N. (1) Symbol for nitrogen. The names of certain thin platelet of high index of refraction. The crystals

compounds (such as N,N-dibutyl urea) contain this are readily oriented into parallel layers because of

symbol as an indication that the group or groups their shape. Being transparent, each crystal reflects

appearing next in the name (i.e., the butyl groups in only part of the incident light reaching it and tran-

the example cited) are joined to the nitrogen atoms

smits the remainder to the crystal below. The na-

in the molecule. The molecular formula is N

. (2)

creous effect is obtained from the simultaneous re-

Mathematical symbol for Avogadro’s number. (3)

flection of light from the many parallel microscopic

Abbreviation for normal solution.

layers.

See normal (2).

NAD. See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

n. Symbol for refractive index: n20/D is refractive

phosphate.

index under standard conditions of temperature and

wavelength (sodium D line).

NADP. See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate.

n-. Abbreviation for normal.

See normal (1).

nafidimide.

CAS: 69408-81-7. mf: C

Na. Symbol for sodium.

Hazard: A poison.

“NA-22” [Du Pont].

“Naflon” [Du Pont]. TM for a perfluorosul-

fonic acid membrane.

Use: Manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda. It is a

TM for 2-mercaptoimidazoline (C

❘

NC(SH)

❘

NH).

chemically stable ion-exchange resin.

Properties: A white powder. D 1.42, mp above

195C.

naja mossambica mossambica ␣-

Use: To accelerate vulcanization of neoprene.

neurotoxin i.

CAS: 115722-23-1. mf: C

nabam. (disodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate).

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 142-59-6. NaSSCNHCH

NHCSSNa.

Source: Natural product.

Properties: Colorless crystals when pure. Easily sol-

uble in water.

NaK. (sodium-potassium alloy).

Derivation: (a) Addition of carbon disulfide to an

Properties: Soft, silvery solid or liquid. (1) 78%

alcoholic solution of ethylenediamine followed by

potassium, 22% sodium: mp −11C, bp 784C, d

neutralization with sodium hydroxide, or (b) by re-

0.847 (100C); (2) 56% potassium, 44% sodium: mp

action of ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide in

19C, bp 825C, d 0.886 (100C). Must be kept away

aqueous sodium hydroxide.

from air and moisture. The liquid forms come under

Grade: 19% aqueous solution.

the class name potassium (or sodium) metallic liquid

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes,

alloy.

narcotic in high concentrations, use may be re-

Hazard: Ignites in air; explodes in the presence of

stricted.

moisture, oxygen, halogens, acids. Store under ker-

Use: Plant fungicide, starting material for derivatives

osene. Use dry salt or soda ash to extinguish, not

that are also pesticides.

water or foam.

Use: Heat-exchange fluid, electric conductor, organ-

NAC. Abbreviation for National Agricultural

ic synthesis and catalysis.

Chemicals Association.

“Nalan” [Du Pont]. TM for durable water

nacre. (mother of pearl). A form of calcium

repellents used in the textile industry.

carbonate secreted by the epithelial cells in the man-

tle of the oyster. The crystals are bonded by conchio-

“Nalclean” [Nalco]. TM for cleaning composi-

lin (C

); the layers built up by excretion

tion.

form pearls.

Use: Removing water and process-formed deposits

from industrial equipment.

nacreous pigment. A pigment, containing gua-

nine crystals obtained from fish scales or skin, that

produces a pearly luster. May be applied as surface

“Nalclear” [Nalco]. TM for flocculating

coatings, as in simulated pearls, or incorporated into chemicals.

plastics. The pigment particle is generally a very Use: Treating wastewater.

869

870“NALCO”

“Nalco” [Nalco]. TM for a broad class of chem- mechanism of narcotic action; also as an antidote for

icals, organic or otherwise, employed in the treat- acute morphine poisoning.

ment of water and hydrocarbons; paper-making See narcotic.

chemicals; cleaning compounds; combustion aids;

weed and brush controls; lubricating and antilubri-

“Nalprep” [Nalco]. TM for corrosion inhib-

cating compositions; apparatuses; pumps, and

itor.

mechanisms for proportioning chemicals.

Use: To protect cooling-water systems.

“Nalcoag” [Nalco]. TM for a colloidal silica

NaMBT. See sodium MBT.

available in particle sizes from 4 to 100 m␮.

Use: Reinforcing agent, antiblock agent, and dispers-

nameplate. The officially rated capacity of a

ing agent.

chemical plant, as opposed to effective or actual

maximum; the latter is usually 85–95% of name-

“Nalcolyte” 671 [Nalco]. TM for a synthetic

plate.

high polymer used for clarifying industrial plant

water and municipal water supplies. A coagulant

name reaction. A chemical reaction, usually

behaving as a polyelectrolyte. Effective at concen-

organic, that is commonly identified by the name of

trations of less than 1 ppm; also used in still lower

its discoverer(s), for example, Friedel-Crafts, Fisch-

concentrations as a filter aid.

er-Tropsch, Claisen, Clemmensen, Willegerodt,

Use: Treating water and wastewater.

Diels-Alder, etc. Many have important industrial

applications.

naled. (1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl

phosphate).

nano-. Prefix meaning 10

−9

unit (symbol n); 1 ng

CAS: 300-76-5. (CH

P(O)OC(Br)HCBr(Cl)

1 nanogram

0.000000001 gram; 1 nanometer

Properties: Pure compound is a solid. Mp 26C.

millimicron.

Technical compound is a moderately volatile liquid.

Bp 110C (0.5 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; slightly

nanoarray. An ultra-sensitve, ultra-miniaturized

soluble in aliphatic solvents; very soluble in aromat-

array for biomolecular analysis.

ic solvents; hydrolyzes in water.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be re-

nanobalance. A nanoscale balance for determin-

stricted. Toxic by skin absorption. TLV: 3 mg/m

;

ing mass; small enough to weigh viruses and other

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

sub-micron scale particles.

Use: Insecticide, acaricide.

nanobeads. (nanodots; nanocrystals; quantum

“Nalgene” [Nalge]. TM for plastic laboratory

beads). Polymer beads with diameters from 0.1 to

ware for industry, research, and education. Made of

10 micrometers.

polypropylene, polyethylene, “Teflon,” FEP, po-

lyallomer, and polycarbonate.

nanobiotechnology. Applying the tools and

processes of nanotechnology to build devices for

“Nalflote” [Nalco]. TM for flotation reagent.

studying biosystems.

Use: Handling, processing, and manufacturing of

coal.

nanobubbles. Nano-sized air bubbles on colloid

surfaces.

nalidixic acid. (USAN; 1-ethyl-7-methyl-1,8-

naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid).

nanocantilever. The simplest micro-electro-

CAS: 389-08-2. C

. An antibacterial com-

mechanical system. They are easily machined and

pound used in medicine.

mass-produced by the same techniques used to make

computer chips. The ability to detect extremely

“Nalkat” [Nalco]. TM for cationic polymers.

small displacements make nanocantilever beams an

Use: Manufacture of pulp and paper.

ideal device for detecting extremely small forces,

stresses and masses.

“Nalmet” [Nalco]. TM for services in the

wastewater-treatment chemical industry.

nanochondria. Nanomachines existing inside

Use: Metals recovery and reclamation. living cells and participating in their biochemistry or

assembling various structures.

nalorphine. (N-allylnormorphine).

nanocomposite. See nanophase carbon mate-

CAS: 62-67-9. C

. The allyl

rials.

(−CH

−CH==CH

) derivative of morphine. It is able

to “antagonize” or neutralize most of the effects of

narcotic drugs (morphine, codeine) but not those of

nanocomputer. A computer made from compo-

other types of depressants. nents (mechanical, electronic, or otherwise) built at

Use: Biochemical research tool for studying the the nanometer scale.

871 NAPHTHA

nanocontainers. Nanoscale polymeric contain- nanophase carbon materials. (carbon na-

notubes, nanodiamond, nanocomposite). Form of

ers that could be used to selectively deliver hydro-

matter in which small clusters of atoms form the

phobic drugs to specific sites within individual cells.

building blocks of a larger structure.

nanocrystals. (nanoscale semiconductor crys-

nanorods. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes.

tals). Aggregates of a few hundred to tens of thou-

sands of atoms combining into a crystalline form of

nanoropes. Formed by connecting and stringing

matter known as a cluster. Typically around ten

together nanotubes.

nanometers in diameter, nanocrystals are larger than

molecules but smaller than bulk solids.

nanoshell. A nanoparticle composed of a metal-

lic shell surrounding a semiconductor. These nanos-

nanodiamond. See nanophase carbon mate-

cale metal spheres can absorb or scatter light at

rials.

virtually any wavelength. When attached to a target

cancer cell, they can be irradiated to cause the nano-

nanoelectromechanical systems. (NEMS).

shell to become hot, killing the cell.

A generic term to describe nano scale electrical or

mechanical devices.

nanosystem. A eutactic set of nanoscale compo-

nents working together to serve a set of purposes;

nanoelectronics. Electronics on a nanometer

complex nanosystems can be of macroscopic size.

scale

nanofabrication. Construction of items using nanotechnology. The interactions of cellular

assemblers and stock molecules. and molecular components and engineered materi-

als typically clusters of atoms, molecules, and mo-

lecular fragments at the most elemental level of

nanofluidics. Controlling nano-scale amounts of

biology. Such nanoscale objects—with dimensions

fluids.

smaller than 100 nanometers—typically, to not ex-

clusivly, can be useful by themselves or as part of

nanogate. A device that precisely meters the flow

larger devices containing multiple nanoscale ob-

of tiny amounts of fluid.

jects.

“Nanograde” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a grade

nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are fullerene-re-

of chemical purity. Impurities guaranteed to be less

lated structures that consist of graphene cylinders

than ten parts per trillion.

closed at either end with caps containing pentagonal

rings. They are in the size range of cylinders 10 to 20

nanoimprinting. (soft lithography). Use of

nm in diameter.

lithographic masters) with nanoscale features.

See: buckminsterfullerene, fullerines.

nanolithography. Writing on the nanoscale.

nanowire. A nanometer-scale wire made of met-

Used for etching computer circuits.

al atoms, silicon, or other materials that conduct

electricity. Nanowires are built atom by atom on a

nanomachining. Involves mechanically chang-

solid surface, often as part of a microfluidic device.

ing the structure of nano-scale materials or mole-

They can be coated with molecules, such as antibod-

cules.

ies, that will bind to proteins and other substances of

interest to researchers and clinicians.

nanomanipulation. Manipulating at an atomic

or molecular scale in order to produce precise struc-

napalm. An aluminum soap of a mixture of oleic,

tures.

naphthenic, and coconut fatty acids.

Properties: Granular powder. Mixed with gasoline it

nanometer. (nm). One-billionth (10

−9

) meter,

forms a sticky gel that is stable from −40 to 100C.

equal to 1 millimicron or 10 A

units.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Incendiary agent.

nanoparticle. A nanoscale spherical or capsule-

shaped structure. Many are hollow, which provides

naphite. See trinitronaphthalene.

a central space that can be filled with substances.

Various substances can also be attached to the sur-

face of a nanoparticle for transport and reaction

naphtha. (benzin).

purposes. Most nanoparticles are small enough to

CAS: 8030-30-6. (1) Petroleum (petroleum ether).

pass through blood capillaries and enter cells.

