O
O. Symbol for oxygen; the molecular formula is 1,900,000; potassium 1,800,000; bromine 306,000;
O
2
.
carbon 132,000. Other elements present include
(tons/cubic mile): copper 14, indium 47, silver 1,
lead 0.1, gold 0.02. Total solids content/cubic mile is
o-. (o-). Abbreviation for ortho-.
166 million tons.
Properties: Colorless liquid; bitter taste; faint odor
oakum. Hemp fiber impregnated with tar or pitch.
(depending on organic impurities). D 1.02, pH
Use: Caulking.
7.8–8.2, fp 2.78C, bp 101.1C. Average tempera-
ture about 5C.
Obermayer’s reagent. Ferric chloride in con-
Hazard: Ingestion of substantial amounts will create
centrated hydrochloric acid (4 g FeCl
3
in 1 L concen-
bodily chloride imbalance with harmful effects.
trated HCl).
Use: Source of magnesium, bromine, sodium chlo-
Use: Determining indoxyl in urine.
ride, and fresh water; source of hydrogen.
OC. Abbreviation of oxygen consumed.
“Ocenol” [Du Pont]. TM for technical grades
of oleyl alcohol rich in cetyl and unsaturated alco-
Occupational Safety and Health
hols, used as antifoam agents.
Administration. (OSHA). A federal agency
responsible for establishing and enforcing standards
ocher. Any of various colored earthy powders
for exposure of workers to harmful materials in
consisting essentially of hydrated ferric oxides
industrial atmospheres, and other matters affecting
mixed with clay, sand, etc. Some grades are calcined
the health and well-being of industrial personnel. A
(burnt ocher). The colors are yellow, brown, or red.
number of OSHA regulations and proposals have
Noncombustible.
been controversial. It main office is 200 Constitu-
Use: Paint pigments, cosmetics, theatrical makeup.
tion Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20210.
See umber; sienna.
Website: http://www.osha.gov.
ocimene. (2,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatriene).
ocean thermal energy conversion.
CAS: 29714-87-2.
(OTEC). Utilization of ocean temperature dif-
CH
2
:C(CH
3
)(CH
2
)
2
CH:C(CH
3
)CH:CH
2
. Mixture of
ferentials between solar-heated surface water and
isomers. A terpene obtained from sweet basil oil, bp
cold deep water as a source of electric power. In
81C (30 mm Hg), insoluble in water, soluble in
tropical areas such differences amount to 35–40F. A
alcohol, d 0.8031 (15C). Combustible.
pilot installation now operating near Hawaii utilizes
Use: Flavors and perfumes.
a closed ammonia cycle as a working fluid, highly
efficient titanium heat exchangers, and a polyethyl-
ocotea oil.
ene pipe 2000 feet long and 22 inches inside diame-
CAS: 68917-09-9. A volatile oil derived from Oco-
ter to handle the huge volume of cold water required.
tea cymbarum used for its safrole content for the
Alternate uses for such a system, such as electrolysis
manufacture of heliotropin.
of water, ammonia production, and desalination, are
envisaged. There has been active interest in the pos-
octabenzone.
sibilities of this energy source in France from the
CAS: 1843-05-6. C
21
H
26
O
3
.
time of d’Arsonval (1885) that continues especially
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 45C.
in Japan and Hawaii. Ongoing research indicates
Use: UV absorber, especially for polyethylene.
that OTEC may be harder to commercialize than
once projected.
octabromobiphenyl ether.
CAS: 32536-52-0. mf: C
12
H
2
Br
8
O.
ocean water. (seawater). A uniform solution of
Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin
essentially constant composition containing 96.5%
contact. Low toxicity by ingestion.
water and 3.5% ionized salts, associated com-
pounds, elements, and ionic complexes. Na
+
and Cl
are completely ionized, but MgSO
4
and AuCl remain octachloronaphthalene. (Halowax 1051).
in bound form. Dissolved gases, e.g., oxygen and CAS: 2234-13-1. C
10
Cl
8
.
nitrogen are also present. Properties: Pale-yellow, waxy solid. Mw 403.74, sp
Composition: More than 60 elements, by far the g 2.00, mp 192C, bp 440C. Insoluble in water;
most important of which are (in tons/cubic mile): slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in benzene and
chlorine 89,500,000; sodium 49,500,000; magne- chloroform.
sium 6,400,000; sulfur 4,200,000; calcium Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:
916
917 OCTAFLUORO-2-BUTENE
0.1 mg/m
3
; STEL: 0.3 mg/m
3
. Toxic by skin absorp- Use: Organic synthesis, surfactants.
tion.
Use: Fireproofing and waterproofing in cable insula-
octadecene-octadecadieneamine. See oleyl-
tion and lubricant additive. linoleylamine.
(z,z)-3,13-octadecadien-1-ol acetate. cis-9-octadecenoic acid. See oleic acid.
CAS: 53120-27-7. mf: C
20
H
36
O
2
.
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.
trans-9-octadecenoic acid. See elaidic acid.
Source: Natural product.
octadecenol. See oleyl alcohol.
n-octadecane. C
18
H
48
or CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
CH
3
.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7767 (28/4C), bp
cis-9-octadecenoyl chloride. See oleoyl
318C, mp 28.0C, refr index 1.4369 (28C), flash p
chloride.
200F (93C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, pe-
troleum, and coal tar hydrocarbons; insoluble in
octadecenyl aldehyde. (oleyl aldehyde).
water. Combustible.
C
17
H
35
CHO.
Use: Solvents, organic synthesis, calibration.
Properties: Liquid. Bp 167C (20 mm Hg), refr index
1.4620 (25C), d 0.847 (25C).
n-octadecanoic acid. See stearic acid.
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Irritant to
skin and mucous membranes.
octadecadienoic acid. See linoleic acid.
Use: Intermediate for vulcanization accelerators,
rubber antioxidants, synthetic drying oils, and pesti-
octadecaneuropeptide diazepam-binding
cides.
inhibitor (33-50).
CAS: 95237-86-8. mf: C
81
H
138
N
24
O
29
.
octadecyl alcohol. See stearyl alcohol.
Hazard: A poison.
octadecyldimethylbenzylammonium
octadecanoic acid, ammonium salt. See
chloride. C
18
H
37
(CH
3
)
2
(C
6
H
5
CH
2
)NCl. A qua-
ammonium stearate.
ternary ammonium salt.
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in
octadecanoic acid, calcium salt. See calci-
water, chloroform, benzene, acetone, xylene.
um stearate.
octadecyl isocyanate. A straight-chain, satu-
octadecanoic acid, lithium salt. See lithi-
rated monoisocyanate consisting principally of a
um stearate.
mixture of C
18
and C
16
alkyls, CH
3
(CH
2
)
16
CH
2
NCO,
and CH
3
(CH
2
)
14
CH
2
NCO.
1,12-octadecanediol. See 1,12-hydroxystearyl
Properties: Colorless, slightly cloudy liquid at room
alcohol.
temperature. Fp 10–20C (2 mm Hg), flash p 355F
(179C) (OC). Combustible.
1-octadecanol. See stearyl alcohol.
Hazard: By inhalation, irritant to skin.
Use: Intermediate in synthesis, water-repellent tex-
n-octadecanoyl chloride. See stearoyl chlo-
tiles, paper, and other surfaces.
ride.
octadecyl mercaptan. See stearyl mercap-
octadecatrienol. See linolenyl alcohol.
tan; thiol.
,
-((9-octadecenylimino)di-2,1-
octadecyltrichlorosilane. (trichlorooctadecyl-
ethanediyl)bis(-hydroxy-poly(oxy-1,2-
silane). C
18
H
37
SiCl
3
.
ethanediyl).
Properties: Water-white liquid; pungent odor. D
CAS: 58253-49-9. mf: (C
2
H
4
O)
n
(C
2
H
4
O)
n
C
22
H
45
NO
2
0.984 (25C), refr index 1.4580 (25C), bp 380C, flash
Hazard: A severe eye irritant.
p 193F (89.4C). Soluble in benzene, ethyl ether,
heptane, and perchloroethylene. Combustible.
9-octadecen-1,12-diol. See ricinoleyl al- Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem-
cohol. branes.
Use: Intermediate for silicones.
1-octadecene. C
18
H
36
or CH
3
(CH
2
)
15
CH:CH
2
.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7884 (20/4C), refr
octafluoro-2-butene. (perfluoro-2-butene).
index 1.4456 (20C), bp 180C (15 mm Hg), flash p CAS: 360-89-4. CF
3
CF:CFCF
3
.
200F (93C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, pe- Properties: Colorless, gas or liquid. D (liquid) (at bp)
troleum, and coal tar solvents; insoluble in water. 1.5297 g/cc, bp 1.2C, fp 136 to 134C, sp vol 2.7
Combustible. cu ft/lb (70F, 1 atm). Nonflammable.
Grade: 95% min purity. Grade: 95%.
918OCTAFLUORO-
sec
-BUTENE
Use: Organic intermediate, fluorocarbon polymers. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 151C, d 0.820, fp
80C. Soluble in light hydrocarbons.
octafluoro-sec-butene. (octafluoroisobutene; Use: Silicone oils, antifoam agent in lubricating oils.
octafluoroisobutylene; perfluoroisobutylene).
CAS: 382-21-8. C
4
F
8
.
“Octamine” [Uniroyal]. TM for a reaction
Properties: A gas at room temp. Mw 200.04, d 1.592 product of diphenylamine and diisobutylene.
Properties: Light-brown, granular, waxy solid. D
(0C), bp 56C (740 mm).
0.99, mp 75–85C, good storage stability. Soluble in
Hazard: A poison by inhalation. A skin, eye, and
gasoline, benzene, ethylene dichloride, and acetone;
mucous membrane irritant. TLV: ceiling of 0.01
insoluble in water.
ppm.
Use: Rubber antioxidant.
octafluorocyclobutane.
1-octanal. (n-octyl aldehyde; aldehyde C-8;
CAS: 115-25-3. C
4
F
8
.
caprylic aldehyde).
Properties: Colorless gas. Fp 41C, bp 6C. Non-
CAS: 124-13-0. (CH
3
CH
2
)
6
CHO.
flammable.
Properties: Colorless liquid; strong fruity odor. D
Use: Refrigerant, heat-transfer agent.
0.820–0.830, refr index 1.418–1.425, bp 163C, flash
p 125F (51.6C) (CC). Soluble in 70% alcohol and
octafluoroisobutene. See octafluoro-sec-bu-
mineral oil; insoluble in glycerol. Combustible.
tene.
Grade: Technical, FCC.
Hazard: Moderate fire risk.
octafluoroisobutylene. See octafluoro-sec-
Use: Perfumery, flavors.
butene.
n-octane.
octafluoropropane. (perfluoropropane). C
3
F
8
.
CAS: 111-65-9. CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
CH
3
.
Properties: Colorless, gas. D 1.29, bp 36.7C, fp
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7026 (20/4C), refr
160C, sp vol 2.02 cu ft/lb (21C), 1 atm).
index 1.39745 (20C), bp 125.6C, fp 56.798C, flash
Derivation: Electrofluorination of various organic
p 56F (13.3), autoign temp 428F (220C). Soluble in
compounds.
alcohol and acetone; insoluble in water.
Grade: 98% min purity. Nonflammable.
Grade: 95%, 99% research.
Use: Refrigerant (when combined with chlorofluo-
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 300
rohydrocarbons); gaseous insulator, especially for
ppm; STEL 375 ppm.
radar wave guides.
Use: Solvent, organic synthesis, calibrations, azeo-
tropic distillations.
octahydro-(1,2,4,5)tetrazino(1,2-a)
(1,2,4,5)tetrazine.
1,8-octanedicarboxylic acid. See sebacic
CAS: 1743-13-1. mf: C
4
H
12
N
6
.
acid.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion and inhalation.
octakis(2-hydroxypropyl)sucrose.
octanedioic acid. See suberic acid.
Properties: Viscous, straw-colored liquid. D 1.170
(70/20C), refr index 1.485 (25C), pour p 38C, flash p
octane number. A number indicating the anti-
485F (251C). Soluble in water, methanol, and ether.
knock properties of an automotive fuel mixture un-
Combustible.
der standard test conditions. Pure normal heptane (a
Use: Crosslinking agent for urethane foams; plasti-
very high-knocking fuel) is arbitrarily assigned an
cizer for cellulosics, glue, starch, and many resins.
octane number of zero, while 2,2,4-trimethylpen-
tane, or isooctane (a branched-chain paraffin), is
octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane.
assigned 100. Thus, a rating of 80 for a given fuel
CAS: 556-67-2. C
8
H
24
O
4
Si
4
.
indicates that its degree of knocking in a standard
Properties: Smooth, viscous liquid. Bp 175C, mp
test engine is that of a mixture of 80 parts isooctane
17C, d 0.95, refr index 1.4.
and 20 parts n-heptane.
Derivation: Hydrolysis of dimethyldichlorosilane.
