N. (1) Symbol for nitrogen. The names of certain thin platelet of high index of refraction. The crystals

compounds (such as N,N-dibutyl urea) contain this are readily oriented into parallel layers because of

symbol as an indication that the group or groups their shape. Being transparent, each crystal reflects

appearing next in the name (i.e., the butyl groups in only part of the incident light reaching it and tran-

the example cited) are joined to the nitrogen atoms

smits the remainder to the crystal below. The na-

in the molecule. The molecular formula is N

. (2)

creous effect is obtained from the simultaneous re-

Mathematical symbol for Avogadro’s number. (3)

flection of light from the many parallel microscopic

Abbreviation for normal solution.

layers.

See normal (2).

NAD. See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

n. Symbol for refractive index: n20/D is refractive

phosphate.

index under standard conditions of temperature and

wavelength (sodium D line).

NADP. See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

phosphate.

n-. Abbreviation for normal.

See normal (1).

nafidimide.

CAS: 69408-81-7. mf: C

Na. Symbol for sodium.

Hazard: A poison.

“NA-22” [Du Pont].

“Naflon” [Du Pont]. TM for a perfluorosul-

fonic acid membrane.

Use: Manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda. It is a

TM for 2-mercaptoimidazoline (C

❘

NC(SH)

❘

NH).

chemically stable ion-exchange resin.

Properties: A white powder. D 1.42, mp above

195C.

naja mossambica mossambica ␣-

Use: To accelerate vulcanization of neoprene.

neurotoxin i.

CAS: 115722-23-1. mf: C

nabam. (disodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate).

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 142-59-6. NaSSCNHCH

NHCSSNa.

Source: Natural product.

Properties: Colorless crystals when pure. Easily sol-

uble in water.

NaK. (sodium-potassium alloy).

Derivation: (a) Addition of carbon disulfide to an

Properties: Soft, silvery solid or liquid. (1) 78%

alcoholic solution of ethylenediamine followed by

potassium, 22% sodium: mp −11C, bp 784C, d

neutralization with sodium hydroxide, or (b) by re-

0.847 (100C); (2) 56% potassium, 44% sodium: mp

action of ethylenediamine with carbon disulfide in

19C, bp 825C, d 0.886 (100C). Must be kept away

aqueous sodium hydroxide.

from air and moisture. The liquid forms come under

Grade: 19% aqueous solution.

the class name potassium (or sodium) metallic liquid

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes,

alloy.

narcotic in high concentrations, use may be re-

Hazard: Ignites in air; explodes in the presence of

stricted.

moisture, oxygen, halogens, acids. Store under ker-

Use: Plant fungicide, starting material for derivatives

osene. Use dry salt or soda ash to extinguish, not

that are also pesticides.

water or foam.

Use: Heat-exchange fluid, electric conductor, organ-

NAC. Abbreviation for National Agricultural

ic synthesis and catalysis.

Chemicals Association.

“Nalan” [Du Pont]. TM for durable water

nacre. (mother of pearl). A form of calcium

repellents used in the textile industry.

carbonate secreted by the epithelial cells in the man-

tle of the oyster. The crystals are bonded by conchio-

“Nalclean” [Nalco]. TM for cleaning composi-

lin (C

); the layers built up by excretion

tion.

form pearls.

Use: Removing water and process-formed deposits

from industrial equipment.

nacreous pigment. A pigment, containing gua-

nine crystals obtained from fish scales or skin, that

produces a pearly luster. May be applied as surface

“Nalclear” [Nalco]. TM for flocculating

coatings, as in simulated pearls, or incorporated into chemicals.

plastics. The pigment particle is generally a very Use: Treating wastewater.

869

870“NALCO”

“Nalco” [Nalco]. TM for a broad class of chem- mechanism of narcotic action; also as an antidote for

icals, organic or otherwise, employed in the treat- acute morphine poisoning.

ment of water and hydrocarbons; paper-making See narcotic.

chemicals; cleaning compounds; combustion aids;

weed and brush controls; lubricating and antilubri-

“Nalprep” [Nalco]. TM for corrosion inhib-

cating compositions; apparatuses; pumps, and

itor.

mechanisms for proportioning chemicals.

Use: To protect cooling-water systems.

“Nalcoag” [Nalco]. TM for a colloidal silica

NaMBT. See sodium MBT.

available in particle sizes from 4 to 100 m␮.

Use: Reinforcing agent, antiblock agent, and dispers-

nameplate. The officially rated capacity of a

ing agent.

chemical plant, as opposed to effective or actual

maximum; the latter is usually 85–95% of name-

“Nalcolyte” 671 [Nalco]. TM for a synthetic

plate.

high polymer used for clarifying industrial plant

water and municipal water supplies. A coagulant

name reaction. A chemical reaction, usually

behaving as a polyelectrolyte. Effective at concen-

organic, that is commonly identified by the name of

trations of less than 1 ppm; also used in still lower

its discoverer(s), for example, Friedel-Crafts, Fisch-

concentrations as a filter aid.

er-Tropsch, Claisen, Clemmensen, Willegerodt,

Use: Treating water and wastewater.

Diels-Alder, etc. Many have important industrial

applications.

naled. (1,2-dibromo-2,2-dichloroethyl dimethyl

phosphate).

nano-. Prefix meaning 10

−9

unit (symbol n); 1 ng

CAS: 300-76-5. (CH

P(O)OC(Br)HCBr(Cl)

1 nanogram

0.000000001 gram; 1 nanometer

Properties: Pure compound is a solid. Mp 26C.

millimicron.

Technical compound is a moderately volatile liquid.

Bp 110C (0.5 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; slightly

nanoarray. An ultra-sensitve, ultra-miniaturized

soluble in aliphatic solvents; very soluble in aromat-

array for biomolecular analysis.

ic solvents; hydrolyzes in water.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be re-

nanobalance. A nanoscale balance for determin-

stricted. Toxic by skin absorption. TLV: 3 mg/m

;

ing mass; small enough to weigh viruses and other

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

sub-micron scale particles.

Use: Insecticide, acaricide.

nanobeads. (nanodots; nanocrystals; quantum

“Nalgene” [Nalge]. TM for plastic laboratory

beads). Polymer beads with diameters from 0.1 to

ware for industry, research, and education. Made of

10 micrometers.

polypropylene, polyethylene, “Teflon,” FEP, po-

lyallomer, and polycarbonate.

nanobiotechnology. Applying the tools and

processes of nanotechnology to build devices for

“Nalflote” [Nalco]. TM for flotation reagent.

studying biosystems.

Use: Handling, processing, and manufacturing of

coal.

nanobubbles. Nano-sized air bubbles on colloid

surfaces.

nalidixic acid. (USAN; 1-ethyl-7-methyl-1,8-

naphthyridin-4-one-3-carboxylic acid).

nanocantilever. The simplest micro-electro-

CAS: 389-08-2. C

. An antibacterial com-

mechanical system. They are easily machined and

pound used in medicine.

mass-produced by the same techniques used to make

computer chips. The ability to detect extremely

“Nalkat” [Nalco]. TM for cationic polymers.

small displacements make nanocantilever beams an

Use: Manufacture of pulp and paper.

ideal device for detecting extremely small forces,

stresses and masses.

“Nalmet” [Nalco]. TM for services in the

wastewater-treatment chemical industry.

nanochondria. Nanomachines existing inside

Use: Metals recovery and reclamation. living cells and participating in their biochemistry or

assembling various structures.

nalorphine. (N-allylnormorphine).

nanocomposite. See nanophase carbon mate-

CAS: 62-67-9. C

. The allyl

rials.

(−CH

−CH==CH

) derivative of morphine. It is able

to “antagonize” or neutralize most of the effects of

narcotic drugs (morphine, codeine) but not those of

nanocomputer. A computer made from compo-

other types of depressants. nents (mechanical, electronic, or otherwise) built at

Use: Biochemical research tool for studying the the nanometer scale.

871 NAPHTHA

nanocontainers. Nanoscale polymeric contain- nanophase carbon materials. (carbon na-

notubes, nanodiamond, nanocomposite). Form of

ers that could be used to selectively deliver hydro-

matter in which small clusters of atoms form the

phobic drugs to specific sites within individual cells.

building blocks of a larger structure.

nanocrystals. (nanoscale semiconductor crys-

nanorods. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes.

tals). Aggregates of a few hundred to tens of thou-

sands of atoms combining into a crystalline form of

nanoropes. Formed by connecting and stringing

matter known as a cluster. Typically around ten

together nanotubes.

nanometers in diameter, nanocrystals are larger than

molecules but smaller than bulk solids.

nanoshell. A nanoparticle composed of a metal-

lic shell surrounding a semiconductor. These nanos-

nanodiamond. See nanophase carbon mate-

cale metal spheres can absorb or scatter light at

rials.

virtually any wavelength. When attached to a target

cancer cell, they can be irradiated to cause the nano-

nanoelectromechanical systems. (NEMS).

shell to become hot, killing the cell.

A generic term to describe nano scale electrical or

mechanical devices.

nanosystem. A eutactic set of nanoscale compo-

nents working together to serve a set of purposes;

nanoelectronics. Electronics on a nanometer

complex nanosystems can be of macroscopic size.

scale

nanofabrication. Construction of items using nanotechnology. The interactions of cellular

assemblers and stock molecules. and molecular components and engineered materi-

als typically clusters of atoms, molecules, and mo-

lecular fragments at the most elemental level of

nanofluidics. Controlling nano-scale amounts of

biology. Such nanoscale objects—with dimensions

fluids.

smaller than 100 nanometers—typically, to not ex-

clusivly, can be useful by themselves or as part of

nanogate. A device that precisely meters the flow

larger devices containing multiple nanoscale ob-

of tiny amounts of fluid.

jects.

“Nanograde” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a grade

nanotubes. Carbon nanotubes are fullerene-re-

of chemical purity. Impurities guaranteed to be less

lated structures that consist of graphene cylinders

than ten parts per trillion.

closed at either end with caps containing pentagonal

rings. They are in the size range of cylinders 10 to 20

nanoimprinting. (soft lithography). Use of

nm in diameter.

lithographic masters) with nanoscale features.

See: buckminsterfullerene, fullerines.

nanolithography. Writing on the nanoscale.

nanowire. A nanometer-scale wire made of met-

Used for etching computer circuits.

al atoms, silicon, or other materials that conduct

electricity. Nanowires are built atom by atom on a

nanomachining. Involves mechanically chang-

solid surface, often as part of a microfluidic device.

ing the structure of nano-scale materials or mole-

They can be coated with molecules, such as antibod-

cules.

ies, that will bind to proteins and other substances of

interest to researchers and clinicians.

nanomanipulation. Manipulating at an atomic

or molecular scale in order to produce precise struc-

napalm. An aluminum soap of a mixture of oleic,

tures.

naphthenic, and coconut fatty acids.

Properties: Granular powder. Mixed with gasoline it

nanometer. (nm). One-billionth (10

−9

) meter,

forms a sticky gel that is stable from −40 to 100C.

equal to 1 millimicron or 10 A

units.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Incendiary agent.

nanoparticle. A nanoscale spherical or capsule-

shaped structure. Many are hollow, which provides

naphite. See trinitronaphthalene.

a central space that can be filled with substances.

Various substances can also be attached to the sur-

face of a nanoparticle for transport and reaction

naphtha. (benzin).

purposes. Most nanoparticles are small enough to

CAS: 8030-30-6. (1) Petroleum (petroleum ether).

pass through blood capillaries and enter cells.

A general term applied to refined, partly refined, or

unrefined petroleum products and liquid products of

nanopharmaceuticals. Nanoscale particles natural gas, not less than 10% of which distill below

used to modulate drug transport for drug uptake and 347F (175C) and not less than 95% of which distill

delivery applications. below 464F (240C) when subjected to distillation in

872NAPHTHACENE

accordance with the Standard Method of Test for

naphthacene. (tetracene; rubene).

CAS: 92-24-0. C

. The molecule consists of four

Distillation of Gasoline, Naphtha, Kerosene, and

fused benzene rings.

Similar Petroleum Products (ASTM D86); fp −73C,

Properties: Orange solid; slight green fluorescence

bp 30–60C, flash p −57F (−50C), autoign temp 550F

in daylight. D 1.35, mp approximately 350C. Not

(287C), d 0.6.

easily soluble.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

Occurrence: In commercial anthracene and coal tar.

limits in air 1–6%.

Hazard: Explodes when shocked, reacts with oxidiz-

Use: Source (by various cracking processes) of gaso-

ing materials.

line, special naphthas, and petroleum chemicals,

Use: Organic synthesis.

especially ethylene. Cracking for ethylene also pro-

duces propylene, butadiene, pyrolysis gasoline, and

fuel oil; source of synthetic natural gas.

naphthalene. (tar camphor).

(a) VM&P (Varnish Makers and Painters) (petrole-

CAS: 91-20-3. C

um spirits, petroleum thinner).

CAS: 8032-32-4.

Any of a number of narrow-boiling-range fractions

of petroleum with bp of approximately 93–204C,

according to the specific use.

Properties: Distillation range 119–143C, d 07543,

Properties: White, crystalline, volatile flakes; strong

bulk d 6.280 lb/gal, pour p approximately −70F

coal tar odor. D 1.145 (20/4C), mp 80.2C, bp

(−56C), flash p 20F (−6.6C) (TCC), autoign temp

217.96C, flash p 176F (80C), sublimes at room tem-

450F (232C).

perature, autoign temp 979F (526C). Soluble in ben-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 300

zene, absolute alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.

ppm; Animal Carcinogen.

Combustible.

Use: Thinners in paints and varnish.

Derivation: (1) From coal tar oils boiling between

(b) blending. A petroleum fraction with volatility

200 and 250C (middle oil) by crystallization and

similar to the higher boiling fractions of gasoline. It

distillation. (2) From petroleum fractions after vari-

is used primarily in blending with natural gasoline to

ous catalytic processing operations.

produce a finished gasoline of specified volatility.

Available forms: Flakes, cubes, spheres, powder.

Grade: By melting point, 74C min (crude) to <79C

(refined); scintillation (80–81C).

petroleum and similar to Stoddard solvent but not

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 10 ppm; STEL

necessarily meeting all its specifications; flash p

15 ppm; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

100F (37.7C).

Use: Intermediate (phthalic anhydride, naphthol,

(2) Coal tar.

“Tertralin,” “Decalin,” chlorinated naphthalenes,

(a) heavy (high-flash naphtha).

naphthyl and naphthol derivatives, dyes), moth re-

Properties: Deep-amber to dark-red liquid. A mix-

pellent, fungicide, smokeless powder, cutting fluid,

ture of xylene and higher homologs. D 0.885–0.970,

lubricant, synthetic resins, synthetic tanning, preser-

bp 160–220C (approximately 90% at 200C), flash p

vative, textile chemicals, emulsion breakers, scintil-

100F (37.7C), evaporation 303 min.

lation counters, antiseptic.

Derivation: From coal tar by fractional distillation.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion, inha-

lation, and skin absorption.

␣-naphthaleneacetic acid. (1-naphthylacetic

Use: Coumarone resins; solvent for asphalts, road

acid).

tars, pitches, etc.; cleansing compositions; process

CAS: 86-87-3. C

COOH. A plant growth

engraving and lithography; rubber cements (sol-

regulator.

vent); naphtha soaps; manufacture of ethylene and

Properties: White crystals; odorless. Mp 132–135C.

acetic acid.

Soluble in acetone, ether, and chloroform; slightly

(b) solvent (160-degree benzol).

soluble in water and alcohol.

Properties: A mixture of a small percentage of ben-

Grade: Usually supplied in dilute form, either as a

zene, toluene, xylene, and higher homologs from

powder or liquid solution ready for use.

coal tar. (1) Crude: dark straw-colored liquid, (2)

Hazard: Skin irritant.

refined: water-white liquid; d (1) 0.862–0.892, (2)

Use: Inducing rooting of plant cuttings, spraying ap-

0.862–0.872; bp (1) approximately 160C (80%), (2)

ple trees to prevent early drop, fruit thinner.

approximately 160C (90%); flash p (1) and (2) ap-

proximately 78F (25.5C).

Derivation: From coal tar by fractional distillation.

␣-naphthaleneactic acid, methyl ester.

Grade: Dark-straw, water-white.

(MENA). C

COOCH

. A plant growth

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

regulator.

Use: Solvent; xylene; cumene; nitrated, for incorpo-

Use: Delaying sprouting of potatoes, weed control,

ration in dynamite. thinning of peaches, etc.

873 ␣-NAPHTHOL

naphthalene, chlorinated. See chlorinated “Naphthanil” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of

naphthalene.

dye bases. Before coupling the bases must first be

diazotized to form the diazo salt. Also represents a

naphthalenediamine. See naphthylenedia-

series of diazo pigments.

mine.

Use: Widely used on cotton and rayon textiles.

1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate. C

(NCO)

naphtha, petroleum. See naphtha (1).

White to light-yellow, crystalline solid; mp

127–131C.

Hazard: Irritant.

1:4-naphthaquinol-bisdisodium phosphate.

Use: Manufacture of polyurethane solid elastomers.

CAS: 131-13-5. mf: C

•4Na.

Hazard: A poison.

naphthalene-1,5-disulfonic acid. See Arm-

strong’s acid.

naphtha, solvent. See naphtha (2b).

naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid.

(SO

naphtha, VM&P. See naphtha (1a).

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in wa-

ter. Combustible.

naphthene. The term naphthene is misleading

Derivation: Sulfonation of naphthalene at high tem-

and obsolete.

perature and separation from 2,6-isomer.

See cycloparaffin.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

␣-naphthalenesulfonic acid. (1-naphthalen-

naphthenic acid. Any of a group of saturated

esulfonic acid). C

H•H

higher fatty acids derived from the gas-oil fraction

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 90C. Soluble

of petroleum by extraction with caustic soda solu-

in water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

tion and subsequent acidification. Gulf and West

Derivation: Interaction of naphthalene and sulfuric

coast crudes are relatively high in these acids. The

acid.

commercial grade is a mixture, usually of dark color

Use: Starting point in the manufacture of ␣-naphthol,

and unpleasant odor, corrosive to metals. The chief

␣-naphthalene sulfonic acid, ␣-naphthylaminesul-

use of naphthenic acids is in the production of metal-

fonic acid; solvent (Na salt) for phenol in the manu-

lic naphthenates for paint driers and cellulose pre-

facture of disinfectant soaps.

servatives. Other uses are as solvents, detergents,

rubber reclaiming agent, etc.

␤-naphthalenesulfonic acid. (2-naphthalen-

esulfonic acid).

naphthenic oils.

CAS: 120-18-3. C

HorC

H•H

CAS: 67254-74-4.

Properties: Nondeliquescent, white plates. Mp

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen.

124–125C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Combustible.

Derivation: Sulfonation of naphthalene.

naphthionic acid. (1-naphthylamine-4-sulfon-

Use: Starting point in the manufacture of ␤-naphthol,

ic acid; 1-aminonaphthalene-4-sulfonic acid; 4-

␤-naphtholsulfonic acid, ␤-naphthylaminesulfonic

amino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid).

acid, etc.

1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid, trisodium

salt. C

(SO

Na)

. Fine buff crystals.

Use: Diazo-type stabilizer.

1-naphthalenyl ((hexyloxy)sulfinyl)methyl-

carbamate.

CAS: 77267-52-8. mf: C

Properties: White crystals or powder. Soluble in

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

water; slightly soluble in alcohol and ether.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Heating equimolar amounts of ␣-naph-

thylamine and sulfuric acid at 10–15 mm Hg (sever-

(naphthalenyl)methanone.

al hours).

CAS: 131543-22-1. mf: C

Use: Intermediate for azo dyes, e.g., Congo red.

Hazard: A poison.

1,8-naphthalic acid anhydride. C

. ␣-naphthol. (1-naphthol; 1-hydroxynaphthal-

Properties: Light-tan powder. Mp 268–270C. ene).

Use: Dyestuffs, organic synthesis in general. CAS: 90-15-3. C

OH.

874␤-NAPHTHOL

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 120C (decom-

poses). Soluble in ether, benzene, alcohol.

Hazard: Irritant.

Use: Chemical reagent and intermediate.

1,4-naphthoquinone. (␣-naphthoquinone).

Properties: Colorless or yellow prisms or powder;

CAS: 130-15-4. C

disagreeable taste. D 1.224 (4C), 1.0954 (95/4C),

Properties: Yellow powder; odor like benzoqui-

mp 96C, bp 278C, volatile in steam, sublimes, refr

none. Mp 123–126C, sublimes at 100C. Slightly

index 1.6206 (98.7C). Soluble in benzene, alcohol,

soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether,

and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

chloroform, benzene, and acetic acid. Combustible.

Derivation: By fusing sodium ␣-naphthalene sulfo-

Hazard: Irritant.

nate and caustic soda. The melt is decomposed with

Use: Polymerization regulator for rubber and polyes-

hydrochloric acid and distilled.

ter resins, synthesis of dyes and pharmaceuticals,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

fungicide, algicide.

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis, synthetic perfumes.

naphthoquinone oxime. See 1-nitroso-2-

␤-naphthol. (2-naphthol; 2-hydroxynaphthal-

naphthol; 2-nitroso-1-naphthol.

ene).

CAS: 135-19-3. C

OH.

1,2-naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid. (␤-

naphthoquinone-4-sulfonic acid). C

(O)

Derivation: Oxidation with nitric acid of 2-amino-1-

naphthol-4-sulfonic acid or 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-

sulfonic acid.

Use: Dye intermediate, identification of sulfonamide

derivatives.

Properties: White, lustrous, bulky leaflets or white

powder. Darkens with age; faint phenol-like odor.

naphthoresorcinol. See 1,3-dihydroxyna-

Stable in air but darkens on exposure to sunlight. D

phthalene.

1.217, mp 121.6C, bp 285C, flash p 307F (152.7C).

Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, glycerol, oils,

␤-naphthoxyacetic acid. (2-naphthoxyacetic

and alkaline solutions; almost insoluble in water.

acid).

Combustible.

CAS: 120-23-0. C

OCH

COOH. A plant growth

Derivation: By fusing sodium ␤-naphthalene sulfo-

regulator.

nate with caustic soda. The product is distilled in

Properties: Crystals. Mp 156C. Soluble in water,

vacuo and then sublimed.

alcohol, acetic acid.

Grade: Technical, sublimed, resublimed.

Use: Rooting clippings, inhibits early fall of fruit,

Hazard: See ␣-naphthol.

growth promoter.

Use: Dyes; pigments; antioxidants for rubber, fats,

oils; insecticides; synthesis of fungicides; pharma-

1-naphthylacetic acid. See naphthaleneacetic

ceuticals; perfumes; antiseptic.

acid.

naphthol AS. See ␤-hydroxynaphthoic ani-

␣-naphthylamine. (1-naphthylamine).

lide.

CAS: 134-32-7. C

Properties: White crystals becoming red on expo-

3-naphthol-2-carboxylic acid. See 3-hy-

sure to air. Flash p 157C, d 1.13, mp 50C, bp 301C.

droxy-2-naphthoic acid.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in

water. Combustible.

Naphthol Green B. A dye used in crystalliz-

Derivation: Reduction of ␣-nitro-naphthalene with

ing solar salt, it increases the evaporation rate by

iron and hydrochloric acid. The mass is then mixed

added absorption of energy; 5 ppm is said to increase

with milk of lime and distilled.

salt production 15–20%.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Hazard: Toxic, especially if containing the ␤ isomer;

␤-naphthol methyl ether. See ␤-naphthyl

a carcinogen (OSHA).

methyl ether.

Use: Dyes and dye intermediates, agricultural chem-

icals.

naphtholsulfonic acid. Any of several sulfo-

nated aromatic acids derived from ␣-or␤-naphthol

␤-naphthylamine. (2-naphthylamine).

or naphthalene and used as azo dye intermediates.

CAS: 91-59-8. C

Properties: White to reddish, lustrous leaflets. Solu-

1,2-naphthoquinone. (␤-naphthoquinone). ble in hot water, alcohol, ether. Commercial: mp

CAS: 524-42-5. C

. 109.5C, d 1.061 (98.4C), bp 306C. Combustible.

875 NARASIN

Derivation: From ␤-naphthol by heating in an auto-

1-naphthyl-n-(2,3,4,5-di-o-isopropylidene-1-

clave with ammonium sulfite and ammonia (Buch- ␣-o-fructopyranosylsulfinyl)-n-

erer reaction). methylcarbamate.

Method of purification: Distillation. CAS: 81862-21-7. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

tion; a carcinogen (OSHA) TLV: Confirmed Hu- Use: Agricultural chemical.

man Carcinogen.

1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate. See car-

␣-naphthylamine hydrochloride. baryl.

•HCl.

Properties: White to gray, crystalline powder. Solu-

␤-naphthyl methyl ether. (␤-naphthol

ble in water, alcohol, and ether.

methyl ether; 2-methoxynaphthalene; methyl

Derivation: By the action of hydrochloric acid on ␣-

naphthyl ether). C

OCH

naphthylamine.

Properties: White, crystalline scales. Mp 72C, bp

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis.

