M
M. Abbreviation for molar, used to characterize “Mackadet EQ 112 P” [McIntyre]. TM
the concentration of a solution. A molar solution for pearlized baby shampoo concentrate.
contains one mole of a substance in one liter of
solution.
“Mackalene 110” [McIntyre]. TM for co-
camidopropyl dimethylamine lactate.
Grade: Cosmetic and industrial.
m. Abbreviaton for meter.
Use: Hair conditioning agent for shampoos and con-
ditioners.
m-. (m-). Abbreviation for meta-.
“Mackamide CMA” [McIntyre]. TM for
M13. A bacteriophage which infects certain
cocamide monoethanol amine (MEA).
strains of E. coli. The salient feature of this phage is
Properties: Low solubility in water.
that it packages only a single strand of DNA into its
Grade: Flaked and cosmetic.
capsid. If the investigator has inserted some hetero-
Use: Viscosity builder and foam enhancement.
logous DNA into the M13 genome, copious quanti-
ties of single-stranded DNA can subsequently be
“Mackine 301” [McIntyre]. TM for stearam-
isolated from the phage capsids. M13 is often used to
idopropyl dimethylamine.
generate templates for DNA sequencing.
Grade: Flaked, cosmetic, and industrial.
Use: Hair conditioning agent for shampoos and con-
m. Abbreviation for micrometer.
ditioners.
m. Abbreviation for millimicron.
MacKinnon, Roderick. (1956– ). An Ameri-
can born in Burlington, MA, who won the Nobel
MAA. See methylarsenic acid.
Prize for chemistry in 2003 for his pioneering work
discovering channels in cell membranes, in particu-
MAC. Abbreviation for methyl allyl chloride.
lar for the structural and mechanistic studies of ion
channels. He received a B.A. in biochemistry from
MacDiarmid, Alan G. (1927– ). Awarded
Brandeis University and an M.D. from Tufts Uni-
Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2000 jointly with Alan J.
versity School of Medicine. MacKinnon is a mem-
Heeger and Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and
ber of the National Academy of Sciences and was
development of conductive polymers. He performs
awarded the 1999 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Re-
his research at University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-
search Award.
phia.
“Macpearl DR-140V” [McIntyre]. TM for
“Mace” [Mace]. (“Chemical Mace”). TM for
a glycol disterate pearl concentrate.
a riot-control gas dispersed as an aerosol.
See chloroacetophenone.
macroanalysis. Analysis of chemicals in gram
quantities.
macerate. To soften or break up a fibrous sub-
See microanalysis.
stance by long soaking in water at or near room
temperature, often accompanied by mechanical ac-
macrocyclic.
An organic molecule with a large
tion, as in the preparation of paper stock in the
ring structure containing over 15 carbon atoms.
beater. In the plastics industry, to comminute a fab-
ric so that it can be used as a filler in a plastics
macromolecule. A molecule, usually organic,
composition. The term is also used in pharmacy to
composed an aggregation of hundreds or thousands
describe a method of preparing medicinal composi-
of atoms. Such giant molecules are generally of two
tions.
types. (1) Individual entities (compounds) that can-
not be subdivided without losing their chemical
“Machadet EZ-154 High Foam Powder”
identity. Typically these are proteins, many of which
[McIntyre]. TM for shampoo blend.
have molecular weights running into the millions.
(2) Combinations of repeating chemical units (mo-
M acid. (1-amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid). nomers) linked together into chain or network struc-
C
10
H
5
NH
2
OHSO
3
H.
tures called polymers; each monomer has the same
Properties: Gray needles. Slightly soluble in cold chemical constitution as the polymer, e.g., isoprene
water; soluble in hot water and alcohol.
(C
5
H
8
) and polyisoprene (C
5
H
8
)
n
. Synthetic elasto-
Use: Azo dye intermediate. mers (plastics) are typical of this kind of macromol-
774
775 MAGNESITE, CAUSTIC-CALCINED
ecule; cellulose is the most common example found Use: To destroy submersed aquatic weeds in irriga-
in nature. Most macromolecules are in the colloidal tion systems.
size range.
See polymer, high; protein; colloid chemistry.
magnalium. An alloy of aluminum and magne-
sium.
macrorestriction map. Map depicting the or-
der of and distance between sites at which restriction
magnesia. Magnesium oxide that has been spe-
enzymes cleave chromosomes. cially processed.
See magnesium oxide.
macrose. See dextran.
magnesia alba. See magnesium carbonate;
magnesium carbonate, basic.
madder. A natural dyestuff.
See alizarin; lake; dye, natural.
magnesia-alumina. MgO•Al
2
O
3
. A synthetic
spinel.
Maddrell’s salts. (IMP). Insoluble sodium
metaphosphate, NaPO
3
-II and NaPO
3
-III.
See sodium metaphosphate.
magnesia, burnt. See magnesite, dead-
burned.
Madelung synthesis. Formation of indole de-
rivatives by intramolecular cyclization of an N-(2-
magnesia, calcined. See magnesite, caustic-
alkylphenyl)alkanamide by a strong base at high calcined.
temperature.
magnesia, caustic-calcined. See magnesite,
“MagClean HSAIO” [Martin Marietta]. caustic-calcined.
TM for a micronized high activity MgO.
Use: A scorch retarder in chloraprene and fluorelas-
magnesia-chromia. MgO•Cr
2
O
3
. A synthetic
tomers, thickening agents for SMC/BMC acid ac-
spinel.
ceptors in halogenated and chloroprene adhesives.
magnesia, dead-burned. See magnesite,
magenta. See fuchsin.
dead-burned.
magic acid. A superacid containing equal molar
magnesia, fused.
concentrations of antimony pentafluoride (SbF
6
)
Use: As a refractory and to handle electricity at high
and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO
2
OH).
temperatures.
magic numbers. Atoms whose nuclei have the
magnesia, lightburned. A special high-purity
number of protons, neutrons, or both with any of the
magnesium oxide.
values, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126. These elements have a
stability and binding energy that are greater than
magnesite. (natural magnesium carbonate).
average and have other special properties.
CAS: 546-93-0. (MgCO
3
). The term magnesite is
loosely used as a synonym for magnesia as are also
“Maglite” [Hall]. (magnesium oxide).
the terms caustic-calcined magnesite, dead-burned
CAS: 1309-48-4. TM for acid acceptor and stabi-
magnesite, and synthetic magnesite.
lizer.