Octane ratings as high as 115 have been obtained by
Use: Silicone oils and related products.
addition of tetraethyllead to isooctane. Premium
leaded gasolines have a research octane rating of
octamethyl pyrophosphoramide. See
about 100, but this value drops to 85–90 for unlead-
schradan.
ed gasolines, though it may be improved by addition
of methyl-tert-butyl ether. The octane rating scale
octamethylsilanetetramine.
ends at 125, and any higher figure is meaningless.
CAS: 1624-01-7. mf: C
8
H
24
N
4
Si.
Research octane numbers are those obtained under
Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A
test or laboratory conditions; they generally run
severe eye irritant.
about ten points higher than the so-called motor
octane numbers, which represent actual road operat-
octamethyltrisiloxane. C
8
H
24
O
2
Si
3
. ing conditions.
919
sec
-
n
-OCTYL
1-octanesulfonyl fluoride. in alcohol, acetone, ether, petroleum, and coal tar
CAS: 40630-63-5. mf: C
8
H
17
FO
2
S. solvents; insoluble in water.
Hazard: A mild skin and eye irritant. Grade: 95, 99 mole %.
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
Use: Organic synthesis, lubricants.
octanoic acid. (octylic acid; octoic acid; ca-
prylic acid).
cis-3-octen-1-ol. mf: C
8
H
16
O.
CAS: 124-07-2. CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
COOH.
Properties: White to yellowish liquid; musty, mush-
Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; slight odor; rancid
room odor. D: 0.8300.850, refr index: 1.440. Insol
taste. D 0.9105 (20/4C), mp 16C, bp 237.9C, 147.9
in water.
(30 mm Hg), refr index 1.4278 (20C), flash p 270F
Use: Food additive.
(132C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol
and ether. Combustible.
1-octen-3-yl acetate. mf: C
10
H
18
O
2
.
Derivation: By saponification and subsequent distil-
Properties: Colorless liquid; metallic, mushroom
lation of coconut oil.
odor. D: 0.8650.886, refr index: 1.4141.434 @
Method of purification: Crystallization or rectifica-
25°. Sol in fixed oils; insol in water, propylene
tion.
glycol.
Grade: Technical, 99%, FCC.
Use: Food additive.
Use: Synthesis of various dyes, drugs, perfumes, an-
tiseptics, and fungicides; ore separations; synthetic
1-octen-3-yl butyrate. mf: C
12
H
22
O
2
.
flavors.
Properties: Colorless liquid; metallic, mushroom
odor. D: 0.8590.880, refr index: 1.4161.437 @
octanol. See octyl alcohol.
25°. Sol in alc, fixed oils; sltly sol in propylene
glycol; insol in water.
2-octanone. See methyl hexyl ketone.
Use: Food additive.
octanoyl chloride. (capryloyl chloride; some-
octocrilene.
times called caprylyl chloride). CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
COCl.
CAS: 6197-30-4. mf: C
24
H
27
NO
2
.
Properties: Water-white to straw-colored liquid;
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.
pungent odor.. Fp 70C, distillation range
183–212C, d 0.9576 (15.5/15.5C), refr index 1.4357
octoic acid. An eight-carbon acid, usually desig-
(20C), flash p 180F (82.2C). Miscible with most
nates caprylic acid.
common solvents; reacts with alcohol and water.
Combustible.
octopirox. See piroctone olamine.
Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.
Use: Organic synthesis.
octyl. The general name describing all eight-car-
bon radicals having the formula C
8
H
17
, often used
trans-2-octen-1-al. mf: C
8
H
14
O.
interchangeably for the 2-ethylhexyl isomer.
Properties: Slightly yellow liquid; green odor. D:
0.8300.850, refr index: 1.4211.424. Sol in alc,
n-octyl acetate. (acetate C-8; caprylyl ace-
fixed oils; sltly sol in water.
tate).
Use: Food additive.
CAS: 103-09-3. CH
3
COO(CH
2
)
7
CH
3
.
Properties: Colorless liquid, floral-fruity odor,
1-octene. (1-octylene; 1-caprylene). C
8
H
16
or
slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol and most
CH
3
(CH
2
)
5
CH:CH
2
.
other organic liquids, d 0.865–0.869, flash p 180F
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7160 (20/4C), bp
(82.2C) (OC), refr index 1.419–1.422, bp 199C.
121.27C, fp 102.4C, refr index 1.4088 (20C), flash
Combustible.
p 70F (21.1C) (TOC). Soluble in alcohol, acetone,
Use: Perfumery, flavors, solvent.
ether, petroleum, and coal tar solvents; insoluble in
water.
sec-n-octyl alcohol. (2-n-octanol; methyl
Grade: 95%, 99% research.
hexyl carbinol). CH
3
(CH
2
)
5
CH
2
OCH
3
. Frequently
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.
called capryl alcohol.
Use: Organic synthesis, plasticizer, surfactants.
Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; refractive; aro-
matic odor. D 0.825 (15C), bp 178–179C, fp 38C,
2-octene. C
8
H
16
or CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
CH:CHCH
3
. Both refr index 1.437 (20C), flash p 140F (60C). Miscible
cis and trans forms exist. with alcohol, ether; slightly soluble in water. Com-
Properties: Colorless liquid. D (cis) 0.7243, (trans) bustible.
0.7199, (commercial) 0.7185–0.7200 (20.4C); bp Derivation: By distilling sodium ricinoleate with an
(cis) 125.6C, (trans) 125.0C, (commercial) excess of sodium hydroxide.
124–127C; fp 94.04C; refr index (cis) 1.4150, Grade: Technical 92–99%, pure.
(trans) 1.4132, (commercial) 1.4120–1.4145 (20C); Use: Solvent, manufacture of plasticizers, wetting
flash p (mixed isomers) 70F (21.2C) (TOC). Soluble agents, foam-control agents, hydraulic oils, petrole-
920
n
-OCTYL ALCOHOL
um additives, perfume intermediates, masking of 202C, fp 55C, refr index 1.4503 (25C). Miscible
with alcohol and ether; immiscible with water.
industrial odors.
Grade: Technical.
Use: Synthesis of quaternary ammonium com-
n-octyl alcohol, primary. (1-n-octanol; al-
pounds, organometallics, vinyl stabilizers.
cohol C-8; heptyl carbinol).
CAS: 111-87-5. CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
CH
2
OH. In industrial
octyl carbinol. See nonyl alcohol.
practice, the term octyl alcohol has been used for
both 1-octanol and 2-ethylhexanol. The latter is also
sometimes called isooctanol. The term capryl alco-
n-octyl chloride. CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
CH
2
Cl.
hol has been used for both 1-octanol and 2-octanol.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8697 (25/15.5C),
It therefore seems preferable to designate the normal
refr index 1.4288 (25C), fp 62C, bp 181.6C, flash p
primary alcohol as 1-n-octanol.
158F (70C). Soluble in most organic solvents. Com-
Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating aromatic
bustible.
odor. D 0.826 (20C), bp 194–195C, 108.7C (30 mm
Use: Chemical intermediate, manufacture of organo-
Hg), refr index 1.430 (20C), fp 16C, flash p 178F
metallics.
(81.1C). Miscible with alcohol, chloroform, mineral
oil; immiscible with water and glycerol. Combus-
n-octyl-n-decyl adipate. (NODA).
tible.
Properties: Liquid; mild odor. D 0.92–0.98 (20/
Derivation: By reduction of caprylic acid.
20C), fp 50C, boiling range 220–254C (4 mm Hg),
Grade: Technical, CP, pure, perfume, FCC.
refr index 1.447. Combustible.
Use: Perfumery, cosmetics, organic synthesis, sol-
Use: Low-temperature plasticizer.
vent manufacture of high-boiling esters, antifoam-
See “Staflex Noda” [Bayer].
ing agent, flavoring agent.
n-octyl-decyl alcohol. A blend of alcohols;
octyl aldehyde. See octanal and 2-ethylhex-
available in tank cars and trucks. Combustible.
aldehyde.
Use: Intermediate for plasticizers.
octylamine. CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
NH
2
.
n-octyl-n-decyl phthalate.
Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Boiling
CAS: 119-07-3. C
26
H
42
O
4
.
range 170–179C, d 0.779 (20/20C), refr index 1.431
Properties: Clear liquid; mild characteristic odor. D
(20C), flash p 140F (60C). Combustible.
0.972–0.976 (20/20C), fp 40C, boiling range
232–267C (4 mm Hg), refr index 1.482 (25C), flash
tert-octylamine. (CH
3
)
3
CCH
2
C(CH
3
)
2
NH
2
.
p 455F (235C). Combustible.
Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. Bp
Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins.
137–143C, d 0.771 (25C), refr index 1.423 (25C),
flash p 92F (33.3C) (OC). Insoluble in water; solu-
octyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate.
ble in common organic solvents, especially petrole-
CAS: 1928-44-5. mf: C
16
H
22
Cl
2
O
3
.
um hydrocarbons.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-
Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Skin irritant.
tact.
Use: Intermediate for rubber accelerators, insecti-
Use: Agricultural chemical.
cides, fungicides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals.
octylene. See octene.
octylammonium methylarsonate.
CAS: 6379-37-9. mf: C
8
H
19
NCH
5
AsO
3
.
octylene glycol titanate.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Properties: Light-yellow solid.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
Derivation: Reaction of butyl titanate with octylene
glycol.
n-octylbicycloheptene dicarboximide. (n-
Use: Cross-linking agent, surface-active agent.
(2-ethylhexyl)-bicyclo(2,2,1)-5-heptene-2,3-dicar-
See titanium chelate.
boximide). C
8
H
17
NC
9
H
8
O
2
.
Properties: Liquid. Bp 158C (2 mm Hg), d 1.05
octylene oxide.
(18C), refr index 1.505 (20C). Miscible with most
organic solvents and oils. Combustible.
Mixed CH
3
(CH
2
)
5
C
HCH
2
O
Derivation: From maleic anhydride, cyclopenta-
diene, and 2-ethylhexylamine.
Hazard: By ingestion and skin absorption.
and CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
C
HCH(CH
3
)
O. D (liquid) 0.830 (25C).
Use: Insecticide and pesticide synergist.
Combustible.
Use: Organic intermediate, epoxy resins.
n-octyl bromide. (capryl bromide; caprylic
bromide).
CAS: 111-83-1. CH
3
(CH
2
)
6
CH
2
Br. octyl formate.
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.118 (15C), bp CAS: 112-32-3. C
8
H
17
OOCH.
921 ODOR
Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. D
4-octylphenol.
0.869–0.872 (25C), refr index 1.4180–1.4200 CAS: 1806-26-4. mf: C
14
H
22
O.
(20C). Soluble in mineral oil; practically insoluble Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
in glycerol, 1 mL dissolves in 5 mL of 70% alcohol.
Combustible.
p-tert-octylphenoxy polyethoxyethanol.
Grade: FCC.
CAS: 9002-93-1.
Use: Flavoring agent.
(CH
3
)
3
CCH
2
C(CH
3
)
2
C
6
H
4
O(CH
2
CH
2
O)xH. Anhy-
drous liquid mixture of mono-p-(1,1,3,3-tetrameth-
ylbutyl)phenyl esters of polyethylene glycols in
octylic acid. See caprylic acid.
which x varies from 5 to 15.
Properties: Yellow, viscous liquid; faint odor; bitter
2-octyl iodide. (caprylic iodide; secondary
taste. D 1.060, refr index 1.489 (25C). Soluble in
capryl iodide). CH
3
(CH
2
)
5
CHICH
3
.
water, alcohol, acetone, benzene, toluene; insoluble
Properties: Oily liquid. D 1.318 (18C), bp 210C
in hexane; pH 7–9. Combustible.
(decomposes).
Grade: NF.
Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation. Keep away
Use: Food packaging, probably as a plasticizer for
from light and air.
films.
Use: Organic synthesis.
p-octylphenyl salicylate.
octylmagnesium chloride. C
8
H
17
MgCl. A
C
6
H
4
OHCOOC
6
H
4
C
8
H
17
.
Grignard reagent available in tetrahydrofuran solu-
Properties: White solid. Mp 72–74C, bulk d 5.6 lb/
tion.
gal (20C). Soluble in hexane, benzene, acetone, and
ethanol; insoluble in water.
Use: Prevents photooxidation in polyethylene and
n-octyl mercaptan. C
8
H
17
SH.
polypropylene.
Properties: Water-white liquid; mild odor. Bp 199C,
d 0.8395 (25/4C), refr index 1.4497 (25C), flash p
octyl phosphate. See triioctyl phosphate.
115F (46.1C) (OC). Combustible.
Hazard: Moderate fire risk.
Use: Polymerization conditioner, synthesis.
n-octyl sulfoxide isosafrole. See sulfoxide.
octyl trichlorosilane. (trichlorooctylsilane).
tert-octyl mercaptan. C
8
H
17
SH.
CAS: 5283-66-9. C
8
H
17
SiCl
3
.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range
Properties: Water-white liquid; pungent irritating
154–166C, d 0.848 (15.5C), refr index 1.454 (20C),
odor. Fumes readily in moist air to evolve corrosive
flash p 105F (40.5C). Combustible.
vapors.