274C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

naphthylaminesulfonic acid. Any of several Derivation: (1) By heating ␤-naphthol and methanol

sulfonated aromatic acids derived from ␣-or␤- in the presence of sulfuric acid. (2) By methylating

naphthylamine and used as azo dye intermediates. ␤-naphthol with dimethyl sulfate.

Use: Perfumery (soaps).

o-2-naphthyl-m-N-dimethylthiocarbanilate.

See tolnaftate. ␣-naphthylphenyloxazole. (NPO; ANPO;

2-(1-naphthyl)-5-phenyloxazole). C

NO.

Properties: Fluorescent yellow needles. Mp

1,5-naphthylenediamine. (1,5-diaminona-

104–106C.

phthalene).

Grade: Scintillation.

CAS: 2243-62-1. C

(NH

)

Use: Scintillation counter or wavelength shifter in

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 190C, bp (sub-

solution scintillators.

limes). Soluble in alcohol and hot water; very spar-

ingly soluble in cold water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By the reduction of ␣-dinitronaph-

N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid.

thalene; (2) by heating dihydroxynaphthalene with C

NHCOC

COOH.

aqueous ammonia. Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 185C. Almost in-

Use: Organic synthesis. soluble in water; slightly soluble in acetone, ben-

zene, and ethanol. Not stable in solutions above pH

9.5 nor at temperatures above 180C. Noncorrosive.

1,8-naphthylenediamine. (1,8-diaminona-

Do not store near seeds or fertilizers. Combustible.

phthalene). C

(NH

)

Use: Selective preemergence herbicide.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 66C, bp 205C (12

mm Hg), d 1.12, refr index 1.68. Soluble in alcohol;

slightly soluble in water.

␣-naphthylthiourea. (ANTU).

Derivation: Reduction of 1,8-dinitronaphthalene CAS: 86-88-4. C

NHCSNH

with PI

. Properties: Odorless, gray powder. Mp 198C. Insol-

Use: Lubricating-oil antioxidant, analytical reagent. uble in water and only very slightly soluble in most

organic solvents.

Derivation: From ␣-naphthylthiocarbamide and al-

N-␣-naphthylethylenediamine

kali or ammonium thiocyanate.

dihydrochloride.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: 0.3 mg/m

; not

NHCH

•2HCl.

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water.

Use: Rodenticide.

Use: Reagent for the quantitative determination of

sulfa drugs, for the detection of nitrogen dioxide in

air.

Naples yellow. See lead antimonate.

␤-naphthyl ethyl ether. (nerolin). naptalam. (␣-naphthylphthalamic acid).

. CAS: 132-67-2. C

Properties: White crystals; orange-blossom odor. Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 203C, d 1.40.

Congealing p 35C. Soluble in 5 parts of 95% alco- Soluble in alkaline solutions; slightly soluble in al-

hol. Combustible. cohol, benzene, and acetone.

Derivation: Interaction of ␤-naphthol and ethanol in Use: Analytical reagent (thorium, zirconium); herbi-

the presence of sulfuric acid. cide.

Use: Perfumes, soaps, flavoring.

narasin.

1-naphthyl isocyanide.

See 1-isocyanona- CAS: 55134-13-9. mf: C

phthalene. Properties: Crystals from Me

CO (aq). Mp:

876NARCOTIC

98−100°. Sol in alcs, acetone, chloroform, ethyl ace- Website: http://www4.nationalacademies.org/nas/

nashome.nsf.

tate. Insol in water.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

National Fire Protection Association.

(NFPA). An organization devoted to promoting

narcotic. (1) A natural, semisynthetic, or synthet-

knowledge of fire- protection methods. For many

ic nitrogen-containing heterocyclic drug that char-

years its publication (the NFPA Handbook) has been

acteristically effects sleep (coma) and relief of pain

the accepted standard for all matters relating to com-

but also may result in addiction, i.e., a biochemical

bustion and flammable materials, firefighting meth-

situation in which the body tissues become so adapt-

ods, safety, and protection of property. Its headquar-

ed to the drug that they can no longer function

ters are at 1 Batterymarch Park, P.O. Box 9101,

normally without it. Natural narcotics are the plant

Quincy, MA 02269-9101.

products morphine and codeine (constituents of opi-

Website: http://www.nfpa.org.

um), both of which are alkaloids. Opium is obtained

from the seed of the oriental poppy, Papaver somni-

National Institute for Occupational Safety

ferens. Semisynthetic narcotics are modifications of

and Health. (NIOSH). A federal agency un-

the morphine molecule, e.g., diacetylmorphine (her-

der the Department of Health and Human Services,

oin), ethylmorphine (“Dionin”), and methyldihy-

Public Health Service. It is responsible for investi-

dromorphine (metopon). Synthetic narcotics are

gating the toxicity of workroom environments and

meperidine, ethadone, and phenazocine (there are

all other matters relating to safe industrial practice.

other addictive agents that are not narcotics). The

Its research laboratories are located at Robert A. Taft

sale of narcotics is strictly controlled by law in the

Laboratories, 4676 Columbia Parkway, Cincinnati,

U.S. (2) Inducing sleep or coma. Many chemicals

Ohio 45226.

that are not narcotics in sense (1) have this property

Website: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/homepage

(chloroform, barbiturates, benzene, etc.).

.html.

l-␣-narcotine. See noscapine.

National Institute of Standards and

Technology. (NIST). Founded in 1901, NIST

naringin. (naringenin-7-rhamnoglucoside; nar-

is a non-regulatory federal agency within the U.S.

ingenin-7-rutinoside; aurantiin). C

Commerce Department’s Technology Administra-

Properties: A flavanone glycoside (bioflavonoid),

tion. NIST’s mission is to promote U.S. innovation

crystals, bitter taste. Mp 171C. Soluble in acetone,

and industrial competitiveness by advancing mea-

alcohol, warm acetic acid, and warm water.

surement science, standards, and technology in

Source: Extracted from flowers and rind of grape-

ways that enhance economic security and improve

fruit and immature fruit.

our quality of life. Its main laboratories are locarted

Use: Beverages, sweetener research.

at 100 Bureau Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD

20899-1070.

NAS See the National Academy of Scienc-

Website: http://www.nist.gov/publicaffairs/gener-

es–National Research Council.

al2.htm.

nascent. Descriptive of the abnormally active

National Nanotechnology Coordination

condition of an element, for example, the atomic

Office. (NNCO). The NNCO assists in the

oxygen released from hydrogen peroxide and sulfur

preparation of multi-agency planning, budget, and

atoms evolved from thiuramsulfide accelerators.

assessment documents. The NNCO is the point of

The term is now obsolete.

contact on Federal nanotechnology activities for

regional, state, and local initiatives, as well as, gov-

“NA-SUL” [King]. TM for dinonyl naphtha-

ernment organizations, academia, industry, profes-

lene sulfonates.

sional societies, foreign organizations, and others to

Available forms: Liquid.

exchange technical and programmatic information.

Use: Corrosion inhibitors for industrial lubricants,

In addition, the NNCO develops and makes avail-

rust preventatives, and metalworking specialties.

able printed and other materials as directed by the

NSET Subcommittee. Contact address is 4201 Wil-

son Blvd., Stafford II Rm 405, Arlington, VA

National Academy of Sciences–National

22230.

Research Council. (NAS) A private, non-

Website: www.nano.gov.

profit organization of scientists devoted to the ex-

pansion of science and its use for the general wel-

fare. The Academy was established in 1863, in part

National Nanotechnology Initiative.

to act as adviser to the federal government on scien- (NNI). The goals of the NNI are to: (1) maintain

tific matters; the council was established in 1916, its a world-class research and development program

members being appointed by the president of the aimed at realizing the full potential of nanotechnolo-

academy. Its headquarters are located at 2101 Con- gy; (2) facilitate transfer of new technologies into

stitution Ave., Washington DC 20418. products for economic growth, jobs, and other pub-

877 NATURAL

lic benefit; (3) develop educational resources, a

natrolite. Na

•2H

O. A mineral of the

skilled workforce, and the supporting infrastructure zeolite group.

and tools to advance nanotechnology; and, (4) Sup- Properties: Colorless or white to gray, yellow,

port responsible development of nanotechnology greenish, or red. D 2.2–2.25, Mohs hardness 5–5.5.

Website: http://www.nano.gov. See zeolite.

National Research Council. See National natron. A complex salt found in dry lake beds of

Academy of Sciences–National Research Egypt. Originally an ingredient of ceramic glazes. It

Council. has the following percentage composition: sodium

carbonate 4.9, sodium bicarbonate 12.6, sodium

chloride 30.6, sodium sulfate 20.6, silica 10, calci-

National Science Foundation. (NSF). The

um carbonate 2, magnesium carbonate 1.9, alumina

National Science Foundation (NSF) is an indepen-

0.7, iron oxide 0.3, water 4.7, and organic matter

dent federal agency created by Congress in 1950 “to

11.7.

promote the progress of science; to advance the

national health, prosperity, and welfare; to secure

the national defense.” With an annual budget of

“Natrorez” [Natrochem]. TM for couma-

about $5.5 billion, NSF is the funding source for rone-indene resins plasticized to various softening

approximately 20 percent of all federally supported points or viscosities.

basic research conducted by America’s colleges and Use: Tackifier, processing aid.

universities. In many fields such as mathematics,

computer science, and the social sciences, NSF is

“Natrosol” [Aqualon]. TM for hydroxyethyl-

the major source of federal backing. Contact address

cellulose.

is 4201 Wilson Boulevard, Arlington, Virginia

CAS: 9004-62-0.

22230.

Grade: 10 viscosity, 4 biostable, 7 cosmetic, 5 NF, 3

Website: http://www.nsf.gov/index.jsp.

European Pharmocopeia.

Available forms: Solid.

National Science and Technology Council. Use: Thickening agent.

(NSTC). A primary objective of the NSTC is the

establishment of clear national goals for Federal

“Natrusol” [Hercules, Ltd.]. TM for a hy-

science and technology investments in a broad array

droxyethyl cellulose.

of areas spanning virtually all the mission areas of

the executive branch. The Council prepares research

Natta catalyst. A stereospecific catalyst made

and development strategies that are coordinated

from titanium chloride and aluminum alkyl or simi-

across Federal agencies to form investment pack-

lar materials by a special process that includes grind-

ages aimed at accomplishing multiple national

ing the materials together to produce an active cata-

goals. The work of the NSTC is organized under

lyst surface.

four primary committees: Science, Technology, En-

See Ziegler catalyst.

vironment and Natural Resources, and Homeland

and National Security. Each of these committees

Natta, Giulio. (1903–1979). An Italian chemist

oversees subcommittees and working groups fo-

born in Imperia on the Riviera, corecipient (with

cused on different aspects of science and technology

Karl Ziegler) of the Nobel Prize in 1963 for his

and the coordination of research and development

fundamental work on catalytic polymerization. In

strateges working to coordinate across the federal

1954 he developed isotactic polypropylene at his

government. Contact address is 725 17th Street

laboratory at the Polytechnic Institute of Milan,

Room 5228, Washington, DC 20502.

which led to wide application of various stereospe-

Website: http://www.ostp.gov/nstc/index.html.

cific polymers with organometallic catalysts such as

triethylaluminum. He was for many years consultant

native conformation. The biologically active

for the Montecatini chemical firm. The researchers

conformation of a protein.

of Natta, together with those of Ziegler, made possi-

ble the chemical manipulation of monomers to form

“Natralith” [Fanning]. TM for a line of func-

specifically ordered 3-dimensional polymers having

tional additives for ink and coatings.

predetermined properties, to which the term tailor-

Use: To improve, add lubricity and wetting/dispering

made is often applied.

in both metallic and non-metallic pigments.

natural. Descriptive of a substance or mixture

natrium. The Latin name for sodium, hence the

that occurs in nature; the opposite of synthetic or

symbol Na in chemical nomenclature.

manufactured. Elements 1–92 are natural sub-

stances that may occur in either the free or combined

“Natralube” [Fanning]. TM for a line of rust state. The transuranium elements and all artificial

preventatives, lubricity, and anti-wear components. isotopes of other elements are synthetic. Many mix-

Use: For metal working, industrial lubricant, and tures occur naturally, e.g., petroleum, shale oil,

grease formulations. wood, metallic ores, natural gas; others are synthetic

878NATURAL GAS

modifications of natural compounds, e.g., glass, ce-

“Naugard Q” [Uniroyal]. TM for polymer-

ment, paper, gasoline. Such materials may be con-

ized 1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline.

sidered to be semisynthetic. The term synthetic nat-

Use: As an antioxidant that gives good protection

ural is often applied to synthesized compounds that

against degradation due to heat and oxygen.

are identical with the natural substance; for exam-

ple, synthetic natural gas and synthetic natural rub-

“Naugard SP” [Uniroyal]. TM for styrenat-

ber. The term natural product is defined as any

ed phenol (mixture of mono, di, tri).

organic compound formed by living organisms; nat-

Use: Antioxidant for nonstaining and nondiscoloring

ural gasoline has a specialized meaning.

applications.

See synthesis; natural gas; biomass; gasoline.

“Naugawhite” [Uniroyal]. TM for major

component 2,2

′

-methylene bis(4-methyl-6-nonyl-

natural gas. A mixture of low molecular weight

phenol).

hydrocarbons obtained in petroleum-bearing re-

Use: General-purpose antioxidant for nonstaining

gions throughout the world. Its composition is 85%

and nondiscoloring for rubber and latex in foam

methane 10% ethane, the balance being made up of

sponge, tire carcasses, refrigerator gaskets, foot-

propane, butane, and nitrogen. In the U.S. it occurs

wear, proofing, wire insulation, and sundries.

chiefly in the southwestern states and Alaska. An as

yet unexploited source of natural gas under extreme-

naval stores. Historically, the pitch and rosin

ly high pressure (so-called geopressurized gas) ex-

used on wooden ships. The term now includes all

ists in Texas and Louisiana at depths of

products derived from pine wood and stumps, in-

15,000–20,000 ft. The tremendous pressures in-

cluding rosin, turpentine, pine oils, and tall oil and

volved present formidable engineering problems.

its derivatives.

Natural gas is classed as a simple asphyxiant. It

should not be confused with natural gasoline. About

“Navane” [Pfizer]. TM for the cis isomer

3% of the natural gas consumed in the U.S. is used as

of N,N-dimethyl-9[3-4-methyl-1-piperazinyl-pro-

feedstocks by the chemical industries.

pylidene]-thioxanthene-2-sulfonamide. An anti-

Properties: Colorless, flammable gas or liquid; al-

psychotic drug (thiothixene) said to be as effective

most odorless. Autoign temp 900–1100F, heating

as most of the phenothiazines. Approved by the

value 1000 Btu/ft

. A warning odor is added to

FDA.

household fuel gas as a safety precaution.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

“NAXONATE” Hydrotropes [Ruetgers].

risk; explosive limits in air 3.8–17%.

TM for products used to obtain uniform, clear,

Use: Fuel and cooking gas, ammonia synthesis, form-

and fluid synthetic detergent formulations. Some

aldehyde and other petrochemical feedstocks,

examples of the chemicals are sodium, potassium,

source of synthesis gas and methanol.

and ammonium salts of xylene, cumene, and tol-

See liquefied petroleum gas; synthetic natural gas.

uene.

Available forms: Powder and liquid.

natural gasoline. See gasoline.

Use: Synthetic detergents.

Nazarov cyclization reaction. Synthesis of

natural product. See natural.

cyclopentenones by the acid-catalyzed electrocyclic

ring closure of divinyl or allylvinyl ketones avail-

Natural Resources Defense Council.

able by hydration of divinylacetylenes.

(NRDC). A private environmental advisory

group, founded in 1970, whose function is to point

Nb. Symbol for niobium.

out serious environmental hazards and to oversee

the enforcement of regulations pertaining to them. It

NBA. Abbreviation for N-bromoacetamide.

was influential in postponement of the breeder reac-

tor and in recognition of the chlorofluorocarbon-

NBR. Abbreviation for nitrile-butadiene rubber.

ozone problem. It operates primarily through the

courts. Its main office is at 40 West 20th Street, New

NBS. Abbreviation for N-bromosuccinimide.

York, NY 10011

Website: http://www.nrdc.org.

NC. Abbreviation for nitrocellulose.

NCI. Abbreviation for National Cancer Institute.

“Naugard PANA” [Uniroyal]. TM for phe-

nyl-␣-naphthylamine.

NCS. Abbreviation for N-chlorosuccinimide.

Available forms: Solid.

Grade: Crushed and fused.

Nd. Symbol for neodymium.

Use: Aromatic amine antioxidant for synthetic lubri-

cants, lubricating greases, and industrial oils.

See N-phenyl-␣-naphthylamine.

ND. Abbreviation for new drug.

879 NEODYMIA

NDGA. Abbreviation for nordihydroguaiaretic colloidal solutions. The pH of a 5% dispersion is

acid. approximately 1.0.

Use: Medicine (antiinfective).

Ne. Symbol for neon.

nematic. A linear molecular structure occurring

neatsfoot oil. in some liquid crystals and characterized by a

Properties: A fixed pale-yellow oil with a peculiar threadlike appearance under a polarizing micro-

odor. D 0.916, saponification value 194–199, flash p scope.

470F (243C), autoign temp 828F (442C), iodine

value 70. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, and

nematocide. An agent that is destructive to soil

kerosene. Combustible. nematodes (roundworms or threadworms).

Derivation: By boiling in water the shinbones and

feet (without hooves) of cattle and separating the oil

NEMS. See nanoelectromechanical systems.

from the fat obtained.

Grade: 15, 20, 30, 40F cold test (the temperature in

Nencki reaction. The ring acylation of phenols

degrees Fahrenheit at which stearin separates).

with acids in the presence of zinc chloride, or the

Hazard: Subject to spontaneous heating.

modification of the Friedel-Crafts alkylation-acyla-

Use: Leather industry for fat liquoring and softening,

tion procedure by substitution of ferric chloride for

lubricant, oiling wool.

aluminum chloride.

Neber rearrangement. Formation of ␣-amino

Nenitzescu indole synthesis. Hydrogenative

ketones by treatment of sulfonic esters of ketoximes

acylation of cycloolefins with acid chlorides in the

with potassium ethoxide, followed by hydrolysis.

presence of aluminum chloride; with five- and six-

membered rings, no change in ring size occurs, but

neburon. (generic name for 1-n-butyl-3-(3,4- with seven-membered rings, rearrangement takes

dichlorophenyl)-1-methylurea.) place with formation of a cyclohexane derivative.

nectar. The fabled drink of the gods. The honey- neo-. (1) A prefix meaning new and designating a

like secretion by the nectar gland of flowers. This compound related in some way to an older one, e.g.,

material is gathered by bees to make honey and used neoprene. (2) A prefix indicating a hydrocarbon in

as food by other insects. which at least one carbon atom is connected directly

to four other carbon atoms; as in neopentane, neo-

hexane.

neem extract.

CAS: 116580-64-4.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

“Neobee” [Stepan]. (hydrogenated vegetable

icity by ingestion and skin contact. oil). TM for oil.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Use: For a flavor carrier, vitamin solubilizer, antibi-

otic vehicle, nutritional fluid, lubricant, emollient,

and medical diluent.

Nef reaction. Formation of aldehydes and ke-

tones from primary and secondary nitroparaffins,

respectively, by treatment of their salts with sulfuric

“Neochel” [ATOTECH]. TM for a wetting

acid. agent used in copper plating. A liquid replacement

for Rochelle salt with proprietary additives.

Nef synthesis. Addition of sodium acetylides to

aldehydes and ketones to yield acetylenic carbinols;

neocurdione.

occasionally and erroneously referred to as the Nef CAS: 108944-67-8. mf: C

reaction. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

negative cooperativity. A phenomenon of neodecanoic acid.

some multisubunit enzymes, or proteins, in which CAS: 26896-20-8. C

COOH. Clear, colorless

binding of a ligand or substrate to one subunit im- liquid in 97% purity; available commercially. Its

pairs binding of a second ligand molecule to another derivatives are especially effective as paint driers

subunit. and are being widely used. Applications as plasticiz-

ers and lubricants are also possible.

negative feedback. Regulation of a biochemi-

cal pathway achieved when a reaction product inhib-

“Neodol 25” [Shell]. TM for a C

–C

linear,

its an earlier step in the pathway. primary alcohol.

Use: Manufacture of biodegradable surfactants, dis-

persants, solvents, emulsifiers, and chemical inter-

negatol. A condensation product of m-cresolsul-

mediates.

fonic acid with formaldehyde. A polymerized

dihydroxydimethyldiphenylmethanedisulfonic

acid. It is dispersible in water, forming very acidic

neodymia. See neodymium oxide.

880NEODYMIUM

neodymium. Properties: Pink powder. Insoluble in water; slightly

CAS: 7440-00-8. Nd. Metallic element having soluble in acids.

atomic number 60, group IIIB of the periodic table, Grade: 75, 95, and 99%.

aw 144.24, valence of 3. A rare-earth element of the

lanthanide (cerium) group. There are seven iso-

neodymium oxide. (neodymia). Nd

(SO

4)3

topes.

Properties: Pure product is a blue-gray powder;

Properties: Soft, malleable, yellowish metal; tar-

technical grade is a brown powder. D 7.24, mp

nishes easily. D 7.0, mp 1024C, bp approximately

2270C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids, hygro-

3030C, ignites to oxide (200–400C). Liberates hy-

scopic. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.

drogen from water; soluble in dilute acids. High

Grade: 65, 75, 85, 95, 99, and 99.9% oxide.

electrical resistivity, paramagnetic. Readily cut and

Use: (65%) To counteract color of iron in glass.

machined. Store under mineral oil or inert gas to

(Purified grade) Ceramic capacitors, coloring glass,

prevent tarnish and corrosion.

refractories, carbon arc-light electrodes, color TV

Derivation: Monazite, bastnasite, allanite. Ores are

tubes, dehydrogenation catalyst.

cracked by heating with sulfuric acid.

Available forms: Ingots, rods, sheet, powder to

neodymium sulfate. Nd(SO

)

•8H

99.9+% purity.

Properties: Pink crystals. D 2.85, mp 800C (decom-

Hazard: (Salts) Irritant to eyes and abraded skin.

poses. Soluble in cold water; sparingly soluble in hot

Use: Neodymium salts, electronics, alloys, colored

water.

glass, (especially in astronomical lenses and lasers),

Grade: 75, 99, and 99.9%.

to increase heat resistance of magnesium, metallur-

gical research, yttrium-garnet laser dope, gas scav-

“Neoflex” [Shell]. TM for a series of linear

enger in iron and steel manufacture.

primary alcohols, from C

through C

, including

See didymium.

blends.

Properties: (C

) Colorless liquid. D 0.8217 (25/

neodymium acetate. Nd(C

)

•xH

25C), distillation range 174–182C.

Properties: Pink powder. Soluble in water.

Hazard: Combustible, moderate fire risk.

Use: Solvent, reaction intermediate, esterifying

neodymium ammonium nitrate.

agent.

Nd(NO

)

•2NH

•4H

Properties: Pink crystals. Soluble in water. Techni-

neohexane. (2,2-dimethylbutane).

cal grade contains 75% neodymium salt, principal

CAS: 75-83-2. C

impurities praseodymium and samarium com-

pounds.

neodymium carbonate. Nd(CO

)

•xH

Properties: Pink powder. Insoluble in water; soluble

in acids.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid. Bp 49.7C, refr

Grade: 75, 95, and 99% neodymium salt.

index 1.3659 (25C), d 0.6570 (25C), fp −99.7C,

flash p −54F (−47C), octane rating 100+, autoign

neodymium chloride. (1) NdCl

, (2)

temp 797F (425C).

NdCl

•6H

Derivation: By the thermal or catalytic union (alkyl-

Properties: (1) Violet crystals. D 4.134 (25C), mp

ation) of ethylene and isobutane, both recovered

784C, bp 1600C. Very soluble in water; soluble in

from refinery gases.

alcohol; insoluble in ether and chloroform. (2) Red

Grade: 95%, 99%, research.

crystals. Mp 124C, loses 6H

O at 160C. Very solu-

Hazard: TLV: 500 ppm; STEL 1000 ppm. Highly

ble in water and alcohol.

flammable, dangerous fire and explosion risk, ex-

Grade: 75, 95, 99, and 99.9%.

plosion limits 1.2–7%.

Use: Component of high-octane motor and aviation

neodymium fluoride. NdF

fuels, intermediate for agricultural chemicals.

Properties: Pink powder. Mp 1410C, bp 2300C.

Insoluble in water.

“Neolyn” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of soft-

Grade: 65, 75, 99, and 99.9%.

to-medium hard modifying rosin-derived alkyd res-

Hazard: Irritant.

ins. Available in solution and/or solid forms of vari-

ous grades.

neodymium nitrate. Nd(NO

)

•6H

Use: Adhesives, lacquers, organosols, plastisols, and

Properties: Pink crystals. Very soluble in water;

floor tile.

soluble in alcohol and in acetone.

Grade: 75, 95, 99, and 99.9%.

Hazard: Possible explosion risk.

neomycin.