Hazard: A nuisance particulate.
Use: In rubber, plastic thickener filler, and smoke
Properties: White, yellowish, grayish-white, or
suppressant.
brown crystalline solid. D 3–3.12, Mohs hardness
3.5–4.5.
mag-lith. A magnesium-lithium alloy used as a Occurrence: U.S. (California, Washington, Ne-
structural metal in space vehicles. vada), Austria, Greece.
Use: To make the various grades of magnesium ox-
ide, to produce carbon dioxide, refractory.
magma. (1) In medicine, a class of preparations in
Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m
3
.
which finely divided, freshly precipitated, insoluble,
See magnesium carbonate.
inorganic hydroxides are suspended in water to form
a viscous, opaque mixture that may settle out on
standing. Magmas of bismuth, magnesium, and iron
magnesite, burnt. See magnesite, dead-
are used, commonly called milk of bismuth, milk of burned.
magnesia, etc.
(2) In geology, a molten mass within the earth’s
magnesite, caustic-calcined. (caustic-cal-
crust (e.g., lava). The source of igneous rock.
cined magnesia; calcined magnesite; calcined
magnesia. Principally magnesia (magnesium ox-
“Magnacide H Herbicide” [Baker ide) MgO). The product obtained by firing mag-
Petrolite]. TM for a liquid herbicide. nesite or other substances convertible to magnesia
776MAGNESITE, DEAD-BURNED
upon heating at some temperature below 1450C so Hazard: (Solid metal) Combustible at 650C. (Pow-
that some carbon dioxide is retained (2–10%) and der, flakes, etc.) Flammable, dangerous fire hazard.
the magnesium oxide displays adsorptive capacity Use dry sand or talc to extinguish.
or activity.
Use: Aluminum alloys for structural parts, die-cast
Grade: Technical, chemical, synthetic rubber, USP
auto parts, missiles, space vehicles; powder for py-
(light, medium light, heavy).
rotechnics and flash photography, production of
Use: Magnesium oxychloride and oxysulfate ce-
iron, nickel, zinc, titanium, zirconium; antiknock
ments, 85% magnesia insulation, rubber (reinforc-
gasoline additives; magnesium compounds and Gri-
ing agent, accelerator), uranium processing, chemi-
gnard syntheses; cathodic protection; reducing
cal processing, rayon, refractories, paper pulp, acid-
agent; desulfurizing iron in steel manufacture; pre-
neutralizing fertilizers, welding-rod coatings,
cision instruments; optical mirrors; dry and wet bat-
fillers, glass constituents, abrasives.
teries.
See magnesium oxide.
magnesium acetate.
magnesite, dead-burned.
(burnt magnesia;
CAS: 142-72-3. (1) Mg(OOCCH
3
)
2
or (2)
dead-burned magnesia; refractory magnesia;
Mg(OOCCH
3
)
2
•4H
2
O.
burnt magnesite; magnesium oxide). MgO. The
Properties: Colorless, crystalline aggregate or mo-
granular product obtained by burning (firing) mag-
noclinic crystals; acetic acid odor. (1) Mp 323C, d
nesite or other substances convertible to magnesia
1.42; (2) mp 80C, d 1.45. Soluble in water and dilute
upon heating above 1450C long enough to form
alcohol.
granules suitable for use as a refractory (ASTM).
Derivation: Interaction of magnesium carbonate and
Synthetic magnesium hydroxide or chloride is
acetic acid.
sometimes used instead of magnesite as a source.
Use: Dye fixative in textile printing, deodorant, disin-
Grade: 85–87% (from magnesite ores); 97–99%
fectant, and antiseptic.
(from seawater and brines).
Use: Refractories, as grains or basic brick, the latter
magnesium acetylacetonate. Mg(C
5
H
7
O
2
)
2
.
especially in open hearth furnaces for steel, furnaces
Crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, resis-
for nonferrous metal smelting, and in cement and
tant to hydrolysis, a chelating nonionizing com-
other kilns.
pound.
See magnesium oxide.
magnesium amide. Mg(NH
2
)
2
.
magnesite, synthetic. Magnesium oxide,
Properties: Whitish to gray crystals. D 1.40. Decom-
MgO, as obtained from seawater, seawater bitterns,
poses when heated.
or well brines. The preliminary product is usually
Derivation: Reaction of magnesium with ammonia
magnesium hydroxide or chloride, which is then
under elevated pressure.
heated, or sometimes treated with steam and heated
Hazard: A pyrophoric material igniting in air at
in the case of the chloride, to obtain the oxide.
room temperature. Evolves ammonia on vigorous
Synthetic magnesite constitutes the purer grades of
reaction with water.
dead-burned magnesite.
Use: Catalyst for polymerization.
magnesium.
magnesium ammonium arsenate dihydrate.
CAS: 7439-95-4. Mg. Metallic element of atomic
CAS: 14644-70-3. mf: AsO
4
•H
3
N•Mg•2H
2
O.
number 12, group IIA of the periodic table, aw
Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.
24.305, valence
=
2; 3 isotopes. Magnesium is the
central element of the chlorophyll molecule; it is
magnesium ammonium orthophosphate.
also an important component of red blood cor-
See magnesium ammonium phosphate.
puscles.
Properties: Silvery, moderately hard, alkaline-earth
magnesium ammonium phosphate. (mag-
metal; readily fabricated by all standard methods.
nesium ammonium orthophosphate).
Lightest of the structural metals; strong reducing
MgNH
4
PO
4
•6H
2
O.
agent; electrical conductivity similar to aluminum.
Properties: White powder. D 1.71, mp (decomposes
D 1.74, mp 650C, bp 1107C. Soluble in acids; insol-
to magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg
2
P
2
O
7
). Soluble in
uble in water.
acids; insoluble in alcohol and water.
Source: Magnesite and dolomite; seawater and
Derivation: By the interaction of solutions of a mag-
brines.
nesium salt and ammonium phosphate.
Derivation: (1) Electrolysis of fused magnesium
Use: Fire retardant for fabrics, fertilizer.
chloride (Dow seawater process); (2) reduction of
magnesium oxide with ferrosilicon (Pidgeon
process).
magnesium arsenate. (arsenic acid, magne-
Available forms: Ingots, bars, fine powder (up to sium salt).
