O. Symbol for oxygen; the molecular formula is 1,900,000; potassium 1,800,000; bromine 306,000;

carbon 132,000. Other elements present include

(tons/cubic mile): copper 14, indium 47, silver 1,

lead 0.1, gold 0.02. Total solids content/cubic mile is

o-. (o-). Abbreviation for ortho-.

166 million tons.

Properties: Colorless liquid; bitter taste; faint odor

oakum. Hemp fiber impregnated with tar or pitch.

(depending on organic impurities). D 1.02, pH

Use: Caulking.

7.8–8.2, fp −2.78C, bp 101.1C. Average tempera-

ture about 5C.

Obermayer’s reagent. Ferric chloride in con-

Hazard: Ingestion of substantial amounts will create

centrated hydrochloric acid (4 g FeCl

in 1 L concen-

bodily chloride imbalance with harmful effects.

trated HCl).

Use: Source of magnesium, bromine, sodium chlo-

Use: Determining indoxyl in urine.

ride, and fresh water; source of hydrogen.

OC. Abbreviation of oxygen consumed.

“Ocenol” [Du Pont]. TM for technical grades

of oleyl alcohol rich in cetyl and unsaturated alco-

Occupational Safety and Health

hols, used as antifoam agents.

Administration. (OSHA). A federal agency

responsible for establishing and enforcing standards

ocher. Any of various colored earthy powders

for exposure of workers to harmful materials in

consisting essentially of hydrated ferric oxides

industrial atmospheres, and other matters affecting

mixed with clay, sand, etc. Some grades are calcined

the health and well-being of industrial personnel. A

(burnt ocher). The colors are yellow, brown, or red.

number of OSHA regulations and proposals have

Noncombustible.

been controversial. It main office is 200 Constitu-

Use: Paint pigments, cosmetics, theatrical makeup.

tion Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210.

See umber; sienna.

Website: http://www.osha.gov.

ocimene. (2,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatriene).

ocean thermal energy conversion.

CAS: 29714-87-2.

(OTEC). Utilization of ocean temperature dif-

:C(CH

)(CH

)

CH:C(CH

)CH:CH

. Mixture of

ferentials between solar-heated surface water and

isomers. A terpene obtained from sweet basil oil, bp

cold deep water as a source of electric power. In

81C (30 mm Hg), insoluble in water, soluble in

tropical areas such differences amount to 35–40F. A

alcohol, d 0.8031 (15C). Combustible.

pilot installation now operating near Hawaii utilizes

Use: Flavors and perfumes.

a closed ammonia cycle as a working fluid, highly

efficient titanium heat exchangers, and a polyethyl-

ocotea oil.

ene pipe 2000 feet long and 22 inches inside diame-

CAS: 68917-09-9. A volatile oil derived from Oco-

ter to handle the huge volume of cold water required.

tea cymbarum used for its safrole content for the

Alternate uses for such a system, such as electrolysis

manufacture of heliotropin.

of water, ammonia production, and desalination, are

envisaged. There has been active interest in the pos-

octabenzone.

sibilities of this energy source in France from the

CAS: 1843-05-6. C

time of d’Arsonval (1885) that continues especially

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 45C.

in Japan and Hawaii. Ongoing research indicates

Use: UV absorber, especially for polyethylene.

that OTEC may be harder to commercialize than

once projected.

octabromobiphenyl ether.

CAS: 32536-52-0. mf: C

ocean water. (seawater). A uniform solution of

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin

essentially constant composition containing 96.5%

contact. Low toxicity by ingestion.

water and 3.5% ionized salts, associated com-

pounds, elements, and ionic complexes. Na

and Cl

−

are completely ionized, but MgSO

and AuCl remain octachloronaphthalene. (Halowax 1051).

in bound form. Dissolved gases, e.g., oxygen and CAS: 2234-13-1. C

nitrogen are also present. Properties: Pale-yellow, waxy solid. Mw 403.74, sp

Composition: More than 60 elements, by far the g 2.00, mp 192C, bp 440C. Insoluble in water;

most important of which are (in tons/cubic mile): slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in benzene and

chlorine 89,500,000; sodium 49,500,000; magne- chloroform.

sium 6,400,000; sulfur 4,200,000; calcium Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:

916

917 OCTAFLUORO-2-BUTENE

0.1 mg/m

; STEL: 0.3 mg/m

. Toxic by skin absorp- Use: Organic synthesis, surfactants.

tion.

Use: Fireproofing and waterproofing in cable insula-

octadecene-octadecadieneamine. See oleyl-

tion and lubricant additive. linoleylamine.

(z,z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate. cis-9-octadecenoic acid. See oleic acid.

CAS: 53120-27-7. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

trans-9-octadecenoic acid. See elaidic acid.

Source: Natural product.

octadecenol. See oleyl alcohol.

n-octadecane. C

or CH

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7767 (28/4C), bp

cis-9-octadecenoyl chloride. See oleoyl

318C, mp 28.0C, refr index 1.4369 (28C), flash p

chloride.

200F (93C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, pe-

troleum, and coal tar hydrocarbons; insoluble in

octadecenyl aldehyde. (oleyl aldehyde).

water. Combustible.

CHO.

Use: Solvents, organic synthesis, calibration.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 167C (20 mm Hg), refr index

1.4620 (25C), d 0.847 (25C).

n-octadecanoic acid. See stearic acid.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Irritant to

skin and mucous membranes.

octadecadienoic acid. See linoleic acid.

Use: Intermediate for vulcanization accelerators,

rubber antioxidants, synthetic drying oils, and pesti-

octadecaneuropeptide diazepam-binding

cides.

inhibitor (33-50).

CAS: 95237-86-8. mf: C

138

octadecyl alcohol. See stearyl alcohol.

Hazard: A poison.

octadecyldimethylbenzylammonium

octadecanoic acid, ammonium salt. See

chloride. C

(CH

)

)NCl. A qua-

ammonium stearate.

ternary ammonium salt.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

octadecanoic acid, calcium salt. See calci-

water, chloroform, benzene, acetone, xylene.

um stearate.

octadecyl isocyanate. A straight-chain, satu-

octadecanoic acid, lithium salt. See lithi-

rated monoisocyanate consisting principally of a

um stearate.

mixture of C

and C

alkyls, CH

(CH

)

NCO,

and CH

(CH

)

NCO.

1,12-octadecanediol. See 1,12-hydroxystearyl

Properties: Colorless, slightly cloudy liquid at room

alcohol.

temperature. Fp 10–20C (2 mm Hg), flash p 355F

(179C) (OC). Combustible.

1-octadecanol. See stearyl alcohol.

Hazard: By inhalation, irritant to skin.

Use: Intermediate in synthesis, water-repellent tex-

n-octadecanoyl chloride. See stearoyl chlo-

tiles, paper, and other surfaces.

ride.

octadecyl mercaptan. See stearyl mercap-

octadecatrienol. See linolenyl alcohol.

tan; thiol.

␣,␣

′

-((9-octadecenylimino)di-2,1-

octadecyltrichlorosilane. (trichlorooctadecyl-

ethanediyl)bis(␻-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-

silane). C

SiCl

ethanediyl).

Properties: Water-white liquid; pungent odor. D

CAS: 58253-49-9. mf: (C

0.984 (25C), refr index 1.4580 (25C), bp 380C, flash

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

p 193F (89.4C). Soluble in benzene, ethyl ether,

heptane, and perchloroethylene. Combustible.

9-octadecen-1,12-diol. See ricinoleyl al- Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem-

cohol. branes.

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

1-octadecene. C

or CH

(CH

)

CH:CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7884 (20/4C), refr

octafluoro-2-butene. (perfluoro-2-butene).

index 1.4456 (20C), bp 180C (15 mm Hg), flash p CAS: 360-89-4. CF

CF:CFCF

200F (93C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, pe- Properties: Colorless, gas or liquid. D (liquid) (at bp)

troleum, and coal tar solvents; insoluble in water. 1.5297 g/cc, bp 1.2C, fp −136 to −134C, sp vol 2.7

Combustible. cu ft/lb (70F, 1 atm). Nonflammable.

Grade: 95% min purity. Grade: 95%.

918OCTAFLUORO-

sec

-BUTENE

Use: Organic intermediate, fluorocarbon polymers. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 151C, d 0.820, fp

−80C. Soluble in light hydrocarbons.

octafluoro-sec-butene. (octafluoroisobutene; Use: Silicone oils, antifoam agent in lubricating oils.

octafluoroisobutylene; perfluoroisobutylene).

CAS: 382-21-8. C

“Octamine” [Uniroyal]. TM for a reaction

Properties: A gas at room temp. Mw 200.04, d 1.592 product of diphenylamine and diisobutylene.

Properties: Light-brown, granular, waxy solid. D

(0C), bp 5−6C (740 mm).

0.99, mp 75–85C, good storage stability. Soluble in

Hazard: A poison by inhalation. A skin, eye, and

gasoline, benzene, ethylene dichloride, and acetone;

mucous membrane irritant. TLV: ceiling of 0.01

insoluble in water.

ppm.

Use: Rubber antioxidant.

octafluorocyclobutane.

1-octanal. (n-octyl aldehyde; aldehyde C-8;

CAS: 115-25-3. C

caprylic aldehyde).

Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −41C, bp −6C. Non-

CAS: 124-13-0. (CH

)

CHO.

flammable.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong fruity odor. D

Use: Refrigerant, heat-transfer agent.

0.820–0.830, refr index 1.418–1.425, bp 163C, flash

p 125F (51.6C) (CC). Soluble in 70% alcohol and

octafluoroisobutene. See octafluoro-sec-bu-

mineral oil; insoluble in glycerol. Combustible.

tene.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

octafluoroisobutylene. See octafluoro-sec-

Use: Perfumery, flavors.

butene.

n-octane.

octafluoropropane. (perfluoropropane). C

CAS: 111-65-9. CH

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless, gas. D 1.29, bp −36.7C, fp

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7026 (20/4C), refr

−160C, sp vol 2.02 cu ft/lb (21C), 1 atm).

index 1.39745 (20C), bp 125.6C, fp −56.798C, flash

Derivation: Electrofluorination of various organic

p 56F (13.3), autoign temp 428F (220C). Soluble in

compounds.

alcohol and acetone; insoluble in water.

Grade: 98% min purity. Nonflammable.

Grade: 95%, 99% research.

Use: Refrigerant (when combined with chlorofluo-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 300

rohydrocarbons); gaseous insulator, especially for

ppm; STEL 375 ppm.

radar wave guides.

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis, calibrations, azeo-

tropic distillations.

octahydro-(1,2,4,5)tetrazino(1,2-a)

(1,2,4,5)tetrazine.

1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid. See sebacic

CAS: 1743-13-1. mf: C

acid.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and inhalation.

octakis(2-hydroxypropyl)sucrose.

octanedioic acid. See suberic acid.

Properties: Viscous, straw-colored liquid. D 1.170

(70/20C), refr index 1.485 (25C), pour p 38C, flash p

octane number. A number indicating the anti-

485F (251C). Soluble in water, methanol, and ether.

knock properties of an automotive fuel mixture un-

Combustible.

der standard test conditions. Pure normal heptane (a

Use: Crosslinking agent for urethane foams; plasti-

very high-knocking fuel) is arbitrarily assigned an

cizer for cellulosics, glue, starch, and many resins.

octane number of zero, while 2,2,4-trimethylpen-

tane, or isooctane (a branched-chain paraffin), is

octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.

assigned 100. Thus, a rating of 80 for a given fuel

CAS: 556-67-2. C

indicates that its degree of knocking in a standard

Properties: Smooth, viscous liquid. Bp 175C, mp

test engine is that of a mixture of 80 parts isooctane

17C, d 0.95, refr index 1.4.

and 20 parts n-heptane.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane.

Octane ratings as high as 115 have been obtained by

Use: Silicone oils and related products.

addition of tetraethyllead to isooctane. Premium

leaded gasolines have a research octane rating of

octamethyl pyrophosphoramide. See

about 100, but this value drops to 85–90 for unlead-

schradan.

ed gasolines, though it may be improved by addition

of methyl-tert-butyl ether. The octane rating scale

octamethylsilanetetramine.

ends at 125, and any higher figure is meaningless.

CAS: 1624-01-7. mf: C

Si.