CAS: 1404-04-2. An antibiotic complex obtained

neodymium oxalate. Nd

)

•10H

O. from Streptomyces fradiae; it is soluble in water and

881 NEPHELITE

methanol but insoluble in most organic solvents. It Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

consists of three component substances, all of which tion. Low toxicity by skin contact.

function as antiinfective agents; some derivatives Use: Agricultural chemical.

have fungicidal properties. The three types are A

(also called neamine): C

;B:C

neoplasm. An abnormal growth of tissue in the

(also available as hydrochloride and sulfate); and C:

body that may or may not be malignant.

See antineoplastic.

neoprene. (polychloroprene).

neon.

CAS: 126-99-8. (CH

ClC:CHCH

)

. A synthetic

CAS: 7440-01-9. Ne. Inert element of atomic num-

elastomer available in solid form, as a latex or as a

ber 10, noble gas group of the periodic table, aw

flexible foam.

20.179. Three stable isotopes.

Properties: Vulcanized with metallic oxides rather

Properties: Colorless, odorless; tasteless gas. Does

than sulfur. D 1.23; resistant to oils, oxygen, ozone,

not form compounds, but ionizes in electric dis-

corona discharge, and electric current. An isocya-

charge tubes. Liquefies at −245.92C, fp −248.6C, d

nate-modified form has high flame resistance. Com-

0.6964 (air

1), sp vol 11.96 cu ft/lb (21C, 1 atm).

bustible but less so than natural rubber.

Slightly soluble in water. An asphyxiant gas. Non-

Use: (Solid) Mechanical rubber products, lining oil-

combustible.

loading hose and reaction equipment, adhesive ce-

Derivation: By fractional distillation of liquid air. It

ment, binder for rocket fuels, coatings for electric

constitutes 0.0012% of normal air.

wiring, gaskets and seals. (Liquid) Specialty items

Grade: Technical, highest purity.

made by dipping or electrophoresis from the latex.

Hazard: ?TLV: simple asphyxiant.

(Foam) Adhesive tape to replace metal fasteners for

Use: (Gas) Luminescent electric tubes and photo-

automotive accessories, seat cushions, carpet back-

electric bulbs, electronic industry, high-voltage in-

ing, sealant.

dicators, lasers. (Liquid) cryogenic research.

neopyrithiamine. See pyrithiamine.

neonicotine. See anabasine.

Neosalvarsan. (sodium 3:3

′

-diamino-4:4

′

-dihy-

neopentane. (2,2-dimethylpropane; tetrame-

droxyarsenobenzene formaldehyde sulfoxylate).

thylmethane).

CAS: 457-60-3. C

SAs

Na.

CAS: 463-82-1. C

or C(CH

)

. Present in small

Use: Treatment against syphilis.

amounts in natural gas.

“Neosol” [Shell]. TM for ethanol based on a

formulation approved by the Bureau of Internal

Revenue.

“Neosporin” [Pfizer]. Proprietary formulation

of polymyxin B sulfate, neomycin sulfate, and

Properties: Colorless gas or very volatile liquid. Bp

gramicidin.

9.5C, d 0.591 (20/4C), fp −19.5C, flash p −85F

Use: Ocular antibiotic.

(−65C), autoign temp 842F (450C). Soluble in alco-

hol; insoluble in water

neotridecanoic acid. C

COOH. Colorless

Grade: Technical 95%, pure 99%, research 99.9%.

liquid of 97% purity. Suggested for plasticizers,

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk, ex-

lubricants, paint driers, fungicides, cosmetics, alkyd

plosive limits in air 1.4–7.5%.

resins.

Use: Research, butyl rubber.

“Neozone” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

neopentanoic acid. See trimethylacetic acid.

rubber antioxidants. An N-phenyl-␣-naphthyl-

amine. “D” is N-phenyl-␤-napthylamine. “C” is fu-

neopentyl glycol. (2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propane-

sion of “Neozone” A and toluene-2,4-diamine.

diol).

CAS: 126-30-7. HOCH

C(CH

)

OH.

nephelite. (nepheline). (Na,K)(Al,Si)

. Essen-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Boiling range

tially a silicate of sodium, found in silica-poor igne-

95% between 204–208C, mp 120–130C, d 1.066

ous rocks.

(25/4C). Partially soluble in water; miscible with

Properties: Colorless, white, or yellowish; vitreous

alcohol and ether.

to greasy luster. Mohs hardness 5.5–6, d 2.55–2.65.

Use: Polyester foams, insect repellent, alkyd modifi-

Occurrence: The former U.S.S.R., Ontario, Norway,

er, plasticizers, urethanes, synthetic lubricants.

South Africa, Maine, Arkansas, New Jersey.

Use: Ceramic and glass manufacture, enamels,

neopinamine. source of potash and aluminum (the former

CAS: 66525-27-7. mf: C

. U.S.S.R.).

882NEPHELOMETRY

nephelometry. Photometric analytical tech- Use: To insure consistent odor in sweet, floral com-

niques for measuring the light scattered by finely positions.

divided particles of a substance in suspension. It is

used to estimate the extent of turbidity in such prod-

nerol. (cis-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadien-1-ol).

ucts as beer and wine, in which colloidally dispersed

CAS: 106-25-2.

particles are present.

(CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

C(CH

):CHCH

OH. The cis iso-

mer of geraniol.

neptunium. Np. A radioactive transuranic ele-

Properties: Colorless liquid, rose-neroli odor. Solu-

ment having atomic number 93, first formed by

ble in absolute alcohol. Combustible.

bombarding uranium with high-speed deuterons aw

Derivation: Iodization of geraniol with hydriodic

237.0482, valences of 3, 4, 5, 6; d 20.45. Neptuni-

acid, followed by treatment with alcoholic soda.

um-237, the longest-lived of the 11 isotopes, has

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

been found naturally in extremely small amounts in

uranium ores. It is produced in weighable amounts

nerolidol. (3,7,11-trimethyl-1,6,10-dodecatrien-

as a by-product in the production of plutonium.

3-ol).

Metallic neptunium is obtained by first preparing

CAS: 7212-44-4.

neptunium trifluoride, which is reduced with barium

(CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

C(CH

):CH(CH

)

(CH

)•

vapor at 1200C. It is a silvery white metal; mp 640C.

(OH)CH:CH

. A sesquiterpene alcohol.

Neptunium is similar chemically to uranium; it

Properties: Straw-colored liquid; odor similar to

forms such intermetallic compounds as NpAl

and

rose and apple mixtures. D 0.878, refr index

NpBe

, as well as NpC, NpSi

, NpN, NpF

, NpF

1.480–1.482, angular rotation (natural) +11 to +14

NpF

, NpNO

,Np

, etc; soluble in hydrochloric

degrees; (synthetic) optically inactive, stable in air.

acid, strong reducing agents.

Soluble in alcohol and most fixed oils; insoluble in

Use: Np-237 is used in neutron detection instru-

glycerol. Combustible.

ments.

Derivation: Occurs naturally in Peru balsam and oils

Hazard: A radioactive poison.

of orange flower, sweet orange, and ylang ylang.

Also made synthetically.

neptunium dioxide. NpO

Grade: FCC.

Properties: Dark-olive, free-flowing powder.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

Derivation: Neptunium oxalate is precipitated from

solutions containing nitric acid and neptunium. The

nerolin. See ␤-naphthyl ethyl ether.

neptunium oxalate is calcined at 500–550C, produc-

ing neptunium dioxide.

neroli oil. An essential oil used in perfumery and

Hazard: Toxic. A radioactive poison.

flavoring.

Use: Fabrication by powder metallurgy into target

elements to be irradiated to produce Pu-238.

nerve gas. (nerve poison). One of several toxic

chemical warfare agents developed in Germany dur-

nequinate.

ing World War II. They are organic derivatives of

CAS: 13997-19-8. mf: C

phosphoric acid (principally alkyl phosphates, fluo-

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 287−288°.

rophosphates, and thiophosphates). They inhibit the

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

enzyme cholinesterase and cause acetylcholine poi-

soning and cessation of nerve transmission. They

Nernst potential. (thermodynamic potential).

are colorless, odorless, tasteless liquids of low vola-

(1) The potential that exists between the interiors of

tility and are absorbed rapidly through the eyes,

the phases of a two-phase system. (2) Potential (E)

lungs, or skin; they are lethally toxic to higher ani-

of a single electrode in a galvanic cell.

mals and humans. Many insecticides have the same

structure and properties. Antidotes are atropine sul-

Nernst, Walther. (1864–1941). A German

fate and pralidoxime iodide.

chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1920. He was

See parathion; cholinesterase inhibitor.

educated at Zurich and Berlin and received his Ph.D.

at Wurzburg. He wrote many works concerning

theory of electric potential and conduction of elec-

trolytic solutions. He developed the third law of

thermodynamics, which states that at absolute zero

the entropy of every material in perfect equilibrium

is zero, and therefore volume, pressure, and surface

tension all become independent of temperature. He

Nessler’s reagent.

also invented Nernst’s lamp, which required no vac-

CAS: 7783-33-7. Solution of mercuric iodide in

uum and little current.

potassium iodide.

Hazard: High toxicity.

“Neroflex” [Millenium]. TM for floral com- Use: Detecting the presence of ammonia, particularly

position additive. in very small amounts.

883 NEUTRON

Nessler tubes. Standardized glass tubes for fill- “Neustrene 064” [ACH]. (glyceryl tristea-

ing with standard solution colors for visual color rate).

comparison with similar tubes filled with solution CAS: 555-43-1. TM for plastic lubricant and mold-

release agent.

samples.

Use: Synthetic wax for cosmetic sticks and pencils.

See Nessler’s reagent.

neutral. (1) Of particles, without electric charge.

neticonazole hydrochloride.

See neutron; atom.

CAS: 130773-02-3. mf: C

OS•ClH.

(2) Of solutions, neither acidic nor basic. See pH.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

neutral flame. Gas flame produced by a mix-

netobimin.

ture of fuel and oxygen so as to be neither oxidizing

CAS: 88255-01-0. mf: C

nor reducing.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

neutralization. A chemical reaction in which

Neuberg blue. A mixture of copper blue (pow-

water is formed by mutual interaction of the ions that

dered azurite) and an iron blue (Prussian blue). It can

characterize acids and bases when both are present

be more easily ground in oil than pure copper blue.

in an aqueous solution, i.e., H

+OH

−

→ H

O, the

remaining product being a salt. R. T. Sanderson

“Neulon” [Dow]. TM for polyvinyl acetate

states: “An aqueous solution containing an excess of

low-profile additives.

hydronium ions is called acidic. It readily releases

Use: For polyester modifiers, fast cure processes, and

protons to electron-donating substances. An aque-

pigmentable systems.

ous solution containing an excess of hydroxyl ions is

called basic. It readily accepts protons from sub-

Neumann’s law. Molecular heat in compounds

stances that can release them, and is in general an

of analogous constitution is always the same.

excellent donor. No aqueous solution can contain an

excess of both hydronium and hydroxyl ions, be-

Neumann triangle. Graphical representation

cause when these ions collide, a proton is immedi-

of equilibrium of three surface tensions at point of

ately transferred from the hydronium to the hydrox-

contact of two immiscible liquids with air.

yl ion, and both become water molecules.”

Neutralization occurs with both (1) inorganic and

neurine. (trimethylvinylammonium hydroxide).

(2) organic compounds: (1) Ca(OH)

→

CAS: 463-88-7. CH

:CHN(CH

)

OH. A poisonous

CaSO

+2H

O; (2) HCOOH + NaHCO

→ HCOO-

ptomaine formed during putrefaction by the dehy-

Na + CO

O. It should be noted that neutraliza-

dration of choline.

tion can occur without formation of water, as in the

Properties: Syrupy liquid; fishy odor. Absorbs car-

reaction CaO + CO

→ CaCO

. Neutralization does

bon dioxide from the air; soluble in water and al-

not mean the attaining of pH 7.0; rather it means the

cohol.

equivalence point for an acid-base reaction. When a

Hazard: Highly toxic.

strong acid reacts with a weak base, the pH will be

Use: Biochemical research.

less than 7.0, and when a strong base reacts with a

weak acid, the pH will be greater than 7.0.

neuron. A cell of nervous tissue specialized for

transmission of a nerve impulse.

neutral oil. A lubricating oil of medium or low

viscosity obtained by distillation and dewaxing of

neurotoxin A (naja naja reduced).

crude petroleum or its cracking products.

CAS: 11080-14-1. mf: C

331

526

103

Hazard: A poison.

neutral red. (toluylene red; 3-amino-7-(di-

Source: Natural product.

methylamino)-2-methylphenazine monohydro-

chloride; CI 50040).

neurotransmitter. A low molecular weight

(CH

)

•HCl (tricyclic).

compound (usually containing nitrogen) secreted

Properties: Green powder. Dissolves in water or

from the terminal of one neuron and bound by a

alcohol to give red color.

specific receptor in the next neuron in order to tran-

Use: Acid-base indicator in the pH range 6.8–8.0 (red

smit a nerve impulse.

in acid, yellow-brown in alkali); biological stain.

“Neustrene” [ACH]. TM for hydrogenated re- neutron. Discovered by Chadwick in 1932, the

fined glyceride products from selected animal, veg- neutron is a fundamental particle of matter having a

etable, and marine raw material sources. mass of 1.009 but no electric charge. It is a constitu-

Use: Lubricating greases, pharmaceutical intermedi- ent of the nucleus of all elements except hydrogen,

ates, synthetic waxes, textile lubricants, mold-re- the number of neutrons present being the difference

lease agents, buffering compounds, emulsifying between the mass number and the atomic number of

agents, adhesives, textile softeners, and lubricants. the element. Neutrons may be liberated from the

884NEUTRON ACTIVATION

nucleus by fission of uranium-235, plutonium, and a product of the coefficient of viscosity and rate of

few other elements, each nucleus yielding an aver- shear.

age of 2.5 neutrons; they can also be produced by

bombardment of other elements, e.g., beryllium

NF. Abbreviation for National Formulary, a com-

with positively charged particles.

pendium of pharmaceutical formulations widely

Because free neutrons are uncharged they have tre-

used as a standard reference.

mendous penetrating power as a result of their elec-

trical neutrality; hence, they have a highly damaging

NFPA. Abbreviation for National Fire Protection

effect on living tissue, requiring the use of shielding

Association.

of all equipment in which they are produced. Neu-

trons directly emitted from atomic nuclei are termed

fast; these bring about the chain reaction in the

Ni. Symbol for nickel.

atomic bomb. In a nuclear power reactor, where a

less rapid reaction is desired, the energy of fast

“Niacide” [FMC]. TM for fungicidal products

neutrons is partially absorbed by the moderator, and

containing dimethyl dithiocarbamates used mainly

the neutrons so retarded are called slow or thermal.

for scab control.

See electron; proton; fission.

Use: Nuclear fission; manufacture of plutonium and

radioactive isotopes; activation analysis.

niacin. (nicotinic acid; pyridine-3-carboxylic

acid).

CAS: 59-67-6.

neutron activation analysis. See activation

analysis.

neutron diffraction. See diffraction, neu-

tron.

Neville-Winter acid. (1-naphthol-4-sulfonic

The antipellagra vitamin, essential to many animals

acid; ␣-naphtholsulfonic acid; NW acid).

for growth and health. In humans, niacin is believed

necessary, along with other vitamins, for the preven-

tion and cure of pellagra. It functions in protein and

carbohydrate metabolism. As a component of two

important enzymes, coenzymes I and II, it functions

in glycolysis and tissue respiration.

Properties: Colorless needles; odorless; sour taste.

Mp 236C, sublimes above melting point, d 1.473.

Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in most lipid

solvents, quite stable to heat and oxidation. A vaso-

Properties: Transparent plates. Mp 170C. Soluble in

dilator in high concentration. Amounts of niacin are

water.

expressed in milligrams.

Derivation: From sodium salt of naphthionic acid by

Source: Food sources; meat, fish, milk, whole grains,

hydrolysis of the amino group.

yeast. Commercial sources: synthetic niacin is made

Use: Azo dye intermediate, e.g., Congo Corinth.

by oxidation of nicotine, quinoline, or 2-methyl-5-

ethylpyridine (from ammonia and formaldehyde or

“Nevindene” [Neville]. TM for high-melting

acetaldehyde).

coumarone-indene resins of extreme hardness.

Grade: NF, FCC, blended with soy flour (animal

Use: Dental compounds, fast-drying varnishes, roto-

feeds).

gravure inks, aluminum paints, and insulating com-

Use: Medicine (cholesterol-lowering agent), nutri-

pounds.

tion, feeds, enriched flours, dietary supplement.

See niacinamide.

“Nevinol” [Neville]. TM for a series of (alkyl)

hydroxy resins.

niacinamide. (nicotinamide; nicotinic acid

Use: Adhesives, lacquers, paper coatings, special

amide).

inks, and varnishes.

CAS: 98-92-0. C

NCONH

. Same biological

function as niacin.

Newtonian flow. Flow characterized by a rate

Properties: Colorless needles; bitter taste. Mp 129C,

of shear that is directly proportional to the shearing

d 1.40. Soluble in water, ethanol, and glycerol.

force.

Source: Synthetic made by conversion of niacin to

See non-Newtonian behavior.

the amide.

Grade: USP, FCC, Also commercially available as

Newtonian liquid. A liquid conforming to the the hydrochloride.

law that the homogeneous shearing stress is the Use: Medicine, dietary supplement.

885 NICKEL ARSENATE

niacinamide ascorbate. A complex of ascor- either sold as such or reduced to metal, which is cast

bic acid and niacinamide. into anodes and refined electrolytically or by the

Properties: Lemon-yellow powder; odorless or with carbonyl process (see Mond process). Oxide ores

a very slight odor. May gradually darken upon expo- are treated by hydrometallurgical refining, e.g.,

sure to air. Soluble in water and alcohol, sparingly leaching with ammonia. Much secondary nickel is

soluble in glycerol, practically insoluble in benzene. recovered from scrap.

Grade: FCC. Grade: Electrolytic, ingot, pellets, shot, sponge,

Use: Dietary supplement. powder, high-purity strip, single crystals.

Hazard: Flammable and toxic as dust or fume. A

carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: (metal) 1 mg/m

; (solu-

nialamide. (1-(2-benzylcarbamyl)ethyl-2-isoni-

ble compounds) (Ni): 0.1 mg/m

cotinoylhydrazine).

Use: Alloys (low-alloy steels, stainless steel, copper

CAS: 51-12-7.

and brass, permanent magnets, electrical resistance

NCO(NH)

(CH

)

CONHCH

alloys), electroplated protective coatings, electro-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Low solubili-

formed coatings, alkaline storage battery, fuel cell

ty in water; good solubility in slightly acid solution.

electrodes, catalyst for methanation of fuel gases

It is stable in crystalline form, suspension, and solu-

and hydrogenation of vegetable oils.

tion.

See Raney’s nickel.

Use: Medicine (as an antidepressant).

Hazard: Toxic in overdose.

nickel acetate.

CAS: 373-02-4. Ni(OOCCH

)

•4H

“Nialk.” [Occidental]. TM for chlorine, caus-

Properties: Green, monoclinic crystals; effloresces

tic soda, caustic potash, carbonate of potash, paradi-

somewhat in air. D 1.74, decomposes on heating to

chlorobenzene, and trichloroethylene.

250C. Soluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: By heating nickel hydroxide with acetic

nicarbazin. Equimolar complex of 4,4

′

-dini-

acid in the presence of metallic nickel.

trocarbanilide and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyri-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, a carcinogen (OSHA).

midine.

Use: Textiles (mordant), catalyst.

Properties: Forms crystals. Decomposes at

265–275C. Insoluble in water.

nickel acetylacetonate.

Use: Coccidiostat.

CAS: 3264-82-2. (CH

COCHCOCH

)

Ni.

Properties: Green, crystalline solid. Mp 230C, bp

niccolite. (arsenical nickel). NiAs. An ore of

220C (11 mm Hg), d 1.45. Soluble in water, alcohol,

nickel.

and benzene; insoluble in ether.

Properties: Pale-copper-red mineral with dark tar-

Use: Catalyst for organic reactions.

nish, metallic luster. Contains 43.9% nickel. D

7.3–7.67, Mohs hardness 5–5.5. Soluble in concen-

nickel aluminide. A cermet that can be flame-

trated nitric acid.

sprayed.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of dust.

nickel ammonium chloride. (ammonium

“Nichrome.” TM for an alloy containing 60%

nickel chloride). (1) NiCl

•NH

Cl, (2)

nickel, 24% iron, 16% chromium, 0.1% carbon.

NiCl

•NH

Cl•6H

O. Properties: (1) Yellow pow-

Use: It is used principally for electric resistance pur-

der, (2) green crystals, d 1.65, soluble in water,

poses. It also offers good resistance to mine and

deliquescent.

seawaters and moist sulfurous atmospheres.

Hazard: See nickel.

Use: Electroplating, dyeing (mordant).

nickel.

CAS: 7440-02-0. Ni. Metallic element of atomic

nickel ammonium sulfate. (nickel salts,

number 28, group VIII of the periodic table, aw

double; ammonium nickel sulfate).

58.70, valences of 2, 4. Five stable isotopes.

CAS: 15699-18-0. NiSO

•(NH

)

•6H

Properties: Malleable, silvery metal. Readily fabri-

Properties: Green crystals. D 1.929. Decomposed by

cated by hot- and cold-working, takes high polish,

heat. Soluble in water; less in ammonium sulfate

excellent resistance to corrosion. D 8.908, mp

solution; insoluble in alcohol.

1455C, bp 2900C, electrical resistivity (20C) 6.844

Derivation: An aqueous solution of nickel sulfate is

microhm-cm. Attacked slightly by hydrochloric

acidified with sulfuric acid, then an aqueous solu-

acid and sulfuric acid, somewhat more by nitric acid,

tion of ammonium sulfate is added. On concentrat-

highly resistant to strong alkalies.

ing, crystals of the double sulfate separate out.

Occurrence: Ontario, Cuba, Norway, Dominican

Hazard: See nickel.

Republic.

Use: Nickel electrolyte for electroplating.

Derivation: Nickel ores are of two types, sulfide and

oxide, the former accounting for two-thirds of the

world’s consumption. Sulfide ores are refined by

nickel arsenate. (nickelous arsenate).

flotation and roasting to sintered nickel oxide, and Ni

(AsO

)

•8H

886NICKEL BROMIDE

Properties: Yellow-green powder. D 4.98. Soluble Derivation: By adding potassium cyanide to a solu-

in acids; insoluble in water.

tion of a nickel salt.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 0.1 mg(Ni)/m

Use: Catalyst (hardening fats used in soap).

mg(CN)/m

Use: Metallurgy, electroplating.

nickel bromide. (nickelous bromide). (1)

NiBr

, (2) NiBr

•3H

nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate.

Properties: (1) Brownish-yellow solid or yellow,

CAS: 13927-77-0. Ni[SC(S)N(C

)

]

lustrous scales. D 5.098, mp 963C. (2) Deliquescent,

Properties: Dark-green flakes. D 1.26, mp 86C min.

greenish scales; loses 3H

O at 300C. Soluble in

Use: Antioxidant for synthetic rubbers.

water, alcohol, ether, and ammonium hydroxide.

Derivation: Bromination of nickel powder or nickel

nickel dimethylglyoxime. C

NiO

carbonyl.

Properties: Bright-red powder. Sublimes at 250C.

Hazard: See nickel.

Insoluble in water; soluble in mineral acids.

Use: Pigment in paints, cosmetics, cellulosics.

nickel carbonate, basic.

CAS: 3333-67-3. NiCO

•2Ni(OH)

•4H

nickel formate. (HCOO)

Ni•2H

Properties: Light-green crystals or brown powder. D

Properties: Green crystals. D 2.15. Partially soluble

2.6. Insoluble in water; soluble in ammonia and

in water; insoluble in alcohol.

dilute acids.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of sodium formate and

Derivation: (1) In nature as the mineral zaratite. (2)

nickel sulfate, (2) dissolving nickel hydroxide in

Synthetically, by addition of soda ash to a solution of

formic acid.

nickel sulfate.

Hazard: See nickel.

Use: Production of nickel catalysts.

Use: Electroplating, preparation of nickel catalysts,

ceramic colors and glazes.

nickel hydroxide. See nickelous hydroxide;

nickelic hydroxide.

nickel carbonyl. (nickel tetracarbonyl).

CAS: 13463-39-3. Ni(CO)

. A zero-valent com-

nickelic hydroxide. (nickel hydroxide).

pound. The four carbonyl groups form a tetrahedral

CAS: 12054-48-7. Ni(OH)

arrangement and are linked covalently to the metal

Properties: Black powder. Mp decomposes.

through the carbons.

Derivation: By adding a hypochlorite to a solution of

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.3185, fp −19C, bp

a nickel salt.

43C, vap press 400 mm Hg (25.8C). Soluble in

Use: Nickel salts.

alcohol and many organic solvents; soluble in con-

centrated nitric acid; insoluble in water.

nickelic oxide. (nickel peroxide; nickel(III)

Derivation: By passing carbon monoxide gas over

oxide; nickel sesquioxide; black nickel oxide).

finely divided nickel.

CAS: 1314-06-3. Ni

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Gray-black powder. D 4.84, mp (re-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explodes at

duced to nickel oxide) 600C. Soluble in acids; insol-

60C (140F). A carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: 0.05

uble in water.

ppm(Ni).