99.6% pure), sheet and plate, rods, tubing, ribbon, CAS: 10103-50-1. Mg
3
(AsO
4
)
2
•xH
2
O.
flakes. Properties: White powder. When pure it is insoluble
777 MAGNESIUM CHROMATE
in water. Technical material is highly hydrated and nation of magnesium oxide or Mg(OH)
2
with CO
2
;
made from magnesium carbonate and arsenic acid. (3) reaction of a soluble magnesium salt solution
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.
Use: Insecticide. Grade: Technical, NF, FCC.
Use: Magnesium salts, heat insulation and refractory,
rubber reinforcing agent, inks, glass, pharmaceuti-
magnesium benzoate. Mg(C
7
H
5
O
2
)
2
•3H
2
O.
cals, dentrifice and cosmetics, free-running table
Properties: White, crystalline powder. Loses 3H
2
O
salts, antacid, making magnesium citrate, filtering
at 110C, mp approximately 200C. Soluble in water
medium.
and alcohol.
Use: In foods as drying agent, color retention agent,
anticaking agent, carrier.
magnesium biphosphate. See magnesium
phosphate, monobasic.
magnesium carbonate, basic. (magnesia
magnesium borate. 3MgO•B
2
O
3
(orthoborate)
alba). Various formulas are given and may all be
or Mg(BO
2
)
2
•8H
2
O (metaborate).
possible because of the method of derivation. A
Properties: Transparent, colorless crystals or white
typical formula is Mg(OH)
2
•3MgCO
3
•3H
2
O. Prop-
powder. Soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and inorgan-
erties and uses are almost identical with those listed
ic acids; slightly soluble in water.
for magnesium carbonate.
Derivation: By heating magnesium oxide, boric an-
Derivation: Precipitation from magnesium salt solu-
hydride.
tion.
Use: Preservative, antiseptic, fungicide.
See magnesium carbonate.
magnesium borocitrate.
magnesium chlorate.
Mg(BO
2
)
2
•Mg
3
(C
6
H
5
O
7
)
2
•14H
2
O.
CAS: 10326-21-3. Mg(ClO
3
)
2
•6H
2
O.
Properties: White powder or small, white, lustrous
Properties: White powder; bitter taste. Very hygro-
scales. Soluble in water.
scopic. D 1.8, mp 35C (decomposes at 120C). Solu-
Derivation: By mixing magnesium borate and mag-
ble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.
nesium citrate.
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic
materials, strong oxidizing agent.
magnesium boron fluoride.
Use: Defoilant, desiccant.
Grade: Technical.
Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg/(F)m
3
.
magnesium chloride.
Use: Metal flux.
CAS: 7786-30-3. (1) MgCl
2
, (2) MgCl
2
•6H
2
O.
Properties: Colorless or white crystals. Deliques-
magnesium bromate. Mg(BrO
3
)
2
•6H
2
O.
cent, d (1) 2.32, (2) 1.56; mp (1) 708C, (2) loses
Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D
2H
2
O at 100C. if heated rapidly melts at 116–118C.
2.29, mp loses 6H
2
O at 200C, bp (decomposes).
Bp (1) 1412C, (2) decomposes to oxychloride. Solu-
Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
ble in water and alcohol.
Derivation: By adding magnesium sulfate to a solu-
Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on magne-
tion of barium bromate.
sium oxide or hydroxide, especially the latter when
Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic
precipitated from seawater or brines (Great Salt
materials.
Lake).
Use: Analytical reagent, oxidizing agent.
Method of purification: Recrystallization.
Grade: Technical (crystals, fused, flakes, granulat-
magnesium bromide. MgBr
2
•6H
2
O.
ed), CP.
Properties: Colorless, very deliquescent crystals;
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
bitter taste. D 2.00, mp 172C, mp (anhydrous) 700C.
Use: Source of magnesium metal, disinfectants, fire
Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.
extinguishers, fireproofing wood, magnesium oxy-
Derivation: Reaction of hydrobromic acid with mag-
chloride cement, refrigerating brines, ceramics,
nesium oxide and subsequent crystallization.
cooling drilling tools, textiles (size, dressing and
Use: Organic syntheses, medicine (sedative).
filling of cotton and woolen fabrics, thread lubri-
cant, carbonization of wool), paper manufacture,
magnesium carbonate. MgCO
3
. The term
road dust-laying compounds, floor sweeping com-
magnesium carbonate is generally reserved for the
pounds, flocculating agent, catalyst.
synthetic, pure variety. The naturally occurring ma-
terial is called magnesite.
Properties: Light, bulky, white powder. Bulk d ap-
magnesium chromate. MgCrO
4
•5H
2
O.
proximately 4 lb/ft
3
, d 3.0, decomposes 350C, refr Properties: Small, readily soluble, yellow crystals.
index about 1.52. Soluble in acids; very slightly Use: Since it does not produce a fusible alkaline
soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Noncombust- residue when thermally decomposed, it is used as a
ible. corrosion inhibitor in the water coolant of gas tur-
Derivation: (1) Mined as natural material; (2) carbo- bine engines. Insoluble basic magnesium chromates
778MAGNESIUM CITRATE
also are available. Their potential applications are in Derivation: Magnesia or magnesium carbonate dis-
the treatment of light metal surfaces. solved in gluconic acid.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Grade: Pharmaceutical.
Use: Medicine, vitamin tablets.
magnesium citrate, dibasic. (acid magne-
sium citrate). MgHC
6
H
5
O
7
•5H
2
O. magnesium glycerophosphate. (magnesium
Properties: White or slightly yellowgranules or glycerinophosphate).
powder; odorless. Soluble in water; insoluble in CH
2
(OH)CH(OH)CH
2
OP(O)O
2
Mg.
alcohol. Properties: Colorless powder. Soluble in water; in-
Derivation: Reaction of citric acid and magnesium soluble in alcohol. Combustible.
hydroxide or carbonate. Derivation: Action of glycerophosphoric acid on
Use: Laxative, dietary supplement. magnesium hydroxide.
Use: Food additive; plasticizer.
magnesium dichromate. MgCr
2
•6H
2
O.
Properties: Characterized by high solubility in wa-
magnesium hydrogen phosphate. See
ter. It is an orange-red, deliquescent, crystalline hy- magnesium phosphate, dibasic.
drate.
Use: Potential applications are in formulations for
magnesium hydroxide. (magnesium hydrate
corrosion prevention and metal treatment. Noncom-
in aqueous suspension; milk of magnesia;
bustible.
magnesia magma).