A general term applied to refined, partly refined, or

unrefined petroleum products and liquid products of

nanopharmaceuticals. Nanoscale particles natural gas, not less than 10% of which distill below

used to modulate drug transport for drug uptake and 347F (175C) and not less than 95% of which distill

delivery applications. below 464F (240C) when subjected to distillation in

872NAPHTHACENE

accordance with the Standard Method of Test for

naphthacene. (tetracene; rubene).

CAS: 92-24-0. C

. The molecule consists of four

Distillation of Gasoline, Naphtha, Kerosene, and

fused benzene rings.

Similar Petroleum Products (ASTM D86); fp −73C,

Properties: Orange solid; slight green fluorescence

bp 30–60C, flash p −57F (−50C), autoign temp 550F

in daylight. D 1.35, mp approximately 350C. Not

(287C), d 0.6.

easily soluble.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

Occurrence: In commercial anthracene and coal tar.

limits in air 1–6%.

Hazard: Explodes when shocked, reacts with oxidiz-

Use: Source (by various cracking processes) of gaso-

ing materials.

line, special naphthas, and petroleum chemicals,

Use: Organic synthesis.

especially ethylene. Cracking for ethylene also pro-

duces propylene, butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline, and

fuel oil; source of synthetic natural gas.

naphthalene. (tar camphor).

(a) VM&P (Varnish Makers and Painters) (petrole-

CAS: 91-20-3. C

um spirits, petroleum thinner).

CAS: 8032-32-4.

Any of a number of narrow-boiling-range fractions

of petroleum with bp of approximately 93–204C,

according to the specific use.

Properties: Distillation range 119–143C, d 07543,

Properties: White, crystalline, volatile flakes; strong

bulk d 6.280 lb/gal, pour p approximately −70F

coal tar odor. D 1.145 (20/4C), mp 80.2C, bp

(−56C), flash p 20F (−6.6C) (TCC), autoign temp

217.96C, flash p 176F (80C), sublimes at room tem-

450F (232C).

perature, autoign temp 979F (526C). Soluble in ben-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 300

zene, absolute alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.

ppm; Animal Carcinogen.

Combustible.

Use: Thinners in paints and varnish.

Derivation: (1) From coal tar oils boiling between

(b) blending. A petroleum fraction with volatility

200 and 250C (middle oil) by crystallization and

similar to the higher boiling fractions of gasoline. It

distillation. (2) From petroleum fractions after vari-

is used primarily in blending with natural gasoline to

ous catalytic processing operations.

produce a finished gasoline of specified volatility.

Available forms: Flakes, cubes, spheres, powder.

Grade: By melting point, 74C min (crude) to <79C

(refined); scintillation (80–81C).

petroleum and similar to Stoddard solvent but not

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 10 ppm; STEL

necessarily meeting all its specifications; flash p

15 ppm; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

100F (37.7C).

Use: Intermediate (phthalic anhydride, naphthol,

(2) Coal tar.

“Tertralin,” “Decalin,” chlorinated naphthalenes,

(a) heavy (high-flash naphtha).

naphthyl and naphthol derivatives, dyes), moth re-

Properties: Deep-amber to dark-red liquid. A mix-

pellent, fungicide, smokeless powder, cutting fluid,

ture of xylene and higher homologs. D 0.885–0.970,

lubricant, synthetic resins, synthetic tanning, preser-

bp 160–220C (approximately 90% at 200C), flash p

vative, textile chemicals, emulsion breakers, scintil-

100F (37.7C), evaporation 303 min.

lation counters, antiseptic.

Derivation: From coal tar by fractional distillation.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion, inha-

lation, and skin absorption.

␣-naphthaleneacetic acid. (1-naphthylacetic

Use: Coumarone resins; solvent for asphalts, road

acid).

tars, pitches, etc.; cleansing compositions; process

CAS: 86-87-3. C

COOH. A plant growth

engraving and lithography; rubber cements (sol-

regulator.

vent); naphtha soaps; manufacture of ethylene and

Properties: White crystals; odorless. Mp 132–135C.

acetic acid.

Soluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform; slightly

(b) solvent (160-degree benzol).

soluble in water and alcohol.

Properties: A mixture of a small percentage of ben-

Grade: Usually supplied in dilute form, either as a

zene, toluene, xylene, and higher homologs from

powder or liquid solution ready for use.

coal tar. (1) Crude: dark straw-colored liquid, (2)

Hazard: Skin irritant.

refined: water-white liquid; d (1) 0.862–0.892, (2)

Use: Inducing rooting of plant cuttings, spraying ap-

0.862–0.872; bp (1) approximately 160C (80%), (2)

ple trees to prevent early drop, fruit thinner.

approximately 160C (90%); flash p (1) and (2) ap-

proximately 78F (25.5C).

Derivation: From coal tar by fractional distillation.

␣-naphthaleneactic acid, methyl ester.

Grade: Dark-straw, water-white.

(MENA). C

COOCH

. A plant growth

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

regulator.

Use: Solvent; xylene; cumene; nitrated, for incorpo-

Use: Delaying sprouting of potatoes, weed control,

ration in dynamite. thinning of peaches, etc.

873 ␣-NAPHTHOL

naphthalene, chlorinated. See chlorinated “Naphthanil” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of

naphthalene.

dye bases. Before coupling the bases must first be

diazotized to form the diazo salt. Also represents a

naphthalenediamine. See naphthylenedia-

series of diazo pigments.

mine.

Use: Widely used on cotton and rayon textiles.

1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate. C

(NCO)

naphtha, petroleum. See naphtha (1).

White to light-yellow, crystalline solid; mp

127–131C.

Hazard: Irritant.

1:4-naphthaquinol-bisdisodium phosphate.

Use: Manufacture of polyurethane solid elastomers.

CAS: 131-13-5. mf: C

•4Na.

Hazard: A poison.

naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid. See Arm-

strong’s acid.

naphtha, solvent. See naphtha (2b).

naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid.

(SO

naphtha, VM&P. See naphtha (1a).

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in wa-

ter. Combustible.

naphthene. The term naphthene is misleading

Derivation: Sulfonation of naphthalene at high tem-

and obsolete.

perature and separation from 2,6-isomer.

See cycloparaffin.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

␣-naphthalenesulfonic acid. (1-naphthalen-

naphthenic acid. Any of a group of saturated

esulfonic acid). C

H•H

higher fatty acids derived from the gas-oil fraction

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 90C. Soluble

of petroleum by extraction with caustic soda solu-

in water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

tion and subsequent acidification. Gulf and West

Derivation: Interaction of naphthalene and sulfuric

coast crudes are relatively high in these acids. The

acid.

commercial grade is a mixture, usually of dark color

Use: Starting point in the manufacture of ␣-naphthol,

and unpleasant odor, corrosive to metals. The chief

␣-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ␣-naphthylaminesul-

use of naphthenic acids is in the production of metal-

fonic acid; solvent (Na salt) for phenol in the manu-

lic naphthenates for paint driers and cellulose pre-

facture of disinfectant soaps.

servatives. Other uses are as solvents, detergents,

rubber reclaiming agent, etc.

␤-naphthalenesulfonic acid. (2-naphthalen-

esulfonic acid).

naphthenic oils.

CAS: 120-18-3. C

HorC

H•H

CAS: 67254-74-4.

Properties: Nondeliquescent, white plates. Mp

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.

124–125C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Combustible.

Derivation: Sulfonation of naphthalene.

naphthionic acid. (1-naphthylamine-4-sulfon-

Use: Starting point in the manufacture of ␤-naphthol,

ic acid; 1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid; 4-

␤-naphtholsulfonic acid, ␤-naphthylaminesulfonic

amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid).

acid, etc.

1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid, trisodium

salt. C

(SO

Na)

. Fine buff crystals.

Use: Diazo-type stabilizer.

1-naphthalenyl ((hexyloxy)sulfinyl)methyl-

carbamate.

CAS: 77267-52-8. mf: C

Properties: White crystals or powder. Soluble in

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

water; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Heating equimolar amounts of ␣-naph-

thylamine and sulfuric acid at 10–15 mm Hg (sever-

(naphthalenyl)methanone.

al hours).

CAS: 131543-22-1. mf: C

Use: Intermediate for azo dyes, e.g., Congo red.

Hazard: A poison.

1,8-naphthalic acid anhydride. C

. ␣-naphthol. (1-naphthol; 1-hydroxynaphthal-

Properties: Light-tan powder. Mp 268–270C. ene).

Use: Dyestuffs, organic synthesis in general. CAS: 90-15-3. C

OH.

874␤-NAPHTHOL

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 120C (decom-

poses). Soluble in ether, benzene, alcohol.

Hazard: Irritant.

Use: Chemical reagent and intermediate.

1,4-naphthoquinone. (␣-naphthoquinone).

Properties: Colorless or yellow prisms or powder;

CAS: 130-15-4. C

disagreeable taste. D 1.224 (4C), 1.0954 (95/4C),

Properties: Yellow powder; odor like benzoqui-

mp 96C, bp 278C, volatile in steam, sublimes, refr

none. Mp 123–126C, sublimes at 100C. Slightly

index 1.6206 (98.7C). Soluble in benzene, alcohol,

soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether,

and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

chloroform, benzene, and acetic acid. Combustible.

Derivation: By fusing sodium ␣-naphthalene sulfo-

Hazard: Irritant.

nate and caustic soda. The melt is decomposed with

Use: Polymerization regulator for rubber and polyes-

hydrochloric acid and distilled.

ter resins, synthesis of dyes and pharmaceuticals,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

fungicide, algicide.

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, synthetic perfumes.

naphthoquinone oxime. See 1-nitroso-2-

␤-naphthol. (2-naphthol; 2-hydroxynaphthal-

naphthol; 2-nitroso-1-naphthol.

ene).

CAS: 135-19-3. C

OH.

1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid. (␤-

naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid). C

(O)

Derivation: Oxidation with nitric acid of 2-amino-1-

naphthol-4-sulfonic acid or 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-

sulfonic acid.

Use: Dye intermediate, identification of sulfonamide

derivatives.

Properties: White, lustrous, bulky leaflets or white

powder. Darkens with age; faint phenol-like odor.

naphthoresorcinol. See 1,3-dihydroxyna-

Stable in air but darkens on exposure to sunlight. D

phthalene.

1.217, mp 121.6C, bp 285C, flash p 307F (152.7C).

Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerol, oils,

␤-naphthoxyacetic acid. (2-naphthoxyacetic

and alkaline solutions; almost insoluble in water.

acid).

Combustible.

CAS: 120-23-0. C

OCH

COOH. A plant growth

Derivation: By fusing sodium ␤-naphthalene sulfo-

regulator.

nate with caustic soda. The product is distilled in

Properties: Crystals. Mp 156C. Soluble in water,

vacuo and then sublimed.

alcohol, acetic acid.

Grade: Technical, sublimed, resublimed.

Use: Rooting clippings, inhibits early fall of fruit,

Hazard: See ␣-naphthol.

growth promoter.

Use: Dyes; pigments; antioxidants for rubber, fats,

oils; insecticides; synthesis of fungicides; pharma-

1-naphthylacetic acid. See naphthaleneacetic

ceuticals; perfumes; antiseptic.

acid.

naphthol AS. See ␤-hydroxynaphthoic ani-

␣-naphthylamine. (1-naphthylamine).

lide.

CAS: 134-32-7. C

Properties: White crystals becoming red on expo-

3-naphthol-2-carboxylic acid. See 3-hy-

sure to air. Flash p 157C, d 1.13, mp 50C, bp 301C.

droxy-2-naphthoic acid.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in

water. Combustible.