Derivation: By gentle heating of the nitrate or chlo-

Use: Production of high-purity nickel powder by

rate.

Mond process, continuous nickel coatings on steel

Hazard: See nickel.

and other metals.

Use: Storage batteries.

nickel chloride. (nickelous chloride).

nickel iodide. (nickelous iodide). NiI

CAS: 7718-54-9. (1) NiCl

, (2) NiCl

•6H

NiI

•6H

Properties: (1) Brown scales, deliquescent, (2) green

Properties: Black, crystalline powder or blue-green

scales, deliquescent. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

crystals; hygroscopic. D 5.834, sublimes at 797C

ammonium hydroxide. (1) D 3.55, mp 1001C. Non-

without melting. Soluble in alcohol and water.

flammable.

Derivation: Direct combination of nickel and iodine.

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on nickel.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: See nickel.

See nickel.

Use: Electroplated nickel coatings, reagent chemical.

nickel-iron alloy. See iron-nickel alloy.

nickel cyanide.

CAS: 557-19-7. Ni(CN)

•4H

Properties: Apple-green plates or powder. Mp loses

“Nickel-Lume” [ATOTECH]. TM for a

O at 200C, bp decomposes. Soluble in ammo- bright nickel electroplating process; materials used

nium hydroxide and potassium cyanide solution; are nickel sulfate, nickel chloride, boric acid, and

insoluble in water and acids. organic addition agents.

887 NICKEL SULFATE

nickel matte. See matte. 6.6–6.8, absorbs oxygen at 400C forming nickelic

oxide, which is reduced to nickel oxide at 600C.

nickel nitrate. (nickelous nitrate). Soluble in acids and ammonium hydroxide. Insolu-

CAS: 13138-45-9. Ni(NO

)

•6H

O. ble in water and caustic solutions.

Properties: Green, deliquescent crystals. D 2.065, Derivation: By heating nickel above 400C in the

mp 55C, bp 136.7C. Soluble in water, ammonium presence of oxygen.

hydroxide, and alcohol. Hazard: See nickel.

Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on nickel, or Use: Nickel salts, porcelain painting, fuel cell elec-

trodes.

on nickel oxide.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

nickel oxide, black. See nickelic oxide.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidizing agent.

TLV: 0.1 mg(Ni)/m

nickel oxide, green. See nickel oxide.

Use: Nickel plating, preparation of nickel catalysts,

manufacture of brown ceramic colors.

nickel peroxide. See nickelic oxide.

nickel nitrate, ammoniated. (nickel nitrate

tetrammine). Ni(NO

)

•4NH

•2H

O. nickel phosphate. (nickelous phosphate; trin-

Properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water; insolu- ickelous-orthophosphate). Ni

(PO

)

•7H

ble in alcohol; decomposes in air. Properties: Light-green powder. Soluble in acids

Derivation: By adding ammonium hydroxide to a and ammonium hydroxide; insoluble in water.

nitric acid solution of nickel oxide with subsequent Use: Electroplating.

crystallization.

Hazard: See nickel nitrate.

nickel potassium sulfate. (potassium nickel

Use: Nickel plating.

sulfate). NiSO

•K

•6H

Properties: Blue-green crystals. D 2.124. Soluble in

nickelocene. (dicyclopentadienylnickel). water.

)

Ni.

Properties: Dark-green crystals. Mp 171–173C. Sol-

nickel protoxide. See nickel oxide.

uble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

Decomposes in acetone, alcohol, and ether; highly

nickel-rhodium. Alloys containing nickel and

reactive compound that decomposes rapidly in air.

25–80% rhodium, but sometimes also some plati-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact, a car-

num, iridium, palladium, molybdenum, tungsten,

cinogen (OSHA).

copper, iron, or cobalt.

Use: Catalyst, complexing agent.

Use: Electrodes, chemical apparatus, reflectors.

See metallocene.

nickel salt, double. See nickel ammonium

nickelous arsenate. See nickel arsenate.

sulfate.

nickelous bromide. See nickel bromide.

nickel salt, single. See nickel sulfate.

nickelous chloride. See nickel chloride.

nickel sesquioxide. See nickelic oxide.

nickelous hydroxide. (nickel hydroxide).

nickel-silver. Nonferrous alloy of nickel, cop-

CAS: 12125-56-3. Ni(OH)

per, and zinc having a silver appearance.

Properties: Fine green powder. D 4.15, mp (decom-

Use: Etching, enameling, silver plating, and chromi-

poses) 230C. Very slightly soluble in water; soluble

um plating.

in acids and ammonium hydroxide.

Derivation: By adding caustic soda to a solution of

nickel stannate. NiSnO

•2H

nickelous salt.

Properties: Light-colored, crystalline powder. Ap-

Hazard: See nickel.

proximate temperature of dehydration 120C.

Use: Nickel salts.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 0.1

mg(Ni)/m

nickelous iodide. See nickel iodide.

Use: Additive in ceramic capacitors.

nickelous nitrate. See nickel nitrate.

nickel sulfate. (nickel salts, single; blue

salt).

nickelous phosphate. See nickel phosphate.

CAS: 7786-81-4. (1) NiSO

, (2) NiSO

•6H

O, (3)

NiSO

•7H

nickel oxide. (nickelous oxide; nickel(II) ox- Properties: (1) Yellow-green crystals, (2) blue or

ide; nickel protoxide; green nickel oxide). emerald green crystals, (3) green crystals. D (1)

CAS: 1313-99-1. NiO. 3.68, (2) 2.031, (3) 1.98; mp (1) 840C (loses SO

Properties: Green powder that becomes yellow. D (2) and (3) loses 6H

O at 103C. All the sulfates are

888NICKEL TETRACARBONYL

soluble in water; (2) and (3) are soluble in alcohol; ble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, kerosene, water,

(1) is insoluble in alcohol and ether. and oils. Combustible.

Derivation: By distilling tobacco with milk of lime

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on nickel.

and extracting with ether.

Grade: Technical, CP, single crystals.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.1 mg(Ni)/m

; con-

absorption. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

firmed human carcinogen.

Use: Insecticide, fumigant; use as insecticide may be

Use: Manufacture of nickel ammonium sulfate, nick-

restricted. Available as the dihydrochloride, salicy-

el catalysts, nickel plating, mordant in dyeing and

late, sulfate, and bitartrate.

printing textiles, coatings, ceramics.

nicotine, compd. with manganese(ii) o-

nickel tetracarbonyl. See nickel carbonyl.

benzoyl benzoate, trihydrate (2:1).

CAS: 64092-22-4. mf: C

MnN

•3H

nick translation. A method for incorporating

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

radioactive isotopes (typically 32P) into a piece of

Use: Agricultural chemical.

DNA. The DNA is randomly nicked by DNase I, and

then starting from those nicks DNA polymerase I

nicotine-n

′

-oxide.

digests and then replaces a stretch of DNA. Radiola-

CAS: 491-26-9. mf: C

beled precursor nucleotide triphosphates can thus be

Hazard: A poison.

incorporated.

nicotine salts. (1) Hydrochloride, C

nicol. An optical material (Iceland spar) that func-

•HCl; (2) salicylate, C

•C

; (3) sulfate,

tions as a prism, separating light rays that pass

)

•H

(40% solution

“Black Leaf For-

through it into two portions, one of which is reflect-

ty”); (4) tartrate, C

•2C

•H

ed away and the other transmitted. The transmitted

Properties: (1) Colorless oil; (2) white crystals. Mp

portion is called plane-polarized light.

117.4C; (3) white crystals; (4) white plates. Mp 89C.

See calcite; optical isomerism.

All the salts are soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: By the action of the respective acid on

“Nicomo-12” [Grace]. TM for a hydrodesul-

the alkaloid.

furization catalyst of nickel, cobalt, and molybde-

num on alumina.

nicotinic acid. See niacin.

“Nicon” [LaMotte]. Brand name for diethyldi-

nicotinic acid, aluminum salt. See alumi-

thiocarbamate used in the colorimetric determina-

num nicotinate.

tion of nickel.

nicotinic acid amide. See niacinamide.

nicotinamide. See niacinamide.

Niementowski quinazoline synthesis. For-

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

mation of 4-oxo-3,4-dihydroquinazolines by cycli-

phosphate. (NADP; diphosphopyridine nu-

zation of the reaction products of anthranilic acid

cleotide; DPN; coenzyme I; Co I; codehydroge-

and amides.

nase I). C

. Entry name is recommend-

ed by the International Union of Biochemistry and

Niementowski quinoline synthesis. Forma-

IUPAC. A coenzyme necessary for the alcoholic

tion of ␥-hydroxyquinoline derivatives from anthra-

fermentation of glucose and the oxidative dehydro-

nilic acids and carbonyl compounds.

genation of other substrates. It occurs widely in

living tissue, especially in liver.

Use: Biochemical research, chromatography.

Nierenstein reaction. Formation of omega-

chloroacetophenones by reaction of diazomethane

in dry ether with aroyl chlorides. Coumaranones are

nicotine. (␤-pyridyl-␣-n-methylpyrrolidine).

obtained if an ortho-hydroxy group is present.

CAS: 54-11-5. C

NCH

Nieuland, Father J. A. (1878–1936). A Jesu-

it whose research on polymers of acetylene formed

the basis for the development of polychloroprene

(neoprene) in 1931.

See Carothers, Wallace H.

Properties: Alkaloid from tobacco; thick, water-

white, levorotatory oil turning brown on exposure to

(−)-nigaldipine hydrochloride.

air, also in form of dust or powder. Hygroscopic. Bp CAS: 189624-85-9. mf: C

•2ClH.

247C, d 1.00924, autoign temp 471F (243C). Solu- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

889 NIOBIUM OXALATE

nigrescigenin. Properties: Gray or silvery, ductile metal. Does not

CAS: 6785-70-2. mf: C

. tarnish or oxidize at room temperature. D 8.57, mp

Hazard: A poison. 2468C. Reacts with oxygen and halogens only when

Source: Natural product. heated, less corrosion resistant than tantalum at high

temperature. Not attacked by nitric acid up to 100C,

but vigorously attacked by a mixture of nitric and

nigrosine. A class of dark-blue or black dyes,

hydrofluoric acids. Hot concentrated hydrochloric

some soluble in water, some in alcohol, and some in

acid, sulfuric acid, and phosphoric acid attack it, but

oil.

hot concentrated nitric acid does not. Unaffected at

Use: Manufacture of ink and shoe polish dyeing

room temperature by most acids and by aqua regia. It

leather, wood, textiles, etc. It is also used as a shark

is attacked by alkaline solutions to some extent at all

repellent.

temperatures.

Occurrence: Found in two major ores, columbite

nigre. The dark-colored layer containing some

and pyrochlore (a carbonate-silicate rock). Chief

soap, as well as salts and impurities, formed in soap

sources are Brazil, Nigeria, Canada.

manufacture between the layers of soap proper and

Derivation: Niobium is so closely associated with

caustic solution.

tantalum that they must be separated by fractional

crystallization or by solvent extraction, with subse-

NIH. Abbreviation for National Institutes of

quent purification.

Health (Bethesda, MD).

Grade: Plates, rods, powder, single crystals.

Use: Superconducting and magnetic alloys (with tin

“Nikanol” [Fudow]. TM for a liquid resin.

and titanium), cermets, missiles and rockets, cryo-

genic equipment, ferroniobium for alloy steels.

ninhydrin. (triketohydrindene hydrate).

CAS: 485-47-2. C

•H

Properties: White crystals or powder. Mp

niobium carbide. NbC.

240–245C, becomes red when heated above 100C.

Properties: Lavender-gray powder. Mp approxi-

Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in

mately 3500C, d 7.82. Insoluble in water and in all

ether and chloroform.

acids except a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen

Hazard: Irritant.

fluoride.

Use: Chemical intermediate; reagent for determina-

Derivation: By direct combination of niobium with

tion of amines, amino acids, ascorbic acid.

carbon or by the reduction of niobium oxide with

lampblack.

ninhydrin reaction. A color reaction given by

Use: Cemented carbide tipped tools, special steels,

free amino groups of amino acids and peptides on

preparation of niobium metal, coating graphite for

heating with ninhydrin; widely used for their detec-

nuclear reactors.

tion and estimation.

niobium chloride. (niobium pentachloride).

“Ninol” [Stepan]. TM for an emulsifier and

CAS: 10026-12-7. NbCl

lubricant.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 205C, bp

Use: Anti-static properties for textiles.

254C, d 2.75. Deliquescent; decomposes in moist air

with evolution of hydrogen chloride fumes. Soluble

niobe oil. See methyl benzoate.

in carbon tetrachloride, hydrochloric acid, concen-

trated sulfuric acid.

niobic acid. Any hydrated form of Nb

.It

Derivation: Direct combination of niobium and

forms as a white, insoluble precipitate when a potas-

chlorine, chlorination of niobium oxide in the pres-

sium hydrogen sulfate fusion of a niobium com-

ence of carbon.

pound is leached with hot water or when niobium

Hazard: May evolve fumes of hydrogen chloride.

fluoride solutions are treated with ammonium hy-

Keep dry.

droxide. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid, con-

Use: Preparation of pure niobium; intermediate.

centrated hydrochloric acid, hydrogen fluoride, and

bases. Important in analytical determination of nio-

niobium diselenide. NbSe

bium.

Properties: Gray-black solid. Mp >1316C, vacuum

stable from −430 to 2400F (−170 to 1315C). Has

niobite. See columbite.

higher electrical conductivity than graphite.

Use: Lubricant and conductor at high temperatures

niobium. (columbium).

and high vacuum.

CAS: 7440-03-1. Nb. The name niobium is official-

ly approved by chemical authorities, but columbium

is still used chiefly by metallurgists. Metallic ele-

niobium oxalate. NbO(HC

)

•4H

ment, atomic number 41, group VB of the periodic Properties: White crystals, 99.99% pure. Very solu-

table, aw 92.9064, valences of 2, 3, 4, 5; no stable ble in water.

isotopes. Use: Intermediate, special catalysts.

890NIOBIUM OXIDE

niobium oxide. (niobium pentoxide). “Nirez” [Reichhold]. TM for polyterpene, ter-

CAS: 1313-96-8. Nb

. pene, phenol, and resins used in adhesives, coatings,

Properties: White powder. D 4.5–5.0, mp 1520C. chewing gums, and printing inks.

Insoluble in acids (except hydrofluoric and hot sul-

furic acids); insoluble in water; soluble in fused

NIRMS. Noble gas-ion reflection mass spectros-

potassium hydrogen sulfate, or carbonates or hy-

copy.

droxides of the alkali metals.

Derivation: Strong ignition of niobic acid.

nisin. Antibiotic containing 34 amino acid resi-

Use: Intermediate, electronics.

dues, produced by Streptomyces lactis.

Use: Food preservative, especially in canned

niobium pentachloride. See niobium chlo-

products.

ride.

nisin preparation.

niobium pentoxide. See niobium oxide. CAS: 1414-45-5. mf: C

143

230

Properties: Crystals from ethanol. Derived from

Streptoccus lactus Lancefield Group N.

niobium potassium oxyfluoride. (potassi-

Use: Food additive.

um niobium oxypentafluoride; potassium oxy-

fluoniobate).

NIST. See National Institute of Standards and

CAS: 17523-77-2. K

NbOF

•H

Technology.

Properties: White, lustrous leaflets; greasy to touch.

Soluble in hot water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant. TLV: 2.5

nital. Solution of nitric acid in methyl or ethyl

mg(F)/m

alcohol; 1.5% by volume.

Use: Separation of niobium from tantalum, electro-

Use: Etching agent in ferrous metallography.

lytic preparation of niobium metal.

niter. (nitre; saltpeter).

niobium silicide. NbSi

CAS: 7757-79-1. KNO

. A natural potassium ni-

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 1950C.

trate.

Use: Refractory material.

niter cake. A common name for sodium bisul-

fate (NaHSO

) because it was a product of the reac-

niobium-tin. Nb

Sn. Alloy used for special wire

tion by which nitric acid was first made: NaNO

for superconducting magnets to obtain high magnet-

→ NaHSO

+ HNO

ic fields for use in communication and containment

See sodium bisulfate.

of thermonuclear fusion plasmas.

niter, Chile. See sodium nitrate.

niobium-titanium. Alloy used for magnetic de-

vices with fields up to 100,000 gauss.

“Niterox” [Chilean].

CAS: 7631-99-4. TM for sodium nitrate.

niobium-uranium. Niobium alloyed with 20%

Use: Charcoal, glass, explosives, treating metal, anti-

uranium yields a nuclear fuel that maintains tensile

freeze, chemical compounding, wastewater treat-

strength and hardness at 871C.

ment, cleaning compounds, and pharmaceuticals.

NIOSH. Abbreviation for National Institute for

nitralin. A herbicide used largely to control

Occupational Safety and Health.

weeds in cotton and soybeans. Research indicates

possible use in plant breeding; treatment of corn

“NiPar S-10” [Angus]. TM for 1-nitropro-

roots induces abnormal chromosome formation and

pane.

cell-wall deterioration.

CAS: 108-03-2.

Grade: Industrial.

nitralloy. See nitriding.

Available forms: Liquid.

Use: Solvent for inks; chemical intermediate; diesel

nitramine. See tetryl.

fuel additive.

See 1-nitropropane.

“Nitrane” [Grace]. TM for industrial chemi-

cals, mainly nitroparaffin solvents.

“NiPar S-20” [Angus]. (2-nitropropane).

CAS: 79-46-9. TM for solvent.

Use: For inks and coatings based on resins of vinyl,

nitranilic acid. (2,5-dihydroxy-3,6-dinitroqui-

epoxy, acrylic, polyurethane, polyamide, nitrocellu- none). C

(NO

)

(OH)

lose, chlorinated rubber. Also used in automotive Properties: Flat, yellow crystals. Loses H

O at 100C,

finishes, extractions, crystallization, diesel fuel ad- decomposes explosively at 170C. Soluble in water

ditives, and intermediates. and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

891 NITRIDING

Hazard: Fire risk when heated. Evolves toxic fumes Use: Manufacture of ammonium nitrate for fertilizer

and explosives, organic synthesis (dyes, drugs, ex-

on decomposition.

plosives, cellulose nitrate, nitrate salts), metallurgy,

photoengraving, etching steel, ore flotation, ure-

nitraniline. See nitroaniline.

thanes, rubber chemicals, reprocessing spent nucle-

ar fuel.

nitrapyrin. (2-chloro-6-(trichlorome-

thyl)pyridine; “N-Serve” [Dow]).

nitric acid, fuming. (1) White fuming nitric

CAS: 1929-82-4. C

acid (WFNA) contains more than 97.5% nitric acid,

Properties: Crystals. Mp 62.5–62.9, bp 136–137.5

less than 2% water, and less than 0.5% NO

.Itisa

(11 torr).

colorless or pale-yellow liquid that fumes strongly.

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

; STEL; 20 mg/m

; not clas-

It is decomposed by light or elevated temperatures,

sifiable as a human carcinogen.

becoming red in color from nitrogen dioxide.

Use: A fertilizer additive.

(2) Red fuming nitric acid (RFNA) contains more

than 85% nitric acid, approximately 6–15% NO

(as

nitrating acid. Legal label name for mixed acid.

nitrogen dioxide), and less than 5% water.

Derivation: From dilute nitric acid, nitrogen dioxide,

nitration. A reaction in which a nitro group

and oxygen.

(−NO

) replaces a hydrogen on a carbon atom by the

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, corrosive to skin and

use of nitric acid or mixed acid. An example is the

mucous membranes. Strong oxidizing agent, may

nitration of cellulose to nitrocellulose. It is widely

explode in contact with strong reducing agents.

used in aromatic reactions to form such compounds

Dangerous fire risk.

as nitrobenzene, trinitrotoluene, nitroglycerin, and

Use: Preparation of nitro compounds, rocket fuels,

other explosives. Aromatic nitrations are usually

laboratory reagent.

effected with mixed acid, a mixture of nitric and

sulfuric acids, at 0–120C. Aliphatic nitration is less

nitric acid, magnesium salt, hexahydrate.

common than aromatic, but propane can be nitrated

CAS: 13446-18-9. mf: N

•Mg•6H

under pressure to yield nitroparaffins.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A mild skin and

eye irritant.

nitrene. Electron-deficient, uncharged monova-

lent nitrogen species with either singlet or triplet

nitric oxide.

electronic configurations; analog of carbene.

CAS: 10102-43-9. NO.

Properties: Colorless gas (readily reacts with oxy-

nitric acid. (aqua fortis; engraver’s acid;

gen at room temperature to form nitrogen dioxide,

azotic acid).

, a reddish brown gas). Bp −152C, fp −164C, d

CAS: 7697-37-2. HNO

at bp 1.27. Slightly soluble in water. Noncombust-

Properties: Transparent, colorless, or yellowish

ible.

fuming, suffocating, hygroscopic, corrosive liquid.

Derivation: Oxidation of ammonia above 500C, de-

Will attack almost all metals. The yellow color is

composition of nitrous acid (aqueous solution). Also

due to release of nitrogen dioxide on exposure to

from atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen in the elec-

light; strong oxidizing agent. Bp (decomposes) 78C,

tric-arc process for fixation of nitrogen.

fp −42C, d 1.504 (25/4C), vap press 62 mm Hg

Grade: Pure (99%).

(25C), refr index 1.3970 (24C), viscosity 0.761 cP

Hazard: Supports combustion. Toxic by inhalation,

(25C). Miscible with water, decomposes in alcohol.

strong irritant to skin and mucous membranes. TLV:

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of ammonia by air or oxy-

25 ppm.

gen with platinum catalyst. (Note: A pelleted cata-

Use: Intermediate in production of nitric acid from

lyst not containing platinum or other noble metals is

ammonia, preparation of nitrosyl carbonyls, bleach-

available.) Air oxidation yields 60% acid; concen-

ing rayon.

tration is achieved by (a) distillation with sulfuric

See nitrogen dioxide.

acid, (b) extractive distillation with magnesium ni-

trate, or (c) neutralizing the weak acid with soda ash,

nitride. A compound of metal and nitrogen. As in

evaporating to dryness, and treating with sulfuric

aluminum nitride.

acid. Method (c) yields synthetic niter cake (NaH-

) as a by-product. (2) High-pressure oxidation of

nitrogen tetroxide (yields 98% acid). (3) Reaction of

nitriding. A process of case hardening in which a

nitrogen and oxygen in nuclear reactors; two tons of ferrous alloy, usually of special composition, is

nitric acid are said to be produced from one gram of heated in an atmosphere of ammonia or in contact

enriched uranium. Not in commercial use. with nitrogenous material to produce surface hard-

Grade: 36, 38, 40, 42 degrees Be´; 58–63.5%; 95%. ening by absorption of the nitrogen without quench-

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic ing. The alloys used for nitriding are known as ni-

materials. Highly toxic by inhalation, corrosive to troalloys. Several types are available, with ranges of

skin and mucous membranes, strong oxidizing composition as follows: aluminum 0.85–11.2%,

agent. TLV: 2 ppm; STEL 4 ppm. carbon 0.20–0.45%, chromium 0−8%, Molybde-

892NITRILE

num 0.15–1.00%, Maganesen 0.4–0.7%, silicon

“Nitrix” [Uniroyal]. TM for synthetic rubber

0.2–0.4%. latices of the butadiene-acrylonitrile type.

Use: Paper saturation, leather finishing, plasticizer

for resin latices.

nitrile. An organic compound containing the

−C≡N grouping, for example, acrylonitrile

p-nitroacetanilide. NO

NHCOCH

C==CHC≡N and acetonitrile (CH

C≡N).

Properties: White crystals. Mp 214–216C. Soluble

Hazard: Some organic cyanide compounds are flam-

in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in cold

mable (acetonitrile, acrylonitrile). Most organic cy-

water; soluble in hot water and in potassium hydrox-

anide compounds are toxic (acetonitrile, acryloni-

ide solution. Combustible.

trile).

Derivation: By acetylating aniline, then nitrating.

Use: Manufacture of nitraniline.

nitrile rubber. (acrylonitrile rubber; acryloni-

trilebutadiene rubber; nitrile-butadiene rubber;

p-nitro-o-aminophenol.

NBR). A synthetic rubber made by random poly-

CAS: 99-57-0. C

OHNH

merization of acrylonitrile with butadiene by free

Properties: Yellow-brown leaflets containing water

radical catalysis. Alternating copolymers using Nat-

of crystallization. Melting at 80–90C, anhydrous

ta-Ziegler catalyst have been developed. Approxi-

melts at 154C. Soluble in acid.

mately 20% of the total is used as latex; also avail-

Derivation: From dinitrophenol.

able in powder form. Its repeating structure may be

Use: Dyes.

represented as −CH

CH==CHCH

CH(CN)−.

Properties: (Medium acrylonitrile) D (polymer)

m-nitroaniline. (m-nitraniline).

0.98, tensile strength (psi) 1000–3000, elongation

CAS: 99-09-2. NO

(%) 100–700, maximum service temperature

Properties: Yellow needles. D 1.43, mp 111.8C, bp

121–148C. Combustible.