Grade: 95%.
Hazard: Moderate fire risk in contact with oxidizing
Hazard: Moderate fire risk.
materials. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong
Use: Polymer modification, lubricant additive.
irritant to skin and mucous membranes.
Use: Intermediate for silicones.
n-octyl methacrylate. H
2
C:C(CH
3
)COOC
8
H
17
.
Properties: Water-insoluble, colorless liquid. Poly-
octyltrichlorostannane.
merizes to a resin if unstabilized.
CAS: 3091-25-6. mf: C
8
H
17
Cl
3
Sn.
Hazard: Mildly toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1
octyl peroxide. (caprylyl peroxide).
mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m
3
(skin).
Properties: Straw-colored liquid; sharp odor. Im-
miscible with water.
octyltris(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl-
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidizing agent.
methylthio)stannane.
CAS: 27107-89-7. mf: C
38
H
74
O
6
S
3
Sn.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1
octyl phenol. (diisobutyl phenol).
mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m
3
(skin).
C
8
H
17
C
6
H
4
OH. Probably a mixture of isomers.
Properties: White flakes. Mp 72–74C, d 0.89 (90C),
bp 280–302C, hydroxyl coefficient 259–275. Insol-
odor. An important property of many substances,
uble in hot and cold water; limited solubility in manifested by a physiological sensation caused by
alkalies; soluble in 1:1 mixture of methanol and 50% contact of their molecules with the olfactory nervous
aqueous potassium hydroxide, also in alcohol, ace- system. Odor and flavor are closely related, and both
tone, fixed oils. Combustible. are profoundly affected by submicrogram amounts
Derivation: (p-tert-isomer) Catalytic alkylation of of volatile compounds. Attempts to correlate odor
phenol with olefins. with chemical structure have produced no definitive
Use: Nonionic surfactants, plasticizers, antioxidants, results. Objective measurement techniques involv-
fuel oil stabilizer, intermediate for resins, fungi- ing chromatography are under development. Even
cides, bactericides, dyestuffs, adhesives, rubber potent odors must be present in a concentration of
chemicals. 1.7 × 10
7
molecules/cc to be detected. It has been
922ODORANT
authentically stated that the nose is 100 times as contains, the thicker the oil becomes. Petroleum
sensitive in detection of threshold odor values as the (rock oil) is a hydrocarbon mixture comprising hun-
best analytical apparatus. dreds of chemical compounds. It is thought to be
derived from the remains of tiny sea animals laid
Many compounds have a characteristic odor that is
down in past geologic ages. Following is a classifi-
an effective means of identification. Toxic and nox-
cation of oils by type and function.
ious gases have distinctive odors often utilized for
warning purposes. An important exception is carbon
I. Mineral
monoxide, which is almost odorless. The penetrat-
1. Petroleum
ing, banana-like odor of amyl acetate has been used
(a) Aliphatic or wax base (Pennsylvania)
in mine rescue work. Among the most powerful
(b) Aromatic or asphalt base (California)
unpleasant odors are those of organic sulfur com-
(c) Mixed-base (midcontinent of U.S.)
pounds, especially ethyl mercaptan (skunk). Organ-
2. Petroleum derived
ic substances having a pleasant odor are broadly
(a) Lubricants: engine oil, machine oil, cut-
designated as aromatic, regardless of chemical na-
ting oil
ture. The cyclic aromatic (benzene) series of hydro-
(b) Medicinal: refined paraffin oil
carbons was so named for this reason. Most essential
II. Vegetable (chiefly from seeds or nuts)
oils have a pleasant odor and are the basis of per-
1. Drying (linseed, tung, oiticica)
fumes and fragrances. Odor research, including
2. Semidrying (soybean, cottonseed)
evaluation by test panels, is conducted at the Olfac-
3. Nondrying (castor, coconut)
tronics and Odor Sciences Center at Illinois Institute
4. Inedible soap stocks (palm, coconut)
of Technology, Chicago.
III.Animal
1. These usually occur as fats (tallow lard,
odorant. A substance having a distinctive, some-
stearic acid). The liquid types include fish
times unpleasant odor that is deliberately added to
oils, fish-liver oils, oleic acid, sperm oil,
essentially odorless materials to provide warning of
etc. They usually have a high fatty acid
their presence. For example, mercaptan derivatives
content.
may be added to natural gas for this purpose. In a
IV.Essential
broad sense, perfumes are odorants that are added to
1. Complex volatile liquids derived from
cosmetics, toilet goods, etc., largely for consumer
flowers, stems, and leaves, and often the
appeal.
entire plant. They contain terpenes (pinene,
See odor; deodorant; perfume; fragrance.
dipentene, etc.) and are used chiefly for
perfumery and flavorings. Usually resinous
odorless light petroleum hydrocarbons.
products are admixed with them. Turpen-
Properties: Liquid; faint odor. Bp: 300650°.
tine is a highly resinous essential oil.
Use: Coating agent; defoamer; float; food additive;
V. Edible
froth-flotation cleaning; insecticide formulations
Derived from fruits or seeds of plants and used
component.
chiefly in foodstuffs (margarine, etc.). Most com-
mon are corn, coconut, soybean, olive, cottonseed,
odor masking. Addition of a substance with
and safflower. They have varying degrees of satura-
strong odor to obtain a less- offensive effect without
tion.
changing the composition of the original odorous
substance.
oil black. A carbon black made from oil, usually
an aromatic-type petroleum oil.
ODPN. Abbreviation for ,
-oxydipropionitrile.
See furnace black.
Oenanthic acid. See n-heptanoic acid.
oil blue. Violet-blue copper sulfide pigment used
oenology. See enology.
in varnishes.
“OFA” [Epi-Products]. TM for chemical
oil cake. The residue obtained after the expres-
foaming agent for additives.
sion of vegetable oils from oil-bearing seeds, used as
Use: To create foam or tiny bubbles in plastic to make
cattle feed and fertilizer. When ground they are
products lighter and use less resin.
known as meal.
See cottonseed cake and meal; peanut oil meal.
oil. The word oil is applied to a wide range of
substances that are quite different in chemical na-
ture. Oils derived from animals or from plant seeds
oil gas. A gas made by the reaction of steam at
or nuts are chemically identical with fats, the only high temperature on gas oil or similar fractions of
difference being one of consistency at room temper- petroleum, or by high-temperature cracking of gas
ature. They are composed largely of glycerides of oil. One typical analysis is heating value 554 Btu/ft
3
,
the fatty acids, chiefly oleic, palmitic, stearic, and illuminants 4.2%, carbon monoxide 10.4%, hydro-
linolenic. As a rule the more hydrogen the molecule gen 47.6%, methane 27.0%, carbon dioxide 4.6%,
923 OLEAMIDE
oxygen 0.4%, nitrogen 5.8%, autoign temp 637F from 10 to 800 ft and yield from 25 to 30 gal oil/ton
(336C). shale. Only 33% of the oil content is recoverable by
Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion present techniques.
risk. Toxic by inhalation. See shale oil; kerogen.
oiliness. That property of a lubricant that causes a oil varnish. See varnish.
difference in coefficient of friction when all the
known factors except the lubricant itself are the
oil, vulcanized. See factice.
same. This concept is also expressed by the term
lubricity.
oil white. One of several mixtures of lithopone
and white lead or zinc white. It may also contain
oil of bitter almond. See almond oil.
gypsum, magnesia, whiting, or silica.
Use: White-lead substitute.
oil of cinnamon, ceylon. See cinnamon leaf
oil.
ointment. (salve). A semisolid pharmaceutical
preparation based on a fatty material such as lanolin
oil of cubeb. See cubeb oil.
and often containing petrolatum or zinc oxide to-
gether with specific medication for relief of rashes
oil of garlic. See garlic oil.
and other forms of dermatitis.
oil of jasmine.
oiticica oil.
CAS: 8022-96-6.
Derivation: By expression from the seeds of the
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.
Brazilian oiticica tree, Licania rigida.
Source: Natural product.
Chief constituents: Glycerides of -licanic acid (4-
keto-9,11,13-octadecatrienoic acid).
oil of lime oil, coldpressed. Use: Drying oil in paints, varnishes, etc.
Properties: Expressed from the peel of Citrus auran-
tofolia Swingle (Mexican type) or Citrus latifolia
“Okerin” [Astor]. TM for rubber waxes and
(Tahitian type). Yellow to brown-green liquid. Sol
paraffin products.
in fixed oils, mineral oil; insol glycerin, propylene
Available forms: Flake, prill, or slab.
glycol.
Use: To provide controlled migration for ozone pro-
Use: Food additive.
tection of rubber.
oil of mirbane. See nitrobenzene.
-ol. A suffix indicating that one or more hydroxyl
groups (OH) are present in an organic compound,
oil of muscatel. See clary oil. e.g., alcohol, phenol, menthol. Thiol is an exception,
the oxygen of the OH group being replaced by sul-
fur. There are a few other exceptions among the
oil of vitriol. See sulfuric acid.
essential oils, e.g., eucalyptol.
oil of wintergreen. See methyl salicylate.
Olah, George A. (1927– ). Born in Hungary,
now an American citizen, he won the Nobel Prize for
oil sands. (tar sands). Porous sandstone struc-
chemistry in 1994 for his work with carbocations.
tures occurring on the surface and to depths of 100 m
These are positively charged hydrocarbons with
or more in certain localities; they contain a high
lifetimes on the order of microseconds. Olah devel-
proportion of bitumen composed chiefly of asphal-
oped methods of studying carbocations with differ-
tenes and maltha, together with substantial percent-
ent physical techniques, changing the direction of
age of sulfur and heavy metals. Its viscosity is about
this field. He received a Ph.D. from the Technical
midway between that of crude oil and soft asphalt.
University of Budapest in 1949.
The largest deposit in North America is in the Atha-
basca region of Alberta; there are smaller ones in the
olanzapine. See zyprexa.
western U.S. Venezuela and Trinidad have large
deposits. The Athabasca sands have been success-
fully mined and have made a substantial contribu-
olealkonium chloride.
tion to Canadian energy resources over the past CAS: 37139-99-4. mf: C
27
H
48
NCl.
decade. Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.
oil shale. Extensive sedimentary rock deposits in oleamide. cis-CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH:CH(CH
2
)
7
CONH
2
.
the mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming Properties: Ivory-colored powder. Mp 72C, d 0.94.
contain a high percentage of kerogen, which can be Combustible.
separated from the shale either by heating in retorts Grade: Refined.
(surface mining) or by direct combustion in situ in Use: Slip agent for extrusion of polyethylene, wax
interior excavations. The deposits range in thickness additive, ink additive.
924OLEANDOMYCIN
oleandomycin. Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A moderate skin
CAS: 3922-90-5. mf: C
35
H
61
NO
12
.
irritant.
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.
olein. (triolein; glyceryl trioleate).
C
17
H
33
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
. The triglyceride of oleic acid,
oleate. Salt made up of a metal or alkaloid with
occurring in most fats and oils. It constitutes
oleic acid. It is used for external medications and in
70–80% of olive oil.
soaps and paints.
Properties: Yellow, oily liquid. D 0.915, mp 4to
5C. Soluble in chloroform, ether, carbon tetrachlo-
olefin. (alkene). A class of unsaturated aliphatic
ride; slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.
hydrocarbons having one or more double bonds,
Impurities: Stearin, linolein.
obtained by cracking naphtha or other petroleum
Derivation: Refined natural oils.
fractions at high temperatures (1500–1700F). Those
Use: Textile lubricants.
containing one double bond are called alkenes, and
those with two are called alkadienes, or diolefins.
oleoresin. Any of a number of mixtures of essen-
They are named after the corresponding paraffins by
tial oils and resins characteristic of the tree or plant
adding -ene or -ylene to the stem. -olefins are
from which they are derived. Most types are semi-
particularly reactive because the double bond is on
solid and tacky at room temperature, becoming soft
the first carbon. Examples are 1-octene and 1-octa-
and sticky at high temperatures. They have various
decene, which are used as the starting point for
distinctive odors.
medium-biodegradable surfactants. Other olefins
See balsam; rosin.
(ethylene, propylene, etc.) are starting points for
certain manufactured fibers.
oleoyl chloride. (cis-9-octadecenoyl chloride).
See diolefin.
CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH:CH(CH
2
)
7
COCl.
Properties: Liquid. Bp 175–180C (3 mm Hg). Solu-
olefin fiber. Synthetic long-chain polymer fiber
ble in hydrocarbons and ethers; reacts slowly with
composed of at least 85% by weight of ethylene,
water. Combustible.
propylene, or other crystalline polyolefins.
Use: Chemical intermediate.
oleic acid. (cis-9-octadecenoic acid; red oil).
n-oleoylsarcosine.
CAS: 112-80-1. CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH:CH(CH
2
)
7
COOH. A
C
17
H
33
C(O)N(CH
3
)CH
2
COOH.
monounsaturated fatty acid, it is a component of
Properties: Amber liquid. D 0.955 (20/20C), refr
almost all natural fats, as well as tall oil. Most oleic
index 1.4703 (20C), 95% pure. Combustible.
acid is derived from animal tallow or vegetable oils.