CAS: 1309-42-8. Mg(OH)
2
.
magnesium dioxide. See magnesium per- Properties: White powder; odorless. D 2.36, mp
oxide. decomposes at 350C. Soluble in solution of ammo-
nium salts and dilute acids; almost insoluble in water
and alcohol. Noncombustible.
magnesium fluoride. (magnesium flux).
Derivation: Precipitation from a solution of a mag-
CAS: 7783-40-6. MgF
2
.
nesium salt by sodium hydroxide, precipitation from
Properties: White crystals. D 3.15, mp 1263C, bp
seawater with lime. It occurs naturally as brucite.
2239C. Exhibits fluorescence by electric light. Solu-
Grade: Technical, NF, FCC.
ble in nitric acid; insoluble in alcohol and water.
Use: Intermediate for obtaining magnesium metal,
Noncombustible.
sugar refining, medicine (antacid, laxative), residual
Derivation: By adding sodium fluoride or hydro-
fuel oil additive, sulfite pulp, uranium processing,
fluoric acid to a solution of magnesium salt.
dentrifrices, in foods as drying agent, color retention
Grade: Technical, CP, single crystals.
agent, frozen desserts.
Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m
3
.
Use: Ceramics, glass, single crystals for polarizing
prisms, lenses and windows.
magnesium lauryl sulfate.
Mg(OSO
3
C
12
H
25
)
2
.
Properties: Pale yellow liquid; mild odor. Soluble in
magnesium fluosilicate. (magnesium silico-
methanol, acetone, and water; insoluble in kerosene.
fluoride).
Combustible.
CAS: 18972-56-0. MgSiF
6
•6H
2
O.
Derivation: Sulfonation of lauryl alcohol and inter-
Properties: White, efflorescent, crystalline powder.
action with a magnesium salt.
D 1.788, decomposes 120C. Soluble in water.
Use: Surfactant and anionic detergent, foaming, wet-
Derivation: By treating magnesium hydroxide or
ting, and emulsifying agent.
carbonate with hydrofluosilicic acid.
Grade: Technical (crystals, solution).
Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m
3
. magnesium lime. Same as magnesium lime-
Use: Ceramics, concrete hardeners, waterproofing, stone.
mothproofing, laundry sour, magnesium casting. See limestone.
magnesium flux. See magnesium fluoride. magnesium limestone. See limestone.
magnesium formate. Mg(CHO
2
)
2
•2H
2
O. magnesium methoxide. (magnesium methyl-
Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water; in- ate). (CH
3
O)
2
Mg.
soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. Decomposes
Derivation: Action of formic acid on magnesium on warming.
oxide. Derivation: Reaction of magnesium and methanol.
Use: Analytical chemistry. Use: Dielectric coating, cross-linking agent to form
stable gels, catalyst.
magnesium gluconate. Mg(C
6
H
11
O
7
)
2
•2H
2
O.
Properties: White powder or fine needles; odorless;
magnesium methylate. See magnesium me-
almost tasteless. Soluble in water. Combustible. thoxide.
779 MAGNESIUM PEROXIDE
magnesium molybdate. MgMoO
4
. magnesium oxychloride cement. (Sorel
cement). A mixture of magnesium chloride and
Properties: Crystalline powder. Absolute d 2.8, mp
magnesium oxide that reacts with water to form a
approximately 1060C. Soluble in water.
solid mass, presumed to be magnesium oxychloride.
Use: Electronic and optical applications.
Fillers such as wood flour, sawdust, sand, powdered
stone, talc, etc., are usually present. A variety of
magnesium nitrate.
proprietary mixtures are available. Strength ranges
CAS: 10377-60-3. Mg(NO
3
)
2
•2H
2
O.
from 7000 to 10,000 psi. Copper powder minimizes
Properties: White crystals. D 1.45, mp 95–100C,
water solubility.
decomposes at 330C. Soluble in water and alcohol;
deliquescent.
magnesium palmitate. Mg(C
16
H
31
O
2
)
2
.
Derivation: Action of nitric acid on magnesium ox-
Properties: Crystalline needles or white lumps. Mp
ide with subsequent crystallization.
121.5C; insoluble in water and alcohol. Combus-
Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact
tible.
with organic materials, strong oxidizing agent.
Use: Varnish drier, lubricant for plastics.
Use: Pyrotechnics.
magnesium perborate. Mg(BO
3
)
2
•7H
2
O.
magnesium oleate. Mg(C
18
H
33
O
2
)
2
.
Properties: White powder. Sparingly soluble in wa-
Properties: Yellowish mass. Soluble in linseed oil,
ter; decomposes with evolution of oxygen.
hydrocarbons, alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.
Derivation: Action of peroxide or electrolytic oxida-
Combustible.
tion of borate solutions.
Derivation: Interaction of magnesium chloride and
Hazard: Moderate fire risk in contact with organic
sodium oleate.
materials.
Use: Varnish driers, in dry-cleaning solvents (to pre-
Use: Driers, bleaching, antiseptic (tooth powders).
vent spontaneous ignition), emulsifying agent, lu-
bricant for plasticizers.
magnesium perchlorate.
CAS: 10034-81-8. (1) Mg(ClO
4
)
2
; (2)
magnesium orthophosphate. See magne-
Mg(ClO
4
)
2
•6H
2
O.
sium phosphate.
Properties: White crystals. Deliquescent; very solu-
ble in water and alcohol. (1) D 2.21 (18C), decom-
magnesium oxide. (magnesia).
poses at 251C (2) d 1.98, decomposes at 185–190C.
CAS: 1309-48-4. MgO. Two forms are produced,
Derivation: Reaction of magnesium hydroxide and
one a light, fluffy material prepared by a relatively
perchloric acid.
low-temperature dehydration of the hydroxide, the
Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact
other a dense material made by high-temperature
with organic materials.
furnacing of the oxide after it has been formed from
Use: (1) As a regenerable drying agent for gases and
the carbonate or hydroxide.
(2) oxidizing agent.
See periclase.
Properties: White powder, either light or heavy de-
magnesium permanganate.
pending upon whether it is prepared by heating mag-
Mg(MnO
4
)
2
•6H
2
O.
nesium carbonate or the basic magnesium carbon-
Properties: Bluish-black, friable, deliquescent crys-
ate. D approximately 0.36 (varies), mp 2800C, bp
tals. D 2.18, mp (decomposes). Soluble in water.
3600C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in acids
Hazard: Fire hazard in contact with organic materi-
and ammonium salt solutions. Noncombustible.
als. Powerful oxidizer.
