-1,3,2-benzodioxaphosphorin

exposure to air. A mixture of o- and p-phenolsulfon-

2-oxide. See saligenin cyclic phenyl phos-

ic acids; soluble in water and alcohol.

phate.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on phenol.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-ethyl-4-

Hazard: Irritant to skin and tissue.

methoxyphenylacetate.

Use: Water analysis, laboratory reagent, electro-

CAS: 51629-13-1. mf: C

plated tin coating baths, manufacture of intermedi-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

ates and dyes, pharmaceuticals.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

phenol trinitrate. See picric acid.

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-ethylphenylacetate.

CAS: 51628-37-6. mf: C

phenosafranin. (3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazi- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

nium chloride; CI 50200). C

ClN

. Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Green, acicular crystals. Soluble in wa-

ter and alcohol; solutions have purple to red color.

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-isopropenyl-4-

Use: Staining tissues for microscopy.

methoxyphenylacetate.

CAS: 51629-15-3. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

phenothiazine. (thiodiphenylamine).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 92-84-2. C

NS.

Properties: Grayish-green to greenish-yellow pow-

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-isopropenyl-4-

der, granules, or flakes; tasteless; slight odor. Mp

methylphenylacetate.

175–185C, bp 371C, sublimes 130C (1 mm Hg).

CAS: 51629-54-0. mf: C

Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, ether, hot

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

acetic acid.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: By reaction of diphenylamine and sulfur

in the presence of an oxidizing catalyst.

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-isopropyl-4-

Grade: Technical, NF.

chlorophenylacetate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, absorbed

CAS: 51629-48-2. mf: C

ClO

by skin. TLV: 5 mg/m

. Toxic by skin absorption.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Insecticide, manufacture of dyes, parent com-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pound for chlorpromazine and related antipsychotic

drugs, polymerization inhibitor, antioxidant.

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-isopropyl-4-

methoxyphenylacetate.

phenothrin. [(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-2,2-di-

CAS: 51628-95-6. mf: C

methyl-3-(2-methyl-1-propenyl)-cyclopropane

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

carboxylate].

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Insecticide.

′

-phenoxybenzyl ␣-isopropyl-4-

phenotype. The physical characteristics of an methylphenylacetate.

organism or the presence of a disease that may or CAS: 51629-37-9. mf: C

may not be genetic. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

See genotype. Use: Agricultural chemical.

971 PHENYLACETAMIDE

phenoxydihydroxypropane. See phenoxy- hydrin having the basic molecular structure

propanediol. −[OC

C(CH

)

OCH

CH(OH)CH

]

− (n is

about 100). It uses the same raw materials as epoxy

resins but contains no epoxy groups. It may be cured

2-phenoxyethanol. See ethylene glycol mon-

by reacting with polyisocyanates, anhydrides, or

ophenyl ether.

other cross-linking agent capable of reacting with

hydroxyl groups.

␣-phenoxyethylpenicillin. See penicillin.

The ductility of phenoxy resins resembles that of

metals. They are transparent and also characterized

′

-phenoxyfurfuryl ␣-isopropyl-4-

by low mold shrinkage, good dimensional stability,

methoxyphenylacetate.

and moderately good resistance to temperature and

CAS: 51628-96-7. mf: C

corrosion. Phenoxy resins are soluble in methyl eth-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

yl ketone and have been used for coatings and adhe-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

sives. A typical injection-molded specimen has a

tensile strength of 9000 psi, heat distortion point

phenoxymethylpenicillin. (penicillin V).

86.6C at 264 psi load, and d 1.18.

They may be extruded or blow molded. Parts may be

Properties: White, odorless, crystalline powder.

thermally formed and heat or solvent welded. Some

Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

applications are blow-molded containers, pipe, ven-

acetone; insoluble in fixed oils, pH of saturated

tilating ducts, and molded parts.

solution is 2.5–4.0, decomposes at 120C.

Grade: NF.

phenoxytriethylstannane. See triethyltin

Use: Medicine (antibiotic for oral use). Available

phenoxide.

also as potassium salt.

phenyl. The univalent C

group derived from

(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-chloro-␣-(1-

benzene and characteristic of phenol and other de-

methylethyl)benzeneacetate.

rivatives.

CAS: 51630-33-2. mf: C

ClO

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

phenylacetaldehyde. (␣-toluic aldehyde).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 122-78-1. C

CHO.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong hyacinth-like

(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ␣-ethyl-4-

odor. D 1.023–1.030 (25C), fp −10C, bp 193–194C,

methylbenzeneacetate.

refr index 1.520–1.530, becomes more viscous on

CAS: 51630-04-7. mf: C

aging. Soluble in 2 parts of 80% alcohol; soluble in

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

ether and most fixed oils; slightly soluble in water.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Combustible.

Derivation: From phenyl-␣-chloroacetic acid, by ac-

phenoxypropanediol. (1-phenoxypropane-

tion of alkalies, oxidation of phenylethyl alcohol.

diol-2,3). C

OCH

CHOHCH

OH.

Grade: Technical, 50% soluble in benzyl alcohol,

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 53C, bp

FCC.

150–155C (4 mm Hg). Soluble in water, alcohol,

Use: Perfumes, flavoring, laboratory reagent.

glycerol, carbon tetrachloride, warm benzene; insol-

uble in gasoline. Combustible.

phenylacetaldehyde dimethylacetal. (␣-

Derivation: Phenol and glycerol.

tolyl aldehyde dimethyl acetal).

Use: Plasticizer, resins, lacquers.

CAS: 101-48-4. C

CH(OCH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong odor. More sta-

1-phenoxy-2-propanol.

ble than phenylacetaldehyde; not known to cause

CAS: 770-35-4. mf: C

discoloration. D 1.000–1.004 (25/25C), refr index

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

1.493–1.496 (20C), flash p 191F (88.3C) (TCC).

tact.

Soluble in 2 parts of 70% alcohol. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

phenoxypropylene oxide.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, laboratory reagent.

CAS: 122-60-1.

phenylacetamide. (␣-toluamide).

OCH

❘

HCH

❘

CAS: 103-81-1. C

CONH

Properties: Practically colorless liquid; characteris-

Properties: White crystals. Bp 280–290C (decom-

tic odor. D 1.1110 (20/20C), bp 244.2C, vap press

poses), mp 156–160C. Soluble in hot water and

less than 0.1 mm Hg (20C), fp 2.8C, viscosity 6.93

alcohol; slightly soluble in cold water and ether.

cP (20C). Very slightly soluble in water.

Combustible.

Derivation: From acetophenone or styrene by Will-

phenoxy resin. A high molecular weight ther- gerodt reaction, dehydration of ammonium phenyl

moplastic copolymer of bisphenol A and epichloro- acetate.

972

-PHENYLACETAMIDE

Use: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, penicillin Properties: (

L(−)-phenylalanine) Plates and leaflets

G precursor, laboratory reagent. from concentrated aqueous solutions, hydrated nee-

dles from dilute aqueous solutions, decomposes at

283C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in methanol

N-phenylacetamide. See acetanilide.

and ethanol. (D(+)-phenylalanine) Leaflets from wa-

ter, decomposes 285C. Soluble in water; slightly

phenyl acetate. (acetylphenol).

soluble in methanol. (

DL-phenylalanine) Leaflets or

CAS: 122-79-2. C

OOCCH

prisms from water or alcohol; sweet tasting. Decom-

poses 318–320C. Soluble in water.

Source: (

L(−))-Phenylalanine is isolated commer-

cially from proteins (ovalbumin, lactalbumin, zein,

and fibrin).

DL-Phenylalanine is synthesized from ␣-

acetaminocinnamic acid.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Properties: Water-white liquid.D 1.073 (25/25C),

Use: (

L isomer) Medicine and nutrition, essential in-

bp 195–196C, flash p 176F (80C). Soluble in alco-

gredients of Aspartame. Available commercially as

hol and ether; almost insoluble in water. Combus-

DL-dihydroxyphenylalanine and as DL-phenylala-

tible.

nine.

Derivation: (1) From phenol and acetyl chloride. (2)

By heating triphenyl phosphate with potassium ace-

phenylallylic alcohol. See cinnamic alcohol.

tate and alcohol.

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis, laboratory reagent.

d-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-

phenylalanyl-l-tryptophyl-l-lysyl-l-threon

phenylacetic acid. (␣-toluic acid).

yl-l-phenylalanyl-l-threoninamide

CAS: 103-82-2. C

COOH.

CAS: 133073-82-2. mf: C

Properties: Shiny, white plate crystals; floral odor. D

Hazard: A poison.

1.0809, fp 76–78C, bp 262C. Soluble in alcohol,

ether and hot water. Combustible.

d-phenylalanyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-tyrosyl-d-

Derivation: From benzyl cyanide refluxed with di-

tryptophyl-l-lysyl-l-valyl-l-phenylalanyl-3-

lute hydrochloric acid.

(2-naphthalenyl)-d-alaninamide.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

CAS: 150155-61-6. mf: C

Use: Perfume, precursor in manufacture of penicillin

Hazard: A poison.

G, fungicide, flavoring, laboratory reagent.

phenylamine. See aniline.

phenylacetonitrile. See benzyl cyanide.

␣-phenylacetophenone. See deoxybenzoin.

1-phenyl-3-aminobutane.

CAS: 22374-89-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

phenylacetyl chloride. C

COCl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.5320

(20C).

1-phenyl-2-aminopropane. See amphet-

Hazard: Strong irritant.

amine.

Use: Acylating agent, including manufacture of es-

ters for flavors; laboratory reagent.

N-phenylaniline. See diphenylamine.

phenyl ␣-acid. (phenyl-2-amino-8-naphthol-6-

o-phenylaniline. See o-aminobiphenyl.

sulfonic acid). HOC

(NHC

)(SO

H).

Properties: Gray crystals. Soluble in alkali. Com-

phenylarsonic acid.

bustible.

CAS: 98-05-5. C

AsO(OH)

Derivation: From ␣-acid and aniline (condensation

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 160C with de-

with heat).

composition. Soluble in water and alcohol; insolu-

Use: Azo dye manufacture.

ble in chloroform.

Method of purification: Reaction of the diazonium

␤-phenylacrylic acid. See cinnamic acid.

salt and sodium arsenite.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

phenylacrylyl chloride. See cinnamoyl

Use: Analytical reagent for tin.

chloride.

phenylazoaniline. See aminoazobenzene.

phenylalanine. (␣-amino-␤-phenylpropionic

acid).

CAS: 63-91-2. C

CH(NH

)COOH. An essen- 1-(phenylazo)-2-naphthylamine. See yel-

tial amino acid. low AB.

973 2-PHENYL-6-CHLOROPHENOL

p-(phenylazo)phenyl isocyanide. 1-phenylbutene-2. C

CH:CHCH

CAS: 22287-69-0. mf: C

. Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. 174–176C, d 0.888 (15.5C), refr index 1.511 (20C),

Use: Agricultural chemical. flash p 160F (71.1C) (TOC). Combustible.

Grade: Technical, 95 mole %.

phenylbarbital. See phenobarbital. Use: Organic synthesis, laboratory reagent.

phenylbenzamide. See benzanilide. phenylbutynol. (3-phenyl-1-butyn-3-ol).

HC:CC(C

)(OH)CH

Properties: Crystals; camphor odor. Mp 51–52C, bp

phenylbenzamide. See (3ar,9bs)-n-(4-(8-cya-

217–218C, d 1.0924 (20/20C). Slightly soluble in

no-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-3h.

water; soluble in acetone, benzene, most organic

solvents. Combustible.

1,3,4-phenylbiphenylyloxadiazole. (PBD;

Use: Acid inhibitor, organic synthesis.

phenylbiphenyloxadiazole). C

Properties: Crystals. Mp 166–168C.

2-phenylbutyramide. See nivonorm.

Grade: Purified.

Use: As primary fluors or as wavelength shifters in

2-phenylbutyric acid. See phenylethylacetic

soluble scintillators.

acid.

3-phenyl-3-benzoborepin. A synthetic car-

n-phenylcaproamide. See n-(n-hexano-

bon-boron heterocyclic compound with aromatic

yl)aniline.

properties; stable in air. Key intermediate in its syn-

thesis is the nonaromatic carbon-tin heterocycle 3,3-

1-phenyl-3-carbethoxypyrazolone-5.

dimethyl-3-benzostannepin.

Properties: White to light-buff powder. Stable in

2-phenyl-benzo(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione.

aqueous solution, mp 182–188C. Combustible.

CAS: 6914-98-3. mf: C

Use: Dyestuff intermediate, laboratory reagent.

Hazard: A poison.

phenyl carbimide. See phenyl isocyanate.

phenylbis[1-(2-methyl)aziridinyl]phosphine

oxide. C

PO.

phenylcarbinol. See benzyl alcohol.

Properties: (Technical) Straw-colored liquid. Limit-

ed solubility in water; soluble in most organic sol-

phenyl carbonate.

vents. The pure material is a low-melting solid.

CAS: 102-09-0. C

OCOOC

Combustible.

Properties: Shiny crystals. Mp 80C, bp 300C. Insol-

Use: Polymerization initiator.

uble in water; soluble in hot alcohol, benzene.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose.

phenyl bromide. See bromobenzene.

phenylcarbylamine chloride.

1-phenylbutane. See n-butylbenzene.

CAS: 622-44-6. C

NCCl

Properties: Pale-yellow, oily liquid; onionlike odor.

2-phenylbutane. See sec-butylbenzene.

D 1.30 (15C), bp 208–210C. Mildly volatile. Solu-

ble in alcohol, benzene, ether; insoluble in water.

4-phenyl-2-butanone 3-thiosemicarbazone.

Derivation: Chlorination of phenylisothiocyanate.

CAS: 25687-87-0.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

strong irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison.

phenylbutazone. (4-n-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-

pyrazolidinedione).

phenyl chloride. See chlorobenzene.

CAS: 50-33-9. C

. A synthetic pyrazolone

derivative, also occurs naturally in certain herbs.

n-phenylchloroacetamide.

Properties: White or very-light-yellow powder;

CAS: 587-65-5. mf: C

ClNO.

slightly bitter taste; very slight aromatic odor. Mp

Hazard: A poison.

103–106C. Freely soluble in acetone, ether, and

ethyl acetate; very slightly soluble in water; stable if

phenylchloroform. See benzotrichloride.

stored at room temperature in closed containers in

absence of moisture. Also available as sodium salt.

phenyl chloromethyl ketone. See chloroa-

Grade: NF.

cetophenone.

Hazard: May have harmful side effects.

Use: Medicine, antiinflammatory drug licensed for

human use, veterinary medicine.

2-phenyl-6-chlorophenol. C

ClO.

9741-PHENYL-3-CHLOROPROPANE

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; slight odor. Mp 6C, Use: Lachrymator poison gas, solvent for diphenyl-

bp 318C (decomposes), d 1.24. Insoluble in water;

cyanoarsine.

soluble in organic solvents.

Use: Fungicide, disinfectant.

phenyldidecyl phosphite. C

OP(OC

)

Properties: Nearly water-white liquid; odor of alco-

hol. D 0.940 (25/15.5C), mp 0C, refr index 1.4785

1-phenyl-3-chloropropane. See phenylpro-

(25C), flash p 425F (218C) (COC). Combustible.

pyl chloride.

Use: Chemical intermediate, antioxidant, ingredient

in stabilizer systems for resins.

phenyl cyanide. See benzonitrile.

phenyl diethanolamine.

phenylcyclidene hydrochloride. (PCP).

CAS: 120-07-0. C

N(C

OH)

N•HCl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 58C, bp 190C (1

Properties: White crystals. Mp 243C.

mm Hg), vap press <0.01 mm Hg (20C), bulk d 10.0

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. A psy-

lb/gal (20C), d 1.1203 at 60/20C, viscosity 1.19 cP

chotropic drug that may cause serious mental dis-

(20C), flash p 375F (190C) (OC). Slightly soluble in

orders.

water; soluble in ethanol and acetone. Combustible.

Use: Veterinary anesthetic (manufacture legally re-

Grade: Technical.

stricted to 5 kg annually).

Use: Organic synthesis, dyestuff, laboratory reagent.

phenylcyclohexane. (cyclohexylbenzene).

phenyl diglycol carbonate. [diethyl glycol

CAS: 827-52-1. C

bis(phenyl carbonate)]. (C

OOCOCH

)

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; pleasant odor. D

Properties: Colorless solid. D 1.23 (20/4C), mp 40C,

0.938 (25/25C), mp 5C, bp 237.5C, refr index 1.523

bp 225–229C, refr index 1.525 (20C), evaporation

(25C), flash p 210F (98C). Insoluble in water, glyc-

rate 0.026 mg/sq cm/hr at 100C. Insoluble in water

erol; very soluble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, car-

(very stable to hydrolysis); widely soluble in organic

bon tetrachloride, castor oil, hexane, xylene. Com-

solvents; compatible with many resins and plastics.

bustible.

Combustible.

Use: High-boiling solvent, penetrating agent, inter-

Use: Plasticizer.

mediate, laboratory reagent.

N-phenyl-N

′

-(1,3-dimethyl butyl)-p-

2-phenycyclohexanol.

phenylenediamine. C

HNC

NHC

Properties: Dark-violet, staining, low-melting solid.

Mp 50C, d 1.07.

HOC

❘

H(CH

)

CH(

❘

Use: Antiozonant, antioxidant, and polymer stabi-

Properties: Colorless to pale-straw-colored liquid.

lizer.

Pour p −18C, bp 276–281C, d 1.033 (25/25C), refr

index 1.536 (25C), flash p 280F (137C). Very slight-

ly soluble in water; soluble in methanol, ether. Com-

3-phenyl-1,1-dimethylurea. See fenuron.

bustible.

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

1,1

′

-(p-phenylenebis(carbonylmethyl))di-3-

picolinium dibromide.

CAS: 63868-81-5. mf: C

•2Br.

N-phenyl-N

′

-cyclohexyl-p-phenylenediamine.

Hazard: A poison.

HNC

NHC

Properties: Gray-violet powder. D 1.16, mp

103–107C. Soluble in acetone, benzene, MEK, eth-

m-phenylenebis(methylamine). See m-xy-

yl acetate, ethylene dichloride; insoluble in water.

lene-␣,␣

′

-diamine.

Use: Antioxidant-antiozonant for elastomers.

4,4

′

-(1,4-phenylene-bis(1-methyl

ethylidene))bisaniline. See bisaniline-p.

phenyldichloroarsine.

CAS: 696-28-6. C

AsCl

Properties: Liquid, microcrystalline mass at the fp,

m-phenylenediamine. (m-diaminobenzene).

decomposed by water. D 1.654 (20C), bp CAS: 108-45-2. C

(NH

)

255–257C, fp −20C, vap tension 0.014 mm Hg Properties: Colorless needles becoming red in air,

(15C), volatility 404 mg/m

(20C), coefficient of usually in the form of the stable hydrochloride. D

thermal expansion 0.00073. Soluble in alcohol, ben- 1.1389, mp 63C, bp 282–287C. Soluble in alcohol,

zene, and ether; insoluble in water. ether, and water.

Derivation: Arsenic trichloride and phenylmercuric Derivation: Reduction of m-dinitrobenzene or ni-

chloride are heated together at 100C. troaniline with iron and hydrochloric acid; purified

Grade: Technical. by crystallization.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong Grade: Technical, 99% min purity.

irritant to eyes, skin, and tissue. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

975 PHENYL ETHYL ETHER

irritant to skin. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg/m

; Not Classifi- 1.030–1.034, refr index 1.497–1.501 (20C), bp

able as a Human Carcinogen. 226C, flash p 230F (110C). Soluble in alcohol,

Use: Dyestuff manufacture, detection of nitrite, tex- ether, and most fixed oils. Combustible.

tile developing agent, laboratory reagent, vulcaniz- Derivation: (1) Interaction of ethyl acetate and alu-

ing agent, ion-exchange resins, block polymers, cor- minumphenyl ethylate. (2) Interaction of acetic an-

rosion inhibitors, photography.

hydride and phenylethyl alcohol in the presence of

sodium acetate.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

o-phenylenediamine. (orthamine; o-diamino-

Use: Perfumery, laboratory reagent.

benzene).

CAS: 95-54-5. C

(NH

)

Properties: Colorless, monoclinic crystals; darkens

sec-phenylethyl acetate. See ␣-methylben-

in air. Mp range 102–104C, bp 252–258C. Soluble

zyl acetate.

in alcohol, ether, and chloroform.

Derivation: Reduction of o-dinitrobenzene or nitroa-

phenylethylacetic acid. (2-phenylbutyric

niline with iron and hydrochloric acid.

acid). C

CHC

COOH.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Properties: White crystals; aromatic odor. Mp 41.0C

Grade: Technical, 99.0% min purity.

(min). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ke-

Hazard: TLV: TWA 0.1 mg/m

; Animal Carcin-

tones, and esters. Combustible.

ogen.

Use: Organic synthesis, lab reagent.

Use: Manufacture of dyes, photographic developing

agent, organic synthesis, laboratory reagent.

2-phenylethyl alcohol. See phenethyl al-

cohol.

p-phenylenediamine. (p-diaminobenzene).

CAS: 106-50-3. C

(NH

)

2-phenylethylamine. (phenethylamine; 1-

Properties: White to light-purple crystals (oxidizes

amino-2-phenylethane).

on standing in air to purple and black). Mp 147C, bp

CAS: 64-04-0. C

267C; flash p 312F (155C). Soluble in alcohol, ether

Properties: Liquid; fishy odor. Absorbs carbon diox-

and 100 parts water; affected by light. Combustible.

ide from the air, strong base. D 0.9640, bp 194.5C.

Derivation: Reduction of p-dinitrobenzene or nitroa-

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

niline with iron and hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: From phenylethyl alcohol and ammonia

Method of purification: Crystallization.

under pressure.

Grade: Technical, 99% min purity.

Grade: Technical, scintillation.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, skin irritant.

irritant to skin. TLV: (vapor) 0.1 mg/m

; not classifi-

Use: Organic synthesis, lab reagent, scintillation

able as a human carcinogen. Toxic by skin absorp-

counter (CO

absorber).

tion.

Use: Azo dye intermediate, photographic developing

2-phenylethyl anthranilate. (phenethyl an-

agent, photochemical measurements, intermediate

thranilate).

in manufacture of antioxidants and accelerators for

CAS: 133-18-6. H

COOC

rubber, synthetic fibers, laboratory reagent, dyeing

Properties: Colorless liquid that yellows with age;

hair and fur.

odor of grape and orange. D 1.14 (25/25C). Com-

bustible.

2,3-phenylenepyrene. See indeno(1,2,3-

Use: Perfumes, flavoring.

cd)pyrene.

phenylethyl carbinol. See phenylpropyl al-

phenylethane. See ethylbenzene.

cohol.

2-phenylethanol. See phenethyl alcohol.

phenylethylene. See styrene.

phenylethanolamine.

phenylethylene glycol. See styrene glycol.

CAS: 7568-93-6. C

NHCH

OH.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 56C, bp 157C (17

N-phenylethylethanolamine.

mm Hg). Soluble in water.

N(C

OH.

Use: Short-stopping agent for SBR, intermediate,

Properties: Solid. Mp 37.2C, bp 268C (740 mm Hg),

wax hardener.

d 1.04 (20/20C), flash p 270F (132C) (COC). Very

slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone,

phenyl ether. See diphenyl oxide.

benzene. Combustible.

Use: Solvents, chemical intermediates, preparation

2-phenylethyl acetate. (phenethyl acetate).

of dyes for acetate rayons, laboratory reagent.

CAS: 103-45-7. C

OOCCH

. (Not the

same as sec-phenylethyl acetate.)

Properties: Colorless liquid; peachlike odor. D

phenyl ethyl ether. See phenetole.

9762-PHENYLETHYL ISOBUTYRATE

2-phenylethyl isobutyrate. (phenethyl iso- phenylhydrazine.

butyrate). CAS: 100-63-0. C

NHNH

CAS: 103-48-0. (CH

)

CHCOOC

. Properties: Colorless liquid, becomes red-brown on

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. D 0.988 exposure to air. D 1.0978, mp 19.35C, bp 243.5C

(25/25C), refr index 1.488 (20C). Soluble in alcohol with decomposition, flash p 192F (88.9C) (CC),

autoign temp 345F (173C). Soluble in alcohol,

and ether. Combustible.

ether, chloroform, benzene, and dilute acids; slight-

Use: Perfumes, flavoring.

ly soluble in water. Also available as the hydrochlo-

ride. Combustible.

phenylethylmalonylurea. See phenobarbital.

Derivation: Reduction of diazotized aniline, fol-

lowed by reaction with sodium hydroxide.

2-phenylethyl mercaptan. C

SH.

Grade: Commercial, CP, reagent.

Properties: Liquid. Boiling range 193–225C, un-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin

pleasant odor, d 1.0264 (15.5C), refr index 1.5582

absorption; attacks red blood cells. A carcinogen.

(20C), flash p 160F (71.1C). Combustible.

TLV: 0.1 ppm; animal carcinogen. Toxic by skin

Use: Organic synthesis, laboratory reagent.

absorption.

Use: Analytical chemistry (reagent for detecting al-

2-phenylethyl phenylacetate. (phenethyl

dehydes, sugars, etc.), organic synthesis (intermedi-

phenylacetate).

ates, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals). The hydrochlo-

CAS: 102-20-5. C

(CH

)

OOCCH

ride is a strong reducing agent.

Properties: White crystals; hyacinth odor. D

1.080–1.082, congealing p 27C. Combustible.

␣-phenylhydroxyacetic acid. See mandelic

Use: Perfumery, flavors.

acid.

2-phenylethyl propionate. (phenethyl propi-

phenylic acid. See phenol.

onate).

CAS: 120-45-6. C

COOC

n-(3-phenylimino-1-propenyl)aniline

Properties: Synthetic, colorless liquid; flower-fruit

hydrochloride.

odor. D 1.012 (25/25C). Miscible with alcohols and

CAS: 28140-60-5. mf: C

•ClH.

ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Use: Perfumes, flavors.

tact.

2-phenylethyl salicylate. (phenethyl salicy-

late). C

OOCC

OH. phenylindan dicarboxylic acid. See 1,1,3-

Properties: White crystals; faint aromatic odor. Con- trimethyl-5-carboxy-3-(p-carboxyphenyl)indan.

gealing point 41.5C. Soluble in 14 parts of 95%

alcohol. Combustible.

phenyl isocyanate. (phenyl carbimide; car-

Use: Flavors.

banil).

CAS: 103-71-9. C

N:C:O.

phenyl ferrocenyl ketone. See benzoylfer-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 165C, fp −30C, d 1.095 (20/

rocene.

4C), refr index 1.53684 (19.6C), flash p 132F

(55.5C) (TOC). Decomposes in water and alcohol;

phenyl fluoride. See fluorobenzene. very soluble in ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Strong irritant, a lachry-

mator.

phenyl fluoromethyl ketone. See fluoroa-

Use: Reagent for identifying alcohols and amines,

cetophenone.

intermediate.

phenylformamide. See formanilide.

phenyl isothiocyanate. See phenyl mustard

oil.

phenylformic acid. See benzoic acid.

phenyl glycidyl ether. (1,2-epoxy-3-phenox- phenyl J acid. (phenyl-2-amino-5-naphthol-7-

ypropane; PGE). sulfonic acid). HOC

(NHC

)(SO

H).

CAS: 122-60-1. H

COCHCH

. Properties: Slate-colored crystals. Soluble in alkali.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.11, bp 245C, mp Combustible.

3.5C. Derivation: From hydrogen acid and aniline (con-

Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption, moderate irritant densation with heat).

to eyes and skin. TLV: 1 ppm; animal carcinogen. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Toxic by skin absorption. Use: Azo dye manufacturing.

phenylglycol. See styrene glycol.

phenyllead trilaurate.

CAS: 3268-27-7. mf: C

Pb.

phenylglycolic acid. See mandelic acid. Hazard: A poison.

977 PHENYLMERCURIC OLEATE

phenyllithium. C

Li. Available in a 20% by phenylmercuric chloride.

CAS: 100-56-1. C

HgCl.

weight solution of a 70:30 volume percentage ben-

Properties: White, satiny crystals. Mp 251C. Insolu-

zene-ether mixture.

ble in water; slightly soluble in hot alcohol; soluble

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

in benzene, ether, pyridine.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Derivation: Reaction of phenylmercuric acetate and

sodium chloride.

phenylmagnesium bromide. C

MgBr. A

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Grignard reagent available as a solution in ether, d

absorption.

1.14.

Use: Antiseptic, fungicide, germicide.

Derivation: From magnesium and bromobenzene.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, solution highly flam-

mable.

phenylmercuric hydroxide.

Use: Arylating agent in organic synthesis.

CAS: 100-57-2. C

HgOH.

Properties: Fine white to cream crystals. Mp

phenylmagnesium chloride. C

MgCl.

197–205C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in ace-

Available dissolved in tetrahydrofuran.

tic acid and alcohol.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, solution highly flam-

Grade: Technical, pure.

mable.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Use: Grignard reagent, organic synthesis.

absorption.

Use: Manufacture of phenylmercuric salts, fungi-

phenyl mercaptan.

cide, and germicide. Principal compound in manu-

CAS: 108-98-5. C

SH.

facturing organic mercury derivatives, denaturant

Properties: Water-white liquid; offensive odor. Oxi-

for alcohol.

dizes on exposure to air; supplied under nitrogen

atmosphere. D 1.080 (15.5/15.5C), refr index

phenylmercuric lactate.

1.5815 (25C), fp −15C, bp 169C. Insoluble in water;

CAS: 122-64-5. C

HgOOCCHOHCH

very soluble in aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Hazard: Store out of contact with air and acids.

absorption.

Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 0.5 ppm.

Use: Bactericide, fungicide.

Use: Chemical intermediate, mosquito larvicide.

phenylmercuric acetate.

phenylmercuric naphthenate. Prepared by

CAS: 62-38-4. C

HgOCOCH

interaction of phenylmercuric acetate and naphthen-

Properties: White to cream prisms. Mp 148–150C.

ic acid, producing a colored solution.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ben-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

zene, and glacial acetic acid; slightly volatile at

absorption.

ordinary temperatures.

Use: Wood preservative, mildew-proofing agent.

Derivation: Action of heat on benzene and mercuric

acetate.

phenylmercuric nitrate (basic).

Grade: CP, technical, commercial.

CAS: 8003-05-2. C

HgNO

•C

HgOH.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Properties: Fine white crystals or grayish powder.

absorption; strong irritant.

Mercury content 63–65% (theoretical 63.2%), melt-

Use: Fungicide; herbicide; “mildewcide” for paints;

ing range 175–185C with decomposition, ash 0.1%

“slimicide” in paper mills.

max. Very slightly soluble in water and alcohol;

insoluble in ether, moderately soluble in glycerol.

phenylmercuric benzoate.

Grade: NF.

HgOOCC

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Properties: Crystals. Mp 94C (min).

absorption.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Use: Germicide, fungicide.

absorption.

Use: Bactericide, fungicide, alcohol denaturant.

phenylmercuric oleate.

phenylmercuric borate. C

HgOOC(CH

)

CH:CHC

CAS: 102-98-7. (C

Hg)

HBO

. Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 45C. In-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents and

120–130C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in al- some oils.

cohol. Derivation: Reaction of phenylmercuric acetate with

Derivation: Reaction of phenylmercuric acetate with oleic acid.

boric acid. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.

absorption. Use: Mildew-proofing agent for paints, fungicide,

Use: Fungicide, bactericide. and germicide.

978PHENYLMERCURIC PROPIONATE

phenylmercuric propionate. dihydrate.

CAS: 103-27-5. C

HgOCOCH

. CAS: 70601-60-4. mf: C

•C

•2H

Properties: Technical grade, white to off-white wax- Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

like free-flowing powder. Mp 65–70C, stable to Use: Hormone.

200C for short periods, 57% min mercury content.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

n-((phenylmethoxy)carbonyl)-o-

absorption.

(phenylmethyl)-l-seryl-l-tryptophyl-l-

Use: Fungicide and bactericide for paints and indus-

seryl-l-tyrosyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentamethyl-d-

trial finishes.

phenylalanyl-l-leucyl-l-arginyl-n-ethyl-l-

prolinamide, monoacetate (salt), hydrate.

phenylmercuric salicylate.

CAS: 70601-54-6. mf: C

•C

•H

(OH)(COOHgC

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Use: Hormone.

absorption.

Use: Seed disinfectant.

phenylmethyl acetate. See benzyl acetate.

phenylmercuriethanolammonium acetate.

d-1-phenyl-2-methylaminopropan.

[(HOC

)NH

Hg)]OOCCH

CAS: 537-46-2. mf: C

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in

Hazard: A poison. Human systemic effects reported.

water.

Derivation: Reaction of phenylmercuric acetate with

phenylmethylcarbinol. See ␣-methylbenzyl

monoethanolamine.

alcohol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption.

phenylmethylcarbinyl acetate. See ␣-me-

Use: Insecticide and fungicide, may not be used on

thylbenzyl acetate.

food crops.

N-phenylmethylethanolamine.

phenylmercuritriethanolammonium lactate.

N(CH

OH.

[tris(2-hydroxyeth-

Properties: Liquid. Sets to a glass at −30C, bp 192C

yl)(phenylmercuri)ammonium lactate].

(100 mm Hg), d 1.0661 (20/20C), flash p 280F

CAS: 23319-66-6. [(HOC

)

NHgC

]OOC-

(137C) (COC). Slightly soluble in water. Combus-

CHOHCH

tible.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in

Use: Chemical intermediate, solvent for dyes for ace-

water.

tate fibers.

Derivation: Reaction of phenylmercuric acetate with

triethanolamine and lactic acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

(5-(phenylmethyl)-3-furanyl)methyl 4-

absorption.

chloro-␣-ethylbenzeneacetate.

Use: Turf fungicide and eradicant fungicide for fruit

CAS: 51630-12-7. mf: C

ClO

trees.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

phenylmercury formamide.

HCONHHgC

phenyl methyl ketone. See acetophenone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption.

1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone. See 3-

Use: Seed disinfectant.

methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one.

phenylmercury urea.

phenyl ␣-methylstyryl ketone. See dyp-

CAS: 2279-64-3. C

HgNHCONH

none.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption.

N-phenylmorpholine.

Use: Disinfectant and fungicide for seed treatment.

phenylmethane. See toluene.

❘

OCH

❘

Properties: White solid. Bp 268C, mp 57C, vap

phenylmethanol. See benzyl alcohol.

press <0.1 mm Hg (20C), flash p 220F (104C), d

1.06 (57/20C). Soluble in water. Combustible.

n-((phenylmethoxy)carbonyl)-o- Grade: Technical.

(phenylmethyl-)l-seryl-l-tryptophyl-l- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

seryl-l-tyrosyl-2,3,4,5,6-pentamethyl-dl- Use: Chemical intermediate for dyestuffs, rubber ac-

phenylalanyl-l-leucyl-l-arginyl-n-ethyl-l- celerators, corrosion inhibitors, and photographic

prolinamide monoacetate (salt), developers; insecticide.

979

-PHENYLPIPERAZINE

phenyl mustard oil. (thiocarbanil; phenyl 2-phenylpentane. See sec-amylbenzene.

isothiocyanate; phenylthiocarbonimide).

NCS.

phenyl phenacyl ketone.

Properties: Pale-yellow or colorless liquid; penetrat-

CAS: 120-46-7. mf: C

ing, irritating odor. D 1.1382, fp −21C, bp 221C.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Readily volatilized with steam; soluble in alcohol

and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

o-phenylphenol. (o-hydroxydiphenyl; o-xe-

Derivation: (1) By action of concentrated hydro-

nol).

chloric acid and sulfocarbanilide, (2) by reaction of

CAS: 90-43-7. C

OH.

thiophosgene with aniline.

Properties: Nearly white or light-buff crystals. Mp

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

56–58C, bp 280–284C, d 1.217 (25/25C), flash p

tissue.

255F (124C). Soluble in alcohol; sodium hydroxide

Use: Medicine, organic synthesis.

solution; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: From reaction of chlorobenzene and

2-phenyl-1,8-naphthalimide. See 2-phenyl-

caustic soda solution at elevated temperatures and

benzo(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione.

pressures.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

N-phenyl-␣-naphthylamine.

Use: Intermediate for dyes, germicides, fungicides,

CAS: 90-30-2. C

NHC

rubber chemicals, laboratory reagents, food pack-

Properties: Crystallizes in prisms, white to slightly

aging.

yellowish. Mp 62C, bp 335C (260 mm Hg). Soluble

in alcohol, ether, and benzene. Combustible.

p-phenylphenol. (p-hydroxydiphenyl; p-xe-

Derivation: From ␣-naphthylamine and aniline. Pu-

nol).

rified by distillation.

CAS: 92-69-3. C

OH.

Use: Dyes and other organic chemicals, rubber anti-

Properties: Nearly white crystals. Mp 164–165, bp

oxidant.

308C, flash p 330F (165.5C). Soluble in alcohol,

alkalies, and most organic solvents; insoluble in

N-phenyl-␤-naphthylamine. (2-naphthyl-

water. Combustible.

phenylamine).

Derivation: From reaction of chlorobenzene and

CAS: 135-88-6. C

NHC

caustic soda solution at elevated temperatures and

Properties: Light-gray powder. Mp 107C, bp 395C,

pressures.

d 1.24. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ace-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tone, benzene. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and resins, rubber chemi-

Hazard: TLV: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcin-

cals, laboratory reagent, fungicide.

ogen.

Use: Rubber antioxidant, lubricant, inhibitor (buta-

N-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine. See p-ami-

diene).

nodiphenylamine.

N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid.

phenylphosphine. (fenylfosfin; phosphani-

(N-phenyl peri acid). C

line).

Properties: Greenish-gray needles. Insoluble in wa-

CAS: 638-21-1. C

ter; soluble in alcohol.

Properties: Foul-smelling liquid. Mw 110.10, bp

Derivation: Arylation of 1-naphthylamine-8-sulfon-

160−161C, d 1.001 (15 mm). Insoluble in water;

ic acid with aniline.

soluble in alkali; very soluble in alcohol and ether.

Grade: Technical, mostly as sodium salt.

Hazard: Poison by inhalation. TLV: ceiling of 0.05

Use: Azo dyes.

ppm. Ignites spontaneously in air.

phenylneopentyl phosphite.

phenylphosphinic acid. See benzenephos-

Properties: Water-white liquid. Mp 19C, bp

phinic acid.

138–140C (10 mm Hg), refr index 1.517 (25C), d

1.135 (25/15C).

phenylphosphonic acid. See benzenephos-

Use: Chemical intermediate.

phonic acid.

1-phenylnonane. See nonylbenzene.

phenyl phthalate. C

(COOC

)

Properties: White crystals. Mp 70C, bp 255 (14 mm

4-phenyl-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

Hg), d 1.57. Soluble in ketones; insoluble in water.

CAS: 58955-84-3. mf: C

NOS.

Use: Plasticizer in nitrocellulose lacquers.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

N-phenylpiperazine.

1-phenylpentane.

See n-amylbenzene. CAS: 92-54-6.

980PHENYLPROPANE

phenylpropyl aldehyde. (3-phenylpropional-

❘

NHCH

❘

dehyde; hydrocinnamic aldehyde).

Properties: Pale-yellow oil. D 1.0621 (20/4C), bp

CAS: 104-53-0. C

CHO.

286.5C, 156–157C (10 mm Hg), mp 18.8C, flash p

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D

285F (140.5C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

1.010–1.020, refr index 1.520–1.532. Soluble in

hol and ether. Combustible.

50% alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, anthelminth-

Grade: Chlorine free.

ics, surface-active agents, synthetic fibers.

Use: Perfumery, flavors.

2-phenylpropylamine.

phenylpropane.

See n-propylbenzene.

CAS: 582-22-9. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

2-phenyl-1,3-propanediol dicarbamate.

See felbamate.

phenylpropyl chloride. (hydrocinnamyl

chloride; 1-phenyl-3-chloropropane).

3-phenyl-1-propanol. See phenylpropyl al-

Cl.

cohol.

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Bp

219–220C, d 1.056 (25/4C), refr index 1.5220

phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride. See

(20C). Combustible.

propadrine hydrochloride.

Use: Organic synthesis, laboratory reagent.

1-phenylpropanone-1. See propiophenone.

3-phenyl-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-2-

propenamide.

CAS: 315706-78-6. mf: C

NO.

3-phenylpropenal. See cinnamic aldehyde.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

3-phenylpropenoic acid. See cinnamic acid.

␣-(1-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-

piperidinebutanol.

3-phenylpropenol. See cinnamic alcohol.

CAS: 296269-52-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

1-(␣-phenyl)-propenylveratrole. See ben-

zyl isoeugenol.

4-phenylpropylpyridine. C

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 322C. Soluble in

3-phenylpropionaldehyde. See phenylpropyl

organic solvents.

aldehyde.

Use: Heat-transfer agent, chemical intermediate.

2-phenylpropionaldehyde dimethyl acetal.

␣-(1-phenyl-5-propyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-

mf: C

piperidinebutanol.

Properties: Colorless to sltly yellow liquid; mush-

CAS: 296269-55-1. mf: C

room odor. D: 0.989−0.994, refr index:

Hazard: A poison.

1.492−1.497. Sol in alc, ether; insol in water.

Use: Food additive.

1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone.

3-phenylpropionic acid. See hydrocinnamic

❘

NHC(O)CH

❘

acid.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 121C. Soluble in water.

Combustible.

phenylpropyl acetate. (hydrocinnamyl ace-

Use: Photographic developer, laboratory reagent.

tate).

CAS: 122-72-5. C

OOCCH

phenyl salicylate. (salol).

Properties: White crystals. D 1.012–1.016, refr in-

CAS: 118-55-8. C

OHCOOC

dex 1.497. Soluble in 70% alcohol. Combustible.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; faint aromat-

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, laboratory reagent.

ic odor and taste. D 1.2614, mp 41.9C, bp

172–173C, absorbs light, especially at 290–330␮.

phenylpropyl alcohol. (hydrocinnamic alco- Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, and

hol; 3-phenyl-1-propanol; phenylethyl carbinol). fixed or volatile oils; sparingly soluble in water.

CAS: 122-97-4. C

OH. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. Bp 219C,d Derivation: Heating salicylic acid and phenol with

0.998–1.000, refr index 1.524–1.528 (20C). Soluble phosphorus pentachloride or other dehydrating

in 70% alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible. agent.

Grade: Technical, FCC. Grade: NF, granular powder.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, laboratory reagent. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

981 PHORATE

Use: Medicine, preservative, UV absorber in plastics, lene; readily hydrolyzed by moisture with liberation

waxes, polishes, laboratory reagent. of hydrogen chloride. Combustible.

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

chloride and phenylmagnesium chloride, reaction of

phenyl saligenin phosphate. See saligenin

benzene with trichlorosilane.

cyclic phenyl phosphate.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Use: Intermediate for silicones, laboratory reagent.

phenylstearic acid. An organic fatty acid hav-

ing a high degree of fluidity and no definite melting

1-phenyltridecane. See tridecylbenzene.

point. Pour point is −26C.

Use: Lubricant stabilizer; its potential uses include

phenyltrimethoxysilane.

corrosion inhibitor, plasticizer, and textile auxiliary.

CAS: 780-69-8. C

Si(OCH

)

Phenylstearic acid and its quaternary and ethoxylat-

Properties: Liquid. D 1.063 (25C), refr index 1.4710

ed derivatives are used in synthetic latices, as miner-

(25C), bp 211C. Soluble in acetone, benzene, per-

al oil emulsifiers, and in invert systems.

chloroethylene, methanol. Combustible.

Use: In polymers to be applied to powders, glass,

phenylsulfanilic acid. C

paper, and fabrics.

Properties: White plates turning blue in light. Solu-

ble in water and alcohol. Decomposes above 200C.

phenylurethane. See ethyl phenylcarbamate.

Use: Indicator, colorimetry, determination of ni-

trates.

phenyl valerate. C

COOC

Properties: Colorless liquid. Slightly soluble in wa-

phenylsulfohydrazide. C

NHNH

ter; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Decomposes at 100C,

Use: Flavors and odorants.

evolving nitrogen.

Use: Blowing agent for cellular rubber and plastics.

pheromone. A group of organic compounds,

produced by insects, that function as communica-

phenylsulfonic acid. See benzenesulfonic

tion means and sex attractants. Synthetic phero-

acid.

mones have been used experimentally to control

insect pests by disrupting their mating behavior,

4-phenyl-1,4-thiazane.

e.g., 4-methyl-3-heptanone. Pheronomes have also

been synthesized by use of organoborane reactions.

See phoromone.

❘

N(C

)CH

❘

Properties: White powder. Mp 108–111C. Soluble

phlogiston. The hypothetical principle of fire

in hot toluene.

used for the explanation of the phenomena of oxida-

Derivation: Interaction of dichlorodiethyl sulfide

tion and reduction before Lavoisier’s discoveries.

and an aliphatic amine in the presence of alcohol and

See Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent.

sodium carbonate.

phloroglucinol. (phloroglucine; 1,3,5-trihy-

phenylthiocarbonimide. See phenyl mustard

droxybenzene).

oil.

CAS: 108-73-6. C

(OH)

•2H

Properties: White to yellowish crystals; odorless.

phenyl thiocyanate. See thiocyanic acid,

Mp 212–217C if rapidly heated, 200–209C if slowly

phenyl ester.

heated; bp sublimes with decomposition. Soluble in

alcohol, ether, pyridine, and in 100 parts water.

phenyl tolyl ketone. (methylbenzophenone).

Derivation: By fusion of resorcinol with caustic

soda, by reduction of trinitrobenzene.

Properties: (o-) Viscous liquid. Mp below −18C, bp

Use: Analytical chemistry (reagent for pentoses and

309C. (p-) Colorless crystals. Mp 59C, bp 311C.

with vanillin for determining the presence of free

Soluble in alcohol, benzene, and common organic

hydrogen chloride), decalcifying agent for bones,

solvents.

preparation of pharmaceuticals and dyes, resins,

Derivation: (o-) Benzene and o-toluic acid chloride

preservative for cut flowers, textile dyeing and

(aluminum chloride catalyst); (p-) benzoyl peroxide

printing.

+ toluene (aluminum chloride catalyst).

Use: Perfume additive (fixative).

phorate. (generic name for O,O-diethyl-S-[(e-

thylthio)methyl]phosphorodithioate).

phenyltrichlorosilane. CAS: 298-02-2. (C

P(S)SCH

CAS: 98-13-5. C

SiCl

. Properties: Liquid. Bp 118–120C (0.8 mm Hg). In-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 201C, d 1.321 (25/ soluble in water; miscible with carbon tetrachloride,

25C), refr index 1.5240 (25C), flash p 185F (85C) dioxane, xylene.

(COC). Soluble in benzene, ether, perchloroethy- Hazard: Toxic by skin contact, inhalation, or inges-

982PHORBOL

tion. Rapidly absorbed through skin. Repeated inha- (21.1C). Slightly soluble in water and slowly hydro-

lation or skin contact may, without symptoms, pro- lyzed by it; soluble in benzene and toluene. Non-

gressively increase susceptibility. Use may be combustible.

restricted. A cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV: 0.5 mg/ Derivation: By passing a mixture of carbon monox-

. Toxic by skin absorption. ide and chlorine over activated carbon.

Use: Insecticide.

Hazard: Very toxic via inhalation, strong irritant to

eyes. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

phorbol. (4,9,12-␤-13,20-pentahydroxy-1,6-ti- Use: Organic synthesis, especially of isocyanates,

gliadiene-3-ol). polyurethane and polycarbonate resins, carbamates,

CAS: 17673-25-5. The parent alcohol of tumor-pro- organic carbonates, and chloroformates; pesticides;

ducing compounds in croton oil. herbicides; dye manufacture.

Use: Biochemical and medical research.

phosmet.

phoromone. (7-ethyl-5-methyl-6,8-dioxabicy- CAS: 732-11-6. C

. A dimethyl ester of

clo[3.2.1]-octane). Product excreted by bark bee- phosphorodithioic acid.

tles that acts as sex attractant. It has been isolated Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 72C. Partially

and synthesized for possible use in protection of soluble in water; decomposes on heating.

forest timber. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, may inhibit cholines-

terase.

Use: Acaricide, insecticide.

phorone. (diisopropylidene acetone).

CAS: 504-20-1. (CH

)

CCHCOCHC(CH

)

Properties: Yellow liquid or yellowish-green

phosphamidon. (2-chloro-2-diethylcarbamoyl-

prisms. D 0.8791 (20/20C), bp 197.9C, fp 28.0C, 1-methylvinyl dimethyl phosphate).

vap press 0.38 mm Hg (20C), flash p 185F (85C), CAS: 13171-21-6.

bulk d 7.3 lb/gal (20C). Slightly soluble in water; (CH

P(O)OC(CH

):C(Cl)C(O)N(C

)

soluble in alcohol. Combustible. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 162C (1.5 mm Hg).

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, coating composi- Soluble in water and organic solvents.

tions, stains, intermediate (organic synthesis). Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-

tion; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be restricted.

Use: Insecticide.

phosalone.

CAS: 2310-17-0. C

ClNO

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 48C. Soluble in

cis-phosphamidon.

alcohols and aromatic solvents; insoluble in water CAS: 23783-98-4. mf: C

ClNO

and aliphatic solvents. Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Insecticide, moluscicide.

phosphatase, alkaline. An enzyme excreted

into the bile by the liver and found in the blood. It is

“Phos-chek P-30 and P-40” [Solutia]. concerned with bone formation, probably being pro-

TM for ammonium polyphosphate. duced by osteoblasts. It hydrolyzes phosphoric acid

Grade: Regular and fine white powder. esters at pH 7–8, liberating phosphate ions.

Use: Phosphorus-based catalyst in organic and latex- Use: Biochemical research.

based fire-retardant intumescent paints, mastics,

and polymers.

phosphate, condensed. A phosphorus com-

pound with two or more phorphorus atoms in the

“Phosdrin” [Shell]. TM for a mixture contain- molecule. Examples are polyphosphates, pyrophos-

ing more than 60% of the ␣ isomer of 2- phates.

(CH

P(O)OC(CH

):CHCOOCH

(generic name See polyphosphoric acid.

mevinphos) and less than 40% of insecticidally ac-

tive related compounds. It is 100% active.

phosphate glass. A type of glass containing

See mevinphos.

phosphorus pentoxide. Aluminum-metaphosphate

is frequently the basic material. Such glasses have

“Phosflake” [PPG]. TM for a uniform blend of properties not attainable in silicate glasses, e.g., re-

caustic soda and trisodium phosphate prepared in sistance to hydrogen fluoride.

flake form, especially for bottle-washing use.

phosphate rock. (phosphorite). A natural rock

phosgene. (carbonyl chloride; carbon oxychlo- consisting largely of calcium phosphate and used as

ride; chloroformyl chloride). a raw material for manufacture of phosphate fertiliz-

CAS: 75-44-5. COCl

. ers, phosphoric acid, phosphorus, and animal feeds.