Research octane numbers are those obtained under

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

test or laboratory conditions; they generally run

severe eye irritant.

about ten points higher than the so-called motor

octane numbers, which represent actual road operat-

octamethyltrisiloxane. C

. ing conditions.

919

sec

-OCTYL

1-octanesulfonyl fluoride. in alcohol, acetone, ether, petroleum, and coal tar

CAS: 40630-63-5. mf: C

S. solvents; insoluble in water.

Hazard: A mild skin and eye irritant. Grade: 95, 99 mole %.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Organic synthesis, lubricants.

octanoic acid. (octylic acid; octoic acid; ca-

prylic acid).

cis-3-octen-1-ol. mf: C

CAS: 124-07-2. CH

(CH

)

COOH.

Properties: White to yellowish liquid; musty, mush-

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; slight odor; rancid

room odor. D: 0.830−0.850, refr index: 1.440. Insol

taste. D 0.9105 (20/4C), mp 16C, bp 237.9C, 147.9

in water.

(30 mm Hg), refr index 1.4278 (20C), flash p 270F

Use: Food additive.

(132C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

and ether. Combustible.

1-octen-3-yl acetate. mf: C

Derivation: By saponification and subsequent distil-

Properties: Colorless liquid; metallic, mushroom

lation of coconut oil.

odor. D: 0.865−0.886, refr index: 1.414−1.434 @

Method of purification: Crystallization or rectifica-

25°. Sol in fixed oils; insol in water, propylene

tion.

glycol.

Grade: Technical, 99%, FCC.

Use: Food additive.

Use: Synthesis of various dyes, drugs, perfumes, an-

tiseptics, and fungicides; ore separations; synthetic

1-octen-3-yl butyrate. mf: C

flavors.

Properties: Colorless liquid; metallic, mushroom

odor. D: 0.859−0.880, refr index: 1.416−1.437 @

octanol. See octyl alcohol.

25°. Sol in alc, fixed oils; sltly sol in propylene

glycol; insol in water.

2-octanone. See methyl hexyl ketone.

Use: Food additive.

octanoyl chloride. (capryloyl chloride; some-

octocrilene.

times called caprylyl chloride). CH

(CH

)

COCl.

CAS: 6197-30-4. mf: C

Properties: Water-white to straw-colored liquid;

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

pungent odor.. Fp −70C, distillation range

183–212C, d 0.9576 (15.5/15.5C), refr index 1.4357

octoic acid. An eight-carbon acid, usually desig-

(20C), flash p 180F (82.2C). Miscible with most

nates caprylic acid.

common solvents; reacts with alcohol and water.

Combustible.

octopirox. See piroctone olamine.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Organic synthesis.

octyl. The general name describing all eight-car-

bon radicals having the formula C

, often used

trans-2-octen-1-al. mf: C

interchangeably for the 2-ethylhexyl isomer.

Properties: Slightly yellow liquid; green odor. D:

0.830−0.850, refr index: 1.421−1.424. Sol in alc,

n-octyl acetate. (acetate C-8; caprylyl ace-

fixed oils; sltly sol in water.

tate).

Use: Food additive.

CAS: 103-09-3. CH

COO(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid, floral-fruity odor,

1-octene. (1-octylene; 1-caprylene). C

slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and most

(CH

)

CH:CH

other organic liquids, d 0.865–0.869, flash p 180F

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7160 (20/4C), bp

(82.2C) (OC), refr index 1.419–1.422, bp 199C.

121.27C, fp −102.4C, refr index 1.4088 (20C), flash

Combustible.

p 70F (21.1C) (TOC). Soluble in alcohol, acetone,

Use: Perfumery, flavors, solvent.

ether, petroleum, and coal tar solvents; insoluble in

water.

sec-n-octyl alcohol. (2-n-octanol; methyl

Grade: 95%, 99% research.

hexyl carbinol). CH

(CH

)

OCH

. Frequently

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

called capryl alcohol.

Use: Organic synthesis, plasticizer, surfactants.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; refractive; aro-

matic odor. D 0.825 (15C), bp 178–179C, fp −38C,

2-octene. C

or CH

(CH

)

CH:CHCH

. Both refr index 1.437 (20C), flash p 140F (60C). Miscible

cis and trans forms exist. with alcohol, ether; slightly soluble in water. Com-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D (cis) 0.7243, (trans) bustible.

0.7199, (commercial) 0.7185–0.7200 (20.4C); bp Derivation: By distilling sodium ricinoleate with an

(cis) 125.6C, (trans) 125.0C, (commercial) excess of sodium hydroxide.

124–127C; fp −94.04C; refr index (cis) 1.4150, Grade: Technical 92–99%, pure.

(trans) 1.4132, (commercial) 1.4120–1.4145 (20C); Use: Solvent, manufacture of plasticizers, wetting

flash p (mixed isomers) 70F (21.2C) (TOC). Soluble agents, foam-control agents, hydraulic oils, petrole-

920

-OCTYL ALCOHOL

um additives, perfume intermediates, masking of 202C, fp −55C, refr index 1.4503 (25C). Miscible

with alcohol and ether; immiscible with water.

industrial odors.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Synthesis of quaternary ammonium com-

n-octyl alcohol, primary. (1-n-octanol; al-

pounds, organometallics, vinyl stabilizers.

cohol C-8; heptyl carbinol).

CAS: 111-87-5. CH

(CH

)

OH. In industrial

octyl carbinol. See nonyl alcohol.

practice, the term octyl alcohol has been used for

both 1-octanol and 2-ethylhexanol. The latter is also

sometimes called isooctanol. The term capryl alco-

n-octyl chloride. CH

(CH

)

Cl.

hol has been used for both 1-octanol and 2-octanol.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8697 (25/15.5C),

It therefore seems preferable to designate the normal

refr index 1.4288 (25C), fp −62C, bp 181.6C, flash p

primary alcohol as 1-n-octanol.

158F (70C). Soluble in most organic solvents. Com-

Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating aromatic

bustible.

odor. D 0.826 (20C), bp 194–195C, 108.7C (30 mm

Use: Chemical intermediate, manufacture of organo-

Hg), refr index 1.430 (20C), fp −16C, flash p 178F

metallics.

(81.1C). Miscible with alcohol, chloroform, mineral

oil; immiscible with water and glycerol. Combus-

n-octyl-n-decyl adipate. (NODA).

tible.

Properties: Liquid; mild odor. D 0.92–0.98 (20/

Derivation: By reduction of caprylic acid.

20C), fp −50C, boiling range 220–254C (4 mm Hg),

Grade: Technical, CP, pure, perfume, FCC.

refr index 1.447. Combustible.

Use: Perfumery, cosmetics, organic synthesis, sol-

Use: Low-temperature plasticizer.

vent manufacture of high-boiling esters, antifoam-

See “Staflex Noda” [Bayer].

ing agent, flavoring agent.

n-octyl-decyl alcohol. A blend of alcohols;

octyl aldehyde. See octanal and 2-ethylhex-

available in tank cars and trucks. Combustible.

aldehyde.

Use: Intermediate for plasticizers.

octylamine. CH

(CH

)

n-octyl-n-decyl phthalate.

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Boiling

CAS: 119-07-3. C

range 170–179C, d 0.779 (20/20C), refr index 1.431

Properties: Clear liquid; mild characteristic odor. D

(20C), flash p 140F (60C). Combustible.

0.972–0.976 (20/20C), fp −40C, boiling range

232–267C (4 mm Hg), refr index 1.482 (25C), flash

tert-octylamine. (CH

)

CCH

C(CH

)

p 455F (235C). Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. Bp

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins.

137–143C, d 0.771 (25C), refr index 1.423 (25C),

flash p 92F (33.3C) (OC). Insoluble in water; solu-

octyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate.

ble in common organic solvents, especially petrole-

CAS: 1928-44-5. mf: C

um hydrocarbons.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Skin irritant.

tact.

Use: Intermediate for rubber accelerators, insecti-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

cides, fungicides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals.

octylene. See octene.

octylammonium methylarsonate.

CAS: 6379-37-9. mf: C

N•CH

AsO

octylene glycol titanate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Light-yellow solid.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Reaction of butyl titanate with octylene

glycol.

n-octylbicycloheptene dicarboximide. (n-

Use: Cross-linking agent, surface-active agent.

(2-ethylhexyl)-bicyclo(2,2,1)-5-heptene-2,3-dicar-

See titanium chelate.

boximide). C

Properties: Liquid. Bp 158C (2 mm Hg), d 1.05

octylene oxide.

(18C), refr index 1.505 (20C). Miscible with most

organic solvents and oils. Combustible.

Mixed CH

(CH

)

❘

HCH

❘

Derivation: From maleic anhydride, cyclopenta-

diene, and 2-ethylhexylamine.

Hazard: By ingestion and skin absorption.

and CH

(CH

)

❘

HCH(CH

)

❘

O. D (liquid) 0.830 (25C).

Use: Insecticide and pesticide synergist.

Combustible.

Use: Organic intermediate, epoxy resins.

n-octyl bromide. (capryl bromide; caprylic

bromide).

CAS: 111-83-1. CH

(CH

)

Br. octyl formate.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.118 (15C), bp CAS: 112-32-3. C

OOCH.

921 ODOR

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. D

4-octylphenol.

0.869–0.872 (25C), refr index 1.4180–1.4200 CAS: 1806-26-4. mf: C

(20C). Soluble in mineral oil; practically insoluble Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

in glycerol, 1 mL dissolves in 5 mL of 70% alcohol.

Combustible.

p-tert-octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol.

Grade: FCC.

CAS: 9002-93-1.

Use: Flavoring agent.

(CH

)

CCH

C(CH

)

O(CH

O)xH. Anhy-

drous liquid mixture of mono-p-(1,1,3,3-tetrameth-

ylbutyl)phenyl esters of polyethylene glycols in

octylic acid. See caprylic acid.

which x varies from 5 to 15.

Properties: Yellow, viscous liquid; faint odor; bitter

2-octyl iodide. (caprylic iodide; secondary

taste. D 1.060, refr index 1.489 (25C). Soluble in

capryl iodide). CH

(CH

)

CHICH

water, alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene; insoluble

Properties: Oily liquid. D 1.318 (18C), bp 210C

in hexane; pH 7–9. Combustible.

(decomposes).

Grade: NF.

Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation. Keep away

Use: Food packaging, probably as a plasticizer for

from light and air.

films.

Use: Organic synthesis.

p-octylphenyl salicylate.

octylmagnesium chloride. C

MgCl. A

OHCOOC

Grignard reagent available in tetrahydrofuran solu-

Properties: White solid. Mp 72–74C, bulk d 5.6 lb/

tion.

gal (20C). Soluble in hexane, benzene, acetone, and

ethanol; insoluble in water.

Use: Prevents photooxidation in polyethylene and

n-octyl mercaptan. C

SH.

polypropylene.

Properties: Water-white liquid; mild odor. Bp 199C,

d 0.8395 (25/4C), refr index 1.4497 (25C), flash p

octyl phosphate. See triioctyl phosphate.

115F (46.1C) (OC). Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Use: Polymerization conditioner, synthesis.

n-octyl sulfoxide isosafrole. See sulfoxide.

octyl trichlorosilane. (trichlorooctylsilane).

tert-octyl mercaptan. C

SH.

CAS: 5283-66-9. C

SiCl

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

Properties: Water-white liquid; pungent irritating

154–166C, d 0.848 (15.5C), refr index 1.454 (20C),

odor. Fumes readily in moist air to evolve corrosive

flash p 105F (40.5C). Combustible.

vapors.

Grade: 95%.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk in contact with oxidizing

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

materials. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Use: Polymer modification, lubricant additive.

irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

n-octyl methacrylate. H

C:C(CH

)COOC

Properties: Water-insoluble, colorless liquid. Poly-

octyltrichlorostannane.

merizes to a resin if unstabilized.

CAS: 3091-25-6. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Mildly toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

octyl peroxide. (caprylyl peroxide).

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Properties: Straw-colored liquid; sharp odor. Im-

miscible with water.

octyltris(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl-

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidizing agent.

methylthio)stannane.

CAS: 27107-89-7. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

octyl phenol. (diisobutyl phenol).

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

OH. Probably a mixture of isomers.