Naphthol Green B. A dye used in crystalliz-

Derivation: Reduction of ␣-nitro-naphthalene with

ing solar salt, it increases the evaporation rate by

iron and hydrochloric acid. The mass is then mixed

added absorption of energy; 5 ppm is said to increase

with milk of lime and distilled.

salt production 15–20%.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Hazard: Toxic, especially if containing the ␤ isomer;

␤-naphthol methyl ether. See ␤-naphthyl

a carcinogen (OSHA).

methyl ether.

Use: Dyes and dye intermediates, agricultural chem-

icals.

naphtholsulfonic acid. Any of several sulfo-

nated aromatic acids derived from ␣-or␤-naphthol

␤-naphthylamine. (2-naphthylamine).

or naphthalene and used as azo dye intermediates.

CAS: 91-59-8. C

Properties: White to reddish, lustrous leaflets. Solu-

1,2-naphthoquinone. (␤-naphthoquinone). ble in hot water, alcohol, ether. Commercial: mp

CAS: 524-42-5. C

. 109.5C, d 1.061 (98.4C), bp 306C. Combustible.

875 NARASIN

Derivation: From ␤-naphthol by heating in an auto-

1-naphthyl-n-(2,3,4,5-di-o-isopropylidene-1-

clave with ammonium sulfite and ammonia (Buch- ␣-o-fructopyranosylsulfinyl)-n-

erer reaction). methylcarbamate.

Method of purification: Distillation. CAS: 81862-21-7. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

tion; a carcinogen (OSHA) TLV: Confirmed Hu- Use: Agricultural chemical.

man Carcinogen.

1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate. See car-

␣-naphthylamine hydrochloride. baryl.

•HCl.

Properties: White to gray, crystalline powder. Solu-

␤-naphthyl methyl ether. (␤-naphthol

ble in water, alcohol, and ether.

methyl ether; 2-methoxynaphthalene; methyl

Derivation: By the action of hydrochloric acid on ␣-

naphthyl ether). C

OCH

naphthylamine.

Properties: White, crystalline scales. Mp 72C, bp

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis.

274C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

naphthylaminesulfonic acid. Any of several Derivation: (1) By heating ␤-naphthol and methanol

sulfonated aromatic acids derived from ␣-or␤- in the presence of sulfuric acid. (2) By methylating

naphthylamine and used as azo dye intermediates. ␤-naphthol with dimethyl sulfate.

Use: Perfumery (soaps).

o-2-naphthyl-m-N-dimethylthiocarbanilate.

See tolnaftate. ␣-naphthylphenyloxazole. (NPO; ANPO;

2-(1-naphthyl)-5-phenyloxazole). C

NO.

Properties: Fluorescent yellow needles. Mp

1,5-naphthylenediamine. (1,5-diaminona-

104–106C.

phthalene).

Grade: Scintillation.

CAS: 2243-62-1. C

(NH

)

Use: Scintillation counter or wavelength shifter in

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 190C, bp (sub-

solution scintillators.

limes). Soluble in alcohol and hot water; very spar-

ingly soluble in cold water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By the reduction of ␣-dinitronaph-

N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid.

thalene; (2) by heating dihydroxynaphthalene with C

NHCOC

COOH.

aqueous ammonia. Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 185C. Almost in-

Use: Organic synthesis. soluble in water; slightly soluble in acetone, ben-

zene, and ethanol. Not stable in solutions above pH

9.5 nor at temperatures above 180C. Noncorrosive.

1,8-naphthylenediamine. (1,8-diaminona-

Do not store near seeds or fertilizers. Combustible.

phthalene). C

(NH

)

Use: Selective preemergence herbicide.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 66C, bp 205C (12

mm Hg), d 1.12, refr index 1.68. Soluble in alcohol;

slightly soluble in water.

␣-naphthylthiourea. (ANTU).

Derivation: Reduction of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene CAS: 86-88-4. C

NHCSNH

with PI

. Properties: Odorless, gray powder. Mp 198C. Insol-

Use: Lubricating-oil antioxidant, analytical reagent. uble in water and only very slightly soluble in most

organic solvents.

Derivation: From ␣-naphthylthiocarbamide and al-

N-␣-naphthylethylenediamine

kali or ammonium thiocyanate.

dihydrochloride.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: 0.3 mg/m

; not

NHCH

•2HCl.

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water.

Use: Rodenticide.

Use: Reagent for the quantitative determination of

sulfa drugs, for the detection of nitrogen dioxide in

air.

Naples yellow. See lead antimonate.

␤-naphthyl ethyl ether. (nerolin). naptalam. (␣-naphthylphthalamic acid).

. CAS: 132-67-2. C

Properties: White crystals; orange-blossom odor. Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 203C, d 1.40.

Congealing p 35C. Soluble in 5 parts of 95% alco- Soluble in alkaline solutions; slightly soluble in al-

hol. Combustible. cohol, benzene, and acetone.

Derivation: Interaction of ␤-naphthol and ethanol in Use: Analytical reagent (thorium, zirconium); herbi-

the presence of sulfuric acid. cide.

Use: Perfumes, soaps, flavoring.

narasin.

1-naphthyl isocyanide.

See 1-isocyanona- CAS: 55134-13-9. mf: C

phthalene. Properties: Crystals from Me

CO (aq). Mp:

876NARCOTIC

98−100°. Sol in alcs, acetone, chloroform, ethyl ace- Website: http://www4.nationalacademies.org/nas/

nashome.nsf.

tate. Insol in water.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

National Fire Protection Association.

(NFPA). An organization devoted to promoting

narcotic. (1) A natural, semisynthetic, or synthet-

knowledge of fire- protection methods. For many

ic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug that char-

years its publication (the NFPA Handbook) has been

acteristically effects sleep (coma) and relief of pain

the accepted standard for all matters relating to com-

but also may result in addiction, i.e., a biochemical

bustion and flammable materials, firefighting meth-

situation in which the body tissues become so adapt-

ods, safety, and protection of property. Its headquar-

ed to the drug that they can no longer function

ters are at 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101,

normally without it. Natural narcotics are the plant

Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

products morphine and codeine (constituents of opi-

Website: http://www.nfpa.org.

um), both of which are alkaloids. Opium is obtained

from the seed of the oriental poppy, Papaver somni-

National Institute for Occupational Safety

ferens. Semisynthetic narcotics are modifications of

and Health. (NIOSH). A federal agency un-

the morphine molecule, e.g., diacetylmorphine (her-

der the Department of Health and Human Services,

oin), ethylmorphine (“Dionin”), and methyldihy-

Public Health Service. It is responsible for investi-

dromorphine (metopon). Synthetic narcotics are

gating the toxicity of workroom environments and

meperidine, ethadone, and phenazocine (there are

all other matters relating to safe industrial practice.

other addictive agents that are not narcotics). The

Its research laboratories are located at Robert A. Taft

sale of narcotics is strictly controlled by law in the

Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati,

U.S. (2) Inducing sleep or coma. Many chemicals

Ohio 45226.

that are not narcotics in sense (1) have this property

Website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage

(chloroform, barbiturates, benzene, etc.).

.html.

l-␣-narcotine. See noscapine.

National Institute of Standards and

Technology. (NIST). Founded in 1901, NIST

naringin. (naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside; nar-

is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S.

ingenin-7-rutinoside; aurantiin). C

Commerce Department’s Technology Administra-

Properties: A flavanone glycoside (bioflavonoid),

tion. NIST’s mission is to promote U.S. innovation

crystals, bitter taste. Mp 171C. Soluble in acetone,

and industrial competitiveness by advancing mea-

alcohol, warm acetic acid, and warm water.

surement science, standards, and technology in

Source: Extracted from flowers and rind of grape-

ways that enhance economic security and improve

fruit and immature fruit.

our quality of life. Its main laboratories are locarted

Use: Beverages, sweetener research.

at 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD

20899-1070.

NAS See the National Academy of Scienc-

Website: http://www.nist.gov/publicaffairs/gener-

es–National Research Council.

al2.htm.

nascent. Descriptive of the abnormally active

National Nanotechnology Coordination

condition of an element, for example, the atomic

Office. (NNCO). The NNCO assists in the

oxygen released from hydrogen peroxide and sulfur

preparation of multi-agency planning, budget, and

atoms evolved from thiuramsulfide accelerators.

assessment documents. The NNCO is the point of

The term is now obsolete.

contact on Federal nanotechnology activities for

regional, state, and local initiatives, as well as, gov-

“NA-SUL” [King]. TM for dinonyl naphtha-

ernment organizations, academia, industry, profes-

lene sulfonates.

sional societies, foreign organizations, and others to

Available forms: Liquid.

exchange technical and programmatic information.

Use: Corrosion inhibitors for industrial lubricants,

In addition, the NNCO develops and makes avail-

rust preventatives, and metalworking specialties.

able printed and other materials as directed by the

NSET Subcommittee. Contact address is 4201 Wil-

son Blvd., Stafford II Rm 405, Arlington, VA

National Academy of Sciences–National

22230.

Research Council. (NAS) A private, non-

Website: www.nano.gov.

profit organization of scientists devoted to the ex-

pansion of science and its use for the general wel-

fare. The Academy was established in 1863, in part

National Nanotechnology Initiative.

to act as adviser to the federal government on scien- (NNI). The goals of the NNI are to: (1) maintain

tific matters; the council was established in 1916, its a world-class research and development program

members being appointed by the president of the aimed at realizing the full potential of nanotechnolo-

academy. Its headquarters are located at 2101 Con- gy; (2) facilitate transfer of new technologies into

stitution Ave., Washington DC 20418. products for economic growth, jobs, and other pub-

877 NATURAL

lic benefit; (3) develop educational resources, a

natrolite. Na

•2H

O. A mineral of the

skilled workforce, and the supporting infrastructure zeolite group.

and tools to advance nanotechnology; and, (4) Sup- Properties: Colorless or white to gray, yellow,

port responsible development of nanotechnology greenish, or red. D 2.2–2.25, Mohs hardness 5–5.5.

Website: http://www.nano.gov. See zeolite.

National Research Council. See National natron. A complex salt found in dry lake beds of

Academy of Sciences–National Research Egypt. Originally an ingredient of ceramic glazes. It

Council. has the following percentage composition: sodium

carbonate 4.9, sodium bicarbonate 12.6, sodium

chloride 30.6, sodium sulfate 20.6, silica 10, calci-

National Science Foundation. (NSF). The

um carbonate 2, magnesium carbonate 1.9, alumina

National Science Foundation (NSF) is an indepen-

0.7, iron oxide 0.3, water 4.7, and organic matter

dent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 “to

11.7.

promote the progress of science; to advance the

national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure

the national defense.” With an annual budget of

“Natrorez” [Natrochem]. TM for couma-

about $5.5 billion, NSF is the funding source for rone-indene resins plasticized to various softening

approximately 20 percent of all federally supported points or viscosities.

basic research conducted by America’s colleges and Use: Tackifier, processing aid.

universities. In many fields such as mathematics,

computer science, and the social sciences, NSF is

“Natrosol” [Aqualon]. TM for hydroxyethyl-

the major source of federal backing. Contact address

cellulose.

is 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia

CAS: 9004-62-0.

22230.

Grade: 10 viscosity, 4 biostable, 7 cosmetic, 5 NF, 3

Website: http://www.nsf.gov/index.jsp.

European Pharmocopeia.

Available forms: Solid.

National Science and Technology Council. Use: Thickening agent.