Use: Surfactants.
Properties: (Commercial grades) Yellow to red oily
liquid; lardlike odor, darkens on exposure to air.
oleum. The Latin word for oil, applied to fuming
Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and
sulfuric acid. (Sulfuric acid was originally called oil
most organic solvents, fixed and volatile oils. Sol-
of vitriol.)
vent for other oils, fatty acids and oil-soluble materi-
als. (Purified grades) Water-white liquid. D 0.895
oleyl alcohol. (octadecenol).
(20/4C), fp 4C, bp 286C (100 mm Hg), 225C (10
CAS: 143-28-2. CH
3
(CH
2
)
7
CH:CH(CH
2
)
7
CH
2
OH.
mm Hg), refr index 1.4599 (20C), acid value
The unsaturated alcohol derived from oleic acid.
196–204, iodine value 83–103, saponification value
Properties: Clear, viscous liquid at room tempera-
196–206, flash p 372 (189C), Combustible.
ture. Iodine value 88, cloud p 6.6C, bp 333C, fp
Derivation: The free fatty acid is obtained from the
75C, d 0.84. Combustible.
glyceride by hydrolysis, steam distillation, and se-
Impurities: Linoleyl, myristyl, and cetyl alcohols.
paration by crystallization or solvent extraction. Fil-
Derivation: Reduction of oleic acid, occurs in fish
tration from the press cake results in the oleic acid of
and marine mammal oils.
commerce (red oil), which is purified and bleached
Grade: Technical, commercial (80–90% pure).
for specific uses.
Use: Surfactants, metal cutting oils, printing inks,
Grade: Variety of technical grades, grade free from
textile finishing, antifoam agent, plasticizer.
chick edema factor, USP, FCC, 99+%. A purified
technical oleic acid containing 90% or more oleic,
oleyl aldehyde. See octadecenyl aldehyde.
4% maximum linoleic, and 6% maximum saturated
acids is available.
oleylhydroxamic acid. C
17
H
33
CONH
2
O.
Use: Soap base, manufacture of oleates, ointments,
Properties: Waxy solid, off-white color. D 0.897
cosmetics, polishing compounds, lubricants, ore flo-
(70/25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in aqueous
tation, intermediate, surface coatings, food-grade
potassium hydroxide and organic solvents.
additives.
oleyl-linoleylamine. (octadecene-octadeca-
oleic acid diethanolamide. dieneamine).
CAS: 93-83-4. mf: C
22
H
43
NO
3
. Properties: Highly unsaturated primary amine. D
925 ONCOGENE
0.83, mp 19C, bp 198–209C, amine no. 200–210, slight odor and taste. D 0.910–0.918, saponification
iodine value 90 min. Soluble in many organic sol- value 188–196, iodine value 77–88, flash p 437F
vents; insoluble in water. (225C), cloud p 6.6 to 1.1C. A nondrying oil.
Use: Organic intermediate. Soluble in ether, chloroform, and carbon disulfide;
sparingly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.
oleyl methyl tauride. See sodium-N-meth- Use: Salad dressings and other foods; ointments, lini-
ments, etc.; Castile soap, special textile soaps; lubri-
yl-N-oleoyl taurate.
cant; sulfonated oils; cosmetics.
olibanum oil.
CAS: 8050-07-5.
olivetol. (5-pentylresorcinol). CH
3
(CH
2
)
4
C
6
H
3
-
Properties: Distilled from a gum from the trees Bo-
1,3-(OH)
2
. Store under nitrogen.
swellia carterii and other Boswellia species (Fam.
Properties: Off-white solid. Mw 180.25, mp 42–44,
Burseraceae). Pale liquid; pleasant balsamic odor.
flash p above 110C.
D: 0.8620.889, refr index: 1.4651.482 @ 20°. Sol
Hazard: Skin irritant; combustible.
in fixed oils, mineral oil; insol in glycerin, propylene
Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.
glycol.
Hazard: A skin irritant.
olivine. (chrysolite). (Mg,Fe)
2
SiO
4
. Natural mag-
Use: Food additive.
nesium-iron silicate, found in igneous and meta-
morphic rocks, meteorites, and blast furnace slags.
“Oligga-Fiber” [Cargill]. TM for inulin rec-
A complete series exists from Fe
2
SiO
4
to Mg
2
SiO.
ognized for its nutritional and functional benefits in
Grade: Crude, 20 mesh, 100 mesh.
food.
Use: Refractories, cements.
Use: For softer, long shelf life.
“Omadine” [Olin]. TM for a series of deriva-
oligo-. A prefix meaning “a few” or “very little.”
tives of pyridinethione (such as 1-hydroxy-2-pyridi-
nethione, C
5
H
4
NOH(S)) having bactericide-fungi-
oligodynamic. Literally, active in small
cide properties.
amounts. In technical literature, the term describes
Use: Cosmetics, textiles, cutting oils, coolant sys-
the sterilizing or purifying action of a substance,
tems, vinyl films, and rubber products.
e.g., silver.
OMC. Abbreviation of oxidized microcrystalline
oligogenic. A phenotypic trait produced by two
waxes.
or more genes working together.
See polygenic disorder.
“Omega Gold” [Omega]. TM for an omega 3
rich ground flax seed, premix supplement.
oligomer. A polymer molecule consisting of only
Use: To improve swine health, gestation, lactation,
a few monomer units (dimer, trimer, tetramer).
and breeding.
oligomeric protein. A multisubunit protein
“Omega Horseshine” [Omega]. TM for an
having two or more polypeptide chains.
omega 3 stabilized flax supplement.
Use: To maintain healthy coat, solid hooves, and long
oligomycin C.
life.
CAS: 11052-72-5. mf: C
28
H
46
O
6
.
Hazard: A poison.
“Omega Ultra Egg” [Omega]. TM for an
Source: Natural product.
omega 3 rich stabilized flax seed premix.
Use: Food suppement for laying hens.
oligonucleotide. A molecule usually composed
of 25 or fewer nucleotides; used as a DNA synthesis
OMPA. Abbreviation for octamethyl pyrophos-
primer.
phoramide.
See nucleotide.
See schradan.
oligopeptide. A peptide made up of not more
ONB. Abbreviation for o-nitrobiphenyl.
than 10 amino acids.
oncogen. Any substance that will cause either
oligosaccharide. A carbohydrate containing
benign or malignant tumors in test animals. EPA
from two to ten simple sugars linked together (e.g.,
pesticide regulations use this term instead of tumo-
sucrose, composed of dextrose and fructose). Be-
rogenic and carcinogenic.
yond ten they are called polysaccharides.
olive oil. oncogene. A gene of cellular or viral origin that
CAS: 8001-25-0. causes cells to exhibit rapid, uncontrolled prolifera-
Properties: Pale yellow or greenish-yellow liquid; tion. See also proto-oncogene.
926ONE-STEP RESIN
one-step resin. See A-stage resin. “Oppanol” [BASF]. TM for a series of poly-
isobutylenes, varying from oily liquids through
highly viscous materials to rubberlike solids accord-
Onsager, Lars. (1903–1976). A Norwegian
ing to degree of polymerization.
chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in
1968. He studied and wrote on the theory of electro-
Oppenauer oxidation. The aluminum alkox-
lytic conduction and theory of dielectrics. He also
idecatalyzed oxidation of a secondary alcohol to
worked with superfluids and crystal statistics and
the corresponding ketone (the reverse of the Meer-
reciprocal relations in irreversible processes. After
wein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction).
receiving his doctorate in Norway, he came to the
U.S. and became a citizen.
“Optanol drops” [Lapgap]. TM for liquid
drug.
“Onyx Classica” [ALCOA]. Al
2
O
3
3H
2
O.
Use: For treatment of symptoms of allergic conjunc-
TM for a filler; flame-retardant in the premium
tivitis.
products of the synthetic marble industry.
Properties: Exceptionally high purity, whiteness,
optical activity. See optical rotation.
and particle size consistency.
optical bleach. See brightening agent.
opacity. The optical density of material, usually a
pigment; the opposite of transparency. A colorant or
optical brightener. (optical bleach; colorless
paint of high opacity is said to have good hiding
dye; fluorescent brightener). A colorless, fluores-
power or covering power, by which is meant its
cent, organic compound that absorbs UV light and
ability to conceal another tint or shade over which it
emits it as visible blue light. The blue light masks the
is applied. Apparatus for measuring opacity is avail-
undesirable yellow of textiles, paper, detergents,
able.
and plastics. Some examples are derivatives of 4,4
-
diaminostilbene-2,2
-disulfonic acid, coumarin de-
OPDN. Abbreviation for ,-oxydipropionitrile.
rivatives such as 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocou-
marin.
open reading frame. (ORF). The sequence of
DNA or RNA located between the start-code se-
optical crystal. A comparatively large crystal,
quence (initiation codon) and the stop-code se-
either natural or synthetic, used for infrared and
quence (termination codon).
ultraviolet optics, piezoelectric effects, and short-
wave radiation detection. Examples are sodium
open system. A system that exchanges matter
chloride, potassium iodide, silver chloride, calcium
and energy with its surroundings.
fluoride, and (for scintillation counters) such organ-
ic materials as anthracene, naphthalene, stilbene,
operation. See unit operation.
and terphenyl.
operations research. The use of statistical and
optical fiber. See fiber, optical.
other mathematical methods for studying and evalu-
ating the best procedures to be used for carrying out
a particular operation and all functions associated
optical glass. See glass, optical.
with it.
optical isomer. Either of two kinds of optically
operator. Biology - A region of DNA that inter-
active three-dimensional isomers (stereoisomers).
acts with a regulatory protein to control the expres-
One kind is represented by mirror-image structures
sion of a gene or group of genes.
called enantiomers that result from the presence of
one or more asymmetric carbon atoms in the com-
operon. A unit of genetic expression in proka- pound (glyceraldehyde, lactic acid, sugars, tartaric
ryotes consisting of one or more related genes, and acid, amino acids). The other kind is exemplified by
the operator and promoter sequences that regulate diastereoisomers, which are not mirror images.
their transcription. These occur in compounds having two or more
asymmetric carbon atoms; thus, such compounds
have 2
n
optical isomers, where n is the number of
OPG. Abbreviation for oxypolygelatin.
asymmetric carbon atoms.
See enantiomer; diastereoisomer; optical rotation;
opium. A mixture of alkaloids.
asymmetry.
Derivation: The air-dried, milky exudate obtained
from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum.
Available forms: Deodorized, granulated, pow-
optical microscope. (light microscope). A
dered. magnifying lens system that utilizes light in the
Hazard: A habituating narcotic; importation and sale visible wavelength range of the electromagnetic
restricted by law in U.S. spectrum (5000 A
˚
). A convex glass lens bends or
Use: Source of morphine. focuses light waves because of the difference in
927 “ORASOL”
density between glass and air. Invented in 1590 by
optrode. A component of fiber-optical analytical
the Janssen brothers and later improved by van systems that is analogous to an electrode. Its func-
Leeuwenhoek, the compound microscope has three tion is to couple the laser beam to the sample solu-
lenses: a condenser lens, which concentrates the tion being analyzed. There are three types: cuvette,
incident light; an objective lens, which gives an sapphire ball, and membrane.
enlarged reverse image of the specimen; and a pro-
jector lens, which further enlarges the image and
“Oracle, 4E Dicamba Herbicide” [Agrisel].
returns it to normal position. Its maximum resolving
TM for a broad spectrum control for turf weeds.
power is 0.5 micron, compared with 100 microns for
the human eye. The compound microscope is partic-
oral contraceptive. See antifertility agent.
ularly useful in studying bacteria and other microor-
ganisms in their natural state without interfering
orange III. See methyl orange.
with their behavior. It has been of untold benefit to
biologists and bacteriologists and also has innumer-
orange IV. See tropaeolin 00.
able uses in chemical and metallurgical research, as
well as in forensic chemistry.
orange B.
See resolving power; electron microscope; ultrami-
CAS: 15139-76-1. mf: C
22
H
16
N
4
Na
2
O
9
S
2
.
croscope; field-ion microscope; van Leeuwenhoek,
Properties: Dull orange crystals.
Anton.
Use: Food additive.
optical rotation. The change of direction of the
orange cadmium. See cadmium sulfide.
plane of polarized light to either the right or the left
as it passes through a molecule containing one or
orange mineral. A red lead oxide pigment
more asymmetric carbon atoms, e.g., sugars. The
made in a furnace by roasting lead carbonate or
direction of rotation, if to the right, is indicated by
sublimed litharge; it is a very bright orange but has
either a plus sign (+) or a d-; if to the left, by a minus
low tinting strength.
sign ()oranl-. Molecules having a right-handed
Properties: Fine powder, 325 mesh. D 9.0, contains
configuration (
D) usually are dextrorotatory, D(+),
95.5% red lead (Pb
3
O
4
).
though they may be levorotatory, D(); those having
Use: Pigment in printing inks and primers.
a left-handed configuration (
L) are usually levorota-
tory,
L(), but may be dextrorotatory, D(+). Com-
orange oil, bitter, coldpressed.
pounds having this property are said to be optically
Properties: Oil expressed from the peel of Citrus
active and are isomeric. The amount of rotation
aurantium L. Osbeck (Fam. Rutaceae). Pale yellow
varies with the compound but is the same for any two
to yellow-brown liquid; characteristic orange odor
isomers, though in opposite directions.
and bitter taste. D: 0.8450.851, refr index: 1.472 @
See optical isomer; nicol.