Properties: Liquid or easily liquefied gas, colorless Recovery of uranium from the manufacture of phos-

to light yellow; odor varies from strong and stifling phoric acid and other phosphate chemicals is expect-

when concentrated to haylike in dilute form. D 1.392 ed to become an important source of this metal.

(19/4C), fp −128C, bp 8.2C, sp vol 3.9 cu ft/lb Phosphate rock is the primary source of superphosp-

983 PHOSPHONIC ACID, BENZYL

hate, prepared by treatment of the pulverized rock

phosphocysteamine. See s-(2-aminoethyl)

with sulfuric acid (superphosphate having 16–18%

phosphorothioate.

) or by acidifying with phosphoric acid (triple

superphosphate having 40–48% P

). Nitric acid is

phosphodiesterase. An enzyme that cleaves hy-

sometimes used, i.e., nitrophosphate. Defluorinated

drolytically the carboxy- and phosphoesters of

phosphate rock is the source of phosphate used in

phosphatides (phospholipids).

animal feeds and feed concentrations. Important de-

posits are in the U.S. (Florida, North Carolina, Ten-

phosphodiester linkage. A chemical grouping

nessee, California, Wyoming, Montana, Utah, Ida-

that contains two alcohols esterified to one molecule

ho), North Africa (Morocco, Libya, Algeria), the

of phosphoric acid, which thus serves as a bridge

former U.S.S.R., and various islands in the Pacific.

between them.

phosphate slag. Glassy calcium silicate, by-

phosphogluconate pathway. An oxidative

product of electric furnace phosphorus manufacture.

pathway beginning with glucose-6-phosphate and

Properties: Lumps, loose bulk d 85 lb/ft

leading to ribose and NADPH. Also called the pen-

tose phosphate pathway or hexose monophosphate

phosphatide. See phospholipid.

shunt.

phosphatidyl choline. See lecithin.

2-phosphoglyceric acid.

HOCH

CH[OPO(OH)

]COOH. An intermediate

phosphatidyl ethanolamine. See cephalin.

in the metabolism of carbohydrates in biological

systems.

phosphatidyl serine. See cephalin.

See enolase.

phosphazene. (phosphonitrile). A ring or chain

phosphoglyceride. See phospholipid.

polymer that contains alternating phosphorus and

nitrogen atoms with two substituents on each phos-

phospholipid. (phosphatide). A group of lipid

phorus atom. Characteristic structures are cyclic tri-

compounds that yield on hydrolysis phosphoric

mers, cyclic tetramers, and high polymers. The sub-

acid, an alcohol, fatty acid, and nitrogenous base.

stituent can be any of a wide variety of organic

They are widely distributed in nature and include

groups, halogen, amino, etc. Most cyclic trimers are

such substances as lecithin, cephalin, and sphingo-

crystalline, solids, organosoluble, and stable to

myelin.

weather conditions; the high polymers (polyphos-

phazenes) are elastomeric or thermoplastic. A co-

phosphomolybdate. See heteromolybdate.

polymer of phosphazene and styrene has been inves-

tigated for use as a flame-retardant.

phosphomolybdenic acid, sodium salt.

See sodium molybdophosphate.

phosphinate. A derivative of the hypothetical

phosphinic acid, H

P(O)OH.

phosphomolybdic acid. (phospho-12-mol-

ybdic acid; PMA; 12-molybdophosphoric acid).

phosphine. (hydrogen phosphide).

PMo

•xH

CAS: 7803-51-2. PH

Properties: Yellowish crystals. D 3.15 g/cc, mp

Properties: Colorless gas; disagreeable, garliclike

78–90C, strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution,

odor. D 1.185, fp −133.5C, bp −85C, autoign temp

strong acid in free acid form. Soluble in water, alco-

100F (37.7C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and cuprous

hol, and ether.

chloride solution; slightly soluble in cold water.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.

Insoluble in hot water.

Hazard: (Solution) May ignite combustible mate-

Derivation: By action of freshly formed hydrogen or

rials.

of caustic potash on phosphorus.

Use: Reagent for alkaloids; pigments; catalyst; fixing

Hazard: Spontaneously flammable. Toxic by inhala-

agent in photography; additive in plating processes;

tion, strong irritant. TLV: 0.3 ppm; STEL 1 ppm.

imparts water resistance to plastics, adhesives, and

Use: Organic preparations, phosphonium halides,

cement.

doping agent for n-type semiconductors, polymer-

ization initiator, condensation catalyst. Note: A syn-

phosphomolybdic pigment. (molybdenum

thetic dye, chrysaniline yellow, is sometimes called

lake). A pigment made by precipitating a basic

phosphine.

organic dye with phosphomolybdic acid or a mix-

ture of phosphomolybdic and phosphotungstic

phosphinidynetrismethanol. See

acids.

tris(hydroxymethyl)phosphine.

See phosphotungstic pigment.

phosphite. Salt of phosphorous acid, as in sodi- phosphonic acid, benzyl-, dibutyl ester.

um phosphite. See benzylphosphonic acid dibutyl ester.

984PHOSPHONITRILE

phosphonitrile. See phosphazene. excitation has ceased and may last from a fraction of

a second to an hour or more. This phenomenon is

characteristic of some organic compounds, as in the

phosphonium iodide. (iodophosphonium).

firefly, and also of a number of inorganic solid mate-

rials, both natural and synthetic.

Properties: Colorless or slightly yellowish crystals.

Use: Industrially as phosphors.

D 2.86, mp 18.5C, sublimes at 61.8C, bp 80C. De-

See fluorescence.

composed by water or alcohol evolving highly toxic

phosphine.

phosphoric acid. (orthophosphoric acid).

Derivation: Hydrolysis of phosphorus tetraiodide

CAS: 7664-38-2. H

and white phosphorus.

Properties: Colorless, odorless, sparkling liquid or

Hazard: Rapid heating can cause detonation. Toxic

transparent, crystalline solid, depending on concen-

by ingestion.

tration and temperature. At 20C the 50 and 75%

strengths are mobile liquids, the 85% is of a syrupy

2-phosphonobutanetricarbonic acid

consistency, and the 100% acid is in the form of

pentamethyl ester.

crystals, d 1.834 (18C), mp 42.35C, loses 1/2 H

Oat

CAS: 37971-35-0. mf: C

213C (to form pyrophosphoric acid), soluble in wa-

Hazard: A moderate eye irritant.

ter and alcohol, corrosive to ferrous metals and

alloys.

3-phosphonopropanoic acid.

Derivation: (1) Action of sulfuric acid on pulverized

CAS: 5962-42-5. mf: C

phosphate rock; (2) action of hydrochloric acid on

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A severe eye

phosphate rock, with extraction by tributylphosp-

irritant.

hate; (3) by heating phosphate rock, coke, and silica

in an electric furnace, burning the elemental phos-

phosphonosuccinic acid tetramethyl ester.

phorus produced, and then hydrating the phosphoric

CAS: 2788-26-3. mf: C

oxide (furnace acid).

Hazard: A moderate eye irritant.

Grade: Agricultural, technical (50, 75, 85, 90,

100%), food (50, 75, 85%), NF (85–88%), FCC

9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)-ethyl)guanine.

(75–85%). (Polyphosphoric acid is sometimes

CAS: 114088-58-3. mf: C

called 115% phosphoric acid.)

Hazard: A severe skin irritant.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

skin and eyes. TLV: 1 mg/m

; STEL 3 mg/m

phosphor. (fluor). A substance, either organic or

Use: Fertilizers, soaps and detergents, inorganic

inorganic, liquid or crystals, that is capable of lumi-

phosphates, pickling and rust-proofing metals, phar-

nescence, i.e., of absorbing energy from sources

maceuticals, sugar refining, gelatin manufacture,

such as X rays, cathode rays, UV radiations, and

water treatment, animal feeds, electropolishing, gas-

alpha particles, and emitting a portion of the energy

oline additive, conversion coatings for metals, cata-

in the UV, visible, or infrared. When the emission of

lyst for ethanol manufacture, lakes in cotton dyeing,

the substance ceases immediately or in the order of

yeasts, soil stabilizer, waxes and polishes, binder for

−8

sec after excitation, the material is said to be

ceramics, activated carbon, in foods and carbonated

fluorescent. Material that continues to emit light for

beverages as acidulant and sequestrant, laboratory

a period after the removal of the exciting energy is

reagent.

said to be phosphorescent. The half-life of the after-

glow varies with the substance and may range from

phosphoric acid, anhydrous. See phos-

−6

sec to days.

phoric anhydride.

Use: Fluorescent light tubes; television, radar, and

cathode ray tubes, instrument dials, scintillation

phosphoric acid, cyclohexyl diphenyl ester.

counters.

See cyclohexyl phenyl phosphate.

See fluorescence; phosphorescence.

phosphoric acid, dibutyl phenyl ester.

phosphor bronze. A tin bronze that has been

See dibutyl phenyl phosphate.

deoxidized by the addition of up to 0.5% phospho-

rus. Relatively hard, strong, and corrosion resistant.

Has good cold-work properties and high strength.

phosphoric acid, meta-. (metaphosphoric

Grade: Grade A (5% tin), grade C (8% tin), grade D

acid; phosphoric acid, glacial). (HPO

)

(10% tin), grade E (1.25% tin).

Properties: Transparent, highly deliquescent, glassy

Use: Springs, electrical switches, contact fingers,

mass. D 2.2–2.488. Soluble in water slowly forming

chains, fourdrinier wire.

the ortho-acid. Also soluble in alcohol. Noncom-

See brass; bronze.

bustible.

Derivation: By heating orthophosphoric acid to

phosphorescence. A type of luminescence in redness, by treating phosphorus pentoxide with a

which the emission of radiation resulting from exci- calculated quantity of water; by heating diammoni-

tation of a crystalline or liquid material occurs after um phosphate.

985 PHOSPHORUS

Grade: Technical, CP.

phosphorous acid, triallyl ester.

CAS: 102-84-1. mf: C

Use: Phosphorylating agent, dehydrating agent, den-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

tal cements, laboratory reagent.

mild eye irritant.

See polyphosphoric acid.

phosphoric acid, trisodium salt,

dodeahydrate. See sodium phosphate triba-

phosphorus.

sic dodecahydrate.

CAS: 7723-14-0. P. Nonmetallic element of atomic

number 15, group VA of periodic table, aw

30.97376, valences of 1, 3, 4, 5; allotropes; white (or

phosphoric anhydride. (phosphorus pentox-

yellow), red, and black phosphorus. No stable iso-

ide; phosphoric oxide; phosphoric acid, anhy-

topes, several artificial radioactive isotopes with

drous). P

mass numbers 29–34.

Properties: Soft, white powder. Absorbs moisture

White phosphorus

from the air with avidity, forming meta-, pyro-, or

Properties: Crystals, waxlike, transparent solid,

ortho-phosphoric acid, depending on the amount of

metastable with respect to red phosphorus, an impu-

water absorbed and upon conditions of absorption.

rity present in white allotrope. Bp 280C, vap d corre-

D 2.30, mp 340C, bp sublimes at 360C.

sponds to formula P

, mp 44.1C, d (solid 20C), 1.82

Derivation: By burning phosphorus in dry air.

d (liquid 44.5C) 1.745, Mohs hardness 0.5. High

Grade: Technical, nitrogen-complex coated (for

electrical resistivity. Insoluble in water and alcohol;

slow solution).

soluble in carbon disulfide, exhibits phosphores-

Hazard: Reacts violently with water to evolve heat;

cence at room temperature. An essential dietary nu-

dangerous fire risk. Keep tightly sealed or stop-

trient.

pered. Corrosive to skin and tissue.

Derivation: (1) Produced in an electric furnace from

Use: Preparation of phosphorus oxychloride and me-

phosphate rock, sand, and coke. The phosphorus

taphosphoric acid, acrylate esters, surfactants, dehy-

vapor is driven off and condensed under water. (2)

drating agent, condensing agent in organic synthe-

By reaction of phosphate rock with sulfuric acid, the

sis, sugar refining, laboratory reagent, fire

resulting CaSO

being removed by filtration and the

extinguishing, special glasses.

phosphoric acid concentrated by evaporation (wet

process).

phosphoric bromide. See phosphorus penta-

Grade: Technical 99.9%, electronic grade

bromide.

99.9999%.

Occurrence: Occurs in nature in phosphate rock

phosphoric chloride. See phosphorus penta-

[impure Ca

(PO

)

], apatite [Ca

(PO

)

F], bones,

chloride.

teeth, organic compounds of living tissue, and as

phosphorite nodules on the ocean floor.

phosphoric oxide. See phosphoric anhydride.

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air at 86F (30C).

Store under water and away from heat, dangerous

phosphoric perbromide. See phosphorus

fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, skin

pentabromide.

contact causes burns. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

Use: Rodenticides, smoke screens, analytical chem-

phosphoric perchloride. See phosphorus

istry.

pentachloride.

Red phosphorus

Properties: Violet-red amorphous powder, obtained

phosphoric sulfide. See phosphorus penta-

from white phosphorus by heating at 240C with

sulfide.

catalyst, sublimes at 416C, d 2.34, autoign temp

500F (260C). High electrical resistivity. Much less

phosphorolysis. Cleavage of a compound with

reactive than white phosphorus. Insoluble in most

phosphate as the attacking group: analogous to hy-

solvents.

drolysis.

Hazard: Large quantities ignite spontaneously and

on exposure to oxidizing materials. Reacts with oxy-

phosphorous acid, ortho-. (orthophospho- gen and water vapor to evolve phosphine. Extin-

rous acid; phosphonic acid). guish with foam or dry chemical (not water).

CAS: 13598-36-2. H

. Use: Manufacture of phosphoric acid and other phos-

Properties: White or yellowish, crystalline mass; phorus compounds, phosphor bronzes, metallic

very hygroscopic. Keep tightly sealed or stoppered, phosphides, additive to semiconductors, electrolu-

absorbs oxygen very readily with formation of or- minescent coatings, safety matches, fertilizers.

thophosphoric acid. D 1.651, bp 200C (decom- Black phosphorus

poses) mp 70C. Soluble in alcohol and water. Properties: Black solid resembling graphite. D

Grade: Reagent, technical, 70%. 2.25–2.6. Obtained by heating white phosphorus

Use: Analysis (testing for mercury), chemical reduc- under pressure. Insoluble in most solvents. Electri-

ing agent, phosphite salts. cally conducting.

986PHOSPHORUS-32

phosphorus-32. Radioactive phosphorus of phosphorus pentabromide. (phosphoric

mass number 32.

bromide; phosphoric perbromide).

Properties: Half-life, 14.3 days; radiation ␤.

CAS: 7789-69-7. PBr

Derivation: Pile irradiation of potassium dihydrogen

Properties: Yellow, crystalline mass. Keep hermeti-

phosphate or sulfur and sulfur compounds.

cally sealed!! Soluble in water (decomposes), car-

Available forms: Phosphate ion in weak hydrochlo-

bon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, benzene. Bp

ric acid solution, solid potassium dihydrogen phos-

106C (decomposes).

phate, P-32 sterile solution, in tagged compounds

Grade: Technical.

such as hexaethyltetraphosphate, ribonucleic acid,

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue.

triphenylphosphine, etc.

Use: Brominating agent.

Grade: USP as sodium phosphate P-32 solution.

Use: Biochemical radioactive tracer studies; medical

phosphorus pentachloride. (phosphoric

treatment of leukemia, skin lesions, etc.; industrial

chloride; phosphoric perchloride).

measurements, e.g., tire tread wear, thickness of ink

CAS: 10026-13-8. PCl

and paint films; lead detection.

Properties: Slightly yellow, crystalline mass; irritat-

ing odor; fuming in moist air. D 3.60, mp (under

pressure) 148C, ordinarily sublimes at 160–165C.

phosphorus chloride. See phosphorus tri-

Soluble in carbon disulfide and carbon tetrachloride.

chloride.

Derivation: By action of chlorine on phosphorus or

phosphorus trichloride.

phosphorus heptasulfide. (tetraphosphorus

Grade: Technical, reagent.

heptasulfide).

Hazard: Flammable, reacts strongly with water; use

CAS: 12037-82-0. P

carbon dioxide or dry chemical to extinguish. Store

Properties: Light-yellow crystals. D 2.19, mp 310C,

in tightly closed containers. Corrosive to eyes and

bp 523C. Slightly soluble in carbon disulfide.

skin. TLV: 0.85 mg/m

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Chlorinating and dehydrating agent, catalyst.

phosphorus pentafluoride.

phosphorus nitride. P

CAS: 7647-19-0. PF

Properties: Amorphous white solid. Insoluble in

Properties: Colorless gas. Fumes strongly in air. Fp

cold water; decomposes in hot water; soluble in

−94C, bp −84.8C. Decomposed by water. Available

common organic solvents. Nonhygroscopic and sta-

in small cylinders. Nonflammable.

ble in air, decomposes at 800C.

Grade: 99%.

Use: Doping semiconductors.

Hazard: Corrosive to eyes and skin. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/

phosphorus oxybromide.

Use: Polymerization catalyst.

CAS: 7789-59-5. POBr

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.82, mp 56C, bp

phosphorus pentasulfide. (phosphoric sul-

189C, decomposed by water. Soluble in ether and

fide; phosphorus persulfide; thiophosphoric an-

benzene; reacts strongly with organic matter.

hydride).

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue, store in

CAS: 1314-80-3. P

sealed glass containers.

Properties: Light-yellow or greenish-yellow crystal-

Use: Chemical intermediate.

line mass; odor similar to hydrogen sulfide. Keep in

sealed containers. Very hygroscopic, burns in air

forming P

and SO

, decomposed by moist air. Mp

phosphorus oxychloride. (phosphoryl chlo-

286–290C, bp 515C, d 2.03, vap press 1 mm Hg

ride).

(300C), autoign temp 287F (141.6C). Soluble in

CAS: 10025-87-3. POCl

solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbon disulfide.

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid; pungent odor.

Derivation: By reaction of phosphorus and sulfur.

D 1.675 (20/20C), mp 1.2C, bp 107.2C, refr index

Grade: Technical, distilled.

1.460 (25C). Decomposed by water and alcohol

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk; ignites by friction; con-

with evolution of heat.

tact with water or acids liberates poisonous and

Derivation: From phosphorus trichloride, phospho-

flammable hydrogen sulfide. Toxic by inhalation,

rus pentoxide, and chlorine.

strong irritant. TLV: 1 mg/m

; STEL 3 mg/m

Grade: Technical, 99.999+%.

Use: Intermediate for lubricating oil additives, insec-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

ticides (chiefly parathion and malathion), flotation

irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

agents, safety matches, ignition compounds, sulfo-

Use: Manufacture of cyclic and acyclic esters for

nation.

plasticizers, gasoline additives, hydraulic fluids and

organophosphorus compounds, chlorinating agent

and catalyst, dopant for semiconductor-grade sili-

phosphorus pentoxide. See phosphoric an-

con, tricresyl phosphate, and fire-retarding agents. hydride.

987 PHOSPHOTUNGSTIC ACID

phosphorus persulfide. See phosphorus Hazard: Flammable, reacts with water. Irritating to

skin and eyes.

pentasulfide.

Use: Organic synthesis.

phosphorus salt. See sodium ammonium

phosphate.

phosphorus trisulfide. (phosphorus sulfide;

tetraphosphorus hexasulfide; thiophosphorous

anhydride).

phosphorus sesquisulfide. (tetraphosphorus

CAS: 12165-69-4. P

or P

trisulfide).

Properties: Grayish-yellow mass; tasteless;

CAS: 1314-85-8. P

odorless. Bp 490C, mp 290C. Keep well stoppered.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline mass. D 2.00, mp

Decomposes in moist air; soluble in alcohol, carbon

172C, bp 407.8C, autoign temp 212F (100C) (solu-

disulfide, ether.

tion). Soluble in carbon disulfide; insoluble in cold

Hazard: Flammable, highly dangerous fire risk,

water, decomposed by hot water.

reacts with water.

Derivation: By gently heating phosphorus and

Use: Organic chemistry (reagent).

sulfur.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, ignites by friction. An

irritating poison.

phosphorylase. An enzyme, occurring in mus-

Use: Organic synthesis, manufacture of matches.

cle and liver, that catalyzes the conversion of glyco-

gen into glucose-1-phosphate.

phosphorus sulfide. See phosphorus trisul-

fide.

phosphorylation. A reaction in which phospho-

rus combines with an organic compound, usually in

phosphorus tribromide.

the form of the trivalent phosphoryl group. It occurs

CAS: 7789-60-8. PBr

naturally in cellular metabolism and is of particular

Properties: Fuming, colorless liquid; penetrating

importance in vitamin activity and enzyme forma-

odor. D 2.852 (15C), bp 175C; fp −40C. Soluble in

tion. It is also used to produce a modified cellulose

acetone, alcohol, carbon disulfide, hydrogen sul-

(P-cellulose) for cation exchange in chromatograph-

fide, water (decomposes).

ic separations. Most often by enzymatic transfer of a

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue, store in tightly

phosphate group from ATP.

closed containers.

Use: Analysis (testing for sugar and oxygen), cata-

phosphorylation potential. The actual free-

lyst, synthesis.

energy change of ATP (or other phosphate-contain-

ing molecule) hydrolysis under the nonstandard

phosphorus trichloride. (phosphorus chlo-

conditions within a cell.

ride).

CAS: 7719-12-2. PCl

phosphoryl chloride. See phosphorus oxy-

Properties: Clear, colorless, fuming liquid. D 1.574,

chloride.

fp −111.8C, bp 76C. Decomposes rapidly in moist

air; soluble in ether, benzene, carbon disulfide, and

phosphotungstic acid. (phospho-12-tungstic

carbon tetrachloride.

acid; phosphowolframic acid; 12-tungstophos-

Derivation: By passing a current of dry chlorine over

phoric acid).

gently heated phosphorus, which ignites. The tri-

CAS: 12067-99-1. H

•xH

chloride admixed with some pentachloride distills

Properties: Yellowish-white solid. Mp (for 24H

over. A small amount of phosphorus is added, and

of hydration) 89C. Soluble in water, acetone, and

the whole distilled.

diethyl ether. Relatively insoluble in nonpolar or-

Grade: Technical, 99.9%.

ganic solvents. Strong oxidizing agent in aqueous

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue, reacts with

solution; strong acid in the free acid form.

water to form hydrochloric acid, store in tightly

Derivation: Addition of phosphates to sodium tungs-

closed containers. TLV: 0.2 ppm; STEL 0.5 ppm.

tate in the presence of hydrochloric acid.

Use: Making phosphorus oxychloride, intermediate

Grade: Reagent, technical.

for organophosphorus pesticides, surfactants, phos-

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes.

phites (reaction with alcohols and phenols), gasoline

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry and biology;

additives, plasticizers, dyestuffs, chlorinating agent,

manufacture of organic pigments; additive in plat-

catalyst, preparing rubber surfaces for electrodepo-

ing industry; imparts water resistance to plastics,

sition of metal, ingredient of textile finishing agents.

adhesives, and cement; catalyst for organic reac-

tions; photographic fixing agent; textile antistatic

phosphorus triiodide. PI

agent.

Properties: Red crystals. Mp 61C (decomposes), d

4.18. Hygroscopic; soluble in alcohol, carbon disul-

fide, water (decomposes).

phosphotungstic acid, sodium salt. See

Grade: Technical, reagent. sodium-12-tungstophosphate.

988PHOSPHO-TUNGSTIC

phospho-tungstic-phosphomolybdic acid. photographic chemistry. In photographic

See Bessonoff’s reagent. films and papers the sensitive surface usually con-

sists of microscopic grains of a silver halide, sus-

pended in gelatin. Exposure to light renders the

phosphotungstic pigment. (tungsten lake).

halide particles susceptible to reduction to metallic

A green or blue pigment manufactured by precipitat-

silver by developing agents containing a reducing

ing basic dyestuffs such as malachite green or Victo-

agent, as well as an accelerator, preservative, and

ria blue with solutions of phosphotungstic acid,

restrainer. The accelerator increases the activity of

phosphomolybdic acid, or a mixture of both.

the reducing agent (due principally to ionization of

See phosphomolybdic pigment.

the phenolic agents to their active form) and is usual-

Use: Printing inks, paper, paints, and enamels.

ly an alkaline compound. The preservative, usually

sodium sulfite, minimizes air oxidation. The res-

photocatalysis. Refers to the increase in the

trainer helps to prevent “fog” (reduction of silver

speed of, or facilitation of, a reaction by exposure to

halide grains that have not been exposed to light)

light or light waves of a definite frequency.

and is almost always potassium bromide.

Color sensitizers are dyes added to silver halide

photochemical equivalent law. Each mole-

emulsions to broaden their response to various

cule entering into reaction has to be excited by the

wavelengths. Unsensitized emulsions are most re-

absorption of one quantum of radiation.

sponsive in the blue region of the spectrum and thus

do not correctly represent the light spectrum striking

photochemical reaction center. The part of

them. Widely used sensitizers include the cyanine

a photosynthetic complex where the energy of an

dyes, the merocyanines, the benzooxazoles, and the

absorbed photon causes charge separation, initiating

benzothiazoles. Cryptocyanine sensitizes the ex-

electron transfer.

treme red and infrared.

In color photography diethyl-p-phenylenediamine

is an important developer because its oxidation

photochemical yield. Refers to quantum effi-

product readily couples with a large number of phe-

ciency of a reaction.

nol and reactive methylene compounds to form in-

See quantum efficiency.

dophenol and indoaniline dyes, which are the basis

of most of the current color processes. See ho-

photochemistry. The branch of chemistry con-

lography.

cerned with the effect of absorption of radiant ener-

gy (light) in inducing or modifying chemical

photographic grade. A chemical in which im-

changes. Photosynthesis is the most important ex-

purities known to be photographically harmful are

ample of a photochemical reaction; others are the

limited to safe levels and inert impurities are restrict-

photosensitization of solids, applied in photogra-

ed to levels that will not reduce the required assay

phy, photocells, photovoltaic cells, and the forma-

strength.

tion of visual pigments; photochemical decomposi-

tion (photolysis), photo-induced polymerization,

photoionization. (atomic photoelectric effect).

oxidation, and ionization; fluorescence and phos-

Refers to the removal of one or more electrons from

phorescence; and the reaction of chlorine with or-

an atom or molecule by absorption of a photon of

ganic compounds. Free-radical chain mechanisms

visible or ultraviolet light.

are usually involved.

See free radical.

photolysis. Decomposition of a compound into

simpler units as a result of absorbing one or more

photochromism. The ability of a transparent

quanta of radiation; examples are splitting of hydro-

material to darken reversibly when exposed to light.

gen iodide by the reaction 2HI + h␯ → H

; and of

Plastics can be made light-sensitive by certain aro-

ketene (H

C==CO) into CO and carbene (meth-

matic organic nitro compounds such as 2-(2,4-dini-

ylene) (==CH

). Photodecomposition may also oc-

trobenzyl)pyridine. Such chemicals are compatible

cur with aldehydes, ketones, azo compounds, and

with most transparent plastics and are either blended

organometallic compounds. Continuous generation

with the base resin or applied as coatings. See

of hydrogen by photolysis of water has been

glass, photochromic.

achieved using platinum catalyst in conjunction

with ruthenium and rhodium. Similarly, hydrogen

photodecomposition. See photolysis; photo-

can be split from H

S by photolysis with cadmium

chemistry.

sulfide as catalyst, aided by ruthenium dioxide.

See flash photolysis; photochemistry.

photoelectric colorimeter. An analytical de-

vice used to measure the comparative intensity of

photometric analysis. Chemical analysis by

color in solutions using photoelectric detectors.

means of absorption or emission of radiation, pri-

marily in the near UV, visible, and infrared portions

photo-glycin. See p-hydroxyphenylglycine. of the electromagnetic spectrum. It includes such

989 PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE

techniques as spectrophotometry, spectrochemical to form carbohydrates, with oxygen being liberated;

analysis, Raman spectroscopy, colorimetry, and flu- the nucleotides nicotinamide and adenosine triphos-

orescence measurements. phate are involved in this conversion. Sugar (su-

crose) is formed in the cytoplasm surrounding the

See spectroscopy.

chloroplasts. Photosynthesis has been shown to be

substantially inhibited by air pollution to the extent

photon. The unit (quantum) of electromagnetic

of 20% in rural locations and 33% in urban areas.

radiation. Light waves, ␥ rays, X rays, etc. consist of

See algae.

photons. Photons are discrete concentratiosn of en-

ergy that seem to have no rest mass and move at the

speed of light. Their nature can be described only in

photosystem. In photosynthetic cells, a function-

mathematical terms. Photons are emitted when elec-

al set of light-absorbing pigments and their reaction

trons move from one energy state to another, as in an

center.

excited atom.

See radiation.

phototroph. An organism that can use the energy

of light to synthesize its own fuels from simple

photophor. See calcium phosphide.

molecules such as carbon dioxide, oxygen, and wa-

ter. Contrast with chemotroph.

photophosphorylation. The enzymatic forma-

tion of ATP from ADP coupled to the light-depen-

photovoltaic cell. See solar cell.

dent transfer of electrons from water in photosyn-

thetic cells.

phthalamide.

CAS: 88-96-0. C

(CONH

)

. The double acid am-

photopolymer. A polymer or plastic so made

ide of phthalic acid.

that it undergoes a change on exposure to light. Such

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 220C (decom-

materials can be used for printing and lithography

poses into phthalimide and ammonia). Very slightly

plates, photographic prints, and microfilm copying.

soluble in water and alcohol, insoluble in ether.

The light may cause further polymerization or cross-

Derivation: By stirring phthalimide with cold con-

linking, or it may cause degradation. One applica-

centrated ammonia solution; by the reaction of

tion involves the use of esters of polyvinyl alcohol

phthalyl chloride and ammonia; or from the addition

that cross-link and so become insoluble, whereas

of ammonia to phthalic anhydride under pressure.

unexposed portions of the material remain soluble.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, laboratory

reagent.

photoreduction. The light-induced reduction of

NADP in photosynthetic cells.

phthalic acid. (o-phthalic acid; o-benzene di-

carboxylic acid).

photosensitive glass. Certain clear silicate

CAS: 88-99-3. C

(COOH)

glass containing ingredients capable of forming per-

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.585, mp decom-

manent photographic images when subjected to ac-

poses at 191C. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble

tion of X rays or ultraviolet light and subsequent

in water and ether.

heat treatment.

Derivation: Catalytic oxidation of o-toluic acid and

oxidation of xylene.

photosynthesis. The utilization of sunlight by

Grade: Technical, reagent.

plants and bacteria to convert two inorganic sub-

Use: Dyes, phenolphthalein, phthalimide, anthranilic

stances (carbon dioxide and water) into carbohy-

acid, synthetic perfumes, laboratory reagent.

drates. Chlorophyll acts as the energy converter in

this reaction, which is perhaps the most important on

p-phthalic acid. See terephthalic acid.

earth. The generalized reaction is 6CO

+6H

O+

672 kcal → C

+6O

. The significance of this

phthalic acid, diisononyl ester.

process lies in the conversion of energy from radiant

CAS: 28553-12-0. mf: C

to chemical form. The chemical energy that a green

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen. A reproductive

plant stores by photosynthesis provides the total

hazard.

energy requirement of the plant. Directly or indirect-

ly plants supply the primary organic nutrient for

phthalic anhydride.

most other living organisms. Most fossil fuels are

CAS: 85-44-9. C

(CO)

storehouses of the radiant energy transformed by

photosynthesis in earlier geologic eras.

Photosynthesis is the principal source of atmospher-

ic oxygen. At least two-thirds of the total photosyn-

thetic activity of the earth takes place in the oceans.

Its exact chemical mechanism is extremely com-

plex. Essential features are the reduction of carbon Properties: White, crystalline needles; mild odor.

dioxide and the utilization of the hydrogen of water Sublimes below boiling point; d 1.527 (4C), mp

990PHTHALIMIDE

131.16C, bp 285C, flash p 305F (151.6C) (CC), soluble, green, in which two hydrogen atoms are

autoign temp 1083F (583C). Soluble in alcohol, replaced by HSO

groups.

carbon disulfide, and hot water. Combustible. Use: Decorative enamels, automotive finishes, and

Derivation: Catalytic oxidation of naphthalene. similar applications where lightfastness and chemi-

Method of purification: Sublimation. cal stability are required.

Grade: Pure, technical.

Hazard: Skin irritant. TLV: 1 ppm; not classifiable

phthalocyaninesulfonic acid, cobalt

as a human carcinogen.

complexes. See cobalt phthalocyaninesulfo-

Use: Alkyd resins, plasticizers, hardener for resins,

nate.

polyesters, synthesis of phenolphthalein and other

phthaleins, many other dyes, chlorinated products,

m-phthalodinitrile. (isophthalodinitrile; IPM;

pharmaceutical intermediates, insecticides, diethyl

m-dicyanobenzene; 1,3-dicyanobenzene; 1,3-ben-

phthalate, dimethyl phthalate, laboratory reagent.

zenedicarbonitrile).

CAS: 626-17-5. C

phthalimide.

Properties: Needles. Mw 128.14, mp 141C, bp sub-

CAS: 85-41-6. C

(CO)

NH.

limes. Slighttly soluble in water; insoluble in ether,

acetone, hot ligroin, very soluble in alc, benzene,

and chloroform.

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

Use: Intermediate.

phthalonitrile. (o-dicyanobenzene).

CAS: 91-15-6. C

(CN)

Properties: White, crystalline leaflets. Mp

Properties: Buff-colored crystals. Mp 138C. Insolu-

233–238C, bp (sublimes). Slightly soluble in water;

ble in water; soluble in acetone and benzene. Com-

insoluble in benzene; soluble in boiling alcohol or

bustible.

acetic acid and in aqueous alkalies. Combustible.

Derivation: Vapor-phase reaction of ammonia and

Derivation: By dissolving phthalic anhydride in am-

phthalic anhydride over alumina catalyst at high

monium hydroxide, evaporating to dryness, and us-

temperature.

ing the residue.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Synthetic indigo via anthranilic acid, fungicide,

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis (especially

organic synthesis, laboratory reagent.

pigments and dyes), base material for high-tempera-

ture lubricants and coatings, insecticide.

phthalocyanine. Any of a group of benzopor-

phyrins that have strong pigmenting power, forming

phthaloyl chloride. (phthaloyl dichloride;

a family of dyes. The basic structure of the molecule

phthalyl chloride). C

(COCl)

comprises four isoindole groups, (C

N, joined

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Mp 16C, bp 277C,

by four nitrogen atoms.

refr index 1.568 (20C). Decomposed by water or

alcohol; soluble in ether. Combustible.

Derivation: By the action of phosphorus pentachlo-

ride on phthalic anhydride.

Hazard: Irritating by inhalation and skin contact.

Use: Chemical intermediate, especially for plasticiz-

ers and resins; laboratory reagent.

See isophthaloyl chloride.

n-phthalyl-dl-glutamin.

CAS: 3343-29-1. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

phycocolloid. One of several carbohydrate poly-

Four commercially important modifications are (1) mers (polysaccharides) occurring in algae (sea-

metal-free phthalocyanine, (C

, having a weed). They are hydrophilic colloids having a ten-

blue-green color (structure shown below): (2) cop- dency to absorb water, with swelling, and to form

per phthalocyanine, in which a copper atom is held gels of varying strength and consistency. The chief

by secondary valences of the isoindole nitrogen types of phycocolloid are carrageenan from Irish

atoms (see Pigment Blue 15); (3) chlorinated copper moss, algin from brown algae, and agar from red

phthalocyanine, green, in which 15−16 hydrogen algae. They contain complex galactose and mannose

atoms are replaced by chlorine (see Pigment Green sugars and are sometimes considered seaweed mu-

7); and (4) sulfonated copper phthalocyanine, water cilages.

991 PHYTONADIONE

phylanthoside. Derivation: By solvent extraction from the seeds of

Physostigma venenosum.

CAS: 63166-73-4. mf: C

Grade: USP.

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Medicine (anticholinesterase). Available as the

phylogenetics. Field of biology that deals with

salicylate and sulfate.

the relationships between organisms. It includes the

discovery of these relationships, and the study of the

phytane. (2,6,10,14-tetramethylhexadecane).

causes behind this pattern.

. A hydrocarbon found in rock specimens

2.5–3 billion years old. Known to be synthesized

phylogeny. The evolutionary relationships

only by living organisms (is a derivative of chloro-

among organisms; the patterns of lineage branching

phyll) and to withstand heat and pressure, so helps to

produced by the true evolutionary history of the

date the existence of life on earth.

organisms being considered.

See pristane.

physical chemistry. Application of the con-

phytic acid. (inositolhexaphosphoric acid).

cepts and laws of physics to chemical phenomena in

CAS: 83-86-3. C

[OPO(OH)

]

. Occurs in nature

order to describe in quantitative (mathematical)

in the seeds of many cereal grains, generally as the

terms a vast amount of empirical (observational)

insoluble calcium-magnesium salt. It inhibits ab-

information. A selection of only the most important

sorption of calcium in the intestine.

concepts of physical chemistry would include the

Properties: White to pale-yellow liquid; odorless;

electron wave equation and the quantum mechanical

acid taste. D 1.58, bulk d 13.1 lb/gal. Soluble in

interpretation of atomic and molecular structure, the

water and alcohol, pH less than 1.0 (in 1% solution).

study of the subatomic fundamental particles of mat-

Derivation: From corn steep liquor.

ter, application of thermodynamics to heats of for-

Grade: Technical (as a 70% solution).

mation of compounds and the heats of chemical

Use: Chelation of heavy metals in processing of ani-

reaction, the theory of rate processes and chemical

mal fats and vegetable oils, rust inhibitor, prepara-

equilibria, orbital theory and chemical bonding, sur-

tion of phytate salts, metal cleaning, treatment of

face chemistry (including catalysis and finely divid-

hard water, nutrient.

ed particles) the principles of electrochemistry and

ionization. Although physical chemistry is closely

phytochemistry. That branch of chemistry deal-

related to both inorganic and organic chemistry, it is

ing with (1) plant growth and metabolism and (2)

considered a separate discipline.

plant products. The former includes the absorption

of inorganic nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potas-

physical constants. Measured values of prop-

sium, carbon dioxide, water, etc.) to form sugars,

erties expressible in strictly physical terms; for the

starches, proteins, fats, vitamins, etc. and is closely

purpose of chemistry, they concern characteristics

associated with photosynthesis. Plant products com-

of chemical substances, such as atomic weight, va-

prise a vast group of natural materials and chemi-

por density, etc.

cals; besides those used directly as foods, these in-

clude alkaloids, cellulose, lignin, dyes, glucosides,

physical map. A map of the locations of identi-

essential oils, resins, gums, tannins, rubbers, terpene

fiable landmarks on DNA (e.g., restriction-enzyme

hydrocarbons, and glycerides (fats and oils). Some

cutting sites, genes), regardless of inheritance. Dis-

of these are basic raw materials for industry (paper,

tance is measured in base pairs. For the human ge-

pharmaceuticals, food, paint, perfume, flavoring,

nome, the lowest-resolution physical map is the

leather, rubber); there are also many miscible plant

banding patterns on the 24 different chromosomes;

products such as drugs, poisons, and pigments. Phy-

the highest-resolution map is the complete nucleo-

tochemistry also embraces the study of plant hor-

tide sequence of the chromosomes.

mones or growth regulators (auxin, gibberellin, syn-

thetic types).

physiological salt solution. A solution of so-

dium chloride and water (0.9%) that is identical with

phytol.

the concentration found in the body. Also called

CAS: 150-86-7. C

O. An alcohol obtained by the

isotonic salt solution.

decomposition of chlorophyll.

Use: Medicine to replace acute loss of water as from

Properties: Odorless liquid..BP 202–204C (10 mm

burns, etc.

Hg), d 0.8478 (25/4C). Soluble in the common or-

ganic solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Synthesis of vitamins E and K.

physostigmine. (eserine; calabarine).

CAS: 57-47-6. C

. An alkaloid.

Properties: Colorless or pinkish crystals. Mp

phytonadione. (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naph-

86–87C and 105–106C (unstable and stable forms), thoquinone; vitamin K

). CH

specific rotation −119 to −121 degrees. Slightly sol- Properties: Clear, yellow, viscous liquid; odorless.

uble in water; soluble in alcohol and dilute acids. D 0.967 (25/25C), refr index 1.5230–1.5252 (25C),

992PHYTOSTEROL

stable in air. Protect from sunlight!! Insoluble in Properties: Colorless liquid; strong unpleasant odor.

water; soluble in benzene, chloroform, and vegeta-

D 0.952, bp 129C, fp −69.9C, refr index 1.4957

ble oils; slightly soluble in alcohol.

(20C), miscible with water and alcohol, flash p 102F

Derivation: Synthetically from 2-methyl-1,4-naph-

(39C) (OC), autoign temp 1000F (537C). Combus-

thoquinone and phytol.

tible.

Grade: USP.

Derivation: From cyclohexylamine plus ammonia

Use: Food supplement.

and zinc chloride, also from coal tar and bone oil.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant.

Use: Organic intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes,

phytosterol. Sterol alcohols from plants.

rubber chemicals, solvent, source for vinyl pyridine,

See sterol.

laboratory reagent.

pi bond. A covalent bond formed between atoms

by electrons moving in orbitals that extend above

␤-picoline. (3-methylpyridine; 3-picoline).

and below the plane of an organic molecule contain-

CAS: 108-99-6.

ing double bonds. A double bond consists of one pi

and one sigma bond, and a triple bond consists of

one sigma and two pi bonds.

See metallocene; orbital theory.

pibutidine hydrochloride.

Properties: Colorless liquid; unpleasant odor. Bp

CAS: 126463-66-9. mf: C

•ClH.

143.5C, fp −18.3C, d 0.9613 (15/4C), refr index

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A reproduc-

1.5060 (20C). Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

tive hazard.

Combustible.

Derivation: From cyclohexylamine plus ammonia

pickle alum. See aluminum sulfate.

and zinc chloride, also from coal tar and bone oil.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant.

pickle liquor. A waste solution of metal salts

Use: Solvent in synthesis of pharmaceuticals, resins,

resulting from the cleaning of metals with acids.

dyestuffs, rubber accelerators, insecticides, prepara-

tion of nicotinic acid and nicotinic acid amide, wa-

pickling. (1) Removal of scale, oxides, and other

terproofing agents, laboratory reagent.

impurities from metal surfaces by immersion in an

inorganic acid, usually sulfuric, hydrochloric, or

␥-picoline. (4-methylpyridine; 4-picoline).

phosphoric. Rate of scale removal varies inversely

CAS: 108-89-4.

with concentration and temperature; the usual con-

centration is 15% at or above 100C. The rate is also

❘

CHCHC(CH

)CH

❘

CH.

increased by electrolysis. (2) A method of food pres-

Properties: Colorless, moderately volatile liquid. D

ervation involving use of salt, sugar, spices, and

0.957 (15/4C), bp 144.9C, refr index 1.5050 (20C),

organic acids (acetic). (3) Preserving or preparing

mp 3.8C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Flash

hides for tanning by immersion in a 6–12% salt

p 134F (56.6C) (OC). Combustible.

solution, together with enough acid to maintain pH

Derivation: From cyclohexylamine plus ammonia

at 2.5 or less.

and zinc chloride, also from coal tar and bone oil.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant.

picloram. (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic

Use: Solvent in synthesis of pharmaceuticals, resins,

acid).

dyestuffs, rubber accelerators, pesticides and water-

CAS: 1918-02-1. C

proofing agents, laboratory reagent, making isonia-

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 218C.

zid, catalyst, curing agent.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Use has

been restricted. TLV: 10 mg/m

; not classifiable as a

human carcinogen.

picoline-N-oxide. (2-picoline-N-oxide).

Use: Herbicide and defoliant.

❘

(O)C(CH

)CHCHCH

❘

CH.

pico-. Prefix meaning 10

−12

unit (symbol

p); e.g.,

Properties: Crystals. Mp (2-isomer) 49.5C, (3-iso-

1pg

1 picogram

−12

gram.

mer) 40.5C, (4-isomer) 186.3C. Very soluble in

water. Combustible.

picocurie. One trillionth (10

−12

) of a curie. A stan-

Use: Organic synthesis.

dard measure of the intensity of radiation.

4-picolylamine. (CH

)CHCHNCHCH. A

␣-picoline. (2-methylpyridine; 2-picoline).

heterocyclic compound, pyridine derivative, highly

CAS: 109-06-8.

reactive, strong base. Combustible.

Use: Manufacture of polyamides, epoxy curing

N(CH

)orN

❘

C(CH

)CHCH

❘

CH. agents, carbinols, and amine polyols.

993 PIEZOELECTRICITY

picramic acid. (picraminic acid; 2-amino-4,6- picropodophyllotoxin.

dinitrophenol; dinitroaminophenol). CAS: 477-47-4. mf: C

CAS: 96-91-3. C

(NO

)

(NH

)OH. Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

picrotoxin. (cocculin).

CAS: 124-87-8. C

. A glucoside.

Properties: Flexible, shining, prismatic crystals or

microcrystalline powder; odorless; very bitter taste.

Stable in air; affected by light. Mp 200C. Soluble in

boiling water, boiling alcohol, dilute acids, and alka-

lies; sparingly soluble in ether and chloroform.

Properties: Red crystals. Mp 168C. Soluble in alco-

Derivation: Derived from the fruit of Anamirta pani-

hol, benzene, glacial acetic acid, aniline, and ether;

culata or Cocculus indicus, fishberries.

sparingly soluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic in overdose.

Derivation: By partial reduction of picric acid.

Use: Medicine, as CNS stimulant and antidote for

Hazard: May explode when shocked or heated, dan-

barbiturate poisoning.

gerous fire risk.

Use: Azo dyes, reagent for albumin.

picryl chloride. (2-chloro-1,3,5-trinitroben-

zene). C

(NO

)

Cl.

picramide. Legal label name (Air) for trinitroa-

Hazard: Severe explosion and fire risk. A high ex-

niline.

plosive.

Pictet-Gams isoquinoline synthesis. For-

picraminic acid. See picramic acid.

mation of isoquinolines by cyclization of acylated

aminomethyl phenyl carbinols or their ethers with

picric acid. (picronitric acid; trinitrophenol;

phosphorus pentoxide in toluene or xylene.

nitroxanthic acid; carbazotic acid; phenoltrini-

trate).

Pictet-Hubert reaction. Phenanthridine cycli-

CAS: 88-89-1. C

(NO

)

OH.

zation by dehydrative ring closure of acyl-o-amino-

biphenyls on heating with zinc chloride at

250−300C or with phosphorus oxychloride in boil-

ing nitrobenzene.

Pictet-Spengler isoquinoline synthesis.

Formation of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives

by condensation of ␤-arylethylamines with carbon-

yl compounds and cyclization of the Schiff bases

Properties: Yellow crystals; very bitter taste. D

formed.

1.767, mp 122C, explodes at 300C. Soluble in water,

alcohol, chloroform, benzene, and ether.

“Pictol” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for monometh-

Derivation: Nitration of phenolsulfonic acid, ob-

yl-p-aminophenol sulfate, a photo developer.

tained by heating phenol with concentrated sulfuric

acid.

PIDA. Abbreviation for phenylindane dicarbox-

Grade: Technical paste, pure paste.

ylic acid.

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked or

See 1,1,3-trimethyl-5-carboxy-3-(p-carboxyphe-

heated, especially reactive with metals or metallic

nyl)indane.

salts. Toxic by skin absorption. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

Use: Explosives, matches, electric batteries, etching

Pidgeon process. (ferrosilicon process; sili-

copper, mordant in textile dyeing, reagent, picrates.

cothermic process). Process for the production of

high-purity magnesium metal from dolomite or

picrolonic acid. (3-methyl-4-nitro-1-(p-nitro-

magnesium oxide by reduction with ferrosilicon at

phenyl)-5-pyrazolone).

1150C under high vacuum.

NNC(CH

)C(NO

)COH.

Properties: Yellow leaflets. Mp 116–117C, decom-

piezochemistry. Study of reactions occurring at

poses 125C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

very high pressures, e.g., in the interior of the earth’s

alcohol.

crust.

Use: Reagent for alkaloid identifications; tryptophan

and phenylalanine; detection and estimation of cal-

piezoelectricity. Electric energy created by ap-

cium.

plication of pressure to ceramics or plastics. Devices

utilizing this phenomenon are gas flame igniters,

picronitric acid. See picric acid. ultrasonic welding tools, and sonar navigation aids.

994PIG IRON

pig iron. Product of blast-furnace reduction of Pigment E. See barium potassium chromate.

iron oxide in the presence of limestone. About half

the ore is converted to iron. Average analysis is 1%

Pigment Green 7. (CI 74260).

silicon, 0.03% sulfur, 0.27% phosphorus, 2.4%

–

Cu. A bright-green chlorinated cop-

manganese, 4.6% carbon, balance iron. Pig iron is

per phthalocyanine pigment.

the basic raw material for steel and cast iron. In

Derivation: Heating copper phthalocyanine in sulfur

metal terminology a “pig” is a bar or ingot of cooled

dichloride under pressure.

metal.

Use: Paints, printing inks, lacquers, leather and book

See iron.

cloth, paper surfacing, chalks, colored pencils.

pigment. Any substance, usually in the form of a

pigment, plant. Any of a large number of or-

dry powder, that imparts color to another substance

ganic natural colorants produced by living plants,

or mixture. Most pigments are insoluble in organic

with the exception of fungi and lichens.

solvents and water; exceptions are the natural organ-

They may be classified into three groups:

ic pigments, such as chlorophyll, which are general-

(1) The chlorophylls (types a, b, and c): Green

ly organosoluble. To qualify as a pigment, a material

color; they are magnesium-containing porphy-

must have positive colorant value. This definition

rins and are technically considered to be mi-

excludes whiting, barytes, clays, and talc.

crocrystalline waxes

See fillers.

(2) The carotenoids: yellow and orange colors

Some pigments (zinc oxide, carbon black) are also

(a) Carotene (straight-chain hydrocarbon)

reinforcing agents, but the two terms are not synony-

(b) Xanthophyll (straight-chain hydrocarbon

mous; in the parlance of the paint and rubber indus-

containing two oxygen atoms)

tries these distinctions are not always observed.