(NSTC). A primary objective of the NSTC is the

establishment of clear national goals for Federal

“Natrusol” [Hercules, Ltd.]. TM for a hy-

science and technology investments in a broad array

droxyethyl cellulose.

of areas spanning virtually all the mission areas of

the executive branch. The Council prepares research

Natta catalyst. A stereospecific catalyst made

and development strategies that are coordinated

from titanium chloride and aluminum alkyl or simi-

across Federal agencies to form investment pack-

lar materials by a special process that includes grind-

ages aimed at accomplishing multiple national

ing the materials together to produce an active cata-

goals. The work of the NSTC is organized under

lyst surface.

four primary committees: Science, Technology, En-

See Ziegler catalyst.

vironment and Natural Resources, and Homeland

and National Security. Each of these committees

Natta, Giulio. (1903–1979). An Italian chemist

oversees subcommittees and working groups fo-

born in Imperia on the Riviera, corecipient (with

cused on different aspects of science and technology

Karl Ziegler) of the Nobel Prize in 1963 for his

and the coordination of research and development

fundamental work on catalytic polymerization. In

strateges working to coordinate across the federal

1954 he developed isotactic polypropylene at his

government. Contact address is 725 17th Street

laboratory at the Polytechnic Institute of Milan,

Room 5228, Washington, DC 20502.

which led to wide application of various stereospe-

Website: http://www.ostp.gov/nstc/index.html.

cific polymers with organometallic catalysts such as

triethylaluminum. He was for many years consultant

native conformation. The biologically active

for the Montecatini chemical firm. The researchers

conformation of a protein.

of Natta, together with those of Ziegler, made possi-

ble the chemical manipulation of monomers to form

“Natralith” [Fanning]. TM for a line of func-

specifically ordered 3-dimensional polymers having

tional additives for ink and coatings.

predetermined properties, to which the term tailor-

Use: To improve, add lubricity and wetting/dispering

made is often applied.

in both metallic and non-metallic pigments.

natural. Descriptive of a substance or mixture

natrium. The Latin name for sodium, hence the

that occurs in nature; the opposite of synthetic or

symbol Na in chemical nomenclature.

manufactured. Elements 1–92 are natural sub-

stances that may occur in either the free or combined

“Natralube” [Fanning]. TM for a line of rust state. The transuranium elements and all artificial

preventatives, lubricity, and anti-wear components. isotopes of other elements are synthetic. Many mix-

Use: For metal working, industrial lubricant, and tures occur naturally, e.g., petroleum, shale oil,

grease formulations. wood, metallic ores, natural gas; others are synthetic

878NATURAL GAS

modifications of natural compounds, e.g., glass, ce-

“Naugard Q” [Uniroyal]. TM for polymer-

ment, paper, gasoline. Such materials may be con-

ized 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline.

sidered to be semisynthetic. The term synthetic nat-

Use: As an antioxidant that gives good protection

ural is often applied to synthesized compounds that

against degradation due to heat and oxygen.

are identical with the natural substance; for exam-

ple, synthetic natural gas and synthetic natural rub-

“Naugard SP” [Uniroyal]. TM for styrenat-

ber. The term natural product is defined as any

ed phenol (mixture of mono, di, tri).

organic compound formed by living organisms; nat-

Use: Antioxidant for nonstaining and nondiscoloring

ural gasoline has a specialized meaning.

applications.

See synthesis; natural gas; biomass; gasoline.

“Naugawhite” [Uniroyal]. TM for major

component 2,2

′

-methylene bis(4-methyl-6-nonyl-

natural gas. A mixture of low molecular weight

phenol).

hydrocarbons obtained in petroleum-bearing re-

Use: General-purpose antioxidant for nonstaining

gions throughout the world. Its composition is 85%

and nondiscoloring for rubber and latex in foam

methane 10% ethane, the balance being made up of

sponge, tire carcasses, refrigerator gaskets, foot-

propane, butane, and nitrogen. In the U.S. it occurs

wear, proofing, wire insulation, and sundries.

chiefly in the southwestern states and Alaska. An as

yet unexploited source of natural gas under extreme-

naval stores. Historically, the pitch and rosin

ly high pressure (so-called geopressurized gas) ex-

used on wooden ships. The term now includes all

ists in Texas and Louisiana at depths of

products derived from pine wood and stumps, in-

15,000–20,000 ft. The tremendous pressures in-

cluding rosin, turpentine, pine oils, and tall oil and

volved present formidable engineering problems.

its derivatives.

Natural gas is classed as a simple asphyxiant. It

should not be confused with natural gasoline. About

“Navane” [Pfizer]. TM for the cis isomer

3% of the natural gas consumed in the U.S. is used as

of N,N-dimethyl-9[3-4-methyl-1-piperazinyl-pro-

feedstocks by the chemical industries.

pylidene]-thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide. An anti-

Properties: Colorless, flammable gas or liquid; al-

psychotic drug (thiothixene) said to be as effective

most odorless. Autoign temp 900–1100F, heating

as most of the phenothiazines. Approved by the

value 1000 Btu/ft

. A warning odor is added to

FDA.

household fuel gas as a safety precaution.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

“NAXONATE” Hydrotropes [Ruetgers].

risk; explosive limits in air 3.8–17%.

TM for products used to obtain uniform, clear,

Use: Fuel and cooking gas, ammonia synthesis, form-

and fluid synthetic detergent formulations. Some

aldehyde and other petrochemical feedstocks,

examples of the chemicals are sodium, potassium,

source of synthesis gas and methanol.

and ammonium salts of xylene, cumene, and tol-

See liquefied petroleum gas; synthetic natural gas.

uene.

Available forms: Powder and liquid.

natural gasoline. See gasoline.

Use: Synthetic detergents.

Nazarov cyclization reaction. Synthesis of

natural product. See natural.

cyclopentenones by the acid-catalyzed electrocyclic

ring closure of divinyl or allylvinyl ketones avail-

Natural Resources Defense Council.

able by hydration of divinylacetylenes.

(NRDC). A private environmental advisory

group, founded in 1970, whose function is to point

Nb. Symbol for niobium.

out serious environmental hazards and to oversee

the enforcement of regulations pertaining to them. It

NBA. Abbreviation for N-bromoacetamide.

was influential in postponement of the breeder reac-

tor and in recognition of the chlorofluorocarbon-

NBR. Abbreviation for nitrile-butadiene rubber.

ozone problem. It operates primarily through the

courts. Its main office is at 40 West 20th Street, New

NBS. Abbreviation for N-bromosuccinimide.

York, NY 10011

Website: http://www.nrdc.org.

NC. Abbreviation for nitrocellulose.

NCI. Abbreviation for National Cancer Institute.

“Naugard PANA” [Uniroyal]. TM for phe-

nyl-␣-naphthylamine.

NCS. Abbreviation for N-chlorosuccinimide.

Available forms: Solid.

Grade: Crushed and fused.

Nd. Symbol for neodymium.

Use: Aromatic amine antioxidant for synthetic lubri-

cants, lubricating greases, and industrial oils.

See N-phenyl-␣-naphthylamine.

ND. Abbreviation for new drug.

879 NEODYMIA

NDGA. Abbreviation for nordihydroguaiaretic colloidal solutions. The pH of a 5% dispersion is

acid. approximately 1.0.

Use: Medicine (antiinfective).

Ne. Symbol for neon.

nematic. A linear molecular structure occurring

neatsfoot oil. in some liquid crystals and characterized by a

Properties: A fixed pale-yellow oil with a peculiar threadlike appearance under a polarizing micro-

odor. D 0.916, saponification value 194–199, flash p scope.

470F (243C), autoign temp 828F (442C), iodine

value 70. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and

nematocide. An agent that is destructive to soil

kerosene. Combustible. nematodes (roundworms or threadworms).

Derivation: By boiling in water the shinbones and

feet (without hooves) of cattle and separating the oil

NEMS. See nanoelectromechanical systems.

from the fat obtained.

Grade: 15, 20, 30, 40F cold test (the temperature in

Nencki reaction. The ring acylation of phenols

degrees Fahrenheit at which stearin separates).

with acids in the presence of zinc chloride, or the

Hazard: Subject to spontaneous heating.

modification of the Friedel-Crafts alkylation-acyla-

Use: Leather industry for fat liquoring and softening,

tion procedure by substitution of ferric chloride for

lubricant, oiling wool.

aluminum chloride.

Neber rearrangement. Formation of ␣-amino

Nenitzescu indole synthesis. Hydrogenative

ketones by treatment of sulfonic esters of ketoximes

acylation of cycloolefins with acid chlorides in the

with potassium ethoxide, followed by hydrolysis.

presence of aluminum chloride; with five- and six-

membered rings, no change in ring size occurs, but

neburon. (generic name for 1-n-butyl-3-(3,4- with seven-membered rings, rearrangement takes

dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea.) place with formation of a cyclohexane derivative.

nectar. The fabled drink of the gods. The honey- neo-. (1) A prefix meaning new and designating a

like secretion by the nectar gland of flowers. This compound related in some way to an older one, e.g.,

material is gathered by bees to make honey and used neoprene. (2) A prefix indicating a hydrocarbon in

as food by other insects. which at least one carbon atom is connected directly

to four other carbon atoms; as in neopentane, neo-

hexane.

neem extract.

CAS: 116580-64-4.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

“Neobee” [Stepan]. (hydrogenated vegetable

icity by ingestion and skin contact. oil). TM for oil.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Use: For a flavor carrier, vitamin solubilizer, antibi-

otic vehicle, nutritional fluid, lubricant, emollient,

and medical diluent.

Nef reaction. Formation of aldehydes and ke-

tones from primary and secondary nitroparaffins,

respectively, by treatment of their salts with sulfuric

“Neochel” [ATOTECH]. TM for a wetting

acid. agent used in copper plating. A liquid replacement

for Rochelle salt with proprietary additives.

Nef synthesis. Addition of sodium acetylides to

aldehydes and ketones to yield acetylenic carbinols;

neocurdione.

occasionally and erroneously referred to as the Nef CAS: 108944-67-8. mf: C

reaction. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

negative cooperativity. A phenomenon of neodecanoic acid.

some multisubunit enzymes, or proteins, in which CAS: 26896-20-8. C

COOH. Clear, colorless

binding of a ligand or substrate to one subunit im- liquid in 97% purity; available commercially. Its

pairs binding of a second ligand molecule to another derivatives are especially effective as paint driers

subunit. and are being widely used. Applications as plasticiz-

ers and lubricants are also possible.

negative feedback. Regulation of a biochemi-

cal pathway achieved when a reaction product inhib-

“Neodol 25” [Shell]. TM for a C

–C

linear,

its an earlier step in the pathway. primary alcohol.

Use: Manufacture of biodegradable surfactants, dis-

persants, solvents, emulsifiers, and chemical inter-

negatol. A condensation product of m-cresolsul-

mediates.

fonic acid with formaldehyde. A polymerized

dihydroxydimethyldiphenylmethanedisulfonic

acid. It is dispersible in water, forming very acidic

neodymia. See neodymium oxide.

880NEODYMIUM

neodymium. Properties: Pink powder. Insoluble in water; slightly

CAS: 7440-00-8. Nd. Metallic element having soluble in acids.

atomic number 60, group IIIB of the periodic table, Grade: 75, 95, and 99%.

aw 144.24, valence of 3. A rare-earth element of the

lanthanide (cerium) group. There are seven iso-

neodymium oxide. (neodymia). Nd

(SO

4)3

topes.