20°. Misc in abs alc, in 1 vol glacial acetic acid; sol in
fixed oils, mineral oil; insol in glycerin.
optical spectroscopy. See spectroscopy; ab-
Use: Food additive.
sorption spectroscopy; emission spectroscopy.
orange oil, distilled.
“Optidose 2000” [Mid South]. TM for a
Properties: From steam distillation of fresh peel of
carboxylic sufonated copolymer.
Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck (Fam. Rutaceae). Color-
Use: For water treatment and traceable scale inhibitor
less to pale yellow liquid; odor of fresh orange peel.
for phosphates and zinc.
Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil, alc; insol in glycerin,
propylene glycol.
optimax.
Use: Food additive.
CAS: 62602-94-2.
mf: C
11
H
12
N
2
O
2
C
8
H
11
NO
3
C
6
H
8
O
6
ClH.
orange peel. A term used in the paint industry to
Hazard: Human systemic effects.
refer to a roughened film surface caused by too rapid
drying.
“Optimer” [Nalco]. TM for flocculating
chemicals.
orange peel oil. See citrus peel oils.
Use: Dewatering of sludge.
orange seed oil. See citrus seed oils.
“Optimum” [American International].
TM for guanidine hydrochloride and guanidine
orange toner. A diazo dyestuff coupled to dia-
thiocyanate.
cetoacetic acid anhydride. It contains no sulfonic or
Available forms: Solid.
carboxylic groups.
Grade: Bio-tech.
Use: Printing inks.
optimum pH. The characteristic pH at which an “Orasol” [Novartis]. TM for solvent dyes for
enzyme has maximal catalytic activity. transparent coatings, inks, and plastics.
928ORBITAL
orbital. The area in space about an atom or mole- begins at any value and extends to 10 times that
cule in which the probability of finding an electron is
value; e.g., 2 is of the same order of magnitude as
greatest.
any number between itself and 20; and 5 miles is of
the same order of magnitude as any distance be-
tween 5 and 50 miles. The expression usually ap-
orbital electron. Electron remaining with high
plies to extremely large or extremely small units,
degree of probability in the immediate neighbor-
i.e., the size ranges of atoms, molecules, colloidal
hood of a nucleus where it occupies a quantized
particles, etc., or astronomical distances.
orbital.
ore. An aggregate of valuable minerals and gan-
orbital theory. The quantum theory of matter
gue from which one or more metals can be extracted
applied to the nature and behavior of the electron
at a profit.
either in a single atom (atomic orbital) or combined
atoms (molecular orbital). A combination of Schro-
dinger’s wave mechanics and Heisenberg’s uncer-
ore flotation. See flotation.
tainty principle, the orbital theory was formulated in
1926. It has yielded a better understanding of the
organelle. A portion of a cell having specific
electron and its critical part in chemical bonding
functions, distinctive chemical constituents, and
than is possible with Newtonian mechanics. In sim-
characteristic morphology; it is a unit subsystem of a
ple language, the orbital theory considers the elec-
cell. Examples are mitochondria and chromosomes.
tron not as a particle but as a three-dimensional wave
Organelles are often closely associated with en-
that can exist at several energy levels; its exact
zymes. The lysosome (an enzyme-bearing organ-
location and position in the “shell” (which in most
elle) has been synthesized.
elements is a group of orbitals) cannot be precisely
determined but only predicted by the laws of mathe-
organic chemistry. A major branch of chemis-
matical probability. The orbital levels and the move-
try that embraces all compounds of carbon except
ment of electrons within them are expressed by
such binary compounds as the carbon oxides, car-
wave functions and quantum numbers. The proba-
bides, carbon disulfide, etc.; such ternary com-
bility that an electron will be found in a given vol-
pounds as the metallic cyanides, metallic carbonyls,
ume (i.e., the square of the one-electron wave func-
phosgene (COCl
2
), carbonyl sulfide (COS), etc.; and
tion) is called the orbital of that electron, and the
the metallic carbonates, such as calcium carbonate
shape of the orbital is defined by surfaces of constant
and sodium carbonate. The total number of organic
probability (i.e., spheres and elliptically shaped
compounds is indeterminate, but some 6,000,000
doughnuts). The electron orbital, described in terms
have been identified and named. These fall into
of probability, is like a cloud, with indefinite bound-
several structural groups as follows:
aries. The energy state of each electron is given by
I. Aliphatic (straight chain)
four quantum numbers that describe its principal
1. Hydrocarbons (petroleum and coal derived)
level, its angular momentum, its magnetic moment,
(a) Paraffins or alkanes (saturated) (C
n
H
2n+2
)
and its spin. This concept has exerted a profound
methane and homologs; halogen-substi-
effect on modern ideas about chemical bonding,
tuted derivatives, e.g., fluorocarbons
transition metal complexes, semiconductors, and
(b) Olefins (unsaturated)
solid-state physics.
(1) Alkenes (one double bond) (C
n
H
2n
)
ethylene and homologs
orcin. (dihydroxytoluene; methylresorcinol; or-
(2) Alkadienes (two double bonds)
cinol).
(C
n
H
2n-1
) butadiene, allene
CAS: 504-15-4. CH
3
C
6
H
3
(OH)
2
.
(c) Acetylenes or alkynes (triple bond)
2. Alcohols (ROH): methanol and homologs
3. Ethers (ROR): methyl ether and homologs
4. Aldehydes (RCHO): formaldehyde, acetal-
dehyde
5. Ketones (RCOR): acetone, methylethylke-
Properties: White, crystalline prisms becoming red
tone
in air; intensely sweet, unpleasant taste. D 1.2895,
6. Carboxylic acids (RCOOH)
mp (anhydrous) 107C, (hydrated) 56C; bp
7. Carbohydrates (C
n
H
2n
O
n
)
287–290C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
(a) Sugars: glucose, fructose, sucrose, gums
Derivation: By fermentation of various species of
(b) Starches: wheat, corn, potato
lichens (rocella) and extraction.
(c) Cellulose: cotton, plant fibers
Use: Reagent for certain carbohydrates (beet sugar,
II. Cyclic (closed ring)
lignin, pentoses, etc.).
1. Alicyclic hydrocarbons (properties similar
to aliphatics)
(a) Cycloparaffins (naphthenes) (saturated):
order of magnitude. A range of values ap-
cyclohexane, cyclopentane, etc.
plied to numbers, distances, dimensions, etc., that
929 ORGANOSILICON
(b) Cycloolefins (unsaturated): cyclopenta-
organoleptic. A term widely used to describe
diene, cyclooctatetraene consumer testing procedures for food products, per-
(c) Cycloacetylenes (triple bond) fumes, wines, and the like in which samples of
various products, flavors, etc. are submitted to
2. Aromatic hydrocarbons (arenes): unsatu-
groups or panels. Such tests are a valuable aid in
rated compounds; hexagonal ring structure;
determining the acceptance of the products and thus
single and multiple fused rings
may be viewed as a marketing technique. They also
(a) Benzene group (1 ring)
serve psychological purposes and are an important
(b) Naphthalene group (2 rings)
means of evaluating the subjective aspects of taste,
(c) Anthracene group (3 rings)
odor, color, and related factors. The physical and
(d) Polycyclic group (steroids, sterols)
chemical characteristics of foods are stimuli for the
3. Heterocyclic: unsaturated; usually pentago-
eye, ear, skin, nose, and mouth, whose receptors
nal rings containing at least one other ele-
initiate impulses that travel to the brain, where per-
ment besides carbon
ception occurs.
(a) Pyrroles
(b) Furans
(c) Thiazoles
organometallic compound. An organic com-
(d) Porphyrins pound composed of a metal attached directly to
carbon (RM); such compounds have been prepared
III. Combinations of aliphatic and cyclic struc-
of practically all the metals, as well as with such
tures
nonmetals as silicon and phosphorus. Metallic salts
1. Terpene hydrocarbons
(soaps) of organic acids are excluded. Examples are
2. Amino acids (some are aliphatic and others
diethylzinc (the first known organometallic), Gri-
combinations)
gnard compounds such as methyl magnesium iodide
3. Proteins and nucleic acids (coiled or helical
(CH
3
MgI), and metallic alkyls such as butyllithium
formations)
(C
4
H
9
Li), tetraethyllead, triethyl aluminum, tetrabu-
IV. Organometallic compounds
tyl titanate, sodium methylate, copper phthalocya-
V. Synthetic high polymers, including silicones
nine, and metallocenes. Some are highly toxic or
Important areas of organic chemistry include poly-
flammable; others are coordination compounds. Re-
merization, hydrogenation, isomerization, fermen-
active and moderately reactive organometallic com-
tation, photochemistry, and stereochemistry. There
pounds will react with all functional groups; two
is no sharp dividing line between organic and inor-
major types of reaction in which they are involved
ganic chemistry; the two often tend to overlap.
are oxidation and cleavage by acids. Probably the
See inorganic chemistry.
most important organometallic reactions are those
involving addition to an unsaturated linkage. Many
of them are powerful catalysts and form useful coor-
“Organiclear” [Standard]. (methylene
dination complexes.
bisthiocyanate).
See catalysis; metallocene; coordination compound.
CAS: 6317-18-6. TM for wood preservative.
Use: To stop wood rot, termite attack, mildew, and
organophosphorus compound. Any organic
decay.
compound containing phosphorus as a constituent.
These fall into several groups, chief of which are the
following: (1) phospholipids, or phosphatides,
organoborane. A compound composed of an
which are widely distributed in nature in the form of
unsaturated organic group and a borane obtained by
lecithin, certain proteins, and nucleic acids; (2) es-
the hydroboration reaction. Such compounds are
ters of phosphinic and phosphonic acids, used as
useful catalytic reagents in organic syntheses of
plasticizers, insecticides, resin modifiers, and
some complexity, e.g., cis-ortrans-olefins, optical-
flame-retardants; (3) pyrophosphates, e.g., tetrae-
ly pure alcohols, alkanes, and ketones. Prostaglan-
thyl pyrophosphate, which are the basis for a broad
dins and insect pheromones have been synthesized
group of cholinesterase inhibitors used as insecti-
by this means. A particularly versatile example is
cides; (4) phosphoric esters of glycerol, glycol, sor-
triphenylboron, B(C
6
H
5
)
3
.
bitol, etc., which are components of fertilizers.
See hydroboration; carborane; borane.
While many of these compounds play an important
part in animal metabolism, those in group (3) are
toxic and should be handled with extreme care.
organoclay. (organopolysilicate). A clay such
as kaolin or montmorillonite, to which organic
organopolysilicate. See organoclay.
structures have been chemically bonded; since the
surfaces of the clay particles, which have a lattice-
organosilane. See organosilicon.
like arrangement, are negatively charged, they are
capable of binding organic radicals. When this type
of structure is in turn reacted with a monomer such
organosilicon. An organic compound in which
as styrene, a complex known as a polyorganosilicate silicon is bonded to carbon (organosilane). Such
graft polymer results. compounds were first made by Friedel and Crafts in
930ORGANOSOL
1863. Silicon was found to have a remarkable chem- Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.
ical similarity to carbon, which it can replace in
organic compounds. The silicon-carbon bond is
Orn. Abbreviation for ornithine.
about as strong as the carbon-carbon bond, and com-
pounds containing them are similar in properties to
ornithine. (2,5-diaminovaleric acid).
all-carbon compounds. Organosilicon oxides (orga-
NH
2
(CH
2
)
3
CH(NH
2
)COOH. A nonessential amino
nosiloxanes or silicones) were discovered by F. S.
acid produced by the body and important in protein
Kipping in England in 1900; he found that Grignard
metabolism.
reagents would react with silicon tetrachloride to
Properties: (
L(+)-ornithine.) Crystals from alcohol-
form siliconcarbonbonded polymers of both ring
ether. Mp 140C. Soluble in water and alcohol. (
DL-
and chain types. These were named silicones be-
ornithine) Crystals from water. Slightly soluble in
cause of the similarity of their empirical formula
alcohol.
(R
2
SiO) to that of ketones (R
2
CO).
Derivation: Isolated from proteins after hydrolysis
An organosilicon compound (tetramesityldisilene)
with alkali.
containing a silicon to silicon double bond has been
Use: Biochemical research; medicine.
synthesized. It is a crystalline solid, mp 176C, and
has reactive properties similar to olefins. Com-
ORNL. Abbreviation for Oak Ridge National
pounds of this type are called silylenes. See sili-
Laboratory.
cone.
orosomucoid. An old term for a1-acid glycopro-
organosol. Colloidal dispersion of any insoluble
tein
material in an organic liquid; specifically the finely
divided or colloidal dispersion of a synthetic resin in
“Orotan” TV [Rohm & Haas]. TM for a
plasticizer in which dispersion the volatile content
synthetic tanning agent with attributes of vegetable
exceeds 5% of the total.
tannins. Dark-red, viscous solution; 31% tannin.