Properties: White flakes. Mp 72–74C, d 0.89 (90C),

bp 280–302C, hydroxyl coefficient 259–275. Insol-

odor. An important property of many substances,

uble in hot and cold water; limited solubility in manifested by a physiological sensation caused by

alkalies; soluble in 1:1 mixture of methanol and 50% contact of their molecules with the olfactory nervous

aqueous potassium hydroxide, also in alcohol, ace- system. Odor and flavor are closely related, and both

tone, fixed oils. Combustible. are profoundly affected by submicrogram amounts

Derivation: (p-tert-isomer) Catalytic alkylation of of volatile compounds. Attempts to correlate odor

phenol with olefins. with chemical structure have produced no definitive

Use: Nonionic surfactants, plasticizers, antioxidants, results. Objective measurement techniques involv-

fuel oil stabilizer, intermediate for resins, fungi- ing chromatography are under development. Even

cides, bactericides, dyestuffs, adhesives, rubber potent odors must be present in a concentration of

chemicals. 1.7 × 10

molecules/cc to be detected. It has been

922ODORANT

authentically stated that the nose is 100 times as contains, the thicker the oil becomes. Petroleum

sensitive in detection of threshold odor values as the (rock oil) is a hydrocarbon mixture comprising hun-

best analytical apparatus. dreds of chemical compounds. It is thought to be

derived from the remains of tiny sea animals laid

Many compounds have a characteristic odor that is

down in past geologic ages. Following is a classifi-

an effective means of identification. Toxic and nox-

cation of oils by type and function.

ious gases have distinctive odors often utilized for

warning purposes. An important exception is carbon

I. Mineral

monoxide, which is almost odorless. The penetrat-

1. Petroleum

ing, banana-like odor of amyl acetate has been used

(a) Aliphatic or wax base (Pennsylvania)

in mine rescue work. Among the most powerful

(b) Aromatic or asphalt base (California)

unpleasant odors are those of organic sulfur com-

pounds, especially ethyl mercaptan (skunk). Organ-

2. Petroleum derived

ic substances having a pleasant odor are broadly

(a) Lubricants: engine oil, machine oil, cut-

designated as aromatic, regardless of chemical na-

ting oil

ture. The cyclic aromatic (benzene) series of hydro-

(b) Medicinal: refined paraffin oil

carbons was so named for this reason. Most essential

II. Vegetable (chiefly from seeds or nuts)

oils have a pleasant odor and are the basis of per-

1. Drying (linseed, tung, oiticica)

fumes and fragrances. Odor research, including

2. Semidrying (soybean, cottonseed)

evaluation by test panels, is conducted at the Olfac-

3. Nondrying (castor, coconut)

tronics and Odor Sciences Center at Illinois Institute

4. Inedible soap stocks (palm, coconut)

of Technology, Chicago.

III.Animal

1. These usually occur as fats (tallow lard,

odorant. A substance having a distinctive, some-

stearic acid). The liquid types include fish

times unpleasant odor that is deliberately added to

oils, fish-liver oils, oleic acid, sperm oil,

essentially odorless materials to provide warning of

etc. They usually have a high fatty acid

their presence. For example, mercaptan derivatives

content.

may be added to natural gas for this purpose. In a

IV.Essential

broad sense, perfumes are odorants that are added to

1. Complex volatile liquids derived from

cosmetics, toilet goods, etc., largely for consumer

flowers, stems, and leaves, and often the

appeal.

entire plant. They contain terpenes (pinene,

See odor; deodorant; perfume; fragrance.

dipentene, etc.) and are used chiefly for

perfumery and flavorings. Usually resinous

odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons.

products are admixed with them. Turpen-

Properties: Liquid; faint odor. Bp: 300−650°.

tine is a highly resinous essential oil.

Use: Coating agent; defoamer; float; food additive;

V. Edible

froth-flotation cleaning; insecticide formulations

Derived from fruits or seeds of plants and used

component.

chiefly in foodstuffs (margarine, etc.). Most com-

mon are corn, coconut, soybean, olive, cottonseed,

odor masking. Addition of a substance with

and safflower. They have varying degrees of satura-

strong odor to obtain a less- offensive effect without

tion.

changing the composition of the original odorous

substance.

oil black. A carbon black made from oil, usually

an aromatic-type petroleum oil.

ODPN. Abbreviation for ␤,␤

′

-oxydipropionitrile.

See furnace black.

Oenanthic acid. See n-heptanoic acid.

oil blue. Violet-blue copper sulfide pigment used

oenology. See enology.

in varnishes.

“OFA” [Epi-Products]. TM for chemical

oil cake. The residue obtained after the expres-

foaming agent for additives.

sion of vegetable oils from oil-bearing seeds, used as

Use: To create foam or tiny bubbles in plastic to make

cattle feed and fertilizer. When ground they are

products lighter and use less resin.

known as meal.

See cottonseed cake and meal; peanut oil meal.

oil. The word oil is applied to a wide range of

substances that are quite different in chemical na-

ture. Oils derived from animals or from plant seeds

oil gas. A gas made by the reaction of steam at

or nuts are chemically identical with fats, the only high temperature on gas oil or similar fractions of

difference being one of consistency at room temper- petroleum, or by high-temperature cracking of gas

ature. They are composed largely of glycerides of oil. One typical analysis is heating value 554 Btu/ft

the fatty acids, chiefly oleic, palmitic, stearic, and illuminants 4.2%, carbon monoxide 10.4%, hydro-

linolenic. As a rule the more hydrogen the molecule gen 47.6%, methane 27.0%, carbon dioxide 4.6%,

923 OLEAMIDE

oxygen 0.4%, nitrogen 5.8%, autoign temp 637F from 10 to 800 ft and yield from 25 to 30 gal oil/ton

(336C). shale. Only 33% of the oil content is recoverable by

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion present techniques.

risk. Toxic by inhalation. See shale oil; kerogen.

oiliness. That property of a lubricant that causes a oil varnish. See varnish.

difference in coefficient of friction when all the

known factors except the lubricant itself are the

oil, vulcanized. See factice.

same. This concept is also expressed by the term

lubricity.

oil white. One of several mixtures of lithopone

and white lead or zinc white. It may also contain

oil of bitter almond. See almond oil.

gypsum, magnesia, whiting, or silica.

Use: White-lead substitute.

oil of cinnamon, ceylon. See cinnamon leaf

oil.

ointment. (salve). A semisolid pharmaceutical

preparation based on a fatty material such as lanolin

oil of cubeb. See cubeb oil.

and often containing petrolatum or zinc oxide to-

gether with specific medication for relief of rashes

oil of garlic. See garlic oil.

and other forms of dermatitis.

oil of jasmine.

oiticica oil.

CAS: 8022-96-6.

Derivation: By expression from the seeds of the

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Brazilian oiticica tree, Licania rigida.

Source: Natural product.

Chief constituents: Glycerides of ␣-licanic acid (4-

keto-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid).

oil of lime oil, coldpressed. Use: Drying oil in paints, varnishes, etc.

Properties: Expressed from the peel of Citrus auran-

tofolia Swingle (Mexican type) or Citrus latifolia

“Okerin” [Astor]. TM for rubber waxes and

(Tahitian type). Yellow to brown-green liquid. Sol

paraffin products.

in fixed oils, mineral oil; insol glycerin, propylene

Available forms: Flake, prill, or slab.

glycol.

Use: To provide controlled migration for ozone pro-

Use: Food additive.

tection of rubber.

oil of mirbane. See nitrobenzene.

-ol. A suffix indicating that one or more hydroxyl

groups (OH) are present in an organic compound,

oil of muscatel. See clary oil. e.g., alcohol, phenol, menthol. Thiol is an exception,

the oxygen of the OH group being replaced by sul-

fur. There are a few other exceptions among the

oil of vitriol. See sulfuric acid.

essential oils, e.g., eucalyptol.

oil of wintergreen. See methyl salicylate.

Olah, George A. (1927– ). Born in Hungary,

now an American citizen, he won the Nobel Prize for

oil sands. (tar sands). Porous sandstone struc-

chemistry in 1994 for his work with carbocations.

tures occurring on the surface and to depths of 100 m

These are positively charged hydrocarbons with

or more in certain localities; they contain a high

lifetimes on the order of microseconds. Olah devel-

proportion of bitumen composed chiefly of asphal-

oped methods of studying carbocations with differ-

tenes and maltha, together with substantial percent-

ent physical techniques, changing the direction of

age of sulfur and heavy metals. Its viscosity is about

this field. He received a Ph.D. from the Technical

midway between that of crude oil and soft asphalt.

University of Budapest in 1949.

The largest deposit in North America is in the Atha-

basca region of Alberta; there are smaller ones in the

olanzapine. See zyprexa.

western U.S. Venezuela and Trinidad have large

deposits. The Athabasca sands have been success-

fully mined and have made a substantial contribu-

olealkonium chloride.

tion to Canadian energy resources over the past CAS: 37139-99-4. mf: C

N•Cl.

decade. Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

oil shale. Extensive sedimentary rock deposits in oleamide. cis-CH

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

CONH

the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming Properties: Ivory-colored powder. Mp 72C, d 0.94.

contain a high percentage of kerogen, which can be Combustible.

separated from the shale either by heating in retorts Grade: Refined.

(surface mining) or by direct combustion in situ in Use: Slip agent for extrusion of polyethylene, wax

interior excavations. The deposits range in thickness additive, ink additive.

924OLEANDOMYCIN

oleandomycin. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A moderate skin

CAS: 3922-90-5. mf: C

irritant.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

olein. (triolein; glyceryl trioleate).

COO)

. The triglyceride of oleic acid,

oleate. Salt made up of a metal or alkaloid with

occurring in most fats and oils. It constitutes

oleic acid. It is used for external medications and in

70–80% of olive oil.

soaps and paints.

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid. D 0.915, mp −4to

−5C. Soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon tetrachlo-

olefin. (alkene). A class of unsaturated aliphatic

ride; slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

hydrocarbons having one or more double bonds,

Impurities: Stearin, linolein.

obtained by cracking naphtha or other petroleum

Derivation: Refined natural oils.

fractions at high temperatures (1500–1700F). Those

Use: Textile lubricants.

containing one double bond are called alkenes, and

those with two are called alkadienes, or diolefins.

oleoresin. Any of a number of mixtures of essen-

They are named after the corresponding paraffins by

tial oils and resins characteristic of the tree or plant

adding -ene or -ylene to the stem. ␣-olefins are

from which they are derived. Most types are semi-

particularly reactive because the double bond is on

solid and tacky at room temperature, becoming soft

the first carbon. Examples are 1-octene and 1-octa-

and sticky at high temperatures. They have various

decene, which are used as the starting point for

distinctive odors.

medium-biodegradable surfactants. Other olefins

See balsam; rosin.

(ethylene, propylene, etc.) are starting points for

certain manufactured fibers.

oleoyl chloride. (cis-9-octadecenoyl chloride).

See diolefin.

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COCl.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 175–180C (3 mm Hg). Solu-

olefin fiber. Synthetic long-chain polymer fiber

ble in hydrocarbons and ethers; reacts slowly with

composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene,

water. Combustible.

propylene, or other crystalline polyolefins.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

oleic acid. (cis-9-octadecenoic acid; red oil).

n-oleoylsarcosine.

CAS: 112-80-1. CH

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COOH. A

C(O)N(CH

)CH

COOH.

monounsaturated fatty acid, it is a component of

Properties: Amber liquid. D 0.955 (20/20C), refr

almost all natural fats, as well as tall oil. Most oleic

index 1.4703 (20C), 95% pure. Combustible.

acid is derived from animal tallow or vegetable oils.

Use: Surfactants.

Properties: (Commercial grades) Yellow to red oily

liquid; lardlike odor, darkens on exposure to air.

oleum. The Latin word for oil, applied to fuming

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and

sulfuric acid. (Sulfuric acid was originally called oil

most organic solvents, fixed and volatile oils. Sol-

of vitriol.)

vent for other oils, fatty acids and oil-soluble materi-

als. (Purified grades) Water-white liquid. D 0.895

oleyl alcohol. (octadecenol).

(20/4C), fp 4C, bp 286C (100 mm Hg), 225C (10

CAS: 143-28-2. CH

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

OH.

mm Hg), refr index 1.4599 (20C), acid value

The unsaturated alcohol derived from oleic acid.