Properties: Pure product is a blue-gray powder;

Properties: Soft, malleable, yellowish metal; tar-

technical grade is a brown powder. D 7.24, mp

nishes easily. D 7.0, mp 1024C, bp approximately

2270C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids, hygro-

3030C, ignites to oxide (200–400C). Liberates hy-

scopic. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.

drogen from water; soluble in dilute acids. High

Grade: 65, 75, 85, 95, 99, and 99.9% oxide.

electrical resistivity, paramagnetic. Readily cut and

Use: (65%) To counteract color of iron in glass.

machined. Store under mineral oil or inert gas to

(Purified grade) Ceramic capacitors, coloring glass,

prevent tarnish and corrosion.

refractories, carbon arc-light electrodes, color TV

Derivation: Monazite, bastnasite, allanite. Ores are

tubes, dehydrogenation catalyst.

cracked by heating with sulfuric acid.

Available forms: Ingots, rods, sheet, powder to

neodymium sulfate. Nd(SO

)

•8H

99.9+% purity.

Properties: Pink crystals. D 2.85, mp 800C (decom-

Hazard: (Salts) Irritant to eyes and abraded skin.

poses. Soluble in cold water; sparingly soluble in hot

Use: Neodymium salts, electronics, alloys, colored

water.

glass, (especially in astronomical lenses and lasers),

Grade: 75, 99, and 99.9%.

to increase heat resistance of magnesium, metallur-

gical research, yttrium-garnet laser dope, gas scav-

“Neoflex” [Shell]. TM for a series of linear

enger in iron and steel manufacture.

primary alcohols, from C

through C

, including

See didymium.

blends.

Properties: (C

) Colorless liquid. D 0.8217 (25/

neodymium acetate. Nd(C

)

•xH

25C), distillation range 174–182C.

Properties: Pink powder. Soluble in water.

Hazard: Combustible, moderate fire risk.

Use: Solvent, reaction intermediate, esterifying

neodymium ammonium nitrate.

agent.

Nd(NO

)

•2NH

•4H

Properties: Pink crystals. Soluble in water. Techni-

neohexane. (2,2-dimethylbutane).

cal grade contains 75% neodymium salt, principal

CAS: 75-83-2. C

impurities praseodymium and samarium com-

pounds.

neodymium carbonate. Nd(CO

)

•xH

Properties: Pink powder. Insoluble in water; soluble

in acids.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid. Bp 49.7C, refr

Grade: 75, 95, and 99% neodymium salt.

index 1.3659 (25C), d 0.6570 (25C), fp −99.7C,

flash p −54F (−47C), octane rating 100+, autoign

neodymium chloride. (1) NdCl

, (2)

temp 797F (425C).

NdCl

•6H

Derivation: By the thermal or catalytic union (alkyl-

Properties: (1) Violet crystals. D 4.134 (25C), mp

ation) of ethylene and isobutane, both recovered

784C, bp 1600C. Very soluble in water; soluble in

from refinery gases.

alcohol; insoluble in ether and chloroform. (2) Red

Grade: 95%, 99%, research.

crystals. Mp 124C, loses 6H

O at 160C. Very solu-

Hazard: TLV: 500 ppm; STEL 1000 ppm. Highly

ble in water and alcohol.

flammable, dangerous fire and explosion risk, ex-

Grade: 75, 95, 99, and 99.9%.

plosion limits 1.2–7%.

Use: Component of high-octane motor and aviation

neodymium fluoride. NdF

fuels, intermediate for agricultural chemicals.

Properties: Pink powder. Mp 1410C, bp 2300C.

Insoluble in water.

“Neolyn” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of soft-

Grade: 65, 75, 99, and 99.9%.

to-medium hard modifying rosin-derived alkyd res-

Hazard: Irritant.

ins. Available in solution and/or solid forms of vari-

ous grades.

neodymium nitrate. Nd(NO

)

•6H

Use: Adhesives, lacquers, organosols, plastisols, and

Properties: Pink crystals. Very soluble in water;

floor tile.

soluble in alcohol and in acetone.

Grade: 75, 95, 99, and 99.9%.

Hazard: Possible explosion risk.

neomycin.

CAS: 1404-04-2. An antibiotic complex obtained

neodymium oxalate. Nd

)

•10H

O. from Streptomyces fradiae; it is soluble in water and

881 NEPHELITE

methanol but insoluble in most organic solvents. It Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

consists of three component substances, all of which tion. Low toxicity by skin contact.

function as antiinfective agents; some derivatives Use: Agricultural chemical.

have fungicidal properties. The three types are A

(also called neamine): C

;B:C

neoplasm. An abnormal growth of tissue in the

(also available as hydrochloride and sulfate); and C:

body that may or may not be malignant.

See antineoplastic.

neoprene. (polychloroprene).

neon.

CAS: 126-99-8. (CH

ClC:CHCH

)

. A synthetic

CAS: 7440-01-9. Ne. Inert element of atomic num-

elastomer available in solid form, as a latex or as a

ber 10, noble gas group of the periodic table, aw

flexible foam.

20.179. Three stable isotopes.

Properties: Vulcanized with metallic oxides rather

Properties: Colorless, odorless; tasteless gas. Does

than sulfur. D 1.23; resistant to oils, oxygen, ozone,

not form compounds, but ionizes in electric dis-

corona discharge, and electric current. An isocya-

charge tubes. Liquefies at −245.92C, fp −248.6C, d

nate-modified form has high flame resistance. Com-

0.6964 (air

1), sp vol 11.96 cu ft/lb (21C, 1 atm).

bustible but less so than natural rubber.

Slightly soluble in water. An asphyxiant gas. Non-

Use: (Solid) Mechanical rubber products, lining oil-

combustible.

loading hose and reaction equipment, adhesive ce-

Derivation: By fractional distillation of liquid air. It

ment, binder for rocket fuels, coatings for electric

constitutes 0.0012% of normal air.

wiring, gaskets and seals. (Liquid) Specialty items

Grade: Technical, highest purity.

made by dipping or electrophoresis from the latex.

Hazard: ?TLV: simple asphyxiant.

(Foam) Adhesive tape to replace metal fasteners for

Use: (Gas) Luminescent electric tubes and photo-

automotive accessories, seat cushions, carpet back-

electric bulbs, electronic industry, high-voltage in-

ing, sealant.

dicators, lasers. (Liquid) cryogenic research.

neopyrithiamine. See pyrithiamine.

neonicotine. See anabasine.

Neosalvarsan. (sodium 3:3

′

-diamino-4:4

′

-dihy-

neopentane. (2,2-dimethylpropane; tetrame-

droxyarsenobenzene formaldehyde sulfoxylate).

thylmethane).

CAS: 457-60-3. C

SAs

Na.

CAS: 463-82-1. C

or C(CH

)

. Present in small

Use: Treatment against syphilis.

amounts in natural gas.

“Neosol” [Shell]. TM for ethanol based on a

formulation approved by the Bureau of Internal

Revenue.

“Neosporin” [Pfizer]. Proprietary formulation

of polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and

Properties: Colorless gas or very volatile liquid. Bp

gramicidin.

9.5C, d 0.591 (20/4C), fp −19.5C, flash p −85F

Use: Ocular antibiotic.

(−65C), autoign temp 842F (450C). Soluble in alco-

hol; insoluble in water

neotridecanoic acid. C

COOH. Colorless

Grade: Technical 95%, pure 99%, research 99.9%.

liquid of 97% purity. Suggested for plasticizers,

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ex-

lubricants, paint driers, fungicides, cosmetics, alkyd

plosive limits in air 1.4–7.5%.

resins.

Use: Research, butyl rubber.

“Neozone” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

neopentanoic acid. See trimethylacetic acid.

rubber antioxidants. An N-phenyl-␣-naphthyl-

amine. “D” is N-phenyl-␤-napthylamine. “C” is fu-

neopentyl glycol. (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propane-

sion of “Neozone” A and toluene-2,4-diamine.

diol).

CAS: 126-30-7. HOCH

C(CH

)

OH.

nephelite. (nepheline). (Na,K)(Al,Si)

. Essen-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Boiling range

tially a silicate of sodium, found in silica-poor igne-

95% between 204–208C, mp 120–130C, d 1.066

ous rocks.

(25/4C). Partially soluble in water; miscible with

Properties: Colorless, white, or yellowish; vitreous

alcohol and ether.

to greasy luster. Mohs hardness 5.5–6, d 2.55–2.65.

Use: Polyester foams, insect repellent, alkyd modifi-

Occurrence: The former U.S.S.R., Ontario, Norway,

er, plasticizers, urethanes, synthetic lubricants.

South Africa, Maine, Arkansas, New Jersey.

Use: Ceramic and glass manufacture, enamels,

neopinamine. source of potash and aluminum (the former

CAS: 66525-27-7. mf: C

. U.S.S.R.).

882NEPHELOMETRY

nephelometry. Photometric analytical tech- Use: To insure consistent odor in sweet, floral com-

niques for measuring the light scattered by finely positions.

divided particles of a substance in suspension. It is

used to estimate the extent of turbidity in such prod-

nerol. (cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol).

ucts as beer and wine, in which colloidally dispersed

CAS: 106-25-2.

particles are present.

(CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

C(CH

):CHCH

OH. The cis iso-

mer of geraniol.

neptunium. Np. A radioactive transuranic ele-

Properties: Colorless liquid, rose-neroli odor. Solu-

ment having atomic number 93, first formed by

ble in absolute alcohol. Combustible.

bombarding uranium with high-speed deuterons aw

Derivation: Iodization of geraniol with hydriodic

237.0482, valences of 3, 4, 5, 6; d 20.45. Neptuni-

acid, followed by treatment with alcoholic soda.

um-237, the longest-lived of the 11 isotopes, has

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

been found naturally in extremely small amounts in

uranium ores. It is produced in weighable amounts

nerolidol. (3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-

as a by-product in the production of plutonium.

3-ol).

Metallic neptunium is obtained by first preparing

CAS: 7212-44-4.

neptunium trifluoride, which is reduced with barium

(CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

C(CH

):CH(CH

)

(CH

)•

vapor at 1200C. It is a silvery white metal; mp 640C.

(OH)CH:CH

. A sesquiterpene alcohol.

Neptunium is similar chemically to uranium; it

Properties: Straw-colored liquid; odor similar to

forms such intermetallic compounds as NpAl

and

rose and apple mixtures. D 0.878, refr index

NpBe

, as well as NpC, NpSi

, NpN, NpF

, NpF

1.480–1.482, angular rotation (natural) +11 to +14

NpF

, NpNO

,Np

, etc; soluble in hydrochloric

degrees; (synthetic) optically inactive, stable in air.

acid, strong reducing agents.

Soluble in alcohol and most fixed oils; insoluble in

Use: Np-237 is used in neutron detection instru-

glycerol. Combustible.

ments.

Derivation: Occurs naturally in Peru balsam and oils

Hazard: A radioactive poison.

of orange flower, sweet orange, and ylang ylang.

Also made synthetically.

neptunium dioxide. NpO

Grade: FCC.

Properties: Dark-olive, free-flowing powder.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

Derivation: Neptunium oxalate is precipitated from

solutions containing nitric acid and neptunium. The

nerolin. See ␤-naphthyl ethyl ether.

neptunium oxalate is calcined at 500–550C, produc-

ing neptunium dioxide.

neroli oil. An essential oil used in perfumery and

Hazard: Toxic. A radioactive poison.

flavoring.