See plastisol.
Imparts high degree of tannage, strength, fullness,
and solidity to leather. Solubilizing, penetrating, and
organotin compounds. A family of alkyl tin
bleaching agent.
compounds widely used as stabilizers for plastics,
especially rigid vinyl polymers used as piping, con-
orotic acid. (uracil-6-carboxylic acid; 6-car-
struction aids, and cellular structures. Some have
boxyuracil).
catalytic properties. They include butyl tin trichlo-
CAS: 65-86-1. C
4
N
2
H
3
(O)
2
COOH. Occurs in cow’s
ride, dibutyltin oxide, etc., and various methyltin
milk and has also been isolated from certain strains
compounds. They are both liquids and solids.
of molds (Neurospora). A growth factor for certain
Hazard: All are highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg/m
3
.
microorganisms.
See dibutyltin-.
Properties: Crystals. Mp 345–346C.
Use: Biochemical research, especially the biosynthe-
origanum oil. An essential oil used in pharmacy
sis of nucleic acids.
and as a flavoring.
orpiment. Obsolete name for arsenic trisulfide.
origin. Biology: The nucleotide sequence or site
in DNA where DNA replication is initiated.
orris root oil.
Properties: From steam distillation of peeled, dried,
aged rhizomes of Iris pallida L. (Fam. Iridaceae).
“Orlon” [Du Pont]. TM for a copolymer con-
Light yellow to brown solid at room temp. Mp:
taining at least 85% acrylonitrile. Available in vari-
3850°. Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil, propylene
ous types of staple and tow.
glycol; insol in glycerin.
Properties: Tensile strength (psi) 32,000–39,000, d
Use: Food additive.
1.14–1.17, break elongation 20–28%, moisture re-
gain 1.5% (21.2C, 65% RH), softens at 235C, solu-
ble in butyrolactone (hot), dimethyl formamide
orthamine. See o-phenylenediamine.
(hot), ethylene carbonate (hot), resistant to mineral
acids, fair to good resistance to weak alkalies. Insol-
ortho-. (o-). A prefix meaning “straight ahead.”
uble in alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachlo-
Compare with meta- (m-) meaning “beyond,” para-
ride, and petroleum ether; soluble in dimethyl sulf-
(p-) meaning “opposite.” These prefixes are used in
oxide, maleic anhydride, ethylene carbonate,
organic chemistry in naming disubstitution products
nitriles, and nitrophenols.
derived from benzene in which the substituent atoms
Hazard: Combustible, burns freely and rapidly.
or radicals are located in certain definite positions on
Use: In apparel, usually blended with wool or other
the benzene ring. This is illustrated in the diagram,
fibers.
where A and B represent the substituent atoms or
groups. When attached to adjoining carbon atoms, B
ormetoprim. is in the o- position in respect to A (also called the
Properties: White, tasteless, odorless powder. 1,2-position). If B is located on the third carbon
931 OSMIUM DICHLORIDE
atom in respect to A, it is in the m- position (also
oscillometry. Electrode measurement of oscilla-
called 1,3-); when B is attached to the opposite tion-frequency changes to detect the progress of a
carbon atom, it is in the p- position (1,4).
titration of electrolyte solutions.
-ose. A suffix indicating a carbohydrate com-
pound or polymer, usually a simple or complex
sugar, e.g., sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, etc.,
and also cellulose, cellobiose, amylose (starch).
OSHA. Abbreviation for Occupational Safety
and Health Administration.
osmic acid. (osmium tetroxide; perosmic acid
anhydride; perosmic oxide).
CAS: 20816-12-0. OsO
4
.
In organic compounds, these prefixes usually appear
Properties: A colorless dimorphic compound with
in italics (often abbreviated o-, m-, and p-) and are
both crystalline and amorphous forms; pungent, dis-
ignored in alphabetizing.
agreeable odor. D 4.90, mp 40C, bp 130C. Soluble in
In inorganic chemistry, the prefix ortho designates
water, alcohol, and ether.
the most highly hydrated acid, or its salt, to contrast
Derivation: By heating powdered osmium in air, or
with the meta, or less hydrated acid or salt. For
by treating it with nitric acid, aqua regia, or chlorine.
example, H
3
PO
4
is orthophosphoric acid and HPO
3
is
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; strong irritant to eyes
metaphosphoric acid. These are considered in al-
and mucous membranes. TLV: 0.0002 ppm; STEL
phabetizing.
0.0006 ppm (Os).
Use: Microscopic staining, photography, oxidation
orthoarsenic acid. See arsenic acid.
catalyst in organic synthesis.
orthoboric acid. See boric acid.
osmiridium. See iridosmine.
“Orthochrom” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for
osmium.
pigmented plasticized nitrocellulose lacquers and
CAS: 7440-04-2. Os. Metallic element having
thinners. They produce durable, washable, flexible,
atomic number 76, in group VIII of the periodic
colored lacquer finishes of good lightfastness.
table, aw 190.2, valences of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8; seven stable
Use: Finishing of belt, garment, upholstery, and other
isotopes.
leathers.
Properties: Hard white metal of the platinum group.
D 22.5, mp 3000C, bp 5500C, it has the highest
“Orthoclear” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for per-
specific gravity and melting point of the platinum
manently plasticized nitrocellulose binders and lac-
metals, metallurgically unworkable. On heating in
quers in various solvents. They produce clear, dura-
air gives off poisonous fumes of osmium tetroxide.
ble, flexible finishes.
Insoluble in acids and aqua regia; attacked by fused
Use: Top-coat finishes for glazing or high-gloss
alkalies.
leather coatings.
Occurrence: Tasmania, South Africa, the former
U.S.S.R., Canada.
orthoform. See methyl-m-amino-p-hydroxy-
Derivation: Occurs with platinum, from which it is
benzoate.
recovered during the purification process. Also oc-
curs with iridium as a natural alloy, iridosmine.
“Ortholite” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for clear
Hazard: Highly toxic; irritant to skin.
and pigmented vinyl lacquers, binders, and solvents.
Use: Hardener for iridium and platinum, pen points,
They produce finishes of outstanding abrasion resis-
instrument pivots, catalyst.
tance and low-temperature flexibility.
Use: Finishes on upholstery, automotive, luggage,
osmium ammonium chloride. See ammo-
and case leathers.
nium hexachloroosmate.
orthosilicic acid. See silicic acid (ortho).
osmium chloride. (osmium dichloride; os-
mous chloride). OsCl
2
.
oryzalin.
Properties: Dark-green needles. Hygroscopic. Keep
CAS: 19044-88-3. mf: C
12
H
18
N
4
O
6
S.
away from air. Soluble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.
water.
Use: Food additive; herbicide; agricultural chemical.
Os. Symbol for osmium. osmium dichloride. See osmium chloride.
932OSMIUM SODIUM CHLORIDE
osmium sodium chloride. See sodium hex- Ostwald ripening. Refers to the process of
achloroosmate.
solution of smaller crystals and growth of larger
crystals.
osmium tetroxide. See osmic acid.
Ostwald, Wilhelm. (1853–1932). A German
chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in
osmocaine.
1909. He was considered to be a founder of modern
CAS: 532-77-4. mf: C
16
H
23
NO
2
.
physical chemistry. His work involved research in
Hazard: Human systemic effects.
catalysis, the rates of chemical reactions, equilibri-
um, and conductivity of organic acids. He was an
osmocene. (dicyclopentadienylosmium).
admirer of Mach and did not readily accept the
(C
5
H
5
)
2
Os.
atomic theory. He was educated at the University of
Properties: Stable, white solid. Mp 229–230C.
Dorpat.
Use: Intermediate, high-temperature applications,
derivatives used as UV-radiation absorber.
osutidine.
See metallocene.
CAS: 140695-21-2. mf: C
19
H
28
N
4
O
5
S
2
.
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.
osmometry. The measurement of osmotic pres-
sure.
OTEC. See Ocean Thermal Energy Conver-
sion.
osmosis. Passage of a pure liquid (usually water)
into a solution (e.g., of sugar and water) through a
otto. See attar.
membrane that is permeable to the pure water but
not to the sugar in the solution. This passage can also
Otto Fuel II.
occur when the two phases consist of solutions of
CAS: 106602-80-6. A torpedo fuel that is easy to
different concentration. The membrane is called
handle, has a non-explosive classification and a low
semipermeable when the molecules of the solvent,
fire hazard. Developed by Otto Reitlinger at the
but not those of the solute, can penetrate it. This
Indian Head Division Naval Surface Warfare Center
pushing of water through a membrane into a solution
during the 1960s.
results from the greater tendency of water molecules
to escape from water than from a solution. The term
ouricury wax. A vegetable wax exuded by the
osmosis is usually restricted to movement through a
leaves of Cocos coronapa (South America).
solid or liquid barrier that prevents the phases from
Properties: Brown. Acid value 10, saponification
mixing rapidly. In test apparatuses parchment or
value 80, d 0.970 (15C), mp 83C, foreign matter
collodion membranes are used; in plants and ani-
(dirt, etc.) sometimes 18%. Combustible.
mals the cell wall acts as a diffusion barrier. The
Grade: Crude, refined.
pressure exerted by osmosis is substantial and ac-
Use: Substitute for carnauba wax.
counts for the elevation of sap from root systems to
the tops of trees. Osmosis is considered an essential
-ous. A suffix, used in naming inorganic com-
characteristic of growth.
pounds, that indicates that the central element is
Reverse osmosis is used as a method of desalting
present in its lower oxidation state. For example, in
seawater, recovering wastewater from paper mill
ferrous chloride (FeCl
2
), the iron atom is in its lower
operations, pollution control, industrial water treat-
oxidation state of +2, equivalent to its valence; in an
ment, chemical separations, and food processing.
ionized state it would have two positive charges
This method involves application of pressure to the
(Fe
2+
). (A recommended change in this system of
surface of a saline solution, thus forcing pure water
nomenclature is to use the common name of the
to pass from the solution through a membrane that is
element [iron] together with a Roman numeral
too dense to permit passage of sodium and chlorine
showing the oxidation number; thus, ferrous chlo-
ions. Hollow fibers of cellulose acetate or nylon are
ride would be iron(II) chloride.)
used as membranes, since their large surface area
offers more efficient separation. See dialysis;
outgassing. The removal of gas from a metal by
membrane; diffusion; desalination.
heating at a temperature somewhat below melting,
while maintaining a vacuum in the space around the
osmous chloride. See osmium chloride.
metal. Usually done before melting but sometimes
afterward.
Use: Manufacture of tubes and other vacuum de-
Ostromyslenskii (Ostromisslenskii)
vices.
reaction. Dehydrogenation of ethanol over
copper-containing catalysts and conversion of the
acetaldehyde ethanol mixture to butadiene by pas-
outgroup. In a cladistic analysis, any taxon used
sage at high temperature over silica gel containing a to help resolve the polarity of characters, and which
small amount of tantalum oxide. is hypothesized to be less closely related to each of
933 OXAZOLE
the taxa under consideration than any are to each Derivation: Occurs naturally in many plants (wood
other. sorrel, rhubarb, spinach) and can be made by alkali
extraction of sawdust. Now manufactured by reac-
ovalbumin. See albumin, egg. tion of carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide or of
sodium formate with sodium hydroxide, followed
oven. A heated chamber of varying sizes used for by distillation of the resulting dihydrate crystals.
removing moisture from industrial products before Grade: Technical (crystals and powder), CP.
or during processing, for example, finely divided Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong
solids, food products, tobacco, textiles, wood, etc. irritant. TLV: 1 mg/m
3
; STEL 2 mg/m
3
.
Use: Automobile radiator cleanser, general metal and
Laboratory sizes are used for testing the effect of
equipment cleaning, purifying agent and intermedi-
heat exposure on such materials as rubber, plastics,
ate for many compounds, leather tanning, catalyst,
fibers, paints, etc., as well as for sterilization, drying
laboratory reagent, stripping agent for permanent
electronic components, and curing encapsulation
press resins, bleaching of textiles, rare-earth pro-
compounds.
cessing, printing and dyeing auxiliary.
overlapping clones. See genomic library.
oxalomolybdic acid. [MoO
3
(C
3
O
4
)]H
2
. A wa-
ovex. (generic name for p-chlorophenyl-p-
ter-soluble, crystalline compound used in invisible
chlorobenzenesulfonate).
inks.
CAS: 80-33-1. ClC
6
H
4
OSO
2
C
6
H
4
Cl.
Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 86.5C. In-
oxalonitrile. See cyanogen.
soluble in water; soluble in acetone and aromatic
solvents.
oxalyl chloride. (ethanedioyl chloride).
Use: Insecticide and acaricide.
CAS: 79-37-8. (COCl)
2
.