196–204, iodine value 83–103, saponification value

Properties: Clear, viscous liquid at room tempera-

196–206, flash p 372 (189C), Combustible.

ture. Iodine value 88, cloud p −6.6C, bp 333C, fp

Derivation: The free fatty acid is obtained from the

−75C, d 0.84. Combustible.

glyceride by hydrolysis, steam distillation, and se-

Impurities: Linoleyl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohols.

paration by crystallization or solvent extraction. Fil-

Derivation: Reduction of oleic acid, occurs in fish

tration from the press cake results in the oleic acid of

and marine mammal oils.

commerce (red oil), which is purified and bleached

Grade: Technical, commercial (80–90% pure).

for specific uses.

Use: Surfactants, metal cutting oils, printing inks,

Grade: Variety of technical grades, grade free from

textile finishing, antifoam agent, plasticizer.

chick edema factor, USP, FCC, 99+%. A purified

technical oleic acid containing 90% or more oleic,

oleyl aldehyde. See octadecenyl aldehyde.

4% maximum linoleic, and 6% maximum saturated

acids is available.

oleylhydroxamic acid. C

CONH

Use: Soap base, manufacture of oleates, ointments,

Properties: Waxy solid, off-white color. D 0.897

cosmetics, polishing compounds, lubricants, ore flo-

(70/25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in aqueous

tation, intermediate, surface coatings, food-grade

potassium hydroxide and organic solvents.

additives.

oleyl-linoleylamine. (octadecene-octadeca-

oleic acid diethanolamide. dieneamine).

CAS: 93-83-4. mf: C

. Properties: Highly unsaturated primary amine. D

925 ONCOGENE

0.83, mp 19C, bp 198–209C, amine no. 200–210, slight odor and taste. D 0.910–0.918, saponification

iodine value 90 min. Soluble in many organic sol- value 188–196, iodine value 77–88, flash p 437F

vents; insoluble in water. (225C), cloud p −6.6 to −1.1C. A nondrying oil.

Use: Organic intermediate. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide;

sparingly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

oleyl methyl tauride. See sodium-N-meth- Use: Salad dressings and other foods; ointments, lini-

ments, etc.; Castile soap, special textile soaps; lubri-

yl-N-oleoyl taurate.

cant; sulfonated oils; cosmetics.

olibanum oil.

CAS: 8050-07-5.

olivetol. (5-pentylresorcinol). CH

(CH

)

Properties: Distilled from a gum from the trees Bo-

1,3-(OH)

. Store under nitrogen.

swellia carterii and other Boswellia species (Fam.

Properties: Off-white solid. Mw 180.25, mp 42–44,

Burseraceae). Pale liquid; pleasant balsamic odor.

flash p above 110C.

D: 0.862−0.889, refr index: 1.465−1.482 @ 20°. Sol

Hazard: Skin irritant; combustible.

in fixed oils, mineral oil; insol in glycerin, propylene

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

glycol.

Hazard: A skin irritant.

olivine. (chrysolite). (Mg,Fe)

SiO

. Natural mag-

Use: Food additive.

nesium-iron silicate, found in igneous and meta-

morphic rocks, meteorites, and blast furnace slags.

“Oligga-Fiber” [Cargill]. TM for inulin rec-

A complete series exists from Fe

SiO

to Mg

SiO.

ognized for its nutritional and functional benefits in

Grade: Crude, 20 mesh, 100 mesh.

food.

Use: Refractories, cements.

Use: For softer, long shelf life.

“Omadine” [Olin]. TM for a series of deriva-

oligo-. A prefix meaning “a few” or “very little.”

tives of pyridinethione (such as 1-hydroxy-2-pyridi-

nethione, C

NOH(S)) having bactericide-fungi-

oligodynamic. Literally, active in small

cide properties.

amounts. In technical literature, the term describes

Use: Cosmetics, textiles, cutting oils, coolant sys-

the sterilizing or purifying action of a substance,

tems, vinyl films, and rubber products.

e.g., silver.

OMC. Abbreviation of oxidized microcrystalline

oligogenic. A phenotypic trait produced by two

waxes.

or more genes working together.

See polygenic disorder.

“Omega Gold” [Omega]. TM for an omega 3

rich ground flax seed, premix supplement.

oligomer. A polymer molecule consisting of only

Use: To improve swine health, gestation, lactation,

a few monomer units (dimer, trimer, tetramer).

and breeding.

oligomeric protein. A multisubunit protein

“Omega Horseshine” [Omega]. TM for an

having two or more polypeptide chains.

omega 3 stabilized flax supplement.

Use: To maintain healthy coat, solid hooves, and long

oligomycin C.

life.

CAS: 11052-72-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

“Omega Ultra Egg” [Omega]. TM for an

Source: Natural product.

omega 3 rich stabilized flax seed premix.

Use: Food suppement for laying hens.

oligonucleotide. A molecule usually composed

of 25 or fewer nucleotides; used as a DNA synthesis

OMPA. Abbreviation for octamethyl pyrophos-

primer.

phoramide.

See nucleotide.

See schradan.

oligopeptide. A peptide made up of not more

ONB. Abbreviation for o-nitrobiphenyl.

than 10 amino acids.

oncogen. Any substance that will cause either

oligosaccharide. A carbohydrate containing

benign or malignant tumors in test animals. EPA

from two to ten simple sugars linked together (e.g.,

pesticide regulations use this term instead of tumo-

sucrose, composed of dextrose and fructose). Be-

rogenic and carcinogenic.

yond ten they are called polysaccharides.

olive oil. oncogene. A gene of cellular or viral origin that

CAS: 8001-25-0. causes cells to exhibit rapid, uncontrolled prolifera-

Properties: Pale yellow or greenish-yellow liquid; tion. See also proto-oncogene.

926ONE-STEP RESIN

one-step resin. See A-stage resin. “Oppanol” [BASF]. TM for a series of poly-

isobutylenes, varying from oily liquids through

highly viscous materials to rubberlike solids accord-

Onsager, Lars. (1903–1976). A Norwegian

ing to degree of polymerization.

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

1968. He studied and wrote on the theory of electro-

Oppenauer oxidation. The aluminum alkox-

lytic conduction and theory of dielectrics. He also

ide−catalyzed oxidation of a secondary alcohol to

worked with superfluids and crystal statistics and

the corresponding ketone (the reverse of the Meer-

reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. After

wein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction).

receiving his doctorate in Norway, he came to the

U.S. and became a citizen.

“Optanol drops” [Lapgap]. TM for liquid

drug.

“Onyx Classica” [ALCOA]. Al

•3H

Use: For treatment of symptoms of allergic conjunc-

TM for a filler; flame-retardant in the premium

tivitis.

products of the synthetic marble industry.

Properties: Exceptionally high purity, whiteness,

optical activity. See optical rotation.

and particle size consistency.

optical bleach. See brightening agent.

opacity. The optical density of material, usually a

pigment; the opposite of transparency. A colorant or

optical brightener. (optical bleach; colorless

paint of high opacity is said to have good hiding

dye; fluorescent brightener). A colorless, fluores-

power or covering power, by which is meant its

cent, organic compound that absorbs UV light and

ability to conceal another tint or shade over which it

emits it as visible blue light. The blue light masks the

is applied. Apparatus for measuring opacity is avail-

undesirable yellow of textiles, paper, detergents,

able.

and plastics. Some examples are derivatives of 4,4

′

diaminostilbene-2,2

′

-disulfonic acid, coumarin de-

OPDN. Abbreviation for ␤,␤-oxydipropionitrile.

rivatives such as 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocou-

marin.

open reading frame. (ORF). The sequence of

DNA or RNA located between the start-code se-

optical crystal. A comparatively large crystal,

quence (initiation codon) and the stop-code se-

either natural or synthetic, used for infrared and

quence (termination codon).

ultraviolet optics, piezoelectric effects, and short-

wave radiation detection. Examples are sodium

open system. A system that exchanges matter

chloride, potassium iodide, silver chloride, calcium

and energy with its surroundings.

fluoride, and (for scintillation counters) such organ-

ic materials as anthracene, naphthalene, stilbene,

operation. See unit operation.

and terphenyl.

operations research. The use of statistical and

optical fiber. See fiber, optical.

other mathematical methods for studying and evalu-

ating the best procedures to be used for carrying out

a particular operation and all functions associated

optical glass. See glass, optical.

with it.

optical isomer. Either of two kinds of optically

operator. Biology - A region of DNA that inter-

active three-dimensional isomers (stereoisomers).

acts with a regulatory protein to control the expres-

One kind is represented by mirror-image structures

sion of a gene or group of genes.

called enantiomers that result from the presence of

one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in the com-

operon. A unit of genetic expression in proka- pound (glyceraldehyde, lactic acid, sugars, tartaric

ryotes consisting of one or more related genes, and acid, amino acids). The other kind is exemplified by

the operator and promoter sequences that regulate diastereoisomers, which are not mirror images.

their transcription. These occur in compounds having two or more

asymmetric carbon atoms; thus, such compounds

have 2

optical isomers, where n is the number of

OPG. Abbreviation for oxypolygelatin.

asymmetric carbon atoms.

See enantiomer; diastereoisomer; optical rotation;

opium. A mixture of alkaloids.

asymmetry.

Derivation: The air-dried, milky exudate obtained

from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum.

Available forms: Deodorized, granulated, pow-

optical microscope. (light microscope). A

dered. magnifying lens system that utilizes light in the

Hazard: A habituating narcotic; importation and sale visible wavelength range of the electromagnetic

restricted by law in U.S. spectrum (5000 A

). A convex glass lens bends or

Use: Source of morphine. focuses light waves because of the difference in

927 “ORASOL”

density between glass and air. Invented in 1590 by

optrode. A component of fiber-optical analytical

the Janssen brothers and later improved by van systems that is analogous to an electrode. Its func-

Leeuwenhoek, the compound microscope has three tion is to couple the laser beam to the sample solu-

lenses: a condenser lens, which concentrates the tion being analyzed. There are three types: cuvette,

incident light; an objective lens, which gives an sapphire ball, and membrane.

enlarged reverse image of the specimen; and a pro-

jector lens, which further enlarges the image and

“Oracle, 4E Dicamba Herbicide” [Agrisel].

returns it to normal position. Its maximum resolving

TM for a broad spectrum control for turf weeds.

power is 0.5 micron, compared with 100 microns for

the human eye. The compound microscope is partic-

oral contraceptive. See antifertility agent.

ularly useful in studying bacteria and other microor-

ganisms in their natural state without interfering

orange III. See methyl orange.

with their behavior. It has been of untold benefit to

biologists and bacteriologists and also has innumer-

orange IV. See tropaeolin 00.

able uses in chemical and metallurgical research, as

well as in forensic chemistry.

orange B.

See resolving power; electron microscope; ultrami-

CAS: 15139-76-1. mf: C

croscope; field-ion microscope; van Leeuwenhoek,

Properties: Dull orange crystals.

Anton.

Use: Food additive.

optical rotation. The change of direction of the

orange cadmium. See cadmium sulfide.

plane of polarized light to either the right or the left

as it passes through a molecule containing one or

orange mineral. A red lead oxide pigment

more asymmetric carbon atoms, e.g., sugars. The

made in a furnace by roasting lead carbonate or

direction of rotation, if to the right, is indicated by

sublimed litharge; it is a very bright orange but has

either a plus sign (+) or a d-; if to the left, by a minus

low tinting strength.

sign (−)oranl-. Molecules having a right-handed

Properties: Fine powder, −325 mesh. D 9.0, contains

configuration (

D) usually are dextrorotatory, D(+),

95.5% red lead (Pb

though they may be levorotatory, D(−); those having

Use: Pigment in printing inks and primers.

a left-handed configuration (

L) are usually levorota-

tory,

L(−), but may be dextrorotatory, D(+). Com-

orange oil, bitter, coldpressed.

pounds having this property are said to be optically

Properties: Oil expressed from the peel of Citrus

active and are isomeric. The amount of rotation

aurantium L. Osbeck (Fam. Rutaceae). Pale yellow

varies with the compound but is the same for any two

to yellow-brown liquid; characteristic orange odor

isomers, though in opposite directions.

and bitter taste. D: 0.845−0.851, refr index: 1.472 @

See optical isomer; nicol.