Derivation: (1) By calcining magnesium carbonate
Use: Polymerization catalyst, antiseptic.
or magnesium hydroxide, (2) by treating magne-
sium chloride with lime and heating or by heating it
in air, (3) from seawater via the hydroxide.
magnesium peroxide. (magnesium dioxide).
Grade: Technical, CP, USS, FCC, 99.5%, fused, low CAS: 14452-57-4. MgO
2
.
boron, rubber, semiconductor, single crystals. Properties: White, powder; tasteless; odorless. De-
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of fume. TLV: 10 composes above 100C. Insoluble in water; soluble
mg(Mg)/m
3
(fume). in dilute acids with formation of hydrogen peroxide.
Use: Refractories, especially for steel furnace lin- Available oxygen 28.4%. Keep cool and dry. A
ings, polycrystalline ceramic for aircraft wind- powerful oxidizing material.
shields, electrical insulation, pharmaceuticals and Derivation: From sodium or barium peroxide with
cosmetics, inorganic rubber accelerator, oxychlo- magnesium sulfate in a concentrated solution.
ride and oxysulfate cements, paper manufacture, Grade: Technical, 15, 25, and 50%.
fertilizers, removal of sulfur dioxide from stack Hazard: Powerful oxidizer and dangerous fire risk,
gases, adsorption and catalysis, semiconductors, reacts with acidic materials and moisture.
pharmaceuticals, food and feed additive. Use: Bleaching and oxidizing agent, medicine (ant-
See “Maglite” [Hall]. acid).
780MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE
magnesium phosphate. (magnesium ortho- magnesium ricinoleate. Mg(OOCC
17
H
32
OH)
2
.
phosphate). Properties: Coarse, yellow granules; faint fatty acid
See magnesium phosphate, dibasic; magnesium odor. Mp 98C, d 1.03 (25/25C). Combustible.
phosphate, monobasic; magnesium phosphate, tri- Use: Cosmetics.
basic.
magnesium salicylate. Mg(C
7
H
5
O
3
)
2
•4H
2
O.
magnesium phosphate, dibasic. (dimagne- Properties: Colorless, efflorescent, crystalline pow-
sium orthophosphate; dimagnesium phosphate; der. Soluble in water and alcohol.
magnesium phosphate, secondary; magnesium Derivation: Action of salicylic acid on magnesium
hydrogen phosphate). hydroxide.
CAS: 7782-75-4. MgHPO
4
•3H
2
O. Use: Medicine (antiinfective).
Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.13, loses
water at 205C, decomposes at 550–650C, decom-
magnesium silicate. 3MgSiO
3
•5H
2
O (vari-
poses to pyrophosphate on heating. Soluble in dilute
able). The FCC specifies a ratio of 2MgO:5SiO
2
.
acids; slightly soluble in water. Nonflammable.
See magnesium trisilicate; serpentine; talc.
Derivation: Action of orthophosphoric acid on mag-
Properties: Fine, white powder. Insoluble in water or
nesium oxide.
alcohol. An absorbent. Noncombustible.
Grade: Technical, FCC.
Derivation: Interaction of a magnesium salt and a
Use: Stabilizer for plastics, food additive, medicine
soluble silicate.
(laxative).
Grade: Technical, FCC.
Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, use in foods restricted
magnesium phosphate, monobasic. (mag- to 2%.
nesium biphosphate; acid magnesium phosphate; Use: Rubber filler; ceramics, glass, refractories; ab-
magnesium tetrahydrogen phosphate). sorbent for crude oil spills; manufacture of perma-
MgH
4
(PO
4
)
2
•2H
2
O. nently dry resins and resinous compositions; paints,
Properties: White, hygroscopic, crystalline powder. varnishes, and paper (filler); animal and vegetable
Decomposes to metaphosphate on heating. Soluble oils (bleaching agent); odor absorbent; filter medi-
in water and acids; insoluble in alcohol. Nonflamm- um; catalyst and catalyst carrier; anticaking agent in
able. foods.
Derivation: Action of orthophosphoric acid on mag- See asbestos.
nesium hydroxide.
Use: Fireproofing wood, stabilizer for plastics.
magnesium silicide. Mg
2
Si.
Properties: Bluish crystals. Mp 1085C, d 1.9, de-
magnesium phosphate, neutral. See mag- composes on heating above 500C, also by water and
nesium phosphate, tribasic. hydrochloric acid.
Derivation: By heating magnesium powder with sili-
con in ratio of 20:6.
magnesium phosphate, secondary. See
Use: Semiconductor technology, electrical equip-
magnesium phosphate, dibasic.
ment.
magnesium phosphate, tribasic. (Magne-
magnesium silicofluoride. See magnesium
sium phosphate, neutral; trimagnesium phos-
fluosilicate.
phate). Mg
3
(PO
4
)
2
•8H
2
Oor4H
2
O.
Properties: Soft, bulky, white powder; odorless; tas-
teless. Loses all water at 400C. Soluble in acids;
magnesium stannate. MgSnO
3
•3H
2
O.
insoluble in water. Nonflammable. Properties: White, crystalline powder. Decomposes
Derivation: Reaction of magnesium oxide and phos- at 340C. Soluble in water.
phoric acid at high temperatures. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m
3
.
Grade: Technical, reagent, NF (5 H
2
O variety), FCC Use: Additive in ceramic capacitors.
(4, 5, or 8 H
2
O).
Use: Dentifrice polishing agent, pharmaceutical ant-
magnesium stannide. Mg
2
Sn.
acid, adsorbent, stabilizer for plastics, food additive
Properties: Blue-white crystals. Mp 775C. Soluble
and dietary supplement.
in water and dilute hydrochloric acid. Has electrical
and magnetic properties.
magnesium potassium sulfate. Use: Semiconductor technology, magnetochemistry,
CAS: 13826-56-7. mf: O
12
S
3
•2K•2Mg. thermoelectric research.
Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. Low toxici-
ty by ingestion.
magnesium stearate. (octadecanoic acid,
magnesium salt).
magnesium pyrophosphate. Mg
2
P
2
O
7
•3H
2
O. CAS: 557-04-0. Mg(C
18
H
35
O
2
)
2
or with one H
2
O.