306C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble

Use: (High acrylonitrile) Oil well parts, fuel-tank

in water.

liners, fuel hoses, gaskets, packing oil seals, hydrau-

Derivation: From aniline by nitration after acetyla-

lic equipment.

tion, with subsequent removal of the acetyl group by

(Medium acrylonitrile) General-purpose oil-resis-

hydrolysis; from m-nitrobenzoic acid.

tant applications, shoe soles, kitchen mats, sink top-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic when absorbed by

ping, and printing rolls.

skin.

(Low acrylonitrile) Gaskets, grommets, and O-rings

Use: Dry intermediate.

(flexible at a very low temperature), adhesives. Fuel

binder in solid rocket propellants.

o-nitroaniline. (o-nitraniline).

CAS: 88-74-4. NO

nitrile-silicone rubber. (NSR). Combines the

Properties: Orange-red needles. D 1.443, mp 69.7C.

characteristic properties of silicones with the oil

Not lightfast, flash p 335F (168C), autoign temp

resistance of nitrile rubber. Resistant to jet fuels,

970F (521C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly

solvents, and hot oils.

soluble in water.

Derivation: From aniline by nitration after acetyla-

tion, with subsequent removal of the acetyl group by

nitrilotriacetic acid. (NTA; triglycine; TGA;

hydrolysis; from o-dinitrosobenzene.

triglycolamic acid).

Hazard: Explosion risk. Toxic when absorbed by

CAS: 139-13-9. N(CH

COOH)

skin.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 240aC

Use: Dye intermediate, synthesis of photographic

(with decomposition). Insoluble in water and most

antifogging agent, o-phenylenediamine, coccid-

organic solvents; forms mono-, di-, and tribasic salts

iostats.

that are water soluble. Combustible. 70% biode-

gradable.

p-nitroaniline. (p-nitraniline).

Available forms: Di- and trisodium salts.

CAS: 100-01-6. NO

Use: Synthesis, chelating agent, eluting agent in puri-

fication of rare-earth elements, detergent builder.

nitrilotriacetonitrile. (NTAN). N(CH

CH)

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 130–134C.

Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone.

Properties: Yellow needles. D 1.437, mp 148C, flash

Hazard: See nitriles.

p 390F (198C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu-

Use: Intermediate and chelating agent.

ble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) From p-chloronitrobenzene, (2) from

2,2

′

′′

-nitrilotris(ethylamine). aniline by nitration after acetylation, (3) from acet-

CAS: 4097-89-6. mf: C

. anilide.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. Hazard: Explosion risk. Toxic when absorbed by

893 NITROBENZOIC ACID

skin. TLV: 3 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human 190F (87.7C), autoign temp 900F (482C). Soluble in

alcohol, benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in wa-

carcinogen.

ter. Combustible.

Use: Dye intermediate, especially for p-nitraniline

Derivation: From benzene by nitrating with nitric

red; intermediate for antioxidants; gasoline gum in-

acid−sulfuric acid mix.

hibitors; corrosion inhibitors.

Method of purification: By washing and distilling

with steam, then redistilling.

o-nitroanisole.

Grade: Technical, redistilled, 97%.

CAS: 91-23-6. C

OCH

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Properties: Light reddish or amber liquid. D 1.255

absorption. TLV: 1 ppm; an animal carcinogen.

(20/20C), fp 9.6C, boiling range 268–271C, refr

Use: Manufacture of aniline; solvent for cellulose

index 1.5602 (20C). Soluble in alcohol and ether;

ethers; modifying esterification of cellulose acetate;

insoluble in water. Combustible.

ingredient of metal polishes and shoe polishes; man-

Derivation: From o-nitrophenol by methylation or

ufacture of benzidine, quinoline, azobenzene, etc.

from o-nitrochlorobenzene by action of methanol

and caustic soda.

Grade: Technical.

p-nitrobenzeneazoresorcinol.

Use: Organic synthesis, intermediate for dyes and

(OH)

pharmaceuticals.

Properties: Red crystals. Mp 198C. Slightly soluble

in water; soluble in nitrobenzene. Combustible.

p-nitroanisole. (1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene).

Derivation: Diazotized p-nitroaniline is coupled

CAS: 100-17-4. NO

OCH

with resorcinol.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 54C, bp 260C.

Grade: Analytical.

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Use: Determination of magnesium.

Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

m-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid. (3-nitroben-

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

zenesulfonic acid).

CAS: 98-47-5. C

5-nitrobarbituric acid. (dilituric acid).

Properties: Crystals. Mp 70C. Soluble in water and

CAS: 480-68-2.

alcohol.

Use: Organic synthesis. The sodium salt is a protec-

NHC

❘

CONHCONH

❘

CO.

tive antireduction agent.

Properties: Prisms and leaflets from water. Mp 176C

(decomposes). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

6-nitrobenzimidazole.

alcohol and sodium hydroxide solution; insoluble in

CAS: 94-52-0.

ether.

Use: Microreagent for potassium.

❘

NHCH:

❘

3-nitrobenzaldehyde. (m-nitrobenzaldehyde).

Properties: Solid. Mp 203C. Very soluble in alcohol;

CHO.

slightly soluble in water, ether, and benzene.

Properties: Yellowish, crystalline powder. Mp 58C,

Use: Antifogging agent in photographic developers.

bp 164C (23 mm Hg). Almost insoluble in water;

soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether.

5-nitrobenzimidazole nitrate.

Use: Synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, surface-ac-

CAS: 27896-84-0. mf: C

•HNO

tive agents, vapor-phase corrosion inhibitor, antiox-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

idant for chlorophyll, mosquito repellent.

nitrobenzoic acid. (1) m-, (2) o-, (3) p-(ni-

2-nitrobenzaldehyde dimethylacetal.

trodracylic acid).

CAS: 20627-73-0. mf: C

CAS: (m-) 121-92-6; (p-) 62-23-7.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

(NO

)COOH.

tion.

Properties: Yellowish-white crystals. (1) d 1.494,

mp 140–141C; (2) d 1.575, mp 147.7C; (3) d 1.5497,

nitrobenzene. (oil of mirbane).

mp 238C. (1) Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly

CAS: 98-95-3. C

soluble in water; (2) soluble in water, alcohol, and

ether; (3) soluble in alcohol, sparingly soluble in

water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) Nitration of benzoic acid; (2) oxida-

tion of o-nitrotoluene with MnO

and sulfuric acid,

(3) oxidation of p-nitrotoluene by hot chromic acid

mixture.

Properties: Greenish-yellow crystals or yellow, oily Use: (1) Dye intermediate, reagent for alkaloids; (2)

liquid. D 1.19867, mp 5.70C, bp 210.85C, flash p and (3) organic synthesis.

894

-NITROBENZOTRI

m-nitrobenzotrifluoride. (3-nitrobenzotri- p-nitro blue tetrazolium chloride.

CAS: 298-83-9. mf: C

•2Cl.

fluoride; m-nitrotrifluoromethylbenzene).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 98-46-4. NO

Properties: Pale-straw, thin, oily liquid; aromatic

odor. Distillation range 200.5–208.5C, fp −5.0C, d

nitrobromoform. See bromopicrin.

1.437 (15.5C), bp 203C, flash p 214F (101C) (OC),

bulk d 11.98 lb/gal (15.5C), viscosity 2.35 cP

2-nitro-1-butanol. CH

CHNO

OH.

(37.7C). Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in

Properties: Colorless liquid. Soluble in water (20 g/

water. Combustible.

100 cc at 20C), d 1.133 (20/20C), bp 105C (10 mm

Hazard: Toxic material.

Hg), fp −48 to −47C, bulk d 9.44 lb/gal (20C), refr

index 1.4390 (20C), pH of 0.1M solution 4.51.

m-nitrobenzoyl chloride.

Combustible.

CAS: 121-90-4. NO

COCl.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Properties: Yellow to brown liquid. Partially crys-

tallized at room temperature. Mp approximately

34C, bp 278C. Soluble in ether; decomposes in wa-

nitro carbon nitrate. A blasting agent con-

ter and alcohol. Combustible.

sisting of ammonium nitrate sensitized with diesel

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

oil. Will burn with explosive violence.

Use: Manufacture of dyes for fabrics and color pho-

Hazard: Dangerous explosion risk, strong oxidizing

tography, intermediate in preparation of pharmaceu-

agent.

ticals.

nitrocellulose. (cellulose nitrate; nitrocotton;

p-nitrobenzoyl chloride.

guncotton; pyroxylin).

CAS: 122-04-3. NO

COCl.

CAS: 9004-70-0.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 72C, bp

154C (15 mm Hg). Decomposes in water and alco-

hol; soluble in ether. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for procaine hydrochloride, dye-

stuffs.

1-(p-nitrobenzoyl)-2-thiobiuret.

CAS: 127019-55-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

p-nitrobenzyl cyanide. (p-nitro-␣-tolunitrile).

Properties: Pulpy, cottonlike, amorphous solid

CAS: 555-21-5. NO

CN.

(dry); colorless liquid to semisolid (solution). Con-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 116–118C. Insoluble in

tains from 10 to 14% nitrogen. D 1.66, flash p 55F

water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

(12.7C), autoign temp 338F (170C). High-nitrogen

Derivation: Action of concentrated nitric acid on

form (explosives) is soluble in acetone; insoluble in

benzyl cyanide.

ether-alcohol mixture. Low-nitrogen form (pyroxy-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

lin) is soluble in ether-alcohol mix and acetone (col-

Use: Intermediate for dyestuffs and pharmaceuticals;

lodion and lacquers).

preparation of p-nitrophenylacetic acid.

Derivation: Treatment of cellulose (as cotton linters,

wood pulp) with mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids.

3-nitrobenzylidene ethyl ester. See ethyl

By varying strength of acids, temperature and time

2-(m-nitrobenzylidene)acetoacetate.

of reaction, and acid/cellulose ratio, widely different

products are obtained.

o-nitrobiphenyl. (ONB; o-nitrodiphenyl).

Available forms: Colloided block, colloided flake or

CAS: 92-93-3. C

granular, flakes, powder, solutions of several vis-

Properties: Light-yellow to reddish solid or liquid. D

cosities (from 1/4 to 1000 sec). May be dry or wet

1.203 (25/25C), bulk d 10 lb/gal, crystallizing p

with alcohol or water.

34.5C (min), refr index approximately 1.613 (25C),

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

bp approximately 330C, flash p 290F (143C), aut-

risk. Somewhat less flammable when wet.

oign temp 356F (180C). Soluble in carbon tetrachlo-

Use: Fast-drying automobile lacquers, high explo-

ride, mineral spirits, pine oil, turpentine, benzene,

sives, collodion, rocket propellant, printing ink

acetone, glacial acetic acid, and perchloroethylene;

base, flashless propellant powder, coating book-

insoluble in water. Combustible.

binding cloth, leather finishing, manufacture of

Derivation: By controlled nitration of biphenyl.

“Celluloid.”

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin contact. TLV:

See Hyatt, John Wesley.

confirmed human carcinogen.

Use: Dye intermediate, fungicide, plasticizer for cel-

lulosics, wood preservative.

nitrocellulose lacquer. See lacquer.

895 NITROGEN-15

nitrochlorobenzene. Legal label name (Rail) nyl, alkyd and many other resins, waxes, fats, and

dyestuffs; Friedel-Crafts synthesis; propellant re-

for chloronitrobenzene.

search; fuel additive.

nitrochloroform. See chloropicrin.

2-nitro-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol.

OHC(C

)NO

OH.

p-nitro-o-chlorophenyl dimethyl

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 56–75C, bp

thionophosphate. See dicapthon.

(decomposes) (10 mm Hg), pH 0.1M aqueous solu-

tion 5.48. Soluble in organic solvents; very soluble

nitrocobalamin. C

PCo. One of the

in water.

active forms of vitamin B

in which a nitro group is

Use: Organic synthesis.

attached to the central cobalt atom.

nitrofuran. Any of several synthetic antibacteri-

nitrocotton. See nitrocellulose.

al drugs used to treat mammary gland infections in

cows and to inhibit disease in swine, chickens, etc.

2-nitro-p-cresol. (4-methyl-2-nitrophenol).

Among them are nitrofurazone, furazolidone, nihy-

(CH

OH.

drazone, and furaltadone. All of the latter have been

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.24 (38/4C), mp

found to cause cancer in laboratory animals, and

approximately 35C, bp 234C. Slightly soluble in

their use has been discontinued.

water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

See furazolidone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption.

Use: Intermediate.

nitrofurantoin. (N-(5-nitro-2-furfurylidene)-1-

aminohydantoin).

CAS: 67-20-9. C

nitrodichloro derivative. See the corre-

Properties: Yellow, bitter powder; slight odor. Mp

sponding dichloronitro derivative.

(decomposes) 270–272C. Very slightly soluble in

alcohol; practically insoluble in ether and water.

8-nitro-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine-2-thione-4-

Grade: USP.

one.

Use: Medicine (antibacterial).

CAS: 23611-69-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

nitrogen.

CAS: 7727-37-9. N. Gaseous element of atomic

o-nitrodiphenyl. See o-nitrobiphenyl.

number 7 of group VA of the periodic table, aw

14.0067, valences of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. There are two

o-nitrodiphenylamine. C

NHC

. stable and four radioactive isotopes; the molecular

Properties: Red-brown, crystalline powder. Mp formula is N

75–76C. Combustible. Properties: Colorless, diatomic gas; odorless; tas-

Use: Stabilizer for nitroglycerin; chemical interme- teless; constituting approximately four-fifths of the

diate. air. Colorless liquid, chemically unreactive. D 1.251

g/L (0C, 1 atm), d (gas) 0.96737 (air

1.00), (liquid)

0.804, (solid) 1.0265, fp −210C, bp −195.5C. Slight-

“Nitrodisc” [Searle]. TM for nitroglycerin

ly soluble in water and alcohol. Noncombustible, an

transdermal patch system.

asphyxiant gas.

Use: Drug administered by transdermal patch.

Derivation: From liquid air by fractional distillation,

by reducing ammonia.

nitrodracylic acid. See p-nitrobenzoic acid.

Grade: USP, prepurified 99.966% min, extra dry

99.7% min, water pumped 99.6% min.

nitro dye. A dye whose molecules contain the

Use: Production of ammonia, acrylonitrile, nitrates,

chromophore group.

cyanamide, cyanides, nitrides; manufacture of ex-

plosives; inert gas for purging, blanketing, and

nitroethane.

exerting pressure; electric and electronic industries;

CAS: 79-24-3. CH

. A nitroparaffin.

in-transit food refrigeration and freeze drying; pres-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.052 (20/20C), fp

surizing liquid propellants; quick-freezing foods;

−50C, bp 114C, vap press 15.6 mm Hg (20C), flash p

chilling in aluminum foundries; bright annealing of

106F (41C), autoign temp 779F (415C), bulk d 8.75

steel; cryogenic preservation; food antioxidant;

lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.3917 (20C). Solubility in

source of pressure in oil wells; inflating tires; com-

water 4.5 cc/100 cc (20C); solubility of water in

ponent of fertilizer mixtures.

nitroethane 0.9 cc/100 (20C).

Derivation: By reaction of propane with nitric acid

under pressure.

nitrogen-15. A stable isotope, with an atomic

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: 100 ppm. mass of 15.00011, present in naturally occurring

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, cel- nitrogen to the extent of 0.37%. Many N-15 com-

lulose acetopropionate, cellulose acetobutyrate, vi- pounds are commercially available.

896NITROGENASE

nitrogenase. Enzyme that fixes nitrogen and can nitrogen mustard. A class of compounds with

be isolated from soil bacteria. It is possible to syn- fishy odor and lachrymatory properties. They are

thesize ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen with- named from their similarity in structure to mustard

gas (dichlorodiethyl sulfide). The sulfur of the mus-

out high temperatures and pressures by means of

tard gas is replaced by an amino nitrogen. Typical

nitrogenase. Pyruvic acid is an adjunct of the reac-

nitrogen mustards are halogenated alkylamines,

tion.

such as methyl bis(2-chloroethyl)amine:

(ClCH

)

NCH

. Other examples are triethylene

nitrogenase complex. A system of enzymes

melamine, triethylene thiophosphoramide, and tri-

capable of anaerobic reduction of atmospheric nitro-

ethylene phosphoramide.

gen to ammonia in the presence of ATP.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissues, lachrymatory.

Use: Medicine, military poison gas.

nitrogen, available. Water-soluble nitrogen

See mechloroethamine hydrochloride.

compounds plus that which is rendered soluble or

converted to free ammonia.

nitrogenous base. A nitrogen-containing mol-

ecule having the chemical properties of a base. DNA

nitrogen base. Compound, as in an amine, that

contains the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), guanine

could be considered a substitution product of ammo-

(G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).

nia. A compound containing trivalent nitrogen, as

See DNA.

ammonia, capable of combining with acids and

forming salts containing pentavalent nitrogen.

nitrogen oxides. NO

. The nitrogen oxides pro-

vide an example of the law of multiple proportions

nitrogen chloride. See nitrogen trichloride.

and the +1 to +5 oxidation states of nitrogen. They

are as follows: N

O (nitrous oxide), NO (nitric ox-

nitrogen cycle. The cycling of various forms of

ide), N

(nitrogen trioxide or nitrogen sesquiox-

biologically available nitrogen (N2, nitrate, nitrite,

ide), N

(dinitrogen tetroxide or nitrogen perox-

ammonia, etc.) through the plant, animal, and micro-

ide), NO

(nitrogen dioxide), N

(dinitrogen

bial worlds and through the atmosphere and geo-

pentoxide), N

(trinitrogen tetroxide), and NO

sphere.

which is unstable.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, especially NO

nitrogen dioxide.

CAS: 10102-44-0. NO

nitrogen solutions. Aqueous solutions of am-

Properties: Red to brown gas above 21.1C, brown

monium nitrate, ammonia, and/or urea. They are

liquid below 21.1C; colorless solid approximately

graded according to total nitrogen content and com-

−11C. The pressurized liquid is nitrogen tetroxide

position.

(dinitrogen tetroxide) because of admixture of N

Use: Direct application to soil as fertilizer, neutraliz-

with NO

,fp−9.3C, bp 21.1C. Noncombustible but

ing superphosphate fertilizers.

supports combustion.

Derivation: By oxidation of nitric acid; an intermedi-

nitrogen tetroxide. See nitrogen dioxide.

ate stage in the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid.

Grade: Pure, 99.5% min.

nitrogen trichloride. (nitrogen chloride).

Hazard: Inhalation may be fatal. Can react strongly

CAS: 10025-85-1. NCl

with reducing materials. TLV: 3 ppm; STEL 5 ppm;

Properties: Yellow oil or rhombic crystals. D 1.653,

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

bp below 71C, fp below −40C. Insoluble in cold

Use: Production of nitric acid, nitrating agent, oxidiz-

water; decomposes in hot water; soluble in chloro-

ing agent, catalyst, oxidizer for rocket fuels, poly-

form, phosphorus trichloride, and carbon disulfide.

merization inhibitor for acrylates.

Hazard: Explodes when heated to approximately

200F (93C) or when exposed to direct sunlight.

nitrogen fixation. Utilization of atmospheric

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong irritant.

nitrogen to form chemical compounds. In nature,

Use: Flour bleach (no longer permitted in U.S.).

this function is performed by bacteria located on the

root hairs of plants; as a result, plants are able to

nitrogen trifluoride. (nitrogen fluoride).

synthesize proteins. Industrial nitrogen fixation is

CAS: 7783-54-2. NF

exemplified by the synthesis of ammonia from a

Properties: Colorless, unstable gas; moldy odor. D

gaseous mixture containing carbon monoxide, hy-

1.537 (−129C), gas d 0.1864 lb/cu ft (70F), fp

drogen, and nitrogen. Nitrogen can also be fixed by

−206.6C, bp −128.8C. Very slightly soluble in wa-

the electric arc process and the cyanamide process.

ter. Nonflammable.

The latter involves reaction of water and calcium

Derivation: Electrolysis of ammonium acid fluoride.

cyanamide: CaCN

+3H

O → CaCO

+ 2NH

Hazard: Severe explosion hazard. Corrosive to tis-

See synthesis gas.

sue. TLV: 10 ppm.

Use: Oxidizer for high-energy fuels, chemical syn-

nitrogen monoxide. See nitrous oxide. thesis.

897 4-NITRO-

-METHYLPHTHALIMIDE

nitrogen triiodide. (nitrogen iodide). 4-nitro-3-hydroxymercuri-o-cresol

CAS: 13444-85-4. NI

anhydride. See nitromersol.

Properties: Black, unstable crystals.

Hazard: Explodes at slightest touch when dry; when

3-nitro-4-hydroxyphenylarsonic acid. See

handled it should be kept wet with ether. Too sensi-

4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzenearsonic acid.

tive to be used as explosive, because it cannot be

stored, handled, or transported safely.

nitrolarginine.

CAS: 2149-70-4. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

nitrogen trioxide. (dinitrogen trioxide; nitro-

gen sesquioxide). N

nitromannite. See mannitol hexanitrate.

Properties: Blue liquid. D 1.447 (2C), bp 3.5C (1

atm), fp −102C (1 atm). Partially dissociated into

nitromersol. (4-nitro-3-hydroxymercuri-o-cre-

nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO

sol anhydride). C

(CH

)(NO

)(OHg).

Derivation: Prepared by passing nitric oxide into

Properties: Brownish-yellow or yellow granules or

nitrogen tetroxide at approximately 0C until the

powder; odorless; tasteless. Insoluble in water; al-

stoichiometric amount has been absorbed.

most insoluble in alcohol, acetone, ether; soluble in

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant.

solutions of alkalies, ammonia, by opening the an-

Use: Oxidant in special fuel systems, identification of

hydride ring and salt formation.

terpenes, preparation of pure alkali nitrites.

Grade: NF.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

nitroglycerin. (glyceryl trinitrate; trinitro-

Use: Disinfectant for skin in extremely dilute solu-

glycerin).

tion (1 part in 1000 is maximum strength).

CAS: 55-63-0. CH

CHNO

Properties: Pale-yellow, viscous liquid. D 1.6009, fp

nitrometer. (azotomer). A glass apparatus used

13.1C, explosion p 424F (218C). Soluble in alcohol

to measure and collect nitrogen and other gases

and ether; slightly soluble in water.

evolved by a chemical reaction.

Derivation: By dropping glycerol through cooled,

mixed acid and stirring, followed by repeated wash-

nitromethane.

ing with water.

CAS: 75-52-5. CH

. A nitroparaffin.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.139 (20/20C), bp

Hazard: Severe explosion risk, highly sensitive to

101C, vap press 27.8 mm Hg (20C), flash p 95F

shock and heat. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

(35C), bulk d 9.5 lb/gal, refr index 1.3817 (20C), fp

skin absorption. TLV: 0.05 ppm. Toxic by skin ab-

−29C, autoign temp 785F (418C). Soluble in water

sorption.

and alcohol; solubility of water in nitromethane 2.2

Use: High explosive, production of dynamite and

cc/100 cc (20C).

other explosives, medicine (vasodilator) combating

Derivation: By reaction of methane or propane with

fires in oil wells, rocket propellants.

nitric acid under pressure.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, lower

nitroguanidine.

explosion limit 7.3% in air. Toxic by ingestion and

CAS: 556-88-7. H

NC(NH)NHNO

. Exists in two

inhalation. TLV: 20 ppm.

forms, ␣ and ␤.

Use: Solvent for cellulosic compounds, polymers,

Properties: (␣) Long, thin, flat, flexible lustrous nee-

waxes, fats, etc.; chemical synthesis; rocket fuel;

dles; (␤) small, thin, elongated plates. Both melting

gasoline additive.

ranges are from 220 to 250C. The ␤ form appears to

be more soluble in water.

2-nitro-4-methoxyaniline.

Derivation: (␣) Results when guanidine nitrate is

(OCH

)NH

dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid and the solu-

Properties: Orange-red powder, mp 118–120C,

tion is poured into water. (␤) Nitration of a mixture

sparingly soluble in cold water and alcohol, soluble

of guanidine sulfate and ammonium sulfate that

in hot water and dioxane.

results from the hydrolysis of dicyandiamide by

Use: Chemical intermediate.

sulfuric acid.

Hazard: May explode when shocked or heated.

2-(nitromethylene)-1-(phenylmethyl)

Use: High explosives, especially flashless propellant

imidazolidine.

powder (with nitrocellulose), chemical interme-

CAS: 61532-76-1. mf: C

diate.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

nitrohydrochloric acid. Legal label name for

aqua regia.

4-nitro-n-methylphthalimide.

CAS: 41663-84-7. mf: C

3-nitro-2-hydroxybenzoic acid. See m-ni- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

trosalicylic acid. tact. A mild skin irritant.

8982-NITRO-2-METHYL-1,3-PROPANEDIOL

2-nitro-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol. Derivation: Nitration of propane and other paraffin

hydrocarbons under pressure.

OCH(CH

)NO

OH.

Use: Solvents for dyes, waxes, resins, gums, and

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 147–149C,

various polymeric substances; gravure and flexo-

bp (decomposes) (10 mm Hg), pH 0.1M solution

graphic inks; propellants and fuel additives; chemi-

5.42. Solubility in water 80 g/100 cc (20C).

cal intermediates.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

See nitroethane; nitromethane; nitropropane.