20°. Misc in abs alc, in 1 vol glacial acetic acid; sol in

fixed oils, mineral oil; insol in glycerin.

optical spectroscopy. See spectroscopy; ab-

Use: Food additive.

sorption spectroscopy; emission spectroscopy.

orange oil, distilled.

“Optidose 2000” [Mid South]. TM for a

Properties: From steam distillation of fresh peel of

carboxylic sufonated copolymer.

Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Fam. Rutaceae). Color-

Use: For water treatment and traceable scale inhibitor

less to pale yellow liquid; odor of fresh orange peel.

for phosphates and zinc.

Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil, alc; insol in glycerin,

propylene glycol.

optimax.

Use: Food additive.

CAS: 62602-94-2.

mf: C

•C

•ClH.

orange peel. A term used in the paint industry to

Hazard: Human systemic effects.

refer to a roughened film surface caused by too rapid

drying.

“Optimer” [Nalco]. TM for flocculating

chemicals.

orange peel oil. See citrus peel oils.

Use: Dewatering of sludge.

orange seed oil. See citrus seed oils.

“Optimum” [American International].

TM for guanidine hydrochloride and guanidine

orange toner. A diazo dyestuff coupled to dia-

thiocyanate.

cetoacetic acid anhydride. It contains no sulfonic or

Available forms: Solid.

carboxylic groups.

Grade: Bio-tech.

Use: Printing inks.

optimum pH. The characteristic pH at which an “Orasol” [Novartis]. TM for solvent dyes for

enzyme has maximal catalytic activity. transparent coatings, inks, and plastics.

928ORBITAL

orbital. The area in space about an atom or mole- begins at any value and extends to 10 times that

cule in which the probability of finding an electron is

value; e.g., 2 is of the same order of magnitude as

greatest.

any number between itself and 20; and 5 miles is of

the same order of magnitude as any distance be-

tween 5 and 50 miles. The expression usually ap-

orbital electron. Electron remaining with high

plies to extremely large or extremely small units,

degree of probability in the immediate neighbor-

i.e., the size ranges of atoms, molecules, colloidal

hood of a nucleus where it occupies a quantized

particles, etc., or astronomical distances.

orbital.

ore. An aggregate of valuable minerals and gan-

orbital theory. The quantum theory of matter

gue from which one or more metals can be extracted

applied to the nature and behavior of the electron

at a profit.

either in a single atom (atomic orbital) or combined

atoms (molecular orbital). A combination of Schro-

dinger’s wave mechanics and Heisenberg’s uncer-

ore flotation. See flotation.

tainty principle, the orbital theory was formulated in

1926. It has yielded a better understanding of the

organelle. A portion of a cell having specific

electron and its critical part in chemical bonding

functions, distinctive chemical constituents, and

than is possible with Newtonian mechanics. In sim-

characteristic morphology; it is a unit subsystem of a

ple language, the orbital theory considers the elec-

cell. Examples are mitochondria and chromosomes.

tron not as a particle but as a three-dimensional wave

Organelles are often closely associated with en-

that can exist at several energy levels; its exact

zymes. The lysosome (an enzyme-bearing organ-

location and position in the “shell” (which in most

elle) has been synthesized.

elements is a group of orbitals) cannot be precisely

determined but only predicted by the laws of mathe-

organic chemistry. A major branch of chemis-

matical probability. The orbital levels and the move-

try that embraces all compounds of carbon except

ment of electrons within them are expressed by

such binary compounds as the carbon oxides, car-

wave functions and quantum numbers. The proba-

bides, carbon disulfide, etc.; such ternary com-

bility that an electron will be found in a given vol-

pounds as the metallic cyanides, metallic carbonyls,

ume (i.e., the square of the one-electron wave func-

phosgene (COCl

), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc.; and

tion) is called the orbital of that electron, and the

the metallic carbonates, such as calcium carbonate

shape of the orbital is defined by surfaces of constant

and sodium carbonate. The total number of organic

probability (i.e., spheres and elliptically shaped

compounds is indeterminate, but some 6,000,000

doughnuts). The electron orbital, described in terms

have been identified and named. These fall into

of probability, is like a cloud, with indefinite bound-

several structural groups as follows:

aries. The energy state of each electron is given by

I. Aliphatic (straight chain)

four quantum numbers that describe its principal

1. Hydrocarbons (petroleum and coal derived)

level, its angular momentum, its magnetic moment,

(a) Paraffins or alkanes (saturated) (C

2n+2

)

and its spin. This concept has exerted a profound

methane and homologs; halogen-substi-

effect on modern ideas about chemical bonding,

tuted derivatives, e.g., fluorocarbons

transition metal complexes, semiconductors, and

(b) Olefins (unsaturated)

solid-state physics.

(1) Alkenes (one double bond) (C

)

ethylene and homologs

orcin. (dihydroxytoluene; methylresorcinol; or-

(2) Alkadienes (two double bonds)

cinol).

2n-1

) butadiene, allene

CAS: 504-15-4. CH

(OH)

2. Alcohols (ROH): methanol and homologs

3. Ethers (ROR): methyl ether and homologs

4. Aldehydes (RCHO): formaldehyde, acetal-

dehyde

5. Ketones (RCOR): acetone, methylethylke-

Properties: White, crystalline prisms becoming red

tone

in air; intensely sweet, unpleasant taste. D 1.2895,

6. Carboxylic acids (RCOOH)

mp (anhydrous) 107C, (hydrated) 56C; bp

7. Carbohydrates (C

)

287–290C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

(a) Sugars: glucose, fructose, sucrose, gums

Derivation: By fermentation of various species of

(b) Starches: wheat, corn, potato

lichens (rocella) and extraction.

Use: Reagent for certain carbohydrates (beet sugar,

II. Cyclic (closed ring)

lignin, pentoses, etc.).

1. Alicyclic hydrocarbons (properties similar

to aliphatics)

(a) Cycloparaffins (naphthenes) (saturated):

order of magnitude. A range of values ap-

cyclohexane, cyclopentane, etc.

plied to numbers, distances, dimensions, etc., that

929 ORGANOSILICON

(b) Cycloolefins (unsaturated): cyclopenta-

organoleptic. A term widely used to describe

diene, cyclooctatetraene consumer testing procedures for food products, per-

various products, flavors, etc. are submitted to

2. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes): unsatu-

groups or panels. Such tests are a valuable aid in

rated compounds; hexagonal ring structure;

determining the acceptance of the products and thus

single and multiple fused rings

may be viewed as a marketing technique. They also

(a) Benzene group (1 ring)

serve psychological purposes and are an important

(b) Naphthalene group (2 rings)

means of evaluating the subjective aspects of taste,

odor, color, and related factors. The physical and

(d) Polycyclic group (steroids, sterols)

chemical characteristics of foods are stimuli for the

3. Heterocyclic: unsaturated; usually pentago-

eye, ear, skin, nose, and mouth, whose receptors

nal rings containing at least one other ele-

initiate impulses that travel to the brain, where per-

ment besides carbon

ception occurs.

(a) Pyrroles

(b) Furans

organometallic compound. An organic com-

(d) Porphyrins pound composed of a metal attached directly to

carbon (RM); such compounds have been prepared

III. Combinations of aliphatic and cyclic struc-

of practically all the metals, as well as with such

tures

nonmetals as silicon and phosphorus. Metallic salts

1. Terpene hydrocarbons

(soaps) of organic acids are excluded. Examples are

2. Amino acids (some are aliphatic and others

diethylzinc (the first known organometallic), Gri-

combinations)

gnard compounds such as methyl magnesium iodide

3. Proteins and nucleic acids (coiled or helical

(CH

MgI), and metallic alkyls such as butyllithium

formations)

Li), tetraethyllead, triethyl aluminum, tetrabu-

IV. Organometallic compounds

tyl titanate, sodium methylate, copper phthalocya-

V. Synthetic high polymers, including silicones

nine, and metallocenes. Some are highly toxic or

Important areas of organic chemistry include poly-

flammable; others are coordination compounds. Re-

merization, hydrogenation, isomerization, fermen-

active and moderately reactive organometallic com-

tation, photochemistry, and stereochemistry. There

pounds will react with all functional groups; two

is no sharp dividing line between organic and inor-

major types of reaction in which they are involved

ganic chemistry; the two often tend to overlap.

are oxidation and cleavage by acids. Probably the

See inorganic chemistry.

most important organometallic reactions are those

involving addition to an unsaturated linkage. Many

of them are powerful catalysts and form useful coor-

“Organiclear” [Standard]. (methylene

dination complexes.

bisthiocyanate).

See catalysis; metallocene; coordination compound.

CAS: 6317-18-6. TM for wood preservative.

Use: To stop wood rot, termite attack, mildew, and

organophosphorus compound. Any organic

decay.

compound containing phosphorus as a constituent.

These fall into several groups, chief of which are the

following: (1) phospholipids, or phosphatides,

organoborane. A compound composed of an

which are widely distributed in nature in the form of

unsaturated organic group and a borane obtained by

lecithin, certain proteins, and nucleic acids; (2) es-

the hydroboration reaction. Such compounds are

ters of phosphinic and phosphonic acids, used as

useful catalytic reagents in organic syntheses of

plasticizers, insecticides, resin modifiers, and

some complexity, e.g., cis-ortrans-olefins, optical-

flame-retardants; (3) pyrophosphates, e.g., tetrae-

ly pure alcohols, alkanes, and ketones. Prostaglan-

thyl pyrophosphate, which are the basis for a broad

dins and insect pheromones have been synthesized

group of cholinesterase inhibitors used as insecti-

by this means. A particularly versatile example is

cides; (4) phosphoric esters of glycerol, glycol, sor-

triphenylboron, B(C

)

bitol, etc., which are components of fertilizers.

See hydroboration; carborane; borane.

While many of these compounds play an important

part in animal metabolism, those in group (3) are

toxic and should be handled with extreme care.

organoclay. (organopolysilicate). A clay such

as kaolin or montmorillonite, to which organic

organopolysilicate. See organoclay.

structures have been chemically bonded; since the

surfaces of the clay particles, which have a lattice-

organosilane. See organosilicon.

like arrangement, are negatively charged, they are

capable of binding organic radicals. When this type

of structure is in turn reacted with a monomer such

organosilicon. An organic compound in which

as styrene, a complex known as a polyorganosilicate silicon is bonded to carbon (organosilane). Such

graft polymer results. compounds were first made by Friedel and Crafts in

930ORGANOSOL

1863. Silicon was found to have a remarkable chem- Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

ical similarity to carbon, which it can replace in

organic compounds. The silicon-carbon bond is

Orn. Abbreviation for ornithine.

about as strong as the carbon-carbon bond, and com-

pounds containing them are similar in properties to

ornithine. (2,5-diaminovaleric acid).

all-carbon compounds. Organosilicon oxides (orga-

(CH

)

CH(NH

)COOH. A nonessential amino

nosiloxanes or silicones) were discovered by F. S.

acid produced by the body and important in protein

Kipping in England in 1900; he found that Grignard

metabolism.

reagents would react with silicon tetrachloride to

Properties: (

L(+)-ornithine.) Crystals from alcohol-

form silicon−carbon−bonded polymers of both ring

ether. Mp 140C. Soluble in water and alcohol. (

DL-

and chain types. These were named silicones be-

ornithine) Crystals from water. Slightly soluble in

cause of the similarity of their empirical formula

alcohol.

SiO) to that of ketones (R

CO).

Derivation: Isolated from proteins after hydrolysis

An organosilicon compound (tetramesityldisilene)

with alkali.

containing a silicon to silicon double bond has been

Use: Biochemical research; medicine.

synthesized. It is a crystalline solid, mp 176C, and

has reactive properties similar to olefins. Com-

ORNL. Abbreviation for Oak Ridge National

pounds of this type are called silylenes. See sili-

Laboratory.

cone.

orosomucoid. An old term for a1-acid glycopro-

organosol. Colloidal dispersion of any insoluble

tein

material in an organic liquid; specifically the finely

divided or colloidal dispersion of a synthetic resin in

“Orotan” TV [Rohm & Haas]. TM for a

plasticizer in which dispersion the volatile content

synthetic tanning agent with attributes of vegetable

exceeds 5% of the total.

tannins. Dark-red, viscous solution; 31% tannin.