Properties: White powder. D 2.56, loses water at Technical grade contains small amounts of the ole-
100C, mp (anhydrous) 1383C. Soluble in acids; ate and 7% magnesium oxide, MgO.
insoluble in alcohol and water. Properties: Soft, white, light powder; tasteless;
781 MAGNETOCHEMISTRY
odorless. D 1.028, mp 88.5C (pure), 132C (techni- Derivation: Interaction of solutions of magnesium
cal). Insoluble in water and alcohol. Nonflammable. sulfate and ammonium tungstate.
Grade: Technical, USP FCC. Use: Fluorescent screens for X rays, luminescent
Hazard: TLV: TWA 10 mg/m
3
.
paint.
Use: Dusting powder, lubricant in making tablets,
drier in paints and varnishes, a flatting agent, stabi-
magnesium zirconate. MgO,ZrO
2
.
lizer and lubricant for plastics, an emulsifying agent
Properties: Powder. D 4.23, mp 2060C.
in cosmetics, a dietary supplement, and in medi-
Use: Electronics.
cines.
magnesium zirconium silicate. MgZrSiO
5
,
magnesium sulfate.
or MgO•ZrO
2
•SiO
2
.
CAS: 7587-88-9. (1) MgSO
4
, (2) (epsom salts)
Properties: White solid. Mp 1760C, d 80 lb/ft
3
. In-
MgSO
4
•7H
2
O.
soluble in water and alkalies; slightly soluble in
Properties: Colorless crystals; saline bitter taste.
acids. Noncombustible.
Neutral to litmus. D (1) 2.65, (2) 1.678. (1) Decom-
Use: Electrical resistor, ceramics, glaze opacifier.
poses at 1124C, (2) loses 6H
2
O at 150C, loses water
at 200C. Soluble in glycerol; very soluble in water;
“Magnesol” [Dallas]. TM for a synthetic,
sparingly soluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.
amorphous, adsorptive magnesium silicate.
Derivation: (1) Action of sulfuric acid on magne-
Use: Solvent purification, clarification, and recov-
sium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate, (2) mined in a
ery; oil refining and recovery; deoderizing and de-
high degree of purity.
colorizing oils and fats; chill-proofing fruit and veg-
Grade: Technical, CP, USP, FCC.
etable-based beverages; anticaking; flavor and
Use: Fireproofing, textiles (warp-sizing and loading
fragrance carrier.
cotton goods, weighting silk, dyeing and calico
printing), mineral waters, catalyst carrier, ceramics,
magnetic double refraction. See Cotton-
fertilizers, paper (sizing), cosmetic lotions, dietary
Mouton effect.
supplement.
magnetic separation. Use of a magnetic field
magnesium sulfide. MgS.
to remove unwanted magnetic particulates from sol-
Properties: Red-brown, crystalline solid. D 2.84.
id or liquid mixtures of nonmagnetic materials, e.g.,
Decomposes above 2000C; decomposes in water.
removal of impurities from clays, bauxite, glass
Use: Source of hydrogen sulfide, laboratory reagent.
sands, and mineral processing. Low-gradient fields
are suitable for separation of strongly magnetic ma-
magnesium sulfite. MgSO
3
•6H
2
O.
terials, whereas high-gradient fields can separate
Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 1.725, mp
particles of materials that are weakly magnetic, such
loses 6H
2
O at 200C, bp (decomposes). Slightly solu-
as coliform bacteria from municipal wastes and sul-
ble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
fur from coal. Removal of magnetic impurities from
Derivation: Action of sulfurous acid on magnesium
industrial wastewater is called magnetic filtration,
hydroxide.
e.g., reconditioning of boiler water and regeneration
Use: Manufacture of paper pulp (as bisulfite).
of condensate in power plants.
See electromagnetic separation; mass spectrometry.
magnesium tetrahydrogen phosphate.
See magnesium phosphate, monobasic.
magnetite. (lodestone; iron ore, magnetic).
Fe
3
O
4
often with titanium or magnesium.
magnesium trisilicate. USP specifies not less
A component of taconite.
than 20% magnesium oxide and 45% SiO
2
, similar
Properties: Black mineral, black streak, submetallic
to the FCC requirements for magnesium silicate.
or dull to metallic luster. Contains 72.4% iron.
See talc.
Readily recognized by strong attraction by magnet.
Properties: Fine, white; odorless; tasteless powder;
Soluble in powder form in hydrochloric acid. De-
free from grittiness. Insoluble in water and alcohol;
composes at 1538C to ferric oxide Fe
2
O
3
, d 4.9–5.2,
readily decomposed by mineral acids. Noncombust-
hardness 5.5–6.5.
ible.
See iron oxide, black.
Derivation: By reaction of soluble magnesium salts
with soluble silicates.
magnetochemistry. A subdivision of chemistry
Grade: Technical, USP.
concerned with the effect of magnetic fields on
Use: Industrial odor absorbent, decolorizing agent,
chemical compounds; analysis and measurement of
antioxidant, medicine (antacid).
these effects, (e.g., magnetic moment and magnetic
susceptibility) are important tools in crystallograph-
magnesium tungstate. (magnesium wolfra- ic research and determination of molecular struc-
mate). MgWO
4
. tures. Substances that are repelled by a magnetic
Properties: White crystals. D 5.66. Soluble in acids; field are diamagnetic (water, benzene); those that
insoluble in water and alcohol. Noncombustible. are attracted are paramagnetic (oxygen, transition
782MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
element compounds). Diamagnetic materials have
Malachite Green G. See Brilliant Green.
only induced magnetic moment; paramagnetic ma-
terials have permanent magnetic moment. Magneto-
Malaprade reaction. Compounds containing
chemistry has been useful in detection of free radi-
two hydroxyl groups or a hydroxyl and an amino
cals, elucidation of molecular configurations of
group attached to adjacent carbon atoms undergo
highly complex compounds, and in its application to
cleavage of the carbon-to-carbon bond when treated
catalytic and chemisorption phenomena.
with periodic acid.