Use: Intermediate.

p-nitrophenetole.

nitromide and sulfanitran.

CAS: 100-29-8. NO

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

Properties: Crystals in prisms. Mp 58C, bp 283C.

Soluble in alcohol and ether.

nitron. (1,4-diphenyl-3,5-endo-anilino-4,5-dihy-

Derivation: By ethylation of p-nitrophenol with eth-

dro-1,2,4-triazole). C

yl chloride.

Properties: Lemon-yellow, fine, crystalline needles.

Use: Dyes and other intermediates.

Soluble in chloroform, acetone, and acetic acid es-

ter; slightly soluble in ether and alcohol; insoluble in

nitrophenide. [bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfide].

water.

(NO

)

Use: Reagent for detection of nitrate, perchlorate,

Properties: Yellow, rhomboid crystals. Mp 83C. In-

boron, rhodium.

soluble in water, soluble in ether; slightly soluble in

alcohol.

␣-nitronaphthalene. (1-nitroanphthalene).

Derivation: Reduction of m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl

CAS: 86-57-7. C

chloride with hydriodic acid.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.331, mp 55–56C,

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

bp 304C, flash p 327F (164C). Soluble in alcohol

and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

m-nitrophenol.

Derivation: Action of a mixture of nitric and sulfuric

CAS: 554-84-7. NO

OH.

acids on finely ground naphthalene.

Hazard: Irritant. The ␤-isomer is highly toxic by

ingestion.

Use: Dyes, naphthylamine, added to mineral oils to

mask fluorescence.

1-nitronaphthalene-5-sulfonic acid. See

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals. D 1.485 (20C), mp

Laurent’s ␣-acid.

96–97C, bp 194C (70 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in

water; soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

nitronitramide ammonium salt.

Derivation: Diazotized m-nitroaniline is boiled with

CAS: 140456-78-6. mf: H

water and sulfuric acid.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tion.

Use: Indicator.

nitronium perchlorate. NO

ClO

o-nitrophenol.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 120–140C,

CAS: 88-75-5. NO

OH.

hygroscopic, noncorrosive. Soluble in water to form

nitric and perchloric acids. Highly reactive.

Derivation: From ozone, nitrogen dioxide, chlorine

dioxide.

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, may explode in

contact with organic materials. Irritant to skin and

mucous membranes.

Use: Suggested as propellant oxidizer.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.295 (45C), 1.657

(20C), mp 44–45C. Soluble in hot water, alcohol,

ether.

nitroparaffin. (nitroalkane). Any of a homolo-

Derivation: Action of dilute nitric acid on phenol at

gous series of compounds whose generic formula is

low temperature; p-nitrophenol formed at same

2n+1

, the nitro groups being attached to a

time. They are separated by steam distillation.

carbon atom via the nitrogen.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquids; pleasant odor.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, indicator, re-

Bp range 101–131C, fp range −18 to −104C, d

agent for glucose.

range: 0.983–1.131, dielectric constant range

23–35, flash p range 75–100F (24–38C). Slightly

soluble in water

p-nitrophenol.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. CAS: 100-02-7. NO

OH.

899 2-NITROPROPANE

composes). Partially soluble in hot water and alco-

hol; insoluble in carbon disulfide.

Hazard: Decomposition may occur with explosive

violence.

Properties: Yellowish, monoclinic, prismatic crys-

Use: Analytical reagent (alkaloids).

tals. D 1.479–1.495 (20C), mp 111.4–114C (sub-

limes), bp 279C (decomposes). Soluble in hot water,

3-(4-nitrophenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-2-

alcohol, ether.

propenamide.

Derivation: (1) From p-chloronitrobenzene; (2) as in

CAS: 315706-80-0. mf: C

o-nitrophenol.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, production of

n-(p-nitrophenyl)sulfanilamide. See sulfan-

parathion, fungicide for leather, indicator.

itran.

See o-nitrophenol.

p-nitrophenylthiol acetate.

p-nitrophenol, sodium salt. (sodium-p-ni-

CAS: 15119-62-7. mf: C

trophenolate; p-nitro sodium phenolate).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

ONa. Yellow, crystalline solid; soluble in

Use: Agricultural chemical.

water. Intermediate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

“Nitrophoska” [BASF]. TM for a group of

complete (N-P-K) fertilizers for agricultural and

horticultural crops.

p-nitrophenoxytributyltin.

CAS: 3644-32-4. mf: C

Sn.

nitrophosphate. A nitrogen-phosphorus fertil-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

izer produced by the action of nitric acid or a mixture

mg/m

(skin)

of nitric and sulfuric or phosphoric acids on phos-

phate rock. Potassium salts usually are added to

p-nitrophenylacetic acid. (p-nitro-␣-toluic

produce complete fertilizers. Typical analysis:

acid).

Available nitrogen 15%, available P

15%, avail-

CAS: 104-03-0. NO

COOH.

able K

O 15%.

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 152.3C. Slightly

Use: Fertilizer.

soluble in cold water; soluble in alcohol and chloro-

See superphosphate; triple superphosphate.

form. Combustible.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of p-nitrobenzyl cyanide

1-nitropropane.

with 50% sulfuric acid.

CAS: 108-03-2. CH

. A nitroparaffin.

Use: Intermediate for dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals,

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.003 (20/20C), mis-

penicillin precursors, local anesthetics.

cible with organic solvents, bp 132C, vap press 7.5

mm Hg (20C), flash p 93F (34C) (TOC), bulk d 8.4

p-nitrophenylazosalicylate sodium. See

lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4015 (20C), fp −108C,

alizarin yellow R.

autoign temp 789F (420C). Soluble in water 1.4 mL/

100 mL (20C); solubility of water in 1-nitropropane

p-nitrophenylhydrazine.

0.5 cc/100 cc (20C).

CAS: 100-16-3. C

Derivation: By reaction of propane with nitric acid

Properties: Reddish to orange crystals. Mp 155C

under pressure.

(decomposes). Soluble in hot water, alcohol, and

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk, moderate

chloroform.

explosion hazard when shocked or heated. TLV:

Use: Analytical reagent (aldehydes, ketones).

ceiling 25 ppm; not classifiable as a human carcin-

ogen.

2-(4-nitrophenyl)imidazo(2,1-a)isoquinoline.

Use: Solvent, chemical synthesis, rocket propellant,

CAS: 61001-13-6. mf: C

gasoline additive.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

2-nitropropane.

4-nitrophenyl isocyanide. See 1-isocyano-4-

CAS: 79-46-9. CH

CHNO

. A nitroparaffin.

nitrobenzene.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.992 (20/20C), bp

120C, vap press 12.9 mm Hg (20C), flash p 75F

m-nitrophenyl isocyanide.

(24C) (TOC), bulk d 8.3 lb/gal (20C), refr index

CAS: 2008-59-5. mf: C

1.3941 (20C), fp −93C, autoign temp 802F (427C).

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Soluble in water 1.7 mL/100 mL (20C); solubility of

Use: Agricultural chemical.

water in 2-nitropropane 0.6 cc/100 cc (20C); misci-

ble with organic solvents.

o-nitrophenylpropiolic acid. C

. Derivation: By reaction of propane with nitric acid

Properties: Yellow to brown crystals. Mp 157C (de- under pressure.

9005-NITRO-2-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, moderate Properties: Greenish crystals. Mp 145C. Soluble in

explosion hazard when shocked or heated. TLV: 10 alcohol, benzene, ether, sulfuric acid.

ppm; animal carcinogen. Hazard: Carcinogen.

Use: Solvent (especially for vinyl and epoxy coat- Use: Rubber accelerator.

ings), chemical synthesis, rocket propellant, gaso-

line additive.

p-nitro sodium phenolate. See p-nitrophe-

See “NiPar S-20” [Angus].

nol, sodium salt.

nitroso dyes. (quinone oxime dyes). Dyes

5-nitro-2-n-propoxyaniline.

whose molecules contain the −N==O or ==N−OH

CAS: 553-79-7. mf: C

chromophore group.

Properties: Artificial sweetner.

Use: Food additive (prohibited).

nitroso ester terpolymer. See nitroso

polymer.

4-nitro-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.

CAS: 315706-72-0. mf: C

nitrosoguanidine.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 674-81-7. ONNHC(NH)NH

. Pale-yellow,

crystalline powder.

“Nitrorace” [Grace]. TM for liquid fuel for

Derivation: Cooling the reaction products of nitro-

internal combustion engines.

guanidine, ammonium chloride, and zinc dust.

Hazard: Severe explosion risk.

m-nitrosalicylic acid. (3-nitro-2-hydroxyben-

Use: An initiating explosive.

zoic acid). C

COOH(OH)NO

Properties: Yellowish crystals. Mp 144C. Soluble in

n-nitroso-n-methyl-4-aminopyridine.

benzene and alcohol.

CAS: 16219-99-1. mf: C

Derivation: Nitration of salicylic acid.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate, azo dyes.

1-nitroso-2-naphthol. (naphthoquinone ox-

nitrosamine. Any of a series of organic com-

ime; [one of several isomers] ␣-nitroso-␤-naph-

pounds in which ==N−N==O is attached to alkyl or

thol).

aryl group, e.g., diphenylnitrosamine (C

)

NNO

CAS: 131-91-9. C

or dimethylnitrosamine (CH

)

NNO. Such com-

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 110C. Soluble in

pounds are formed by reaction between an amine

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

and NO

or nitrites. They occur in many food prod-

Derivation: Action of nitrous acid on ␤-naphthol.

ucts, whiskey, herbicides, and cosmetics, as well as

Use: Organic synthesis, prevention of gum formation

in industrial environments such as tanneries, rubber

in gasoline, dye intermediate, analytical reagent.

factories, and iron foundries. They are also formed

within the body by reaction of amine-containing

p-nitrosophenol.

drugs with the nitrites resulting from bacterial con-

CAS: 104-91-6. C

OHNO.

version of nitrates. Nitrosamines have been found to

Properties: Crystals of light-brown leaflets. Mp

be strong carcinogens in laboratory animals.

140C (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

acetone; moderately soluble in water.

s-nitrosocaptopril.

Derivation: From phenol by action of nitrous acid in

CAS: 122130-63-6. mf: C

the cold.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, reacts

violently with acids and alkalies, may explode spon-

N-nitrosodimethylamine. (dimethylnitrosa-

taneously, intraplant transport must be in tightly

mine; DMNA; DMN).

covered steel barrels.

CAS: 62-75-9. (CH

)

NNO.

Use: Dyes.

Properties: Oily, yellow liquid. Mw 74.08, sp g

1.0048 (20C), bp 151–153C. Soluble in water and

nitroso polymer. (nitroso rubber). A flame

ether.

and heat-resistant copolymer derived from trifluo-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:

ronitrosomethane (CF

NO) and tetrafluoroethylene

animal carcinogen, often present in fish meal. Com-

C==CF

). A third monomer (methyl-4-nitroso-

bustible.

perfluorobutyrate) provides more easily cross-

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of 1,1-dimethylhy-

linked functional groups than heretofore available.

drazine for rocket propellants, solvent, rubber accel-

This terpolymer, called nitroso ester terpolymer

erator.

(NET), is a notable improvement on the earlier co-

polymer and is especially effective for fireproof

p-nitrosodiphenylamine. (diphenylnitrosa- interiors of aerospace vehicles and airplanes. Cross-

mine; nitrous diphenylamide). linking is by a peroxide mechanism. Properties of

CAS: 156-10-5. (C

)

NNO. the terpolymer are a glass transition temperature of

901

-NITRO-

-TOLUIDINE

approximately −50C, decomposition temperature of Use: Diazotizing agent for dyes, chemical intermedi-

275C, tensile strength 750 psi, elongation 500%, ate, drugs and pharmaceuticals.

Shore hardness 78. Nonflammable.

p-nitrotetrazolium blue.

CAS: 298-83-9. mf: C

•2Cl.

nitrostarch. (starch nitrate).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 9056-38-6. C

(NO

)

Properties: Orange-colored powder. Contains

m-nitrotoluene. (m-methylnitrobenzene).

16.5% nitrogen. Soluble in ether-alcohol.

CAS: 99-08-1. NO

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, severe ex-

Properties: Yellow liquid. D 1.1571 (20/4C), fp

plosion risk when dry.

15C, bp 232.6C, refr index 1.5466 (20C), flash p

Use: Explosives.

223F (106). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

and ether. Combustible.

trans-4-nitrostilbene.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, skin absorp-

CAS: 1694-20-8. mf: C

tion. TLV: 2 ppm.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Organic synthesis.

␤-nitrostyrene. C

CH:CHNO

o-nitrotoluene. (o-methylnitrobenzene).

Properties: Liquid. Mp 58C. Available as a 30%

CAS: 88-72-2. NO

solution in styrene.

Properties: Yellow liquid. D 1.1629 (20C), fp

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk.

−9.3C, bp 220.4C, refr index 1.544 (25C), flash p

Use: Chain stopper in styrene-type polymerization.

223F (106C). Insoluble in water; miscible with alco-

hol and benzene. Combustible.

p-nitrosulfathiazole. NO

NHC

NS.

Derivation: From toluene by nitration and separation

Properties: Pale-yellow powder; odorless; slightly

by fractional distillation.

bitter taste. Mp 258–266C. Slightly soluble in alco-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, skin absorp-

hol; very slightly soluble in chloroform, ether and

tion. TLV: 2 ppm.

water; practically insoluble in benzene.

Use: For production of toluidine, tolidine, fuchsin,

Use: Medicine (antibacterial).

and various synthetic dyes.

nitrosyl chloride.

p-nitrotoluene. (p-methylnitrobenzene).

CAS: 2696-92-6. NOCl. One of the oxidizing agents

CAS: 99-99-0. NO

in aqua regia.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.299 (0/4C), mp

Properties: Yellow-red liquid or yellow gas. Bp

51.7C, bp 238.3C, refr index 1.5382 (15C), flash p

−5.5C, fp −61.5C, d (gas) 2.3 (0C, air

1), d (liquid):

223F (106C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol,

1.273 (20C). Decomposed by water; dissociates into

ether, and benzene. Combustible.

nitric oxide and chlorine on heating; soluble in fum-

Derivation: From toluene by nitration and separation

ing sulfuric acid. Nonflammable.

by fractional distillation.

Derivation: By action of chlorine on sodium nitrate,

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, skin absorp-

also from nitrosylsulfuric acid and hydrochloric

tion. TLV: 2 ppm.

acid.

Use: For production of toluidine, fuchsin, and various

Grade: Pure, 93% min.

synthetic dyes.

Hazard: Strong irritant, especially to lungs and mu-

cous membranes.

p-nitro-␣-toluic acid. See p-nitrophenylacet-

Use: Synthetic detergents, catalyst, intermediate.

ic acid.

nitrosyl fluoride.

m-nitro-p-toluidine. (3-nitro-4-toluidine).

CAS: 7789-25-5. NOF.

(CH

)NH

Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −132C, bp −60C, d

Properties: Orange-red crystals. Mp 117C, flash p

(liquid): 1.32, (solid) 1.72. Attacks glass severely

315F (157C). Soluble in alcohol and concentrated

and corrodes quartz.

sulfuric acid. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, irritant to skin and

Derivation: From acetyl-p-toluidine by nitration.

mucous membranes.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Fluorinating agent, rocket fuel oxidizer.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and pigments.

nitrosylsulfuric acid. p-nitro-o-toluidine. (4-nitro-2-toluidine).

CAS: 7782-78-7. HNO

S. NO

(CH

)NH

Properties: Straw-colored, oily liquid; furnished as a Properties: Yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 104C,

40% solution in 87% sulfuric acid. Stable at room flash p 315F (157C). Soluble in alcohol and ether.

temperature. Combustible.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem- Derivation: From o-toluidine by nitration.

branes. Use: Intermediate for dyes and pigments.

902

-NITRO-␣-TOLUNITRILE

p-nitro-␣-tolunitrile. See p-nitrobenzyl cya- Use: Anesthetic in dentistry and surgery, propellant

nide. gas in food aerosols, leak detection.

␤-nitrovinylfuran. See 2-furyl-1-nitroethene.

nitrotrichloromethane. See chloropicrin.

nitroxanthic acid. See picric acid.

m-nitrotrifluoromethylbenzene. See m-ni-

trobenzotrifluoride.

nitroxylene. (dimethylnitrobenzene).

CAS: 25168-04-1. C

(CH

)

. There are three

2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzonitrile.

isomers (2,4-; 3,4-; and 2,5-).

(CF

CN.

Properties: Yellow liquid (2,4- and 2,5-), or crystal-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 156–158C (18–19 mm Hg),

line needles (3,4-). D 1.135, fp 2C, bp 246C. Soluble

mp 47–48C.

in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: From a cyclic halogen compound by

Derivation: By nitrating xylene and separating from

heating with copper cyanide in the presence of

the resulting mixture by rectification.

amines.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Use: Dyes.

absorption.

Use: Organic synthesis, gelatinizing accelerators for

2-nitro-4-trifluoromethyl chlorobenzene.

pyroxylin.

(CF

)Cl.

Properties: Pale-yellow oil. Fp −6F. Soluble in ace-

nitryl chloride.

tone, alcohol, and other solvents; insoluble in water.

CAS: 13444-90-1. ClNO

Use: Intermediate for dyes and organic chemicals.

Properties: Colorless gas; odor of chlorine; liquid

and solutions have yellow tinge. Bp −14C, fp

nitrourea.

−145C, d (liquid) 1.33.

CAS: 556-89-8. NH

CONHNO

Derivation: Reaction of chlorosulfonic acid with

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp

nitric acid.

158–159C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in al-

Hazard: May explode on contact with organic mate-

cohol, acetone, and acetic acid.

rials. Corrosive to tissue.

Derivation: Reaction of urea nitrate and concentra-

Use: Organic synthesis (nitrating and chlorinating

ted sulfuric acid.

agent).

Hazard: Severe explosion risk.

Use: Explosives.

nitryl fluoride.

CAS: 10022-50-1. FNO

nitrous acid.

Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −165C, bp −72C, d

CAS: 7782-77-6. HNO

(liquid): 1.80. Strong oxidizing agent; hydrolyzes to

Properties: A weak acid occurring only in the form

form nitric and hydrogen fluoride acids.

of a light-blue solution.

Derivation: Reaction of fluorine with nitrogen di-

Derivation: Reaction of strong inorganic acids with

oxide.

nitrites, e.g., hydrochloric acid + NaNO

Hazard: Ignites on contact with selenium, iodine,

Use: Formation of diazotizing compounds by reac-

phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, boron, silicon, mo-

tion with primary aromatic amines, source of nitric

lybdenum. Corrosive to tissue.

oxide.

Use: Rocket propellants, fluorinating agent.

nitrous diphenylamide. See N-nitrosodiphe-

“Nivco” [Westinghouse]. TM for a precipita-

nylamine.

tion-hardening cobalt-base alloy with good

strength-to-weight ratio for use at temperatures up to

1200F. It contains somewhat greater than 20% nick-

nitrous oxide. (nitrogen monoxide; laughing

el and small amounts of titanium, zirconium, and

gas).

iron. Damping material for steam-turbine blade ap-

CAS: 10024-97-2. N

plications.

Properties: Colorless, sweet-tasting gas. D 1.52

(air). Liquid D 1.22 (−89C), fp −90.8C, bp −88.5C.

nivonorm.

Soluble in alcohol, ether, and concentrated sulfuric

CAS: 90-26-6. mf: C

NO.

acid; slightly soluble in water; an asphyxiant, anes-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

thetic gas. Noncombustible.

Derivation: Thermal decomposition of ammonium

“Nix-Stix L0-014” [Dwight]. TM for a for-

nitrate, controlled reduction of nitriles or nitrates.

mulated rust inhibitor film for stored materials.

Grade: Pure, 98.0% min, USP (97% min).

Hazard: Supports combustion, can form explosive

mixture with air. Narcotic in high concentration.

“Nix-Stix L-806” [Dwight]. TM for a fluor-

TLV: 50 ppm; not classifiable as a human carcin- carbon resin emulsifier in water.

ogen. Use: Making a surface paintable and non-flammable.

903 NON

“Nix-Stix M-301” [Dwight]. TM for a sus- elements. Six noble gases constitute group VIIIA in

pension aerosol solvent. the periodic table that is variously called the zero

Use: For fast dry, multiple releases. group (as the first three of its members have a va-

lence of 0), the inert gas group, and the noble gas

group. The last is preferable, as three of the gases,

NK 104 (acid).

though unreactive, are not inert. The gases of this

CAS: 147526-32-7. mf: C

•Ca.

group are helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

radon. The noble metals are generally considered to

be gold, silver, platinum, palladium, iridium, rheni-

nm. Abbreviation for nanometer.

um, mercury, ruthenium, and osmium. The term has

no reference to their commercial value.

NMR. Abbreviation for nuclear magnetic reso-

See inert.

nance.

noble gas. Inert gas as helium, argon, or neon.

NNCO. See: National Nanotechnology Coor-

See noble.

dination Office.

noble metals. Refers to the unreactive metals

NNI. See: National Nanotechnology Initiative.

(examples are gold and platinum) that are not readily

dissolved by acids and not oxidized by heating in air.

No. Symbol for the element nobelium.

NODA. Abbreviation for n-octyl-n-decyl adi-

Nobel, Alfred B. (1833–1896). A native of

pate.

Sweden, Nobel devoted most of his life to a study of

explosives and was the inventor of a mixture of

nodular iron. A ductile form of cast iron.

nitroglycerin and diatomaceous earth, which he

called dynamite. He also invented blasting gelatin

nodules. Aggregates of ferromanganese occur-

and smokeless powder. With the fortune he accumu-

ring in huge quantities on the ocean floors. It has

lated from his work, Nobel established the founda-

been estimated that they cover approximately 10%

tion that bears his name, which annually recognizes

of the bottom of the Pacific. They are also present in

outstanding work in physics, chemistry, medicine,

other oceans and even in large lakes. The size aver-

literature, and human relations. The Nobel Prize is

ages approximately 4 cm, varying from small pellets

still the world’s most valued scientific award.

to masses several meters in diameter. Their compo-

sition is approximately 55% manganese and 35%

Nobel Foundation. A private institution estab-

iron, the balance being cobalt, copper, and nickel.

lished in 1900 based on the will of Alfred Nobel. The

Their origin has not been definitely established. Pro-

Foundation manages the assets made available

posals for commercial exploitation have been made,

through the will for the awarding of the Nobel Prize

but no economically satisfactory method has been

in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Lit-

developed. Considerations of international law and

erature and Peace. It represents the Nobel institu-

ownership of the sea floor are also involved.

tions externally and administers informational ac-

tivities and arrangements surrounding the

NOLA. See omega-nitrolarginine.

presentation of the Nobel Prize. The Foundation

also administers Nobel symposia in the different

nomenclature, chemical. See chemical no-

prize areas. Its address is Box 5232, SE-102 45

menclature.

Stockholm, Sweden.

Website: http://www.nobel.se.

“Nomex” [Du Pont]. TM for an aramid fiber

or fabric.

nobelium. No. Synthetic radioactive element

Use: Bag filters for industrial dust control and insula-

number 102, aw 254, one of the actinide series of

tion of spacecraft.

elements; its discovery has been claimed by research

See aramid.

groups in Sweden, the former U.S.S.R., and Califor-

nia. It can be produced in a cyclotron by bombarding

copper with nuclei of carbon-13 accelerated to high

nomograph. A chart in which a straight line,

energies. The name nobelium has been accepted by either drawn or indicated by a ruler, intersects three

the IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inor- scales at points that represent values that satisfy an

ganic Chemistry. It has nine isotopes (251–259) that equation or a given set of physical conditions. It thus

are so short-lived that their chemical properties have enables one to determine the value of a dependent

not been determined. It has no known uses or com- variable when that of the independent variable is

pounds. known.

Use: By chemical engineers to determine relation-

ships between the properties of materials.

noble. In chemical terminology, this term de-

scribes an element that either is completely unreac-

tive or reacts only to a limited extent with other

non-. (nona). Prefix meaning nine.

904NONA

nona. See non-. Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Irritant, nar-

cotic in high concentration. TLV: 200 ppm.

Use: Organic synthesis, biodegradable detergents,

nonachloro-4-phenoxyphenol. See 4-hy-

distillation chaser.

droxy-nonachlorodiphenyl ether.

nonane-1,9-dimethanesulfonate. See meth-

nonadecane. C

or CH

(CH

)

anesulfonic acid, nonamethylene ester.

Properties: Leaflets. Soluble in alcohol and ether,

insoluble in water, d 0.777, mp 32C, bp 330C. Com-

bustible.

nonanedioic acid. See azelaic acid.

Use: Organic synthesis.

nonane-1,3-diol monoacetate.

n-nonadecanoic acid.

(CH

)

COOH. A

OOCCH

saturated fatty acid normally not found in natural

Properties: A mixture of isomers, colorless to slight-

vegetable fats or waxes. Combustible.

ly yellow liquid. Stable; soluble in alcohol. Combus-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 68.7C, bp 297C

tible.

(100 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu-

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

ble in water. Synthetic product available 99% pure

for organic synthesis.

n-nonanoic acid. See pelargonic acid.

trans,trans-2,4-nonadienal.

nonanol. See nonyl alcohol.