(3) The flavanoids: red, yellow, blue, orange, ivo-

Pigments may be classified as follows:

ry colors; they are oxygen-containing hetero-

I. Inorganic

cyclic compounds

(a) Metallic oxides (iron, titanium, zinc, co-

(a) Catechins

balt, chromium)

(b) Flavones, flavanols, anthocyanins

(b) Metal powder suspensions (gold, alu-

minum)

(d) Flavonols

Some of these pigments can be made synthetically.

(d) Lead chromates

They have limited use as textile colorants and phar-

(e) Carbon black

maceutical products.

II. Organic

(a) Animal (rhodopsin, melanin)

(b) Vegetable (chlorophyll, xanthophyll, indi-

pigment, precipitated. See lake.

go, flavone, carotene)

See pigment, plant

pigment volume concentration. See PVC

(2).

dine, para red, toners, lakes, etc.)

See dye, natural; dye, synthetic.

Pigment Yellow 12. (CI 21090).

CAS: 6358-85-6. C

. A yellow diazo

Pigment Blue 15. (CI 74160). C

Cu. A

pigment.

bright-blue copper phthalocyanine pigment.

Method of purification: Condensation of 3,3

′

-di-

Derivation: By heating phthalonitrile with cuprous

chlorobenzidine di-diazotate with acetoacetanilide.

chloride.

Use: Printing inks, lacquers resistant to heat and sol-

Use: In paints, alkyd resin enamels, printing inks,

vents, in rubber and resins, in paper coloring, textile

lacquers, rubber, resins, papers, tinplate printing,

printing.

colored chalks, and pencils.

See diazotization.

See phthalocyanine.

“Pilate” Fast Dyes [BASF]. TM for 1:1

Pigment Blue 19. (CI 42750A).

metal complex dyes for dyeing and printing textiles

SNa. A bright-blue to bright-reddish-

of animal fibers and union materials of wool and

navy triphenylmethane pigment.

nylon fibers.

Use: Coloring for candles.

pilchard oil. An oil expressed from the pilchard

Pigment Blue 24. (CI 42090). fish, a member of the herring family.

. A bright-greenish-blue triaryl- Properties: Pale-yellow liquid, deposits stearin on

methane pigment. long standing. D 0.931–0.933, saponification value

Use: Printing inks, especially for tinplate printing; 186–189.6, refr index 1.4751 (40C). Combustible.

rubber; plastics; artist colors; lacquers. Use: Potash soft soap, paints.

995 PINE TAR

pill press. A press for making small compacts in Properties: Bp 106C, refr index 1.3964 (20C), d

powder metallurgy.

0.801, flash p 75F (23C).

pilot plant. A trial assembly of small-scale reac-

pindone. Coined name for 2-pivaloyl-1,3-indan-

tion and processing equipment that is the intermedi-

dione.

ate stage between laboratory experiment and full-

scale operation in the production of a new product.

␣-pinene. C

. A terpene hydrocarbon derived

The functions of this stage are (1) to furnish chemi-

from sulfate wood turpentine.

cal engineers with design data needed to construct a

Properties: Colorless, transparent liquid; terpene

large-scale plant, (2) to resolve the many problems

odor. D 0.8620–0.8645 (15.5/15.5C), refr index

inherent in conversion from batch to continuous

1.4655–1.4670 (20C), boiling range 95% between

production, (3) to eliminate the differences that ac-

156 and 160C, fp −40C, flash p 90F (32.3C) (TCC),

company change from constant laboratory condi-

occurs in d-, l-, and racemic forms. Insoluble in

tions to a less closely controlled environment, and

water; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether.

(4) to provide management with a basis for cost

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Skin irritant.

evaluation and estimation of the capital require-

Use: Solvent for protective coatings, polishes, and

ments of the new product. Because the size of the

waxes; synthesis of camphene, camphor, geraniol,

pilot plant varies with the nature of the product, it

terpin hydrate, terpineol, synthetic pine oil, terpene

must be determined on an individual basis.

esters and ethers, lubricating oil additives, flavoring

odorant.

Piloty-Robinson synthesis. Formation of pyr-

roles by heating azines of enolizable ketones with

␤-pinene. (nopinene). C

. A terpene hydro-

acid catalysts, usually zinc chloride or hydrochloric

carbon derived from sulfate wood turpentine.

acid.

Properties: Colorless, transparent liquid; terpene

odor. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, chloro-

pilsicainide hydrochloride hemihydrate.

form, and ether. D 0.8740–0.8770 (15.5/15.5C), refr

CAS: 88069-49-2. mf: C

O•ClH•1/

index 1.4775–1.4790 (20C), boiling range 95% be-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

tween 164 and 169C, flash p 117F (47.2C), levorota-

tory. Combustible.

l-pimaric acid. (levopimaric acid). C

Hazard: Fire risk.

Properties: Solid. Mp 150C, optical rotation ([a] 20/

Use: Polyterpene resins, substitute for ␣-pinene, in-

d) −280 degrees (c

0.7 in alcohol). Soluble in most

termediate for perfumes and flavorings.

organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: From pine gum.

pinene hydrochloride. See bornyl chloride.

Use: Resins.

See maleo-pimaric acid.

pine oil.

Properties: Colorless to light amber liquid; strong,

pimelic acid. (1,7-heptanedioic acid).

piny odor. D 0.927–0.940, refr index 1.4780–1.4820

CAS: 111-16-0. OOC[CH

]

COOH.

(20C), distilling range 200–225C, flash p 172F

Properties: Crystals. Mp 105–106C. Slightly solu-

(77.7C) (CC). Miscible with alcohol. Combustible.

ble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether; nearly

Chief constituents: Tertiary and secondary terpene

insoluble in cold benzene. Combustible.

alcohols.

Use: Biochemical research, polymers, plasticizers.

Derivation: From the wood of Pinus palustris by

extraction and fractionation or by steam distillation;

pimelic ketone. See cyclohexanone.

also from turpentine.

Use: Odorant, disinfectant, penetrant, wetting agent,

pinacoid. Crystal form that consists of exactly

preservative (textile and paper industries), laborato-

two parallel faces.

ry reagent, fragrances.

pinacolone. (pinacoline; methyl-t-butyl ke-

pine tar.

tone; 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanone).

Properties: Sticky, viscous, dark-brown to black liq-

CAS: 75-97-8. CH

COC(CH3)

uid or semisolid; strong odor; sharp taste. Translu-

Properties: Bp 106C, refr index 1.3964 (20C), d

cent in thin layers, hardens with aging. D 1.03–1.07,

0.801, flash p 75F (23C).

boiling range 240–400C, flash p 130F (54.4C) (CC).

Soluble in alcohol, acetone, fixed and volatile oils,

Pinacol rearrangement. Acid-catalyzed rear-

and in sodium hydroxide solution; slightly soluble in

rangement of vicinal glycols to aldehydes and ke-

water. Combustible. Chief constituents: Complex

tones.

phenols, turpentine, rosin, toluene, xylene, and other

hydrocarbons.

pinacolone. (pinacoline; methyl-t-butyl ke- Derivation: By destructive distillation of pine wood,

tone; 3,3-diemthyl-2-butanone). especially Pinus palustris.

CAS: 75-97-8. CH

COC(CH3)

. Grade: Kiln burnt, retort, NF.

996PINE TAR OIL

Hazard: Fire risk, subject to spontaneous heating. Derivation: Treatment of ethylene bromide or chlo-

ride with alcoholic ammonia at 100C.

Use: Ore flotation, roofing compositions, paints and

Use: Corrosion inhibitor, anthelmintic, insecticide,

varnishes, softener in plastics and rubber process-

accelerator for curing polychloroprene.

ing, tar soaps, deKhotinsky cement, asphaltic com-

positions, marine preservative, medicine (cough

syrups), laboratory reagent.

piperazine dihydrochloride.

CAS: 142-64-3. C

•2HCl.

Properties: White needles. Soluble in water.

pine tar oil. See tar oil; wood.

Available forms: The monochloride, C

•HCl,

is commercially available.

pine tar pitch. The residue after distillation of

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

practically all the volatile oils from pine tar. Similar

Use: Fibers, insecticides, pharmaceuticals.

to coal-tar pitch.

piperazine hexahydrate. C

•6H

pinhole. (1) A small hole in electrical insulating

Properties: White crystals. Mp 44C, bp 125C. Solu-

tape caused by failure of the rubber coating to pene-

ble in water and alcohol.

trate the fabric. The acceptable number of pinholes

Use: Fibers, insecticides, pharmaceuticals, laborato-

per unit area is subject to specification. (2) In paints,

ry reagent, anthelmintic.

the presence of pimples or tiny holes in a coating.

piperidine. (hexahydropyridine; pentamethyle-

Pinner reaction. Formation of imino esters (al-

neamine).

kyl imidates) by addition of dry hydrogen chloride

CAS: 110-89-4.

to a mixture of a nitrile and an alcohol. Treatment of

alkyl imidates with ammonia or primary or secon-

❘

NH. Completely saturated ring

dary amines affords amidines, while treatment with

compound.

alcohols yields ortho-esters.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor of pepper. D

0.862, bp 106C, fp −7to−9C. Soluble in water,

Pinner triazine synthesis. Preparation of 2-

alcohol, and benzene; strong base. Combustible.

hydroxy-4,6-diaryl-s-triazines by reaction of aryl

Derivation: By electrolytic reduction of pyridine.

amidines and phosgene.

Grade: 95 and 98% pure.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant.

pinocarveol. See 1-octen-3-yl acetate.

Use: Solvent and intermediate, curing agent for rub-

ber and epoxy resins, catalyst for condensation reac-

“Pinova” [Hercules, Ltd.]. TM for a pale

tions, ingredient in oils and fuels, complexing agent.

wood rosin derivative

Use: For adhesives, flavor, and constuction applica-

piperidinepentacarbonylchromium. See

tions.

pentacarbonyl(piperidine)chromium.

pintsch gas. See oil gas.

piperidine pentamethylene

dithiocarbamate. (“Pippip”). C

pipecoline. See 2-methylpiperidine.

Properties: White powder.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to eyes

piperalin. [3-(2-methylpiperidino)propyl-3,4-

and skin.

dichlorobenzoate].

Use: Ultraaccelerator for rubber.

CAS: 3478-94-2. CH

N(CH

)

OC(O)C

Properties: Amber liquid. Bp 156–157C (0.2 mm

9-(piperidinoamino)acridine.

Hg). Slightly soluble in water; miscible with paraf-

CAS: 28846-40-4. mf: C

fin hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, and chlori-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

nated hydrocarbon solvents.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Fungicide.

2-piperidinoethanol. (n-2-hydroxyethylpiperi-

piperazine. (diethylenediamine; pyrazine hex-

dine). C

NCH

OH.

ahydride; piperazidine).

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.972–0.974 (20/

CAS: 110-85-0.

4C), bp 115–117C (45 mm Hg), refr index

1.478–1.480 (20C). Miscible with water and most

organic solvents.

❘

HCH

NHCH

❘

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent, transparent,

needlelike crystals that absorb carbon dioxide from

the air. Mp 104–107C, bp 145C, flash p 190F

piperocaine hydrochloride. (3-(2-methyl-pi-

(87.7C). Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol, and peridyl)propyl benzoate hydrochloride).

glycols. Combustible. CAS: 533-28-8. C

•HCl.

997 PITUITRIN

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless; bit-

pipette. (pipet). A slender glass tube open at both

ter taste. Stable in air. Mp 172–175C. Solution (1 in

ends and having an expanded area at or near the

10) acid to litmus; soluble in water, alcohol, and

center designed to contain a specific volume of liq-

chloroform; almost insoluble in ether and fixed oils.

uid, e.g., 5 ml. Liquid is drawn into the tube by oral

Use: Medicine (local anesthetic).

or, for the sake of safety, some other form of suction.

Use: Transferring measured volumes of liquid from

one container to another.

piperonal. (heliotropin; piperonyl aldehyde;

3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde).

pirfloxacin. See 6-fluoro-7-(1-pyrrolyl)-1-eth-

CAS: 120-57-0. C

(CH

)OO)CHO (bicyclic).

yl-1,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3.

Properties: White, shining crystals; turns red-brown

on exposure to light; floral odor. Mp 35.5–37C, bp

Piria reaction. Formation of arylsulfamic acids

263C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble

or sulfonation products or both by refluxing aromat-

in water and glycerol. Combustible.

ic nitro compounds with a metal sulfite and boiling

Derivation: By oxidation of isosafrole.

the mixture with dilute acid to yield the amines and

Grade: Technical, FCC.

sulfamic acids.

Use: Perfumery, suntan preparations, mosquito re-

pellent, laboratory reagent, flavoring.

piroctone olamine.

CAS: 68890-66-4. mf: C

•C

NO.

piperonyl butoxide. (generic name for ␣-[2-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A reproductive

(2-butoxyethoxy)-ethoxy]-4,5-(methylenedioxy)-

hazard.

2-propyltoluene).

CAS: 51-03-6.

“Piror” [Dow]. TM for high-performance mi-

(OCH

O)CH

crobiocides based on glutaraldehyde.

Properties: Light-brown liquid; mild odor. D 1.06

Use: Papermaking, industrial-process and cooling

(25C), refr index 1.50 (20C), bp 180C (1 mm Hg),

water systems, and industrial preservatives.

flash p 340F (171C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

See glutaraldehyde.

alcohol, benzene, petroleum hydrocarbons. Com-

bustible.

Use: Synergist in insecticides in combination with

pitch. (1) A carbonaceous, tacky residue resulting

pyrethrins in oil solutions, emulsions, powders, or

from distillation of coal tar, petroleum, pine tar, and

aerosols.

fatty acids. Some types, such as glance pitch, occur

naturally. They are used chiefly as sealants, roofing

compounds, and wood preservatives. Synthetic car-

piperonyl cyclonene. (generic name for a

bon fibers are made from petroleum pitch. (2) In

mixture of 3-alkyl-6-carbethoxy-5-(3,4-methylen-

papermakers’ terminology, a mixture of calcium

edioxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one and 3-alkyl-

carbonate, calcium soaps from wood components,

5-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-

and miscellaneous residues from materials used in

one).

paper manufacture. Pitch of this type is a production

nuisance that requires close control. (3) The degree

(CH

❘

HCH

C(O)CH:CR

❘

. R is usually

of slope of an inclined plane as in a screw or auger, as

measured by the distance between the flights or

Properties: Red liquid. Insoluble in water, oils, and

threads.

refrigerant 12. Flash p 290F (143C). Combustible.

Use: Synergist in insecticides in combination with

pitchblende. A massive variety of uraninite or

rotenone, pyrethrins, or rotenone-pyrethrin mixture

uranium oxide found in metallic veins. Contains

in oil solutions, emulsions, or powders.

55–75% UO

, up to 30% UO

, usually a little water,

and varying amounts of other elements. Thorium

“Pipersin.” TM for a substitute for oleoresin of

and the rare earths are generally absent.

black pepper. Officially recognized by USDA Meat

Properties: Black color, brownish-black streak,

Inspection Division for use under its supervision.

pitchy to dull luster. Mohs hardness 5.5, d 6.5–8.5.

Occurrence: Canada, Colorado, Europe, Zaire.

Hazard: Radioactive material.

piperylene. (1,3-pentadiene).

Use: Most important ore of uranium, original source

:CHCH:CHCH

. cis- and trans- forms.

of radium.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.693 (60/60F), fp

(cis) −141C, (trans) −87C; bp (cis) 44C, (trans)

“Pittclor” [PPG].

42C; refr index (cis) 1.43634 (20C), (trans) 1.43008

CAS: 7778-54-3. TM for calcium hypochlorite.

(20C); flash p (mix) −20F (−28.8C). Insoluble in

Use: Water sanitizer.

water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Polymers, maleic anhydride adducts, interme-

pituitrin. (coluitrin; hypophysin; pitilobin).

diate. Use: Antidiuretic hormone.

998PITZER EQUATION

Pitzer equation. Equation for the approxima- (2) A broad group of vegetable organisms com-

prised of all types of vegetation that contain chloro-

tion of data for heats of vaporization for organic and

phyll (algae, mosses, grasses, vegetables, trees, etc.

simple inorganic compounds. It is derived from tem-

but excluding fungi). Their metabolic processes are

perature and reduced temperature relationships.

vital to the maintenance of life on earth and result in

the following products: (1) oxygen (from respira-

pivalic acid. See trimethylacetic acid.

tion), (2) carbohydrates (from photosynthesis), (3)

amino acids and proteins (from nitrates and nitro-

pivalic acid, sodium salt. See sodium 2,2-

gen-fixing bacteria), (4) fats and oils, (5) vitamins,

dimethylpropanoate.

(6) natural fibers, (7) coal, (8) various other sub-

stances of value such as alkaloid drugs, rubber, etc.

2-pivaloyl-1,3-indandione. (pivalyl-1,3-in-

See photosynthesis; phytochemistry.

dandione; pindone).

CAS: 83-26-1. C

C(O)C(CH

)

plant growth regulator. An organic com-

Properties: Bright-yellow powder or crystals. Mp

pound either natural or synthetic that modifies or

109C. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic

controls one or more specific physiological pro-

solvents.

cesses within the plant. If the compound is produced

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion; inhibits

by the plant it is called a plant hormone, e.g., auxin,

blood clotting. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

which regulates the growth of longitudinal cells

Use: Rodenticide, insecticide, pharmaceutical inter-

involved in bending of the stem one way or another.

mediate.

Substances applied externally also bring about mod-

ifications such as improved rooting of cuttings, in-

“Pizazz” [Century Foods]. TM for a firm and

creased rate of ripening (ethylene), and easier scis-

uniform cheese.

sion (separation of fruit from stem). A large number

Use: Minimizes fines when shredded and reduces

of chemicals tend to increase the yield of certain

loss.

plants such as sugarcane, corn, etc. All these, as well

as plant-produced hormones, are included in the

pK. A measure of the completeness of an incom-

term plant growth regulator.

plete chemical reaction. It is defined as the negative

See dinitrobutylphenol; kinin; gibberellin; abscisic

logarithm (to the base 10) of the equilibrium con-

acid.

stant, K, for the reaction in question. The pK is most

frequently used to express the extent of dissociation

plant location. Selection of a site for a new

or the strength of weak acids (particularly fatty

chemical or process industry plant. The problem has

acids), amino acids, and complex ions or similar

been compounded in recent years by the increasing

species. The weaker an electrolyte, the larger is its

number of environmental regulations and energy

pK. Thus, at 25C for sulfuric acid (strong acid), pK

shortage. Among the more important considerations

is about −3.0; acetic acid (weak acid), pK

4.76;

are (1) accessibility of essential materials, including

boric acid (very weak acid) pK

9.24. In a solution

water; (2) transportation of finished product (rail,

of a weak acid, if the concentration of undissociated

air, truck, barge); (3) reliability of fuel and power

acid is equal to the concentration of the anion of the

supply; (4) liquid and solid waste−disposal restric-

acid, the pK will be equal to the pH.

tions; (5) commuting distance for employees in view

of gasoline consumption; (6) availability of housing

Plait point. Composition conditions in which

for employees; (7) state and local regulations (zon-

the three coexisting phases of partially soluble com-

ing, hazardous chemicals, building codes); (8) avail-

ponents of a three-phase liquid system approach

ability of qualified labor; (9) taxation; (10) weather

each other in composition.

factors (temperature range, severe storms, floods,

See triple point.

etc.); (11) expansion possibilities.

Planck’s constant. (h). A constant that when

“Plas-Chek” [Ferro]. TM for plasticizers.

multiplied by the frequency of radiation gives the

quantity of energy contained in one quantum. Equal

“Plasdone” [International Specialty]. TM

to 6.626176(36) × 10

−19

JHz

−1

for the pharmaceutical grade of polyvinylpyrroli-

done.

planetology, chemical. See chemical plane-

Use: Tablet binding and coating agent, detoxicant

tology.

and demulcent lubricant in ophthalmic preparations,

film-forming agent in medical aerosols.

plankton. Microscopic plant and animal life that

floats in the oceans or in lake waters.

plasma. (1) The portion of the blood remaining

after removal of the white and red cells and the

plant. (1) Any large-scale manufacturing unit in- platelets; it differs from serum in that it contains

cluding pipelines, reaction equipment, machinery, fibrinogen, which induces clotting by conversion

etc. into fibrin by activity of the enzyme thrombin. Plas-

999 PLASTIC

ma is made up of more than 40 proteins and also

plasminogen activator (human tissue-type

contains acids, lipids, and metal ions. It is an amber,

protein moiety reduced), n-(n2-(n-

opalescent solution in which the proteins are in col-

glycyl-l-alanyl)-l-arginyl)-, glycoform.

loidal suspension and the solutes (electrolytes and

See silteplase.

nonelectrolytes) are either emulsified or in true solu-

tion. The proteins can be separated from each other

plasmogamy. A process of fusion of the cyto-

and from the other solutes by ultrafiltration, ultra-

plasm of two cells; the first step in syngamy.

centrifugation, electrophoresis, and immunochemi-

cal techniques.

plasmoquin. (pamaquine; plasmochin; 8-di-

(2) Two kinds of plasma are recognized by physi-

methylamino-isoamyl-6-methoxyquinoline).

cists, namely, a particle plasma and a reactor plas-

ma. A particle plasma is a neutral mixture of posi-

Properties: Yellow powder. Mw 300.2. Insoluble in

tively and negatively charged particles interacting

water.

with an electromagnetic field, which dominates

Use: Antimalarial.

their motion. Temperatures of 10,000 to 15,000C

can be reached. Such plasma, formed by sudden

“Plastacele” [Du Pont]. TM for cellulose ac-

energy releases can be utilized as an energy source,

etate flake, a fine white powder used for molding

as in magnetohydrodynamics. Reactor plasmas, on

powders, films, sheets, rods, and tubes.

the other hand, are composed of positively charged

ions of hydrogen isotopes (deuterium, tritium); the

plaster of Paris. See calcium sulfate.

electric charge is the controlling factor. These are

used in nuclear fusion devices, where temperatures

“Plasthall” [Hall]. TM for a broad range of

of 74,000,000C have been attained and still higher

monomeric and polymeric plasticizers used in poly-

temperatures are expected. These plasmas also re-

mers and elastomers. Types include adipates, gluta-

spond to electromagnetic forces that are used to

rates, trimellitates, azelates, sebacates, and tallates.

confine them. See magnetohydrodynamics; fu-

sion; tokamak.

plastic. (1) Capable of being shaped or molded

with or without the application of heat. Soft waxes

and moist clay are good examples of this property.

plasmalogen. A phospholipid with an alkenyl

See plasticity.

ether substituent on the C-1 of glycerol.

(2) A high polymer, usually synthetic, combined

with other ingredients, such as curatives, fillers,

plasma membrane. Outer membrane of a cell,

reinforcing agents, colorants, plasticizers, etc.; the

sometimes called the cell membrane.

mixture can be formed or molded under heat and

pressure in its raw state and machined to high di-

plasma proteins. The proteins present in blood

mensional accuracy, trimmed, and finished in its

plasma—albumin, antibodies, etc.

hardened state. The thermoplastic type can be resof-

tened to its original condition by heat; the thermoset-

ting type cannot.

plasma volume expander. A substance used

Plastics in general (including all forms) are sensitive

to partially or wholly replace blood plasma in treat-

to high temperatures, among the more resistant be-

ment of the injured. Most important are gelatin,

ing fluorocarbon resins, nylon, phenolics, polyim-

polyvinylpyrrolidone, and dextran.

ides, and silicones, though even these soften or melt

above 260C. Other types (cellulosics, polyethylene,

plasmid. A strand or fragment of genetic material

acrylic polymers, polystyrene) are combustible

existing outside the chromosomes in certain types of

when exposed to flame for a short time and still

bacteria. R-type plasmids, which are present in E.

others (polyurethane) burn with evolution of toxic

coli, impart resistance to antibiotics in organisms

fumes.

that are exposed to them. The plasmids can be trans-

Engineering plastics are those to which standard

ferred from animals to humans, as well as to other,

metal engineering equations can be applied; they are

harmful bacteria that also become resistant to antibi-

capable of sustaining high loads and stresses and are

otics. Feeding of traces of antibiotics to animals is

machinable and dimensionally stable. They are used

believed to promote the growth of E. coli and, thus,

in construction, as machine parts, automobile com-

to produce strains of pathogenic bacteria that are not

ponents, etc. Among the more important are nylon,

amenable to antibiotic treatment. For this reason

acetals, polycarbonates, ABS resins, PPO/styrene,

FDA has recommended elimination of certain anti-

and polybutylene terephthalate.

biotics from animal feeds, e.g., penicillin, oxytetra-

Fibers, films, and bristles are examples of extruded

cycline, and chlortetracycline. Synthetic plasmids

forms. Plastics may be shaped by either compres-

have been used successfully in recombinant DNA

sion molding (direct pressure on solid material in a

research.

hydraulic press) or injection molding (injection of a

measured amount of material into a mold in liquid

plasmin. See fibrinolysin. form). The latter process is most generally used, and

1000PLASTIC FILM

articles of considerable size can be produced. Be-

plasticity. A rheological property of solid or

cause of their dielectric properties, plastics are es- semisolid materials expressed as the degree to which

sential components of electrical and electronic they will flow or deform under applied stress and

equipment (especially for use within the human retain the shape so induced, either permanently or

body). for a definite time interval. It may be considered the

Plastics can be made into flexible and rigid foams by reverse of elasticity. Application of heat and/or spe-

use of a blowing agent; these foams are light and cial additives is usually required for optimum re-

strong, and the rigid type is machinable. They are sults.

collectively called cellular plastics. Plastics can also See thermoplastic; plasticizer.

be reinforced, usually with glass or metallic fibers,

for added strength. They are laminated to paper,

plasticizer. An organic compound added to a

cloth, wood, etc. for many uses in the packaging,

high polymer both to facilitate processing and to

electrical, and furniture industries; they also can be

increase the flexibility and toughness of the final

metal-plated. Plastic pipe is widely used for under-

product by internal modification (solvation) of the

ground transportation of gases and liquids over long

polymer molecule. The latter is held together by

distances and intraplant.

secondary valence bonds; the plasticizer replaces

Several natural materials (waxes, clays, and as-

some of these with plasticizer-to-polymer bonds,

phalts) have rheological properties similar to syn-

thus aiding movement of the polymer chain seg-

thetic products, but because they are not polymeric,

ments. Plasticizers are classed as primary (high

are not considered true plastics. Certain proteins

compatibility) and secondary (limited compatibili-

(casein, zein) are natural high polymers from which

ty). Polyvinyl chloride and cellulose esters are the

plastics are made (buttons and other small items),

largest consumers of plasticizers; they are also used

but they are of decreasing importance.

in rubber processing. Among the more important

Plastics have permeated industrial technology. Not

plasticizers are nonvolatile organic liquids and low-

only have they replaced and improved upon many

melting solids (e.g., phthalate, adipate, and sebacate

materials formerly used, but they also have made

esters), polyols such as ethylene glycol and its deriv-

possible industrial and medical applications that

atives, tricresyl phosphate, castor oil, etc. Camphor

would have been impracticable with older technolo-

was used in the original modification of nitrocellu-

gies. Their major application areas are (1) automo-

lose to “Celluloid.”

bile bodies and components, boat hulls; (2) building

See plastisol; softener.

and construction (siding, piping insulation, floor-

ing); (3) packaging (vapor-proof barriers, display

plastic pipe. Tubes, cylinders, conduits, and

cartons, bottles, drum linings); (4) textiles (carpets,

continuous length piping made (1) from thermoplas-

cordage, suiting, hosiery, drip-dry fabrics, etc.); (5)

tic polymers unreinforced (polyethylene, polyvinyl

organic coatings (paint and varnish vehicles); (6)

chloride, ABS polymers, polypropylene) or (2) from

adhesives (plywood, reinforced plastics, laminated

thermosetting polymers (polyesters, phenolics,

structures); (7) pipelines; (8) electrical and electron-

epoxies) blended with 60–80% of such reinforcing

ic components; (9) surgical implants; (10) miscella-

materials as chopped asbestos or glass fibers to in-

neous (luggage, toys, tableware, brushes, furniture,

crease strength. The latter type is a reinforced plas-

etc.).

tic. In general the properties of plastic tubing or pipe

The Nobel Prize was awarded in 2000 for work on

are those of the polymers that comprise it. Most have

developing conducting plastics.

good resistance to chemicals, corrosion, weathering,

For additional information refer to The Society of

etc., combined with flexibility, light weight, and

the Plastics Industry. See polymer, high; cellu-

high strength. They are combustible but generally

lar plastic; reinforced plastic; foam, plastic;

slow burning. The reinforced type is widely used as

plastic pipe. See Appendix III for a history of

underground conduit for transportation of gases and

the industry.

fluids, including city water services, sewage dispos-

al systems, etc. Its use in buildings is subject to local

building codes.

plastic film. A thermoplastic film less than

0.022 cm (0.010 inch) in thickness.

plastic, reinforced. See reinforced plastic.

plastid. Any of several pigmented cytoplasmic

plastic flow. A type of rheological behavior in

organelles found in plant cells and other organisms

which a given material shows no deformation until

having various physiological functions, such as the

the applied stress reaches a critical value called the

synthesis and storage of food.

yield value. Most of the so-called plastics do not

exhibit plastic flow. Common putty is an example of

plastisol. A dispersion of finely divided resin in a

a material having plastic flow.

plasticizer. A typical composition is 100 parts resin

and 50 parts plasticizer, forming a paste that gels

plastic foam. See foam, plastic; cellular when heated to 150C as a result of solvation of the

plastic. resin particles by the plasticizer. If a volatile solvent

1001 PLATINUM BLACK

is included, the plastisol is called an organosol. Plas-

platinous chloride. See platinum dichloride.

tisols are used for molding thermoplastic resins,

chiefly polyvinyl chloride.

platinous iodide. See platinum iodide.

See plasticizer.

platinum.

CAS: 7440-06-4. Pt. Metallic element of atomic

“Plastisol Ink” [Jinicolor]. TM for all-pur-

number 78, group VIII of the periodic table, aw

pose ink for printing on cotton and polyester fabric.

195.09, valences of 2, 4. There are five stable iso-

topes.

plate column. Distillation column consisting of

Properties: Silvery, white, ductile metal. D 21.45,

a number of perforated, equally spaced, horizontal

mp 1769C, bp 3827C. Brinell hardness 97, annealed

plates on which a layer of liquid is maintained.

(Vickers) 42. Insoluble in mineral and organic acids.

Soluble in aqua regia; attacked by fused alkalies.

plate efficiency. (1) The number of theoretical

Does not corrode or tarnish; heated platinum ab-

plates that are divided by the number of plates actu-

sorbs large volumes of hydrogen. It is also a strong

ally used in a tower. (2) Overall plate efficiency

complexing agent. As a catalyst it is abnormally

refers to the number of equilibrium states necessary

sensitive to poisons.

for a given separation, divided by the number of

Occurrence: Canada (Ontario), South Africa, the

actual plates required.

former U.S.S.R., Alaska. Usually mixed with ores of

copper, nickel, etc.

platelet. (thrombocyte). A proteinaceous cellu-

Derivation: By dissolving the ore concentrate in

lar structure occurring in blood in the amount of

aqua regia, precipitating the platinum by ammonium

150–500 × 10

units/mm

. Platelets range from 2 to 4

chloride as ammonium hexachloroplatinate, ignit-

␮m in diameter and contain no nuclei. They are rich

ing the precipitate to form platinum sponge. This is

in amine compounds, which constrict the blood ves-

then melted in an oxyhydrogen flame or in an elec-

sels at the site of an injury, to which the platelets

tric furnace.

adhere; on dissolution they release thromboplastin,

Available forms: Powder (platinum black), single

which initiates the coagulation mechanism.

crystals, wire (2 by 0.05–0.005 inches diameter);

See blood; fibrinogen; thrombin.

special composition for electronics, metallizing, and

decorating ceramics and metals.

platen. A vertically movable plate (deck) of a

Grade: Physically pure (99.99%), chemically pure

compression molding press.

(99.9%), crucible platinum (99.5%), commercial

See hydraulic press.

(99.0%).

Hazard: Flammable in powdered form. Soluble salts

platforming. The process in which octane rat-

are highly toxic by inhalation. TLV: 1 mg/m

; (solu-

ings of gasoline are raised by dehydrogenating

ble salts as Pt) 0.002 mg/m

naphthenes to aromatics, cracking high-boiling par-

Use: Catalyst (nitric acid, sulfuric acid, high-octane

affins, and isomerizing paraffins to form products of

gasoline, automobile exhaust gas converters), labo-

greater chain branching. Desulfrization also takes

ratory ware, spinnerettes for rayon and glass fiber

place in this process.

manufacture, jewelry, dentistry, electrical contacts,

thermocouples, surgical wire, bushings, electroplat-

platinic. Refers to compounds containing tetra-

ing, electric furnace windings, chemical reaction

valent platinum.

vessels, permanent magnets.

platinic ammonium chloride. See ammo-

platinum ammonium chloride. See ammo-

nium hexachloroplatinate.

nium hexachloroplatinate; ammonium chloropla-

tinate.

platinic chloride. See chloroplatinic acid,

platinum chloride.

platinum barium cyanide. See barium cya-

noplatinite.

platinic oxide. See platinum dioxide.

platinum black. Finely divided metallic plat-

platinic sal ammoniac. See ammonium

inum.

hexachloroplatinate.

Properties: Black powder, exhibits a metallic luster

when rubbed. Soluble in aqua regia, d 15.8–17.6

platinic sodium chloride. See sodium chlo-

(apparent).

roplatinate.

Derivation: Reduction of solution of a platinum salt

with zinc or magnesium.

platinic sulfate. See platinum sulfate.

Hazard: Flammable when dispersed in air.

Use: Catalyst; to absorb gases (hydrogen, oxygen,

platinous ammonium chloride. See ammo- etc.) that it again liberates at red heat; gas ignition

nium chloroplatinate. apparatus.

1002PLATINUM CHLORIDE

platinum chloride. (platinum tetrachloride; hydrolyzing and dissolving the lithium and leaving

platinic chloride). unusually active platinum catalyst.

CAS: 10025-65-7. (1) PtCl

; (2) PtCl

•5H

O. The

platinum chloride of commerce is usually chloropla-

platinum metal. Any of a group of six metals,

tinic acid.

all members of group VIII of the periodic table:

Properties: (1) Brown solid, (2) red crystals. Soluble

ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium,

in water and alcohol; (1) d 4.30 (25C), decomposes

and platinum. All of these are also transition metals.

at 370C; (2) d 2.43, mp loses 4H

O at 100C.

Derivation: By solution of platinum in aqua regia

platinum potassium chloride. See potassi-

and evaporation.

um chloroplatinate.

Hazard: TLV: 0.002 mg(Pt)/m

Use: See chloroplatinic acid.

platinum-rhodium alloys. Alloys containing

up to 40% rhodium. Such alloys are harder than

platinum-cobalt alloy. A 76.7 platinum/23.3

platinum but not as hard as the corresponding plati-

cobalt alloy forms a more powerful permanent mag-

num-iridium alloys. The addition of rhodium to plat-

net than any other known.

inum increases the resistance to attack by aqua regia.

The melting points of the alloys are higher than

platinum dichloride. (platinous chloride).

those of platinum.

PtCl

Use: Catalyst in nitric acid production, high-tempera-

Properties: Greenish-gray powder that forms double

ture vessels, furnace resistors, thermocouples and

salts with the chlorides of the alkali metals. D 5.87,

resistance thermometers, spinnerette nozzles, com-

mp decomposes at red heat, yielding platinum. Solu-

ponents of gas- turbine aircraft engines.

ble in hydrochloric acid and ammonium hydroxide;

insoluble in water.

platinum sodium chloride. See sodium

Derivation: (1) By heating platinum sponge in the

chloroplatinate.

presence of dry chlorine; (2) by heating chloropla-

tinic acid to 200C.

platinum sponge.

Use: Platinum salts.

Properties: Grayish-black, porous mass of finely

divided platinum. Soluble in aqua regia.

platinum dioxide. (platinic oxide). PtO

Derivation: By ignition of ammonium hexachloro-

Properties: Black powder. Soluble in concentrated

platinate or other salts.

acids and dilute solutions of potassium hydroxide.

Use: Catalyst.

Derivation: Reaction of platinic chloride with excess

See platinum black.

sodium hydroxide.

Use: Hydrogenation catalyst (forms platinum black

platinum sulfate. (platinic sulfate). Pt(SO

)

when reduced by hydrogen).

Properties: Greenish-black mass. Hygroscopic; sol-

uble in acids (dilute), alcohol, ether, water.

platinum iodide. (platinous iodide; platinum

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 0.002 mg(Pt)/m

diiodide). PtI

Use: Analysis (microtesting for bromine, chlorine,

Properties: Heavy black powder. D 6.4, mp

iodine).

300–350C (decomposes) Slightly soluble in hy-

driodic acid; insoluble in alkalies and water.

platinum tetrachloride. See platinum chlo-

ride.

platinum-iridium alloy. The most important

platinum alloy. Commercial alloys contain 1–30%

platiphillin.

iridium. As the iridium is increased, the hardness of

CAS: 480-78-4. mf: C

the alloy increases, along with the resistance to

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

chemical attack. The melting point of platinum is

raised by the addition of iridium.

pleated sheet. The side-by-side, hydrogen-

Use: Jewelry (“medium” platinum is 95% platinum,

bonded arrangement of polypeptide chains in the

5% iridium; and “hard” platinum is 90% platinum,

extended conformation.

10% iridium), electrical contacts (10–25% iridium),

fuse wire (10–20% iridium), hypodermic needles

pleiotropy. One gene that causes many different

(20–30% iridium), and in general where high corro-

physical traits, such as multiple disease symptoms.

sion resistance is needed.

See iridium.

“Plenlizer” [Ajinomoto]. TM for a line of

plastic resin stabilizers.

platinum-lithium. LiPt

. Brittle solid, nonreac-

tive with water, made by direct combination at

540C. If the lithium and platinum are combined at

plesiomorphy. A primitive character state for

200C, the product can be decomposed by water, the taxa under consideration.

1003 PLUTONIUM

“Plexiglas” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for ther- plumbic acid, anhydrous. See lead di-

moplastic poly(methyl methacrylate)−type poly- oxide.

mers. Available in bead or granular form and sheets.

Use: Manufacture of lenses, ornaments, letters for

plumbo-. See plumb-.

signs, aircraft canopies and windows, light diffus-

ers, industrial and architectural glazing, chalk-

plumboplumbic oxide. See lead oxide, red.

boards, boat windshields, and similar products.

plumbous. Refers to lead compounds in which

the lead has a valence of two.

“Plexol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for synthetic

lubricants and additives for petroleum oils. Most

plumbous oxide. See litharge.

grades are diesters of dibasic acids; some are polyes-

ters or polyether alcohols. The ester lubricants have

plumbous sulfide. See lead sulfide.

very low freezing points, high flash points, little

change of viscosity with temperature.

plumbum. The Latin name for lead, hence the

Use: Aircraft-engine lubricants, hydraulic systems,

instrument oils, petroleum-base lubricant formula- symbol Pb and the names plumbic and plumbous.

tion.

“Pluracol” [BASF]. TM for a series of organic

compounds used in hydraulic brake and other func-

“Plictran” [Dow]. TM for cyhexatin.

tional fluids, chemical intermediates, urethane

foams, elastomers, and coatings.

pliofilm. Former TM for rubber hydrochloride as

transparent base.

“Plurafac” [BASF]. TM for a series of 100%

active, nonionic biodegradable surfactants of

“Pliotec” [Eliokem]. TM for a unique water

straight-chain, primary aliphatic oxyethylated alco-

borne resin.

hols. Available in liquid, paste, flake, and solid

Use: For masonery, concrete, and anti-corrosion

form.

coatings.

Use: Range from light-duty hand dishwashing for-

mulations to heavy-duty industrial detergents, rinse

“Pliotone” [Eliokem]. TM for resins.

aids, metal cleaners, etc.

Use: In xerographic devices from PCs to high speed

lasers, color copies, and latest digital multifunction

pluripotency. The potential of a cell to develop

machines.

into more than one type of mature cell, depending on

environment.

“Pliovic” [Goodyear]. TM for homopolymers,

vinyl dispersion resin, plastisol, and organosol com-

“Pluronic” [BASF]. TM for a nonionic series

pounds.

of 28 related difunctional block-polymers terminat-

Use: For coatings of rainwear, automotive filters,

ing in primary hydroxyl groups with molecular

wall coverings, awnings, flooring, glove dipping,

weights ranging from 1,000 to more than 15,000.

and laminating.

They are polyoxyalkylene derivatives of propylene

glycol. Available in liquid, paste, flake powder, and

plow. A scraping device of various contours used

cast-solid forms.

for dislodging sediment or “mud” accumulated at

Use: Defoaming agents, emulsifying and demulsify-

the bottom of clarifying and thickening tanks. It is

ing agents, binders, stabilizers, dispersing agents,

activated by a rotating arm that moves it circumfer-

wetting agents, rinse aids, and chemical interme-

entially around the tank riding close to the bottom; it

diates.

thus transfers the sedimented material from the pe-

riphery to the center of the tank where it is dis-

plutonium. Pu. Synthetic radioactive metallic

charged into a hopper. Plows are also used in mixing

element with atomic number 94, first prepared in

equipment of the Muller type, where they serve to

1941, aw 239.11, valences of 3, 4, 5, 6; there are 15

continuously rake the material being mixed into the

isotopes (from 232 to 246), 6 allotropic forms. Plu-

path of the Muller wheels.

tonium-239 (half-life 24,360 years) is produced in a

nuclear reactor by neutron bombardment of the non-

plumb-. (plumbo-). Containing combined lead.

fissionable isotope

238

U. Plutonium is readily fis-

sionable with both slow and fast neutrons and can be

plumbago. Refers to graphite.

used for either nuclear weapons or electric power

production. The critical mass of pure

239

Pu is 10 lb.

plumbate. A compound containing the negative

One lb reactor-grade material contains a heat energy

group, PbO

−

equivalent of 10

kilowatt hours. Weapons-grade

plutonium contains up to 7%

240

Pu; though reactor-

plumbic. The designation for lead compounds in grade plutonium is somewhat less pure, it can be

which the lead is tetravalent. used for weapons. The Safeguards Manual of the

1004“PLYAMULE”

International Atomic Energy Agency states: “Pluto-

PMP. Abbreviation for 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-py-

razolone.

nium of any grade, in either metal, oxide, or nitrate

form, can be put in a form suitable for the manufac-

PMTA. Abbreviation for a mixture of phospho-

ture of explosive devices in a matter of a few days or

molybdic and phosphotungstic acids.

weeks.”

Use: Making pigments.

According to Glenn T. Seaborg, “in breeder reactors

See phosphotungstic pigment.

it is possible to create more new plutonium from U-

238 than that consumed in sustaining the fission

pn. Abbreviation for propylenediamine, as used in

chain reaction. Because of this, plutonium is the key

formulas for coordination compounds.

to unlocking the enormous energy reserves in the

See dien; en; py.

nonfissionable U-238.” Reactor fuels containing

plutonium can be either liquid or solid; since pluto-

“PNF” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM for a special-

nium forms low-melting alloys with a number of

purpose synthetic rubber, a phosphonitrilic fluoroe-

metals (gallium, bismuth, tin, iron, cobalt, and nick-

lastomer, said to be flexible at −56C and serviceable

el), these are often used as liquid reactor fuels. Ceri-

up to 176C. Resistant to oils over a wide temperature

um also may be a component.

range. Can be processed on standard equipment.

Hazard: The most radiotoxic of the elements and one

of the most toxic substances known; dangerous ion-

izing radiation persists indefinitely; a powerful car-

Po. Symbol for polonium.

cinogen. Must be handled by remote control and

with adequate shielding.

podophyllotoxin 4-o-glucoside.

See breeder.

CAS: 16481-54-2. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

“Plyamule” [Reichhold]. TM for a series of

POEMS. Abbreviation for polyoxyethylene mo-

vinyl acetate homopolymers.

nostearate.

“Plyamine” [Reichhold]. TM for a group of

POEOP. See polyoxyethyleneoxypropylene.

liquid water-soluble urea-formaldehyde adhesive

resins.

POF. See dl-␣-lipoic acid.

Use: Binders in the manufacture of plywood, furni-

ture, wood-particle products, etc.

poise. See centipoise.

“Plyophen” [Reichhold]. TM for a water-sol-

poison. (1) Any substance that is harmful to living

uble impregnating resin. Penetrates deeply and

tissues when applied in relatively small doses. The

quickly into wood, canvas, asbestos, paper, and oth-

most important factors involved in effective dosage

er laminating and molding stocks. Can be diluted as

are (a) quantity or concentration; (b) duration of

much as 8–10 parts water to 1 part resin for spraying

exposure; (c) particle size or physical state of the

glass fiber or rock wool.

substance; (d) its affinity for living tissue; (e) its

solubility in tissue fluids; and (f) the sensitivity of

plywood. A composite composed of thin wood

the tissues or organs. Sharp distinction between poi-

veneers (with grains placed at right angles to each

sons and nonpoisons is not always possible, because

other) bonded with a synthetic resin, usually phenol-

many variables must be taken into consideration in

formaldehyde or resorcinol-formaldehyde. It is su-

each case. Poisons are divided into four classes by

perior to metals in strength-to-weight ratio and has

the shipping regulatory agencies, as follows:

low thermal expansion, high heat capacity, and low

Poison A: A gas or liquid so toxic that an extremely

water absorption.

small amount of the gas or the vapor formed by the

See laminate; composite.

liquid is dangerous to life.

Poison B: Less toxic liquids and solids that are

Pm. Symbol for promethium.

hazardous either by contact with the body (skin

absorption) or by ingestion.

PMA. Abbreviation for phosphomolybdic acid

Poison C: Liquids or solids that evolve toxic or

and for pyromellitic acid.

strongly irritating fumes heated or when exposed to

air (excluding class A poisons).

PMDA. Abbreviation for pyromellitic dianhy-

Poison D: Radioactive materials. See toxicity;

dride.

toxic substances.

(2) In nuclear technology, any material with a high

PMEG. See 9-((2-phosphonylmethoxy)-eth-

capture probability for neutrons that may divert an

yl)guanine.

undesirable number of neutrons from the fission

chain reaction.

PMHP. Abbreviation for p-methane hydroperox- (3) A substance that reduces or destroys the activity

ide. A polymerization catalyst. of a catalyst. Carbon monoxide and phosphorus,

1005 POLISH

arsenic, or sulfur compounds have this effect on the

polarization. In electrochemistry, the increase of

formation of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen solution resistance due to gas accumulation at the

gases and the gases, must be highly purified to avoid electrode or chemical depletion in part of the solu-

this. Another example is the poisoning of the plati- tion.

num catalysts used in emission-control devices by

organic lead compounds.

polarization concentration. The polarization

in an electrolytic cell caused by changes in concen-

tration of electrolyte surrounding the electrode.

poison gas. A toxic or irritant gas or volatile

liquid designed for use in chemical warfare or riot

polarization current. The reverse current pro-

control. They vary in toxicity from nerve gases,

duced by polarization on removal of external elec-

which are lethal, to tear gases (lachrymators), which

tromotive force.

cause only temporary disability.

See noxious gas; chemical warfare.

polarized electrode, ideal. A system com-

posed of a metal in contact with an electrolytic

Polanyi, John C. (1929– ). Awarded the Nobel

solution for which, at equilibrium, the concentration

Prize in chemistry in 1986 jointly with Herschbach

of every charged component is finite in one phase

and Lee. Herschbach reported that the energies of

only.

reactions of colliding beams of isolated alkali metal

atoms and alkyl halide molecules appeared mostly

polarized light. See nicol; polarimetry.

as vibrational excited states of products. Polanyi

characterized the excited states by the infrared light

polar liquid. A liquid having a dipole moment,

emitted by product molecules. His work also led to

as alcohol.

the development of lasers. Born in Germany, Pola-

nyi studied in England and later became a Canadian

polar molecule. (1) A molecule with a positive

citizen. Doctorate awarded by Manchester Universi-

charge on one end and a negative charge on its other

ty, England, in 1952.

end. Its vector sum of its bond dipoles is not zero. (2)

Molecule in which the electrons forming the valency

polar. Descriptive of a molecule in which the

bond are not symmetrically arranged.

positive and negative electrical charges are perma-

nently separated, as opposed to nonpolar molecules

polarogram. A record on a polarograph of a

in which the charges coincide. Polar molecules ion-

variation in current or current-voltage relation.

ize in solution and impart electrical conductivity.

Water, alcohol, and sulfuric acid are polar in nature;

polarograph. A device for the automatic electro-

most hydrocarbon liquids are not. Carboxyl and

analysis of a solution by means of the dropping

hydroxyl groups often exhibit an electric charge.

mercury electrode.

The formation of emulsions and the action of deter-

gents are dependent on this behavior.

polar solvent. Solvents containing hydroxyl or

See dipole moment.

carbonyl groups, having high dielectric constant and

strong polarity.

polar brilliant blue raw. See C.I. acid

blue 80.

“Polectron” [International Specialty]. TM

for modified vinylpyrrolidone resins.

polarimeter. An instrument for measuring the

Properties: 40% active aqueous emulsion, stable to

amount by which the plane of polarization of plane-

intense mechanical shear, freeze-thaw cycling.

polarized light is rotated in passing through a medi-

Compatible with other commercial latexes.

um (usually a liquid).

Use: Binding agents for wood, cotton, paper, glass

fibers; stabilizer, opacifier and dyestuff; medium

polarimetry. Measurement of the degrees and

precoat for photosensitive papers. Adhesive for met-

direction of the plane of polarized light as it passes

al, glass, cotton, paper, and wood.

through an optically active compound. It is used in

the investigation of optical isomers, especially in

Polenske number. A measure of the insoluble

analysis of sugars.

volatile fatty acids in a sample of fat or oil. The

number of cubic centimeters of 0.1 N alkali required

to neutralize the water-insoluble volatile acids in a

polarity of characters. The states of charac-

five-gram sample of fat or oil.

ters used in a cladistic analysis, either original or

derived. Original characters are those acquired by an

ancestor deeper in the phylogeny than the most re-

polish. (1) A solid powder or a liquid or semili-

cent common ancestor of the taxa under consider- quid mixture that imparts smoothness, surface pro-

ation. Derived characters are those acquired by the tection, or a decorative finish. The most widely used

most recent common ancestor of the taxa under solid polishing agent is fine-ground red iron oxide

consideration. (rouge), applied to the surface of plate glass, backs

1006“POLITOL 711”

of mirrors, and optical glass. A wide variety of liquid and nitric acids and aqua regia, and by dilute hydro-

and pastelike polishes are based on vegetable waxes chloric acid.

(carnauba and candelilla), combined with softeners, Hazard: Dangerous radioactive poison.