Use: Fabrication by powder metallurgy into target

elements to be irradiated to produce Pu-238.

nerve gas. (nerve poison). One of several toxic

chemical warfare agents developed in Germany dur-

nequinate.

ing World War II. They are organic derivatives of

CAS: 13997-19-8. mf: C

phosphoric acid (principally alkyl phosphates, fluo-

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 287−288°.

rophosphates, and thiophosphates). They inhibit the

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

enzyme cholinesterase and cause acetylcholine poi-

soning and cessation of nerve transmission. They

Nernst potential. (thermodynamic potential).

are colorless, odorless, tasteless liquids of low vola-

(1) The potential that exists between the interiors of

tility and are absorbed rapidly through the eyes,

the phases of a two-phase system. (2) Potential (E)

lungs, or skin; they are lethally toxic to higher ani-

of a single electrode in a galvanic cell.

mals and humans. Many insecticides have the same

structure and properties. Antidotes are atropine sul-

Nernst, Walther. (1864–1941). A German

fate and pralidoxime iodide.

chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1920. He was

See parathion; cholinesterase inhibitor.

educated at Zurich and Berlin and received his Ph.D.

at Wurzburg. He wrote many works concerning

theory of electric potential and conduction of elec-

trolytic solutions. He developed the third law of

thermodynamics, which states that at absolute zero

the entropy of every material in perfect equilibrium

is zero, and therefore volume, pressure, and surface

tension all become independent of temperature. He

Nessler’s reagent.

also invented Nernst’s lamp, which required no vac-

CAS: 7783-33-7. Solution of mercuric iodide in

uum and little current.

potassium iodide.

Hazard: High toxicity.

“Neroflex” [Millenium]. TM for floral com- Use: Detecting the presence of ammonia, particularly

position additive. in very small amounts.

883 NEUTRON

Nessler tubes. Standardized glass tubes for fill- “Neustrene 064” [ACH]. (glyceryl tristea-

ing with standard solution colors for visual color rate).

comparison with similar tubes filled with solution CAS: 555-43-1. TM for plastic lubricant and mold-

release agent.

samples.

Use: Synthetic wax for cosmetic sticks and pencils.

See Nessler’s reagent.

neutral. (1) Of particles, without electric charge.

neticonazole hydrochloride.

See neutron; atom.

CAS: 130773-02-3. mf: C

OS•ClH.

(2) Of solutions, neither acidic nor basic. See pH.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

neutral flame. Gas flame produced by a mix-

netobimin.

ture of fuel and oxygen so as to be neither oxidizing

CAS: 88255-01-0. mf: C

nor reducing.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

neutralization. A chemical reaction in which

Neuberg blue. A mixture of copper blue (pow-

water is formed by mutual interaction of the ions that

dered azurite) and an iron blue (Prussian blue). It can

characterize acids and bases when both are present

be more easily ground in oil than pure copper blue.

in an aqueous solution, i.e., H

+OH

−

→ H

O, the

remaining product being a salt. R. T. Sanderson

“Neulon” [Dow]. TM for polyvinyl acetate

states: “An aqueous solution containing an excess of

low-profile additives.

hydronium ions is called acidic. It readily releases

Use: For polyester modifiers, fast cure processes, and

protons to electron-donating substances. An aque-

pigmentable systems.

ous solution containing an excess of hydroxyl ions is

called basic. It readily accepts protons from sub-

Neumann’s law. Molecular heat in compounds

stances that can release them, and is in general an

of analogous constitution is always the same.

excellent donor. No aqueous solution can contain an

excess of both hydronium and hydroxyl ions, be-

Neumann triangle. Graphical representation

cause when these ions collide, a proton is immedi-

of equilibrium of three surface tensions at point of

ately transferred from the hydronium to the hydrox-

contact of two immiscible liquids with air.

yl ion, and both become water molecules.”

Neutralization occurs with both (1) inorganic and

neurine. (trimethylvinylammonium hydroxide).

(2) organic compounds: (1) Ca(OH)

→

CAS: 463-88-7. CH

:CHN(CH

)

OH. A poisonous

CaSO

+2H

O; (2) HCOOH + NaHCO

→ HCOO-

ptomaine formed during putrefaction by the dehy-

Na + CO

O. It should be noted that neutraliza-

dration of choline.

tion can occur without formation of water, as in the

Properties: Syrupy liquid; fishy odor. Absorbs car-

reaction CaO + CO

→ CaCO

. Neutralization does

bon dioxide from the air; soluble in water and al-

not mean the attaining of pH 7.0; rather it means the

cohol.

equivalence point for an acid-base reaction. When a

Hazard: Highly toxic.

strong acid reacts with a weak base, the pH will be

Use: Biochemical research.

less than 7.0, and when a strong base reacts with a

weak acid, the pH will be greater than 7.0.

neuron. A cell of nervous tissue specialized for

transmission of a nerve impulse.

neutral oil. A lubricating oil of medium or low

viscosity obtained by distillation and dewaxing of

neurotoxin A (naja naja reduced).

crude petroleum or its cracking products.

CAS: 11080-14-1. mf: C

331

526

103

Hazard: A poison.

neutral red. (toluylene red; 3-amino-7-(di-

Source: Natural product.

methylamino)-2-methylphenazine monohydro-

chloride; CI 50040).

neurotransmitter. A low molecular weight

(CH

)

•HCl (tricyclic).

compound (usually containing nitrogen) secreted

Properties: Green powder. Dissolves in water or

from the terminal of one neuron and bound by a

alcohol to give red color.

specific receptor in the next neuron in order to tran-

Use: Acid-base indicator in the pH range 6.8–8.0 (red

smit a nerve impulse.

in acid, yellow-brown in alkali); biological stain.

“Neustrene” [ACH]. TM for hydrogenated re- neutron. Discovered by Chadwick in 1932, the

fined glyceride products from selected animal, veg- neutron is a fundamental particle of matter having a

etable, and marine raw material sources. mass of 1.009 but no electric charge. It is a constitu-

Use: Lubricating greases, pharmaceutical intermedi- ent of the nucleus of all elements except hydrogen,

ates, synthetic waxes, textile lubricants, mold-re- the number of neutrons present being the difference

lease agents, buffering compounds, emulsifying between the mass number and the atomic number of

agents, adhesives, textile softeners, and lubricants. the element. Neutrons may be liberated from the

884NEUTRON ACTIVATION

nucleus by fission of uranium-235, plutonium, and a product of the coefficient of viscosity and rate of

few other elements, each nucleus yielding an aver- shear.

age of 2.5 neutrons; they can also be produced by

bombardment of other elements, e.g., beryllium

NF. Abbreviation for National Formulary, a com-

with positively charged particles.

pendium of pharmaceutical formulations widely

Because free neutrons are uncharged they have tre-

used as a standard reference.

mendous penetrating power as a result of their elec-

trical neutrality; hence, they have a highly damaging

NFPA. Abbreviation for National Fire Protection

effect on living tissue, requiring the use of shielding

Association.

of all equipment in which they are produced. Neu-

trons directly emitted from atomic nuclei are termed

fast; these bring about the chain reaction in the

Ni. Symbol for nickel.

atomic bomb. In a nuclear power reactor, where a

less rapid reaction is desired, the energy of fast

“Niacide” [FMC]. TM for fungicidal products

neutrons is partially absorbed by the moderator, and

containing dimethyl dithiocarbamates used mainly

the neutrons so retarded are called slow or thermal.

for scab control.

See electron; proton; fission.

Use: Nuclear fission; manufacture of plutonium and

radioactive isotopes; activation analysis.

niacin. (nicotinic acid; pyridine-3-carboxylic

acid).

CAS: 59-67-6.

neutron activation analysis. See activation

analysis.

neutron diffraction. See diffraction, neu-

tron.

Neville-Winter acid. (1-naphthol-4-sulfonic

The antipellagra vitamin, essential to many animals

acid; ␣-naphtholsulfonic acid; NW acid).

for growth and health. In humans, niacin is believed

necessary, along with other vitamins, for the preven-

tion and cure of pellagra. It functions in protein and

carbohydrate metabolism. As a component of two

important enzymes, coenzymes I and II, it functions

in glycolysis and tissue respiration.

Properties: Colorless needles; odorless; sour taste.

Mp 236C, sublimes above melting point, d 1.473.

Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in most lipid

solvents, quite stable to heat and oxidation. A vaso-

Properties: Transparent plates. Mp 170C. Soluble in

dilator in high concentration. Amounts of niacin are

water.

expressed in milligrams.

Derivation: From sodium salt of naphthionic acid by

Source: Food sources; meat, fish, milk, whole grains,

hydrolysis of the amino group.

yeast. Commercial sources: synthetic niacin is made

Use: Azo dye intermediate, e.g., Congo Corinth.

by oxidation of nicotine, quinoline, or 2-methyl-5-

ethylpyridine (from ammonia and formaldehyde or

“Nevindene” [Neville]. TM for high-melting

acetaldehyde).

coumarone-indene resins of extreme hardness.

Grade: NF, FCC, blended with soy flour (animal

Use: Dental compounds, fast-drying varnishes, roto-

feeds).

gravure inks, aluminum paints, and insulating com-

Use: Medicine (cholesterol-lowering agent), nutri-

pounds.

tion, feeds, enriched flours, dietary supplement.

See niacinamide.

“Nevinol” [Neville]. TM for a series of (alkyl)

hydroxy resins.

niacinamide. (nicotinamide; nicotinic acid

Use: Adhesives, lacquers, paper coatings, special

amide).

inks, and varnishes.

CAS: 98-92-0. C

NCONH

. Same biological

function as niacin.

Newtonian flow. Flow characterized by a rate

Properties: Colorless needles; bitter taste. Mp 129C,

of shear that is directly proportional to the shearing

d 1.40. Soluble in water, ethanol, and glycerol.

force.

Source: Synthetic made by conversion of niacin to

See non-Newtonian behavior.

the amide.

Grade: USP, FCC, Also commercially available as

Newtonian liquid. A liquid conforming to the the hydrochloride.

law that the homogeneous shearing stress is the Use: Medicine, dietary supplement.

885 NICKEL ARSENATE

niacinamide ascorbate. A complex of ascor- either sold as such or reduced to metal, which is cast

bic acid and niacinamide. into anodes and refined electrolytically or by the

Properties: Lemon-yellow powder; odorless or with carbonyl process (see Mond process). Oxide ores

a very slight odor. May gradually darken upon expo- are treated by hydrometallurgical refining, e.g.,

sure to air. Soluble in water and alcohol, sparingly leaching with ammonia. Much secondary nickel is

soluble in glycerol, practically insoluble in benzene. recovered from scrap.

Grade: FCC. Grade: Electrolytic, ingot, pellets, shot, sponge,

Use: Dietary supplement. powder, high-purity strip, single crystals.

Hazard: Flammable and toxic as dust or fume. A

carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: (metal) 1 mg/m

; (solu-

nialamide. (1-(2-benzylcarbamyl)ethyl-2-isoni-

ble compounds) (Ni): 0.1 mg/m

cotinoylhydrazine).

Use: Alloys (low-alloy steels, stainless steel, copper

CAS: 51-12-7.

and brass, permanent magnets, electrical resistance

NCO(NH)

(CH

)

CONHCH

alloys), electroplated protective coatings, electro-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Low solubili-

formed coatings, alkaline storage battery, fuel cell

ty in water; good solubility in slightly acid solution.

electrodes, catalyst for methanation of fuel gases

It is stable in crystalline form, suspension, and solu-

and hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

tion.

See Raney’s nickel.

Use: Medicine (as an antidepressant).

Hazard: Toxic in overdose.

nickel acetate.

CAS: 373-02-4. Ni(OOCCH

)

•4H

“Nialk.” [Occidental]. TM for chlorine, caus-

Properties: Green, monoclinic crystals; effloresces

tic soda, caustic potash, carbonate of potash, paradi-

somewhat in air. D 1.74, decomposes on heating to

chlorobenzene, and trichloroethylene.