CAS: 5910-87-2. mf: C

Properties: Slightly yellow liquid; strong, fatty, flo-

(nonanoyloxy)tributylstannane. See tribu-

ral odor. D: 0.850−0.870, bp: 97−98° @ 10 mm, refr

tyltin nonanoate.

index: 1.522. Sol in alc, fixed oils; insol in water.

Use: Food additive.

non-coding DNA. See junk DNA.

trans,cis-2,6-nonadienol.

non-coding strand. An anti-sense strand.

CAS: 28069-72-9. mf: C

See: Sense strand.

Properties: White to yellow liquid; powerful, vege-

table odor. D: 0.860−0.880, bp: 98−100° @ 11 mm,

noncombustible material. A solid, liquid, or

refr index: 1.464. Insol in water.

gas that will not ignite or burn, regardless of how

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

high a temperature it is exposed to, e.g., silicon

A skin irritant.

dioxide, water, carbon dioxide.

Use: Food additive/ natural product.

See nonflammable material.

␥-nonalactone. See ␥-nonyl lactone.

noncompetitive inhibition. A type of enzyme

inhibition not reversed by increasing the substrate

␦-nonalactone. mf: C

concentration. The inhibitor binds to a site on the

Properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid; coconut

enzyme other than the active site.

odor. D: 0.980, refr index: 1.452.

Use: Food additive.

noncyclic electron flow. The light-induced

flow of electrons from water to NADP in oxygen-

nonallyl chloride. See pelargonyl chloride.

evolving photosynthesis involving both photosys-

tems I and II.

nonanal. (pelargonic aldehyde; n-nonyl alde-

See: Cyclic photophosphorylation.

hyde; aldehyde C-9).

CAS: 124-19-6. C

CHO.

nondestructive testing. A test that does not

Properties: Colorless liquid with an orange-rose

involve destruction of the sample or material tested.

odor. D 0.822–0.830, refr index 1.424–1.429. Solu-

Such tests are usually carried out by radiographic

ble in three volumes of 70% alcohol, in mineral oil;

methods on large, finished metal products (castings

insoluble in glycerol. Combustible.

and machine components) to determine the presence

Grade: Technical, FCC.

of internal defects likely to cause operational failure.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring agent.

An infrared camera scanning device for detection of

internal weaknesses in tires is a recent development

nonane. (nonyl hydride).

in nondestructive testing. X-radiation is used to de-

CAS: 111-84-2. C

or CH

(CH

)

termine the authenticity of paintings and other ob-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.722, bp 150.7C, fp

jects of art.

−54C, refr index 1.40561 (20C), flash p 86F (30C)

See testing.

(CC), autoign temp 403F (206C).

Grade: Technical (95%), 99%, research. Soluble in

alcohol; insoluble in water.

nondrying oil. See drying oil.

905 NONWOVEN FABRIC

nonelectrolyte. A compound that resists passage used in this sense by engineers and specification

writers.

of electricity (nonconductor) both in liquid form and

in solution. Included in this classification are most

organic compounds, with the exception of acids and

non-Newtonian behavior. A property pos-

amides, and such inorganic compounds as nonmetal sessed by some fluids and many plastic solids, in-

halides. Nonelectrolytes are covalently bonded; cluding lubricating grease, of having a variable rela-

some inorganic compounds having covalent bonds tionship between shear stress and rate of shear.

form electrolytic solutions in aqueous solution.

See electrolyte.

n-nonoic acid. See pelargonic acid.

nonoic acid. An acid of the formula

nonene. See nonylene.

COOH of which there are many possible iso-

mers. Pelargonic acid is the normal or straight-chain

cis-6-nonen-1-ol. mf: C

acid. A mixture of various branched-chain nonoic

Properties: White to slightly yellow liquid; power-

acids is recovered from products of the Oxo process.

ful, melonlike odor. D: 0.850−0.870, refr index:

1.448. Insol in water.

nonpolar. A substance whose molecules possess

Use: Food additive.

no permanent electric moments. One whose atoms

are linked by sharing of an electron pair and that are

trans-2-nonen-1-ol. mf: C

not electrolytes in the liquid state. They do not ion-

Properties: White liquid; fatty, violet odor. D:

ize, or ionize weakly, in solution.

0.830−0.850, refr index: 1.444−1.448. Insol in

water.

nonpolar molecule. A molecule with polar

Use: Food additive.

bonds that does not have an overall dipole. The

vector sum of its dipoles is zero.

nonessential amino acids. Amino acids that

can be made by humans and other vertebrates from

nonsense codon. A codon that does not specify

simpler precursors, and thus, are not required in the

an amino acid, but instead signals the termination of

diet.

a polypeptide chain (UAA, UAG, UGA).

See stop codons.

nonheme iron proteins. Proteins, most often

acting in redox reactions, which contain iron but no

nonsense mutation. A mutation that results in

porphyrin groups.

the premature termination of a polypeptide chain.

nonsense suppressor. A mutation, usually in

nonmetal. (1) Any of a number of elements

the gene for a tRNA, that causes an amino acid to be

whose electronic structure, bonding characteristics,

inserted into a polypeptide in response to a termina-

and consequent physical and chemical properties

tion codon.

differ markedly from those of metals, particularly in

respect to electronegativity and thermal and electri-

nonviscous neutral oil. A neutral oil of vis-

cal conductivity. In general, nonmetals have very

cosity less than 135 SUS at 37.7C.

low to moderate conductivity and high electronega-

tivity. The 25 elements classified as nonmetals may

nonwoven fabric. A fabric made from staple

be considered in two groups: (a) those having mod-

lengths of cotton, rayon, glass, or thermoplastic syn-

erate electrical conductivity (semiconductors), all of

thetic fiber mechanically positioned in a random

which are solids, and (b) those having very low

manner and usually bonded with a synthetic adhe-

conductivity, many of which are gases. The semi-

sive or rubber latex. The sheets thus formed can be

conductors of group (a) were formerly called metal-

pressed together to form porous mats of high absorp-

loids since they more nearly resemble metals than

tivity and good elastic recovery on deformation.

those of the group (b), but this term is no longer used

Permanent bonds are formed where the fibers touch

by chemists. The nonmetals are given below based

each other as a result of heat treatment when the

on this subgrouping, though any such list is open to

fibers are thermoplastic or by use of a high-polymer

challenge:

binder. Disposable filters of polyethylene and poly-

(a) (b)

ester can be made without a binder.

arsenic polonium halogens

A specialty nonwoven (so-called “melded”) fabric

antimony phosphorus hydrogen

trademarked “Cambrelle” is a composite of two

boron selenium nitrogen

different polymers; heating the exterior layer to its

carbon silicon oxygen

melting point causes the fibers to fuse into a fabric.

germanium tellurium noble gases

Use: Applications are as a backing for plastic film;

sulfur

padding for surgical dressings, diapers, sanitary

(2) Loosely, any material that is not a metal, e.g., napkins; drapes and other decorative textile prod-

petroleum, plastics, waxes, etc. The term is widely ucts; filtration; shoe liners; industrial wiping and

906

-NONYL ACETATE

polishing fabrics; disposable clothing; carpet mixture of concentrated hydrochloric acid with al-

backing. cohol in the presence of zinc chloride.

1-nonylene. (1-nonene). C

n-nonyl acetate. (acetate C-9).

(CH

)

CH:CH

CAS: 143-13-5. CH

COO(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7433, bp 149.9C.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong pungent odor. D

Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

0.864–0.868, refr index 1.422–1.426. Soluble in

Derivation: From propylene.

four volumes of 70% alcohol, flash p 155F (68.3C),

several isomers exist. Combustible.

nonyl hydride. See nonane.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

n-nonylic acid. See pelargonic acid.

n-nonyl alcohol. (nonanol; alcohol C-9; octyl

carbinol; pelargonic alcohol).

␥-nonyl lactone. (aldehyde C-18; 4-hydroxy-

CAS: 143-08-8. CH

(CH

)

OH.

nonanoic acid, ␥-lactone; ␥-nonalactone).

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D

(CH

)

CHCH

C(O)O.

0.826–0.829, refr index 1.431–1.435, fp −5C, bp

Properties: Yellowish to almost colorless liquid;

215C, flash p 165F (73.9C). Soluble in seven vol-

coconut-like odor. D 0.956–0.963, refr index 1.447.

umes of 50% alcohol; insoluble in water. Several

Soluble in five volumes of 50% alcohol; soluble in

isomers exist. Combustible.

most fixed oils and mineral oil; practically insoluble

Use: Perfumery, flavoring (lemon oil).

in glycerol. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

n-nonylamine. C

NH.

Use: Perfumery, flavors.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 75–85C (20 mm

Hg), d 0.798 (25C), refr index 1.4366 (20C). May be

nonyl nonanoate. (nonyl pelargonate).

prepared from nonyl halides by conventional tech-

OOCC

niques. Combustible.

Properties: Liquid; floral odor. D 0.863 (25C), bp

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Skin irritant.

315C, refr index 1.4419 (20C). Combustible.

Use: Flavors, perfumes, organic synthesis.

tert-nonylamine. Principally tert-C

and

tert-C

nonylphenol.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

CAS: 25154-52-3. C

OH. A mixture of iso-

160–174C, d 0.789 (25C), refr index 1.428 (25C),

meric monoalkyl phenols, predominantly p-substi-

flash p 120F (48.9C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

tuted.

common organic solvents; especially in petroleum

Properties: Pale-yellow, viscous liquid; slight phe-

hydrocarbons. Combustible.

nolic odor. D 0.950 (20/20C), bp 293C, fp −10C

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Skin irritant.

(sets to glass below this temperature), viscosity 563

Use: Intermediate for rubber accelerators, insecti-

cP (20C), flash p 285F (140.5C). Insoluble in water;

cides, fungicides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals.

soluble in most organic solvents. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

nonylbenzene. (1-phenylnonane). C

Use: Nonionic surfactant (nonbiodegradable), lubri-

Properties: Light-straw liquid; aromatic odor. Boil-

cating-oil additives, stabilizers, petroleum demulsi-

ing range 245–252C, d 0.864 (20/20C), refr index

fiers, fungicides, antioxidants for plastics and

1.488 (20C), viscosity 41.9 cP (20C), flash p (CC)

rubber.

210F (98.9C). Combustible.

Hazard: Irritant; narcotic in high concentration.

nonylphenol polyethylene glycol ether.

Use: Manufacture of surface-active agents.

CAS: 127087-87-0. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

nonyl bromide. C

Br.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 81–85C (10 mm Hg), d 1.101

4-nonylphenol polymer with formaldehyde

(25C), refr index 1.4583 (20C). Nonflammable.

and oxirane. See formaldehyde, polymer

Derivation: High yields of nonyl bromide are ob-

with 4-nonylphenol and oxirane.

tained by passing hydrogen bromide into the alcohol

while heating or by refluxing with aqueous hydro-

nonylphenoxyacetic acid.

gen bromide in the presence of an acid catalyst.

OCH

COOH.

Properties: Light amber liquid. Miscible with organ-

nonyl chloride. C

Cl. ic solvents. D 1.02 (20C), flow p 5C, viscosity 6500

Properties: Liquid. Bp 58–63C (8 mm Hg), d 0.878 cP (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alkali. Com-

(25C), refr index 1.4379 (20C). Nonflammable. bustible.

Derivation: Nonyl alcohol reacts with hydrochloric Use: Corrosion inhibitor for turbine oils, lubricants,

acid at elevated temperatures and pressures to give fuels, greases; antifoaming agent in gasoline, hy-

nonyl chloride. It can also be made by refluxing a draulic fluids, cutting oils.

907 “NORKOOL”

1-(4-nonylphenyl)ethanone oxime. “Nordel” [Du Pont]. TM for an elastomer

CAS: 64128-32-1. mf: C

NO. based on an ethylene-propylene-hexadiene terpo-

Hazard: A severe skin irritant. lymer, sulfur curable.

Use: Automotive and appliance components; wire

insulation for electrical accessories, belts, hose, me-

␣-(4-nonylphenyl)-␱-hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-

chanical products.

ethanediyl)-branched.

CAS: 127087-87-0.

nordhausen acid.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

CAS: 7664-93-9. Fuming sulfuric acid of d

1.86–1.90.

nonyl thiocyanate. C

SCN.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue.

Properties: Bp 84–86.5C (1 mm Hg), d 0.919 (25C),

See sulfuric acid, fuming.

refr index 1.4696 (20C). Nonyl thiocyanate can be

made from nonyl chloride by refluxing with alcohol-

nordihydroguaiaretic acid. (NDGA; 4,4

′

ic sodium thiocyanate solution using conventional

(2,3-dimethyltetramethylene)dipyrocatechol).

techniques.

CAS: 500-38-9. [C

(OH)

CH(CH

)]

Properties: Crystals from acetic acid. Mp

nonyltrichlorosilane. (trichlorononylsilane).

184–185C. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, ether;

SiCl

slightly soluble in hot water, chloroform; nearly

Properties: Water-white liquid; pungent irritating

insoluble in benzene, petroleum ether.

odor. Fumes readily in moist air.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem-

Derivation: Extraction from guaiac, also syntheti-

branes.

cally.

Hazard: Use in foods prohibited by FDA.

Use: Antioxidant to retard rancidity of fats and oils.

nopinene. See ␤-pinene.

norea. (3-(hexahydro-4,7-methanoindan-5-yl)-

NOPON. See p-bis[2-(5-␣-naphthyloxazolyl)-

1,1-dimethylurea).

benzene].

CAS: 18530-56-8. C

NHCON(CH

)

Properties: White solid. Mp 168–169C. Very slight-

(+−)-noradrenaline bitartrate.

ly soluble in water; soluble in polar solvents such as

CAS: 3414-63-9. mf: C

•C

cyclohexanone, acetone, alcohol; less soluble in

Hazard: A poison.

nonpolar solvents such as benzene, xylene, hexane,

and kerosene.

Use: Selective herbicide.

norbormide. (generic name for 5-(␣-hydroxy-

␣-2-pyridylbenzyl)-1-(␣-2-pyridylbenzylidene)-5-

norbornene-2,3-dicarboximide).

norethisterone oxime.

CAS: 991-42-4.

CAS: 23965-86-8. mf: C

Properties: White solid. Mp 180–190C. Insoluble in

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

water; soluble in dilute acids.

Use: Hormone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Rodenticide.

18-norestrone methyl ether.

CAS: 4147-10-8. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

5-norbornene-2-methanol. (2-hydroxymeth-

Use: Hormone.

yl-5-norbornene; “Cyclol”). C

OH.

Properties: Stable, colorless liquid. D 1.022–1.024

dl-norephedrine hydrochloride. See pro-

(25/25C), refr index 1.4985–1.4995 (25C), a high-

padrine hydrochloride.

boiling solvent, bp 192–198C, flash p (TOC) 183F

(83.9C). Miscible with most common organic sol-

vents; slightly soluble in hot water. Combustible.

norgestrel.

Use: Monomer for the modification of condensation

CAS: 797-63-7. A synthetic steroid hormone used

and addition polymers for coatings.

as an ingredient of oral contraceptives. Approved by

FDA.

See “Ovral” [Wyeth].

5-norbornene-2-methyl acrylate.

CAS: 95-39-6. (C

)

norflurazon.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 103–105C, d

Use: Food additive; herbicide.

1.027–1.031 (25/25C). Soluble in most organic sol-

vents; inhibitor 0.02% MEHQ.

Use: A difunctional monomer particularly suited for

“Norkool” [Dow]. TM for inhibited glycol-

in situ cross-linking of vinyl acetate emulsions and based coolants, corrosion inhibitors, and cleaners.

polymer systems. Use: Industrial applications, such as compressor sta-

908NORLEUCINE

tions, generators, and high-speed, stationary en- were made possible by disturbing the chemical equi-

gines. librium with short energy pulses. After receiving a

doctorate, he went to the Sorbonne before returning

to Cambridge to teach. His career was long and

norleucine. (␣-aminocaproic acid).

distinguished by many awards.

CAS: 327-57-1. CH

(CH

)

CH(NH

)COOH. A non-

essential amino acid found naturally in the

L(+)

form.

Norrish-type cleavage. Homolytic cleavage

Properties: Leaflets, crystals from water, dl-norleu- of aldehydes and ketones originating from their ex-

cine. Soluble in water and acids; slightly soluble in cited n !GKp * state. Synthetically useful for the ring

alcohol. Decomposes at 327C. cleavage of cyclic ketones.

L(+)-norleucine: slightly sweet taste. Sublimes at

275–280C, mp 301C (decomposes).

“Norsolene IR-140” [Hall]. TM for ink addi-

D(−)-norleucine: bitter taste. Partially sublimes at

tive.

275–280C, mp 301C (decomposes).

Properties: High softening point for fast solvent

Derivation: Found in traces in proteins, also synthet-

release. Soluble and dilutable in aliphatic solvents.

ically.

High viscosity with infinite dilutability.

Use: Biochemical research.

Use: Offset inks.

normal. (1) Of hydrocarbon molecules: contain-

Northern blot. A gel-based laboratory proce-

ing a single, unbranched chain of carbon atoms,

dure that locates on a gel mRNA sequences that are

usually indicated by the prefix n-, as n-butane, n-

complementary to a piece of DNA used as a probe.

propane, etc. (2) Of solutions: containing one equiv-

Named after Dr. E. M. Southern, who invented the

alent weight of a dissolved substance per liter of

Southern blot, it was adapted to RNA and named the

solution; a standard measure of concentration, indi-

“Northern” blot.

cated by N, e.g., 2N, 0.5N, etc.

See DNA.

See molar. (3) Perpendicular or at right angles to, for

example, incident light rays normal to a surface.

Northrup, John H. (1891–1987). An Ameri-

can chemist who won a Nobel Prize in chemistry in

normalize. To temper steels and other alloys by

1946 along with Sumner and Stanley. His work was

heating to a predetermined temperature and cooling

primarily concerned with isolation and crystalliza-

at a controlled rate to relieve internal stresses and

tion of enzymes. Many firsts included the produc-

improve strength (analogous to annealing of glass).

tion of the enzyme trypsin in the laboratory and

isolation of the first bacterial virus. He was also

Normant reagents. Vinylmagnesium halides responsible for producing diptheria antitoxin in

that were previously unavailable are now prepared crystalline form. His education was at eastern

by reacting the parent vinyl halides with magnesium schools including Harvard, Yale, and Princeton.

in tetrahydrofuran. These compounds are called

Normant reagents and behave like typical Grignard

noruron.

reagents.

CAS: 18530-56-8. C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 175C. Insoluble

nornicotine. (3-(2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine). in water; soluble in acetone; slightly soluble in ben-

CAS: 479-97-3. C

. zene.

Properties: Moderately thick, hygroscopic liquid. Hazard: Highly toxic.

Bp 270C, d 1.07, optical rotation −89 degrees, refr Use: Herbicide.

index 1.53. Soluble in water, alcohol, and kerosene.

Hazard: Toxicity about one-third that of nicotine.

Norway saltpeter. See ammonium nitrate.

Use: Insecticide.

Norwegian saltpeter. See calcium nitrate.

“Norpace” Capsules [Searle]. TM for diso-

pyramide phosphate.

NOS. Abbreviation for “not otherwise specified.”

Use: Drug.

Use: In shipping regulations, for classes of sub-

stances to which a restriction applies, individual

norpentazocine.

members of which are not listed in the regulations.

CAS: 25144-78-9. mf: C

NO•ClH.

Hazard: A poison.

noscapine. (l-␣-narcotine; narcosine).

CAS: 128-62-1. C

. An isoquinoline alka-

norphytane. See pristane.

loid of opium.

Properties: Fine, white, crystalline powder. Mp

Norrish, Ronald G. W. (1897–1978). An 176C, sublimes at 150–160C. Insoluble in water;

English physical chemist who was recipient of the practically insoluble in vegetable oils; slightly solu-

Nobel Prize in 1967 with Eigen and Porter. His ble in hot solutions of potassium hydroxide and

analysis of reactions of one ten-billionth of a second sodium hydroxide; soluble in most organic solvents.

909 NTA

Salts formed with acids are dextrorotatory and un- number of chlorinated hydrocarbons. Gases that act

stable in water. as simple asphyxiants are not classified as noxious.

Derivation: An opium alkaloid from the seed cap- See air pollution.

sules of Papaver somniferum.

Grade: USP.

Noyori, Ryoji. (1938– ). Born in Kobe (now

Hazard: Narcotic, use legally restricted. Ashiya), Japan, Noyori won the Nobel Prize for

chemistry in 2001 for his pioneering work concern-

Use: Medicine (cough control).

ing chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions.

Awarded a doctorate from Kyoto University in

“Nouryset 200” [Akzo].

1967. Noyori is a professor at Nagoya and Harvard

CAS: 142-22-3. TM for a colorless monomer of

Universities. Among many other awards, he re-

diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate).

ceived the the Wolf Prize in Chemistry (Wolf Foun-

Use: Transparent organic glass in the manufacture of

dation, Israel) 2001, and the Roger Adams Award in

optical corrective lenses.

Organic Chemistry (ACS), 2001.

novobiocin.

Np.

Symbol for neptunium.

CAS: 303-81-1. C

Properties: A light-yellow to white antibiotic pro-

“NPG” [Eastman]. TM for the glycol of choice

duced by Streptomyces niveus. Available as calcium

for premium-quality gel coats. It reacts rapidly with

and sodium salts.

isophthalic acid to produce low-color gel-coat

Hazard: May have damaging side effects.

resins.

“Novogel” [Morton].

NPK mixtures. Fertilizers containing nitrogen,

CAS: 1309-42-8. TM for magnesium hydroxide.

phosphorus, and potassium. These are usually char-

Grade: Technical, food, USP, directly compressible

acterized by numbers such as 5–10–10, meaning 5%

powder.

nitrogen, 10% phosphorus as P

, and 10% potassi-

Use: Flame-retardant, smoke suppressant, acid scav-

um as K

O. The percentages refer to the amount of

enger. USP grade used for tablet and liquid antacids.

nitrogen, phosphorus, or potassium present in avail-

able form rather than to the amount of the com-

“Novol” [Croda]. TM for fatty alcohols.

pounds.

Use: Thickeners, opacifiers, structural agents for an-

tiperspirant sticks, creams, and lotions.

NPN. Abbreviation for n-propyl nitrate.

novolak. (novolac). A thermoplastic phenol-

NPO. See ␣-naphthylphenyloxazole.

formaldehyde−type resin obtained primarily by the

use of acid catalysts and excess phenol. Generally

NQR spectroscopy. See nuclear quadrupole

alcohol soluble and requires reaction with hexa-

resonance.

methylenetetramine, p-formaldehyde, etc. for con-

version to cured, cross-linked structures by heating

NR. Abbreviation for natural rubber.

at 200–400F.

Use: Molding materials, bonding materials, bonding

NRC. Abbreviation of Nuclear Regulatory Com-

agent in brake linings, abrasive grinding wheels,

mission.

electrical insulation, clutch facings, air-drying var-

nishes, reinforcing agent and modifier for nitrile

NRDC. Abbreviation for National Resources De-

rubber.

fense Council.

novoldiamine. (1-diethylamino-4-aminopen-

NSF. See National Science Foundation.

tane).

CAS: 140-80-7. C

“N-Serve” [Dow]. TM for nitrapyrin.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.82, bp 200C, refr

index 1.44. Soluble in water and alcohol.

NSR. Abbreviation for nitrile silicone rubber.

Derivation: From 2-diethylaminoethanol and ethyl

acetoacetate.

Use: Manufacturing antimalarials (quinacrine and

NSTC. See: National Science and Technology

related compounds). Council.

NT. Abbreviation for nucleotide, i.e., the mono-

noxious gas. Any natural or by-product gas or

meric unit from which DNA or RNA are built. One

vapor that has specific toxic effects on humans or

can express the size of a nucleic acid strand in terms

animals (military poison gases are not included in

of the number of nucleotides in its chain; hence

this group). Examples of noxious gases are ammo-

“NT” can be a measure of chain length.

nia, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrogen

sulfide, sulfur dioxide, ozone, fluorine, and vapors

evolved by benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and a

NTA. Abbreviation for nitrilotriacetic acid.

910NTAN

NTAN. Abbreviation for nitrilotriacetonitrile. purity determinations, and elemental hydrogen

analyses.

nuclear chemistry. The division of chemistry

nuclear membrane. The double membrane

dealing with changes in or transformations of the

that surrounds the eukaryotic nucleus. It has many

atomic nucleus. It includes spontaneous and induced

pores in its surface which regulate the flow of large

radioactivity, the fission or splitting of nuclei, and

compounds into and out of the nucleus.

their fusion or union; also the properties and behav-

ior of the reaction products and their separation and

nuclear quadrupole resonance. (NQR). A

analysis. The reactions involving nuclei are usually

spectroscopic technique related to nuclear magnetic

accompanied by large energy changes, far greater

resonance that utilizes the electric fields naturally

than those of chemical reactions; they are carried out

present in crystals instead of a magnet. It is useful for

in nuclear reactor for electric power production and

studies of electrical field gradients around nuclei,

manufacture of radioactive isotopes for medical use,

chemical bonding, space groupings in crystals, and

also (in research work) in cyclotrons.

molecular structure.