See plastisol.

Imparts high degree of tannage, strength, fullness,

and solidity to leather. Solubilizing, penetrating, and

organotin compounds. A family of alkyl tin

bleaching agent.

compounds widely used as stabilizers for plastics,

especially rigid vinyl polymers used as piping, con-

orotic acid. (uracil-6-carboxylic acid; 6-car-

struction aids, and cellular structures. Some have

boxyuracil).

catalytic properties. They include butyl tin trichlo-

CAS: 65-86-1. C

(O)

COOH. Occurs in cow’s

ride, dibutyltin oxide, etc., and various methyltin

milk and has also been isolated from certain strains

compounds. They are both liquids and solids.

of molds (Neurospora). A growth factor for certain

Hazard: All are highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

microorganisms.

See dibutyltin-.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 345–346C.

Use: Biochemical research, especially the biosynthe-

origanum oil. An essential oil used in pharmacy

sis of nucleic acids.

and as a flavoring.

orpiment. Obsolete name for arsenic trisulfide.

origin. Biology: The nucleotide sequence or site

in DNA where DNA replication is initiated.

orris root oil.

Properties: From steam distillation of peeled, dried,

aged rhizomes of Iris pallida L. (Fam. Iridaceae).

“Orlon” [Du Pont]. TM for a copolymer con-

Light yellow to brown solid at room temp. Mp:

taining at least 85% acrylonitrile. Available in vari-

38−50°. Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil, propylene

ous types of staple and tow.

glycol; insol in glycerin.

Properties: Tensile strength (psi) 32,000–39,000, d

Use: Food additive.

1.14–1.17, break elongation 20–28%, moisture re-

gain 1.5% (21.2C, 65% RH), softens at 235C, solu-

ble in butyrolactone (hot), dimethyl formamide

orthamine. See o-phenylenediamine.

(hot), ethylene carbonate (hot), resistant to mineral

acids, fair to good resistance to weak alkalies. Insol-

ortho-. (o-). A prefix meaning “straight ahead.”

uble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachlo-

Compare with meta- (m-) meaning “beyond,” para-

ride, and petroleum ether; soluble in dimethyl sulf-

(p-) meaning “opposite.” These prefixes are used in

oxide, maleic anhydride, ethylene carbonate,

organic chemistry in naming disubstitution products

nitriles, and nitrophenols.

derived from benzene in which the substituent atoms

Hazard: Combustible, burns freely and rapidly.

or radicals are located in certain definite positions on

Use: In apparel, usually blended with wool or other

the benzene ring. This is illustrated in the diagram,

fibers.

where A and B represent the substituent atoms or

groups. When attached to adjoining carbon atoms, B

ormetoprim. is in the o- position in respect to A (also called the

Properties: White, tasteless, odorless powder. 1,2-position). If B is located on the third carbon

931 OSMIUM DICHLORIDE

atom in respect to A, it is in the m- position (also

oscillometry. Electrode measurement of oscilla-

called 1,3-); when B is attached to the opposite tion-frequency changes to detect the progress of a

carbon atom, it is in the p- position (1,4).

titration of electrolyte solutions.

-ose. A suffix indicating a carbohydrate com-

pound or polymer, usually a simple or complex

sugar, e.g., sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, etc.,

and also cellulose, cellobiose, amylose (starch).

OSHA. Abbreviation for Occupational Safety

and Health Administration.

osmic acid. (osmium tetroxide; perosmic acid

anhydride; perosmic oxide).

CAS: 20816-12-0. OsO

In organic compounds, these prefixes usually appear

Properties: A colorless dimorphic compound with

in italics (often abbreviated o-, m-, and p-) and are

both crystalline and amorphous forms; pungent, dis-

ignored in alphabetizing.

agreeable odor. D 4.90, mp 40C, bp 130C. Soluble in

In inorganic chemistry, the prefix ortho designates

water, alcohol, and ether.

the most highly hydrated acid, or its salt, to contrast

Derivation: By heating powdered osmium in air, or

with the meta, or less hydrated acid or salt. For

by treating it with nitric acid, aqua regia, or chlorine.

example, H

is orthophosphoric acid and HPO

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; strong irritant to eyes

metaphosphoric acid. These are considered in al-

and mucous membranes. TLV: 0.0002 ppm; STEL

phabetizing.

0.0006 ppm (Os).

Use: Microscopic staining, photography, oxidation

orthoarsenic acid. See arsenic acid.

catalyst in organic synthesis.

orthoboric acid. See boric acid.

osmiridium. See iridosmine.

“Orthochrom” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for

osmium.

pigmented plasticized nitrocellulose lacquers and

CAS: 7440-04-2. Os. Metallic element having

thinners. They produce durable, washable, flexible,

atomic number 76, in group VIII of the periodic

colored lacquer finishes of good lightfastness.

table, aw 190.2, valences of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8; seven stable

Use: Finishing of belt, garment, upholstery, and other

isotopes.

leathers.

Properties: Hard white metal of the platinum group.

D 22.5, mp 3000C, bp 5500C, it has the highest

“Orthoclear” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for per-

specific gravity and melting point of the platinum

manently plasticized nitrocellulose binders and lac-

metals, metallurgically unworkable. On heating in

quers in various solvents. They produce clear, dura-

air gives off poisonous fumes of osmium tetroxide.

ble, flexible finishes.

Insoluble in acids and aqua regia; attacked by fused

Use: Top-coat finishes for glazing or high-gloss

alkalies.

leather coatings.

Occurrence: Tasmania, South Africa, the former

U.S.S.R., Canada.

orthoform. See methyl-m-amino-p-hydroxy-

Derivation: Occurs with platinum, from which it is

benzoate.

recovered during the purification process. Also oc-

curs with iridium as a natural alloy, iridosmine.

“Ortholite” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for clear

Hazard: Highly toxic; irritant to skin.

and pigmented vinyl lacquers, binders, and solvents.

Use: Hardener for iridium and platinum, pen points,

They produce finishes of outstanding abrasion resis-

instrument pivots, catalyst.

tance and low-temperature flexibility.

Use: Finishes on upholstery, automotive, luggage,

osmium ammonium chloride. See ammo-

and case leathers.

nium hexachloroosmate.

orthosilicic acid. See silicic acid (ortho).

osmium chloride. (osmium dichloride; os-

mous chloride). OsCl

oryzalin.

Properties: Dark-green needles. Hygroscopic. Keep

CAS: 19044-88-3. mf: C

away from air. Soluble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

water.

Use: Food additive; herbicide; agricultural chemical.

Os. Symbol for osmium. osmium dichloride. See osmium chloride.

932OSMIUM SODIUM CHLORIDE

osmium sodium chloride. See sodium hex- Ostwald ripening. Refers to the process of

achloroosmate.

solution of smaller crystals and growth of larger

crystals.

osmium tetroxide. See osmic acid.

Ostwald, Wilhelm. (1853–1932). A German

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

osmocaine.

1909. He was considered to be a founder of modern

CAS: 532-77-4. mf: C

physical chemistry. His work involved research in

Hazard: Human systemic effects.

catalysis, the rates of chemical reactions, equilibri-

um, and conductivity of organic acids. He was an

osmocene. (dicyclopentadienylosmium).

admirer of Mach and did not readily accept the

)

Os.

atomic theory. He was educated at the University of

Properties: Stable, white solid. Mp 229–230C.

Dorpat.

Use: Intermediate, high-temperature applications,

derivatives used as UV-radiation absorber.

osutidine.

See metallocene.

CAS: 140695-21-2. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

osmometry. The measurement of osmotic pres-

sure.

OTEC. See Ocean Thermal Energy Conver-

sion.

osmosis. Passage of a pure liquid (usually water)

into a solution (e.g., of sugar and water) through a

otto. See attar.

membrane that is permeable to the pure water but

not to the sugar in the solution. This passage can also

Otto Fuel II.

occur when the two phases consist of solutions of

CAS: 106602-80-6. A torpedo fuel that is easy to

different concentration. The membrane is called

handle, has a non-explosive classification and a low

semipermeable when the molecules of the solvent,

fire hazard. Developed by Otto Reitlinger at the

but not those of the solute, can penetrate it. This

Indian Head Division Naval Surface Warfare Center

pushing of water through a membrane into a solution

during the 1960s.

results from the greater tendency of water molecules

to escape from water than from a solution. The term

ouricury wax. A vegetable wax exuded by the

osmosis is usually restricted to movement through a

leaves of Cocos coronapa (South America).

solid or liquid barrier that prevents the phases from

Properties: Brown. Acid value 10, saponification

mixing rapidly. In test apparatuses parchment or

value 80, d 0.970 (15C), mp 83C, foreign matter

collodion membranes are used; in plants and ani-

(dirt, etc.) sometimes 18%. Combustible.

mals the cell wall acts as a diffusion barrier. The

Grade: Crude, refined.

pressure exerted by osmosis is substantial and ac-

Use: Substitute for carnauba wax.

counts for the elevation of sap from root systems to

the tops of trees. Osmosis is considered an essential

-ous. A suffix, used in naming inorganic com-

characteristic of growth.

pounds, that indicates that the central element is

Reverse osmosis is used as a method of desalting

present in its lower oxidation state. For example, in

seawater, recovering wastewater from paper mill

ferrous chloride (FeCl

), the iron atom is in its lower

operations, pollution control, industrial water treat-

oxidation state of +2, equivalent to its valence; in an

ment, chemical separations, and food processing.

ionized state it would have two positive charges

This method involves application of pressure to the

(Fe

). (A recommended change in this system of

surface of a saline solution, thus forcing pure water

nomenclature is to use the common name of the

to pass from the solution through a membrane that is

element [iron] together with a Roman numeral

too dense to permit passage of sodium and chlorine

showing the oxidation number; thus, ferrous chlo-

ions. Hollow fibers of cellulose acetate or nylon are

ride would be iron(II) chloride.)

used as membranes, since their large surface area

offers more efficient separation. See dialysis;

outgassing. The removal of gas from a metal by

membrane; diffusion; desalination.

heating at a temperature somewhat below melting,

while maintaining a vacuum in the space around the

osmous chloride. See osmium chloride.

metal. Usually done before melting but sometimes

afterward.

Use: Manufacture of tubes and other vacuum de-

Ostromyslenskii (Ostromisslenskii)

vices.

reaction. Dehydrogenation of ethanol over

copper-containing catalysts and conversion of the

acetaldehyde ethanol mixture to butadiene by pas-

outgroup. In a cladistic analysis, any taxon used

sage at high temperature over silica gel containing a to help resolve the polarity of characters, and which

small amount of tantalum oxide. is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of

933 OXAZOLE

the taxa under consideration than any are to each Derivation: Occurs naturally in many plants (wood

other. sorrel, rhubarb, spinach) and can be made by alkali

extraction of sawdust. Now manufactured by reac-

ovalbumin. See albumin, egg. tion of carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide or of

sodium formate with sodium hydroxide, followed

oven. A heated chamber of varying sizes used for by distillation of the resulting dihydrate crystals.

removing moisture from industrial products before Grade: Technical (crystals and powder), CP.

or during processing, for example, finely divided Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

solids, food products, tobacco, textiles, wood, etc. irritant. TLV: 1 mg/m

; STEL 2 mg/m

Use: Automobile radiator cleanser, general metal and

Laboratory sizes are used for testing the effect of

equipment cleaning, purifying agent and intermedi-

heat exposure on such materials as rubber, plastics,

ate for many compounds, leather tanning, catalyst,

fibers, paints, etc., as well as for sterilization, drying

laboratory reagent, stripping agent for permanent

electronic components, and curing encapsulation

press resins, bleaching of textiles, rare-earth pro-

compounds.

cessing, printing and dyeing auxiliary.

overlapping clones. See genomic library.

oxalomolybdic acid. [MoO

)]H

. A wa-

ovex. (generic name for p-chlorophenyl-p-

ter-soluble, crystalline compound used in invisible

chlorobenzenesulfonate).

inks.

CAS: 80-33-1. ClC

OSO

Cl.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 86.5C. In-

oxalonitrile. See cyanogen.

soluble in water; soluble in acetone and aromatic

solvents.

oxalyl chloride. (ethanedioyl chloride).