Properties: Colorless liquid; if cooled to 12C, soli-
ovicide. A type of pesticide that kills the eggs of
difies to a white, crystalline mass; gives off carbon
insects.
monoxide on heating. Bp 64C, fp 12C, d 1.43.
Decomposed by water and alkaline solutions. Solu-
“Ovral” [Wyeth-Ayerst]. TM for an oral con-
ble in ether, benzene, chloroform.
traceptive containing norgestrel, a synthetic proges-
Derivation: Interaction of oxalic acid and phospho-
togen. Contains 0.05 mg norgestrel and 0.05 mg
rus pentachloride.
ethinyl estradiol.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
Use: Military poison gas, chlorinating agent in organ-
oxa-. Prefix indicating the presence of oxygen in a
ic synthesis.
heterocyclic ring.
6-oxa-5,7-disilaundecane-1,11-diamine,
oxamic acid. (aminooxoacetic acid). H
2
NCO-
5,5,7,7-tetramethyl-.
CO
2
H.
CAS: 3663-42-1. mf: C
12
H
32
NOSi
2
.
Properties: Crystalline powder. Mw 89.05, mp
Hazard: A severe eye irritant.
210C. Sparingly soluble in water.
Use: In medical diagnostic manufacture.
“OXAF” [Uniroyal]. TM for the zinc salt of 2-
mercaptobenzothiazole (Zn(SCNSC
6
H
4
)
2
).
oxamide.
Properties: White to pale-yellow powder. D 1.63,
CAS: 471-46-5. NH
2
COCONH
2
.
melting range decomposes without melting when
Properties: White, odorless powder. Mp 419C (de-
heated to 200C or over, excellent storage stability.
composes). Probably the highest melting organic
Slightly soluble in ethylene dichloride and acetone;
compound; slightly soluble in water; very slightly
insoluble in water, benzol, and gasoline. Available
soluble in alcohol and ether; not hygroscopic; de-
in pelletized form.
composes to ammonia and carbonic acid.
Use: Rubber accelerator, especially latex foam
Use: Stabilizer for nitrocellulose preparations, possi-
sponge, wire insulation, air-cured footwear, drug-
ble substitute for urea as fertilizer.
gist sundries, and specialties.
oxammonium. See hydroxylamine.
oxalatoplatinum.
CAS: 61825-94-3. mf: C
8
H
14
N
2
O
4
Pt.
Properties: IDLH 4 mg/m
3
(as Pt).
“Oxanal” [Novartis]. TM for dyes for coloring
Hazard: A poison.
anodized aluminum.
oxalic acid.
1,2-oxathrolane. See propane sultone.
CAS: 144-62-7. HOOCCOOH2H
2
O.
Properties: Transparent, colorless crystals. Mp
187C for anhydrous form, 101.5C for dihydrate.
oxazole.
934OXAZOLINE WAX
pound by a catalytic reaction with air or oxygen, as
O
CH:NCH:
CH. A five-membered heterocyclic com-
in oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. See dehy-
pound valuable for its derivatives. The dihydro forms,
drogenation.
2- and 4-oxazoline, are the parents of increasingly
useful commercial compounds, e.g., surface-active
oxidation number. The number of electrons
agents, detergents, etc.; 2-oxazoline is
that must be added to or subtracted from an atom in a
combined state to convert it to the elemental form;
i.e., in barium chloride (BaCl
2
), the oxidation num-
O
CH
2
NHCH:
CH.
ber of barium is +2 and of chlorine is 1. Many
elements can exist in more than one oxidation state.
oxazoline wax. A series of synthetic waxes hav-
See valence.
ing the oxazoline structure. They can be made to
fairly exact specifications and are miscible with
oxidation-reduction indicator. A substance
most natural and synthetic waxes (and can be ap-
that has a color in the oxidized form different from
plied to the same uses).
that of the reduced form and can be reversibly oxi-
See oxazole.
dized and reduced. Thus, if diphenylamine is present
in a ferrous sulfate solution to which potassium
1h,3h,5h-oxazolo(3,4-c)oxazole-7a(7h)-
dichromate is being added, a violet color appears
methanol.
with the first drop of excess dichromate.
CAS: 6542-37-6. mf: C
6
H
11
NO
3
.
See indicator.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
oxidative coupling. A polymerization tech-
oxetane. (trimethylene oxide).
nique for certain types of linear high polymers. Oxi-
CAS: 503-30-0.
dation of 2,6-dimethylphenol with an amine com-
plex of a copper salt as catalyst forms a polyether,
C
H
2
OCH
2
CH
2
. An oxetane group (==COCH
2
C==) is
with splitting off of water. The product is soluble in
one kind of epoxy group.
aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons; insoluble in
See “Penton” [Aqualon].
alcohols, ketones, and aliphatics. It is thermoplastic
and unaffected by acids, bases, and detergents. It has
oxethazaine hydrochloride. See emoren.
a very broad useful temperature range (from 170 to
+190C). It is also dimensionally stable and has good
oxidase. An enzyme whose activity results in the electrical resistance. Oxidative coupling of diacetyl-
transfer of electrons on the substrate; an oxidizing enes and dithiols also yields promising polymers.
enzyme.
oxidative phosphorylation. The enzymatic
phosphorylation of ADP coupled to electron trans-
oxidation. The term oxidation originally meant a
fer from a substrate to molecular oxygen.
reaction in which oxygen combines chemically with
another substance, but its usage has long been broa-
oxide. A mineral in which metallic atoms are
dened to include any reaction in which electrons are
bonded to oxygen atoms.
transferred. Oxidation and reduction always occur
simultaneously (redox reactions), and the substance
3-oxidido 17--ethynyl 17--hydroxy estra-
that gains electrons is termed the oxidizing agent.
4,9,11-triene.
For example, cupric ion is the oxidizing agent in the
CAS: 19636-23-8. mf: C
20
H
23
NO
2
.
folowing reaction: Fe (metal) + Cu
2+
Fe
2+
+Cu
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
(metal). Here, two electrons (negative charges) are
Use: Hormone.
transferred from the iron atom to the copper atom;
thus, the iron becomes positively charged (is oxi-
oxidimethiin.
dized) by loss of two electrons, while the copper
CAS: 55290-64-7. mf: C
6
H
10
O
4
S
2
.
receives the two electrons and becomes neutral (is
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity
reduced). Electrons may also be displaced within the
by inhalation and skin contact.
molecule without being completely transferred from
Use: Agricultural chemical.
it. Such partial loss of electrons likewise constitutes
oxidation in its broader sense and leads to the appli-
cation of the term to a large number of processes that
oxidizing material. Any compound that spon-
at first sight might not be considered oxidations. taneously evolves oxygen either at room tempera-
Reaction of a hydrocarbon with a halogen, e.g., CH
4
ture or under slight heating. The term includes such
+ 2Cl CH
3
Cl + HCl, involves partial oxidation of chemicals as peroxides, chlorates, perchlorates, ni-
the methane; halogen addition to a double bond is trates, and permanganates. These can react vigor-
regarded as an oxidation. ously at ambient temperatures when stored near or in
Dehydrogenation is also a form of oxidation, when contact with reducing materials such as cellulosic
two hydrogen atoms, each having one electron, are and other organic compounds. Storage areas should
removed from a hydrogen-containing organic com- be well ventilated and kept as cool as possible.
935 OXYBENZONE
oxine. See 8-hydroxyquinoline. corresponding alcohol. Propylene produces normal
and isobutyraldehyde; higher olefins produce a mix-
ture of aldehydes containing one more carbon atom
oxirane.
than the olefins; n-butyl, isobutyl, amyl, isooctyl,
CAS: 75-21-8. H
2
CO
C
2
. A synonym for ethylene
decyl, and tridecyl alcohols are produced in large
oxide. An oxirane group is one having the structure
quantities.
2-((1-oxo-2-propenyl)oxy)-n,n,n-
trimethylethanaminium chloride.
CAS: 44992-01-0. mf: C
8
H
16
NO
2
Cl.
and is one kind of epoxy group. See ethylene
Hazard: A severe eye irritant.
oxide.
2-oxo-2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)ethyl-n-(((methyl-
Oxirane process. A method of making ethyl-
amino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioate.
ene glycol by catalytic oxidation of ethylene to the
CAS: 92065-85-5. mf: C
10
H
17
N
3
O
3
S.
diacetate, which is then hydrolyzed to ethylene
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
glycol.
Use: Agricultural chemical.
oxirene. (oxacyclopropene). An organic inter-
oxosilane. See siloxane.
mediate containing four !GKp electrons, reported to
result from oxidation of acetylene.
“Oxsol 100” [Occidental]. TM for a fluori-
nated toluene that is exempt from regulations as a
oxochlorpromazine.
VOC. Not an air toxic, ozone depleter, or suspected
CAS: 4337-86-4. mf: C
17
H
19
ClN
2
O
2
S.
carcinogen.
Hazard: A poison.
Use: To clean metal, plates, electronics and glass.
Dissolves resins in paint, coatings, inks, adhesives
8-oxocoptisine.
and other resin applications.
CAS: 19716-61-1. mf: C
19
H
13
NO
5
.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
oxotremorine fumarate (2:3). See oxotre-
morine sesquifumarate.
2-oxohexamethylenimine. See caprolactam.
oxotremorine sesquifumarate.
“Oxone” [Du Pont]. TM for an acidic, white,
CAS: 17360-35-9. mf: C
12
H
18
N
2
O3/
2
C
4
H
4
O
4
.
granular, free-flowing solid containing the active
Hazard: A poison.
ingredient potassium peroxymonosulfate; readily
soluble in water; 1% solution has pH of 2–3; mini-
5-oxo-2,4,8-trimethyl-6-oxa-3,9-dithia-2,4,7-
mum active oxygen content 4.5%; strong oxidizing
triazadec-7-enoic acid, 2-(2-(2-
agent.
methoxyethoxy) ethoxy)ethyl ester.
Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.
CAS: 64029-10-3. mf: C
14
H
27
N
3
O
7
S
2
.
Use: Manufacture of dry laundry bleaches, detergent-
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
bleach washing compound, scouring powders, plas-
Use: Agricultural chemical.
tic dishware cleaners, and metal cleaners; hair-wave
neutralizers, pharmaceuticals; general oxidizing re-
5-oxo-2,4,8-trimethyl-6-oxa-3,9-dithia-2,4,7-
actions.
triazadec-7-enoic acid, (1-
methylethylidene)di-4,1-phenylene ester.
oxonium ion. See hydronium ion.
CAS: 79006-76-1. mf: C
29
H
38
N
6
O
8
S
4
.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
2-oxopentanedioic acid. See -ketoglutaric
Use: Agricultural chemical.
acid.
1-oxo-2-(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)-1h-inden-3-
4-oxopentanoic acid. See levulinic acid.
yl dodecanoate.
CAS: 53083-27-5. mf: C
30
H
38
O
3
.
2-oxo-2-(phenylamino)ethyl selenocyanate. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.
CAS: 63981-21-5. mf: C
9
H
8
N
2
OSe.
Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m
3
(4-oxovaleryloxy)triphenylstannane. See
triphenyltin levulinate.
Oxo process. Production of alcohols, alde-
oxybenzoic acid. See hydroxybenzoic acid.
hydes, and other oxygenated organic compounds by
passage of olefin hydrocarbon vapors over cobalt
catalysts in the presence of carbon monoxide and
oxybenzone. (4-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzophe-
hydrogen. Aldehydes are formed as products, but in none).
most cases these are hydrogenated at once to the CAS: 131-57-7. C
14
H
12
O
3
.
936
p
,
p
-OXYBIS
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 65C. Soluble in Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.
common organic solvents. Use: Solvent in fractional extraction.
Use: Sunscreen lotions.
oxyfluorfen.
p,p
-oxybis(benzenesulfonylhydrazide).
CAS: 42874-03-3. mf: C
15
H
11
CIF
3
NO
4
.
[(4,4
-oxybis(benzenesulfonyl)hydrazide)].
Properties: Orange crystal solid. Sol in water and
H
2
NNHSO
2
C
6
H
4
OC
6
H
4
SO
2
NHNH
2
.
most solids.
Properties: Fine, white, crystalline powder;
Use: Food additive; herbicide.
odorless. D 1.52, mp decomposes at 150–160C.
Soluble in acetone; moderately soluble in ethanol
oxygen.
and polyethylene glycols; insoluble in gasoline and
CAS: 7782-44-7. O. Nonmetallic gaseous element
water. Combustible.
of atomic number 8; group VIA of the periodic table,
Use: Blowing agent for sponge rubber and expanded
aw 15.9994, valence of 2, isotopes 16, 17, 18; mo-
plastics.
lecular oxygen is O
2
and ozone O
3
. Atmospheric
oxygen is the result of photosynthesis. Oxygen was
oxybis(dibutyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)tin).
discovered by Priestley in England in 1774.
CAS: 74007-80-0. mf: C
28
H
40
Cl
6
O
3
Sn
2
.