Use: Source of ␣-radiation and neutrons, instrument

fillers, and pigments or emulsified in alcohol or

calibration, oil-well logging, moisture determina-

other solvent. Furniture polishes often contain red

tion, power source.

oil, lemon oil, and petroleum solvent; most types of

See smoke (4).

metal and wood polish contain organic solvents and,

hence, are flammable liquids. Nail polishes are ni-

trocellulose lacquers, usually with amyl acetate sol-

Polonovski reaction. Demethylation of terti-

vent.

ary (or heterocyclic) amine N-oxides on treatment

See electropolishing.

with acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride to give N-

Hazard: May be flammable.

acylated secondary amines and formaldehyde, along

(2) The hard outer coating of cereal grains, especial-

with O-acylated aminophenols as a result of a side

ly rice, which is usually removed in processing.

reaction.

These coatings are rich in vitamin B

. Their removal

robs the cereal of much of its nutritive value.

poloxalene. See “Therabloat” [Pfizer].

poloxalene free-choice liquid type C feed.

“Politol 711” [Seidler]. TM for a PVC seam

See “Purina Bloat Block” [Purina].

sealant.

Use: For joining PVC pipe.

“Poloxamer 331” [Sciencelab].

Properties: Average molecular weight 3800. Color-

pollucite. Cs

•H

O. A natural cesium

less liquid. D: 1.02, refr index: 1.452. Very sltly sol

aluminum silicate found in pegmatites.

in water; sol in alc; insol in propylene glycol, ethyl-

Properties: Colorless. Mohs hardness 6.5, d 2.9.

ene glycol.

Use: Source of cesium, catalyst, fluxes, welding ma-

Engineering plastics are those to which standard

terials, ion propulsion, thermocouple units.

metal TM for a food additive.

pollution. The introduction into any environment

poly-. A prefix signifying many. For example, a

of substances that are not normally present therein

polymer is an aggregate formed by combination of a

and that are potentially toxic or otherwise objection-

number of single molecules.

able. The most serious atmospheric contaminants

See polymer, high.

have been (1) sulfur dioxide evolved from the fuels

used in electric power production and industrial

“Polyac” [Du Pont]. TM for a butyl rubber

processing, and (2) automobile exhaust gases rich in

conditioner containing 25% poly-p-dinitrosoben-

carbon monoxide and tetraethyllead residues. The

zene [C

(NO)

]

with an inert wax. Dark-brown,

former is being alleviated by mandatory use of low-

waxy pellets; d 0.96.

sulfur fuels and the latter by elimination of tetrae-

Use: Processing aid and accelerator of vulcanization

thyllead from most gasoline and by use of catalytic

for butyl rubber.

converters.

Water pollution due to discharge of toxic chemical

polyacetal. See acetal resin.

wastes is closely regulated by both the EPA and

FDA. Such substances are defined in the 1972

polyacetylene. A linear polymer of acetylene

amendment of the Federal Water Pollution Control

having alternate single and double bonds, developed

Act as those “which will cause death, disease, can-

in 1978. It is electrically conductive, but this proper-

cer, or genetic malfunctions in any organisms with

ty can be varied in either direction by appropriate

which they come into contact.” Substances added to

doping either with electron acceptors (arsenic pen-

water for purification purposes (chlorine, aluminum

tafluoride or a halogen) or with electron donors

sulfate, etc.) are excluded from the category of pol-

(lithium, sodium). Thus, it can be made to have a

lutants. See Environmental Protection Agency;

wide range of conductivity from insulators to n-or

air pollution; water pollution.

p-type semiconductors to strongly conductive

forms. Polyacetylene can be made in both cis and

trans modifications in the form of fibers and thin

polonium. Po. Radioactive element of atomic

films, the conductivity of the fibers increasing with

number 84, group VIA of the periodic table, aw 210,

their degree of orientation. Films can be applied on

valences of 2, 4, 6. There are no stable isotopes.

glass or metal substrates. Though still in an experi-

Polonium is a member of the uranium natural ra-

mental stage, these polymers have significant possi-

dioactive decay series, occurring naturally in urani-

bilities for industrial applications, e.g., in batteries.

um-bearing ores; it is produced artificially by bom-

See cyclooctatetraene.

barding bismuth with neutrons. It has been

identified in cigarette smoke.

Properties: Similar to those of tellurium. Mp 254C,

polyacrylamide. (CH

CHCONH

)

. White sol-

bp 962C, d 9.4. Dissolved by concentrated sulfuric id, water-soluble high polymer.

1007 POLYBUTADIENE

Derivation: Polymerization of acrylamide with different from nylon.

N,N

′

-methylene bisacrylamide. See nylon; polypetide; protein; aramid.

Use: Thickening agent, suspending agent, additive to

adhesives. Permissible food additive.

polyamine-methylene resin. A polyethylene

See acrylic resin.

polyamine methylene−substituted resin of dipheny-

lol dimethylmethane and formaldehyde in basic

form.

polyacrylamide resins, modified. See

Properties: Light-amber, granular, free-flowing

modified polyacrylamide resins.

powder; appreciable odor. Insoluble in dilute acids

and alkalies, alcohol, ether, and water.

polyacrylate. See acrylic resin.

Use: Medicine, ion-exchange resin, antacid.

polyacrylic acid. See acrylic acid, meth-

polyaminotriazole. (PAT). A synthetic poly-

acrylic acid.

mer made from sebacic acid and hydrazine, with

small amounts of acetamide. Polyoctamethylene-

polyacrylonitrile. A polymer of acrylonitrile

amino-triazole is a specific example.

that is the basic material used in the manufacture of a

See monobasic.

number of synthetic fibers, e.g., “Orlon” and “Dy-

nel.” When combined with other materials it pro-

polyA tail. After an mRNA is transcribed from a

duces a hard resin having high solvent resistance

gene, the cell adds a stretch of A residues (typically

50-200) to its 3

′

end. It is thought that the presence of

this “polyA tail” increases the stability of the mRNA

(possibly by protecting it from nucleases). Note that

not all mRNAs have a polyA tail; the histone

mRNAs in particular do not.

and high-temperature stability; from these are made

such items as moldings, shoe soling, wall panels,

polybenzimidazole. (PBI). (C

)

. A syn-

and the like. See acrylonitrile; acrylic resin;

thetic polymer designed for high-temperature space

acrylic fiber.

technology applications. Reputed to withstand tem-

perature up to 260C for 1000 hr.

“Polyact” [Scott]. TM for a winemaking addi-

Derivation: Condensation of diphenyl isophthalate

tive.

and 3,3

′

-diaminobenzidine.

Use: For the treatment of oxidized must wine to

Use: Fibers, composites, adhesives (high adhesion to

prevent browning and pinking.

steel, titanium, beryllium, and aluminum alloys),

coatings, ablative materials.

polyalcohol. See polyol.

polyblend. A combination in any proportion of

polyallomer. A copolymer that has a uniform

(1) two homopolymers (natural or synthetic), (2) a

crystalline structure but a mixed chemical composi-

homopolymer and a copolymer, or (3) two copoly-

tion. It is prepared by anionic coordination catalysis

mers. An example of (1) is rubber-polystyrene, of

using a Ziegler catalyst. The best-known polyallom-

(2) is rubber and butadiene-styrene, and of (3) is a

er is a copolymer of propylene and ethylene; it has

mixture of butadiene-acrylonitrile and isobutylene-

the stereoregular crystalline structure of the homo-

isoprene. A polyblend is a mixture that is made after

polymers of these resins but a variable chemical

its components have been polymerized and thus is

composition. Temperature range −40 to 99C. The

different from a copolymer, which is made by chem-

physical properties of polyallomers are generally

ical combination of two monomers.

intermediate between those of the homopolymers of

See homopolymer; copolymer; blend.

the component resins but give a better balance of

properties than blends of the homopolymers.

polybutadiene. A synthetic thermoplastic poly-

Use: Vacuum-formed, injection-molded, blow-

mer made by polymerizing 1,3-butadiene with a

molded, and extruded products; film; sheeting; wire

stereospecific organometallic catalyst (butyl lithi-

cables.

um), though other catalysts such as titanium tetra-

chloride and aluminum iodide may be used. The cis-

polyamide. A high molecular weight polymer in isomer, which is similar to natural rubber, is used in

which amide linkages (−CONH−) occur along the tire treads due to its abrasion and crack resistance

molecular chain. They may be either natural or syn- and low heat buildup. Large quantities are also used

thetic. Important natural polyamides are casein, soy- as blends in SBR. The trans-isomer resembles gutta-

bean and peanut proteins, and zein, the protein of percha and has limited utility. Liquid polybutadiene,

corn, from all of which plastics, textile fibers, and which is sodium catalyzed, has specialty uses as a

adhesive compositions can be made. Synthetic poly- coating resin. It is cured with organic peroxides.

amides are typified by the numerous varieties of Combustible.

nylon, though some, e.g., “Versamide”, are quite Hazard: (Liquid) By ingestion and inhalation; skin

1008POLYBUTENE

irritant. their manufacture was discontinued in the U.S. in

See polymer, stereospecific. 1976.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

polybutene. See polybutylene.

polychloroprene. See neoprene.

polybutylene. (polybutene; polyisobutylene;

polychlorotrifluoroethylene. (PCTFE).

polyisobutene). Any of several thermoplastic iso-

See chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer.

tactic (stereoregular) polymers of isobutene of vary-

ing molecular weight; also polymers of butene-1 and

polyclonal antibodies. A heterogeneous pool

butene-2. Butyl rubber is a type of polyisobutene to

of antibodies produced in an animal by a number of

which has been added 2% of isoprene, which pro-

different B lymphocytes in response to an antigen.

vides sulfur linkage sites for vulcanization. Isobu-

Different antibodies in the pool recognize different

tene can be homopolymerized to various degrees in

epitopes of the antigen.

chains containing from 10 to 1000 units, the viscosi-

ty increasing with molecular weight. Combustible.

“Polyco” [Borden]. TM for a series of thermo-

Use: Lubricating-oil additive, hot-melt adhesives,

plastic polymers in the form of water emulsions or

sealing tapes, special sealants, cable insulation,

solvent solutions, applied to vinyl acetate polymers

polymer modifier, viscosity index improvers, films,

and copolymers, butadiene-styrene copolymer lat-

and coatings.

ics, polystyrenes, vinyl and vinylidene chloride co-

polymers, acrylic copolymers, and water-soluble

polybutylene terephthalate. An engineering

polyacrylates.

plastic derived from 1,4-butanediol, it is a thermo-

Use: Adhesives and coatings, in paint, leather, tex-

plastic polyester with a broad spectrum of uses.

tiles, paper, cosmetics, and construction fields.

polycarbonate. (COOC

C(CH

)

polycondensation. See condensation (1); po-

synthetic thermoplastic resin derived from bisphe-

lymerization.

nol A and phosgene, a linear polyester of carbonic

acid. Can be formed from any dihydroxy compound

polycoumarone resin. See coumarone-in-

and any carbonate diester, or by ester interchange.

dene resin.

Polymerization may be in either aqueous emulsion

or in nonaqueous solution.

polycyclic. An organic compound having three or

Properties: Transparent (90% light transmission),

more aromatic nuclei in its ring structure, which

noncorrosive, weather and ozone resistant, nontox-

may be the same or different, e.g., anthracene, na-

ic, stain resistant, Combustible but self-extinguish-

phthacene.

ing, low water absorption, high impact strength, heat

See polynuclear.

resistant, high dielectric strength, dimensionally sta-

ble, soluble in chlorinated hydrocarbons and at-

poly(1-4-cyclohexylenedimethylene)

tacked by strong alkalies and aromatic hydrocar-

terephthalate. A linear polyester film or fiber

bons, stable to mineral acids, insoluble in aliphatic

obtained by condensation of terephthalic acid with

alcohols. Excellent for all molding methods, extru-

1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol. It has good electrical

sion, thermoforming, etc.; easily fabricated by all

resistivity and hydrolytic stability.

methods including thermoforming and fluidized-

Use: Carpet fibers and chemically resistant films.

bed coating.

See terephthalic acid.

Use: Molded products, solution-cast or extruded

film, structural parts, tubes and piping, prosthetic

“PolyDADMAC” [Cytec]. TM for liquid cat-

devices, meter face plates, nonbreakable windows,

ionic polymers of differing molecular weights.

streetlight globes, household appliances.

Use: As primary coagulents in liquid solid separa-

tion.

polycarboxylic acid. An organic acid contain-

ing two or more carboxyl (COOH) groups.

polydextrose.

CAS: 68424-04-4.

polychlor. General name for synthetic chlorinat-

Properties: Off-white to light tan solid. Sol in water.

ed hydrocarbons.

Use: Food additive.

Use: Pesticides.

polydextrose solution.

Properties: Clear, straw-colored liquid.

polychlorinated biphenyl. (PCB).

Use: Food additive.

CAS: 1336-36-3. One of several aromatic com-

pounds containing two benzene nuclei with two or

more substituent chlorine atoms. They are colorless

poly-1,1-dihydroperfluorobutyl acrylate.

liquids with d 1.4–1.5. Because of their persistence, Properties: White, rubber-like polymer. D 1.5, be-

toxicity, and ecological damage via water pollution, gins to degrade at 148C, retains strength and elasto-

1009 POLYETHER, CHLORINATED

meric properties in contact with synthetic lubricants, tinuous filament) up to 9.5 g denier, mp 264C, water

absorption 0.5%. Nonflammable.

solvents, hydraulic fluids, oils, etc. at temperatures

Use: Tire fabric, seat belts, reinforcement of rubber

in the range 148–204C. Has limited flexibility at

hose for seawater cooling systems, as blend in cloth-

temperatures below −17C. Nonflammable.

ing fabrics, fire-hose jackets.

Use: O-rings, seals, gaskets, diaphragms, hose,

sheets, and coatings for fabrics and other surfaces.

polyester film. Continuously extruded polyes-

ter sheet of various thicknesses, especially useful in

polydimethyldiphenylsiloxane.

electrical equipment because of its high resistivity.

CAS: 68083-14-7.

Its tensile strength of 25,000 psi is much greater than

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A mild eye irri-

that of other plastic films. Sensitized polyester film

tant.

is used in magnetic tapes, in the photocopying tech-

nique known as reprography.

polydimethylsiloxane. (PDMS). A silicone

polymer developed for use as a dielectric coolant

polyester resin. Any of a group of synthetic

and in solar energy installations. It also may have a

resins, which are polycondensation products of di-

number of other uses. It is stated to be highly resis-

carboxylic acids with dihydroxy alcohols. They are

tant to oxidation and biodegradation by microorga-

thus a special type of alkyd resin but, unlike other

nisms. It is degradable when exposed to a soil envi-

types, are not usually modified with fatty acids or

ronment by chemical reaction with clays and water,

drying oils. The outstanding characteristics of these

by which it is decomposed to silicic acid, carbon

resins is their ability, when catalyzed, to cure or

dioxide, and water.

harden at room temperature under little or no pres-

sure. Most polyesters now produced contain ethyl-

poly-p-dinitrosobenzene. See “Polyac” [Du-

enic unsaturation, generally introduced by unsatu-

Pont].

rated acids. The unsaturated polyesters are usually

cross-linked through their double bonds with a com-

“Polydril” [Dow]. TM for a synthetic water-

patible monomer, also containing ethylenic unsatu-

soluble polymer.

ration, and thus become thermosetting. Flame resis-

Use: Flocculating agent in the oil industry.

tance is imparted by using either acid or glycol

ingredients having a high content of halogens, e.g.,

polyelectrolyte. A high-polymer substance, ei-

HET acid.

ther natural (protein, gum arabic) or synthetic (poly-

The principal unsaturated acids used are maleic and

ethyleneimine, polyacrylic acid salts), containing

fumaric. Saturated acids, usually phthalic and adip-

ionic constituents; may be either cationic or anionic.

ic, may also be included. The function of these acids

The former type is widely used for industrial appli-

is to reduce the amount of unsaturation in the final

cations. Water solutions of both types are electrical-

resin, making it tougher and more flexible. The acid

ly conducting; some are effective in concentrations

anhydrides are often used if available and applica-

as low as 1 ppm. In a given polyelectrolyte, ions of

ble. The dihydroxy alcohols most generally used are

one sign are attached to the polymer chain, while

ethylene, propylene, diethylene, and dipropylene

those of opposite sign are free to diffuse into the

glycols. Styrene and diallyl phthalate are the most

solution. Major uses are flocculation of solids (espe-

common cross-linking agents. Polyesters are resis-

cially dissolved phosphates) in potable water, dis-

tant to corrosion, chemicals, solvents, etc.

persion of clays in oil-well drilling muds, soil condi-

Available forms: Sheets, powder, chips.

tioning, antistatic agents, and treatment of paper-

Use: Reinforced plastics; automotive parts; boat

mill wastewater. Ion-exchange resins are cross-

hulls; foams; encapsulation of electrical equipment;

linked (stabilized) polyelectrolytes.

protective coatings; ducts, flues, and other structural

See flocculant; “Purifloc” [Dow]; “Cat-Floc” [Nal-

applications; low-pressure laminates; magnetic

co].

tapes; piping; bottles; nonwoven disposable filters;

low-temperature mortars.

polyene. Any unsaturated aliphatic or alicyclic

See alkyd resin; polyester fiber.

compound containing more than four carbon atoms

in the chain and having at least two double bonds.

polyethenoid. Characterizing an aliphatic com-

Examples are pentadiene, cyclooctatriene.

pound having more than one ethene group

−CH==CH−. Linoleic acid is a polyethenoid fatty

acid.

polyester fiber. Generic name for a manufac-

tured fiber (either as staple or continuous filament)

polyether. A polymer in which the repeating unit

in which the fiber-forming substance is any long-

contains a C==O bond derived from aldehydes or

chain synthetic polymer composed of at least 85%

epoxides or similar materials.

by weight of an ester of a dihydric alcohol and

terephthalic acid (Federal Trade Commission).

See “Dacron” [Du Pont]; polyethylene terephthalate.

polyether, chlorinated. A highly crystalline

Properties: Strength (staple) 2.2–4.0 g/denier; (con- material that is 46% chlorine. Outstanding corrosion

1010POLYETHER, CYCLIC

resistance. Good electrical resistance. Readily pro- and wide range of properties approach the ideal of a

cessed and fabricated.

universal material more closely than most polymers.

Use: Fluid-bed coating, tank linings, piping, valves,

Density

laboratory equipment, chemical processing equip-

The density of polyethylene and other thermoplastic

ment.

polymers is affected by the shape and spacing of the

molecular chains; low-density materials have highly

branched and widely spaced chains, whereas high-

polyether, cyclic. See crown ether.

density materials have comparatively straight and

closely aligned chains. Polymers of the latter type

polyether foam. A polyurethane foam, either

are called linear. The physical properties are mark-

rigid or flexible, made by use of a polyether as

edly affected by increasing density.

distinct from a polyester or other resin component.

Low density (branched chain)

Hazard: As for polyurethane.

Properties: Crystallinity 50–60%, d 0.915, mp 240F,

tensile strength 1,500 psi, impact strength above 10

polyether glycol. A compound with a structural

ft-lb/inch/notch, thermal expansion 17 × 10

-5

inch/

skeleton such as HO−C−C−O−C−C−O−C−C

inch/C. Soluble in organic solvents above 200F;

−O−C−C−OH. The length of the chain can vary

insoluble at room temperature.

widely, and the number of consecutive carbon atoms

Derivation: (1) Ethylene is polymerized in a free-

may be greater than two. Examples are polyethylene

radical-initiated liquid-phase reaction at 1500 atm

glycol and polypropylene glycol.

(22,000 psi) and 375F with oxygen as catalyst (usu-

ally from peroxides). (2) A much more effective and

polyethylene.

cheaper process uses pressures of only 100–300 psi

CAS: 9002-88-4. (−H

C−CH

−)

at less than 212F; the catalyst is undisclosed and

Chlorosulfonated. See “Hypalon” [Du Pont].

reaction is vapor phase.

Cross-linked (XLPE).

Use: Packaging film (especially for food products),

Properties: Thermoplastic white solid, high-temper-

paper coating, liners for drums and other shipping

ature-resistant, excellent resistance to chemicals and

containers, wire and cable coating, toys, cordage,

to creep, high impact and tensile strength, high elec-

refuse and waste bags, chewing-gum base, squeeze

trical resistivity, insoluble in organic solvents, does

bottles, electrical insulation.

not stress-crack. Combustible.

High density (linear)

Derivation: (1) By irradiating linear polyethylene

Properties: Crystallinity 90%. D 0.95, mp 275F,

with electron beam or ␥-radiation, cross-linking tak-

ing place through a primary valence bond, as shown. tensile strength 4000 psi, impact strength 8 ft-lb/

(2) By chemical cross-linking agent such as an or- inch notch, high electrical resistivity, film is gas-

ganic peroxide (e.g., benzoyl peroxide). All grades

permeable, hydrophobic, does not resist nitric acid.

of polyethylene and most copolymers can be chemi-

Derivation: Ethylene polymerized by Ziegler cata-

cally cross-linked.

lysts at 1–100 atm (15–1500 psi) at from room tem-

Use: Wire and cable coatings and insulation (low-

perature to 200F. Catalyst is a metal alkyl, e.g.,

density grades), pipe and molded fittings (high-den-

triethylaluminum plus a metallic salt (TiCl

) dis-

sity grades). Special types having low electrical re-

solved in a hydrocarbon solvent. A vapor-phase

sistivity can be made; these can be regarded as

modification of this process was developed in 1965.

semiconductors.

Another method uses such metallic catalysts as

Note: In molding cross-linked polyethylene, the de-

at 100–500 psi with solvents such as cyclohex-

sired part must be formed before cross-linking is

ane or xylene.

initiated, because material will not change its shape

Use: Blow-molded products, injection-molded

after cross-linking. The variations in composition

1011 POLYFORMALDEHYDE RESIN

items, film and sheet, piping, fibers, gasoline and oil

polyethylene glycol ester. A mono- or di-es-

containers. ter resulting from the interaction of an organic acid

Note: Ethylene may be copolymerized with varying with one or both of the glycol ends of the polyethyl-

percentages of other materials, e.g., 2-butene or

ene glycol polymer. These are also called polyoxye-

acrylic acid; a crystalline product results from co-

thylene esters, polyglycol esters, or a coined generic

polymerization of ethylene and propylene. When

name.

butadiene is added to the copolymer blend, a vulcan-

izable elastomer is obtained.

polyethylene imine.

Low molecular weight

CAS: 26913-06-4. (CH

NH)

. A synthetic poly-

Properties: Molecular weight 2000–5000. Translu-

mer that is a highly viscous, hygroscopic liquid

cent white solids, excellent electrical resistance,

when anhydrous; completely miscible with water

abrasion resistant, resistant to water and most chem-

and lower alcohols; insoluble in benzene. Reactive

icals, d 0.92. Slightly soluble in turpentine, petrole-

toward cellulose. Combustible.

um naphtha, xylene, and toluene at room tempera-

Use: Adhesive and anchoring agent for paper and

ture; soluble in xylene, toluene, trichloroethylene,

cellophane, dewatering agent and wet strength impr-

turpentine, and mineral oils at 82.2C; practically

over in paper manufacture, fixative, leveling agent

insoluble in water; slightly soluble in methyl ace-

in textile fibers, antiblocking agent on plastic films,

tate, acetone, and ethanol up to the boiling points of

flocculating agent, ion-exchange resins, complex-

these solvents. Available as emulsified and nonem-

ing agents, disinfectant for textiles and skins, photo-

ulsified forms. Combustible.

graphic chemistry, absorbent for carbon dioxide,

Use: Mold-release agent for rubber and plastics, pa-

water purification, polyelectrolyte.

per and container coatings, liquid polishes, and tex-

tile finishing agents.

polyethylene glycol lauryl thioether.

CAS: 9014-89-5. mf: (C

polyethylene glycol. (PEG;

Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

poly(oxyethylene); polyglycol; polyether glycol).

CAS: 25322-68-3. Any of several condensation

polyethylene glycol mono(2-

polymers of ethylene glycol with the general formu-

(dodecylthio)ethyl)ether. See polyethylene

la HOCH

(CH

OCH

)

OH or H(OCH

)

OH.

glycol lauryl thioether.

Average molecular weights range from 200 to 6000.

Properties vary with molecular weight.

polyethylene oxide. A plastic reported to be

Properties: Clear, colorless, viscous liquids to waxy

dimensionally stable at high and low temperatures

solids; odorless. Soluble or miscible with water and

and designed as a substitute for phenolics.

for the most part with alcohol and other organic

solvents, heat-stable; inert to many chemical agents.

polyethylene oxide sorbitan fatty acid

Do not hydrolyze or deteriorate. Have low vapor

esters. See polysorbate.

pressure. Combustible.

Derivation: By condensation of ethylene glycol or of

polyethylene terephthalate.

ethylene oxide and water.

CAS: 25038-59-9. (C

)

. A thermoplastic poly-

Use: Chemical intermediates (lower molecular

ester formed from ethylene glycol by direct esterifi-

weight varieties), plasticizers, softeners and humec-

cation or by catalyzed ester exchange between ethyl-

tants, ointments, polishes, paper coating, mold lu-

ene glycol and dimethyl terephthalate. Offered as

bricants, bases for cosmetics and pharmaceuticals,

oriented film or fiber. It melts at 265C; tenacity is

solvents, binders, metal and rubber processing, per-

2.2–4 g/denier as staple and up to 9.0 g/denier as

missible additives to foods and animal feed, labora-

continuous filament; d 1.38. It has good electrical

tory reagent.

resistance and low moisture absorption. Resists

See “Carbowax” [Union Carbowax].

combustion and is self-extinguishing.

Use: Blended with cotton, for wash-and-wear fab-

polyethylene glycol chloride.

rics; blended with wool, for worsteds and suitings;

H(OCH

)

Cl. Any of a group of polymers,

packaging films, recording tapes, soft-drink bottles.

usually colorless liquids with very low vapor pres-

sure at room temperature. Mw from 100 to 600.

polyethylene thiuram sulfide.

Miscible with water, d for a low molecular weight

Derivation: Oxidation of diammonium ethylene bis-

polymer is 1.18 (20C), for a high molecular weight

dithiocarbamate with calcium hypochlorite.

polymer 1.14 (10C). The former sets to a glass at

Grade: 50% vegetable powder, 95% technical

−90C, the latter sets to a waxlike solid at 20C. Com-

powder.

bustible.

Use: Fungicide.

Use: Solvents for cleaning, extracting, and dewaxing.

polyformaldehyde. See p-formaldehyde.

polyethylene glycol 400, dichloride.

CAS: 27252-69-3. mf: (C

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

polyformaldehyde resin. See acetal resin.

1012POLYFORMING

polyforming. The combined thermal reforming stream of inert gas may be used to blanket the reac-

tion and help remove the water of reaction.

and polymerization processes in gasoline products.

Use: Surface-active agents, emulsifiers, plasticizers,

adhesives, lubricants, and other compounds used for

Polyform process. The process of producing

both edible and industrial applications.

high-octane gasoline from formerly waste refinery

gases and petroleum naphtha.

polyglycerol ester. One of several partial or

polyfunctional system. A system in which one

complete esters of saturated and unsaturated fatty

of the reactants is at least trifunctional and the others

acids with a variety of derivatives of polyglycerols

are at least bifunctional.

ranging from diglycerol to triacontaglycerol. Pre-

pared by (1) direct esterification and (2) transesteri-

fication reactions. Combustible.

polyfurfuryl alcohol. See furfuryl alcohol.

Some examples of (1): decaglycerol monostearate,

semisolid, d 1.04, mp 51.9C; decaglycerol monoole-

“Poly-G” [Hall]. TM for a series of polyethyl-

ate, viscous liquid, d 1.13, mp around 0C; decagly-

ene glycols, polypropylene glycols, and polyoxy-

cerol hexaoleate, liquid, d 0.97, mp −17.7C.

propylene adducts of glycerol. G200, 300, 400, and

Examples of (2): triglycerol monolinoleate, viscosi-

600 are liquid polyethylene glycols; G1000, 1500,

ty 322 cP (75.5C); triglycerol trilinoleate, viscosity

GB-1530, and BG-2000 are waxy polyethylene gly-

30.1 cP (75.5C).

cols. The number indicates the molecular weight.

Use: Lubricants, plasticizers, paint and varnish vehi-

G420P, 1020P, 2020P are propylene oxide conden-

cles, gelling agents, urethane intermediates, adhe-

sation polymers of propylene glycol. G1030PG,

sives, cross-linking agents, humectants, textile fiber

3030PG, 4030PG are propylene oxide condensation

finishes, functional fluids, surface-active agents,

polymers of glycerol.

dispersants and emulsifiers in foods, pharmaceuti-

cals, cosmetic preparations.

“Polygard” [Uniroyal]. TM for a mixture of

alkylated aryl phosphites.

polyglycerol esters of fatty acids.

Properties: Clear amber liquid. D 0.99. Soluble in

Properties: Yellow to amber oily viscous liquids;

acetone, alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, sol-

light tan to brown soft solids; tan to brown waxy

vent naphtha, and ligroin; insoluble in water, but can

solids. Dispersible in water; sol in org solvs and oils.

hydrolyze.

Use: Food additive.

Use: Nondiscoloring stabilizer for rubber and

plastics.

polyglycol. See polyethylene glycol.

polygenic disorder. Genetic disorder resulting

from the combined action of alleles of more than one

polyglycol amine H-163.

gene (e.g., heart disease, diabetes, and some can-

HO[C

cers). Although such disorders are inherited, they

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.0556, bp (decom-

depend on the simultaneous presence of several al-

poses), fp 14.5C, bulk d 8.8 lb/gal, flash p 295F

leles; thus the hereditary patterns usually are more

(146C). Soluble in water. Combustible.

complex than those of single-gene disorders.

See single-gene disorder.

polyglycol distearate. (polyethylene glycol

distearate).

polyglycerate (60). See ethoxylated mono-

CAS: 9005-08-7. C

COO(CH

OCC

and diglycerides.

Distearate ester of polyglycol.

Properties: A soft, off-white solid. D 1.04 (50C), mp

polyglycerol. One of several mixtures of ethers

43C, pH of 10% dispersion 7.26, saponification

of glycerol with itself, ranging from diglycerol to

number variable. Soluble in chlorinated solvents,

triacontaglycerol. Some examples are (1) diglycer-

light esters, and acetone; slightly soluble in alcohols,

ol, possibly (CH

OHCH

OCH

)

, mw 166, a liquid

insoluble in glycols, hydrocarbons, and vegetable

with four −OH groups, viscosity of 287 cs at 65.5C;

oils. Combustible.

(2) hexaglycerol, mw 462, a liquid with eight −OH

Use: Plasticizer for various resins, component of

groups, viscosity 1671 cs at 65.5C; (3) decaglycerol,

grinding and polishing pastes to promote easy re-

mw 758, a liquid with 12 −OH groups, viscosity

moval in water.

3199 cs.

Properties: Viscous liquids to solids. Soluble in wa-

ter, alcohol, and other polar solvents. Act as humec-

“Polygriptex.” TM for an adhesive especially

tants much like glycerol but have progressively designed for bonding polyethylene sheeting to po-

higher molecular weight and boiling point. Combus- rous surfaces, used in making polyethylene-lined

tible. bags and multiwall kraft bags. Has good adhesion to

Derivation: Glycerol is heated with an alkaline cata- waxed surfaces. Available in viscosities from 300 to

lyst (200–275C) at normal or reduced pressure. A 20,000 cP.

1013 POLYMERASE

polyhalite. 2CaSO

•MgSO

•K

•2H

O. A “Polylite” [Reichhold]. TM for a group of

naturally occurring potash salt found in Germany, 100% reactive alkyd resins, dissolved in styrene and

Texas, and New Mexico. other monomers. Highly diversified applications

Use: Source of potash for fertilizer. both alone and in combination with such materials

as fibrous glass. This group also includes resins for

use with diisocyanate to form rigid or flexible poly-

polyhexamethyleneadipamide. Same as ny-

urethane foams.

lon 66.

polymaleic acid.

polyhexamethylene sebacamide. Same as

CAS: 26099-09-2.

nylon 610.

Use: Food additive.

polyhydric alcohol. See polyol.

polymaleic acid, sodium salt.

Use: Food additive.

polyimide. Any of a group of high polymers that

have an imide group (−CONHCO−) in the polymer

“POLYMEKON” [Baker Petrolite]. TM

chain.

for a dispersion

Properties: Tensile strength 13,500 psi, d 1.42, water

absorption 0.3% (24 h at 77K), heat distortion point

polymer. A macromolecule formed by the chem-

above 260C, dielectric constant at 2000 mc 3.2, and

ical union of five or more identical combining units

coefficient of linear expansion 28.4 × 10

−6

inch/inch/

called monomers. In most cases the number of mo-

foot. High-temperature stability (up to 370C), excel-

nomers is quite large (3500 for pure cellulose) and

lent frictional characteristics, good wear resistance

often is not precisely known. In synthetic polymers

at high temperatures, resists radiation, exhibits low

this number can be controlled to a predetermined

outgassing in high vacuum, resistant to organic ma-

extent, e.g., by short-stopping agents. (Combina-

terials at quite high temperatures, not resistant to

tions of two, three, or four monomers are called,

strong alkalies and to long exposure to steam. Flame

respectively, dimers, trimers, and tetramers and are

retardant.

known collectively as oligomers.) A partial list of

Use: High-temperature coatings, laminates and com-

polymers by type is as follows:

posites for aerospace vehicles, ablative materials,

oil sealants and retainers, adhesives, semiconduc-

I. Inorganic: siloxane, sulfur chains, black

tors, valve seats, bearings, insulation for cables,

phosphorus, boron-nitrogen, silicones

printed circuits, magnetic tapes (high- and low-tem-

II. Organic

perature-resistant), flame-resistant fibers, binders in

1. Natural

abrasive wheels.

(a) Polysaccharides: starch, cellulose, pec-

tin, seaweed gums (agar, etc.), vegeta-

polyindene resin. See coumarone-indene

ble gums (arabic, etc.).

resin.

(b) Polypeptides (proteins): casein, albu-

min, globulin, keratin, insulin, DNA

polyisobutene. See polybutylene.

(polyisoprene)

2. Synthetic

polyisobutylene. See polybutylene.

(a) Thermoplastic: elastomers (unvulcan-

ized), nylon, polyvinyl chloride, poly-

polyisocyanurate. See isocyanurate.

ethylene (linear), polystyrene, polypro-

pylene, fluorocarbon resins,

polyisoprene. (C

)

. The major component of

polyurethane, acrylate resins

natural rubber, also made synthetically. Forms are

(b) Thermosetting: elastomers (vulcan-

stereospecific cis-1,4- and trans-1,4-polyisoprene.

ized), polyethylene (cross-linked), phe-

Both can be produced synthetically by the effect of

nolics, alkyds, polyesters

heat and pressure on isoprene in the presence of

3. Semisynthetic: cellulosics (rayon, methyl-

stereospecific catalysts. Natural rubber is cis-1,4-;

cellulose, cellulose acetate), modified

synthetic cis-1,4- is sometimes called synthetic nat-

starches (starch acetate, etc.)

ural rubber. trans-1,4-polyisoprene resembles gut-

tapercha. Polyisoprene is thermoplastic until mixed

with sulfur and vulcanized. Supports combustion.

polymer, addition. See addition polymer.

See rubber, natural; rubber, synthetic; catalyst, ste-

reospecific.

polymerase. An enzyme which links individual

nucleotides together into a long strand, using anoth-

polylinker. A short, usually synthetic fragment er strand as a template. There are two general types

of DNA containing recognition sequences for sever- of polymerase: DNA polymerases (which synthe-

al restriction endonucleases employed to insert size DNA) and RNA polymerase (which make

DNA into plasmids. RNA).

1014POLYMERASE CHAIN

polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A meth- Synthetic high polymers (or “synthetic resins”) in-

od for amplifying a DNA base sequence using a clude a wide variety of materials having properties

heat-stable polymerase and two 20-base primers, ranging from hard and brittle to soft and elastic.

one complementary to the (+) strand at one end of Addition of such modifying agents as fillers, colo-

rants, etc. yields an almost infinite number of prod-

the sequence to be amplified and one complementa-

ucts collectively called plastics. High polymers are

ry to the (-) strand at the other end. Because the

the primary constituents of synthetic fibers, coating

newly synthesized DNA strands can subsequently

materials (paints and varnishes), adhesives, seal-

serve as additional templates for the same primer

ants, etc. Polymers having special elastic properties

sequences, successive rounds of primer annealing,

are called rubbers, or elastomers.

strand elongation, and dissociation produce rapid

Synthetic polymers in general can be classified: (1)

and highly specific amplification of the desired se-

by thermal behavior, i.e., thermoplastic and thermo-

quence. PCR also can be used to detect the existence

setting; (2) by chemical nature, i.e., amino, alkyd,

of the defined sequence in a DNA sample.

acrylic, vinyl, phenolic, cellulosic, epoxy, urethane,

siloxane, etc.; and (3) by molecular structure, i.e.,

polymerase, DNA or RNA. Enzyme that

atactic, stereospecific, linear, cross-linked, block,

catalyzes the synthesis of nucleic acids on preexist-

graft, ladder, etc. Copolymers are products made by

ing nucleic acid templates, assembling RNA from

combining two or more polymers in one reaction

ribonucleotides or DNA from deoxyribonucleo-

(styrene-butadiene). See cross-linking; block

tides.

polymer; epitaxy; homopolymer; plastics.

polymer, atactic. See atactic.

polymer, homo-. A polymer consisting of only

one repeated monomer.

polymer, block. See block polymer.

polymer, inorganic. A polymer in which the

polymer, condensation. A polymer formed by

main chain contains no carbon atoms and in which

a condensation reaction.

behavior similar to that of an organic polymer can be

developed, i.e., covalent bonding and cross-linking,

polymer, coordination. A polymer made by

as in silicone polymers. Here the element silicon

organic addition, neither free radical nor ionic, using

replaces carbon in the straight chain; substituent

an organometallic catalyst.

groups are often present, forming highly useful

polymers. Other inorganic high polymers are black

polymer, electroconductive. A polymer or

phosphorus, boron, and sulfur, all of which can form

elastomer made electrically conductive by incorpo-

polymeric structures under special conditions. At

ration of a substantial percentage of a suitable metal

present these have little or no commercial signifi-

powder (e.g., aluminum) or acetylene carbon black;

cance.

the proportion used must be high enough to permit

Note: Some authorities consider silicone resins to be

the particles to be in contact with one another in the

semiorganic, since their substituent groups are com-

mixture. Polyelectrolytes such as ion-exchange res-

posed of methyl groups.

ins, salts of polyacrylic acid, and sulfonated polysty-

rene are electroconductive in the presence of water.

polymer, isotactic. A type of polymer structure

Pyrolysis of polyacrylonitrile makes it electrically

in which groups of atoms that are not part of the

conductive without impairment of its structure.

backbone structure are located either all above or all

Polyacetylene and a few related polymers are made

below the atoms in the backbone chain, when the

conductive by various doping agents such as arsenic

latter are all in one plane.

pentafluoride and iodine.

See polymer, stereospecific.

See polyacetylene.

polymer eutactic. A tactic polymer completely

devoid of any structural disorder along its chain.

polymer, graft. See graft polymer.

polymer, high. An organic macromolecule

composed of a large number of monomers. The

polymerization. A chemical reaction, usually

molecular weight may range from 5000 into the carried out with a catalyst, heat, or light, and often

millions (for some polypeptides). Natural high poly- under high pressure, in which a large number of

mers are exemplified by cellulose (C

and relatively simple molecules combine to form a

rubber (C

)

. Proteins are natural high-polymer chainlike macromolecule. The combining units are

combinations of amino acid monomers. The divid- called monomers, e.g., styrene is the monomer for

ing line between low and high polymers is consid- polystyrene. The linear chains can be combined

ered to be in the neighborhood of 5000 to 6000 mw. (cross-linked) by addition of appropriate chemicals.

1015 POLY(METHYL VINYL ETHER)

The polymerization reaction occurs spontaneously Synthetic natural rubber, cis-polyisoprene, is an ex-

in nature; industrially it is performed by subjecting

ample of a stereospecific polymer made possible by

unsaturated or otherwise reactive substances to con-

this means. There are five types of stereospecific (or

ditions that will bring about combination. This may

stereoregular) structures: cis, trans, isotactic, syndi-

occur by addition, in which free radicals are the

otactic, and tritactic.

initiating agents that react with the double bond of

See catalyst; stereospecific.

the monomer by adding to it on one side, at the same

time producing a new free electron on the other.

polymer, syndiotactic. See syndiotactic

R• + CH

==CHX → R−CH

−CHX•

polymer.

By this mechanism the chain becomes self-propa-

gating. Polymerization may also occur by condensa-

polymer, synthetic. See polymer.

tion, involving the splitting out of water molecules

by two reacting monomers, and by so-called oxida-

polymer, water-soluble. Any substance of

tive coupling. The degree of polymerization (DP) is

high molecular weight that swells or dissolves in

the number of monomer units in an average polymer

water at normal temperature. These fall into several

unit of a given sample.

groups, including natural, semisynthetic, and syn-

Polymerization techniques may be (1) in the gas

thetic products. Their common property of water

phase at high pressures and temperatures (200C), (2)

solubility makes them valuable for a wide variety of

in solution at normal pressure and temperatures

applications as thickeners, adhesives, coatings, food

from −70 to +70C, (3) bulk or batch polymerization

additives, textile sizing, etc.

at normal pressure at 150C, (4) in suspension at

See specific entries. (1) Natural. This type is princi-

normal pressure at 60–80C, (5) in emulsion form at

pally composed of gums, which are complex carbo-

normal pressure at −20 to +60C (used for copoly-

hydrates of the sugar group. They occur as exuda-

mers). Catalysts of the peroxide type are necessary

tions of hardened sap on the bark of various tropical

with some of these methods.

species of trees. All are strongly hydrophilic. Exam-

Note: Polymerization, like its handmaiden, catalysis,

ples are arabic, tragacanth, karaya.

has long been one of the most complex and produc-

(2) Semisynthetic. This group (sometimes called wa-

tive areas of chemical research; from year to year

ter-soluble resins) includes such chemically treated

new materials and reaction mechanisms are con-

natural polymers as carboxymethylcellulose, me-

stantly being explored, sometimes with only mar-

thylcellulose, and other cellulose ethers, as well as

ginal success. But it need only be recalled that such

various kinds of modified starches (ethers and ace-

now commonplace materials as polyethylene, poly-

tates).

carbonate, nylon, neoprene, epoxies, acrylics, to

(3) Synthetic. The principal members of this class

mention only a few, as well as block, graft, and

are polyvinyl alcohol, ethylene oxide polymers,

stereospecific polymers, have resulted from contin-

polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethyleneimine.

uous and intensive research by many brilliant chem-

ists over the last 60 years, and this research con-

polymethacrylate resin. See acrylic resin;

tinues undiminished.

methyl methacrylate.

See free radical; cross-linking.

polymethylbenzene. See durene; pseudocu-

polymer, ladder. See ladder polymer.

mene. Durene and pseudocumene are two mem-

bers of this group with some commercial production

polymer, low. A polymer composed of compa-

and use.

ratively few monomer units and having a molecular

weight from 300 to 5000.

polymethylene polyphenylisocyanate. A

polymer of diphenylmethane-4,4

′

-diisocyanate.

polymer, natural. See polymer.

polymethylene wax. See wax, polymethy-

polymer, stereoblock. See stereoblock lene.

polymer.

poly-4-methylpentene-1.

Properties: High resistance to all chemicals except

polymer, stereospecific. (stereoregular). A

carbon tetrachloride and cyclohexane. Excellent

polymer whose molecular structure has a definite

heat resistance, high clarity and light transmittance.

spatial arrangement, i.e., a fixed position in geomet-

Temperature limit 170C, d 0.83.

rical space for the constituent atoms and atomic

Use: Laboratory ware (beakers, graduates, etc.); elec-

groups comprising the molecular chain, rather than

tronic and hospital equipment; food packaging, es-

the random and varying arrangement that character-

pecially types subject to high temperature such as

izes an amorphous polymer. Achievement of this

trays for TV dinners, etc.; light reflectors.

specific steric (three-dimensional) structure (also

called tacticity) requires use of special catalysts such

as those developed by Ziegler and Natta about 1950.

poly(methyl vinyl ether). See polyvinyl

Such polymers are wholly or partially crystalline. methyl ether.

1016POLYMORPHIC

polymorphic. Describing a protein for which solvents. They have considerable use potential in the

amino acid sequence variants exist in a population of ion-exchange field, as ablative agents, reinforcing

organisms, but the variations do not destroy the agents, and hydraulic fluids.

protein’s function. For example, antibodies which See organoclay; graft polymer.

contain variable and hypervariable sites.

“Polyox” [Dow]. TM for a series of water-solu-

polymorphism. See allotropy.

ble ethylene oxide polymers with molecular weights

in the 100,000 to several million range.

polymyxin.

Use: Textile warp size, paper coatings, detergents,

CAS: 1406-11-7. Generic term for a series of antibi-

hair spray, toothpastes, water-soluble packaging

otic substances produced by strains of Bacillus poly-

film, adhesives.

myxa. Various polymyxins are differentiated by the

letters A, B, C, D, and E. All are active against

polyoxadiazole. A polymer of oxadiazole, cycl-

certain Gram-negative bacteria. Polymyxin B is

ic C

O, prepared by cyclodehydration (ring for-

most used.

mation from a chain with subsequent loss of water)

Properties: All are basic polypeptides. Soluble in

of polyisophthalic hydrazide. Because of its high

water; the hydrochlorides are soluble in water and

temperature tolerance (above 398C), fibers made

methanol, insoluble in ether, acetone, chlorinated

from it may be useful for space vehicles.

solvents, and hydrocarbons. Permissible food addi-

tives.

polyoxamide. A nylon-type material made from

Use: Medicine (antibiotic), beer production.

oxalic acid and diamines.

polymyxin E sulfate.

polyoxetane. See oxetane; “Penton” [Aqual-

CAS: 1264-72-8. mf: C

•H

on].

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

polyoxyethylated (C9-C10) alkyl thioether.

“Poly-N” [Solutia]. (ammonium polyphos-

CAS: 9004-83-5. mf: (C

phate). TM for chemical used as a phosphorus-

Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

based catalyst in organic as well as latex-based

products.

polyoxyethylated (4) isodecyl alcohol.

Use: Fire-retardant intumescent paints, mastics, and

CAS: 61827-42-7. mf: (C

polymers.

Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

polynuclear. Descriptive of an aromatic com-

polyoxyethylated (6) isodecyl alcohol.

pound containing three or more closed rings, usually

CAS: 26183-52-8. mf: (C

of the benzenoid type, e.g., sterols.

Hazard: A moderate skin and severe eye irritant.

See polycyclic; nucleus (3).

polyoxyethylated oleyl amine.

polyol. A polyhydric alcohol, i.e., one containing

CAS: 58253-49-9. mf: (C

three or more hydroxyl groups. Those having three

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

hydroxyl groups (trihydric) are glycerols; those with

more than three are called sugar alcohols, with gen-

polyoxyethylene. See polyethylene glycol.

eral formula CH

OH(CHOH)

OH, where n may

be from 2 to 5. These react with aldehydes and

polyoxyethylene(4)docyl alcohol phosphate

ketones to form acetals and ketals.

potassium salt.

See alcohol; glycerol.

CAS: 68070-99-5.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

polyolefin. A class or group name for thermo-

plastic polymers derived from simple olefins;

polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester. See po-

among the more important are polyethylene, poly-

lysorbate.

propylene, polybutenes, polyisoprene, and their co-

polymers. Many are produced in the form of fibers.

polyoxyethylene lauryl ether phosphate.

This group comprises the largest tonnage of all ther-

CAS: 39464-66-9. mf: (C

O.xH

moplastics produced.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

A severe skin and eye irritant.

polyorganosilicate graft polymer. An orga-

noclay to which a monomer or an active polymer has

been chemically bonded, often by the use of ionizing

polyoxyethylene (40) monostearate. (poly-

radiation. An example is the bonding of styrene to a ethylene glycol stearate).

polysilicate containing vinyl radicals, resulting in CAS: 9004-99-3. A mixture of the mono- and di-

the growth of polystyrene chains from the surface of stearate esters of mixed polyoxyethylene diols and

the silicate. Such complexes are stable to organic corresponding free glycols. The monostearate can

1017 POLYPHYLETIC

be represented as H(OCH

)

OCOC

(n is

about 40).

Properties: Waxy, light-tan solid; nearly odorless.

Congealing range 39–45C. Soluble in water, alco-

hol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in mineral and

vegetable oils.

The sequence of amino acids in the chain is of

Grade: USP.

critical importance in the biological functioning of

Use: Ointments, emulsifier, surfactant, food additive.

the protein, and its determination is one of the most

See polysorbate.

difficult problems in molecular biology. The chains

may be relatively straight, or they may be coiled or

polyoxyethyleneoxypropylene. (POEOP). A

helical. In the case of certain types of polypeptides,

polymer of ethylene and propylene glycols (ethyl-

such as the keratins, they are cross-linked by the

ene oxide propylene oxide).

disulfide bonds of cystine. Linear polypeptides can

Use: Solvent.

be regarded as proteins. Synthesis of a 20−amino

acid polypeptide that induces formation of antibod-

ies for foot and mouth disease was announced in

polyoxyethylene (8) stearate.

1982. It is the first vaccine to be synthesized. See

CAS: 9004-99-3. A mixture of the mono- and dies-

protein; polyamide; keratin.

ters of stearic acid and mixed polyoxyethylene diols

having an average polymer length of 7.5 oxyethy-

polyphenylene triazole.

lene units.

[−C

−C

)−]

. A polymer stated to be

Properties: Cream-colored, soft, waxy, or pasty sol-

serviceable up to 260C for films, coatings, adhe-

id at 25C; faint, fatty odor; slightly bitter, fatty taste.

sives, and lamination.

Soluble in toluene, acetone, ether, and ethanol.

Use: Emulsifier in bakery products.

“Polyphos” [Olin]. TM for a water-soluble

See polysorbate.

glassy sodium phosphate of standardized composi-

tion, (Na

), analyzing 63.5% P

(ratio of

polyoxymethylene. Any of several polymers of

O:P

is 1.2:1). It is closely similar to a sodium

formaldehyde and trioxane.

hexametaphosphate and sodium tetraphosphate; fre-

See acetal resin.

quently the three names are used interchangeably.