See nuclear magnetic resonance.
malathion. (S-[1,2-bis(ethoxyc arbonyl)ethyl]-
O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate).
magnetohydrodynamics. (MHD). The be-
CAS: 121-75-5.
havior of high-temperature ionized gases passed
(CH
3
O)
2
P(S)SCH(COOC
2
H
5
)CH
2
COOC
2
H
5
.
through a magnetic field. A power-generating meth-
Properties: Yellow, high-boiling liquid. Bp
od using MHD involves an open cycle in which hot
156–157C under 0.7 mm Hg with slight decomposi-
combustible gases from coal, seeded with cerium or
tion), mp 3.0C, refr index 1.4985 (25C), d 1.2315
potassium to increase electrical conductivity, con-
(25C), vap press (20C) approximately 0.00004 mm
stitute the working fluid. These are sent through a
Hg. Miscible with most polar organic solvents;
nozzle surrounded by a magnet; the electricity in-
slightly soluble in water. Combustible.
duced by movement of the ionized gas through the
Derivation: From diethyl maleate and dimethyldi-
magnetic field is passed to electrodes and the gas
thiophosphoric acid.
sent to a steam generator. Efficiency is rated at
Grade: Technical grade is 95+% pure.
50–60% compared with 40% for conventional fossil
Hazard: Absorbed by skin, cholinesterase inhibitor.
fuel plants and 33% for plants using nuclear fuels.
TLV: TWA 10 mg/m
3
(skin); not classifiable as a
Two-phase liquid-metal systems are being studied
human carcinogen.
as auxiliary units for a number of energy converters.
Use: Insecticide; has been used effectively on the
MHD is an important field of expansion of research
Mediterranean fruit fly.
activity on new sources of energy; its high efficiency
and low pollution factor indicate that it may have a
malathion-fenitrothion mixture. See feni-
significant future in electric power supply.
trothion-malathion mixture.
See plasma (2).
malaxate. To soften and mix dry materials in the
“Magnifloc” [Cytec]. TM for water soluble
presence of water or other liquid by rubbing, knead-
polymers for flocculation, coagulation, dispersion,
ing, or rolling, thus producing a soft plastic mass.
and viscosification.
This term is used by one manufacturer, the Fitzpa-
Available forms: Emulsion, dry and liquid forms,
trick Co., 832 Industrial Drive, Elmhurst, IL 60126,
cationic, anionic and nonionic charges, and a broad
to describe a machine designed for this purpose, it
range of molecular weights and chemistries.
provides continuous mixing of dry solids with one or
Use: Liquid and solid separation applications.
more liquids by means of single or double screw-
type agitators rotating in a channel.
Maillard reaction. See browning reaction.
maleic acid. (maleinic acid; cis-butenedioic
“Maintain” [Aqualon]. TM for a line of prod-
acid).
ucts for cleaning, inhibiting corrosion, and coating
CAS: 110-16-7.
architectural copper, brass, and bronze.
maitotoxin.
CAS: 59392-53-9. mf: C
164
H
256
O
68
S
2
•2Na.
Hazard: A poison.
Source: Natural product.
Malachite Green. (Benzaldehyde Green; CI Properties: Colorless crystals; repulsive astringent
42,000; Victoria Green). taste; faint odor. D 1.59, mp 130–131C. Soluble in
CAS: 569-64-2. C
23
H
25
ClN
2
. water, alcohol and acetone; very slightly soluble in
Properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water; ethyl, benzene. At temperatures slightly higher than its
methyl, and amyl alcohol. melting point, it is converted partly to fumaric acid.
Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde with Combustible.
N,N-dimethylaniline, oxidation of the phenylmeth- Derivation: Same as for maleic anhydride with spe-
ane product, and reaction with hydrochloric acid. It cial recovery conditions.
may be formed as a double salt of zinc chloride. Grade: Technical, reagent.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
Use: Dyeing textiles, either directly or with mordant; Use: Organic synthesis (malic, succinic, aspartic, tar-
plant fungicide, staining bacteria, antiseptic. taric, propionic, lactic, malonic and acrylic acids);
783 MALONIC ESTER SYNTHESIS
dyeing and finishing of cotton, wool and silk; pre-
malic acid. (hydroxysuccinic acid; apple
servative for oils and fats.
acid).
CAS: 6915-15-7. COOHCH
2
CH(OH)COOH
Note: Do not confuse with maleic acid.
maleic anhydride. (2,5-furandione).
Properties: Colorless crystals; sour taste. D (dl-
CAS: 108-31-6.
form) 1.601, (d-orl- form) 1.595 (20/4C); mp (dl)
128C, (d-orl-) 100C; bp (dl) 150C (decomposes),
(d-orl-) 140C (decomposes). Very soluble in water
and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Combustible.
Derivation: Occurs naturally in unripe apples and
other fruits. Made synthetically by catalytic oxida-
tion of benzene to maleic acid, which is converted to
malic acid by heating with steam under pressure.
Grade: Technical, active, and inactive; FCC. The
Properties: Colorless needles. D 0.934 (20/4C), mp
natural material is levorotatory but the synthetic
53C, bp 200C, flash p 218F (103C), autoign temp
material is inactive.
890F (476C). Soluble in water, acetone, alcohol, and
Use: Manufacture of various esters and salts, wine
dioxane; partially soluble in chloroform and ben-
manufacture, chelating agent, food acidulant, fla-
zene.
voring.
Derivation: (1) Vapor-phase oxidation of benzene
with atmospheric oxygen with V
2
O
5
catalyst at
malloside.
400C. (2) Under development is a fixed-bed process
CAS: 17489-40-6. mf: C
29
H
44
O
9
.
involving oxidation of butane with undisclosed cat-
Hazard: A poison.
alyst.
Source: Natural product.
Grade: Technical; rods, flakes, lumps, briquettes,
and molten.
malonamide. (carboxamidoacetamide; malonic
Hazard: Irritant to tissue. TLV: 0.25 ppm.
acid diamide).
Use: Polyester resins, alkyd coating resins, fumaric
CAS: 108-13-4. mf: C
3
H
6
N
2
O
2
and tartaric acid manufacture, pesticides, preserva-
Properties: Dimorphous, tetragonal or monoclinic.
tive for oils and fats, permanent-press resins (tex-
Mw: 102.11, mp: 170C. Soluble in water @ 8C;
tiles), Diels-Alder reactions.
insoluble in EtOH and Et
2
O; insoluble in ether.
Hazard: Mildly toxic by ingestion.
maleic hydrazide. (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazi-
nedione).
malonamide nitrile. See cyanoacetamide.
CAS: 108-31-6.
malonic acid. (methanedicarbonic acid).
HC
❘
:CHC(O)NHNH
❘
C(O). A plant growth regulator.
CAS: 141-82-2. CH
2
(COOH)
2
.
Properties: Crystals. Mp 297C. Slightly soluble in
Properties: White crystals. Mp 132–134C, bp (de-
hot alcohol; more soluble in hot water.
composes), d 1.63. Soluble in water, alcohol and
Derivation: By treating maleic anhydride with hy-
ether.
drazine hydrate.