250C. Soluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: By heating nickel hydroxide with acetic

nicarbazin. Equimolar complex of 4,4

′

-dini-

acid in the presence of metallic nickel.

trocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyri-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, a carcinogen (OSHA).

midine.

Use: Textiles (mordant), catalyst.

Properties: Forms crystals. Decomposes at

265–275C. Insoluble in water.

nickel acetylacetonate.

Use: Coccidiostat.

CAS: 3264-82-2. (CH

COCHCOCH

)

Ni.

Properties: Green, crystalline solid. Mp 230C, bp

niccolite. (arsenical nickel). NiAs. An ore of

220C (11 mm Hg), d 1.45. Soluble in water, alcohol,

nickel.

and benzene; insoluble in ether.

Properties: Pale-copper-red mineral with dark tar-

Use: Catalyst for organic reactions.

nish, metallic luster. Contains 43.9% nickel. D

7.3–7.67, Mohs hardness 5–5.5. Soluble in concen-

nickel aluminide. A cermet that can be flame-

trated nitric acid.

sprayed.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of dust.

nickel ammonium chloride. (ammonium

“Nichrome.” TM for an alloy containing 60%

nickel chloride). (1) NiCl

•NH

Cl, (2)

nickel, 24% iron, 16% chromium, 0.1% carbon.

NiCl

•NH

Cl•6H

O. Properties: (1) Yellow pow-

Use: It is used principally for electric resistance pur-

der, (2) green crystals, d 1.65, soluble in water,

poses. It also offers good resistance to mine and

deliquescent.

seawaters and moist sulfurous atmospheres.

Hazard: See nickel.

Use: Electroplating, dyeing (mordant).

nickel.

CAS: 7440-02-0. Ni. Metallic element of atomic

nickel ammonium sulfate. (nickel salts,

number 28, group VIII of the periodic table, aw

double; ammonium nickel sulfate).

58.70, valences of 2, 4. Five stable isotopes.

CAS: 15699-18-0. NiSO

•(NH

)

•6H

Properties: Malleable, silvery metal. Readily fabri-

Properties: Green crystals. D 1.929. Decomposed by

cated by hot- and cold-working, takes high polish,

heat. Soluble in water; less in ammonium sulfate

excellent resistance to corrosion. D 8.908, mp

solution; insoluble in alcohol.

1455C, bp 2900C, electrical resistivity (20C) 6.844

Derivation: An aqueous solution of nickel sulfate is

microhm-cm. Attacked slightly by hydrochloric

acidified with sulfuric acid, then an aqueous solu-

acid and sulfuric acid, somewhat more by nitric acid,

tion of ammonium sulfate is added. On concentrat-

highly resistant to strong alkalies.

ing, crystals of the double sulfate separate out.

Occurrence: Ontario, Cuba, Norway, Dominican

Hazard: See nickel.

Republic.

Use: Nickel electrolyte for electroplating.

Derivation: Nickel ores are of two types, sulfide and

oxide, the former accounting for two-thirds of the

world’s consumption. Sulfide ores are refined by

nickel arsenate. (nickelous arsenate).

flotation and roasting to sintered nickel oxide, and Ni

(AsO

)

•8H

886NICKEL BROMIDE

Properties: Yellow-green powder. D 4.98. Soluble Derivation: By adding potassium cyanide to a solu-

in acids; insoluble in water.

tion of a nickel salt.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg(Ni)/m

Use: Catalyst (hardening fats used in soap).

mg(CN)/m

Use: Metallurgy, electroplating.

nickel bromide. (nickelous bromide). (1)

NiBr

, (2) NiBr

•3H

nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate.

Properties: (1) Brownish-yellow solid or yellow,

CAS: 13927-77-0. Ni[SC(S)N(C

)

]

lustrous scales. D 5.098, mp 963C. (2) Deliquescent,

Properties: Dark-green flakes. D 1.26, mp 86C min.

greenish scales; loses 3H

O at 300C. Soluble in

Use: Antioxidant for synthetic rubbers.

water, alcohol, ether, and ammonium hydroxide.

Derivation: Bromination of nickel powder or nickel

nickel dimethylglyoxime. C

NiO

carbonyl.

Properties: Bright-red powder. Sublimes at 250C.

Hazard: See nickel.

Insoluble in water; soluble in mineral acids.

Use: Pigment in paints, cosmetics, cellulosics.

nickel carbonate, basic.

CAS: 3333-67-3. NiCO

•2Ni(OH)

•4H

nickel formate. (HCOO)

Ni•2H

Properties: Light-green crystals or brown powder. D

Properties: Green crystals. D 2.15. Partially soluble

2.6. Insoluble in water; soluble in ammonia and

in water; insoluble in alcohol.

dilute acids.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of sodium formate and

Derivation: (1) In nature as the mineral zaratite. (2)

nickel sulfate, (2) dissolving nickel hydroxide in

Synthetically, by addition of soda ash to a solution of

formic acid.

nickel sulfate.

Hazard: See nickel.

Use: Production of nickel catalysts.

Use: Electroplating, preparation of nickel catalysts,

ceramic colors and glazes.

nickel hydroxide. See nickelous hydroxide;

nickelic hydroxide.

nickel carbonyl. (nickel tetracarbonyl).

CAS: 13463-39-3. Ni(CO)

. A zero-valent com-

nickelic hydroxide. (nickel hydroxide).

pound. The four carbonyl groups form a tetrahedral

CAS: 12054-48-7. Ni(OH)

arrangement and are linked covalently to the metal

Properties: Black powder. Mp decomposes.

through the carbons.

Derivation: By adding a hypochlorite to a solution of

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.3185, fp −19C, bp

a nickel salt.

43C, vap press 400 mm Hg (25.8C). Soluble in

Use: Nickel salts.

alcohol and many organic solvents; soluble in con-

centrated nitric acid; insoluble in water.

nickelic oxide. (nickel peroxide; nickel(III)

Derivation: By passing carbon monoxide gas over

oxide; nickel sesquioxide; black nickel oxide).

finely divided nickel.

CAS: 1314-06-3. Ni

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Gray-black powder. D 4.84, mp (re-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explodes at

duced to nickel oxide) 600C. Soluble in acids; insol-

60C (140F). A carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: 0.05

uble in water.

ppm(Ni).

Derivation: By gentle heating of the nitrate or chlo-

Use: Production of high-purity nickel powder by

rate.

Mond process, continuous nickel coatings on steel

Hazard: See nickel.

and other metals.

Use: Storage batteries.

nickel chloride. (nickelous chloride).

nickel iodide. (nickelous iodide). NiI

CAS: 7718-54-9. (1) NiCl

, (2) NiCl

•6H

NiI

•6H

Properties: (1) Brown scales, deliquescent, (2) green

Properties: Black, crystalline powder or blue-green

scales, deliquescent. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

crystals; hygroscopic. D 5.834, sublimes at 797C

ammonium hydroxide. (1) D 3.55, mp 1001C. Non-

without melting. Soluble in alcohol and water.

flammable.

Derivation: Direct combination of nickel and iodine.

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on nickel.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: See nickel.

See nickel.

Use: Electroplated nickel coatings, reagent chemical.

nickel-iron alloy. See iron-nickel alloy.

nickel cyanide.

CAS: 557-19-7. Ni(CN)

•4H

Properties: Apple-green plates or powder. Mp loses

“Nickel-Lume” [ATOTECH]. TM for a

O at 200C, bp decomposes. Soluble in ammo- bright nickel electroplating process; materials used

nium hydroxide and potassium cyanide solution; are nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, boric acid, and

insoluble in water and acids. organic addition agents.

887 NICKEL SULFATE

nickel matte. See matte. 6.6–6.8, absorbs oxygen at 400C forming nickelic

oxide, which is reduced to nickel oxide at 600C.

nickel nitrate. (nickelous nitrate). Soluble in acids and ammonium hydroxide. Insolu-

CAS: 13138-45-9. Ni(NO

)

•6H

O. ble in water and caustic solutions.

Properties: Green, deliquescent crystals. D 2.065, Derivation: By heating nickel above 400C in the

mp 55C, bp 136.7C. Soluble in water, ammonium presence of oxygen.

hydroxide, and alcohol. Hazard: See nickel.

Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on nickel, or Use: Nickel salts, porcelain painting, fuel cell elec-

trodes.

on nickel oxide.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

nickel oxide, black. See nickelic oxide.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidizing agent.

TLV: 0.1 mg(Ni)/m

nickel oxide, green. See nickel oxide.

Use: Nickel plating, preparation of nickel catalysts,

manufacture of brown ceramic colors.

nickel peroxide. See nickelic oxide.

nickel nitrate, ammoniated. (nickel nitrate

tetrammine). Ni(NO

)

•4NH

•2H

O. nickel phosphate. (nickelous phosphate; trin-

Properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water; insolu- ickelous-orthophosphate). Ni

(PO

)

•7H

ble in alcohol; decomposes in air. Properties: Light-green powder. Soluble in acids

Derivation: By adding ammonium hydroxide to a and ammonium hydroxide; insoluble in water.

nitric acid solution of nickel oxide with subsequent Use: Electroplating.

crystallization.

Hazard: See nickel nitrate.

nickel potassium sulfate. (potassium nickel

Use: Nickel plating.

sulfate). NiSO

•K

•6H

Properties: Blue-green crystals. D 2.124. Soluble in

nickelocene. (dicyclopentadienylnickel). water.

)

Ni.

Properties: Dark-green crystals. Mp 171–173C. Sol-

nickel protoxide. See nickel oxide.

uble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

Decomposes in acetone, alcohol, and ether; highly

nickel-rhodium. Alloys containing nickel and

reactive compound that decomposes rapidly in air.

25–80% rhodium, but sometimes also some plati-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact, a car-

num, iridium, palladium, molybdenum, tungsten,

cinogen (OSHA).

copper, iron, or cobalt.

Use: Catalyst, complexing agent.

Use: Electrodes, chemical apparatus, reflectors.

See metallocene.

nickel salt, double. See nickel ammonium

nickelous arsenate. See nickel arsenate.

sulfate.

nickelous bromide. See nickel bromide.

nickel salt, single. See nickel sulfate.

nickelous chloride. See nickel chloride.

nickel sesquioxide. See nickelic oxide.

nickelous hydroxide. (nickel hydroxide).

nickel-silver. Nonferrous alloy of nickel, cop-

CAS: 12125-56-3. Ni(OH)

per, and zinc having a silver appearance.

Properties: Fine green powder. D 4.15, mp (decom-

Use: Etching, enameling, silver plating, and chromi-

poses) 230C. Very slightly soluble in water; soluble

um plating.

in acids and ammonium hydroxide.

Derivation: By adding caustic soda to a solution of

nickel stannate. NiSnO

•2H

nickelous salt.

Properties: Light-colored, crystalline powder. Ap-

Hazard: See nickel.

proximate temperature of dehydration 120C.

Use: Nickel salts.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 0.1

mg(Ni)/m

nickelous iodide. See nickel iodide.

Use: Additive in ceramic capacitors.

nickelous nitrate. See nickel nitrate.

nickel sulfate. (nickel salts, single; blue

salt).

nickelous phosphate. See nickel phosphate.