Grade: Ground, walnut-size to pea-size lumps.

polyoxypropylene diamine. (POPDA). Any

Use: Boiler water compounds, detergents, textiles,

of six high molecular weight amines of low viscosity

leather tanning, photographic film developing, de-

and vapor pressure, high primary amine content, and

flocculation of clays, flotation and desliming of

light color.

minerals, dispersion of pigments, paper processing,

Use: As cross-linking agents in epoxy coatings, im-

industrial and municipal water treatment.

parting high flexibility and adhesion at low tempera-

tures. Other possible uses are in polyamide and

polyphosphazene. See phosphazene.

polyurethane coatings, adhesives, elastomers and

foams, as intermediates for textile and paper treat-

polyphosphoric acid. H

3n+1

, for n >1. Any

ment, and viscosity-index improvers in lubricating

of a series of strong acids, from pyrophosphoric

oils.

acid, H

2), through metaphosphoric acid

(large values of n).

Properties: Viscous, water-white liquid. Water solu-

polyoxypropylene ester. See polypropylene

ble. Does not crystallize on standing; hygroscopic.

glycol ester.

The commercial acid is a mixture of orthophospho-

ric acid with pyrophosphoric, triphosphoric, and

polyoxypropylene-glycerol adduct. One of

higher acids and is sold on the basis of its calculated

several condensation polymers of propylene oxide

content of H

, e.g., 115%. Superphosphoric acid

and glycerol with molecular weights in the range

is a similar mixture sold at 105% H

. These acids

1000 to 4000. Clear, stable, almost colorless, non-

revert slowly to orthophosphoric acid on dilution

corrosive liquids.

with water.

Use: Similar to those of polypropylene glycol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; strong irritant.

Use: Dehydrating, catalytic, and sequestering agents,

for metal treating; many applications where a con-

polypeptide. (peptide). The class of compounds

centrated monooxidizing acid is needed; laboratory

composed of acid units chemically bound together

reagent.

with amide linkages (−CONH−) with elimination of

See phosphoric acid.

water. A polypeptide is thus a polymer of amino

acids. The chain of amino acids (less than 100) are

linked by peptide bonds. A segment of such a chain

polyphyletic. Term applied to a group of organ-

is as follows: isms which does not include the most recent com-

1018POLYPROPYLENE

mon ancestor of those organisms; the ancestor does

polypropylene glycol ester. Exactly analo-

not possess the character shared by members of the

gous to polyethylene glycol ester.

group.

polypropylene glycol monobutyl ether.

See butoxy polypropylene glycol.

polypropylene.

CAS: 9003-07-0. (C

)

. A synthetic, crystalline,

thermoplastic polymer with molecular weight of

polypropyleneimine. Polymeric form of pro-

40,000 or more.

pyleneimine. Available in 50% aqueous solution.

Note: Low molecular weight polymers are also

Use: Textile, paper, and rubber industries.

known that are amorphous in structure and used as

gasoline additives, detergent intermediates, greases,

polypropylene oxide. (C

. A derivative

sealants, and lubricating oil additives. Also avail-

of propylene.

able as a high melting wax.

Use: Intermediate for urethane foams.

Derivation: Polymerization of propylene with a ste-

reospecific catalyst such as aluminum alkyl.

polypyrrolidone. Synonym for nylon 4.

Properties: Translucent, white solid. D 0.90, mp

168–171C, tensile strength 5000 psi, flexural

“Polyrad” [Aqualon]. TM for reaction prod-

strength 7,000 psi, usable up to 121C. Insoluble in

ucts of “Amine D” and ethylene oxide.

cold organic solvents; softened by hot solvents.

Grade: Various grades that differ in chain length of

Maintains strength after repeated flexing. Degraded

polyoxyethylene units and free amine content. Vary

by heat and light unless protected by antioxidants.

in viscosity at 25C from 0.5 to 24.8 cP.

Readily colored; good electrical resistance; low wa-

Use: Corrosion inhibitors and detergents in petrole-

ter absorption and moisture permeability; poor im-

um processing equipment, wetting and emulsifying

pact strength below −9.4C; not attacked by fungi or

agents, inhibiting hydrogen chloride.

bacteria; resists strong acids and alkalies up to 60C,

but is attacked by chlorine, fuming nitric acid, and

“Polyram” [FMC]. TM for a wettable powder.

other strong oxidizing agents. Combustible, but

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

slow-burning. Fair abrasion and good heat resis-

Use: Fungicide, approved for many vegetables.

tance if properly modified. Can be chrome-plated,

injection- and blow molded, and extruded.

polyribosome. (polysome). A complex of an

Available forms: (Molding powder) Extruded sheet,

mRNA molecule and many ribosomes.

cast film (1–10 mils), textile staple and continuous

filament yarn, fibers with diameters from 0.05 to 1

polyrotaxames. Hooplike molecules threaded

␮m, and fiber webs down to 2 microns thick, low-

as “rotors” on a linear polymer “axle.” Up to 40 ␣-

density foam.

cyclodextrim (rotor) molecules have been threaded

Use: Packaging film; molded parts for automobiles,

on a poly(iminooligomethylene) (hub) chain.

appliances, housewares, etc.; wire and cable coat-

ing; food container closures; coated and laminated

polysaccharide. A combination of nine or more

products; bottles; artificial grass and turfs; plastic

monosaccharides, linked together by glycosidic

pipe; wearing apparel (acid-dyed); fish nets; surgi-

bonds. Examples: starch, cellulose, glycogen.

cal casts; strapping; synthetic paper; reinforced

See carbohydrate; phycocolloid.

plastics; nonwoven disposable filters.

polysiloxane. See siloxane.

polypropylenebenzene. See dodecylbenzene.

“Poly-Solv” [Olin]. TM for a series of glycol

polypropylene, chlorinated. White, odorless,

ether solvents for paints, varnishes, dry-cleaning

nonflammable powder. A film-forming polymer

soaps, cutting oils, insecticides.

used in coatings, inks, adhesives, and paper

coatings.

polysome. See polyribosome.

polypropylene glycol. (PG). HO(C

H. polysorbate. (USAN for a polyoxyethylene

One of a group of compounds comparable to poly- fatty acid ester). One of a group of nonionic sur-

ethylene glycols but more oil soluble and substan- factants obtained by esterification of sorbitol with

tially less water soluble. Classified by molecular one or three molecules of a fatty acid (stearic, lauric,

weight as 425, 1025, 2025. Nonvolatile, noncorro- oleic, palmitic) under conditions that cause splitting

sive liquids; lower molecular weight members are out of water from the sorbitol, leaving sorbitan.

soluble in water. Solvents for vegetable oils, waxes, About 20 moles of ethylene oxide per mole of sorbi-

resins. Combustible. tol are used in the condensation to effect water solu-

Use: Hydraulic fluids, rubber lubricants, antifoam tion.

agents, intermediates in urethane foams, adhesives, Properties: Lemon to amber, oily liquids; faint odor;

coatings, elastomers, plasticizers, paint formula- bitter taste. D 1.1. Most types are soluble in water,

tions, laboratory reagent. alcohol, and ethyl acetate. Combustible.

1019 POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE

Grade: Polysorbate 20 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbi- lants, gaskets, paint spray hose.

tan monolaurate). Polysorbate 60 (polyoxyethylene See “Thiokol.”

(20) sorbitan monostearate). Polysorbate 80 (poly-

oxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate). Polysorbate

polysulfone. A synthetic thermoplastic polymer.

65 (polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan tristearate).

Properties: Hard, rigid, transparent solid. Tensile

Use: Surfactant, emulsifying agent, dispersing

strength 10,000 psi, d 1.24, flexural strength 15,000

agents, shortenings and baked goods, pharmaceuti-

psi, good electrical resistance, minimum creep, low

cals, flavoring agents, foaming and defoaming

expansion coefficient. Soluble in aromatic hydro-

agents.

carbons, ketones, and chlorinated hydrocarbons; re-

See sorbitan fatty acid ester.

sistant to corrosive acids and alkalies, heat, oxida-

tion, detergents, oils, and alcohols. Dimensionally

polysorbate 65.

stable over temperature range −100 to +148C; tends

Properties: Tan, waxy solid; faint odor, bitter taste.

to absorb moisture, readily processed and fabricat-

Sol in mineral oil, vegetable oil, mineral spirits,

ed. Combustible but self-extinguishing.

acetone, ether, dioxane, alc, methanol; dispersible in

Derivation: Condensation of bisphenol A and di-

water, carbon tetrachloride.

chlorophenyl sulfone.

Use: Food additive.

Use: Power-tool housings, electrical equipment, ex-

truded pipe and sheet, automotive components,

polystyrene.

electronic parts, appliances, computer components,

CAS: 9003-53-6. (C

CHCH

)

. Polymerized sty-

base matrix for stereotype printing plates.

rene, a thermoplastic synthetic resin of variable mo-

lecular weight depending on degree of polymeriza-

polyterpene resin. A class of thermoplastic

tion.

resins or viscous liquids of amber color, obtained by

Properties: Transparent, hard solid. High strength

polymerization of turpentine in the presence of cata-

and impact resistance; excellent electrical and ther-

lysts such as aluminum chloride or mineral acids.

mal insulator. Attacked by hydrocarbon solvents but

The resins consist essentially of polymers of ␣-or␤-

resists organic acids, alkalies, and alcohols. Not

pinene and are soluble in most organic solvents.

recommended for outdoor use; unmodified polymer

Use: Paints, rubber plasticizers, curing concrete, im-

yellows when exposed to light, but light-stable mod-

pregnating paper, adhesives, hot-melt coatings,

ified grades are available. Easily colored, molded,

pressure-sensitive tapes.

and fabricated. Copolymerization with butadiene

See pinene.

and acrylonitrile and blending with rubber or glass

fiber increase impact strength and heat resistance;

autoign temp 800F. Combustible.

polytetrafluoroethylene. (PTFE; TFE; “Tef-

Derivation: Polymerization of styrene by free radi-

lon”).

cals with peroxide initiator.

CAS: 9002-84-0. (C

)

. A polymer of tetrafluoro-

Available forms: Sheet, plates, rods, rigid foam,

ethylene; it is essentially a straight chain of the

expandable beads or spheres.

repeating unit [−CF

−CF

−]

. Soft and waxy with a

Hazard: As for foam, plastic.

milk-white color; it can be molded by powder metal-

Use: Packaging, refrigerator doors, air-conditioner

lurgy techniques involving mixing with a diluent,

cases, containers and molded household wares, ma-

that is subsequently removed, and sintering at 371C.

chine housings, electrical equipment, toys, clock

Properties: Highly resistant to oxidation and action

and radio cabinets. Foam: Thermal insulations, light

of chemicals including strong acids, alkalies, oxi-

construction (as in boats, etc.), ice buckets, water

dizing agents; resistant to nuclear radiation and UV

coolers, fillers in shipping containers, furniture con-

rays, ozone, and weather; halogenated solvents at

struction. Spheres: Radiator leak stopper.

high temperatures and pressures have some adverse

See “Styron” [Dow]; “Styrofoam” [Dow].

effect. Retains useful properties up to 287C and is

strong and tough. Low coefficient of friction (0.05)

polysulfide elastomer. A synthetic polymer in and antistick properties; excellent resistance to elec-

either solid or liquid form obtained by the reaction of tricity; coefficient of thermal expansion greater than

sodium polysulfide with organic dichlorides such as other plastics and metals. Nonflammable.

dichlorodiethyl formal, alone or mixed with ethyl- Available forms: Extrusion and molding powders,

ene dichloride. Outstanding for resistance to oils and aqueous dispersion, film, multifilament fiber.

solvents and for impermeability to gases. They have Hazard: Evolves toxic fumes on heating.

poor tensile strength and abrasion resistance but are Use: Gaskets, liners, seals, flexible hose; ablative

resilient and have excellent low-temperature flexi- coatings for rockets and space vehicles: chemical

bility. Some grades have fairly strong odor, which is process equipment; coatings in aerospace; coaxial

not objectionable in most applications. Sealant spacers; insulators; wire coating and tape in electri-

grades are furnished in two parts that cure at room cal and electronic fields; bearings; seals; piston

temperature when blended. rings; antistick coatings for cooking vessels, felts,

Use: Gasoline and oil-loading hose, sealants and ad- packings, and bearings.

hesive compositions, binder in solid rocket propel- See “Teflon” [Du Pont] “Halon” [Allied Signal].

1020POLYTHENE

polythene. (generic name for polyethylene). polyesters or polyethers containing hydroxyl

groups.

No longer current terminology in the U.S. but still

Use: Sealants and caulking agents; adhesives; films

used in England.

and linings; shoe uppers and heels; encapsulation of

electronic parts; binders for rocket propellants;

polythiadiazole. [−C

−C

S−]

. A polymer

abrasive wheels and other mechanical items; auto-

made from polyoxathiahydrazide. Can be converted

mobile bumpers, fenders, and other components.

to fibers; stated to retain properties to 398C and to

Foams

have resistance to thermal degradation such that it

Properties: Both flexible and rigid foams are avail-

retains 60 or 70% of original tenacity after 32 hr at

able. Density varies from 2 to 50 lb/ft

, thermal

398C.

conductivity as low as 0.11 Btu/hr/sq ft/F/in, excel-

lent insulators. Combustible unless protected by ef-

polythiazyl. (SN)

. An experimental polymer of

fective thermal barrier.

sulfur nitride with covalent linkages said to have the

Hazard: Evolves toxic fumes on ignition.

optical and electrical properties characteristic of

See foam, plastic.

metals. Thin films are reported to exhibit epitaxial

Derivation: A polyether such as polypropylene gly-

growth.

col is treated with a diisocyanate in the presence of

some water and a catalyst (amines, tin soaps, organic

polytrifluorochloroethylene resin. See

tin compounds). As the polymer forms, the water

chlorotrifluoroethylene resin.

reacts with the isocyanate groups to cause cross-

linking and also produces carbon dioxide, which

polyunsaturated fat. A fat or oil based at least

causes foaming. In other cases, trifluoromethane or

partly on fatty acids having two or more double

similar volatile material may be used as a blowing

bonds per molecule, such as linoleic and linolenic

agent.

acids. Examples are corn oil and safflower oil.

Flexible foams are based on polyoxypropylenediols

Use: Margarine and dietary foods, salad dressings,

of 2000 molecular weight and triols up to 4000

etc.

molecular weight. Rigid foams are based on poly-

ethers made from sorbitol, methyl glucoside, or su-

polyurethane.

crose.

CAS: 9009-54-5. A thermoplastic polymer (which

Use: (Flexible) Furniture, mattresses, laminates and

can be made thermosetting) produced by the con-

linings, flooring leveling, seat cushions and other

densation reaction of a polyisocyanate and a hydrox-

automotive accessories, carpet underlays, uphol-

yl-containing material, e.g., a polyol derived from

stery, absorbent of crude oil spills on seawater. (Rig-

propylene oxide or trichlorobutylene oxide. The ba-

id) Furniture; packaging and packing; building insu-

sic polymer unit is formed as follows: R

NCO +

lation; marine flotation; automobile components;

OH → R

NHCOOR

cigarette filters; light structures (as boat hulls);

Fiber

soundproofing; salvaging operations; ship building

Properties: High elastic modulus, good electrical

(for buoyancy); transportation insulation for box

resistance, highly moisture-proof, crystalline struc-

cars, refrigerated cars, tank and hopper cars, trucks,

ture. Combustible.

and trailers (claimed to be twice as effective as glass

Derivation: Reaction of hexamethylene diisocya-

fiber); insulation for storage tanks, ships’ holds, and

nate and 1,4-butanediol.

pipelines; automobile bumpers.

Use: Chiefly in so-called spandex fibers for girdles

and other textile structures requiring exceptional

polyvinyl acetal. One of the family of vinyl

elasticity, bristles for brushes, etc.

resins resulting from the condensation of polyvinyl

Coatings

alcohol with an aldehyde; acetaldehyde, formalde-

Properties: Excellent hardness, gloss, flexibility,

hyde, and butyraldehyde are commonly used. The

abrasion resistance, and adhesion; resistant to im-

three main groups are polyvinyl acetal itself, polyvi-

pact, weathering, acids, and alkalies; attacked by

nyl formal, and polyvinyl butyral. These are all

aromatic and chlorinated solvents. Applied by

thermoplastic and can be processed by extruding,

brush, spray, or dipping. Combustible.

molding, coating, and casting. They are used chiefly

Derivation: Formed from “prepolymers” containing

in adhesives, paints and lacquers, and films. Polyvi-

isocyanate groups (toluene and 4,4

′

-diphenylmeth-

nyl butyral is used in sheet form as an interlayer in

ane diisocyanates) and hydroxyl-containing materi-

safety glass and shatter-resistant protection in air-

als such as polyols and drying oils.

craft.

Use: Baked coatings, two-component formulations,

wire coatings, tank linings, maintenance paints, ma-

sonry coating.

Elastomers

Properties: Good resistance to abrasion, weathering,

and organic solvents, tend to harden and become

brittle at low temperatures. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of polyisocyanates with linear

1021 POLYVINYL ETHYL ETHER

polyvinyl acetate. (PVAc). polyvinyl chloride. (PVC).

CAS: 9002-86-2. (−H

CCHCl−)

. A synthetic ther-

CAS: 9003-20-7. [−CH

CH(OOCCH

)−]

. A ther-

moplastic polymer.

moplastic high polymer.

Properties: White powder or colorless granules. Re-

Properties: Colorless transparent solid; odorless. D

sistant to weathering and moisture; dimensionally

1.19 (15C). Insoluble in water, gasoline, oils, and

stable; good dielectric properties; resistant to most

fats; soluble in low molecular weight alcohols, es-

acids, fats, petroleum hydrocarbons, and fungus.

ters, benzene, and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Resis-

Readily compounded into flexible and rigid forms

tant to weathering. Combustible.

by use of plasticizers, stabilizers, fillers, and other

Derivation: Polymerization of vinyl acetate with

modifiers. Easily colored and processed by blow

peroxide catalysts.

molding, extrusion, calendering, fluid-bed coating,

Use: Latex water paints; adhesives for paper, wood,

etc. Available as film, sheet, fiber, and foam.

glass, metals, and porcelain; intermediate for con-

Derivation: Polymerization of vinyl chloride by free

version to polyvinyl alcohol and acetals; sealant;

radicals with peroxide initiator. May be copolymer-

shatterproof photographic bulbs; paper coating and

ized with up to 15% of other vinyls.

paperboard; bookbinding; textile finishing; non-

Hazard: Decomposes at 148C, evolving toxic fumes

woven fabric binder; component of lacquers, inks,

of hydrogen chloride.

and plastic wood; strengthening agent for cements.

See vinyl chloride.

Use: Piping and conduits of all kinds; siding; gutters;

polyvinyl alcohol. (PVA; PVOH).

window and door frames; officially approved for use

CAS: 9002-89-5. (−CH

CHOH−)

. A water-soluble

in interior piping, plumbing, and other construction

synthetic polymer made by alcoholysis of polyvinyl

uses. Raincoats, toys, gaskets, garden hose, electri-

acetate.

cal insulation, shoes, magnetic tape, film and sheet-

Properties: White- to cream-colored powder. D

ing, containers for toiletries, cosmetics, household

1.27–1.31, refr index 1.49–1.53. Properties depend

chemicals, fibers for athletic supports, sealant liners

on degree of polymerization and the percentage of

for ponds and reservoirs, adhesive and bonding

alcoholysis, both of which are controllable in pro-

agent, plastisols and organosols, tennis court sur-

cessing. Water solubility increases as molecular

faces, flooring, coating for paper and textiles, wire

weight decreases; strength, elongation, tear resis-

and cable protection, base for synthetic turf, phono-

tance, and flexibility improve with increasing mo-

graph records, fuel in pyrotechnic devices.

lecular weight. Tensile strength up to 22,000 psi;

Note: Use of PVC in rigid and semirigid food con-

decomposes at 200C. PVA has high impermeability

tainers such as bottles, boxes, etc., is under restric-

to gases, is unaffected by oils, greases, and petrole-

tion by FDA as well as in coatings for fresh citrus

um hydrocarbons. Attacked by acids and alkalies. It

fruits. Its use in thinner items such as films and

forms films by evaporation from water solution.

package coatings is permissible. Possibility of mi-

Combustible.

gration of vinyl chloride monomer into food prod-

Grade: Super high viscosity (mw 250,000–300,000),

ucts is the critical factor; this tends to increase with

high viscosity (mw 170,000–220,000), medium vis-

the thickness of the material.

cosity (mw 120,000–150,000), low viscosity (mw

25,000–35,000).

polyvinyl chloride-acetate.

Use: Textile warp and yarn size, laminating adhe-

CAS: 34149-92-3. (−C

O•C

Cl−)

. A vinyl

sives, molding powders, binder for cosmetic prepa-

chloride and vinyl acetate copolymer that is more

rations, ceramics, leather, cloth, nonwoven fabrics

flexible than polyvinyl chloride. The copolymer

and paper, paper coatings, grease-proofing paper,

usually contains 85–97% of the chloride. It general-

emulsifying agent, thickener and stabilizer, photo-

ly has similar properties and uses as polyvinyl chlo-

sensitive films, cements and mortars, intermediate

ride.

for other polyvinyls, imitation sponges, printing

inks (glass).

polyvinyl dichloride. (PVDC). A chlorinated

polyvinyl chloride. Has high strength and superior

polyvinylbenzyltrimethyl ammonium

chemical resistance over a broad temperature range.

chloride. An electrically conductive polymer.

Combustible but self-extinguishing.

Use: To increase the conductivity of papers.

Use: Pipe and fittings for hot corrosive materials up

to 100C. Immune to solvation or direct attack by

polyvinyl butyral. See polyvinyl acetal.

inorganic reagents, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and al-

cohols.

polyvinyl carbazole. A brown thermoplastic

polyvinyl ether. See polyvinyl ethyl ether;

resin obtained by the reaction of acetylene with

polyvinyl isobutyl ether; polyvinyl methyl

carbazole. It softens at 150C, and has excellent die-

ether; polyvinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride.

lectric properties, good heat, and chemical stability

but poor mechanical strength.

Use: Substitute for mica in electrical equipment and

polyvinyl ethyl ether. (PVE; polyvinyl

as an impregnant for paper capacitors. ether). [−CH(OC

)CH

−]

1022POLYVINYL FLUORIDE

Properties: Viscous gum to rubbery solid, depend- to weathering and UV; valve and impeller parts;

ing on molecular weight. Colorless when pure. D shrinkage tubing to encapsulate resistors, diodes,

0.97 (20C), refr index 1.45 (25C). Insoluble in wa- and soldered joints; sealant.

ter; soluble in nearly all organic solvents; stable See fluorocarbon polymer.

toward dilute and concentrated alkalies and dilute

acids. Compatible with a limited number of com-

polyvinyl isobutyl ether. (PVI; polyvinyl

mercial resins, including rosin derivatives and some

ether). [−CH(OCH

CH(CH

)

−]

phenolics.

Properties: White, opaque elastomer or viscous liq-

Derivation: Polymerization of vinyl ethyl ether.

uid depending on molecular weight; almost

Use: Pressure-sensitive tape, to improve adhesion to

odorless. D 0.91–0.93 (20C), refr index 1.45–1.46

porous surfaces, cellophane, cellulose acetate, and

(25C). Insoluble in water, ethanol, and acetone; sol-

vinyl sheet.

uble in most other organic solvents; stable toward

dilute and concentrated alkalies and dilute acids.

Compatible with a limited number of commercial

polyvinyl fluoride. (−H

CCHF−)

. Polymer of

resins, including rosin derivatives and some pheno-

vinyl fluoride. In film form it is characterized by

lics. Combustible.

superior resistance to weather, high strength, high

Derivation: Polymerization of vinyl isobutyl ether

dielectric constant, low permeability to air and wa-

by peroxides or acid catalysts.

ter, as well as oil, chemical solvent, and stain resis-

Grade: As 100% material in three molecular weight

tance.

ranges.

Hazard: Not recommended for food packaging;

Use: Adhesives, waxes, tackifiers, plasticizers, sur-

evolves toxic fumes on heating.

face coatings, laminating agents, cable filling com-

Use: Protective material for outdoor use, packaging,

positions, lubricating oils.

electrical equipment.

polyvinyl methyl ether. (PVM).

polyvinyl formal. See polyvinyl acetal.

(−CH

CHOCH

−)

. A nonionic polymer of high mo-

lecular weight.

polyvinylidene chloride. (saran). A stere-

Properties: Colorless (when pure), tacky liquid. D

oregular, thermoplastic polymer.

1.05, refr index 1.47, solidifies near 0C. Soluble in

Properties: Tasteless, odorless, abrasion resistant,

water at 32C above which it precipitates from water

low vapor transmission, impermeable to flavor,

but redissolves on cooling. Soluble in most organic

highly inert to chemical attack. Softened by chlori-

solvents except aliphatic hydrocarbons. Compatible

nated hydrocarbons, oluble in cyclohexanone and

with rubber latexes, rosin derivatives, and some

dioxane. Combustible but self-extinguishing.

phenolics. Combustible.

Derivation: Polymerization of vinylidene chloride

Derivation: Polymerization of vinyl methyl ether

or copolymerization of vinylidene chloride with

with peroxides or acid catalysts.

lesser amounts of other unsaturated compounds.

Use: Pressure-sensitive and hot-melt adhesives,

Available forms: Extruded and molded products,

bonding of paper to polyethylene, laminating adhe-

oriented fibers, films.

sive, tackifier and plasticizer for coatings, heat sen-

Use: Packaging of food products; specially meats and

sitizer for rubber latex, pigment binder in textile

poultry, insecticide-impregnated multiwall paper

finishing and printing inks, protective colloid in

bags; ipes for chemical processing equipment; seat

emulsions.

cvers; upholstery; fibers; bristles; latex coatings.

See saran fiber; “Cryovac.”

polyvinyl methyl ether-maleic anhydride.

(PVM/MA).

polyvinylidene fluoride. (−H

C==CF

−)

[−CH

CHOCH

CHCOOCOCH−]

. Water-soluble

thermoplastic fluorocarbon polymer suitable for

copolymer of vinyl methyl ether and maleic anhy-

compression and injection molding and extrusion.

dride

Properties: Crystals. Mp 171C, thermally stable

Use: Protective colloid, dispersing agent, thickener,

from −62 to +148C; combustible, self-extinguishing

binder, adhesive and size in coatings, detergents,

and nondripping. Tensile strength 7,000 psi at 25C,

emulsions, paper, textiles, leather, latex, rust pre-

yield stress 5,500 psi, elongation 300%, compres-

ventive, foam stabilizer.

sion strength 10,000 psi, thermal conductivity 1.05

Btu/hr/sq ft/F/in, water absorption 0.04% in 24 hr, d

polyvinylpolypyrrolidone.

1.76, refr index 1.42. Resistant to oxidative degrada-

Properties: White, hygroscopic powder; faint bland

tion, electricity, acids, alkalies, oxidizers, halogens;

odor. Insol in water.

somewhat soluble in dimethylacetamide, attacked

Use: Food additive.

by hot concentrated sulfuric acid or n-butylamine.

Available forms: Powder, pellets, solution, and dis-

persion.

poly-2-vinylpyridine. (−CH(C

N)−CH

−)

Use: Insulation for high-temperature wire; tank lin- A vinyl-type polymer suggested for use as a photo-

ings; chemical tanks and tubing; protective paints graphic dye mordant, tablet coating material, anti-

and coatings with exceptional resistance (30 years) static for textiles and paper, and textile dye receptor.

1023 PORCELAIN ENAMEL

polyvinylpyrrolidone. (PVP). Ponzio reaction. Formation of dinitrophenyl-

CAS: 9003-39-8. (C

NO)

. methanes from benzaldoximes by oxidation with

nitrogen dioxide in ether.

Properties: White, free-flowing, amorphous powder

or aqueous solution. D 1.23–1.29, bulk d 15lb/ft

hygroscopic. Soluble in water and organic solvents;

POPDA. See polyoxypropylene diamine.

compatible with wide range of hydrophilic and hy-

drophobic resins.

Pople, John A. (1925–2004). A British citizen

Grade: Various molecular weight: 10,000, 40,000,

awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1998, joint-

160,000, 360,000.

ly with Walter Kohn, for pioneering contributions in

Use: Pharmaceuticals; blood plasma expander; cast

developing methods that can be used for theoretical

films adherent to glass, metals, and plastics; com-

studies of the properties of molecules and the chemi-

plexing agent; detoxification of chemicals such as

cal processes in which they are involved. He per-

dyes, iodine, phenol, and poisonous drugs. Tablet-

fored his research at Northwestern University,

ing, photographic emulsions, cosmetics (hair

Evanston, Illinois.

sprays, shampoos, hand creams, skin lotions), denti-

frices, dye-stripping, textile finishes, protective col-

POPOP. Abbreviation for phenyl-oxazolyl-phe-

loid, detergents, adhesives, beer and wine clarifica-

nyloxazolyl-phenyl.

tion.

See 1,4-bis[2-(5-phenyloxazolyl)]benzene.

polyvinyl resin. (vinyl plastic). Any of a series

population genetics. The study of variation in

of polymers (resins) derived by polymerization or

genes among a group of individuals.

copolymerization of vinyl monomers (CH

==CH−)

including vinyl chloride and acetate, vinylidene

porcelain. (potassium aluminum silicate).

chloride, methyl acrylate and methacrylate, acrylo-

(4K

O•Al

•3SiO

). A mixture of clays, quartz,

nitrile, styrene, the vinyl ethers, and numerous oth-

and feldspar usually containing at least 25% alumi-

ers. Specifically, polyvinyl chloride, acetate, alco-

na. Ball and china clays are ordinarily used. A slip or

hol, etc. and copolymers or closely related materials.

slurry is formed with water to form a plastic, molda-

See vinyl; polyvinyl.

ble mass, which is then glazed and fired to a hard,

smooth solid.

“POLYWAX” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for

Properties: High impact strength, impermeable to

polyethylene.

liquids and gases, resistant to chemicals except hy-

drogen fluoride and hot, strong caustic solutions,

Pomeranz-Fritsch reaction. Formation of

usable up to 1093C but subject to heat shock. D 2.41,

isoquinolines by the acid-catalyzed cyclization of

Mohs hardness 6–7, compression strength 100,000

benzalaminoacetals prepared from aromatic alde-

psi.

hydes and aminoacetal.

Grade: Chemical and electrical.

Use: Reaction vessels, spark plugs, electrical resis-

Ponceau 3R. (3-hydroxy-4-[2,4,5-(trimethyl-

tors, electron tubes, corrosion-resistant equipment,

phenyl)azo]-2,7-naphthalenedisulfonic acid, diso-

ball mills and grinders, food-processing equipment,

dium salt; CI 16155).

piping, valves, pumps, tower packing, laboratory

CAS: 3564-09-8.

ware.

(CH

)

NNC

(OH)(SO

)•2Na. A water-solu-

See ceramics; porcelain enamel; porcelain, zircon.

ble red dye.

Properties: Dark-red powder. Soluble in water and

porcelain enamel. A substantially vitreous in-

acids to form a cherry-red solution; slightly soluble

organic coating bonded to metal by fusion above

in alcohol; insoluble in alkalies.

426C (ASTM). Composed of various blends of low-

Hazard: Prohibited by FDA for use in foods, drugs,

sodium frit, clay, feldspar, and other silicates;

cosmetics.

ground in a ball mill; and sprayed onto a metal

Use: Dyeing wool; biological stain.

surface (steel, iron, or aluminum), to which it bonds

firmly after firing, giving a glasslike fire-polished

“Ponolith” [Du Pont]. TM for a type of highly

surface.

dispersed pigments used primarily for the coloring

Properties: High hardness, abrasion, and chemical

and tinting of paper.

resistance except to hydrogen fluoride and hot

strong caustic; low expansion coefficient. Corrosion

pontianak. A type of Manila resin that is semi-

resistant, stable to heat-shock, easy to clean and

fossil, hard, and soluble in oils and hydrocarbons.

decontaminate.

Use: Adhesives; paints, varnishes, and lacquers.

Use: Chemical reaction equipment, light reflectors,

See copal resin.

laboratory bench tops, storage tanks and containers,

high temperature process equipment, seawater treat-

pony. A small unit of equipment used for labora- ment and marine engine parts, glazing frit.

tory or plant experimental work. See porcelain; glaze.

1024PORCELAIN, ZIRCON

porcelain, zircon. (ZrO

•SiO

). A special high- Porphyrins of this type have been made synthetical-

temperature porcelain used for spark plugs and fur-

ly by passing an electric current through a mixture of

nace trays because of its high mechanical strength

ammonia, methane, and water vapor. Biochemists

and heat-shock resistance. Usable up to 1700C.

believe that this phenomenon may account for the

High dielectric strength but rather lower power fac-

original formation of chlorophyll and other porphy-

tor at high frequencies.

rins that have been essential factors in the origin of

life.

The most important porphyrin derivatives are char-

pore. (1) A minute cavity in epidermal tissue as in

acterized by a central metal atom; hemin is the iron-

skin, leaves, or leather, having a capillary channel to

containing porphyrin essential to mammalian blood,

the surface that permits transport of water vapor

and chlorophyll is the magnesium-containing por-

from within outward but not the reverse. (2) A void

phyrin that catalyzes photosynthesis. Other deriva-

or interstice between particles of a solid such as sand

tives of importance are cytochromes, which func-

minerals or powdered metals, that permits passage

tion in cellular metabolism, and the phthalocyanine

of liquids or gases through the material in either

group of dyes.

direction. In some structures, such as gaseous diffu-

sion barriers and molecular sieves, the pores are of

porpoise oil. (dolphin oil).

molecular dimensions, i.e., 4–10 A

units. Such mi-

Properties: Pale-yellow liquid. D 0.926–0.929, sa-

croporous structures are useful for filtration and

ponification value 290, iodine value 10–30. Soluble

molecular separation purposes in various industrial

in ether, chloroform, benzene, and carbon disulfide;

operations. (3) A cell in a spongy structure made by

the refined jaw and head oil has uniquely low pour

gas formation (foamed plastic) that absorbs water on

point and high lubricity and is highly resistant to

immersion but releases it when stressed.

gumming, oxidation, and evaporation.

See membrane, semipermeable; molecular sieve.

Use: Lubricant for watches and precision instru-

ments.

“Porocel” [Engelhard]. TM for an activated

bauxite. Supplied in various standard meshes, mois-

“Porta-Pig” [Reactor]. TM for lead-lined mo-

ture contents, and regular low iron and low silica

bile cart.

grade.

Use: Carrying radioactive materials.

Use: Absorbent catalysts.

Porter, George. (1920−2002). An English

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

poromeric. A term coined to describe the micro-

1967 with Eigen and Norrish. His research con-

porosity, air permeability, and water and abrasion

cerned fast chemical reactions and the chemistry of

resistance of natural and synthetic leather. The pores

photosynthesis. He was educated at Cambridge Uni-

decrease in diameter from the inner surface to the

versity and taught there before going on to other

outer and thus permit air and water vapor to leave the

posts.

material while excluding water from the outside.

Polyester-reinforced urethane resins have poromer-

Portland cement. See cement, Portland.

ic properties, and vinyl resins have been used as

leather substitutes with some success, primarily for

shoe uppers.

“Positek” [Nalco]. TM for retention and drain-

ing program.

Use: Papermaking.

porphyrin. Any of several physiologically active

nitrogenous compounds occurring widely in nature.

positive cooperativity. A phenomenon of

The parent structure is comprised of four pyrrole

some multisubunit enzymes or proteins in which

rings, shown as I, II, III, and IV in the diagram

binding of a ligand or substrate to one subunit facili-

below, together with four nitrogen atoms and two

tates binding of a second ligand or substrate to an-

replaceable hydrogens, for which various metal

other subunit.

atoms can be readily substituted. A metal-free por-

phyrin molecule has the structure:

positional cloning. A technique used to identi-

fy genes, usually those that are associated with dis-

eases, based on their location on a chromosome.

positron. An antiparticle whose mass and spin

are the same as those of an electron but whose

electric charge is positive. Positrons can be made in

a linear particle accelerator for use in physical re-

search.

See antiparticle.

1025 POTASSIUM ACETATE

post-transcriptional processing. The enzy- Grade: USP.

matic processing of an hnRNA, producing function- Use: Medicine; decorative color effects on brass,

al mRNA, tRNA, or rRNA molecules. bronze, and nickel.

post-transcriptional regulation. Any pro-

potassium.

cess occurring after transcription which affects the

CAS: 7440-09-7. K. Metallic element of atomic

amount of protein a gene produces. Includes RNA

number 19, group IA of the periodic table, an alkali

processing efficiency, RNA stability, translation ef-

metal, aw 39.098, valence of 1. Potassium-40 is a

ficiency, protein stability. For example, the rapid naturally occurring radioactive isotope. There are

also two stable isotopes. The synthetic isotope, po-

degradation of an mRNA will reduce the amount of

tassium-42, is used in tracer studies, primarily in

protein arising from it. Increasing the rate at which

medicine. An essential element in plant growth and

an mRNA is translated will increase the amount of

in animal and human nutrition; occurs in all soils.

protein product.

Properties: Soft, silvery metal. Rapidly oxidized in

moist air. D 0.862, mp 63C, bp 770C. Soluble in

post-translational modification. Enzymatic

liquid ammonia, aniline, mercury, and sodium.

processing of a polypeptide chain after translation

Derivation: Ores and deposits in Stassfurt (Germa-

from its mRNA. Examples are enzymatic cleavage,

ny), Carlsbad (New Mexico), Saskatchewan (Cana-

phosphorylation or sulfation, and oligosaccharide

da), Searles Lake (California), Great Salt Lake

addition.

(Utah), Yorkshire (England), Ural Mountains (the

former U.S.S.R.), Israel, and eastern Mediterranean

post-translational processing. The reactions

area. The most important ores are carnallite, sylvite,

which alter a protein’s covalent structure, such as

and polyhalite. Thermochemical distillation of po-

phosphorylation, glycosylation, or proteolytic

tassium chloride with sodium is the chief U.S. meth-

cleavage.

od of production.

Grade: Technical, 99.95% pure.

potasan. (4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin dieth-

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, reacts with moisture to

oxythiophosphate; hymecromone-O,O-diethyl-

form potassium hydroxide and hydrogen. The reac-

phosphorothioate).

tion evolves much heat, causing the potassium to

CAS: 299-45-6. C

PS.

melt and spatter. It also ignites the hydrogen. Burn-

Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 38C, bp 210C (1

ing potassium is difficult to extinguish; dry pow-

mm Hg) (decomposes), d 1.26, refr index 1.567.

dered soda ash or graphite or a special mixture of dry

Soluble in common organic solvents; almost insolu-

chemicals is recommended. It can ignite spontane-

ble in water.

ously in moist air. Moderate explosion risk by chem-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, cholinesterase inhib-

ical reaction. Potassium metal will form the perox-

itor.

ide and the superoxide at room temperature even

Use: Insecticide.

when stored under mineral oil; may explode violent-

ly when handled or cut. Oxide-coated potassium

potash. See potassium carbonate.

should be destroyed by burning. Store in inert atmo-

spheres, such as argon or nitrogen, under liquids that

potash alum. See aluminum potassium sul-

are oxygen free, such as toluene or kerosene, or in

fate.

glass capsules that have been filled under vacuum or

inert atmosphere.

potash, caustic. See potassium hydroxide.

Use: Preparation of potassium peroxide, heat-ex-

change alloys (see NaK); laboratory reagent; seed-

potash chrome alum. See chromium potas-

ing of combustion gases in magnetohydrodynamic

sium sulfate.

generators; component of fertilizers (as potassium

chloride).

potash feldspar. See feldspar.

potassium abietate. KO

. Water-solu-

potash magnesia double salt. A material

ble soap resulting from action of rosin on potassium

containing potassium carbonate, magnesium sul-

hydroxide.

fate, a low proportion of chloride, and 20–30% K

Use: Fertilizer.

potassium acetate.

potash, sulfurated. (potassium, sulfurated). CAS: 127-08-2. KC

A mixture composed chiefly of potassium polysul- Properties: White, crystalline, deliquescent powder;

fides and potassium thiosulfate, containing not less saline taste. Mp 292, d 1.57 (25C). Soluble in water

than 12.8% sulfur in combination as sulfide. and alcohol; insoluble in ether; solutions alkaline to

Properties: Liver-brown when freshly made chang- litmus but not to phenolphthalein. Combustible.

ing to a greenish-yellow; odor of hydrogen sulfide; Derivation: By the action of acetic acid on potassium

bitter, acrid, and alkaline taste; decomposes upon carbonate.

exposure to air, soluble in water leaving a residue. Grade: Pure, pure fused, CP, NF reagent.

1026POTASSIUM ACID CARBONATE

Use: Dehydrating agent, textile conditioner, reagent

potassium aluminum fluoride. K

AlF

Properties: White powder. Slightly soluble in water.

in analytical chemistry, medicine, cacodylic deriva-

Derivation: Aluminum fluoride, ammonium fluo-

tives, crystal glass, synthetic flavors.

ride, and potassium chloride.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

potassium acid carbonate. See potassium

irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

bicarbonate.

Use: Insecticide.

potassium acid fluoride. See potassium bi-

potassium aluminum sulfate. See alumi-

fluoride.

num potassium sulfate.

potassium acid oxalate. See potassium bi-

potassium-p-aminobenzoate. C

KNO

noxalate.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water; par-

tially soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

potassium acid phosphate. See potassium

Use: Condensation catalyst, mainly for polyglycol

phosphate, monobasic.

ether polymers.

potassium acid saccharate.

potassium antimonyl tartrate. See antimo-

HOOC(CHOH)

COOK.

ny potassium tartrate.

Properties: Light, off-white powder, pH of solution

3.5. Slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in hot

potassium argentocyanide. See silver po-

water, acid, or alkaline solutions. Combustible.

tassium cyanide.

Use: Chelating agent, rubber formulations, metal

plating, soaps, and detergents.

potassium arsenate. (Macquer’s salt).

CAS: 7784-41-0. KH

AsO

potassium acid sulfate. See potassium bi-

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.867, mp 288C.

sulfate.

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

potassium acid sulfate, anhydrous. See

irritant.

potassium pyrosulfate.

Use: Manufacture of fly paper, insecticidal prepara-

tions, preserving hides, printing textiles.

potassium acid sulfite. See potassium bisul-

fite.

potassium arsenite. (potassium metaarsen-

ite).

potassium acid tartrate. See potassium bi-

CAS: 10124-50-2. KH(AsO

)

•H

tartrate.

Properties: White powder. Hygroscopic; decom-

poses slowly in air. Variable composition. Keep

potassium alginate. (potassium polymannu-

well stoppered. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

ronate). (C

. Hydrophilic colloid having a

alcohol.

molecular weight of 32,000–250,000.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

Properties: Occurs in filamentous, grainy, granular,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

and powdered forms. It is colorless or slightly yel-

irritant.

low and may have a slight characteristic smell and

Use: Reducing agent in silvering mirrors.

taste. Slowly soluble in water, forming a viscous

solution; insoluble in alcohol.

potassium asulam.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

CAS: 14089-43-1. mf: C

S•K.

Use: Thickening agent and stabilizer in dairy prod-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

ucts, canned fruits, and sausage casings; emulsifier.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

See alginic acid.

potassium aurate. KAuO

•3H

potassium alum. See aluminum potassium

Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water and

sulfate.

alcohol.

Derivation: Gold oxide dissolved in potassium hy-

potassium aluminate. K

•3H

droxide solution.

Properties: Hard crystals, lustrous. Soluble in water

Use: To prepare other gold compounds.

with hydrolysis to form strongly alkaline solution;

insoluble in alcohol.

potassium beryllium fluoride. See berylli-

Derivation: By fusing potassium hydroxide with

um potassium fluoride.

aluminum oxide.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Dyeing, printing (mordant); lakes, paper sizing.

potassium bicarbonate. (potassium acid

carbonate; baking soda).

potassium aluminosilicate. See feldspar. CAS: 298-14-6. KHCO

1027 POTASSIUM BROMATE

Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals or white

potassium bisulfite. (potassium acid sulfite;

potassium hydrogen sulfite). KHSO

powder; odorless; slightly alkaline, salty taste. D

Properties: White, crystalline powder; sulfur diox-

2.17, mp decomposes between 100 and 120C, refr

ide odor. Mp decomposes at 190C. Soluble in water;

index 1.482. Soluble in water and potassium carbon-

insoluble in alcohol.

ate solution; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Sulfur dioxide is passed through a solu-

Derivation: By passing carbon dioxide into a solu-

tion of potassium carbonate until no more carbon

tion of potassium carbonate in water.

dioxide is given off; the solution is concentrated and

Grade: Commercial, highest purity, USP, reagent,

allowed to crystallize.

FCC.

Grade: Commercial, reagent, medicinal.

Use: Baking powders, soft drinks, medicine (antac-

Use: Reduction of various organic compounds; puri-

id), manufacture of pure potassium carbonate, fire-

fication of aldehydes and ketones, iodine, sodium

extinguishing agent, low-pH liquid detergents, labo-

hydrosulfite; antiseptic; source of sulfurous acid,

ratory reagent, food additive.

particularly in brewing; analytical chemistry; tan-

ning; bleaching straw and textile fibers; chemical

potassium bichromate. See potassium dich-

preservative in foods (except meats and other

romate.

sources of vitamin B

potassium bifluoride. (potassium acid fluo-

potassium bitartrate. (cream of tartar; po-

ride; potassium hydrogen fluoride).

tassium acid tartrate).

CAS: 7789-29-9. KHF

CAS: 868-14-4. KHC

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.37, mp 238C.

Properties: White crystals or powder; pleasant,

Decomposed by heat; soluble in alcohol (dilute) and

slightly acid taste. D 1.984 (18C). Soluble in boiling

water; insoluble in alcohol (absolute).

water; insoluble in alcohol.

Grade: Technical.

Derivation: From wine lees by extraction with water

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

and crystallization.

Use: Etching glass, flux in silver solders, alkylation

Grade: Technical, NF, FCC.

catalyst, electrolyte in fluorine production.

Use: Baking powder, preparation of other tartrates,

medicine, galvanic tinning of metals, food additive.

potassium binoxalate. (potassium acid oxa-

late; acid potassium oxalate; sorrel salt).

potassium borate. See potassium tetraborate.

CAS: 127-95-7. KHC

•1/2H

Properties: White crystals; bitter, sharp taste; some-

potassium borofluoride. See potassium

what hygroscopic. D (anhydrous salt) 2.088. De-

fluoborate.

composes when heated. Soluble in water; insoluble

in alcohol.

potassium borohydride.

Derivation: Neutral potassium oxalate and oxalic

CAS: 13762-51-1. KBH

acid are dissolved in water and crystallized.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 1.18, stable

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

in moist and dry air, stable in vacuum to 500C,

Use: Removing ink stains, scouring metals, cleaning

decomposed by acids with evolution of hydrogen.

wood, photography, laboratory reagent, mordant.

Partially soluble in water and ammonia; insoluble in

ethers and hydrocarbons.

potassium biphthalate. See potassium hy-

Derivation: By reaction of sodium borohydride and

drogen phthalate.

potassium hydroxide.

Grade: Technical, powder, pellets.

potassium bisulfate. (acid potassium sulfate;

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

potassium hydrogen sulfate; potassium acid sul-

ingestion.

fate).

Use: Source of hydrogen; reducing agent for alde-

CAS: 7646-93-7. KHSO

hydes, ketones, and acid chlorides; foaming agent

Properties: Colorless crystals. The fused salt is deli-

for plastics.

quescent. D 2.245, mp 195 (decomposes). Soluble in

water yielding a solution with acid reaction, decom-

potassium bromate.

poses in alcohol.

CAS: 7758-01-2. KBrO

Derivation: Heating potassium sulfate with sulfuric

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D

acid.

3.27, mp (decomposes) 370C, strong oxidizing

Use: Conversion of wine lees and tartrates into potas-

agent. Soluble in boiling water.

sium bitartrate, flux, manufacture of mixed fertiliz-

Derivation: By passing bromine into a solution of

ers, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, laboratory re-

potassium hydroxide.

agent.

Grade: Pure, CP, FCC.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

potassium bisulfide. See potassium hydro- materials, strong irritant.

sulfide. Use: Laboratory reagent, oxidizing agent, perma-

1028POTASSIUM BROMIDE

nent-wave compounds, maturing agent in flour, Derivation: (1) By electrolyzing a hot concentrated

dough conditioner, food additive.

alkaline solution of potassium chloride. Preferably

Note: Food additive uses restricted as to proportions

(2) by interaction of solutions of potassium chloride

used.

and sodium chlorate or calcium chlorate.

Hazard: Forms explosive mixture with combustible

materials (sulfur, sugar, etc.); strong oxidizing

potassium bromide.

agent.

CAS: 7758-02-3. KBr.

Use: Oxidizing agent, explosives, matches, source of

Properties: White, crystalline granules or powder;

oxygen, textile printing, pyrotechnics, percussion

pungent, strong, bitter, saline taste; somewhat hy-

caps, disinfectant, bleaching.

groscopic. D 2.749, mp 730C, bp 1435C. Soluble in

water and glycerol; slightly soluble in alcohol and

ether.

potassium chloraurate. See potassium gold

Derivation: Solutions of iron bromide and potassium

chloride.

carbonate are mixed and heated, the solution filtered

and concentrated, and the bromide crystallized out.

potassium chloride.

Grade: Technical, CP, NF, reagent, single crystals.

CAS: 7447-40-7. KCl.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Properties: Colorless or white crystals; strong saline

Use: Photography (gelatin bromide papers and

taste. D 1.987, mp 772C. Soluble in water; slightly

plates), process engraving and lithography, special

soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether and acetone.

soaps, spectroscopy, infrared transmission, labora-

Occurs naturally as sylvite. Noncombustible.

tory reagent.

Derivation: (1) Mined from sylvite deposits in New

Mexico and Saskatchewan, purified by fractional

potassium-tert-butoxide. See potassium-tert- crystallization or flotation; (2) extracted from salt

butylate. lake brines and purified by recrystallization.

Grade: Chemical (99.5 and 99.9%); agricultural

grades sold as 60–62%, 48–52%, and 22% K

potassium-tert-butylate. (potassium-tert-

single crystals; USP; FCC.

butoxide). (CH

)

COK. White, hygroscopic

Use: Fertilizer, source of potassium salts, pharma-

powder; a strong organic base.

ceutical preparations, photography, spectroscopy,

Hazard: Flammable. May cause severe caustic tissue

plant nutrient, salt substitute, lab reagent, buffer

burns.

solutions, food additive.

potassium carbonate. (potash; pearl ash).

potassium chlorochromate. (Peligot’s salt).

CAS: 584-08-7. (1) K

. (2) K

•1.5H

KClCrO

Properties: White, deliquescent, granular, translu-

Properties: Red crystals. D 2.497. Liberates chlorine

cent powder; alkaline reaction. (1) D 2.428 (19C),

on heating. Soluble in water.

mp 891C, bp decomposes. Soluble in water; insolu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

ble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

Use: Oxidizing agent.