Properties: Colorless, diatomic gas; odorless; tas-
Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2
teless. Liquefiable at 183C to slightly bluish liquid,
mg/m
3
(skin)
solidifiable at 218C. It constitutes 20% by volume
of air at sea level, d (gas) 1.429 g/L (0C, 1 atm) (air
=
oxybis(2,1-ethanediyloxy-2,1-ethanediyl) 3-
1.29), d (gas): 1.10535 (air
=
1.00), (liquid) d 1.14
(dodecylthio)propanoate.
(183C). Soluble in water and alcohol. Oxygen is
CAS: 64253-30-1. mf: C
38
H
74
O
7
S
2
.
noncombustible, but actively supports combustion.
Hazard: A reproductive hazard.
Derivation: Before 1971 the only commercial meth-
od for large-scale oxygen production was fraction-
1,1
-(oxybis(methylenesulfonyl))bis(2-
ation of liquefied air; this has largely been replaced
chloroethane).
by a process that utilizes ambient temperature sepa-
CAS: 53061-10-2. mf: C
6
H
12
Cl
2
O
5
S
2
.
ration by means of a pressure cycle in which molec-
Hazard: A poison by ingestion.
ular sieves of synthetic zeolite preferentially adsorb
nitrogen from air, giving 95% oxygen and 5% argon.
1,1
-oxybis(2,4,5-trichlorobenzene). See Electrolysis of water is used for small amounts and
2,2
,4,4
,5,5
-hexachlorodiphenyl ether. laboratory demonstration.
Grade: Low purity, high purity, USP.
Hazard: (Gaseous) Moderate fire risk as oxidizing
“Oxy-Complete” [Premier]. TM for a high
agent; therapeutic overdoses can cause convulsions.
potency anti-oxidant composed of amino acids, en-
(Liquid) May explode on contact with heat or
zymes, and nutrients.
oxidizable materials. Irritant to skin and tissue.
Use: Food supplement.
Use: Blast furnaces; copper smelting; steel produc-
tion (basic oxygen converter process); manufacture
oxydemetonmethyl. (generic for S-[2-(ethyl-
of synthesis gas for production of ammonia, methyl
sulfinyl)ethyl]-O,O-dimethylphosphorothioate).
alcohol, acetylene, etc.; oxidizer for liquid rocket
See O,O-dimethyl-S-2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl phospho-
propellants; resuscitation, heart stimulant; decom-
rothioate.
pression chambers; spacecraft; chemical intermedi-
ate; to replace air in oxidation of municipal and
n-oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide.
industrial organic wastes; to counteract effect of
See 2-(morpholinothio)benzothiazole.
eutrophication in lakes and reservoirs; coal gasifica-
tion.
1,1
-(oxydiethylene)bis(4-formylpyridinium
See ozone.
bromide), dioxime.
CAS: 3852-72-0. mf: C
16
H
20
N
4
O
3
2Br.
oxygen 18. (heavy oxygen). Oxygen isotope of
Hazard: A poison.
aw 18. Occurs in proportion of 8 parts to 10,000 of
ordinary oxygen in water, air, rocks, etc. The pro-
,
-oxydipropionitrile. (ODPN).
portion may be increased by passing carbon dioxide
CAS: 1656-48-0. C
6
H
8
N
2
O.
gas repeatedly through a packed column down
Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 26.3C, bp 120C (1
which water is passed. The carbon dioxide leaving
mm Hg), bp 155C (5 mm Hg), d 1.0405 (30C),
the top of the tower is enriched in heavy oxygen, and
viscosity 8.00 cP (30C), refr index 1.4392 (25C),
the water leaving the bottom is depleted.
flash p 180F (82.2C) (TOC); soluble in water. It is
Use: Tracer experimentation.
thermally unstable, yielding acrylonitrile and water
See heavy water.
at above 175C. Hydrolyzed by strong acids and
bases, quite immiscible with paraffin hydrocarbons,
but dissolves aromatics. Combustible.
oxygenases. Enzymes that catalyze reactions in
Derivation: From acrylonitrile. which oxygen is introduced into an acceptor mole-
937 OXYTETRACYCLINE
cule.
oxyl process. A method for directly producing
See mixed-function oxidases. higher alcohols by catalytically reducing carbon
monoxide with hydrogen.
“Oxygenated Hydrocarbons.” TM for a se-
oxyluminescence. See chemiluminescence.
ries of petroleum-derived oxidates composed pri-
marily of organic acids and esters. Designated by
oxymethurea. (1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)urea).
TC or TX followed by a four-digit number, e.g., TC-
CAS: 140-95-4. (HOCH
2
NH)
2
CO.
5416, TC-6664.
Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 137C. Soluble in
Use: Corrosion inhibitors, surface-active compo-
water, ethanol and methanol.
nents in wax emulsions, emulsifiable lubricants,
Use: Textile auxiliary (crease- and shrinkproofing
plasticizer, intermediate, leather and cordage oils,
agent for cotton), photographic developers, anti-
lubricity agents and solubilizers.
septic.
oxygen balance. Oxygen content relative to the
oxymethylene. See formaldehyde.
total oxygen required for oxidation of all carbon,
hydrogen, and other easily oxidizable elements to
-oxynaphthoic acid. See 3-hydroxy-2-na-
carbon dioxide, water, etc.
phthoic acid.
oxygen cell. An electrolytic cell whose emf is
oxyneurine. See betaine.
due to a difference in oxygen concentration at one
electrode compared with that at another electrode of
n-oxynicotine. See nicotine-n
-oxide.
the same material.
oxypendyl hydrochloride.
oxygen consumed. (OC; COD; DOC). A
CAS: 17297-82-4. mf: C
20
H
26
N
4
OS2ClH.
measure of the quantity of oxidizable components
Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.
present in water. Since the carbon and hydrogen, but
not the nitrogen, in organic matter are oxidized by
oxyphosphorane. One of a class of compounds
chemical oxidants, the oxygen consumed is a mea-
derived from trialkyl phosphites and o-quinones.
sure only of the chemically oxidizable components
Their molecules have a five-atom ring
and is dependent on the oxidant, structure of the
organic compound, and manipulative procedure.
Since this value does not differentiate stable from
O
CCO
P(OR)
3
in which the two carbon atoms are part
unstable organic matter, it does not necessarily cor-
relate with the biochemical oxygen demand value. It
of an aromatic ring. They react by liberating a phos-
is also known as chemical oxygen demand (COD)
and dichromate oxygen consumed (DOC).
phate ester.
See biochemical oxygen demand; dissolved oxygen.
oxypolygelatin. (OPG). A purified gelatin
oxygen debt. The extra oxygen (above the nor-
treated with glyoxal, followed by oxidation with
mal resting level) consumed in the recovery period
hydrogen peroxide. A possible plasma substitute.
after strenuous physical exertion due to the re-oxida-
tion of lactate.
oxyquinoline. See 8-hydroxyquinoline.
oxygen fluoride. (oxygen difluoride; fluorine
oxysonium iodide. See hydroxythiospasmin.
monoxide).
CAS: 7783-41-7. OF
2
.
oxystearin.
Properties: An unstable, colorless gas. Fp 224C, bp
CAS: 8028-45-3.
145C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol. Sug-
Properties: Mixture of the glycerides of partially
gested as oxidizer for rocket propellants.
oxidized stearic and other fatty acids. Tan to light
Hazard: Explodes on contact with water, air, and
brown waxy solid; bland taste. Refr index: 1.465.
reducing agents. Corrosive to tissue. TLV: ceiling
Sol in ether, solvent hexane, chloroform.
0.05 ppm.
Hazard: Low toxicity.
Use: Food additive.
oxygen sink. A reservoir consisting of a chemi-
cal element or compound that combines readily with
oxytetracycline.
oxygen and thus removes it from the atmosphere.
CAS: 79-57-2. C
22
H
24
N
2
O
9
2H
2
O. An antibiotic ob-
During the early part of Precambrian time, sulfur,
tained by fermentation from Streptomyces rimosus,
iron, and other elements and compounds served as
an actinomycete. Its chemical structure is that of a
important oxygen sinks, preventing oxygen from
modified naphthacene molecule having six asym-
accumulating in the atmosphere.
metrical centers. It has been synthesized.
Properties: Dull-yellow crystalline powder;
oxyhemoglobin. See hemoglobin. odorless; slightly bitter. Mp 179–182C (decom-
938OXYTHIOQUINOX
poses). Soluble in acids and alkalies; very slightly trotypers’ wax, carbon paper, source of ceresin,
soluble in acetone, alcohol, chloroform, and water; floor polishes, impregnating furniture and parquet
practically insoluble in ether; stable in air; affected floor lumber, lubricating compositions, grease cray-
by sunlight; deteriorates in solutions with pH less ons, sizing and glossing paper, waxed paper, cos-
than 2; destroyed rapidly by alkali hydroxide solu- metics, ointments, matrices for galvanoplastic work,
tions; pH (saturated solution) 6.115. textile sizings, waxed cloth, substitute for carnauba
Grade: NF. and beeswax.
Use: Medicine (antibiotic). Inhibitor of lethal yellow-
ing in coconut palm trees; feed additive; the hydro-
ozone.
chloride is TM “Terramycin” [Pfizer].
CAS: 10028-15-6. O
3
. An allotropic form of oxygen.
Properties: Unstable blue gas; pungent odor. Lique-
oxythioquinox. (6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedi-
fiable at 12C, more active oxidizing agent than
thiol cyclic carbonate).
oxygen. Contributes to formation of photochemical
CAS: 2439-01-2.
smog; deterioration of rubber is accelerated by
Properties: Mp 172C. Insoluble in water.
traces of ozone. Bp 112C, fp 192C, d (liquid) 1.6,
Use: Acaricide for tree fruits.
more soluble in water than oxygen. Inhibits penetra-
tion of UV rays through the earth’s atmosphere.
oxytocin. (-hypophamine).
Occurrence: Formed locally in air from lightning, in
CAS: 50-56-6. C
43
H
66
N
12
O
12
S
2
. A hormone secreted
stratosphere by UV radiation. Also occurs in auto-
by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Its chief
mobile engines and by electrolysis of alkaline per-
action is stimulation of the contraction of the smooth
chlorate solutions. Commercial mixtures containing
muscle of the uterus. It contains eight different ami-
up to 2% ozone are produced by electronic irradia-
no acids. In 1955 du Vigneaud elucidated its amino
tion of air. It is usually manufactured on the spot
acid sequence, the first such determination ever
because it is too expensive to ship. Tonnage quanti-
made; it may be represented:
ties are used.
Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact
with organic materials. Toxic by inhalation, strong
irritant. TLV: ceiling of 0.1 ppm; STEL 0.3 ppm.
EPA standard for ambient air is 0.12 ppm.
Use: Purification of drinking water; industrial waste
treatment; deodorization of air and sewage gases;
bleaching waxes, oils, wet paper, and textiles; pro-
It is available as a solution for injection (oxytocin
duction of peroxides, bactericide. Oxidizing agent
injection, USP).
in several chemical processes (acids, aldehydes, ke-
tones from unsaturated fatty acids), steroid hor-
oyster shells. Shells of Ostrea virginica, taken
mones, removal of chlorine from nitric acid, oxida-
from the Gulf of Mexico coast in Texas and Louisi-
tion of phenols and cyanides.
ana and from Chesapeake Bay. Average analysis:
Note: Depletion of the ozone layer in the strato-
CaCO
3
93–97%, MgCO
3
1%, silica 0.5–2.0%, SO
4
sphere, which acts as a shield against penetration of
(as CaSO
4
) 0.3–0.4%, also miscellaneous sub-
UV light in the sun’s rays, is believed to be caused
stances.
by light-induced chlorofluorocarbon decomposition
Use: Source of lime, drilling muds, road beds, poultry
resulting from increased use of halocarbon aerosol
and cattle feeds.
propellants. Their manufacture and use were prohi-
bited in 1979, except for a few specialized items.
ozalid. Copying process that gives positive prints
(dark on white).
ozonide. A product of ozonolysis.
ozocerite. (mineral wax; fossil wax; ozok-
erite).
ozonolysis. (1) Oxidation of an organic material,
Properties: Waxlike, hydrocarbon mixture; yellow- i.e., tall oil, oleic acid, safflower oil, cyclic olefins,
brown to black or green, translucent when pure and carbon treatment, peracetic acid production by
having a greasy feel. D 0.85–0.95, mp 55–110C means of ozone. (2) The use of ozone as a tool in
(usually 70C). Soluble in light petroleum hydrocar- analytical chemistry to locate double bonds in or-
bons, benzene, turpentine, kerosene, ether, carbon ganic compounds and a similar use in synthetic
disulfide; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in organic chemistry for preparing new compounds.
water. Combustible. Under proper conditions, ozone attaches itself at the
Occurrence: Utah, Australia, near the Caspian Sea. double bond of an unsaturated compound to form an
Method of purification: Filtration. ozonide. Since many ozonides are explosive, it is
Grade: Technical. customary to decompose them in solution and deal
Use: Electric insulation, rubber products, paints, with the final product.
leather polish, lithographic and printing inks, elec- See ozone.