CAS: 7786-81-4. (1) NiSO

, (2) NiSO

•6H

O, (3)

NiSO

•7H

nickel oxide. (nickelous oxide; nickel(II) ox- Properties: (1) Yellow-green crystals, (2) blue or

ide; nickel protoxide; green nickel oxide). emerald green crystals, (3) green crystals. D (1)

CAS: 1313-99-1. NiO. 3.68, (2) 2.031, (3) 1.98; mp (1) 840C (loses SO

Properties: Green powder that becomes yellow. D (2) and (3) loses 6H

O at 103C. All the sulfates are

888NICKEL TETRACARBONYL

soluble in water; (2) and (3) are soluble in alcohol; ble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, kerosene, water,

(1) is insoluble in alcohol and ether. and oils. Combustible.

Derivation: By distilling tobacco with milk of lime

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on nickel.

and extracting with ether.

Grade: Technical, CP, single crystals.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Ni)/m

; con-

absorption. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

firmed human carcinogen.

Use: Insecticide, fumigant; use as insecticide may be

Use: Manufacture of nickel ammonium sulfate, nick-

restricted. Available as the dihydrochloride, salicy-

el catalysts, nickel plating, mordant in dyeing and

late, sulfate, and bitartrate.

printing textiles, coatings, ceramics.

nicotine, compd. with manganese(ii) o-

nickel tetracarbonyl. See nickel carbonyl.

benzoyl benzoate, trihydrate (2:1).

CAS: 64092-22-4. mf: C

MnN

•3H

nick translation. A method for incorporating

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

radioactive isotopes (typically 32P) into a piece of

Use: Agricultural chemical.

DNA. The DNA is randomly nicked by DNase I, and

then starting from those nicks DNA polymerase I

nicotine-n

′

-oxide.

digests and then replaces a stretch of DNA. Radiola-

CAS: 491-26-9. mf: C

beled precursor nucleotide triphosphates can thus be

Hazard: A poison.

incorporated.

nicotine salts. (1) Hydrochloride, C

nicol. An optical material (Iceland spar) that func-

•HCl; (2) salicylate, C

•C

; (3) sulfate,

tions as a prism, separating light rays that pass

)

•H

(40% solution

“Black Leaf For-

through it into two portions, one of which is reflect-

ty”); (4) tartrate, C

•2C

•H

ed away and the other transmitted. The transmitted

Properties: (1) Colorless oil; (2) white crystals. Mp

portion is called plane-polarized light.

117.4C; (3) white crystals; (4) white plates. Mp 89C.

See calcite; optical isomerism.

All the salts are soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: By the action of the respective acid on

“Nicomo-12” [Grace]. TM for a hydrodesul-

the alkaloid.

furization catalyst of nickel, cobalt, and molybde-

num on alumina.

nicotinic acid. See niacin.

“Nicon” [LaMotte]. Brand name for diethyldi-

nicotinic acid, aluminum salt. See alumi-

thiocarbamate used in the colorimetric determina-

num nicotinate.

tion of nickel.

nicotinic acid amide. See niacinamide.

nicotinamide. See niacinamide.

Niementowski quinazoline synthesis. For-

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

mation of 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolines by cycli-

phosphate. (NADP; diphosphopyridine nu-

zation of the reaction products of anthranilic acid

cleotide; DPN; coenzyme I; Co I; codehydroge-

and amides.

nase I). C

. Entry name is recommend-

ed by the International Union of Biochemistry and

Niementowski quinoline synthesis. Forma-

IUPAC. A coenzyme necessary for the alcoholic

tion of ␥-hydroxyquinoline derivatives from anthra-

fermentation of glucose and the oxidative dehydro-

nilic acids and carbonyl compounds.

genation of other substrates. It occurs widely in

living tissue, especially in liver.

Use: Biochemical research, chromatography.

Nierenstein reaction. Formation of omega-

chloroacetophenones by reaction of diazomethane

in dry ether with aroyl chlorides. Coumaranones are

nicotine. (␤-pyridyl-␣-n-methylpyrrolidine).

obtained if an ortho-hydroxy group is present.

CAS: 54-11-5. C

NCH

Nieuland, Father J. A. (1878–1936). A Jesu-

it whose research on polymers of acetylene formed

the basis for the development of polychloroprene

(neoprene) in 1931.

See Carothers, Wallace H.

Properties: Alkaloid from tobacco; thick, water-

white, levorotatory oil turning brown on exposure to

(−)-nigaldipine hydrochloride.

air, also in form of dust or powder. Hygroscopic. Bp CAS: 189624-85-9. mf: C

•2ClH.

247C, d 1.00924, autoign temp 471F (243C). Solu- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

889 NIOBIUM OXALATE

nigrescigenin. Properties: Gray or silvery, ductile metal. Does not

CAS: 6785-70-2. mf: C

. tarnish or oxidize at room temperature. D 8.57, mp

Hazard: A poison. 2468C. Reacts with oxygen and halogens only when

Source: Natural product. heated, less corrosion resistant than tantalum at high

temperature. Not attacked by nitric acid up to 100C,

but vigorously attacked by a mixture of nitric and

nigrosine. A class of dark-blue or black dyes,

hydrofluoric acids. Hot concentrated hydrochloric

some soluble in water, some in alcohol, and some in

acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid attack it, but

oil.

hot concentrated nitric acid does not. Unaffected at

Use: Manufacture of ink and shoe polish dyeing

room temperature by most acids and by aqua regia. It

leather, wood, textiles, etc. It is also used as a shark

is attacked by alkaline solutions to some extent at all

repellent.

temperatures.

Occurrence: Found in two major ores, columbite

nigre. The dark-colored layer containing some

and pyrochlore (a carbonate-silicate rock). Chief

soap, as well as salts and impurities, formed in soap

sources are Brazil, Nigeria, Canada.

manufacture between the layers of soap proper and

Derivation: Niobium is so closely associated with

caustic solution.

tantalum that they must be separated by fractional

crystallization or by solvent extraction, with subse-

NIH. Abbreviation for National Institutes of

quent purification.

Health (Bethesda, MD).

Grade: Plates, rods, powder, single crystals.

Use: Superconducting and magnetic alloys (with tin

“Nikanol” [Fudow]. TM for a liquid resin.

and titanium), cermets, missiles and rockets, cryo-

genic equipment, ferroniobium for alloy steels.

ninhydrin. (triketohydrindene hydrate).

CAS: 485-47-2. C

•H

Properties: White crystals or powder. Mp

niobium carbide. NbC.

240–245C, becomes red when heated above 100C.

Properties: Lavender-gray powder. Mp approxi-

Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in

mately 3500C, d 7.82. Insoluble in water and in all

ether and chloroform.

acids except a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen

Hazard: Irritant.

fluoride.

Use: Chemical intermediate; reagent for determina-

Derivation: By direct combination of niobium with

tion of amines, amino acids, ascorbic acid.

carbon or by the reduction of niobium oxide with

lampblack.

ninhydrin reaction. A color reaction given by

Use: Cemented carbide tipped tools, special steels,

free amino groups of amino acids and peptides on

preparation of niobium metal, coating graphite for

heating with ninhydrin; widely used for their detec-

nuclear reactors.

tion and estimation.

niobium chloride. (niobium pentachloride).

“Ninol” [Stepan]. TM for an emulsifier and

CAS: 10026-12-7. NbCl

lubricant.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 205C, bp

Use: Anti-static properties for textiles.

254C, d 2.75. Deliquescent; decomposes in moist air

with evolution of hydrogen chloride fumes. Soluble

niobe oil. See methyl benzoate.

in carbon tetrachloride, hydrochloric acid, concen-

trated sulfuric acid.

niobic acid. Any hydrated form of Nb

.It

Derivation: Direct combination of niobium and

forms as a white, insoluble precipitate when a potas-

chlorine, chlorination of niobium oxide in the pres-

sium hydrogen sulfate fusion of a niobium com-

ence of carbon.

pound is leached with hot water or when niobium

Hazard: May evolve fumes of hydrogen chloride.

fluoride solutions are treated with ammonium hy-

Keep dry.

droxide. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, con-

Use: Preparation of pure niobium; intermediate.

centrated hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and

bases. Important in analytical determination of nio-

niobium diselenide. NbSe

bium.

Properties: Gray-black solid. Mp >1316C, vacuum

stable from −430 to 2400F (−170 to 1315C). Has

niobite. See columbite.

higher electrical conductivity than graphite.

Use: Lubricant and conductor at high temperatures

niobium. (columbium).

and high vacuum.

CAS: 7440-03-1. Nb. The name niobium is official-

ly approved by chemical authorities, but columbium

is still used chiefly by metallurgists. Metallic ele-

niobium oxalate. NbO(HC

)

•4H

ment, atomic number 41, group VB of the periodic Properties: White crystals, 99.99% pure. Very solu-

table, aw 92.9064, valences of 2, 3, 4, 5; no stable ble in water.

isotopes. Use: Intermediate, special catalysts.

890NIOBIUM OXIDE

niobium oxide. (niobium pentoxide). “Nirez” [Reichhold]. TM for polyterpene, ter-

CAS: 1313-96-8. Nb

. pene, phenol, and resins used in adhesives, coatings,

Properties: White powder. D 4.5–5.0, mp 1520C. chewing gums, and printing inks.

Insoluble in acids (except hydrofluoric and hot sul-

furic acids); insoluble in water; soluble in fused

NIRMS. Noble gas-ion reflection mass spectros-

potassium hydrogen sulfate, or carbonates or hy-

copy.

droxides of the alkali metals.

Derivation: Strong ignition of niobic acid.

nisin. Antibiotic containing 34 amino acid resi-

Use: Intermediate, electronics.

dues, produced by Streptomyces lactis.

Use: Food preservative, especially in canned

niobium pentachloride. See niobium chlo-

products.

ride.

nisin preparation.

niobium pentoxide. See niobium oxide. CAS: 1414-45-5. mf: C

143

230

Properties: Crystals from ethanol. Derived from

Streptoccus lactus Lancefield Group N.

niobium potassium oxyfluoride. (potassi-

Use: Food additive.

um niobium oxypentafluoride; potassium oxy-

fluoniobate).

NIST. See National Institute of Standards and

CAS: 17523-77-2. K

NbOF

•H

Technology.

Properties: White, lustrous leaflets; greasy to touch.

Soluble in hot water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant. TLV: 2.5

nital. Solution of nitric acid in methyl or ethyl

mg(F)/m

alcohol; 1.5% by volume.

Use: Separation of niobium from tantalum, electro-

Use: Etching agent in ferrous metallography.

lytic preparation of niobium metal.

niter. (nitre; saltpeter).

niobium silicide. NbSi

CAS: 7757-79-1. KNO

. A natural potassium ni-

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 1950C.

trate.

Use: Refractory material.

niter cake. A common name for sodium bisul-

fate (NaHSO

) because it was a product of the reac-

niobium-tin. Nb

Sn. Alloy used for special wire

tion by which nitric acid was first made: NaNO

for superconducting magnets to obtain high magnet-

→ NaHSO

+ HNO

ic fields for use in communication and containment

See sodium bisulfate.

of thermonuclear fusion plasmas.

niter, Chile. See sodium nitrate.

niobium-titanium. Alloy used for magnetic de-

vices with fields up to 100,000 gauss.

“Niterox” [Chilean].

CAS: 7631-99-4. TM for sodium nitrate.

niobium-uranium. Niobium alloyed with 20%

Use: Charcoal, glass, explosives, treating metal, anti-

uranium yields a nuclear fuel that maintains tensile

freeze, chemical compounding, wastewater treat-

strength and hardness at 871C.

ment, cleaning compounds, and pharmaceuticals.

NIOSH. Abbreviation for National