Derivation: (1) Engel-Precht process uses magne-

sium oxide, potassium chloride, and carbon dioxide,

potassium chloroiridate. See iridium potas-

separating the Engels salt (MgCO

•KHCO

•4H

O).

sium chloride.

Decomposition leaves potassium bicarbonate in so-

lution, which can be processed to potassium carbon-

ate. (2) Alkyl amines or ion-exchange resins can be

potassium chloroplatinate. (platinum potas-

used with potassium chloride and carbon dioxide to

sium chloride; potassium platinichloride).

yield potassium bicarbonate, which is calcined to

CAS: 16921-30-5. K

PtCl

the carbonate. This is analogous to the Solvay pro-

Properties: Small, orange-yellow crystals or pow-

cess for sodium carbonate.

der. Decomposes when heated (250C), d 3.499

Grade: Crystals; technical; reagent; calcined

(24C). Insoluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in

80–85%, 85–90%, 90–95%, 96–98%; hydrated

water.

80–85%; FCC.

Derivation: Adding platinic chloride to a solution of

Hazard: Solutions irritating to tissue.

potassium salt and crystallizing.

Use: Special glasses (optical and color TV tubes),

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

potassium silicate, dehydrating agent, pigments,

Use: Photography, laboratory reagent.

printing inks, laboratory reagent, soft soaps, raw

wool washing, general-purpose food additive.

potassium chromate. (potassium chromate,

yellow; neutral potassium chromate).

potassium chlorate. CAS: 7789-00-6. K

CrO

CAS: 3811-04-9. KClO

. Properties: Yellow crystals. D 2.7319, mp 971C.

Properties: Transparent, colorless crystals or white Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

powder; cooling, saline taste. D 2.337, mp 368C, bp Derivation: Roasting powdered chromite with pot-

decomposes at 400C giving off oxygen gas. Soluble ash and limestone, treating the cinder with hot potas-

in boiling water. sium sulfate solution, and leaching.

1029 POTASSIUM DICHROMATE

Grade: Technical, reagent. 1.52 (16C), mp 634C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. glycerol.

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, aniline black, Derivation: Absorption of hydrogen cyanide in po-

textile mordant, enamels, chromate pigments, inks. tassium hydroxide.

Grade: Commercial, pure, solution, reagent.

Hazard: A poison as absorbed by skin. TLV: 5

potassium chromate, red. See potassium

mg(CN)/m

dichromate.

Use: Extraction of gold and silver from ores, reagent

in analytical chemistry, insecticide, fumigant, elec-

potassium chromium sulfate. See chromi-

troplating.

um potassium sulfate.

potassium cyanoargentate. See silver po-

potassium citrate.

tassium cyanide.

CAS: 866-84-2. K

•H

Properties: Colorless or white crystals or powder;

potassium cyanoaurite. See potassium gold

cooling, saline taste; odorless; deliquescent. D 1.98,

cyanide.

loses H

O at 180C, decomposes at 230C. Soluble in

water and glycerol; almost insoluble in alcohol.

potassium cyclamate. See sodium cycla-

Derivation: Action of citric acid on potassium car-

mate.

bonate.

Grade: Technical, CP, NF, FCC.

potassium di-n-butyl dithiocarbamate.

Use: Medicine (antacid), sequestrant, stabilizer, buff-

)

NCSSK. A 50% aqueous solution in a

er in foods.

straw-colored liquid, d 1.08–1.12.

Use: Ultraaccelerator for natural and synthetic la-

potassium cobaltinitrite. See cobalt potassi-

texes.

um nitrite.

potassium dichloroisocyanurate. (dichlo-

potassium columbate. Obsolete name for po-

roisocyanuric acid potassium salt; potassium

tassium niobate.

troclosene; troclosene potassium).

CAS: 2244-21-5. C

HCl

•K. A cyclic com-

potassium copper cyanide. (copper potassi-

pound.

um cyanide; potassium cuprocyanide).

Properties: White, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline

CAS: 13682-73-0. C

CuN

•K.

powder or granules. mw 237.07, mp 250C (de-

Properties: White, crystalline double salt of copper

comp). Loose bulk d (approximate) (powder) 37 lb/

cyanide and potassium cyanide; copper content min

cu ft, (granular) 64 lb/cu ft. Active ingredient 59%

25.8%; free potassium cyanide 1.25–3.0%.

available chlorine; decomposes at 240C.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Dangerous

Use: For preparing and maintaining cyanide copper

fire risk in contact with organic materials. A strong

plating baths based on potassium cyanide.

oxidizing agent.

Use: Household dry bleaches, dishwashing com-

potassium copper ferrocyanide. See cop-

pounds, scouring powders, detergent sanitizers; re-

per potassium ferrocyanide.

placement for calcium hypochlorite; agriculture.

See dichloroisocyanuric acid.

potassium cupric ferrocyanide. See cop-

per potassium ferrocyanide.

potassium 5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-

nitrobenzoate.

potassium cuprocyanide. Legal label name

CAS: 53775-55-6. mf: C

•K.

(Air) for potassium copper cyanide.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

skin contact. A mild skin irritant.

potassium cyanate.

CAS: 590-28-3. KOCN.

potassium dichromate. (potassium bichro-

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.05, decomposes

mate; red potassium chromate).

at 700–900C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

CAS: 7778-50-9. K

Derivation: Heating potassium cyanide with lead

Properties: Bright, yellowish-red, transparent crys-

oxide.

tals; bitter, metallic taste. Mp 396C, d 2.676 (25C),

Use: Herbicide, manufacture of organic chemicals

bp decomposes at 500C. Soluble in water, insoluble

and drugs, treatment of sickle-cell anemia.

in alcohol.

Derivation: Reaction of potassium chloride and so-

potassium cyanide. dium dichromate.

CAS: 151-50-8. KCN. Grade: Commercial; highest purity; highest purity

Properties: White, amorphous, deliquescent lumps fused; reagent.

or crystalline mass; faint odor of bitter almonds. D Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Danger-

1030POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN

ous fire risk in contact with organic materials. D 1.85 (25C). Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

alcohol.

Strong oxidizing agent.

Derivation: Chlorine is passed into a solution of

Use: Oxidizing agent (chemicals, dyes, intermedi-

potassium ferrocyanide, the ferricyanide separating

ates); analytical reagent; brass pickling composi-

out.

tions; electroplating; pyrotechnics; explosives; safe-

Grade: Pure crystals, pure powder, reagent, tech-

ty matches; textiles; dyeing and printing; chrome

nical.

glues and adhesives; chrome tanning leather; wood

Hazard: Decomposes on strong heating to evolve

stains; poison fly paper; process engraving and li-

highly toxic fumes, but the compound itself has low

thography; synthetic perfumes; chrome alum manu-

toxicity.

facture; pigments; alloys, ceramic products; depo-

Use: Tempering steel, etching liquid, production of

larizer in dry cell batteries; bleaching fats and

pigments, electroplating, sensitive coatings on blue-

waxes.

print paper, fertilizer compositions, laboratory re-

agent.

potassium dihydrogen phosphate. See po-

tassium phosphate, monobasic.

potassium ferrocyanide. (yellow prussiate

of potash; yellow potassium prussiate).

potassium dimethyldithiocarbamate. See

CAS: 13943-58-3. K

Fe(CN)

•3H

sodium dimethyldithiocarbamate.

Properties: Lemon-yellow crystals or powder; mild

saline taste. D 1.853 (17C), loses its water of crystal-

potassium dinitrotetrachloroplatinate.

lization when heated to 70C, bp (decomposes). Ef-

CAS: 53403-68-2. mf: Cl

Pt.

floresces on exposure to air; soluble in water; insolu-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.002 mg(Pt)/m

ble in alcohol.

Derivation: From nitrogenous waste products, iron

potassium diphosphate. See potassium

filings, and potassium carbonate.

phosphate, monobasic.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: It evolves highly toxic fumes on heating to

potassium dithionate. (potassium hyposul-

red heat, but the compound itself has low toxicity.

fate). K

Use: Potassium cyanide and ferricyanide, dry colors,

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.27. Soluble in

tempering steel, dyeing, explosives, process engrav-

water; insoluble in alcohol.

ing and lithography, laboratory reagent.

Use: Analytical reagent.

potassium fluoborate. (potassium borofluor-

potassium endothall. (dipotassium salt of

ide). KBF

endothall). The water solution is an amber liquid

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.498 (20C), de-

used as a contact herbicide.

composes at 350C. Very slightly soluble in water;

insoluble in alcohol, ether, alkalies.

potassium ethyldithiocarbonate. See po-

Derivation: By the reaction of boric acid, hydrogen

tassium xanthate.

fluoride, and potassium hydroxide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

potassium ethylxanthate. See potassium

Use: Sand-casting of aluminum and magnesium;

xanthate.

grinding aid in resinoid grinding wheels; flux for

soldering and brazing;, electrochemical processes;

potassium ethylxanthogenate. See potassi-

and chemical research.

um xanthate.

potassium fluoride.

potassium feldspar. (feldspar). (K

O•3SiO

)

CAS: 7789-23-3. (1) KF; (2) KF•2H

+ (Al

•3SiO

). “Potassium” feldspar is usually the

Properties: White, crystalline, deliquescent powder;

pink variety of feldspar.

sharp saline taste. D (1) 2.48, (2) 2.454; mp (1)

846C; bp 1505C. Soluble in water and hydrogen

potassium ferric oxalate.

fluoride, insoluble in alcohol.

Fe(C

)

•3H

Derivation: Neutralizing hydrogen fluoride with po-

Properties: Monoclinic green crystals. Loses 3H

tassium carbonate.

at 100C, decomposes at 230C. Soluble in water and

Grade: Technical, free of arsenic, CP.

acetic acid; incompatible with alkali and ammonia,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

since these react to precipitate ferric hydroxide.

irritant to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: Photography and blueprinting.

Use: Etching glass, preservative, insecticide, solder

flux, fluorination reactions.

potassium ferricyanide. (red prussiate of

potash; red potassium prussiate).

potassium fluosilicate. (potassium silico-

CAS: 13746-66-2. K

Fe(CN)

. fluoride).

Properties: Bright-red, lustrous crystals or powder. CAS: 16871-90-2. K

SiF

1031 POTASSIUM HYDROGEN

Properties: White, odorless, crystalline powder. D

potassium gold chloride. (potassium auri-

3.0. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in hydrochlo- chloride; potassium chloroaurate; gold potassi-

ric acid. um chloride). KAuCl

•2H

Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water, alco-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

hol, and ether.

irritant to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Derivation: Neutralizing chloroauric acid with po-

Use: Vitreous enamel frits, synthetic mica, metallur-

tassium carbonate.

gy of aluminum and magnesium, ceramics, insecti-

Use: Photography, painting porcelain and glass,

cide, opalescent glass.

medicine.

potassium fluotantalate. See tantalum po-

potassium gold cyanide. (potassium cya-

tassium fluoride.

noaurite; gold potassium cyanide). KAu(CN)

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

potassium fluozirconate. See zirconium po-

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

tassium fluoride.

Derivation: Action of hydrogen cyanide on potassi-

um aurate.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

potassium germanium fluoride. See ger-

Use: Electrogilding.

manium potassium fluoride.

potassium guaiacol sulfonate.

potassium gibberellate. C

6 C

OCH

OHSO

K•1/2H

Properties: White crystalline powder, odorless. De-

Properties: White powder or crystals, gradually

liquescent, sol in water, alc, acetone. A salt of gib-

turns pink on exposure to air and light; bitter taste,

berellic acid.

afterward becoming sweetish; odorless. Contains

Use: Promote and control development of malt in

60% guaiacol; soluble in water; sparingly soluble in

grain.

alcohol.

Grade: NF.

Use: Medicine (expectorant), laboratory reagent.

potassium gluconate.

CAS: 299-27-4. KC

potassium-2,4-hexadienoate. See potassium

Properties: Fine, white, crystalline powder;

sorbate.

odorless; salty tasting. Mp 180C (decomposes). Sol-

uble in water; insoluble in alcohol and benzene.

potassium hexafluorophosphate. KPF

Derivation: Reaction of potassium hydroxide or car-

Properties: Solid. Mp 575C, bp (decomposes). Solu-

bonate with gluconic acid.

ble in water.

Grade: Pharmaceutical.

Grade: 98–100%.

Use: Medicine (vitamin tablets).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Maintenance of fluoride atmospheres, prepara-

potassium glutamate. (monopotassium-l-glu-

tion of bactericides and fungicides, laboratory re-

tamate).

agent.

CAS: 19473-49-5.

KOOC(CH

)

CH(NH

)COOH•H

potassium hexanitrocobaltate III. See co-

Properties: White, free-flowing, hygroscopic pow-

balt potassium nitrite.

der; practically odorless. Freely soluble in water;

slightly soluble in alcohol, pH of a 2% solution

potassium hexyl xanthane. C

OCSSK.

6.9–7.1.

Use: Flotation agent.

Grade: FCC.

Use: Flavor enhancer, salt substitute.

potassium hydrate. See potassium hy-

droxide.

potassium glycerophosphate. (potassium

potassium hydride. KH. Marketed as a semi-

glycerinophosphate).

dispersion of gray powder in oil.

CAS: 1319-69-3. K

•H

•3H

Properties: The solid decomposes on heating or in

Properties: Pale-yellow viscous mass or liquid (75%

contact with moisture.

aqueous solution); acidic taste. Soluble in alcohol;

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, evolves

miscible with water.

toxic and flammable gases on heating and on expo-

Derivation: Glycerol and phosphorus pentoxide or

sure to moisture.

metaphosphoric acid are mixed, warmed, and exact-

Use: Organic condensations and alkylations.

ly neutralized with potassium carbonate, then

See hydride.

warmed and concentrated.

Grade: Technical, 50 or 75% solution, FCC (syrup or

solution).

potassium hydrogen fluoride. See potassi-

Use: Food additive and dietary supplement. um bifluoride.

1032POTASSIUM HYDROGEN

potassium hydrogen phosphate. See po- potassium hyposulfate. See potassium dithi-

tassium phosphate dibasic. onate.

potassium hyposulfite. See potassium thio-

potassium hydrogen phthalate. (potassium

sulfate.

biphthalate). HOOCC

COOK.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.636. Soluble in

water.

potassium iodate.

Derivation: Potassium hydroxide and phthalic anhy- CAS: 7758-05-6. KIO

dride. Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. D

Grade: CP, analytical. 3.9, mp 560C (partial decomposition). Soluble in

Use: Alkalimetric standard, buffering agent. water, sulfuric acid (dilute); insoluble in alcohol.

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC.

Use: Analysis (testing for zinc and arsenic), iodome-

potassium hydrosulfide. (potassium sulf-

try, reagent, feed additive, in foods as maturing

hydrate; potassium bisulfide). KHS.

agent and dough conditioner, medicine (topical anti-

Properties: White to yellow crystals; hydrogen sul-

septic).

fide odor. Forms the polysulfide when exposed to

air. D 1.69, mp 455C. Hygroscopic; soluble in alco-

potassium iodide.

hol and water.

CAS: 7681-11-0. KI.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: White crystals, granules, or powder;

Use: Separation of heavy metals.

strong, bitter, saline taste. D 3.123, mp 686C, bp

1330C. Soluble in water, alcohol, acetone, and glyc-

potassium hydroxide. (caustic potash; po-

erol.

tassium hydrate; lye).

Grade: Reagent, USP, single crystals, FCC.

CAS: 1310-58-3. KOH.

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, photographic

Properties: White, deliquescent pieces, lumps,

emulsions (precipitating Ag), feed additive, spec-

sticks, pellets, or flakes having a crystalline fracture.

troscopy, infrared transmission, scintillation, di-

D 2.044, mp 405C (varies with water content). Keep

etary supplement (up to 0.01% in table salt).

well stoppered, absorbs water and carbon dioxide

from the air. Soluble in water, alcohol, glycerol;

potassium iridium chloride. See iridium

slightly soluble in ether.

potassium chloride.

Derivation: Electrolysis of concentrated potassium

chloride solution.

potassium laurate. KOOCC

Method of purification: Sulfur compounds are re-

Properties: Light-tan paste. Soluble in water and

moved by the addition of potassium nitrate to the

alcohol.

fused caustic. The purest form is obtained by solu-

Use: Emulsifying agent, base for liquid soaps and

tion in alcohol, filtration, and evaporation.

shampoos.

Grade: Commercial, ground, flake, fused (88–92%),

purified by alcohol (sticks, lumps, and drops), re-

agent, highest purity, USP, liquid (45%), FCC.

potassium linoleate. KOOCC

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong Properties: Light-tan paste. Soluble in water.

caustic, handle with gloves or tongs, corrosive to Use: Emulsifying agent.

tissue. TLV: ceiling 2 mg/m

Use: Soap manufacture, bleaching, manufacture of

potassium magnesium sulfate.

potassium carbonate and tetrapotassium pyrophos-

•2MgSO

phate, electrolyte in alkaline storage batteries and

Properties: White, tetragonal crystals. D 2.829, mp

some fuel cells, absorbent for carbon dioxide and

927.

hydrogen sulfide, dyestuffs, liquid fertilizers, food

Use: Fertilizer.

additive, herbicides, electroplating, mercerizing,

paint removers, reagent.

potassium manganate. K

MnO

Properties: Dark-green powder or crystals. Mp

potassium hypophosphite. (potassium hy- 190C (decomposes). Soluble in potassium hydrox-

pophosphite, monobasic). ide solution and water; decomposes in acid solution.

CAS: 7782-87-8. KH

. Derivation: Fusion of pyrolusite with potassium hy-

Properties: White, opaque crystals or powder; pun- droxide.

gent saline taste; very deliquescent. Soluble in water Grade: Technical.

and alcohol; decomposed by heat. Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

Derivation: Interaction of calcium hypophosphite materials, strong oxidizing agent.

and potassium carbonate. Use: Bleaching skins, fibers, oils; disinfectants; mor-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk, may explode if ground dant (wool); batteries; photography; printing;

with chlorates, nitrates, or other strong oxidizing source of oxygen (dyeing); water purification; oxi-

agents. dizing agent.

1033 POTASSIUM OXIDE

potassium mercuric iodide. See mercuric Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk when

potassium iodide.

shocked or heated, or in contact with organic materi-

als, strong oxidizing agent.

potassium metaarsenite. See potassium ar-

Use: Pyrotechnics, explosives, matches, specialty

senite.

fertilizer, reagent, to modify burning properties of

tobacco, glass manufacture, tempering steel, curing

foods, oxidizer in solid rocket propellants.

potassium metabisulfite. (potassium pyro-

sulfite).

CAS: 16731-55-8. K

potassium nitrite.

Properties: White granules or powder; pungent

CAS: 7758-09-0. KNO

sharp odor. D 2.3, decomposes at 150–190C, oxi-

Properties: White or slightly yellowish prisms or

dizes in air and moisture to sulfate. Soluble in water;

sticks; deliquescent. D 1.915, bp explodes at 1,000F

insoluble in alcohol.

(537C), mp 440C (decomposition starts at 350C).

Derivation: By heating potassium bisulfite until it

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

loses water.

Grade: CP, technical, reagent, FCC.

Grade: Technical, reagent, FCC.

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk when shocked or

Use: Antiseptic, reagent, source of sulfurous acid,

heated, or in contact with organic materials, strong

brewing (cleaning casks and vats), winemaking

oxidizing agent.

(said to kill only undesirable yeasts and bacteria),

Use: Analysis (testing for amino acids, cobalt, iodine,

food preservative, developing agent (photography),

urea), food additive (curing agent).

process engraving and lithography, dyeing, antioxi-

dant, bleaching agent.

potassium oleate.

CAS: 143-18-0. C

COOK.

potassium, metallic, liquid alloy. A flam-

Properties: Gray-tan paste. Soluble in water and

mable mixture or alloy of potassium and another

alcohol. Combustible.

metal that is liquid at normal temperature.

Use: Textile soaps, emulsifying agent.

potassium metaphosphate. (monopotassium

potassium orthophosphate. See potassium

metaphosphate). KPO

or (KPO

)

phosphate, monobasic, dibasic or tribasic.

Properties: White powder. D 2.45. Soluble in dilute

acids; slightly soluble in water.

potassium orthotungstate. See potassium

tungstate.

potassium molybdate. K

MoO

Properties: White, deliquescent, microcrystalline

potassium osmate. (potassium perosmate).

powder. D 2.91 (18C), mp 919C. Soluble in water;

OsO

•2H

insoluble in alcohol.

Properties: Violet crystals, hygroscopic. Soluble in

Use: Reagent.

water; insoluble in alcohol and ether.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

potassium monophosphate. See potassium

Use: Determination of nitrogenous matter in water.

phosphate, dibasic.

potassium oxalate.

potassium naphthenate.

CAS: 583-52-8. K

•H

Properties: Gray paste. Soluble in water. Combus-

Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals; odorless.

tible.

D 2.08, decomposes when heated, efflorescent in

Derivation: From naphthenic acids.

warm dry air. Soluble in water.

Use: Driers, emulsifying agents.

Derivation: Potassium formate or carbonate mixed

with a small quantity of oxalate and a slight excess of

potassium nickel sulfate. See nickel potas-

alkali is heated, the oxalate extracted with water and

sium sulfate.

crystallized.

Grade: Technical, CP.

potassium nicotinate.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

CAS: 16518-17-5. mf: C

•K.

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, source of oxal-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

ic acid, bleaching and cleaning, removing stains

from textiles, photography.

potassium nitrate. (niter; nitre; saltpeter).

CAS: 7757-79-1. KNO

potassium, oxalatoplatinate, dihydrate.

Properties: Transparent, colorless or white, crystal-

CAS: 14244-64-5. mf: C

Pt•2H

line powder or crystals; slightly hygroscopic; pun-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.002 mg(Pt)/m

gent, saline taste. D 2.1062, mp 337C, bp decom-

poses at 400C. Soluble in water and glycerol;

slightly soluble in alcohol.

potassium oxide. K

Grade: Commercial, CP, FCC. Properties: Gray, crystalline mass. D 2.32 (0C), de-

1034POTASSIUM OXYFLUONIOBATE

composes 350C. Soluble in water (forms potassium

potassium permanganate.

hydroxide); soluble in alcohol and ether. CAS: 7722-64-7. KMnO

Derivation: By heating potassium nitrate and metal- Properties: Dark-purple crystals with blue metallic

sheen; sweetish, astringent taste; odorless. D

lic potassium

2.7032, mp decomposes at 240C, oxidizing materi-

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue.

al. Soluble in water, acetone, and methanol; decom-

Use: Reagent and intermediate.

posed by alcohol.

Derivation: (1) By oxidation of the manganate in an

potassium oxyfluoniobate. See niobium po-

alkaline electrolytic cell. (2) A hot solution of the

tassium oxyfluoride.

manganate is treated with carbon dioxide; on cool-

ing, the solution deposits crystals of the permanga-

potassium palladium chloride. See palla-

nate.

dium potassium chloride.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

potassium penicillin G. (benzylpenicillin

with organic materials, powerful oxidizing agent.

potassium).

Use: Oxidizer, disinfectant, deodorizer, bleach, dye,

CAS: 113-98-4. C

tanning, radioactive decontamination of skin, re-

Properties: Colorless or white crystals or powder;

agent in analytical chemistry, medicine (antiseptic),

odorless. Mp 214–217C (decomposes), moderately

manufacture of organic chemicals, air and water

hygroscopic. Solutions dextrorotatory. Relatively

purification.

stable to air and light. Very soluble in water, saline,

and dextrose solutions; moderately soluble in alco-

potassium perosmate. See potassium os-

hol; pH of solution (30 mg/mL) is 5.0–7.5

mate.

Grade: USP.

Use: Medicine (antibiotic).

potassium peroxide.

CAS: 17014-71-0. K

potassium penicillin V. See potassium phe-

Properties: Yellow, amorphous mass; decomposes

noxymethylpenicillin.

in water evolving oxygen. Mp 490C.

Derivation: Oxidation of potassium in oxygen.

potassium percarbonate. K

•H

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

Properties: Granular, white mass. Mp 200–300C.

with organic materials, strong oxidizing agent. Irri-

Soluble in water (liberates oxygen). Keep away

tant to skin and tissue.

from light and moisture.

Use: Oxidizing agent, bleaching agent, oxygen-gen-

Grade: Technical.

erating gas masks.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. Fire risk in contact

with organic materials, strong oxidizing agent.

potassium peroxydisulfate. See potassium

Use: Analysis (testing for cerium, chromium, vanadi-

persulfate.

um, titanium), photography, textile printing.

potassium peroxymonosulfate. See

potassium perchlorate.

“Oxone.”

CAS: 7778-74-7. KClO

Properties: Colorless crystals or white, crystalline

potassium persulfate. (dipotassium persul-

powder. Decomposed by concussion, organic mat-

fate; potassium peroxydisulfate).

ter, and agents subject to oxidation; more stable than

CAS: 7727-21-1. K

potassium chlorate. D 2.524, mp 400C (decom-

Properties: White crystals. D 2.477, mp decomposes

poses) Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

below 100C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Grade: Technical, reagent, ordnance.

Derivation: By electrolysis of a saturated solution of

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials,

potassium sulfate.

strong oxidizing agent. Strong irritant.

Hazard: Strong irritant and oxidizing agent. TLV:

Use: Explosives, oxidizing agent, photography, py-

TWA 0.1 mg(S

)/m

(Proposed: TWA 0.1 mg/m

rotechnics and flares, reagent, oxidizer in solid rock-

Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

et propellants.

Use: Bleaching, oxidizing agent, reducing agent in

photography, antiseptic, soap manufacture, analyti-

cal reagent, polymerization promoter, pharmaceuti-

potassium periodate.

cals, modification of starch, flour-maturing agent,

CAS: 7790-21-8. KIO

desizing of textiles.

Properties: Small, colorless crystals or white, granu-

lar powder. D 3.168, mp 582C, explodes at 1,076F

(580C). Slightly soluble in water.

potassium ␣-phenoxyethylpenicillin. (po-

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent. tassium penicillin 152; potassium phenethicillin;

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials, phenethicillin). KC

S. Synthetically pre-

strong oxidizing agent. Strong irritant to tissue. pared, a mixture of two stereoisomers.

Use: Analysis (oxidizing agent). Properties: White, crystalline solid; moderately hy-

1035 POTASSIUM PYROSULFATE

groscopic. Decomposes above 220C. Very soluble water; insoluble in alcohol; slowly oxidized by air to

in water; resistant to acid decomposition. Produced phosphate.

by N-acylation of ␣-phenoxypropionic acid and G-

aminopenicillanic acid (produced by fermentation

potassium platinichloride. See potassium

using Penicillium chrysogenum).

chloroplatinate.

Grade: NF.

Use: Antibiotic.

potassium polymetaphosphate. (KPO

)

The molecular weight may be as high as 500,000.

Properties: White powder; odorless. Insoluble in

potassium phenoxymethylpenicillin. (po-

water; soluble in sodium salt solutions that may have

tassium penicillin V).

high viscosity.

CAS: 132-98-9. KC

Derivation: Dehydration of monobasic potassium

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless.

phosphate.

Very soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol;

Grade: Technical, FCC.

insoluble in acetone.

Use: Fat emulsifier and moisture-retaining agent in

Grade: USP.

foods.

Use: Antibiotic.

See sodium metaphosphate.

potassium phosphate, dibasic. (DKP; po-

potassium polysulfide. K

tassium hydrogen phosphate; potassium mono-

Properties: Crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol.

phosphate; dipotassium orthophosphate).

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion, irri-

HPO

tant to skin and eyes.

Properties: Hygroscopic, white crystals or powder.

Use: Fungicide.

Very soluble in water. Converted to pyrophosphate

by ignition.

potassium prussiate, red. See potassium

Derivation: Action of phosphoric acid on potassium

ferricyanide.

carbonate.

Grade: Commercial, pure, highest purity, NF, FCC.

potassium prussiate, yellow. See potassium

Use: Buffer in antifreezes; ingredient of “instant”

ferrocyanide.

fertilizers; nutrient for penicillin culturing; humec-

tant; in pharmaceuticals; foods as a buffer, seques-

potassium 3-pyridinecarboxylate. See po-

trant, and yeast food; and as a laboratory reagent.

tassium nicotinate.

potassium phosphate, monobasic. (MKP;

potassium pyroantimonate.

potassium acid phosphate; potassium diphos-

SbO

•4H

phate; potassium orthophosphate; potassium dih-

Properties: White, crystalline powder or granules.

ydrogen phosphate). KH

Slightly soluble in cold water; readily soluble in hot

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.338, mp 253C.

water; insoluble in alcohol.

Acid in reaction; soluble in water; insoluble in al-

Grade: Reagent, technical.

cohol.

Use: Starch sizes and flame-retarding compounds.

Derivation: Action of phosphoric acid on potassium

carbonate.

potassium pyroborate. See potassium tetra-

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC.

borate.

Use: Baking powder, nutrient solutions, yeast foods,

buffer and sequestrant, lab reagent.

potassium pyrophosphate. (TKPP; tetrapo-

tassium pyrophosphate; potassium pyrophos-

potassium phosphate, tribasic. (potassium

phate, normal). K

•3H

phosphate, neutral; potassium phosphate normal;

Properties: Colorless crystals or white powder.

tripotassium orthophosphate; potassium phos-

Somewhat hygroscopic in air (deliquescent at a rela-

phate, tertiary; tripotassium phosphate).

tive humidity of above 40–45%). Similar to tetraso-

CAS: 7778-53-2. K

•H

OorK

dium pyrophosphate except for greater solubility. D

Properties: Granular, white powder; deliquescent.

2.33, dehydrates at about 300C, mp 1,090C. Soluble

Mp (anhydrous) 1,340C, d (anhydrous) 2.564

in water; insoluble in alcohol.

(17C). Soluble in water giving strongly basic solu-

Grade: Technical, 99.4%, 60% solution, FCC.

tion. Insoluble in alcohol.

Use: Soap and detergent builder, sequestering agent,

Grade: Reagent, technical, FCC.

peptizing and dispersing agent.

Use: Purification of gasoline, water softening, liquid

soaps, fertilizer, in foods as an emulsifier, laboratory

potassium pyrosulfate. (potassium acid sul-

reagent.

fate, anhydrous). K

Properties: Colorless needles or white, crystalline

potassium phosphite, monobasic. KH

. powder or fused pieces. D 2.25 (25/4C), mp 325C.

Properties: White powder. Hygroscopic; soluble in Soluble in water (converted to potassium bisulfate).

1036POTASSIUM PYROSULFITE

Use: Acid flux in analysis, laboratory reagent.

potassium sorbate. (potassium-2,4-hexadie-

noate).

CAS: 590-00-1. CH

CH:CHCH:CHCOOK.

potassium pyrosulfite. See potassium meta-

Properties: White powder. Mp 270C (decomposes),

bisulfite.

d 1.36 (25/20C). Soluble in water (25C).

Grade: Technical, FCC.

potassium rhodanide. See potassium thioc-

Use: Bacteriostat and preservative in meats, sausage

yanate.

casings, wines, etc.

potassium stannate.

potassium ricinoleate. C

OHCOOK.

CAS: 12125-03-0. K

SnO

•3H

Properties: White paste. Soluble in water. Combus-

Properties: White to light-tan crystals. D 3.197. Sol-

tible.

uble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Use: Emulsifying agent.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

potassium silicate.

Use: Textiles (dyeing and printing), alkaline tin-plat-

Properties: (Solid) Weight ratio SiO

O varies

ing bath.

with grade from 2.1:1 to 2.5:1; colorless anhydrous

lump, shattered or granular. Soluble in water at high

potassium stearate. (stearic acid potassium

temperature and pressure; insoluble in alcohol. (So-

salt).

lution) Colorless liquid, Be´ range 29–48 degrees.

CAS: 593-29-3. C

COOK.

Derivation: Supercooled melt of potassium carbon-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; slight odor of

ate and pure silica sand.

fat. Mw 322.57. Soluble in hot water and alcohol.

Use: (Solid) Manufacture of glass and refractory ma-

Grade: Commercial, contains considerable palmi-

terial, welding rods, high-temperature mortars,

tate; FCC.

binder in carbon arc-light electrodes, detergents,

Use: Anticaking agent, binder, emulsifier, stabilizer

catalyst, adhesives.

for chewing gum, base for textile softeners.

potassium silicofluoride. See potassium

potassium strontium chlorate. See stronti-

fluosilicate.

um potassium chlorate.

potassium styphnate. KC

•H

potassium sodium carbonate. See sodium

Properties: Yellow prisms. Mp loses water at 120C.

potassium carbonate.

Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated.

Use: High explosive.

potassium sodium ferricyanide.

NaFe(CN)

potassium sulfate.

Properties: Red crystals, over 99% pure. Mp (de-

CAS: 7778-80-5. K

composes); nonhygroscopic and stable. Easily solu-

Properties: Colorless or white, hard crystals or pow-

ble in water.

der; bitter saline taste. D 2.66, mp 1,072C. Soluble in

Derivation: From ferrocyanides.

water; insoluble in alcohol.

Use: Blueprint paper and photography.

Derivation: (1) By treatment of potassium chloride

either with sulfuric acid or with sulfur dioxide, air,

potassium-sodium phosphate. See sodium-

and water (Hargreaves process); (2) by fractional

potassium phosphate.

crystallization of a natural sulfate ore; (3) from salt-

lake brines.

Grade: Highest purity medicinal, commercial,

potassium sodium tartrate. (Rochelle salt;

crude, CP, agricultural, reagent, technical.

sodium potassium tartrate).

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, medicine (ca-

CAS: 304-59-6. KNaC

•4H

O. It is salt of L(+)-

thartic), gypsum cements, fertilizer for chloride-

tartaric acid.

sensitive crops such as tobacco and citrus, alum

Properties: Colorless, transparent, efflorescent crys-

manufacture, glass manufacture, food additive.

tals or white powder; cool, saline taste. Unstable

above 225C, d 1.77, mp 70–80C. Soluble in water,

potassium sulfhydrate. See potassium hy-

insoluble in alcohol, loses water of crystallization at

drosulfide.

140C.

Derivation: Potassium acid tartrate is dissolved in

water, the solution saturated with sodium carbonate,

potassium sulfide.

concentrated after purification, and crystallized. CAS: 1312-73-8. K

Grade: Highest purity, reagent, commercial crystals Properties: Red or yellow-red crystalline mass or

or powder, NF, FCC. fused solid. D 1.75 (20/4C), mp 910C. Deliquescent

Use: Baking powders, medicine (cathartic), compo- in air; soluble in water, alcohol, and glycerol; insolu-

nent of Fehling’s solution, silvering mirrors. ble in ether.

1037 POTASSIUM TROCLOSENE

Grade: Technical. again on cooling, bp decomposes at 500C. Soluble

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, may ignite

in water, alcohol, and acetone.

spontaneously, explosive in form of dust or powder.

Derivation: By heating potassium cyanide with

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, depilatory,

sulfur.

medicine.

Grade: Commercial, pure, reagent, ACS.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

potassium sulfite.

Use: Reagent; manufacture of sulfocyanides, thio-

CAS: 10117-38-1. K

•2H

ureas; printing and dyeing textiles; photographic

Properties: White crystals or powder. Soluble in

restrainer and intensifier; synthetic dyestuffs; medi-

water; sparingly soluble in alcohol; decomposes on

cine (hypotensive).

heating and slowly oxidizes in air.

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC.

potassium thiosulfate. (potassium hyposul-

Use: Photographic developer, medicine (cathartic),

fite).

food and wine preservative.

CAS: 10294-66-3. K

(with varying proportions

of water of crystallization).

potassium sulfocarbonate. (potassium tri-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Hygroscopic; soluble

thiocarbonate). K

in water.

Properties: Yellowish-red crystals. Very hygro-

Grade: Technical, CP.

scopic; soluble in alcohol and water.

Use: Analytical reagent.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant.

potassium titanate. K

TiO

Use: Analysis (testing for cobalt, nickel), medicine,

Properties: White salt. Hydrolyzes in water to give a

soil fumigant.

strongly alkaline solution.

Derivation: From titanic acid and potassium hy-

potassium sulfocyanate. See potassium

droxide.

thiocyanate.

Use: See potassium titanate fiber.

potassium sulfocyanide. See potassium

potassium titanate fiber. Approximate com-

thiocyanate.

position K

O•(TiO

)

where n is 4–7.

Properties: High refr index. Mp 1371C, can diffuse

potassium tantalum fluoride. See tantalum

and reflect infrared radiation.

potassium fluoride.

Use: Rockets, missiles, nuclear-powered applica-

tions as an insulator, especially for the range

potassium tartrate. K

•1/2H

1300–2100F.

Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. D 1.98. Sol-

uble in water; insoluble in alcohol; decomposed by

potassium titanium fluoride. See titanium

heat (200–220C).

potassium fluoride.

Grade: CP, technical.

Use: Manufacture of potassium salts, medicine (ca-

potassium titanium oxalate. See titanium

thartic), lab reagent.

potassium oxalate.

potassium tellurite. K

TeO

potassium trichlorophenate. Cl

OH•K.

Properties: Granular, white powder. Hygroscopic;

Offered as a solution containing 47% potassium

decomposes at 460–470C. Soluble in water.

trichlorophenate and 3% other potassium chloro-

Use: Analysis (testing for bacteria).

phenates, d 1.3, fp −9C.

Use: Slime control agent for pulp and paper-mill

potassium tetrathiocyanodi-

systems.

ammonochromate. See Reinecke salt.

potassium tripolyphosphate. (KTPP).

potassium tetroxalate. KHC

•H

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; slightly

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 620–640C,

soluble in alcohol.

d 2.54, loose bulk d 67 lb/cu/ft. Solubility in water

Use: Metal polish, spot removal, analytical chem-

(26C) more than 140 g/100 mL water.

istry.

Use: Water-treating compounds, cleaners, specialty

fertilizers, sequestrant.

potassium thiocyanate. (potassium rhodan-

ide; potassium sulfocyanate; potassium sulfo-

potassium trithiocarbonate. See potassium

cyanide).

sulfocarbonate.

CAS: 333-20-0. KCNS.

Properties: Colorless, transparent, deliquescent

crystals; odorless; saline cooling taste. D 1.88, mp

potassium troclosene. See potassium dichlo-

173C, turns brown, green, blue when fused, white roisocyanurate.

1038POTASSIUM TUNGSTATE

potassium tungstate. (potassium orthotungs- 3N + 1 dimensional space, the resulting landscape of

tate; potassium wolframate). K

•2H

hills, hollows, and valleys is the potential energy

Properties: Heavy, crystalline powder. D 3.1, mp

surface.

921C, deliquescent, soluble in water, insoluble in

alcohol.

potential well. In a potential energy surface, the

region surrounding a local energy minimum. Typi-

potassium undecylenate.

cally taken to include at least those points in config-

:CH(CH

)

COOK.

uration space such that a path of steadily declining

Properties: Finely divided, white powder. Decom-

energy can be found that leads to the minimum in

poses above 250C; limited solubility in most organic

question, and such that no similar path can be found

solvents; soluble in water.

to any other minimum.

Hazard: Toxic in high concentration.

Use: Bacteriostat and fungistat in cosmetics and

potentiator. A term used in the flavor and food

pharmaceuticals.

industries to characterize a substance that intensifies

the taste of a food product to a far greater extent than

potassium wolframate. See potassium

does an enhancer. The most important of these are

tungstate.

the 5

′

-nucleotides. They are approved by FDA.

Their effective concentration is measured in parts

potassium xanthate. (potassium ethyldithio-

per billion, whereas that of an enhancer such as

carbonate; potassium xanthogenate; potassium

MSG is in parts per thousand. The effect is thought

ethyl xanthate; potassium ethylxanthogenate).

to be due to synergism. Potentiators do not add any

CAS: 140-89-6. KS

COC

taste of their own, but intensify the taste response to

Properties: Colorless or light-yellow crystals. D

substances already present in the food.

1.558 (21.5C). Soluble in water and alcohol; insolu-

See enhancer; seasoning; flavor.

ble in ether.

Derivation: Reaction of potassium ethylate and car-

pot life. See adhesive working life.

bon disulfide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

potting compound. See encapsulation.

Use: Fungicide for soil treatment, reagent in analyti-

cal chemistry.

pour point. (1) The lowest temperature at which

a liquid will flow when a test container is inverted.

potassium zinc iodide. (zinc potassium io-

(2) The temperature at which an alloy is cast.

dide). ZnI

•KI.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Very hygroscopic.

pour point depressant. An additive for lubri-

Use: Analysis (testing for alkaloids).

cating and automotive oils that lowers the pour point

(or increases the flow point) by 11.0C. The agents

potassium zinc sulfate. See zinc potassium

now generally used are polymerized higher esters of

sulfate.

acrylic acid derivatives. They are most effective

with low-viscosity oils.

potassium zirconifluoride. See zirconium

potassium fluoride.

powder. Any solid, dry material of extremely

small particle size ranging down to colloidal dimen-

potassium zirconium chloride. See zirco-

sions, prepared either by comminuting larger units

nium potassium chloride.

(mechanical grinding), combustion (carbon black,

lampblack), or precipitation via a chemical reaction

potassium zirconium sulfate. See zirconi-

(calcium carbonate, etc.). Powders that are so fine

um potassium sulfate.

that the particles cannot be detected by rubbing

between thumb and forefinger are called impalpa-

potential energy. The energy associated with a

ble. Typical materials used in powder form are cos-

configuration of particles, as distinct from their mo-

metics, inorganic pigments, metals, plastics (mold-

tions. In macroscopic terms, potential energy can be

ing powders), dehydrated dairy products,

increased (for example) by stretching a spring or by

pharmaceuticals, and explosives. Metal powders are

lifting a mass against a gravitational force. In molec-

used to make specialized equipment by sintering and

ular systems, potential energy can be increased (for

pressing (powder metallurgy), as well as sprayed

example) by stretching a bond or by separating mol-

coatings and paint pigments (aluminum, bronze).

ecules against a van der Waals attraction.

Thermoplastic polymers in powder form are used in

a technology known as powder molding, and ther-

potential energy surface. The potential ener- mosetting polymers are used in the sprayed coatings

gy of a ground-state molecular system containing N field for autos, machinery, and other industrial ap-

atoms is a function of its geometry, defined by 3N plications in which they have many advantages over

spatial coordinates (a configuration space). If the sprayed solvent coatings.

energy is imagined as corresponding to a height in a See metal, powdered; carbon black; black powder.

1039 PREFERENTIAL

powder of Algaroth. A mixture of SbOCl and PRE. See progesterone response element.

Use: To prepare tartar emetic.

precipitant. Substance that causes precipitation

of a solid from solution.

powder metallurgy. See metal, powdered;

precipitate. (↓, ppt). Small particles that have

sintering.

settled out of a liquid or gaseous suspension by

gravity, or that result from a chemical reaction. Pre-

ppb. Abbreviation for parts per billion.

cipitated compounds, such as blanc fixe (barium

sulfate), are prepared in this way, for example, by

ppm. Abbreviation for parts per million.

the reaction BaCl

+Na

→ NaCl + BaSO

.In

formulas, a downward vertical arrow, ↓, or “ppt” is

Pr. (1) Symbol for praseodymium. (2) Informal

sometimes used to indicate a precipitate. A class of

abbreviation for propyl.

organic pigments called lakes are made by precipi-

tating an organic dye onto an inorganic substrate.

pralidoxime methiodide. See 2-pyridine al-

Colloidal particles dispersed in a gas, as flue dust in

doxime methiodide.

industrial stacks, can be precipitated by introducing

an electric charge opposite to that which sustains the

d,d-t80-prallethrin.

particles

CAS: 23031-36-9. mf: C

See Cottrell; sedimentation.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and inhalation. Low

toxicity by skin contact.

precipitator, electrostatic. See Cottrell;

precipitate.

Prandtl number. For any substance, the ratio

of the viscosity to the thermal conductivity. The

precision investment casting. See invest-

lower the number, the higher the convection capaci-

ment casting.

ty of the substance. This ratio is important in heat

and chemical engineering calculations.

precursor. In biochemistry, an intermediate

compound or molecular complex present in a living

praseodymia. See praseodymium oxide; rare

organism; when activated physiochemically it is

earth.

converted to a specific functional substance. The

prefix pro- is usually used to indicate that the com-

praseodymium. Pr. Metallic element of atomic

pound in question is a precursor. Examples are er-

number 59, group IIIB of the periodic table, one of

gosterol (pro−vitamin D

), which is activated by UV

the rare earth elements of the lanthanide group, aw

radiation to vitamin D; carotene (pro−vitamin A), a

140.9077, valences

3, 4. No stable isotopes.

precursor of vitamin A; prothrombin, which forms

Properties: Yellowish metal, tarnishes easily (color

thrombin upon activation in the bloodclotting mech-

of salts green). Paramagnetic, d 6.78–6.81, mp

anism; and phenylacetic acid, a precursor in the

930C, bp 3,200C, ignites to oxide (200–400C), lib-

biosynthesis of penicillin G.

erates hydrogen from water. Soluble in dilute acids.

Source: Monazite, cerite, and allonite; also a fission

prednisolone. (⌬

1,4

-pregnadiene-11␤,17␣,21-

product.

triol-3,20-dione).

Derivation: Reduction of the trifluoride with an alka-

CAS: 50-24-8. C

. Generic name for an analog

line metal or by electrolysis of the fused halides.

of hydrocortisone.

Grade: Ingots, rods, sheets, 98.8–99.9+% pure.

Properties: White to practically white crystalline

Use: Praseodymium salts, ingredient of mischmetal,

powder; odorless. Mp 235C with some decomposi-

core material for carbon arcs, colorant in glazes and

tion. Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in alco-

glasses, catalyst, phosphors, lasers.

hol, chloroform, acetone, methanol, dioxane.

See didymium.

Grade: USP.

Hazard: Causes sodium retention; may have side

praseodymium oxalate. Pr

)

•10H

effects similar to cortisone.

Green powder, insoluble in water, slightly soluble in

Use: Medicine, also available as acetate.

acids.

Use: Ceramics.

prednisone. (⌬

1,4

-pregnadiene-17␣,21-diol-

3,11,20-trione).

praseodymium oxide. (praseodymia). Pr

CAS: 53-03-2. C

. Generic name for an analog

Yellow-green powder, d 7.07, insoluble in water,

of cortisone.

soluble in acids, hygroscopic, absorbs carbon diox-

ide from air, purities to 99.8% oxide. Combustible.

preferential. Descriptive of the selectivity of

Use: Glass and ceramic pigment, laboratory reagent.

action, either chemical or physiochemical, exhibited

by a substance when in contact with two other sub-

prasterone. See DHEA. stances; it may be due either to chemical affinity or

1040PREGL, FRITZ

to surface phenomena. An example of a preferential few days to a year or more, depending on formula-

tion. Such mixtures are then calendered or extruded

chemical combination is that of hemoglobin with

after warming to suitable temperature.

carbon monoxide, with which it unites 200 times as

readily as with oxygen when exposed to a mixture of

the two. Such phenomena as adsorption, corrosion,

prenitene. (1,2,3,4-tetramethylbenzene; preni-

and the wetting of dry powders by liquids are other

tol). (CH

)

examples.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.901, bp 204C, fp

−7.7C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

Pregl, Fritz. (1869–1930). An Austrian chemist

who won the Nobel Prize in 1923. He was also a

prepolymer. An adduct or reaction intermediate

medical doctor who worked in micromechanical

of a polyol and a monomeric isocyanate, in which

analysis and developed determinations for hydro-

either component is in considerable excess of the

gen, carbon, nitrogen, and organic groups using mi-

other. A polymer of medium molecular weight hav-

cromethods. He was educated at Tubingen, Leipzig,

ing reactive hydroxyl and −NCO groups.

and Berlin.

Use: Preparation of polyurethane coatings and

foams.

pregnanediol. (5␤-pregnane-3␣,20␣-diol).

. A steroid, the metabolic product of proges-

prepreg. A term used in the reinforced plastics

terone.

field to mean the reinforcing material containing or

Properties: Crystallizes in plates from acetone. Mp

combined with the full complement of resin before

238C, dextrorotatory in solutions. Sparingly soluble

molding.

in organic solvents. Not precipitated by digitonin.

Derivation: Isolation from urine of pregnant women,

“Pre-San” [Mallinckrodt]. [N-(2-mercaptoe-

cows, mares, and chimpanzees; by reduction of

thyl)benzenesulfonamide-S-(O,O-diisopropylphos-

pregnanedione.

phorodithioate)]. TM for a selective herbicide.

Use: Synthesis of progesterone, medically as a preg-

nancy test.

preservative. Any agent that prolongs the useful

pregnenedione. See progesterone.

life of a material. Food products are preserved by (1)

low temperature, (2) ionizing radiation (X and ␥

pregneninolone. See ethisterone. rays), (3) antioxidants, (4) fungicides, (5) alde-

hydes, (6) paints, and others.

Use: Antioxidants in lubricating oils, rubber, and

4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-dione. See deoxycorti-

plastics; fungicides on textiles; aldehydes on biolog-

costerone.

ical specimens; paints on wood and metals.

See protective coating; antioxidant; radiation, indus-

pregnenolone. (⌬

-pregnene-3␤-ol-20-one).

trial.

. A steroid that is a biologically active hor-

mone similar to progesterone and the adrenal steroid

hormones. Also available as acetate salt.

press, hydraulic. See hydraulic press.

Properties: Crystallizes in needles from dilute alco-

hol. Mp 193C. Slightly soluble in acetone, petrole-

“Prestabit Oil” V. TM for an anionic textile

um ether, benzene, and carbon tetrachloride.

chemical consisting of purified sulfated castor-oil

Derivation: From stigmasterol or other steroids.

fatty acids.

Use: Medicine, biochemical research.

Use: Dyeing assistant for cotton and wool fiber, in

viscose manufacture, clarifying agent to prevent

Prelog, Vladimir. (1906–1998). A Swiss or-

milkiness of the yarn, antistatic agent for acetate and

ganic chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemis-

polyacrylonitrile fibers.

try in 1975 along with Cornforth for work on chemi-

cal synthesis of organic compounds. Although

“Pretested Agaroid RS-30” [TIC]. TM for

educated in Yugoslavia, he spent many years in

a powder gelatin replacement.

Zurich.

Use: Alows complete hydration as a gelatin replace-

ment in confection, dairy, and low fat applications.

premature chromosome condensation.

(PCC). A method of studying chromosomes in

“Preventol” [Solutia]. TM for a skin degerm-

the interphase stage of the cell cycle.

ing agent.