Use: Insecticide and acaricide.

CAS: 79-37-8. (COCl)

Properties: Colorless liquid; if cooled to −12C, soli-

ovicide. A type of pesticide that kills the eggs of

difies to a white, crystalline mass; gives off carbon

insects.

monoxide on heating. Bp 64C, fp −12C, d 1.43.

Decomposed by water and alkaline solutions. Solu-

“Ovral” [Wyeth-Ayerst]. TM for an oral con-

ble in ether, benzene, chloroform.

traceptive containing norgestrel, a synthetic proges-

Derivation: Interaction of oxalic acid and phospho-

togen. Contains 0.05 mg norgestrel and 0.05 mg

rus pentachloride.

ethinyl estradiol.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

Use: Military poison gas, chlorinating agent in organ-

oxa-. Prefix indicating the presence of oxygen in a

ic synthesis.

heterocyclic ring.

6-oxa-5,7-disilaundecane-1,11-diamine,

oxamic acid. (aminooxoacetic acid). H

NCO-

5,5,7,7-tetramethyl-.

CAS: 3663-42-1. mf: C

NOSi

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mw 89.05, mp

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

210C. Sparingly soluble in water.

Use: In medical diagnostic manufacture.

“OXAF” [Uniroyal]. TM for the zinc salt of 2-

mercaptobenzothiazole (Zn(SCNSC

)

oxamide.

Properties: White to pale-yellow powder. D 1.63,

CAS: 471-46-5. NH

COCONH

melting range decomposes without melting when

Properties: White, odorless powder. Mp 419C (de-

heated to 200C or over, excellent storage stability.

composes). Probably the highest melting organic

Slightly soluble in ethylene dichloride and acetone;

compound; slightly soluble in water; very slightly

insoluble in water, benzol, and gasoline. Available

soluble in alcohol and ether; not hygroscopic; de-

in pelletized form.

composes to ammonia and carbonic acid.

Use: Rubber accelerator, especially latex foam

Use: Stabilizer for nitrocellulose preparations, possi-

sponge, wire insulation, air-cured footwear, drug-

ble substitute for urea as fertilizer.

gist sundries, and specialties.

oxammonium. See hydroxylamine.

oxalatoplatinum.

CAS: 61825-94-3. mf: C

Pt.

Properties: IDLH 4 mg/m

(as Pt).

“Oxanal” [Novartis]. TM for dyes for coloring

Hazard: A poison.

anodized aluminum.

oxalic acid.

1,2-oxathrolane. See propane sultone.

CAS: 144-62-7. HOOCCOOH•2H

Properties: Transparent, colorless crystals. Mp

187C for anhydrous form, 101.5C for dihydrate.

oxazole.

934OXAZOLINE WAX

pound by a catalytic reaction with air or oxygen, as

❘

CH:NCH:

❘

CH. A five-membered heterocyclic com-

in oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. See dehy-

pound valuable for its derivatives. The dihydro forms,

drogenation.

2- and 4-oxazoline, are the parents of increasingly

useful commercial compounds, e.g., surface-active

oxidation number. The number of electrons

agents, detergents, etc.; 2-oxazoline is

that must be added to or subtracted from an atom in a

combined state to convert it to the elemental form;

i.e., in barium chloride (BaCl

), the oxidation num-

❘

NHCH:

❘

CH.

ber of barium is +2 and of chlorine is −1. Many

elements can exist in more than one oxidation state.

oxazoline wax. A series of synthetic waxes hav-

See valence.

ing the oxazoline structure. They can be made to

fairly exact specifications and are miscible with

oxidation-reduction indicator. A substance

most natural and synthetic waxes (and can be ap-

that has a color in the oxidized form different from

plied to the same uses).

that of the reduced form and can be reversibly oxi-

See oxazole.

dized and reduced. Thus, if diphenylamine is present

in a ferrous sulfate solution to which potassium

1h,3h,5h-oxazolo(3,4-c)oxazole-7a(7h)-

dichromate is being added, a violet color appears

methanol.

with the first drop of excess dichromate.

CAS: 6542-37-6. mf: C

See indicator.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

oxidative coupling. A polymerization tech-

oxetane. (trimethylene oxide).

nique for certain types of linear high polymers. Oxi-

CAS: 503-30-0.

dation of 2,6-dimethylphenol with an amine com-

plex of a copper salt as catalyst forms a polyether,

❘

OCH

❘

. An oxetane group (==COCH

C==) is

with splitting off of water. The product is soluble in

one kind of epoxy group.

aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons; insoluble in

See “Penton” [Aqualon].

alcohols, ketones, and aliphatics. It is thermoplastic

and unaffected by acids, bases, and detergents. It has

oxethazaine hydrochloride. See emoren.

a very broad useful temperature range (from −170 to

+190C). It is also dimensionally stable and has good

oxidase. An enzyme whose activity results in the electrical resistance. Oxidative coupling of diacetyl-

transfer of electrons on the substrate; an oxidizing enes and dithiols also yields promising polymers.

enzyme.

oxidative phosphorylation. The enzymatic

phosphorylation of ADP coupled to electron trans-

oxidation. The term oxidation originally meant a

fer from a substrate to molecular oxygen.

reaction in which oxygen combines chemically with

another substance, but its usage has long been broa-

oxide. A mineral in which metallic atoms are

dened to include any reaction in which electrons are

bonded to oxygen atoms.

transferred. Oxidation and reduction always occur

simultaneously (redox reactions), and the substance

3-oxidido 17-␣-ethynyl 17-␤-hydroxy estra-

that gains electrons is termed the oxidizing agent.

4,9,11-triene.

For example, cupric ion is the oxidizing agent in the

CAS: 19636-23-8. mf: C

folowing reaction: Fe (metal) + Cu

→ Fe

+Cu

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(metal). Here, two electrons (negative charges) are

Use: Hormone.

transferred from the iron atom to the copper atom;

thus, the iron becomes positively charged (is oxi-

oxidimethiin.

dized) by loss of two electrons, while the copper

CAS: 55290-64-7. mf: C

receives the two electrons and becomes neutral (is

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

reduced). Electrons may also be displaced within the

by inhalation and skin contact.

molecule without being completely transferred from

Use: Agricultural chemical.

it. Such partial loss of electrons likewise constitutes

oxidation in its broader sense and leads to the appli-

cation of the term to a large number of processes that

oxidizing material. Any compound that spon-

at first sight might not be considered oxidations. taneously evolves oxygen either at room tempera-

Reaction of a hydrocarbon with a halogen, e.g., CH

ture or under slight heating. The term includes such

+ 2Cl → CH

Cl + HCl, involves partial oxidation of chemicals as peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, ni-

the methane; halogen addition to a double bond is trates, and permanganates. These can react vigor-

regarded as an oxidation. ously at ambient temperatures when stored near or in

Dehydrogenation is also a form of oxidation, when contact with reducing materials such as cellulosic

two hydrogen atoms, each having one electron, are and other organic compounds. Storage areas should

removed from a hydrogen-containing organic com- be well ventilated and kept as cool as possible.

935 OXYBENZONE

oxine. See 8-hydroxyquinoline. corresponding alcohol. Propylene produces normal

and isobutyraldehyde; higher olefins produce a mix-

ture of aldehydes containing one more carbon atom

oxirane.

than the olefins; n-butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isooctyl,

CAS: 75-21-8. H

❘

. A synonym for ethylene

decyl, and tridecyl alcohols are produced in large

oxide. An oxirane group is one having the structure

quantities.

2-((1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-n,n,n-

trimethylethanaminium chloride.

CAS: 44992-01-0. mf: C

•Cl.

and is one kind of epoxy group. See ethylene

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

oxide.

2-oxo-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl-n-(((methyl-

Oxirane process. A method of making ethyl-

amino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioate.

ene glycol by catalytic oxidation of ethylene to the

CAS: 92065-85-5. mf: C

diacetate, which is then hydrolyzed to ethylene

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

glycol.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

oxirene. (oxacyclopropene). An organic inter-

oxosilane. See siloxane.

mediate containing four !GKp electrons, reported to

result from oxidation of acetylene.

“Oxsol 100” [Occidental]. TM for a fluori-

nated toluene that is exempt from regulations as a

oxochlorpromazine.

VOC. Not an air toxic, ozone depleter, or suspected

CAS: 4337-86-4. mf: C

ClN

carcinogen.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: To clean metal, plates, electronics and glass.

Dissolves resins in paint, coatings, inks, adhesives

8-oxocoptisine.

and other resin applications.

CAS: 19716-61-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

oxotremorine fumarate (2:3). See oxotre-

morine sesquifumarate.

2-oxohexamethylenimine. See caprolactam.

oxotremorine sesquifumarate.

“Oxone” [Du Pont]. TM for an acidic, white,

CAS: 17360-35-9. mf: C

O•3/

granular, free-flowing solid containing the active

Hazard: A poison.

ingredient potassium peroxymonosulfate; readily

soluble in water; 1% solution has pH of 2–3; mini-

5-oxo-2,4,8-trimethyl-6-oxa-3,9-dithia-2,4,7-

mum active oxygen content 4.5%; strong oxidizing

triazadec-7-enoic acid, 2-(2-(2-

agent.

methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethyl ester.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

CAS: 64029-10-3. mf: C

Use: Manufacture of dry laundry bleaches, detergent-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bleach washing compound, scouring powders, plas-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tic dishware cleaners, and metal cleaners; hair-wave

neutralizers, pharmaceuticals; general oxidizing re-

5-oxo-2,4,8-trimethyl-6-oxa-3,9-dithia-2,4,7-

actions.

triazadec-7-enoic acid, (1-

methylethylidene)di-4,1-phenylene ester.

oxonium ion. See hydronium ion.

CAS: 79006-76-1. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

2-oxopentanedioic acid. See ␣-ketoglutaric

Use: Agricultural chemical.

acid.

1-oxo-2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1h-inden-3-

4-oxopentanoic acid. See levulinic acid.

yl dodecanoate.

CAS: 53083-27-5. mf: C

2-oxo-2-(phenylamino)ethyl selenocyanate. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

CAS: 63981-21-5. mf: C

OSe.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m

(4-oxovaleryloxy)triphenylstannane. See

triphenyltin levulinate.

Oxo process. Production of alcohols, alde-

oxybenzoic acid. See hydroxybenzoic acid.

hydes, and other oxygenated organic compounds by

passage of olefin hydrocarbon vapors over cobalt

catalysts in the presence of carbon monoxide and

oxybenzone. (4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophe-

hydrogen. Aldehydes are formed as products, but in none).

most cases these are hydrogenated at once to the CAS: 131-57-7. C

936

′

-OXYBIS

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 65C. Soluble in Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

common organic solvents. Use: Solvent in fractional extraction.

Use: Sunscreen lotions.

oxyfluorfen.

p,p

′

-oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide).

CAS: 42874-03-3. mf: C

CIF

[(4,4

′

-oxybis(benzenesulfonyl)hydrazide)].

Properties: Orange crystal solid. Sol in water and

NNHSO

NHNH

most solids.

Properties: Fine, white, crystalline powder;

Use: Food additive; herbicide.

odorless. D 1.52, mp decomposes at 150–160C.

Soluble in acetone; moderately soluble in ethanol

oxygen.

and polyethylene glycols; insoluble in gasoline and

CAS: 7782-44-7. O. Nonmetallic gaseous element

water. Combustible.

of atomic number 8; group VIA of the periodic table,

Use: Blowing agent for sponge rubber and expanded

aw 15.9994, valence of 2, isotopes 16, 17, 18; mo-

plastics.

lecular oxygen is O

and ozone O

. Atmospheric

oxygen is the result of photosynthesis. Oxygen was

oxybis(dibutyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)tin).

discovered by Priestley in England in 1774.

CAS: 74007-80-0. mf: C

Properties: Colorless, diatomic gas; odorless; tas-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

teless. Liquefiable at −183C to slightly bluish liquid,

mg/m

(skin)

solidifiable at −218C. It constitutes 20% by volume

of air at sea level, d (gas) 1.429 g/L (0C, 1 atm) (air

oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy-2,1-ethanediyl) 3-

1.29), d (gas): 1.10535 (air

1.00), (liquid) d 1.14

(dodecylthio)propanoate.