See fission; fusion; radiochemistry; nucleus (1).

nuclear reaction. A reaction that involves a

nuclear energy. The energy liberated by (1) the

change in the nucleus of an atom, as opposed to a

splitting or fission of an atomic nucleus, (2) the

chemical reaction in which only the electrons take

union or fusion of two atomic nuclei, and (3) the

part. Nuclear reactions usually result in release of

radioactive decay of a nucleus (transmutation). For

tremendous amounts of energy, while the energy

details refer to the following entries; nuclear reac-

obtained from chemical reactions is slight; e.g., rup-

tion, fission, fusion, tokamak, radioactivity, ioniz-

ture of a chemical bond evolves approximately 5 eV

ing radiation, nuclear chemistry, transmutation,

compared with 200 MeV resulting from the fission

breeder, uranium-235, plutonium, nuclear reactor.

of an atomic nucleus. There are three types of nucle-

See acceptable risk.

ar reactions: (1) transmutation (radioactive decay),

(2) fission, and (3) fusion (thermonuclear).

nuclear fuel. A fissionable material that is the

source of energy in a nuclear reactor, specifically

nuclear reactor. An assembly of fissionable

uranium-235, thorium, and plutonium-239. For

material (uranium-235 or plutonium-239) designed

thermonuclear (fusion) reactions the “fuels” are the

to produce a sustained and controllable chain reac-

hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium.

tion for the generation of electric power. The first

See breeder; fission; fusion.

reactor (then called a “pile”) was constructed at the

University of Chicago in 1942 under the leadership

nuclear fuel element. A rod, tube, plate, or

of Enrico Fermi. The essential components of a

other mechanical shape or form into which a nuclear

modern nuclear reactor are (1) The core, composed

fuel is fabricated for use in a reactor. The word

of metal- or ceramic-clad rods containing enough

element is used here in its electrical engineering

fissionable material to maintain a chain reaction at

rather than its chemical sense. Cladding materials

the necessary power level; as much as 50 tons of

are usually ceramics or zirconium alloys.

uranium may be required (d 19). (2) A source of

neutrons to initiate the reaction, such as a mixture of

nuclear magnetic resonance. (NMR). A polonium and beryllium. (3) A moderator to reduce

type of radio-frequency spectroscopy based on the the energy of fast neutrons for more efficient fission

magnetic field generated by the spinning of electri- (called slow or thermal neutrons); materials such as

cally charged atomic nuclei. This nuclear magnetic graphite, beryllium, heavy water, and light water are

field is caused to interact with a very large used. (4) A coolant to remove the fission-generated

(10,000–50,000 gauss) magnetic field of the instru- heat; water is generally used converted to steam in

ment magnet. The magnetic properties of atomic heat exchangers and used to drive turbines. Sodium,

nuclei are the spin number and the magnetic mo- helium, and nitrogen may also be used. The heating

ment. Hydrogen nuclei, fluorine, phosphorus, bo- of streams and estuaries by reactor effluent is a

ron, nitrogen, carbon-13, and oxygen-17 have dis- serious environmental problem, which can be sur-

tinctive magnetic properties. The molecular or mounted by construction of special cooling towers.

chemical environment of the nucleus produces char- (5) A control system such as rods of boron or cadmi-

acteristic shifts and fine structure in the NMR spec- um that have high capture cross sections, to absorb

tra. Because of its dependence on molecular struc- neutrons rapidly when their concentration becomes

ture, NMR has become a fundamental research tool too high. (6) Adequate shielding, remote-control

for structure determinations in organic chemistry. equipment, and appropriate instrumentation are es-

Studies of hydrogen locations in crystals have been sential for personnel safety and efficient operation.

useful, as these cannot be determined directly by The primary use of nuclear reactors is for electric

means of X rays. NMR techniques have been ap- power generation. This has been a reasonably suc-

plied to studies of electron densities and chemical cessful endeavor; nuclear energy has made a notable

bonding, the composition of mixtures, percentage contribution to the overall energy supply situation in

911 NUCLEIC ACID

the U.S. But the efficiency of reactors is often re-

nuclease. An enzyme that degrades nucleic acids.

duced far below their potential by failures resulting A nuclease can be DNA-specific (a DNase), RNA-

from the highly corrosive operating conditions to specific (RNase), or non-specific. It may act only on

which the materials of construction of the reactor single stranded nucleic acids, or only on double-

and the associated hardware are exposed. Frequent stranded nucleic acids, or it may be non-specific

and extended shutdowns are commonplace. This, with respect to strandedness. A nuclease may de-

together with the environmental radiation hazard grade only from an end (an exonuclease), or may be

and escalating construction costs, has restricted the able to start in the middle of a strand (an endonucle-

development of nuclear energy as a power source. ase). To further complicate matters, many enzymes

Plans for construction of many plants have been have multiple functions; for example, Bal31 has a 3

′

delayed or cancelled. A further negative fact is that exonuclease activity on double-stranded DNA, and

the estimated safety factor has changed radically an endonuclease activity specific for single-strand-

since 1975, at which time the risk of serious accident ed DNA or RNA.

that might result in core meltdown was reported to

be 1 in 20,000 years of operation. A study conducted

nucleases. Enzymes that hydrolyze the phospho-

by ORNL based on accident data in the decade

diester linkages of nucleic acids.

1969–1979 concluded that this risk has risen to 1 in

1000 operating years—a 20-fold decrease in the

nuclease protection assay. See “RNase pro-

safety factor. See fission; breeder; acceptable

tection assay.”

risk.

nucleation. The process by which crystals are

Nuclear Regulatory Commission. (NRC).

formed from liquids, supersaturated solutions, or

A federal agency established in 1975 to regulate all

saturated vapors (clouds). Crystals originate on a

commercial uses of atomic energy, including con-

minute trace of a foreign substance acting as a nu-

struction and operation of nuclear power plants,

cleus. These are provided by impurities or by con-

nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, and research appli-

tainer walls in laboratory apparatus. Crystals form

cations of radioactive materials. It is also responsi-

initially in tiny regions of the parent phase and then

ble for safety and environmental protection. Its of-

propagate into it by accretion. Rain and snow are

fices are at One White Flint North, 11555 Rockville

formed in this way in moisture-laden air, the mois-

Pike, Rockville, Maryland 20852-2738.

ture condensing on minute particles of dust or ice.

Website: http://www.nrc.gov.

Cloud seeding with silver iodide or carbon dioxide is

based on this principle. The former has a crystalline

nuclear run-on. A method used to estimate the

structure similar to that of ice, and the latter causes

relative rate of transcription of a given gene, as

rapid formation of ice nuclei by intense local lower-

opposed to the steady-state level of the mRNA tran-

ing of temperature.

script (which is influenced not just by transcription

See crystals; whiskers. There are various methods for

rates, but by the stability of the RNA). This tech-

growing crystals, including (1) evaporation of a so-

nique is based on the assumption that a highly-tran-

lution; (2) cooling of a saturated solution or melt; (3)

scribed gene should have more molecules of RNA

condensation of a vapor (plasmas are sometimes

polymerase bound to it than will the same gene in a

used to generate the vapor); (4) electrodeposition;

less-active state. If properly prepared, isolated nu-

(5) growth in gel media (in order to slow growth).

clei will continue to transcribe genes and incorpo-

Methods (2) through (5) are particularly suited for

rate 32P into RNA, but only in those transcripts that

the growth of large crystals, which are widely used

were in progress at the time the nuclei were isolated.

in modern technology.

Once the polymerase molecules complete the tran-

script they have in progress, they should not be able

nucleation rate The number of crystal nuclei

to re-initiate transcription. If that is true, then the

formed per unit volume of reaction phase.

amount of radiolabel incorporated into a specific

type of mRNA is theoretically proportional to the

nucleic acid. Any of several complex com-

number of RNA polymerase complexes present on

pounds occurring in living cells, usually chemically

that gene at the time of isolation.

bound to proteins to form nucleoproteins. Nucleic

acids are of high molecular weight are easily

nuclear transfer. A laboratory procedure in

changed by many mild chemical reagents. They

which a cell’s nucleus is removed and placed into an

contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

oocyte with its own nucleus removed, so the genetic

(15–16%), and phosphorus (9–10%).

information from the donor nucleus controls the

The fundamental units of nucleic acid, are nucleo-

resulting cell. Such cells can be induced to form

tides, nucleic acids, and polynucleotides in which

embryos. This process was used to create the cloned

the nucleotides are linked by phosphate bridges.

sheep “Dolly”.

Upon extensive heating in the presence of water

See cloning.

(hydrolysis), nucleic acids yield a mixture of purines

and pyrimidines, d-ribose or d-deoxyribose, and

nuclear waste. See radioactive waste. phosphoric acid. Nucleic acids are subdivided into

912NUCLEOGENESIS

two types: ribonucleic acid (RNA), containing the covalent bond; the nucleus that accepts the electrons

sugar d-ribose, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), is called an electrophile. This occurs, for example, in

containing the sugar d-deoxyribose. See deoxy- the formation of acids and bases according to the

ribonucleic acid; ribonucleic acid; nucleoside;

Lewis concept, as well as in covalent carbon bond-

nucleotide; nucleoprotein. Good sources of nucle-

ing in organic compounds.

ic acids are salmon, thymus, yeast, and wheat kernel

See Lewis base; donor.

embryo.

Use: Biochemical and medical research in genetics,

nucleoplasm. The aqueous portion of a cell’s

virus diseases, and cancer.

contents enclosed by the nuclear membrane; also

called the nuclear matrix.

nucleogenesis. The original synthesis of the

chemical elements resulting from a huge explosion

nucleoprotein. A type of protein universally

of undifferentiated energy that astrophysicists be-

present in the nuclei and the surrounding cytoplasm

lieve initiated the universe approximately 20 billion

of living cells. A nucleoprotein is composed of a

years ago, at least 7 billion years before the forma-

protein, which is rich in basic amino acids, and a

tion of the Milky Way galaxy (the so-called big bang

nucleic acid. The nucleic acid portions can be isolat-

theory). Information obtained with radiotelescopes

ed and used in medical and biochemical research.

indicates that temperatures were so inconceivably

See deoxyribonucleic acid; chromatin; virus.

high in this continuum of radiation that the elemen-

tary particles that were undoubtedly present were

nucleoside. A compound of importance in physi-

unable to combine. As the continuum expanded rap-

ological and medical research, obtained during par-

idly after the original eruption, it cooled within a few

tial decomposition (hydrolysis) of nucleic acids and

minutes to the point where protons and electrons

containing a purine or pyrimidine base linked to

could unite to form hydrogen. After further cooling

either d-ribose, forming ribosides, or d-deoxyribose,

to 10

C, thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen to helium

forming deoxyribosides. They are nucleotides

occurred in a matter of seconds. But no more com-

minus the phosphorus group.

plex combinations took place in the young universe

See adenosine; cytidine; guanosine; uridine.

for several million years, until the shrinking cores of

giant stars, many times the mass of the sun, raised

nucleoside diphosphate kinase. An enzyme

their internal temperatures to 10

C, high enough to

that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phosphate

fuse helium nuclei to form carbon. The heavier ele-

of a nucleoside 5

′

-triphosphate (most often ATP) to

ments were eventually synthesized during explo-

a nucleoside 5

′

-diphosphate (GDP, for example.)

sions of supernovae, which produced temperatures

in the range of 600 × 10

C. Thus, the sequence of

nucleoside diphosphate sugar. An activated

creation of the elements is believed to be hydrogen

form of a sugar molecule used in the enzymatic

and helium, then after a few million years came

synthesis of polysaccharides and sugar derivatives.

carbon, oxygen, magnesium, silicon, sulfur, and

The base depends on the sugar; for example, UDP-

iron; after yet another interval, the heavy metals

glucose but GDP-fucose.

were formed in another round of stellar explosions.

All this occurred over a period of 5–7 billion years.

nucleoside monophosphate kinase. An en-

See fusion; astrochemistry; life; origin.

zyme that catalyzes the transfer of the terminal phos-

phate of ATP to a nucleoside 5

′

-monophosphate.

nucleoid. Region in prokaryotes where the DNA

is concentrated. Unlike a nucleus, it is not bound by a

nucleosome. Structural unit for packaging DNA

membrane.

into chromatin. A nucleosome consists of a DNA

strand wound around an octameric histone core.

nucleolar organizing region. A part of the

chromosome containing rRNA genes.

nucleotide. A fundamental unit of nucleic acids;

some are important coenzymes. The four nucleo-

nucleolus. A densely staining structure in the

tides found in nucleic acids are phosphate mono-

nucleus of eukaryotic cells in interphase. Contains

esters of nucleosides, adenylic acid, guanylic acid,

the machinery involved in rRNA synthesis and ribo-

uridylic acid, and cytidylic acid. Great progress has

some formation.

been made in determining the nucleotide sequence

in fundamental materials, such as yeast genes.

nucleon. General name applied to neutrons and

The term is also applied to compounds not found in

protons, the essential constituents of atomic nuclei;

nucleic acids and that contain substances other than

also used as a class name for fundamental particles

the usual purines and pyrimidines. Such compounds

of that mass. The study of subatomic particles is

are modified vitamins and function as coenzymes;

often called nucleonics.

examples are riboflavin phosphate (flavin mononu-

cleotide), flavin adenine nucleotide, nicotinamide

nucleophile. An ion or molecule that donates a adenine dinucleotides, nicotine adenine dinucleo-

pair of electrons to an atomic nucleus to form a tide phosphate, and coenzyme A. The nucleotides

913 NUTRIFICATION

inosine-5

′

-monophosphate and guanosine-5

′

-mono- Nujol. Former TM for a mineral oil used to pre-

phosphate are used as flavor potentiators.

pare mulls for infrared analysis.

nucleus. (1) The positively charged central mass numerals. For their use and meaning in chemical

of an atom, it contains essentially the total mass in

names see Geneva System; benzene; chemical no-

the form of protons and neutrons. The nucleus of the

menclature.

hydrogen atom consists of one proton, while that of

uranium is composed of 92 protons and 146 neu-

“Nuroz” [Reichhold]. TM for a polymerized

trons.

wood rosin.

(2) The central portion of a living cell, consisting

Use: Adhesives, gloss oils, paper label coatings,

primarily of nucleoplasm in which chromatin is dis-

oleoresinous varnishes, solder flux, spirit varnishes,

persed. It is enclosed by a membrane that separates it

waxed paper and hot melt compounds, synthetic

from the surrounding cytoplasm. All the most im-

resins.

portant functions of the cell, including the mechan-

ics of division (mitosis) and the programming of the

Nusselt number. A value used in heat-transfer

genetic code, take place in the nucleus. See gene;

studies and calculations to compare heat losses by

chromosome.

conduction from various shaped objects under vari-

(3) The characteristic structure of a group of chemi-

ous conditions. It is combined into a single number

cal compounds, e.g., the benzene nucleus.

that is the function of the actual heat loss (Q), the

(4) Any small particle that can serve as the basis for

temperature difference (⌬T) between the body and

crystal growth (see nucleation).

its surroundings, the size (d) and shape of the body,

Note: The multiple meanings of nucleus and reso-

and the thermal conductivity (k) of the fluid sur-

nance can be a source of confusion, especially when

rounding the object, in the equation Nu

Qd/⌬Tk.

these terms are closely associated, as in nuclear

magnetic resonance and resonance of a molecular

“Nutrasweet” [Reichhold]. See “Aspar-

nucleus. In the first of these expressions, nucleus is

tame.”

used in sense (1) under nucleus and resonance in

sense (2) under resonance. In the second expression,

“NuTriene” [Eastman]. TM for a neutraceuti-

nucleus is used in sense (3) under nucleus and reso-

cal supplement. A mixture of naturally occurring

nance in sense (1) under resonance.

tocotrienols and tocopherols are extracted and con-

centrated from rice bran oil, a common cooking oil

nuclide. A particular species of atom, character-

in Asia.

ized by the mass, the charge (number of protons),

Use: Suitable for incorporation into soft gelatin cap-

and the energy content of its nucleus. A radionuclide

sules or liquid emulsions.

is a radioactive nuclide. Example: carbon-14 is a

radionuclide of carbon.

nutrient. Any element or compound that is essen-

See isotope.

tial to the life and growth of plants or animals, either

as such or as transformed by chemical or enzymatic

“Nuclon” [PPG]. TM for a polycarbonate ther-

reactions. In plants, nutrients include numerous

moplastic resin.

mineral elements, as well as nitrogen, carbon diox-

Properties: High impact resistance not appreciably

ide, and water. In animals and humans, the primary

reduced by temperature fluctuations, good dimen-

nutrients are the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

sional stability, or good electrical resistance. Natu-

obtained from plants, either directly or indirectly,

rally transparent, of light-straw color.

supplemented by vitamins and minerals. Water and

Use: Engineering plastic for hard-service parts and

oxygen are included in this definition. All told, there

components.

are 43 basic nutrients.

See food.

“Nucrel” [DuPont]. TM for an ethylene-meth-

acrylic acid copolymer resin available for use in

nutrient solution. A water solution of minerals

conventional extrusion coating, coextrusion coat-

and their salts necessary for plant growth that is used

ing, and extrusion laminating equipment designed to

instead of soil, the plants being supported by me-

process polyethylene resins. Higher melt flow index

chanical means. Such solutions contain combined

results in fewer resin leaks.

nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulfur,

Use: Packaging foil containing shampoos, tooth-

and magnesium, together with traces of iron, boron,

paste, towelettes, and miscellaneous food pouches.

zinc, and copper. They are extensively used for

commercial growing of flowers and vegetables, par-

ticularly on islands, and also to some extent for

nuisance particulate. Fine particles (dusts)

house plants.

that are not very toxic in low concentrations. Among

them are clay, calcium carbonate, emery, glass fiber,

silicon carbide, gypsum, starch, Portland cement,

nutrification. Addition of nutrients to a food to

marble, and titanium dioxide. replace those lost in processing (restoration), to pro-

See dust, industrial. vide nutrients that are not normally present in the

914“NUTRIFOS”

food (fortification), or to bring the food into con-

NW acid. Abbreviation for Neville-Winter acid.

formity with a specific standard for that food.

Nylander’s reagent. Basic solution of bismuth

“Nutrifos” [Solutia]. (sodium phosphate).

subnitrate and Rochelle salt.

CAS: 7601-54-9. TM for food-grade phosphate.

Use: To detect glucose in urine.

Use: Curing meat products; washing fruits and vege-

tables.

nylidrin hydrochloride. (p-hydroxy-␣-[1-(1-

methyl-3-phenyl-propylamino)-ethyl]benzyl alco-

“Nutriphos STP” [Solutia]. TM for sodium

hol hydrochloride). C

N•HCl.

phosphate.

Properties: White, crystals or powder, odorless; tas-

CAS: 7601-54-9.

teless. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol; very

Grade: Powders.

slightly soluble in chloroform, ether; pH of 1% solu-

Use: To cure ham and related meat products and in

tion is between 4.5 and 6.5.

washing fruits and vegetables.

Grade: NF.

Use: Medicine (treatment of heart disease).

nutrition. The effects of nutrients on living or-

ganisms and the biochemical mechanisms involved

nylon.

in bringing them about; also, the subdivision of

CAS: 63428-83-1. (C

NO)

. Generic name for a

biochemistry that deals specifically with these ef-

family of polyamide polymers characterized by the

fects. In plant nutrition the essential requirements

presence of the amide group −CONH. By far the

are carbon dioxide and water, from which the plant

most important are nylon 66 (75% of U.S. consump-

forms carbohydrates by photosynthesis; nitrogen,

tion) and nylon 6 (25% of U.S. consumption). Ex-

which is essential for the synthesis of proteins by the

cept for slight difference in melting points, the prop-

plant, with the aid of nitrogen-fixing bacteria; as

erties of the two forms are almost identical, though

well as phosphorus, calcium, potassium, and a num-

their chemical derivations are quite different. Other

ber of trace elements (micronutrients). Besides pro-

types are nylons 4, 9, 11, and 12 (see Grade).

teins and carbohydrates, plants also synthesize vita-

Properties: Crystals, thermoplastic polymers. May

mins and various fats and oils. Thus they provide a

be extruded as monofilaments over a wide dimen-

basis for human nutrition, both directly (grain and

sional range. Filaments are oriented by cold-draw-

other vegetables) and indirectly (meats and dairy

ing. Tensile strength (high tenacity) up to 8 g/denier

products), though the conversion to protein values

(approximately 100,000 psi); d 1.14; mp (66) 264C,

for human nutrition is only approximately 10% for

(6) 223C; low water absorption. Good electrical

meats.

resistance but accumulates static charges. Highly

Human diet requires proteins (milk, eggs, fish, and

elastic, with rather high percentage of delayed re-

some vegetables), carbohydrates (plants), fats (oils)

covery at low strain values; low permanent elonga-

from both plants and animals, minerals from milk

tion; moisture absorption 4% at 65% R.H. Wet

and meats, salt (chloride), vitamins from green veg-

strength approximately 90% of dry strength. Can be

etables and citrus fruits, and water. Micronutrients

dyed with ionic and nonionic dyestuffs. Attacked by

are furnished by seafood, cereals, vegetables, and

mineral acids but resistant to alkalies and cold abra-

fruit.

sion; soluble in hot phenols, cresols, and formic

Human digestive processes involve primarily the

acid; insoluble in most organic solvents; difficult to

hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sug-

ignite, self-extinguishing, melts forming beads; re-

ars, of proteins to a mixture of amino acids, and of

sistant to attack by moths, carpet beetles, etc.; com-

fats to glycerol and higher fatty acids. Hydrolysis is

patible with wool and cotton, increases wear and

catalyzed by various enzymes in the saliva and di-

crease resistance in 30% blends with natural fibers;

gestive tract. The end products of digestion are ab-

rods and blanks are machinable.

sorbed across a semipermeable membrane in the

Available forms: Monofilaments, yarns, bristles,

intestine and thus enter the bloodstream, unusable

molding powders, rods, bars, sheets. Microcrystal-

products being eliminated. The efficiency of diges-

line nylon is now available.

tion plus absorption is approximately 92% for pro-

Grade: Nylon 66 is a condensation product of adipic

tein, 95% for fat, and 98% for carbohydrates. See

acid and hexamethylenediamine developed by Car-

metabolism; digestion (1); plant (1); nutrient;

others in 1935. Adipic acid is obtained by catalytic

RDA.

oxidation of cyclohexane. Nylon 6 is a polymer of

caprolactam, originated by I. G. Farbenindustrie in

“Nuts & Bolts 434” [Hernon]. TM for a

1940. Nylon 4 is based on butyrolactam (2-pyrroli-

medium strength thread locking adhesive, offering

done); its tenacity, abrasion resistance, and melting

80 lbs breakaway torque.

point are said to be about the same as for the 6 and 66

grades. It has excellent dyeability. Nylon 610 (TM

nut shells. In a fine-ground state, the shells of “Tynex”) is obtained by condensation of sebacic

coconuts and other nuts are a source of decolorizing acid and hexamethylenediamine, and nylon 11 (TM

carbon; the pits of peaches and similar fruits have “Rilsan”) from castor bean oil (developed in

been used for gas-adsorbent carbon. France). Nylon 12 (also called “Rilsan” 12) is made

915 “NZ”

from butadiene, also by a French process involving or low-melting solids and have lower molecular

weight than nylons. Another class, called aramids, is

photonitrosation of cyclododecane by actinic light

aromatic in nature.

from mercury lamps. Its properties are similar to

those of nylon 11. Nylon 9 can be made from 9-

aminononanoic acid, present in soybean oil. It has

nymph. In aquatic insects, the larval stage.

properties specifically desired in metal coatings and

electrical parts; higher electrical resistance than 6

“Nytal 2K” [Vanderbilt]. TM for an epoxy

and 66 absorbs less moisture and has better distor-

heavy duty tank lining.

tion resistance.

Use: Tire cord; hosiery; wearing apparel component;

nytril. Generic name for a manufactured fiber

bristles for toothbrushes, hairbrushes, paint brushes

containing at least 85% of a long-chain polymer of

(nylon 610); cordage and towlines for gliders; fish

vinylidene dinitrile, −CH

C(CH)

−, where the vinyl-

nets and lines; tennis rackets; rugs and carpets;

idene dinitrile content is no less than every other unit

molded products; turf for athletic fields; parachutes;

in the polymer chain (Federal Trade Commission).

composites; sails; automotive upholstery; film;

Properties: Soft, resilient fabric is obtained; easy to

gears and bearings; wire insulation; surgical sutures;

clean, does not pill, resists wrinkling and retains

artificial blood vessels; metal coating; pen tips; os-

shape after pressing.

motic membranes; fuel tanks for automobiles.

Use: Furlike pile fabrics, sweaters, yarns, blended

See polyamide; aramid

fabrics for coats and suits.

Note: Not all nylons are polyamide resins, nor are all

polyamide resins nylons, e.g., “Versamide”. One

class of polyamide resins distinct from nylons is

“NZ” [Kenrich]. TM for a prefix for a series of

derived from ethylenediamine; they may be liquids neoalkoxy zirconates.