Properties: White to grayish-white powder.

premix molding. A mixture of plastic ingredi-

Use: Incorporation into bar soaps.

ents prepared in advance of the molding or extruding

operation and stored in bags or bins until required. It

is made by mixing the components (resin, filler,

Prevost reaction. Hydroxylation of olefins

fibrous materials such as glass and necessary cura- with iodine and silver benzoate in an anhydrous

tives) in a dough blender. Storage life may be from a solvent to give trans-glycols.

1041 PRIMARY STRUCTURE

Priestly, Joseph. (1733–1804). Born near groups. A primary alcohol has one alkyl group and

two hydrogens,

Leeds, England, Priestley originally planned to en-

ter the ministry. As a youth he became interested in

both physics and chemistry, and his research soon

established his position as a scientist. He was elected

to the Royal Society in 1766. He discovered nitrous

oxide in 1772, but his greatest contribution to sci-

ence was his discovery of oxygen in 1774. He emi-

except methanol, in which all three bonds are to

grated from England to Northumberland, PA, where

hydrogen atoms. A secondary alcohol has two alkyl

he lived from 1784 to his death. His research in

groups and one hydrogen, e.g.,

America resulted in the discovery of carbon monox-

ide (1799).

Prigogine, Ilya. (1917–2003). A Belgian chem-

ist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1977

for his contributions to nonequilibrium thermody-

namics. He was educated at the University of Brus-

A tertiary alcohol has three alkyl groups, e.g.,

sels. The Center for Statistical Mechanics and Ther-

modynamics at the University of Texas bears his

name.

Prilezhaev (Prileschajew) reaction. For-

mation of epoxides by the reaction of alkenes with

The three types can be readily identified by the

peracids.

number of hydrogen atoms attached to the central

(methanol) carbon atom: if it is two or more, the

prills. Small, round, or acicular aggregates of a

alcohol is primary; if one, it is secondary; and if zero,

material, usually a fertilizer, that are artificially pre-

it is tertiary. For example, CH

OH is primary;

pared. In the explosives field, prills-and-oil consists

(CH

)

OH is secondary; (CH

)

COH is tertiary.

of 94% coarse, porous ammonium nitrate prills and

Primary, secondary, and tertiary amines are formed

6% fuel oil.

from ammonia (NH

) when one, two, or three hydro-

See explosives, high.

gen atoms, respectively, are replaced by alkyl

groups.

“Primacord.” TM for a detonating composition.

These terms are also used to name salts of ortho-

See pentaerythritol tetranitrate.

phosphoric acid (H

) in which one, two, or three

of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by metal

“Primafloc” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for a

or radicals: NaH

is primary sodium phosphate,

series of organic polyelectrolyte products used for

HPO

is secondary sodium phosphate. The same

flocculating suspended solids in water, waste, and

system of names is used for salts of other acids

process streams.

containing three replaceable hydrogen atoms.

See polyelectrolyte.

(2) A type of battery that is irreversible in respect to

power output; a voltaic cell. A secondary battery

“Primal” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for aqueous

(storage battery) is reversible and can be recharged.

dispersions of acrylic resins, supplied in various

(3) In the terminology of minerals, primary (in the

grades that differ in hardness and flexibility and

case of metals) refers to direct production from the

produce finishes that are water insoluble, require no

ore; in the case of petroleum it refers to production

plasticizer for flexibility, are unimpaired by aging,

from wells by direct means. This meaning contrasts

and adhere tenaciously to leather and lacquer coats.

with the term secondary that is used to denote recov-

ery of metal from scrap and, for petroleum, recovery

primary. (1) In reference to monohydric alco-

by means of special techniques such as flooding and

hols, amines, and a few related compounds, this

hydraulic pressure.

term, together with secondary and tertiary, de-

scribes the molecular structure of isomeric or chemi-

primary azo dyes. Azo dyes derived from

cally similar individuals. Monohydric alcohols are

primary amines.

based on the methanol group

primary calcium phosphate. See calcium

phosphate, monobasic.

primary structure. The sequence of amino

in which three of the bonds of the methanol carbon acids and any interchain and intrachain disulfide

may be attached either to hydrogen atoms or alkyl bonds of a protein.

1042PRIMARY TRANSCRIPT

primary transcript. When a gene is tran- (20C), refr index 1.435–1.440 (20C). Soluble in

scribed in the nucleus, the initial product is the pri- most organic solvents. Combustible.

mary transcript—an RNA containing copies of all Grade: 90% purity.

Use: Precision lubricant, chromatographic oil, anti-

exons and introns. This primary transcript is then

corrosive agent.

processed by the cell to remove the introns, to cleave

See phytane.

off unwanted 3

′

sequence, and to polyadenylate the

5a end. The mature message thus formed is then

“Pristene” [UOP]. TM for natural tocopherols

exported to the cytoplasm for translation.

and herbal extracts.

Use: Vegetable oils, animal fats, flavors, spices, fra-

primase. An enzyme that synthesizes RNA

grances, confections, nuts, yeast, sausage, gum

oligonucleotides used as primers by DNA poly-

feeds, beverages, cereal, desserts, dehydrated pota-

merases.

toes, and cosmetics.

“Primene JM-T” [Rohm & Haas]. TM

privacy. Genetics: the right of people to restrict

for a solvent composed of branched-chain primary

access to their genetic information.

amines containing from 18 to 22 carbon atoms.

probe. Single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules

primer. Short preexisting polynucleotide chain to

of specific base sequence, labeled either radioac-

which new deoxyribonucleotides can be added by

tively or immunologically, that are used to detect the

DNA polymerase.

complementary base sequence by hybridization.

primer extension. This is a method used to

procaine acryloyl monomer.

determine how far the start of an mRNA is upstream

CAS: 25252-96-4. mf: C

from a fixed site.

Hazard: A poison.

“Primid” [EMS-Grilon]. TM for solutions for

procaine hydrochloride. (procaine).

bonding, coating. and sealing components in auto

CAS: 51-05-8.

production.

COOCH

N(C

)

•HCl.

Properties: Small, colorless crystals or white, crys-

primuline dye. See thiazole dye.

talline powder; odorless; stable in air. Mp

153–156C. Soluble in water and in alcohol at 25C;

principle. A constituent of a substance, especial-

slightly soluble in chloroform; almost insoluble in

ly one giving it some distinctive quality or effect.

ether; solutions acid to litmus.

Derivation: (1) By heating chloroethyl-p-nitroben-

Prins reaction. Acid-catalyzed addition of ole-

zoic ester with diethylamine for 24 hours under

fins to formaldehyde to give 1,3-diols, allylic alco-

pressure at 120C. The product is then reduced with

hols, or meta-dioxanes.

tin and hydrochloric acid. (2) By condensation of

ethylene chlorohydrin with diethylamine. The chlo-

printing ink. A viscous to semisolid suspension

roethyldiethylamine formed is heated with sodi-

of finely divided pigment in a drying oil such as

um-p-aminobenzoate.

heat-bodied linseed oil. Alkyd, phenol-formalde-

Grade: USP.

hyde, or other synthetic resins are frequently used as

Use: Medicine (local anesthetic).

binders; and cobalt, manganese, and lead soaps are

added to catalyze the oxidative drying reaction.

procaine penicillin G.

Some types of inks dry by evaporation of a volatile

CAS: 54-35-3. C

S•C

•H

solvent rather than by oxidation and polymerization

Properties: White, fine crystals or powder; odorless;

of a drying oil or resin. Use distribution is: offset

relatively stable to air and light; solutions dextroro-

40%, gravure 23%, flexographic 18%, letterpress

tatory. Sparingly soluble in water; slightly soluble in

9%, screen 4%, other 6%. For further information

alcohol; fairly soluble in chloroform.

refer to National Printing Ink Institute, Lehigh Uni-

Grade: USP.

versity, Bethlehem, PA.

Use: Antibiotic, animal feed additive.

proceroside.

pristane. (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane;

CAS: 25323-74-4. mf: C

norphytane).

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 1921-70-6. C

. Found in rock specimens

Source: Natural product.

2.5–3 billion years old. It is known to be synthesized

only by living organisms and to withstand heat and

process. See unit process.

pressure; thus it serves to date the existence of life on

earth.

Properties: Colorless, transparent, stable liquid;

process industry. See chemical process in-

faintly odored. Bp 290C, fp −60C, d 0.775–0.795 dustry.

1043 PROLINE

processing. The reactions occurring in the nu- Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless and

cleus which convert the primary RNA transcript to a stable in air but sensitive to light. Mp (␣ form)

mature mRNA. Processing reactions include cap- 128–133C, (␤ form) 121C. Practically insoluble in

ping, splicing and polyadenylation. The term can water; soluble in alcohol, acetone, and dioxane;

also refer to the processing of the protein product, sparingly soluble in vegetable oils. The international

including proteolytic cleavages, glycosylation, etc.

unit (IU) of progestational activity is expressed as 1

mg of progesterone.

Derivation: Isolation from corpus luteum of preg-

processivity. For any enzyme that catalyzes the

nant sows, synthesis from other steroids such as

synthesis of a biological polymer, the property of

stigmasterol.

adding multiple subunits to the polymer without

Grade: NF.

dissociating from the substrate.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA).

Use: Oral contraceptive, lab reagent.

prochiral molecule. A symmetric molecule

that can react asymmetrically with an enzyme hav-

ing an asymmetric active site, generating a chiral

progesterone 16,17-acetonide.

product. For example, fumarate converted to L-mal-

CAS: 4968-09-6. mf: C

ate by fumarase.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Use: Hormone.

“Prodox 121” [PMC]. (4-␣-methylstrylphe-

nol). TM for intermediate.

progesterone response element. (PRE). A

Use: In fabric-finishing chemicals and antitoxidants

binding site in a promoter to which the activated

for plastics and rubber.

progesterone receptor can bind. The progesterone

receptor is essentially a transcription factor which is

prodrug. A term applied in the pharmaceutical

activated only in the presence of progesterone. The

chemistry to a chemical compound that is converted

activated receptor will bind to a PRE, and transcrip-

into an active curative agent by metabolic processes

tion of the adjacent gene will be altered.

within the body.

See: Response element.

See precursor.

proglyde dmm. See dipropylene glycol di-

producer gas. A gas obtained by burning coal or

methyl ether.

coke with a restricted supply of air, or by passing air

and steam through a bed of incandescent fuel under

proguanyl. (chlorguanide; 1-p-chlorophenyl-5-

such conditions that the carbon dioxide formed is

isopropyl biguanide). An antimalarial drug said to

converted into carbon monoxide. The water vapor

be less toxic than others.

reacts to form carbon monoxide and hydrogen. Pro-

ducer gas is cheap but has low Btu and is used where

transportation is not required.

prokaryotic. Literally “before the nucleus”, the

Hazard: Highly flammable and toxic. Explosive

term applies to all bacteria and archaea. Prokaryotic

range 20–73% in air.

cells have no internal membranes or cytoskeleton.

See water gas; synthesis gas.

Their DNA is circular, not linear.

See chromosome; eukaryote.

profile. See soil.

prolactin. See luteotropin.

progesterone. (⌬

-pregnene-3,20-dione).

CAS: 57-83-0. C

. The female sex hormone

prolamin. Any of a group of simple vegetable

secreted in the body by the corpus luteum, adrenal

proteins, e.g., gliadin in wheat, zein in corn. When

cortex, or placenta during pregnancy. It is important

split by acids they give only amino acids.

in the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy and for

the maintenance of pregnancy. It exists in two crys-

prolan. (2-nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophe-

talline forms (␣- and ␤-) of equal physiological

nyl)propane).

activity. Progesterone is believed to be the precursor

CAS: 117-27-1. C

of the adrenal steroid hormones.

Properties: Thick, oily liquid. Crystalline form

melts at 80C. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Insecticide; when mixed with bulan, the insecti-

cide known as dilan is formed.

See bulan; dilan.

proline. (2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid).

NCOOH. A nonessential amino acid found nat-

urally in the

L(−) form.

1044

-PROLINE

for thickness gauges, used with tungsten cermet for

space power systems (withstands 2000C for 1000

hours). Note: Some 30 compounds are known, but

may not be commercially available.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water and

promoted electron. Electron forced to occupy

alcohol; insoluble in ether; optically active.

DL-pro-

a principal quantum level higher than that of its

line: mp 205C with decomposition.

D(+)-proline:

ground-state level.

mp 215–220C with decomposition.

L(−)-proline:

mp 220–222C with decomposition.

promoter. (1) A substance that, when added in

Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein, also synthetically

relatively small quantities to a catalyst, increases its

and by recombinant DNA techniques.

activity, e.g., aluminum and potassium oxide are

Use: Biochemical and nutritional research, microbio-

added as promoters to the iron catalyst used in facili-

logical tests, culture media, dietary supplement, lab

tating a combination of hydrogen and nitrogen to

reagent. Available commercially as the

L(−)-proline.

form ammonia. (2) In ore flotation, a substance that

provides the minerals to be floated with a water-

l-proline. mf: C

. repellent surface that will adhere to air bubbles.

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder; Such reagents are generally more or less selective

odorless with sweet taste. Very sol in water, alc; toward minerals of certain classes. (3) /H The first

insol in ether. few hundred nucleotides of DNA “upstream” (on

Use: Food additive. the 5

′

side) of a gene, which control the transcription

of that gene. The promoter is part of the 5

′

flanking

DNA, i.e. it is not transcribed into RNA, but without

prolipin. A compound, sterile solution of protein

the promoter, the gene is not functional.

obtained from nonpathogenic bacteria, various ani-

mal fats, and lipoids derived from bile.

pronucleus. The nucleus of a sperm or egg prior

to fertilization.

promazine hydrochloride. (10-(3-dimethy-

See nucleus; transgenic.

laminopropyl)phenothiazine hydrochloride).

S•HCl. Isomeric with promethazine hydro-

proof. The ethanol content of a liquid at 15.5C,

chloride.

stated as two times the percentage of ethanol by

Properties: White to slightly yellow, hygroscopic

volume. One gallon of 95% alcohol is therefore

powder; practically odorless. Oxidizes upon pro-

equivalent to 1.9 gallons of proof alcohol. In the

longed exposure to air and acquires a blue or pink

U.S., the alcohol tax is based on the number of proof

color. Melts within a range of three degrees between

gallons.

172 and 182C, pH of 5% solution between 4.2–5.2.

Soluble in water and alcohol. Insoluble in benzene.

propachlor.

Grade: NF.

CAS: 1918-16-7. C

NOCl.

Use: Medicine (tranquilizer).

Properties: Tan powder. Mp 68C. Soluble in alco-

hol, benzene.

promecarb. (3-methyl-5-isopropyl-N-methyl-

Use: Selective weed killer.

carbamate).

CAS: 2631-37-0. C

propadiene. See allene.

Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. Mp 87C. In-

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol.

propadrine hydrochloride. (monhydrin, dl-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

norephedrine hydrochloride, phenylpropanola-

Use: Insecticide.

mine hydrochloride).

CAS: 154-41-6. mf: C

NO•ClH

promethium. Pm. Radioactive rare-earth ele-

Properties: A solid. Mw: 187.69, mp: 194C. Soluble

ment, a member of the lanthanide series, atomic

in water.

number 61, aw 147. The 145 isotope has a half-life

Hazard: Poison by ingestion.

of 18 years, the 147 half-life is 2.64 years; the latter

Use: Used as a raw material in cold and diet tablets.

is the only form available.

Properties: Silvery-white metal. Mp 1,160C, density

“Propafilm” [ICI]. TM for coated polypropyl-

7.2.

ene packaging films.

Derivation: The 147 isotope is recovered from spent

Use: A metalizable film used for packaging, barrier,

uranium fission products, also by reduction of the

and heat sealable films.

chloride or fluoride with an alkali metal.

Hazard: Strong radioactive poison, use requires

propanal. See propionaldehyde.

shielding and glove boxes.

Use: (147 isotope) Nuclear auxiliary power genera-

tors, special semiconductor battery, luminescent

propane. (dimethylmethane).

paint for watch dials, X-ray source, source of ␤-rays CAS: 74-98-6. C

1045 PROPARGYL ALCOHOL

Properties: Colorless gas; natural-gas odor. Noncor- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

rosive. Bp −42.5C, fp −189.9C, density of liquid

Use: Agricultural chemical.

0.531 (0C), density of vapor 1.56 (0C), flash p

−156F (−105C), autoign temp 874F (467C). Soluble

n,n

′

′′

-(1,2,3-propanetrioxysulfinyl)tris(1-

in ether, alcohol; slightly soluble in water. An as-

naphthyl methylcarbamate).

phyxiant gas.

CAS: 81862-20-6. mf: C

Grade: Technical, research (9.9%).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Derivation: From petroleum and natural gas.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: TLV: Asphyxiant (Proposed: TWA 2500

ppm). Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

propanil. (generic name for 3,4-dichloropro-

limits in air 2.4–9.5%. For storage, see butane

pionanilide)

(note).

CAS: 709-98-8. Cl

NHCOCH

Use: Organic synthesis, household and industrial

Properties: (Pure) Light-brown solid. Mp 85–89C.

fuel, manufacture of ethylene, extractant, solvent,

(Technical) Liquid. Bp 91–91.5C.

refrigerant, gas enricher, aerosol propellant, mixture

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

for bubble chambers.

Use: Postemergence herbicide, especially for rice

See butane (note).

culture; nematocide.

1,3-propanediamine. See 1,3-diaminopro-

propanoic acid. See propionic acid.

pane.

1-propanol. See propyl alcohol.

1,2-propanediol. See 1,2-propylene glycol.

2-propanol. See isopropyl alcohol.

1,3-propanediol. See trimethylene glycol.

propanolamine. See 2-amino-1-propanol; 3-

n,n

′

-(1,3-propanedioxysulfinyl)bis(2,3-

amino-1-propanol.

dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7-

methylcarbamate).

2-propanol nitrate. See isopropyl nitrate.

CAS: 81861-90-7. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2-propanolpyridine. C

OH.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 260.2C, d 1.060

(25C), refr index 1.5298 (20C). Miscible with water

propane hydrate. See gas hydrate.

at 20C.

propanenitrile. See ethyl cyanide.

4-propanolpyridine. C

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 289.0C, fp 36.7C, d

propane sultone. (1,2-oxathrolane; 2,2-diox-

1.053 (40C). Soluble in water.

ide; 3-hydroxy-1-propanesulphonic acid sultone;

1,3-propane sultone).

2-propanone. See acetone.

CAS: 1120-71-4. C

Properties: Liquid or white crystals. Mw 122.14, mp

2-propanone oxime. See acetoxime.

above 31.11C (with a foul odor), bp 180C. Soluble

in water and organic solvents.

propanoyl chloride. See propionyl chloride.

Hazard: TLV: animal carcinogen.

Use: Chemical intermediate for the production of

propargite. (2-(p-tert-butylphenoxy)-cyclohex-

fungicides, insecticides, cation-exchange resins,

yl-2-propynylsulfite; dark oil).

dyes, and vulcanization accelerators.

CAS: 2312-35-8.

Properties: D 1.1 (25C). Insoluble in water.

1,3-propane sultone. See propane sultone.

Use: Acaricide for fruits, vegetables, row crops.

1-propanethiol. (n-propyl mercaptan).

propargyl alcohol. (2-propyn-1-ol).

CAS: 79869-58-2. C

SH.

CAS: 107-19-7. HC≡CCH

OH.

Properties: Liquid; offensive-smelling. Boiling

Properties: Colorless liquid; geranium-like odor. D

range 67–73C, d 0.8408 (20/4C), refr index 1.4380

0.971, fp −48C, bp 114C, flash p 97F (36C) (OC).

(20C), flash p −5F (−20.5C).

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether; immiscible

Grade: 95%.

with aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Derivation: From acetylene by high-pressure syn-

Use: Chemical intermediate, herbicide.

thesis.

Grade: Technical, 75% solution.

n,n

′

′′

-(1,2,3-propanetrioxysulfinyl)tris(2- Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

isopropoxyphenylmethylcarbamate). ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. TLV: 1

CAS: 81862-23-9. mf: C

. ppm. Toxic by skin absorption.

1046PROPARGYL BROMIDE

Use: Chemical intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, lab

2-propene-nitrile, polymer with 1,3-

butadiene, 3-carboxy-1-cyano-1-

reagent, solvent stabilizer, prevents hydrogen em-

methylpropyl-terminated,2-hydroxy-3-((1-

brittlement of steel, soil fumigant.

oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)propyl ester.

CAS: 68891-47-4. mf: (C

•C

propargyl bromide. (3-bromo-1-propyne).

Hazard: A severe skin irritant.

CAS: 106-96-7. HC≡CCH

Br.

Properties: Liquid, sharp odor. D 1.520, bp 88–90C,

2-propene-1-thiol. See allyl mercaptan.

flash p 65F (18.3) (COC).

Derivation: From acetylene by high-pressure syn-

thesis.

propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid. See aco-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

nitic acid.

risk. Irritant.

Use: Chemical intermediate, soil fumigant.

propenoic acid. See acrylic acid.

propargyl chloride. (3-chloro-1-propyne).

2-propen-1-ol. See allyl alcohol.

HC≡CCH

Cl.

Properties: Liquid. Fp −76.9C, bp 57.1, refr index

propenyl alcohol. See allyl alcohol.

1.4310 (25C), flash p 90F (32C). Soluble in ben-

zene, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride; insoluble in

2-propenylamine. See allylamine.

water.

Derivation: From acetylene by high-pressure syn-

p-propenylanisole. See anethole.

thesis.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

␣-propenyldichlorohydrin. See ␣-dichlo-

Use: Chemical intermediate, soil fumigant.

rohydrin.

)-propargyl-5,8-dideazafolic acid.

propenyl guaethol. (1-ethoxy-2-hydroxy-4-

CAS: 76849-19-9. mf: C

propenylbenzene). C

(OH)(C

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Free-flowing, white powder; odor and

taste similar to vanilla, but much more powerful. Mp

′

-propargyl-␣

′

-ethynyl-3

′

-furylmethyl ␣-

85–86C. Very soluble in fats, edible solvents, and

ethylphenyl acetate.

essential oils; very slightly soluble in water.

CAS: 51715-75-4. mf: C

Use: Artificial vanilla flavoring, flavor enhancer.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

propenyl guaiacol. See methyl isoeugenol.

propazine 80W.

2-propenyl hexanoate. See allyl caproate.

CAS: 139-40-2. C

ClN

. Generic name for a

preemergence herbicide containing 80% 2-chloro-

2-propenyl isothiocyanate. See allyl iso-

4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-triazine.

thiocyanate.

Use: Weed control in sorghum culture.

propineb. (zinc-1,2-propylene-bisdithiocarba-

propellant. (1) A rocket fuel.

mate).

(2) A compressed gas used to expel the contents of

CAS: 12071-83-9. C

Zn.

containers in the form of aerosols. Chlorofluorocar-

Properties: Faintly yellow crystals or powder; be-

bons were once widely used because of their non-

comes dark when heated. Decomposes in presence

flammability. The strong possibility that they con-

of strong acids or bases. Insoluble in most common

tribute to depletion of the ozone layer of the upper

solvents.

atmosphere has resulted in prohibition of their use

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

for this purpose. Other propellants used are hydro-

Use: Fungicide.

carbon gases, such as butane and propane, carbon

dioxide, and nitrous oxide. The materials dispersed

␥-propiobutyrolactone. See ␥-heptalactone.

include insecticides, shaving cream, whipping

cream, and cosmetic preparations. See ozone

propiodal. (1,3-bis(trimethylamino)-2-propanol

(note).

diiodide; iodisan; hexamethyldiaminoisopropanol

diiodide). [CH

N(CH

)

CHOH.

2-propenal. See acrolein.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 275C (de-

composes), turns brown at 240C. Freely soluble in

propene. See propylene.

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether

and acetone.

propenenitrile. See acrylonitrile. Use: Medicine (iodine therapy).

1047 PROPOXYPHENE

␤-propiolactone. (USAN) (BPL). propionic aldehyde. See propionaldehyde.

CAS: 57-57-8.

propionic anhydride.

CAS: 123-62-6. (CH

CO)

❘

CO.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Fp

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Bp 155C

−45C, bp 167–169C, d 1.0119 (20C), vap press 1

with rapid decomposition, fp −33.4C, refr index

mm Hg (20C), flash p 165F (73.9C) bulk d 8.4 lb/gal

1.4131 (20C), d 1.1450 (20/4C), flash p (OC) 167F

at 20C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and

(75C). Soluble in water; miscible with ethanol, ace-

alkalies; decomposed by water. Combustible.

tone, ether, and chloroform at 25C; reacts with alco-

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

hol. Stable when stored in glass at refrigeration tem-

Use: Esterifying agent for fats and oils; cellulose;

perature (+5 to +10C). Combustible.

dehydrating medium for nitrations and sulfonations;

Derivation: Direct combination of ketene and form-

alkyd resins; dyestuffs; and pharmaceuticals.

aldehyde.

Hazard: Strong skin irritant, suspected human car-

propionitrile. See ethyl cyanide.

cinogen, worker exposure should be minimized.

TLV: 0.5 ppm; animal carcinogen.

propionylbenzene. See propiophenone.

Use: Organic synthesis, vapor sterilant, disinfectant.

propionyl chloride. (propanoyl chloride).

propionaldehyde. (propanal; propyl alde-

CAS: 79-03-8. CH

COCl.

hyde; propionic aldehyde).

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. Fp

CAS: 123-38-6. C

CHO.

−94C, bp 80C, d 1.065 (20/4C). Decomposes in

Properties: Water-white liquid; suffocating odor.

water and alcohol.

Flash p 15F (−9.4C) (OC), bp 48.8C, fp −81C, d

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin.

0.807 (20.4C), refr index 1.364 (20C), autoign temp

Use: Chemical intermediate.

405F (207C). Soluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of propyl alcohol with

propionyl peroxide.

dichromate, (2) by passing propyl alcohol over cop-

CAS: 3248-28-0. C

C(O)OOC(O)C

. Avail-

per at elevated temperatures.

able as a 25% solution in a high-boiling hydrocar-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

bon, flash p 125F (51.6C).

limits in air 3.0–16%. Irritant.

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, may explode if

Use: Manufacture of propionic acid, polyvinyl, and

shocked or heated.

other plastics; synthesis of rubber chemicals; disin-

Use: Initiator in polymerization reactions, such as the

fectant; preservative.

high-pressure polymerization of ethylene.

propiophenone. (ethyl phenyl ketone; propi-

propionamide nitrile. See cyanoacetamide.

onylbenzene; 1-phenylpropanone-1).

CAS: 93-55-0. C

COC

propione. See diethyl ketone.

Properties: Colorless to light-amber liquid or crys-

tals; strong persistent odor. D 1.012 (20/20C), refr

index 1.527 (20C), congealing temp 17.5–21C, bp

propionic acid. (methylacetic acid; propanoic

218C, flash p 210F (99C) (TOC). Insoluble in water,

acid).

ethylene glycol, glycerol; miscible with alcohol,

CAS: 79-09-4. CH

ether, benzene, and toluene. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; rancid odor. D

Use: Fixative in perfumes, starting material for syn-

0.9942 (20/4C), fp −20.8C, refr index 1.3862 (20C),

thesis of ephedrine and other important pharmaceu-

bp 140.7C, flash p 130F (54.4C), autoign temp 955F

ticals and synthetic organic chemicals, lab reagent.

(512C). Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and

ether. Combustible.

“Propi-Rhap” [Uniroyal]. TM for the 2-eth-

Derivation: By reaction of ethanol with carbon mon-

ylhexyl ester of 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic

oxide, using a boron trifluoride catalyst; also by the

acid.

reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen and

Use: Herbicide.

olefins or alcohols.

Method of purification: Rectification.

propoxur. See o-isopropoxyphenyl-N-methyl

Grade: Technical, 99.0%, FCC.

carbamate.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Strong irritant. TLV: 10

ppm.

“ProPoxy 300” [Unitex]. TM for a high

Use: Propionates, some of which are used as mold

strength two-component epoxy adhesive anchoring

inhibitors in bread and fungicides in general; herbi-

gel.

cides; preservative for grains and wood chips; emul-

sifying agents; solutions for electroplating nickel;

perfume esters; artificial fruit flavors; pharmaceuti-

propoxyphene. (␣-(+)-4-dimethylamino-1,2-

cals; cellulose propionate plastics. diphenyl-3-methyl-2-butanol propionate ester).

10482-(3-PROPOXYPHENYL)IMIDAZO

CAS: 469-62-5. C

. The ␣-diastereoisomers Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

are optically active and are preferred for their greater limits in air 2–8%. TLV: 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm.

pain-relieving ability. The drug has about the same Use: Flavoring agents, perfumery, solvent for nitro-

analgesic effect as codeine. Abuse can cause addic- cellulose and other cellulose derivatives, natural and

tion, and overdosage can be fatal. Its use has been synthetic resins, lacquers, plastics, organic synthe-

restricted by FDA. sis, lab reagent.

propyl acetone. See methyl butyl ketone.

2-(3-propoxyphenyl)imidazo(2,1-a)

isoquinoline.

CAS: 61001-15-8. mf: C

propyl alcohol. (1-propanol; n-propyl alco-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

hol).

CAS: 71-23-8. CH

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor similar to ethanol.

n-propoxypropanol. C

Bp 97.2C, fp −127C, d 0.804 (20/4C), flash p 77F

Properties: Liquid. D 0.8865 (20/20C), bp 149.8C,

(25C) (OC), autoign temp 700F (371C), refr index

fp −80C (sets to glass below this), flash p 128F

1.385 (20C), viscosity 2.256 cP (20C). Soluble in

(53.3C). Soluble in water.

water, alcohol, and ether.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Derivation: From oxidation of natural gas hydrocar-

Use: Solvent for water-based enamel.

bons, also from fusel oil.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

proppant. A term coined by petroleum engineers

limits in air 2–13%. Toxic by skin absorption. TLV:

to refer to agents such as sand, sintered bauxite, etc.,

200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm. Toxic by skin absorption.

that are used in hydraulic fracturing of oil wells; they

Use: Organic synthesis and chemical intermediate;

are so called because they prop open the minute

solvent for waxes, vegetable oils, natural and syn-

cracks in rock formations created by a hydraulic

thetic resins, cellulose esters and ethers; polishing

press.

compositions; brake fluids; solvent degreasing; an-

See hydraulic fracturing.

tiseptic.

propranolol. (1-(isopropylamino)-3-(1-na-

sec-propyl alcohol. See isopropyl alcohol.

phthyloxy)-2-propanol).

CAS: 525-66-6. C

propyl aldehyde. See propionaldehyde.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 96C. Soluble in

water and alcohol; insoluble in benzene and ether.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

n-propylamine.

Use: An adrenergic blocker used in treatment of hy-

CAS: 107-10-8. C

pertension and various forms of heart disease. Ap-

Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. D 0.7182

proved by FDA.

(20C), bp 47.8C, vap press 248 mm Hg (20C), fp

−83C, flash p −35F (−37.2C), autoign temp 604F

(317C). Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ex-

plosive limits in air 2–10%, use alcohol foam to

extinguish. Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

Use: Intermediate, lab reagent.

n-propylbenzene. (1-phenylpropane).

CAS: 103-65-1. C

“Propulse” [Norben]. TM for a pea protein

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 160C, fp −100C, d

isolate.

0.862, flash p 86F (30C), refr index 1.49. Soluble in

Use: Gives a high level of functionality and nutrition

alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water.

in food and beverages where protein enrichment is

Derivation: Reaction of benzylmagnesium chloride

required.

and diethyl sulfate.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Use: Solvent for cellulose acetate, dyeing textiles.

n-propyl acetate.

CAS: 109-60-4. C

OOCCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. D 0.887,

n-propyl bromide. (1-bromopropane).

flash p 58F (14.4C), boiling range 96.0–102.0C, CAS: 106-94-5. C

Br.

bulk d 7.36 lb/gal, autoign temp 842F (450C), fp Properties: Liquid. Mp –110°C, bp 71°C, d: 1.35 @

−92C. Slightly soluble in water; miscible with alco- 20°/4°C, mw 123.01, autoign temp 914°F, flash p

hols, ketones, esters, hydrocarbons. <22°, lower explosive level 4.6%.

Derivation: Interaction of acetic acid and n-propyl Hazard: A flammable liquid.

alcohol in the presence of sulfuric acid. Use: Solvent, organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, in-

Grade: Technical. termediate.

1049 PROPYLENE DICHLORIDE

propyl butyrate. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in

CAS: 105-66-8. C

OOCC

. water.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8789 (15C), bp Derivation: Catalytic and thermal cracking of ethyl-

142.7C, fp −95.2C. Slightly soluble in water; solu- ene with zeolite catalyst, from naphtha.

ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. Grade: 95%, 99%, and research.

Hazard: Irritant to mucous membranes, narcotic in Hazard: TLV: Asphyxiant; Not Classifiable as a

high concentration. Human Carcinogen. Highly flammable, dangerous

Use: Solvent mixture for cellulose ethers. fire risk, explosive limits in air 2–11%.

Use: Manufacture of isopropyl alcohol, polypropyl-

ene, synthetic glycerol, acrylonitrile, propylene ox-

propyl chloride. (1-chloropropane).

ide, heptene, cumene, polymer gasoline, acrylic

CAS: 540-54-5. CH

Cl.

acid, vinyl resins, oxo chemicals.

Properties: Liquid. Fp −122.8C, bp 46.6C, refr index

1.3886 (20C), flash p 0F (−17.7C). Soluble in alco-

hol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

propylene carbonate.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ex-

plosive limits in air 2.5–11%. Irritant and narcotic.

or OC

❘

OCH

CH(CH

)

❘

See isopropyl chloride.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless. Fp −49.2C

(easily supercooled). Bp 241.7C, d 1.2057 (20/4C),

propyl chlorosulfonate.

bulk d 10 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4209 (20C);

CAS: 109-61-5. CH

OSO

Cl.

flash p 270F (132C). Miscible with acetone, ben-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 70–72C (20 mm Hg).

zene, chloroform, ether, ethyl acetate; moderately

Derivation: Interaction of n-propyl alcohol and sul-

soluble in water and carbon tetrachloride. Combus-

furyl chloride.

tible.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

Use: Solvent extraction, plasticizer, organic synthe-

irritant to eyes.

sis, natural gas purification, synthetic fiber spinning

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison gas (lachry-

solvent.

mator).

propylene chloride. See propylene dichlo-

n-propyl cyanide. See n-butyronitrile.

ride.

n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.

propylene chlorohydrin. (chloro-isopropyl

CAS: 315706-70-8. mf: C

NO.

alcohol; 1-chloro-2-propanol).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 78-89-7. CH

ClCH

OCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild, nonresidual odor.

n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-4-morpholine-

Bp 127.5C, vap press 4.9 mm Hg (20C), flash p 125F

carboxamide.

(51.6C) (CC), bulk d 9.3 lb/gal (20C), d 1.1128 (20/

CAS: 315706-81-1. mf: C

20C). Soluble in water and alcohol.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and

n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-3-(3,4,5-trimeth-

skin absorption.

oxyphenyl)-2-propenamide.

Use: Organic synthesis (introducing hydroxypropyl

CAS: 315706-73-1. mf: C

group), manufacture of propylene oxide.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

propylenediamine. Legal label name for 1,2-

n-propyldiethanolamine.

diaminopropane.

CAS: 6735-35-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

severe eye irritant.

propylene dichloride. (1,2-dichloropropane;

propylene chloride).

propyl-3,5-diiodo-4-oxo-

CAS: 78-87-5. CH

CHClCH

Cl.

1(4H)pyridineacetate. See propyliodone.

Properties: Colorless, stable liquid; chloroform-like

odor. Bp 96.3C, d 1.1583 (20/20C), bulk d 9.6 lb/gal

propyldiphenylphosphine.

(20C), refr index 1.4068 (20C), fp −80C, flash p 61F

CAS: 7650-84-2. mf: C

(16.1C), autoign temp 1,035F (557C). Soluble in

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

water 0.26% by wt (20C); miscible with most com-

mild skin irritant.

mon solvents.

Derivation: Action of chlorine on propylene.

propylene. (propene). Grade: Refined.

CAS: 115-07-1. CH

CH:CH

. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

Properties: Colorless gas. Bp −47.7C, fp −185.2C, d limits in air 3.4–14.5%. Toxic by ingestion and inha-

(liquid) 0.5139 (20/4C), vap d (0C) (air

1) 1.46, lation. TLV: 75 ppm; STEL 110 ppm; not classifia-

flash p −162F (−108C), autoign temp 927F (497C). ble as a human carcinogen.

10501,2-PROPYLENE GLYCOL

Use: Intermediate for perchloroethylene and carbon

propylene glycol lactostearate.

tetrachloride; lead scavenger for antiknock fluids;

Properties: Soft to hard waxy solid. Dispersible in

solvents for fats, oils, waxes, gums, and resins; sol-

hot water; moderately sol in hot isopropanol, ben-

vent mixture for cellulose esters and ethers; scouring

zene, chloroform, soybean oil.

compounds; spotting agents; metal degreasing

Use: Food additive.

agents; soil fumigant for nematodes.

propylene glycol mono- and diesters.

Properties: Clear liquid or white to yellow beads or

1,2-propylene glycol. (1,2-dihydroxypropane;

flakes; bland odor and taste. Insol in water; sol in alc,

1,2-propanediol; methylene glycol; methyl gly-

ethyl acetate, chloroform.

col).

Use: Food additive.

CAS: 57-55-6. CH

CHOHCH

OH.

Properties: Colorless, viscous, stable, hygroscopic

liquid; practically odorless and tasteless. Miscible

propylene glycol monomethyl ether.

with water, alcohols, and many organic solvents. Bp

(polypropylene glycol methyl ether).

187.3C, fp −60C, d 1.0381 (20/20C), bulk d 8.64 lb/

CAS: 107-98-2. CH

OCH

gal (20C), refr index 1.4293 (27C), surface tension

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −95C (sets to glass),

40.1 dynes/cm (25C), viscosity 0.581 cP (20C), vap

bp 120.1C, d 0.9234 (20/20C) bulk d 7.65 lb/gal

press 0.07 mm Hg (20C), specific heat 0.590 cal/g

(25C), refr index 1.402 (25C), flash p 97F (36.1C).

(20C), latent heat of evaporation 168.6 cal/g at bp,

Soluble in water; methanol, ether.

flash p 210F (99C) (OC), autoign temp 780F

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. TLV: 100

(415C), heat of combustion 431.0 kg cal/mole.

ppm; STEL 150 ppm

Combustible.

Use: Solvent for celluloses, acrylics, dyes, inks,

Derivation: By hydration of propylene oxide.

stains; solvent-sealing of cellophane.

Method of purification: By distillation.

Grade: Refined, technical, USP, FCC, feed.

propylene glycol monoricinoleate.

Use: Organic synthesis, especially polypropylene

(OH)COOCH

OCH

glycol and polyester resins; cellophane; antifreeze

Properties: Pale-yellow, moderately viscous, oily

solution. Solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, flavor-

liquid; mild odor. D 0.960 (25/25C), saponification

ing extracts, perfumes, colors, soft-drink syrups,

value 160, hydroxyl value 285, solidifies at −26C.

antioxidants. Hygroscopic agent; coolant in refrig-

Soluble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

eration systems; plasticizers; hydraulic fluids; bac-

Combustible.

tericide; textile conditioners. In foods as solvent,

Derivation: Castor oil and propylene glycol.

wetting agent, humectant. Emulsifier; feed additive;

Grade: Technical.

anticaking agent; preservative (retards molds and

Use: Plasticizer, dye solvents, lubricant, cosmetics,

fungi); cleansing creams; suntan lotions; pharma-

urethane polymers, and hydraulic fluids.

ceuticals; brake fluids; deicing fluids for airport

runways; tobacco.

propylene glycol monostearate. The FCC

See polypropylene glycol.

grade is a mixture of propylene glycol mono- and

diesters of stearic and palmitic acids. White beads or

1,3-propylene glycol. See trimethylene

flakes, bland odor and taste, insoluble in water, solu-

glycol.

ble in alcohol, ethyl acetate, chloroform and other

chlorinated hydrocarbons. Combustible.

Use: Emulsifier, stabilizer.

propylene glycol alginate. (hydroxypropyl

alginate). (C

propylene glycol phenyl ether.

Properties: White powder; practically tasteless and

OCH

CHOHOCH

odorless. Vary with degree of esterification. Soluble

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.060–1.070 (25/

in water and dilute organic acids.

25C), boiling range 5.95%, 237–242C, flash p 275F

Grade: FCC.

(135C). Combustible.

Use: Stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, food additive.

Use: High-boiling solvent, bactericidal agent, fixa-

tive for soaps and perfumes, intermediate for plasti-

propylene glycol dinitrate. (PGDN).

cizers.

CAS: 6423-43-4. C

Properties: Colorless liquid; unpleasant odor. Mw

propyleneimine. (2-methylaziridine; propyle-

166.09, d 1.232 g/ml at 25C, fp −27.7C, bp decom-

nimine).

poses above 121C. Slightly soluble in water.

CAS: 75-55-8.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:

0.05 ppm. Toxic by skin absorption.

Use: Torpedo propellant in Otto Fuel II.

❘

HCNH

❘

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 66–67C, d

propylene glycol distearate. See propylene 0.8039–0.8070 (25/25C), 1.4094–1.4109 (25C).

glycol monostearate. Soluble in water and most organic solvents.

1051 PROPYLPARABEN

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by Hazard: Use in foods restricted to 0.02% of fat con-

ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. A sus-

tent.

pected carcinogen. TLV: 2 ppm; animal carcinogen.

Use: Food preservative and antioxidant for animal

Toxic by skin absorption.

fats and oils, flavoring, transformer oils.

Use: Organic intermediate whose derivatives are

used in the paper, textile, rubber, and pharmaceuti-

propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. See propylpar-

cal industries.

aben.

propylene oxide.

propyliodone. (propyl-3,5-diiodo-4-oxo-1(4H)-

CAS: 75-56-9.

pyridineacetate). I

(O)C

NCH

COOC

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless or

nearly so. Mp 187–190C. Practically insoluble in

water; soluble in acetone, alcohol, and ether.

Grade: USP.

Properties: Colorless liquid; ethereal odor. D 0.8304

Use: Medicine (radiopaque medium).

(20/20C) bp 33.9C, vap press 445 mm Hg (20C),

flash p −35F (−37.2C), bulk d 6.9 lb/gal (20C), fp

propyl isomer. Generic name for dipropyl-

−104.4C. Partially soluble in water; soluble in alco-

5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-7-methylnaphtho[2,3-d]-1,3-di-

hol and ether.

oxole-5,6-dicarboxylate.

Derivation: (1) Chlorohydration of propylene fol-

CAS: 83-59-0. C

lowed by saponification with lime, (2) peroxidation

Properties: Orange liquid. Insoluble in water; slight-

of propylene, (3) epoxidation of propylene by a

ly soluble in oils; soluble in most organic solvents.

hydroperoxide complex with molybdenum catalyst.

Use: Insecticide synergist.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ex-

plosive limits in air 2–22%. An irritant. TLV: 20

propylmagnesium bromide. C

MgBr.

ppm; animal carcinogen.

Available as a solution in ether; a Grignard reagent.

Use: Polyols for urethane foams, propylene glycols,

Use: Alkylating agent in organic synthesis.

surfactants and detergents, isopropanol amines, fu-

migant, synthetic lubricants, synthetic elastomer

propylmalonic acid, diethyl ester. (propyl

(homopolymer), solvent.

diethyl malonate). C

CH(COOC

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; fragrant odor. D 0.9860

propylene oxide and ethylene oxide block

(25C); bp 222C. Soluble in water; soluble in alco-

polymer. See poloxamer 331.

hols, ethers, esters, and ketones.

Use: Intermediate, tobacco flavoring.

propylene phenoxetol. See 1-phenoxy-2-pro-

panol.

n-propyl mercaptan. Legal label name for 1-

propanethiol.

propyl formate.

CAS: 110-74-7. HCOOC

2-n-propyl-4-methylpyrimidyl-6-N,N-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9006 (20/4C), fp −92.9C, bp

dimethylcarbamate.

81.3C, refr index 1.3769 (20C). Slightly soluble in

(CH

)OOCN(CH

)

water, miscible with alcohol and ether. Flash p 27F

Properties: A liquid. Miscible with water and most

(−2.8C) (COC), autoign temp 851F (455C).

organic solvents.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Insecticide.

Use: Flavoring.

n-propyl nitrate. (NPN).

propylformic acid. See butyric acid.

CAS: 627-13-4. C

Properties: White to straw-colored liquid; ethereal

n-propyl furoate. C

OCO

odor. D 1.07 (20C), bp 110C, flash p 68F (20C),

Properties: Colorless, fragrant liquid; becomes yel-

autoign temp 350F (176C), fp −100C, refr index

low in light. D 1.0745 (25.9/4C), bp 210.9C (cor-

1.3975 (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

rected), refr index 1.4737 (25.9C). Practically insol-

and ether.

uble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Grade: 96–98% pure.

Combustible.

Hazard: Flammable, severe fire and explosion risk,

Use: Flavoring.

strong oxidizing material, explosive limits in air

2–100%. TLV: 25 ppm; STEL 40 ppm.

Use: Rocket fuel (monopropellant).

propyl gallate.

CAS: 121-79-9. C

OOCC

(OH)

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 150C. Almost

propylparaben. (propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate).

insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol (50/50); some- CAS: 94-13-3. C

what soluble in oils. Properties: Colorless crystals or white powder. Mp

1052PROPYL PELARGONATE

95–98C. Slightly soluble in boiling water; soluble in

n-propyltrichlorosilane.

alcohol, ether, and acetone. CAS: 141-57-1. C

SiCl

Grade: USP, FCC. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 12.5, d 1.195 (25/

25C), refr index 1.4292 (25C), flash p 100F (37.7C)

Use: Food preservative, fungicide, mold control in

(COC). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of hy-

sausage casings.

drogen chloride.

See “Parabens.”

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

chloride and propylmagnesium chloride.

propyl pelargonate. C

OOCC

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.870 (15/15C), bp 237C. In-

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Strong irri-

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and most organic

tant.

solvents. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

Use: Flavors and perfumes, bactericides and fungi-

cides.

propyl xanthate. See xanthic acid.

2-propyl-4-pentenoic acid. See 2-allylpenta-

propyne. See methylacetylene.

noic acid.

2-propyne-1-ol. See propargyl alcohol.

propylpiperidine. See coniine.

prostacycline. See prostaglandin.

1-propylpiperidine.

CAS: 5470-02-0. mf: C

prostaglandin. One of a group of physiological-

Hazard: A poison.

ly active compounds derived from arachidonic acid,

a 20-carbon fatty acid that occurs in glandular or-

6-propylpiperonyl butyl diethylene glycol

gans and the liver. It was named after the prostate

ether. See piperonyl butoxide.

gland, where it was originally found. Research on

prostaglandins has been intense in recent years in

n-propyl propionate.

view of their importance in various reproduction

CAS: 106-36-5. CH

COOCH

mechanisms and effects on blood pressure. They are

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

believed to have significant relationships to a num-

122–124C, fp −76C, flash p 174F (78.9C) (OC),

ber of hormones; they also affect the nervous sys-

bulk d 7.31 lb/gal. Soluble in most organic solvents;

tem, inhibit production of gastric juice, stimulate

slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

smooth muscles, and induce labor. They occur natu-

Grade: Technical.

rally in body tissues and biological fluids (especially

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, paints, varnishes, lac-

semen). Both the chemical structure and metabolic

quers, coating agents.

functions of these compounds have been established

with considerable accuracy, and several types have

4-n-propylpyridine. C

NorC

been synthesized; one pathway uses norbornadiene

Not to be confused with coniine (propylpiperidine).

as a starting point followed by a ten-step sequence of

Properties: Bp 188C.

conversions to a diol that serves as a precursor;

Use: Intermediate.

another starts with cyclopentadiene, followed by

hydroboration, yielding two intermediates from

5-(propylsulfonyl)-2-benzimidazolecarbamic

which prostaglandin can be derived. The most pro-

acid methyl ester.

lific source of prostanglandin intermediates (called

CAS: 75184-71-3. mf: C

syntons) is a marine organism called a gorgonian sea

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

whip, which occurs in great numbers in coral reefs,

especially in the Caribbean area. Harvesting of these

2-propylthiazolidine.

has made the production of prostaglandins much

CAS: 24050-10-0. mf: C

NS.

less expensive. The occurrence of prostaglandin A

Hazard: A poison.

in yellow onions has been confirmed. Important

derivatives of prostaglandins are prostacyclins and

thromboxanes; a closely related group of com-

propylthiouracil. (6-propyl-2-thiouracil).

pounds derived directly from arachidonic acid are

CAS: 51-52-5. C

OS.

the leukotrienes, which occur in white blood cells.

Properties: White, powdery, crystalline substance;

starchlike in appearance and to touch; bitter taste.

Mp 218–221C, sensitive to light. Very slightly solu-

prosthetic group. A chemical grouping in

ble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol; soluble in which a metal ion is associated with a large molecule

ammonia and alkali hydroxides. or molecular complex, e.g., coenzymes and metal-

Derivation: Condensation of ␤-oxocaproate with porphyrin complexes such as chlorophyll and he-

thiourea. min. Such groups activate metabolic mechanisms

Grade: USP. such as phosphorylation, decarboxylation, etc., by

Use: Medicine (thyroid inhibitor). coordination reactions with amino acids, proteins,

1053 PROTEIN, SINGLE-CELL

enzymes, and nucleic acids. The behavior of certain as the basic component of connective tissue (colla-

vitamins and other metabolites is due in part to gen), hair (keratin), nails, feathers, skin, etc. Some

prosthetic groups; catalysis is also involved. have been synthesized in the lab.