(−183C). Soluble in water and alcohol. Oxygen is

CAS: 64253-30-1. mf: C

noncombustible, but actively supports combustion.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Derivation: Before 1971 the only commercial meth-

od for large-scale oxygen production was fraction-

1,1

′

-(oxybis(methylenesulfonyl))bis(2-

ation of liquefied air; this has largely been replaced

chloroethane).

by a process that utilizes ambient temperature sepa-

CAS: 53061-10-2. mf: C

ration by means of a pressure cycle in which molec-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ular sieves of synthetic zeolite preferentially adsorb

nitrogen from air, giving 95% oxygen and 5% argon.

1,1

′

-oxybis(2,4,5-trichlorobenzene). See Electrolysis of water is used for small amounts and

2,2

′

,4,4

′

,5,5

′

-hexachlorodiphenyl ether. laboratory demonstration.

Grade: Low purity, high purity, USP.

Hazard: (Gaseous) Moderate fire risk as oxidizing

“Oxy-Complete” [Premier]. TM for a high

agent; therapeutic overdoses can cause convulsions.

potency anti-oxidant composed of amino acids, en-

(Liquid) May explode on contact with heat or

zymes, and nutrients.

oxidizable materials. Irritant to skin and tissue.

Use: Food supplement.

Use: Blast furnaces; copper smelting; steel produc-

tion (basic oxygen converter process); manufacture

oxydemetonmethyl. (generic for S-[2-(ethyl-

of synthesis gas for production of ammonia, methyl

sulfinyl)ethyl]-O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate).

alcohol, acetylene, etc.; oxidizer for liquid rocket

See O,O-dimethyl-S-2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl phospho-

propellants; resuscitation, heart stimulant; decom-

rothioate.

pression chambers; spacecraft; chemical intermedi-

ate; to replace air in oxidation of municipal and

n-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide.

industrial organic wastes; to counteract effect of

See 2-(morpholinothio)benzothiazole.

eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs; coal gasifica-

tion.

1,1

′

-(oxydiethylene)bis(4-formylpyridinium

See ozone.

bromide), dioxime.

CAS: 3852-72-0. mf: C

•2Br.

oxygen 18. (heavy oxygen). Oxygen isotope of

Hazard: A poison.

aw 18. Occurs in proportion of 8 parts to 10,000 of

ordinary oxygen in water, air, rocks, etc. The pro-

␤,␤

′

-oxydipropionitrile. (ODPN).

portion may be increased by passing carbon dioxide

CAS: 1656-48-0. C

gas repeatedly through a packed column down

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −26.3C, bp 120C (1

which water is passed. The carbon dioxide leaving

mm Hg), bp 155C (5 mm Hg), d 1.0405 (30C),

the top of the tower is enriched in heavy oxygen, and

viscosity 8.00 cP (30C), refr index 1.4392 (25C),

the water leaving the bottom is depleted.

flash p 180F (82.2C) (TOC); soluble in water. It is

Use: Tracer experimentation.

thermally unstable, yielding acrylonitrile and water

See heavy water.

at above 175C. Hydrolyzed by strong acids and

bases, quite immiscible with paraffin hydrocarbons,

but dissolves aromatics. Combustible.

oxygenases. Enzymes that catalyze reactions in

Derivation: From acrylonitrile. which oxygen is introduced into an acceptor mole-

937 OXYTETRACYCLINE

cule.

oxyl process. A method for directly producing

See mixed-function oxidases. higher alcohols by catalytically reducing carbon

monoxide with hydrogen.

“Oxygenated Hydrocarbons.” TM for a se-

oxyluminescence. See chemiluminescence.

ries of petroleum-derived oxidates composed pri-

marily of organic acids and esters. Designated by

oxymethurea. (1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)urea).

TC or TX followed by a four-digit number, e.g., TC-

CAS: 140-95-4. (HOCH

NH)

CO.

5416, TC-6664.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 137C. Soluble in

Use: Corrosion inhibitors, surface-active compo-

water, ethanol and methanol.

nents in wax emulsions, emulsifiable lubricants,

Use: Textile auxiliary (crease- and shrinkproofing

plasticizer, intermediate, leather and cordage oils,

agent for cotton), photographic developers, anti-

lubricity agents and solubilizers.

septic.

oxygen balance. Oxygen content relative to the

oxymethylene. See formaldehyde.

total oxygen required for oxidation of all carbon,

hydrogen, and other easily oxidizable elements to

␤-oxynaphthoic acid. See 3-hydroxy-2-na-

carbon dioxide, water, etc.

phthoic acid.

oxygen cell. An electrolytic cell whose emf is

oxyneurine. See betaine.

due to a difference in oxygen concentration at one

electrode compared with that at another electrode of

n-oxynicotine. See nicotine-n

′

-oxide.

the same material.

oxypendyl hydrochloride.

oxygen consumed. (OC; COD; DOC). A

CAS: 17297-82-4. mf: C

OS•2ClH.

measure of the quantity of oxidizable components

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

present in water. Since the carbon and hydrogen, but

not the nitrogen, in organic matter are oxidized by

oxyphosphorane. One of a class of compounds

chemical oxidants, the oxygen consumed is a mea-

derived from trialkyl phosphites and o-quinones.

sure only of the chemically oxidizable components

Their molecules have a five-atom ring

and is dependent on the oxidant, structure of the

organic compound, and manipulative procedure.

Since this value does not differentiate stable from

❘

CCO

❘

P(OR)

in which the two carbon atoms are part

unstable organic matter, it does not necessarily cor-

relate with the biochemical oxygen demand value. It

of an aromatic ring. They react by liberating a phos-

is also known as chemical oxygen demand (COD)

and dichromate oxygen consumed (DOC).

phate ester.

See biochemical oxygen demand; dissolved oxygen.

oxypolygelatin. (OPG). A purified gelatin

oxygen debt. The extra oxygen (above the nor-

treated with glyoxal, followed by oxidation with

mal resting level) consumed in the recovery period

hydrogen peroxide. A possible plasma substitute.

after strenuous physical exertion due to the re-oxida-

tion of lactate.

oxyquinoline. See 8-hydroxyquinoline.

oxygen fluoride. (oxygen difluoride; fluorine

oxysonium iodide. See hydroxythiospasmin.

monoxide).

CAS: 7783-41-7. OF

oxystearin.

Properties: An unstable, colorless gas. Fp −224C, bp

CAS: 8028-45-3.

−145C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol. Sug-

Properties: Mixture of the glycerides of partially

gested as oxidizer for rocket propellants.

oxidized stearic and other fatty acids. Tan to light

Hazard: Explodes on contact with water, air, and

brown waxy solid; bland taste. Refr index: 1.465.

reducing agents. Corrosive to tissue. TLV: ceiling

Sol in ether, solvent hexane, chloroform.

0.05 ppm.

Hazard: Low toxicity.

Use: Food additive.

oxygen sink. A reservoir consisting of a chemi-

cal element or compound that combines readily with

oxytetracycline.

oxygen and thus removes it from the atmosphere.

CAS: 79-57-2. C

•2H

O. An antibiotic ob-

During the early part of Precambrian time, sulfur,

tained by fermentation from Streptomyces rimosus,

iron, and other elements and compounds served as

an actinomycete. Its chemical structure is that of a

important oxygen sinks, preventing oxygen from

modified naphthacene molecule having six asym-

accumulating in the atmosphere.

metrical centers. It has been synthesized.

Properties: Dull-yellow crystalline powder;

oxyhemoglobin. See hemoglobin. odorless; slightly bitter. Mp 179–182C (decom-

938OXYTHIOQUINOX

poses). Soluble in acids and alkalies; very slightly trotypers’ wax, carbon paper, source of ceresin,

soluble in acetone, alcohol, chloroform, and water; floor polishes, impregnating furniture and parquet

practically insoluble in ether; stable in air; affected floor lumber, lubricating compositions, grease cray-

by sunlight; deteriorates in solutions with pH less ons, sizing and glossing paper, waxed paper, cos-

than 2; destroyed rapidly by alkali hydroxide solu- metics, ointments, matrices for galvanoplastic work,

tions; pH (saturated solution) 6.115. textile sizings, waxed cloth, substitute for carnauba

Grade: NF. and beeswax.

Use: Medicine (antibiotic). Inhibitor of lethal yellow-

ing in coconut palm trees; feed additive; the hydro-

ozone.

chloride is TM “Terramycin” [Pfizer].

CAS: 10028-15-6. O

. An allotropic form of oxygen.

Properties: Unstable blue gas; pungent odor. Lique-

oxythioquinox. (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedi-

fiable at −12C, more active oxidizing agent than

thiol cyclic carbonate).

oxygen. Contributes to formation of photochemical

CAS: 2439-01-2.

smog; deterioration of rubber is accelerated by

Properties: Mp 172C. Insoluble in water.

traces of ozone. Bp −112C, fp −192C, d (liquid) 1.6,

Use: Acaricide for tree fruits.

more soluble in water than oxygen. Inhibits penetra-

tion of UV rays through the earth’s atmosphere.

oxytocin. (␣-hypophamine).

Occurrence: Formed locally in air from lightning, in

CAS: 50-56-6. C

. A hormone secreted

stratosphere by UV radiation. Also occurs in auto-

by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Its chief

mobile engines and by electrolysis of alkaline per-

action is stimulation of the contraction of the smooth

chlorate solutions. Commercial mixtures containing

muscle of the uterus. It contains eight different ami-

up to 2% ozone are produced by electronic irradia-

no acids. In 1955 du Vigneaud elucidated its amino

tion of air. It is usually manufactured on the spot

acid sequence, the first such determination ever

because it is too expensive to ship. Tonnage quanti-

made; it may be represented:

ties are used.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

with organic materials. Toxic by inhalation, strong

irritant. TLV: ceiling of 0.1 ppm; STEL 0.3 ppm.

EPA standard for ambient air is 0.12 ppm.

Use: Purification of drinking water; industrial waste

treatment; deodorization of air and sewage gases;

bleaching waxes, oils, wet paper, and textiles; pro-

It is available as a solution for injection (oxytocin

duction of peroxides, bactericide. Oxidizing agent

injection, USP).

in several chemical processes (acids, aldehydes, ke-

tones from unsaturated fatty acids), steroid hor-

oyster shells. Shells of Ostrea virginica, taken

mones, removal of chlorine from nitric acid, oxida-

from the Gulf of Mexico coast in Texas and Louisi-

tion of phenols and cyanides.

ana and from Chesapeake Bay. Average analysis:

Note: Depletion of the ozone layer in the strato-

CaCO

93–97%, MgCO

1%, silica 0.5–2.0%, SO

sphere, which acts as a shield against penetration of

(as CaSO

) 0.3–0.4%, also miscellaneous sub-

UV light in the sun’s rays, is believed to be caused

stances.

by light-induced chlorofluorocarbon decomposition

Use: Source of lime, drilling muds, road beds, poultry

resulting from increased use of halocarbon aerosol

and cattle feeds.

propellants. Their manufacture and use were prohi-

bited in 1979, except for a few specialized items.

ozalid. Copying process that gives positive prints

(dark on white).

ozonide. A product of ozonolysis.

ozocerite. (mineral wax; fossil wax; ozok-

erite).

ozonolysis. (1) Oxidation of an organic material,

Properties: Waxlike, hydrocarbon mixture; yellow- i.e., tall oil, oleic acid, safflower oil, cyclic olefins,

brown to black or green, translucent when pure and carbon treatment, peracetic acid production by

having a greasy feel. D 0.85–0.95, mp 55–110C means of ozone. (2) The use of ozone as a tool in

(usually 70C). Soluble in light petroleum hydrocar- analytical chemistry to locate double bonds in or-

bons, benzene, turpentine, kerosene, ether, carbon ganic compounds and a similar use in synthetic

disulfide; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in organic chemistry for preparing new compounds.

water. Combustible. Under proper conditions, ozone attaches itself at the

Occurrence: Utah, Australia, near the Caspian Sea. double bond of an unsaturated compound to form an

Method of purification: Filtration. ozonide. Since many ozonides are explosive, it is

Grade: Technical. customary to decompose them in solution and deal

Use: Electric insulation, rubber products, paints, with the final product.

leather polish, lithographic and printing inks, elec- See ozone.