The sequence of amino acids;in the polypeptide

chain is of critical importance in genetics. Proteins

protactinium. Pa. A radioactive element of

can be hydrolyzed to their constituent amino acids

atomic number 91, a member of the actinide series,

and can be broken down into simpler forms by pro-

aw 231.0359, valences

4, 5; 13 unstable isotopes,

teolytic enzymes. They form colloidal solutions,

two of which occur naturally. Protactinium is a con-

and behave chemically as both acids and bases si-

stituent of all uranium ores, 340 milligrams being

multaneously (amphoteric). They are denatured by

extracted from one ton. Protactinium may also be

changes in pH, and by heat, UV radiation, and many

produced by irradiation of thorium-230. Purification

organic solvents.

is carried out by ion-exchange and solvent-extrac-

Simple proteins contain only amino acids, conjugat-

tion techniques. The longest lived isotope, Pa-231,

ed proteins contain amino acids plus nucleic acids,

decays by ␣-emission and has a half-life of 33,000

carbohydrates, lipids, etc. On the basis of solubility,

years. Protactinium may be precipitated as the dou-

they can be classified as albumins (water soluble),

ble potassium fluoride, K

PaF

, or the oxide, Pa

globulins (insoluble in water but soluble in aqueous

The metal may be prepared by reducing PaF

with

salt solutions), and prolamins (soluble in alcohol-

barium or by heating PaI

in a vacuum. It is hard and

water mixture but not in alcohol or water alone). A

white, melting near 1600C. It is too rare for commer-

number of proteins have been synthesized, notably

cial use. Forms several compounds with halogens.

the hormone insulin. Proteins are an essential com-

Hazard: Highly toxic, radioactive material.

ponent of the diet, occurring chiefly in meat, eggs,

milk, and fish. Edible proteins suitable for human

protamines. Simplest proteins, without sulfur,

food as well as cattle feed can be produced from

molecular weights about 3000.

microorganisms grown in carbonaceous or nitroge-

Properties: Water soluble, producing basic solu-

nous media to form yeastlike materials. Paraffinic

tions.

hydrocarbons (methane) and petroleum-derived

ethanol can be used as growth media for protein

protease. A proteolytic enzyme that weakens or

biosynthesis.

breaks the peptide linkages in proteins. They include

Industrial applications of proteins include plastics,

some of the more widely known enzymes such as

adhesives, and fibers derived from casein and soy-

pepsin, trypsin, ficin, bromelin, papain, and rennin.

bean protein, but these have been declining in recent

Being water soluble they solubilize proteins and are

years. Special forms in which proteins are commer-

commercially used for meat tenderizers, bread bak-

cially available include textured proteins for food

ing, and digestive aids.

products, and protein hydrolyzate and liquid predi-

gested protein, both for medical use. See ribonu-

protective coating. A film or thin layer of metal

clease; deoxyribonucleic acid; nutrition; amino

glass or paint applied to a substrate primarily to

acid; protein, textured; protein, single-cell;

inhibit corrosion, and secondarily for decorative

polypeptide.

purposes. Metals such as nickel, chromium, copper,

and tin are electrodeposited on the base metal; paints

protein hydrolyzate. Solution of protein hy-

may be sprayed or brushed on. Vitreous enamel

drolyzed into its constituent amino acids.

coatings are also used; that require baking. Zinc

Grade: USP.

coatings are applied by a continuous bath process in

Use: Medicine and surgery. Usually administered by

which a strip of ferrous metal is passed through

a stomach tube or intravenous injection.

molten zinc.

See galvanizing; terne plate; electroplating; paint;

corrosion; cladding.

protein kinases. Enzymes that phosphorylate

certain amino acid residues (most often Ser, Thr, or

Tyr) in specific proteins.

protective colloid. See colloid, protective.

protein. A complex, high polymer containing protein, single-cell. (SCP). A protein nutrient

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually derived from bacteria or yeast by hydrocarbon fer-

sulfur, and composed of chains of amino acids con- mentation or from fungi by fermentation on food-

nected by peptide linkages (−CO•NH−). Proteins plant waste. A process developed in West Germany

occur in the cells of all living organisms and in during the 1970s utilizes the bacterium Methyloma-

biological fluids (blood plasma, protoplasm). They nas clara cultured in a mixture of methanol, ammo-

are synthesized by plants largely through the nitro- nia, water, and air. The continuous fermentation

gen-fixing ability of certain soil bacteria. Their mo- process is followed by dewatering and spray drying.

lecular weight may be as high as 40 million (tobacco The product contains 70% protein, 10% nucleic

mosaic virus). They have many important functional acids, 8% fats, and 7% minerals; in this form it is

forms: enzymes, hemoglobin, hormones, viruses, suitable for animal feeds. A purified type (90% pro-

genes, antibodies, and nucleic acids. They also serve tein) is made by dissolving the product in an ammo-

1054PROTEIN, SPUN

nia-methanol mixture, followed by filtration to re- Use: Stripping colors from fabrics, chemical syn-

move the fats, and then water-washing to extract the thesis.

nucleic acids. The product may prove to be satisfac-

tory for use in human foods. The presence of nucleic

protolytic catalysis. Catalysis in which acids,

acids is undesirable, because they may lead to meta- bases, or both act as catalysts by undergoing proto-

bolic disorders such as gout. Commercial produc- lytic reactions.

tion awaits further testing.

proton. A fundamental unit of matter having a

positive charge and a mass number of 1, equivalent

protein, spun. See protein, textured.

to 1.67 × 10

−24

gram. Its mass is 1837 times that of the

negatively charged electron, but is almost identical

protein targeting. The process by which newly

with that of the uncharged neutron. Protons are con-

synthesized proteins are sorted and transported to

stituents of all atomic nuclei, their number in each

their proper locations in the cell.

nucleus being the atomic number of the element. An

atom of normal hydrogen contains one proton and

protein, textured. A meat extender or substi-

one electron. A proton is identical with a hydrogen

tute made from defatted soybean flour or similar

ion (H

protein, usually by an extrusion process. Some types

are used to fortify cereals and other food products.

proton acceptor. The acceptor of a proton in an

The filaments produced by extrusion are designed to

acid-base reaction: a Brønsted-Lowry base.

simulate the fibrous structure (texture) of meats. The

term spinning is also used, and the products are often

proton donor. The donor of a proton in an acid-

called spun proteins.

base reaction: a Brønsted acid.

“Protek-Sorb” [Grace]. TM for a group of

proton-motive force. The electrochemical po-

silica gels.

tential inherent in a transmembrane H

concentra-

tion gradient. The proton gradient is used in oxida-

proteoglycan. A hybrid macromolecule consist-

tive phosphorylation and photophosphorylation to

ing of a larger heteropolysaccharide joined to a

drive ATP synthesis.

smaller polypeptide, i.e., the polysaccharide is the

major component.

proto-oncogene. A gene of cellular or viral ori-

gin, usually encoding a regulatory protein, that can

proteolysis. The structural breakdown of pro-

be converted into an oncogene by mutation.

teins, usually by hydrolysis, as a result of the action

of an enzyme, e.g., trypsin, pepsin, papain, etc.

“Protopet” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

for petrolatum of medium consistency and ranging

proteolytic enzyme. See subtilisins.

in color from pure white to amber, but meeting USP

or NF purity requirements for petrolatum.

proteome. Proteins expressed by a cell or organ

at a particular time and under specific conditions.

protoplasm. The total contents of the living cell,

including both nucleus and cytoplasm. Predomi-

proteomics. The study of the full set of proteins

nantly a mixture of proteins, protoplasm is the phys-

encoded by a genome.

ical basis of life. Most of its components are in the

colloidal size range. This term is falling into disuse

prothrombin. The precursor of the enzyme

among modern biochemists.

thrombin, a proteinaceous component of blood plas-

See cell (1).

ma that is converted into thrombin by the blood-

clotting mechanism when activated at the site of an

protopolygonatoside g.

open wound.

CAS: 62601-71-2.

See coagulation.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

“Protina” [Aqualon]. TM for line of products

for cleaning, inhibiting corrosion, and coating cop-

protoveratrine. A substance isolated from the

per, brass, or bronze artwork and statuary.

Veratrum album plant. It is a mixture of two alka-

loids, designated protoveratrine A and protoverat-

protocatechuic aldehyde, methyl ether.

rine B.

See vanillin.

Use: Medicine to lower blood pressure.

“Protolin” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for reduc- provitamin. The precursor of a vitamin. Exam-

ing agents based on zinc sulfoxylate and zinc form- ples are carotene and ergosterol, which upon activa-

aldehyde sulfoxylate. Supplied as water-soluble, tion become vitamin A and vitamin D, respectively.

white powder. See specific compounds.

1055 PSYCHOTROPIC DRUG

proxifeine. pearance is not due to the death of all members but to

CAS: 65497-24-7. mf: C

•ClH. the evolution of novel features in one or more line-

Hazard: Moderately toxic. ages, so that the new clades are not recognized as

belonging to the paraphyletic ancestral group whose

members have ceased to exist.

Prussian blue. The most common and best-

known name for blue iron ferrocyanide (iron blue)

pseudogene. A sequence of DNA similar to a

pigments made by a variety of procedures.

gene but nonfunctional; probably the remnant of a

See iron blue.

once functional gene that accumulated mutations.

prussic acid. See hydrocyanic acid.

pseudohexyl alcohol. See 2-ethylbutyl al-

cohol.

Pschorr reaction. Synthesis of phenanthrene

derivatives from diazotized ␣-aryl-omicron-amino-

pseudoionone. (6,10-dimethyl-3,5,9-undeca-

cinnamic acids by intramolecular arylation.

triene-2-one).

CAS: 141-10-6.

pseudo-. A prefix indicating false, similar or

(CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

C(CH

):CHCH:CHCOCH

closely related.

Properties: Pale-yellow liquid. D 0.8984 (20C), bp

143–145C (12 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol and

pseudobufarenogin.

ether. Combustible.

CAS: 17008-69-4. mf: C

Use: Perfumery, cosmetics.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

pseudopodia. Fingerlike extensions from an

amoeboid cell; literally “false feet.”

pseudobutylene glycol. See 2,3-butylene

glycol.

psi. Abbreviation for pounds per square inch.

pseudocumene. (1,2,4-trimethylbenzene; uns-

psia. Abbreviation for pounds per square inch

trimethylbenzene).

absolute.

CAS: 95-63-6. C

(CH

)

psicain. Acid tartrate of d-psi-cocaine.

Use: Same as cocaine hydrochloride.

psig. Abbreviation for pounds per square inch

gauge.

psilocin.

CAS: 520-53-6. C

N(OH)C

N(CH

)

. An in-

Properties: Liquid. Fp −43.91C, bp 168.89C, d

dole derivative. An alkaloid from certain mush-

0.8758 (20/4C), refr index 1.5045 (20C), flash p

rooms; a hallucinogenic drug.

130F (54.4C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol,

benzene, and ether.

psilocybin.

Derivation: From C

fraction of refinery reformate

CAS: 520-52-5. C

N(OPO

N(CH

)

.An

streams by fractional distillation.

indole derivative. An alkaloid from certain mush-

Grade: 95%, 99%, and research.

rooms; hallucinogenic drug.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Central nervous system

depressant, irritant to mucous membranes. TLV: 25

psilomelane. BaMn

(OH)

. A natural oxide of

ppm.

variable composition. Calcium, nickel, cobalt, and

Use: Manufacture of trimellitic anhydride, dyes,

copper frequently are present. The name sometimes

pharmaceuticals, and pseudocumidine.

refers to mixture of manganese minerals.

Properties: Black color, brownish-black streak,

pseudocumidine. (2,4,5-trimethylaniline;

submetallic luster. Hardness 5–6, d 3.7–4.7.

1,2,4-trimethyl-5-aminobenzene).

Occurrence: The former U.S.S.R., India, South Af-

CAS: 137-17-7. C

(CH

)

rica, Cuba, U.S. (Arkansas, Virginia, Georgia).

Properties: White crystals. D 0.957, mp 62C, bp

Use: Important ore of manganese.

236C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

psychotropic drug. Any of a number of thera-

Derivation: From pseudocumene.

peutic agents that affect the behavior, emotional

Use: Manufacture of dyes, organic synthesis.

state, or mental functioning of psychologically dis-

turbed persons. They are widely known as tranquil-

pseudoextinction. The apparent disappearance izers, but this term is no longer accepted as clinically

of a taxon. In cases of pseudoextinction, this disap- accurate, because the minor tranquilizers (benzodi-

1056PT

azepine and glycerol derivatives) act quite different- Use: Grinding and amalgamating fertilizer ingredi-

ly from the major tranquilizers. For this reason the ents, clay mixtures, cement components, and similar

latter are now classified as antipsychotics and anti- products.

depressants, and the term antianxiety agent is ap-

plied to the minor tranquilizers. Antipsychotic

pulegium oil. See pennyroyal oil.

agents include phenothiazines (chlorpromazine),

thioxanthenes, and butyrophenones; antidepressant

pulegone. (1-isopropylidene-4-methyl-2-cyclo-

agents are of two major types, namely, monoamine

hexanone).

oxidase (MAO) inhibitors and several tricyclic com- CAS: 89-82-7. C

O. A ketone found in penny-

pounds; antianxiety agents are glycerol derivatives royal and hedeoma oil. Combustible.

(meprobamate) and benzodiazepine derivatives, Properties: Oily liquid; pleasant odor. D 0.9323

e.g., oxazepam. (20C), bp 221C, dextrorotatory, refr index 1.4894

(20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

ether.

Pt. Symbol for platinum.

Use: Chemical intermediate, flavoring.

PTA. Abbreviation for phosphotungstic acid; also

for purified terephthalic acid.

“Pullulan.” A biodegradable polysaccharide

made by yeast fermentation, originally developed in

pteroylglutamic acid. See folic acid. Japan. Its adhesive and oxygen impermeable prop-

erties enable it to be used to coat pharmaceutical

products. It is water soluble, odorless, and edible;

PTFE. Abbreviation for polytetrafluoroethylene.

these properties have led to its use admixed with

foodstuffs for special-purpose applications. The

“PTFE” [TRI MER]. TM for a plastic tank

mixture can be processed into a semirigid plastic

material with excellent thermal and electrical insu-

sheet or film that can serve as an emergency food

lation.

source. FDA approval is pending.

Use: Coating plastic tanks.

PTMA. Abbreviation for a mixture of phospho- pulp, paper. Processed cellulosic fibers derived

tungstic and phosphomolybdic acids. from hardwoods, softwoods, and other plants. There

Use: Making pigments. are two major types of pulp: (1) Ground wood or

See phosphotungstic pigment. mechanical pulp, which is merely finely divided

wood without purification and is made into news-

print, cheap manila papers, and nonpermanent tis-

ptomaine. A group of highly toxic substances

sues. (2) Chemical pulp, of which there are three

(derivatives of ethers of polyhydric alcohols) result-

kinds: (a) soda process pulp obtained from the diges-

ing from the putrefaction or metabolic decomposi-

tion of wood chips (mostly poplar) by caustic soda;

tion of animal proteins. Examples that have been

(b) sulfite process pulp (mostly spruce and other

isolated and prepared synthetically are cadaverine

coniferous woods), obtained by digestion with a

(1,5-diaminopentane), muscarine (hydroxyethyltri-

solution of magnesium, ammonium, or calcium di-

methylammonium hydroxide), putrescine (tetrae-

sulfite containing free sulfur dioxide; and (c) sulfate

thylenediamine), and neurine (trimethylvinylam-

process (kraft) pulp, in which sodium sulfate is add-

monium hydroxide).

ed to the caustic liquors but is reduced by the carbon

Note: The term ptomaine poisoning is usually a mis-

present to the sulfide, which becomes a digesting

nomer for other types of food poisoning.

agent. Sulfite and sulfate pulps (chiefly from soft-

woods) compose the bulk of paper pulps. Sulfate

PTSA. Abbreviation for p-toluenesulfonamide.

pulps are known as kraft pulps because of their

strength (“Kraft” is the German word for strength),

ptyalin. A salivery amylase that acts upon ␣-1,4-

and are used for wrapping, packaging, container

glycosidic linkages, converting starch to various

board, etc. A relatively new process called holopulp-

dextrins and maltose. It can act over a pH range of

ing replaces sodium sulfate with oxidants. A syn-

4.0–9.0; optimum pH 5.6–6.5. It requires the pres-

thetic pulp based on polyolefins (styrene copolymer

ence of certain negative ions for activation; chlo-

fibers) has been developed to the production stage in

rides and bromides are the most effective.

Japan.

Use: Biochemical research.

See holopulping; paper; digestion.

ptychodiscus brevis toxin. See brevetoxin.

“Pulsar 1 System” [Arch]. TM for a shock

system for swimming pools.

Pu. Symbol for plutonium.

Use: Simplifies water balance; safer than bleach or

chlorine.

pug mill. A comminuting or granulating ma-

chine whose essential components are a shaft

equipped with blades or arms with alloy-hardened

pulsed field gel electrophoresis. (PFGE).

tips rotating in a troughlike compartment. A gel technique which allows size-separation of

1057 PURITY, CHEMICAL

very large fragments of DNA, in the range of hun-

purification. Removal of extraneous materials

(impurities) from a substance or mixture by one or

dreds of kb to thousands of kb. As in other gel

more separation techniques. A pure substance is one

electrophoresis techniques, populations of mole-

in which no impurity can be detected by any experi-

cules migrate through the gel at a speed related to

mental procedure. Though absolute purity is impos-

their size, producing discrete bands. In normal elec-

sible to attain, a number of standard procedures exist

trophoresis, DNA fragments greater than a certain

for approaching it to the extent of 1 ppm of impurity

size limit all migrate at the same rate through the gel.

or less. The following fractionation techniques are

In PFGE, the electrophoretic voltage is applied al-

widely used: crystallization, precipitation, distilla-

ternately along two perpendicular axes, which

tion, adsorption (various types of chromatography),

forces even the larger DNA fragments to separate by

extraction, electrophoresis, and thermal diffusion.

size.

See purity, chemical.

pultrusion. A technique for making certain prod-

“Purified Plus” [Burdick and Jackson].

ucts from glass-reinforced plastics, such as rods,

CAS: 67-56-1. TM for purified methanol.

electrical insulators, etc. It involves passage of con-

Use: For chromatography, pesticide, residue analy-

tinuous bundles of glass fiber that have been impreg-

sis, spectrophotometry, and semiconductor wafer

nated with liquid resin through an oven at the rate of

processing.

18 inches per minute at 140C (285F).

“Purifloc” [Dow]. TM for a polyelectrolyte.

pumice. A highly-porous igneous rock, usually

Use: To flocculate solids in water and industrial

containing 67–75% SiO

and 10–20% Al

, with a

waste treatment.

glassy texture. Potassium, sodium, and calcium are

generally present. Insoluble in water, not attacked

“Purina Bloat Block” [Purina]. (poloxa-

by acids.

lene free-choice liquid type C feed.)

Occurrence: USA (Arizona, Oregon, California,

CAS: 9003-11-6. mf:

Hawaii, New Mexico), Italy, New Zealand, Greece.

HO(CH

[CH(CH

)CH

(CH

Grade: Lump, powdered (coarse, medium, and fine);

Properties: Liquid nonionic surfactant polymer. TM

NF, technical.

for a bloat preventing veterinary drug.

Use: Concrete aggregate, heat and sound insulation,

Use: Drug; food additive.

filtration, finishing glass and plastics, road construc-

tion, scouring preparations, paint fillers, absorbents,

purine. (1) (imidazo(4,5-d)pyrimidine).

support for catalysts, dental abrasive, abherent for

CAS: 120-73-0.

uncured rubber products, possible substitute for as-

bestos, polishing agent for pedicures.

Pummerer rearrangement. Rearrangement

of sulfoxides to ␣-acyloxythioethers in the presence

acyclic anhydrides.

pumpdown time. The time needed to produce a

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 217C. Soluble in

certain vacuum.

water, alcohol, toluene.

Derivation: Prepared from uric acid and regarded as

the parent substance for compounds of the uric

punty. A solid or hollow iron rod 4–6 ft long,

groups, many of which occur naturally in animal

usually with an insulation covering on one end.

waste products.

Use: By glass workers to remove molten material

Use: Organic synthesis, metabolism, and biochemi-

from the melt preparatory to shaping finished ar-

cal research.

ticles.

(2) One of a number of basic compounds found in

living matter and having a purine-type molecular

pupa. In metamorphozing insects, a stage be-

structure. See adenine; base pair; guanine;

tween the larva and adult during which the organism

hypoxanthine; xanthine; uric acid; caffeine;

undergoes major developmental changes.

theobromine.

Purdie (Irvine-Purdie) methylation. Ex-

purity, chemical. A substance is said to be pure

haustive methylation of a methyl glycoside by re-

when its phsyical and chemical properties coincide

peated treatment with methyl iodide and silver ox-

with those previously established and recorded in

ide, followed by hydrolysis of the pentamethyl ether

the literature, and when no change in these proper-

with dilute acid to yield the anomeric hydroxyl

ties occurs after application of the most selective

group.

fractionation techniques. In other words, purity ex-

ists when no impurity can be detected by any experi-

Purex process. See reprocessing. mental procedure. There are a number of recognized

1058PUROMYCIN

standards of purity.

PVP. Abbreviation for polyvinylpyrrolidone.

See grade.

PVPP. See polyvinylpolypyrrolidone.

puromycin. (USAN).

CAS: 53-79-2. C

. An antibiotic that inhib-

PVT. Abbreviation for pressure-volume-temper-

its protein synthesis, prevents transfer of an amino

ature.

acid from its carrier to the growing protein. Pro-

Use: Chemical engineering.

duced by Streptomyces alboniger, effective against

bacteria, protozoa, parasitic worms, and cancerous

py. An abbreviation for pyridine.

tumors.

Use: As in formulas for coordination compounds.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 176C.

See dien; en; pn.

Hazard: Toxic to living cells of all kinds.

pymetrozine. See 4,5-dihydro-6-methyl-4-((3-

purple of Cassius. See gold-tin purple.

pyridinylcmethylene)amino)-1,2,4.

purpurin. (1,2,4-trihydroxyanthraquinone; CI

pyranose. A simple sugar structurally analogous

58205).

to the six-membered pyran ring.

CAS: 81-54-9. C

(OH)

Properties: Reddish needles. Mp 256C. Slightly sol-

“Pyratex” [Uniroyal]. TM for a vinyl pyridine

uble in hot water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

latex.

Derivation: Occurs as a glucoside in madder root.

Properties: Total solids 40–42%, pH 10.4–11.5, d

Made synthetically by oxidation of alizarin.

0.96.

Use: Dye for cotton, stain for microscopy, reagent for

Use: To promote adhesion between rayon or nylon

boron determination, manufacture of acid and

fibers and rubber, as in tire cord, belting, hose, etc.

chrome dyes.

pyrazine hexahydride. See piperazine.

purpurin red. See anthrapurpurin.

pyrazole.

putty. A mixture of whiting (chalk) with 12–18%

CAS: 288-13-1.

of linseed oil, with or without white lead or other

pigment. Containers must be airtight.

❘

NCHCH

❘

CH.

Use: Sealant, glass setting, caulking agent.

Properties: Off-white, crystalline solid; pyridine

odor. Mp 68–70C, bp 186–188C. Soluble in water

putty powder. A soft abrasive composed of tin

and alcohol.

oxide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

skin and eyes.

PVA. Abbreviation for polyvinyl alcohol.

Use: Chemical intermediate, stabilizer for halogenat-

ed solvents and lubricating oils.

PVAc. Abbreviation for polyvinyl acetate.

pyrazoline.

PVB. Abbreviation for polyvinyl butyral.

❘

NCHCH

❘

PVC. (1) Abbreviation for polyvinyl chloride. (2)

Properties: Bp 144C.

Abbreviation for pigment volume concentration, a

Use: Organic synthesis.

term used in paint technology to mean pigment vol-

ume divided by the sum of the pigment volume and

the vehicle solids volume, multiplied by 100.

pyrazolone dye. A dye whose molecules con-

tain both the −N==N− and the ==C==C== chromo-

PVC, chlorinated. See polyvinyl dichloride. phore groups in their structure. These are acid dyes

most used for silk and wool and to some extent for

lakes. Tartrazine (CI 19140) is an important member

PVDC. See polyvinyl dichloride.

of this group.

See dye.

PVE. Abbreviation for polyvinyl ethyl ether.

PVI. Abbreviation for polyvinylisobutyl ether. “Pyre-ML” [Du Pont]. TM for polyimide

coated fabrics and laminates.

Use: Class H electrical insulating materials.

PVM. Abbreviation for polyvinyl methyl ether.

PVM/MA. See polyvinyl methyl ether/maleic

pyrene.

anhydride.

CAS: 129-00-0. C

. A condensed ring hydro-

carbon.

PVOH. Abbreviation for polyvinyl alcohol. Properties: Colorless solid (tetracene impurities

1059 PYRIDINE-

-OXIDE

give a yellow color), solutions have a slight blue perature (mechanical considerations only): ann-

fluorescence. Mp 156C, d 1.271 (23C), bp 404C. ealed, extreme limit 490C, normal service 230C,

Insoluble in water; partially soluble in organic sol- thermal stress resistance 53C, impact abrasion resis-

vents. tance 3.1, softening temperature 820C.

Derivation: From coal tar. Use: Laboratory and pharmaceutical glassware and

Hazard: A carcinogen, absorbed by skin. apparatus, electrochemical equipment, fiber manu-

Use: Biochemical research. facture, domestic ovenware apparatus, and equip-

ment for many processes.

pyrethrin I.

CAS: 8003-34-7. C

. Pyrethrolone ester of

pyridine.

chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid. Most potent

CAS: 110-86-1. N(CH)

CH.

insecticidal ingredient of pyrethrum flowers.

Properties: Viscous liquid. Oxidizes readily in air.

Insoluble in water; soluble in other common sol-

vents. Incompatible with alkalies.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Household insecticide (flies, mosquitoes, gar-

Properties: Slightly yellow or colorless liquid; nau-

den insects, etc.), treatment of paper bags for ship-

seating odor; burning taste. Slightly alkaline in reac-

ping cereals, etc.

tion. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene, lig-

See cinerin I; cinerin II; pyrethrin II.

roin, and fatty oils. D 0.987, fp −42.0C, bp 115.5C,

flash p 68F (20C) (CC), autoign temp 900F (482C).

pyrethrin II. C

. Pyrethrolone ester of

Derivation: (1) By coal carbonization and recovery

chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid. One of the four

both from coke-oven gases and the coal tar middle

primary active insecticidal ingredients of pyrethrum

oil; (2) also synthetically from acetaldehyde and

flowers.

ammonia.

Properties: Similar to those of pyrethrin I.

Grade: Technical, as 20C, 2C, etc., (meaning distil-

See pyrethrin I; cinerin I; cinerin II.

lation range), medicinal, CP, spectrophotometric.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

pyrethroid.

limits in air 1.8–12.4% Toxic by ingestion and inha-

CAS: 8003-34-7. Any of a group of insect growth

lation. TLV: 5 ppm.

regulators that act as neurotoxins, analogous to juve-

Use: Synthesis of vitamins and drugs, solvent water-

nile hormones, restricting the development of insect

proofing, rubber chemicals, denaturant for alcohol

larvae. Thus they are especially effective against

and antifreeze mixtures, dyeing assistant in textiles,

insects that are destructive in the adult stage. They

fungicides.

are considered nontoxic to animals and humans.

See juvenile hormone.

2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide. (2-

PAM).

pyrethrum.

CAS: 94-63-3. C

CHNOH•ICH

CAS: 8003-34-7.

Use: Antidote for cholinesterase-inhibiting pesti-

Properties: Viscous liquid. Bp 170° (0.1 mm) de-

cides of the parathion type because of its property of

composes. A natural insecticide obtained by extrac-

reactivating the cholinesterase by removal of phos-

tion of chrysanthemum flowers native to Kenya,

phoryl groups. Also antidote for nerve gases.

Ecuador, and Japan. The solvent used is a hydrocar-

bon of the kerosene type. Pyrethrum is also made

pyridine-3-carboxylic acid. See niacin.

synthetically. Not compatible with alkaline materi-

al. The chief constituents are pyrethrins I and II and

3-pyridine diazonium fluoborate. Interme-

cinerins I and II. These compounds are nonvolatile

diate in manufacture of 3-fluoropyridine.

and very slightly soluble in water.

Properties: Explodes when dry.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 5

mg/m

; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

2,3-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. See quino-

Use: Household insecticide (flies, mosquitoes, gar-

linic acid.

den insects, etc.).

See allethrin.

2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid. See isocin-

chomeronic acid.

“Pyrex Glass Brand No. 7740” [Corning].

TM for a borosilicate glass.

pyridine nucleotide. A nucleotide coenzyme

Properties: Linear coefficient of expansion 32 × 10

−7

containing the pyridine derivative nicotinamide:

in/C, elasticity coefficient 6.230 kg/sq mm,

NAD(H) or NADP(H).

hardness (scleroscope) 120, d 2.25, specific heat

0.20, refr index 1.474 dispersion 0.00738, light and

heat transmission higher than the best plate glass,

pyridine-N-oxide. (pyridine-1-oxide).

dielectric constant 4.5 (25C), upper working tem- CAS: 694-59-7. C

NO.

1060PYRIDINE POLYMER

Properties: Fp 67.0C. Soluble in water.

dimethylethyl) phenyl)methyl) ester.

Hazard: Probably flammable and toxic. CAS: 42754-21-2. mf: C

OS.

Use: Intermediate. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pyridine polymer. A polymer or copolymer of

methylvinylpyridine and vinylpyridine.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, 1,1-

Use: Corrosion inhibitors and as intermediates for

dimethylethyl (4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)

coatings and printing inks.

phenyl)methyl ester.

CAS: 51308-57-7. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

2-pyridinethiol-1-oxide. See 1-hydroxy-2-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pyridine thione.

pyridinium bromide perbromide. (PBPB).

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, (4-

NBr•Br

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl 1-

Properties: Red, prismatic crystals. Mp 135–137C

methylethyl ester.

(decomposes) with preliminary softening. The salt

CAS: 34763-49-0. mf: C

is stable in the dry state and can be used in glacial

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

acetic acid, ethanol and related solvents. This com-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pound has 45–50% available bromine.

Use: Brominating phenols and addition to double

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, (4-

bonds; mono- and polybromination of ketones, in-

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl1-

cluding aliphatic, alicyclic, steroid, and amino car-

methylpropyl ester.

bonyls. Micro or semimicro quantitative analysis.

CAS: 51308-56-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

C3-pyridinylarbonimidothioic acid, o-(3,4-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethylcyclohexyl) s-((4-(1,1-

dimethylethyl) phenyl)methyl) ester.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, (4-

CAS: 42754-20-1. mf: C

OS.

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl2-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

methylpropyl ester.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 51308-55-5. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, (2-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chlorophenyl)methyl (2,4-

dichlorophenyl)methyl ester.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, (4-

CAS: 34763-31-0. mf: C

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl 1,1-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

dimethylpropyl ester.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 51379-05-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, o-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

cyclohexyl s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)

phenyl)methyl) ester.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioic acid, (4-

CAS: 42754-16-5. mf: C

OS.

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl 1-ethyl-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

1-methylpropyl ester.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 51308-59-9. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, o-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

cyclopentyl s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)

phenyl)methyl) ester.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

CAS: 42754-15-4. mf: C

OS.

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(1,2-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

dimethylpropyl) ester.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 51308-69-1. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, o-(2,5-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethylcyclohexyl) s-((4-(1,1-

dimethylethyl) phenyl)methyl) ester.

CAS: 42754-19-8. mf: C

OS.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)-o-(1-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

methylbutyl) ester.

CAS: 51308-68-0. mf: C

OS.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, o-(3,5- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

dimethylcyclohexyl) s-((4-(1,1- Use: Agricultural chemical.

1061 PYRIMIDINE

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4- Derivation: Synthesized (1) through the action of

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(3- adenosine triphosphate, or phosphorus oxychloride,

methylbutyl) ester. on pyridoxal, and (2) by phosphorylation of pyri-

doxamine followed by oxidation with 100% H

CAS: 51308-70-4. mf: C

OS.

Use: Nutrition, biochemical research.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pyridoxine. (vitamin B

; 3-hydroxy-4,5-dime-

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

thylol-2-methylpyridine).

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(2-

HN(OH)(CH

OH)

methylcyclohexyl) ester.

CAS: 42754-17-6. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(4-

methylcyclohexyl) ester.

A group name designating the naturally occurring

CAS: 42754-18-7. mf: C

OS.

pyridine derivatives having vitamin B

activity. Es-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

sential for the dehydration and desulfhydration of

Use: Agricultural chemical.

amino acids and for the normal metabolism of tryp-

tophan; appears to be related to fat metabolism.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

Pyridoxine is required in the nutrition of all species

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(3-

of animals.

methylcyclohexyl) ester.

Source: (Food) Vegetable fats, whole grain cereals,

CAS: 42723-79-5. mf: C

OS.

legumes, yeast, muscle meats, liver and fish. (Com-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

mercial) Synthetic pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyri-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

doxamine are produced by a complex series of reac-

tions from isoquinoline. Amounts are expressed in

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

micrograms.

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(1-

Use: Medicine, nutrition (available as pyridoxine hy-

methylpropyl) ester.

drochloride).

CAS: 51308-66-8. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

pyridoxine tripalmitate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 4372-46-7. mf: C

101

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl)o-(2-

␣-pyridylamine. See 2-aminopyridine.

methylpropyl) ester.

CAS: 51308-65-7. mf: C

OS.

␤-pyridylamine. See 3-aminopyridine.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

n-3-pyridyl-o-butyl-s-3,4-dichlorobenzyl

imidothiocarbonate.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioic acid, s-((4-

CAS: 34763-54-7. mf: C

OS.

(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl) o-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl) ester.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 42754-22-3. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

3-pyridylcarbinol. (3-pyridine methanol).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

NCH

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 266C, fp −6.5C, d

pyridoxal hydrochloride.

1.131 g/ml (20C), refr index 1.5455 (20C). Miscible

CAS: 58-56-0. C

•HCl. An aldehyde deriva-

with water at 20C; hygroscopic. Combustible.

tive of pyridoxine, with vitamin B

activity.

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: Rhombic crystals. Mp 165C (decom-

poses). Soluble in water and 95% ethanol.

Use: Nutrition.

pyrimidine. One of a group of basic compounds

found in living matter. They may be isolated follow-

pyridoxal phosphate. (2-methyl-3-hydroxy- ing complete hydrolysis of nucleic acids. They in-

4-formyl-5-pyridylmethylphosphoric acid). clude uracil, thymine, cytosine, and methylcytosine.

CAS: 54-47-7. CH

HN(OH)(CHO)CH

). Thiamine is also a pyrimidine derivative. Other py-

The coenzyme of amino acid metabolism that also is rimidines such as alloxan and thiouracil are impor-

the active group of various decarboxylases and other tant in medicine and biochemical research.

types of enzymes. It is closely related to pyridoxine. See: base pair; purine.

1062PYRIMIDINE DIMER

pyrimidine dimer. A covalently joined dimer with caustic potash at 350C; (2) by heating guaiacol

of two adjacent pyrimidine residues in DNA, in- with hydriodic acid.

duced by absorption of UV light, usually derived Grade: Technical, CP, resublimed.

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 5 ppm; animal carcin-

from two adjacent thymines (a thymine dimer).

ogen. Toxic by skin absorption.

Use: Antiseptic, photography, dyestuffs, electroplat-

pyrimithate. C

PS. A diethyl ester of

ing, specialty inks, antioxidants and light stabilizers,

phosphoric acid.

organic synthesis.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.16. Soluble in ace-

tone, alcohol, and benzene; almost insoluble in

water.

pyrocatechol dimethyl ether. See vera-

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

trole.

Use: Acaricide, insecticide.

pyrocatechol methyl ester. See guaiacol.

pyrite. (iron pyrite; fool’s gold).

CAS: 12068-85-8. FeS

. Often mixed with small

pyrocellulose See guncotton.

amounts of copper, arsenic, nickel, cobalt, gold,

selenium.

“Pyroceram” Brand 9608 [Corning]. TM

Properties: Brass-yellow or brown, tarnished miner-

for a crystalline ceramic material made from glass

al, greenish or brownish-black streak, metallic lus-

by controlled nucleation.

ter. D 4.9–5.2, hardness 6–6.5.

Properties: Hard, brittle solid. D 2.5, softening tem-

Use: Manufacture of sulfur, sulfuric acid and sulfur

perature 1250C, specific heat 0.19 (25C), dielectric

dioxide, ferrous sulfate, cheap jewelry, recovery of

constant 6.54 (25C), flexural strength

metals.

14,000–23,000 psi, Knoop hardness 703 (100g).

See ferrous sulfide.

Use: Telescope mirrors, special-purpose ceramic

products, domestic dinnerware.

pyrite, magnetic. See pyrrhotite.

“Pyroceram” Brand Cement [Corning].

pyrithiamine. (neopyrithiamine).

TM for powdered glasses that are thermosetting

O. A thiamine antagonist.

and utilized for sealing inorganic materials. The

Properties: Crystallizes from acetone. Mp 219C (de-

resultant seals are crystalline and have service tem-

composes). Soluble in water.

peratures in excess of the sealing temperatures.

Derivation: Synthetically from the condensation of

2-methyl-3-(␤-hydroxyethyl)pyridine with the py-

rimidine moiety of thiamine.

pyrochlore. NaCaNb

Use: Biochemical research.

Properties: A complex oxide of sodium, calcium,

and niobium. Tantalum, rare-earth metals, and other

elements may be present. Color brown to black, light

pyro-. A prefix indicating formation by heat, spe-

brown streak. Hardness 5–5.5, d 4.2–6.4.

cifically, an inorganic acid derived by loss of one

Occurrence: Canada (Quebec), Brazil, Africa.

molecule of water from two molecules of an orthoa-

Use: Ore of niobium.

cid as pyrophosphoric acid.

pyroboric acid. (tetraboric acid). H

. Vit-

pyrochroite. See manganous hydroxide.

reous or white powder, soluble in water and in al-

cohol.

pyrogallol. (pyrogallic acid; 1,2,3-trihydroxy-

benzene).

“Pyrobrite” [ATOTECH]. TM for a bright-

CAS: 87-66-1. C

(OH)

leveling, pyrophosphate copper electroplating pro-

Properties: White, lustrous crystals; turn gray on

cess. The materials used are copper pyrophosphate

exposure to light. D 1.463, mp 132.5, bp 309C.

trihydrate, potassium pyrophosphate, ammonium

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. A solution of

hydroxide, and addition agents.

pyrogallol acquires a brown color on exposure to air.

This absorption of oxygen and change of color take

pyrocatechol. (1,2-benzenediol; o-dihydroxy- place rapidly when the solution is made alkaline.

benzene; catechol). Derivation: By heating gallic acid with three times

CAS: 120-80-9. C

(OH)

. its weight of water in an autoclave.

Properties: Colorless crystals, discolors to brown on Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

exposure to air and light, especially when moist. D Use: Protective colloid in preparation of metallic

1.371, mp 104C, bp 245C, sublimes, flash p 261 colloidal solutions, photography, dyes, intermedi-

(127C) (CC). Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, ben- ates, synthetic drugs, medicine (antibacterial), pro-

zene, and chloroform, also in pyridine and aqueous cess engraving, laboratory reagent, gas analysis (an

alkaline solutions. Combustible. oxygen absorber), reducing agent, antioxidant in

Derivation: (1) By fusion of o-phenolsulfonic acid lubricating oils.

1063 PYROPHORIC MATERIAL

pyrolan. (1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolyl dime- bp (converts to dianhydride), bulk d 32 lb/cu ft.

thylcarbamate).

Absorbs moisture slowly if exposed to atmosphere.

CAS: 87-47-8. C

Soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 50C. Soluble in

Grade: 99% purity.

water and fats.

Hazard: Skin irritant, may be carcinogenic.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Cholinesterase inhib-

Use: Intermediate for polyesters and polyamides

itor.

used in electrical and nonfogging plasticizers, lubri-

Use: Insecticide.

cants, and waxes.

pyroligneous acid. (wood vinegar; pyrolig-

pyromellitic dianhydride. (PMDA).

neous liquor).

)

Properties: Crude, yellow to red liquid. A mixture of

materials from wood distillation. Crude product

contains methanol, acetic acid, acetone, furfural,

and various tars and related products. D

1.018–1.030. Miscible with water and alcohol.

Use: Smoking meats.

pyrolusite. (manganese dioxide, black).

MnO

Properties: White powder. D 1.68, mp 286C, bp

Properties: Iron-black to dark steel-gray or bluish

397–400C, 305–310C (30 mm Hg) bulk d 21 lb/cu

mineral; black or bluish-black streak; metallic or

ft. Soluble in some organic solvents; hydrolyzes to

dull luster. D 4.73–4.86, Mohs hardness 2–2.5. Sol-

the acid when exposed to moisture.

uble in hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: Oxidation of durene, either in wet pro-

Occurrence: U.S. (Virginia, Georgia, Arkansas,

cess by nitric acid or a dichromate, or as direct air

Lake Superior region, Massachusetts, Vermont,

oxidation with catalyst.

New Mexico), Germany, Australia, India, Canada.

Grade: 98+% purity.

Use: Manganese ore. For many uses the ore and

Hazard: Skin irritant.

synthetic material are interchangeable, but pyrolu-

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resins used in high-tem-

site is not usable for batteries.

perature laminates, molds, and coatings; cross-link-

See manganese dioxide.

ing agent for epoxy plasticizers in vinyls, alkyd

resins; intermediate for pyromellitic acid.

pyrolysis. Transformation of a compound into

one or more other substances by heat alone, i.e.,

pyrometer. An instrument for measuring tem-

without oxidation. It is thus similar to destructive

peratures of 1800C or higher, for example, molten

distillation. Though the term implies decomposition

steels, hot springs, volcanoes, etc. There are three

into smaller fragments, pyrolytic change may also

kinds: (1) thermocouples of the graphite to silicon

involve isomerization and formation of higher mo-

carbide type; (2) optical, in which the indications

lecular weight compounds. Hydrocarbons are sub-

depend on the brightness at some one wavelength of

ject to pyrolysis, e.g., formation of carbon black and

the hot body whose temperature is being measured;

hydrogen from methane at 1300C and decomposi-

and (3) radiation, in which the indications depend on

tion of gaseous alkanes at 500–600C. The latter is

the radiance of a source of radiant energy.

the basis of thermal cracking (pyrolysis gasoline).

See thermocouple.

One application of pyrolysis is conversion of ace-

tone into ketenes by decomposition at about 700C;

pyrometric cone. (Seger cone). A small pyra-

the reaction is CH

COCH

→ H

C==C==O + CH

mid composed of a mixture of oxides that melt at

Pyrolysis of natural gas or methane at about 2000C

known temperatures.

and 100 mm Hg pressure produces a unique form of

Use: To measure temperatures in autoclaves, curing

graphite. Synthetic crude oil can be made by pyroly-

ovens, etc., in the 100–3700F range.

sis of coal, followed by hydrogenation of the result-

ing tar. Large-scale pyrolysis of cellulosic wastes is

pyromucamide. See furoamide.

being conducted for production of synthetic fuel oils

and other products; the method is said to require

pyromucic acid. See furoic acid.

only 30 minutes at about 537C (flash pyrolysis).

See destructive distillation.

pyromucic aldehyde. See furfural.

pyrolysis gasoline. See gasoline.

pyrophoric material. Any liquid or solid that

pyromellitic acid. (PMA; 1,2,4,5-benzenetet- will ignite spontaneously in air at about 130F

racarboxylic acid). (54.4C). Titanium dichloride and phosphorus are

CAS: 89-05-4. C

(COOH)

. examples of pyrophoric solids, tributylaluminum

Properties: White powder. D 1.79, mp 257–265C, and related compounds are pyrophoric liquids. Sodi-

1064PYROPHOSPHATASE

um, butyllithium, and lithium hydride are spontane-

pyrotartaric acid, normal. See glutaric

ously flammable in moist air because as they react acid.

exothermically with water. Such materials must be

stored in an atmosphere of inert gas or under kero-

pyrotechnics. The formulation and manufacture

sene. Some alloys (barium, misch metal) are called

of fireworks, signal flares and military warning de-

pyrophoric because they spark when slight friction

vices. The industry is professionally represented by

is applied.

the Pyrotechnic Guild International, Inc. The pri-

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk near combustible mate-

mary ingredients of pyrotechnic products are as fol-

rials.

lows: (1) Oxidizers: potassium nitrate, potassium

Use: As tips on pocket lighters and similar devices.

chlorate, or potassium perchlorate; ammonium per-

chlorate; barium chlorate and nitrate; and strontium

nitrate. (2) Fuels: aluminum, magnesium, antimony

pyrophosphatase. An inorganic pyrophospha-

sulfate, dextrin, sulfur, and titanium. (3) Binders:

tase.

dextrin and various polymers. Colored flames are

produced by strontium compounds (red); barium

pyrophosphoric acid. (diphosphoric acid).

compounds (green); copper carbonate, sulfate, and

oxide (blue); sodium oxalate and cryolite (yellow);

Properties: A viscous, syrupy liquid that tends to

and magnesium, titanium, or aluminum (white).

solidify on long standing at room temperature.

Black powder is used as propellant.

When diluted with water it is rapidly converted into

See chemiluminescence.

orthophosphoric acid. Mp 54C. Soluble in water.

Derivation: By heating phosphoric acid at

pyrovanadic acid. See vanadic acid.

250–260C. Further heating produces metaphos-

phoric acid.

“Pyrovatex” CP [Novartis]. TM for a fiber-

Grade: Technical.

reactive phosphone alkyl amide.

Use: Catalyst, manufacture of organic phosphate es-

Properties: Odorless, nontoxic, nonirritating, stable

ters, metal treatment, stabilizer for organic perox-

to laundering and dry-cleaning. Reduces tear and

ides.

tensile strengths, no effect on “hand.” Compatible

See polyphosphoric acid.

with other finishing and proofing agents and pre-

cured durable-press processes. From 25 to 35% by

pyrophyllite. (agalmatolite). Al

(OH). A

weight is required; imparts self-extinguishing prop-

natural hydrous aluminum silicate, found in meta-

erties to cotton.

morphic rocks.

Use: Flame-retardance of 100% cotton fabrics, such

Properties: White, green, gray, brown color; pearly

as those used for tenting, military uniforms, and

to greasy luster, good micaceous cleavage. D

draperies.

2.8–2.9, Mohs hardness 1–2. Similar to talc.

Occurrence: North Carolina, California, Newfound-

pyroxylin. See nitrocellulose.

land, Japan.

Use: Ceramics, insecticides, slate pencils, substitute

pyrrhotite. (magnetic pyrites; pyrrhotine).

for talc, extender in paints, wallboard, buffer in

FeS. A natural iron sulfide. Frequently has a defi-

high-pressure equipment, permissible animal feed

ciency in iron. May contain small amounts of nickel,

additive.

cobalt, manganese, and copper.

Properties: Brownish-bronze color, black streak,

pyroracemic acid. See pyruvic acid.

metallic luster. Slightly magnetic. Hardness 4. D

4.6.

pyrosulfuric acid. See sulfuric acid, fuming.

Occurrence: Tennessee, Pennsylvania, Europe,

Canada.

pyrosulfuryl chloride. (disulfuryl chloride).

Use: Ore of iron, manufacture of sulfuric acid.

CAS: 7791-27-7. S

Properties: Colorless, mobile, very refractive, fum-

pyrrobutamine phosphate. (1-[4(p-chloro-

ing liquid. D 1.819, bp 146C, fp −38C, refr index

phenyl)-3-phenyl-2-butenyl]pyrrolidine diphos-

1.449 (19C).

phate).

Hazard: Decomposes violently with water to sulfu-

ClC

C(C

):CHCH

•2H

ric acid and hydrochloric acid. Corrosive to tissue.

Properties: Cream to off-white powder; slight odor;

Use: Organic synthesis.

bitter taste. Melting range 127–131C. Soluble in

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; almost insoluble

in chloroform and ether.

pyrotartaric acid. (methylsuccinic acid).

Grade: NF.

HOOCCH(CH

)CH

COOH.

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

Properties: White or yellowish crystals. D 1.4105,

mp 111–112C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: By distilling tartaric acid.

pyrrole.

Use: Organic synthesis. CAS: 109-97-7. Pyrrole is regarded as a resonance

1065 PYRUVIC ALDEHYDE

hybrid and no one structure adequately represents it.

2-pyrrolidone. (2-pyrrolidinone; butyrolac-

The following is an approximation: tam).

CAS: 616-45-5.

❘

C(O)

❘

NH.

Properties: Light-yellow liquid. D 1.1, bp 245C,

flash p 265F (129C). Soluble in water, ethanol, ethyl

ether, chloroform, benzene, ethyl acetate, carbon

Properties: Yellowish or brown oil; burning, pun-

disulfide. Noncorrosive. Combustible.

gent taste; odor similar to chloroform. Readily poly-

See polyvinylpyrrolidone.

merizes by the action of light and turns brown. Bp

Derivation: From acetylene and formaldehyde by

130–131C, fp −24C, d 0.968 (20/4C), refr index

high-pressure synthesis.

1.5091 (20C), flash p 102F (38.9C) (TCC). Soluble

Use: Plasticizer and coalescing agent for acrylic la-

in alcohol, ether, dilute acids, and most organic

texes in floor polishes, solvent for polymers, insecti-

chemicals; insoluble in water and dilute alkalies.

cides, polyhydroxylic alcohols, sugar, iodine, spe-

Combustible.

cialty inks, monomer for nylon-4.

Derivation: Fractional distillation of bone oil with

sulfuric acid.

Method of purification: Conversion into the potas-

pyrrone. An aromatic heterocyclic polymer de-

sium compound (C

NK), washing with ether, and

rived from a cyclic dianhydride and an aromatic o-

treatment with water, followed by drying and distil-

tetramine or a derivative. Stable to 482C.

lation.

Use: Films, coatings, adhesives, laminates, and

Grade: Technical.

moldings.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and

inhalation.

pyruvaldehyde. See pyruvic aldehyde.

Use: Manufacture of pharmaceuticals.

pyrrole-2,5-dione. See maleimide.

pyruvic acid. (␣-ketopropionic acid; acetyl-

formic acid; pyroracemic acid).

pyrrolidine.

CAS: 127-17-3. CH

COCOOH. A fundamental in-

CAS: 123-75-1. C

termediate in protein and carbohydrate metabolism

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid; pene-

in the cell.

trating aminelike odor. D 0.8660 (20/20C), fp −60C,

Properties: Liquid; odor resembling acetic acid. D

bp 87C, refr index 1.4425 (20C), flash p 37F (2.7C)

1.2272 (20/4C), mp 13.6C, bp 165C. Miscible with

(TCC). Soluble in water and alcohol.

water, ether, and alcohol.

Grade: 95% min purity.

Derivation: Dehydration of tartaric acid by distilling

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, fungicides,

with potassium acid sulfate.

insecticides, rubber accelerators, citrus decay con-

Use: Biochemical research.

trol, curing agent for epoxy resins, inhibitor.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

pyruvic alcohol. See hydroxy-2-propanone.

ingestion and inhalation.

2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid. See proline. pyruvic aldehyde. (pyruvaldehyde; methyl

glyoxal). CH

COHCO.

l-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid. See l-pro- Properties: Supplied commercially as a 30% aque-

line. ous solution. D 1.20 (20/20C), bulk d 10 lb/gal

(20C).

1-pyrrolidineethanol. Use: Organic synthesis, as of complex chemical com-

CAS: 2955-88-6. mf: C

NO. pounds such as pyrethrins, tanning leather, fla-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard. voring.