Derivation: From monochloroacetic acid by reaction
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
with potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis.
Use: Systemic herbicide, treatment of tobacco plants,
Hazard: Strong irritant.
postharvest sprouting inhibitor, weed control, sugar
Use: Intermediate for barbiturates and pharmaceu-
content stabilizer in beets.
ticals.
malonic acid diamide. See malonamide.
maleimide. (pyrrole-2,5-dione).
CAS: 541-59-3. mf: C
4
H
3
NO
2
malonic dinitrile. (malononitrile).
Properties: Plates. Mw: 97.08, mp: 93C.
CAS: 109-77-3. CH
2
(CN)
2
.
Hazard: A poison.
Properties: Colored crystals. Mp 32.1C, bp 220C.
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
maleinic acid. See maleic acid.
Use: Organic synthesis, leaching agent for gold.
malonic ester. See ethyl malonate.
maleo-pimaric acid. Reaction product of ma-
leic anhydride and l-pimaric acid; derived from pine
gum.
malonic ester synthesis. Syntheses based on
Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp approximately the strongly activated methylene group of malonic
225C. Soluble in most organic solvents; insoluble in esters which on reaction with sodium ethoxide form
water or aliphatic hydrocarbons. a resonance-stabilized ion that can be alkylated and
Use: Resins. acylated. After hydrolysis, the free alkylmalonic
784MALONIC ETHYL ESTER
acids readily decarboxylate to mono- or disubsti- Grade: FCC.
tuted monocarboxylic acids. Use: Flavoring agent in bakery products.
malonic ethyl ester nitrile. See ethyl cyan-
maltose. (malt sugar; maltobiose).
oacetate.
CAS: 69-79-4. C
12
H
22
O
11
•H
2
O. The most common
reducing disaccharide, composed of two molecules
malonic methyl ester nitrile. See methyl
of glucose. Found in starch and glycogen.
cyanoacetate.
Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 102–103C. Solu-
ble in water; insoluble in ether; slightly soluble in
alcohol. Combustible.
malonic mononitrile. See cyanoacetic acid.
Derivation: By the enzymatic action of diastase
(usually obtained from malt extract) on starch.
malononitrile. See malonic dinitrile.
Use: Nutrient, sweetener, culture media, stabilizer
for polysulfides, brewing.
malonylurea. See barbituric acid.
malt. Yellowish or amber-colored grains of bar-
malt syrup.
ley that have been partially germinated by artificial
Properties: Derived from barley (Hordeum vulgare
means. It contains dextrin, maltose, and amylase;
L.). Brown liquid; sweet taste. Sol in water.
characteristic odor and taste. Black malt is grain that
Use: Food additive.
has been scorched in the drying process.
Use: Brewing, malted milk and similar food prod-
Man. Abbreviation for mannose, also for methya-
ucts, extract of malt (with 10% glycerol).
crylonitrile.
maltase. (glucase; ␣-glucosidase). An enzyme
mandarin oil. See citrus peel oils.
that hydrolyzes maltose to glucose. Occurs in the
small intestine, in yeast, molds, and malt; usually
mandarin oil, coldpressed.
associated with the enzyme amylase.
Properties: From expression of peel of Citrus reticu-
lata Blanco var. Mandarin. Clear orange to brown-
malt extract. (maltine).
orange liquid; orange odor. D: 0.846. Sol in fixed
Properties: Light-brown, sweet, viscous liquid; con-
oils, mineral oil; slt sol in propylene glycol; insol in
tains dextrin, maltose, a little glucose, and an amylo-
glycerin.
lytic enzyme. It is capable of converting not less than
Use: Food additive.
five times its weight of starch into water-soluble
sugars; soluble in cold water but more readily solu-
mandelic acid. (phenylglycolic acid; ␣-phe-
ble in warm water, d greater than 1.350 and less than
nylhydroxyacetic acid; benzoglycolic acid,
1.430 (25C).
known also as amygdalic acid).
Derivation: By infusing malt with water at 60C,
CAS: 90-64-2. C
6
H
5
CH
2
OCOOH. Exists in stereoi-
concentrating the expressed liquid below 60C, and
someric forms. The properties are those of the dl-
adding 10% by weight of glycerol.
form.
Use: Nutrient, emulsifying agent.
maltha. A black, viscous, natural bitumen con-
sisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Its
viscosity and rheological properties lie between
those of crude oil and semisolid asphalt. It is the
Properties: Large, white crystals or powder; faint
chief component of Athabaska oil sands.
odor. D 1.30, mp 117–119C, darkens on exposure to
light. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble in water and
malthenes. See petrolenes.
alcohol.
Derivation: Hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin formed
maltodextrin.
from benzaldehyde, sodium bisulfite, and sodium
CAS: 9050-36-6. mf: (C
6
H
10
O
5
)
n
cyanide. Can be obtained from amygdalin.
Properties: White powder or solution from partial
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.
hydrolysis of wheat or corn starch.
Use: Organic synthesis, medicine (urinary anti-
Use: Food additive.
septic).
maltol. (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone).
CAS: 118-71-8. CH
3
C
5
H
2
O(O)(OH). mandelonitrile. (benzaldehyde cyanohydrin;
Properties: White, crystalline powder; characteristic “Laetrile”).
caramel-butterscotch odor and suggestive of a frui- CAS: 532-28-5. C
6
H
5
CH(OH)CN.
ty-strawberry aroma in dilute solution. Melting Properties: Oily, yellow liquid. D 1.1165 (20/4C), fp
range 160–164C. Slightly soluble in water; more −10C, bp 170C (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol,
soluble in alcohol and propylene glycol. chloroform, ether; nearly insoluble in water.
785 MANGANESE CARBONYL
mandelyltropeine. See homotropine. manganese ammonium sulfate. (manga-
nous ammonium sulfate).
MnSO
4
•(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
•6H
2
O.
maneb. (generic name for manganese ethylen-
Properties: Light-red crystals. D 1.83. Soluble in
ebisdithiocarbamate).
water.
CAS: 12427-38-2. (SSCNCH
2
CH
2
NHCSS)Mn.
Properties: Brown powder. Decomposes on heating.
manganese arsenate. See manganous arse-
Partially soluble in water; soluble in chloroform.
nate.
Derivation: Reaction of disodium ethylenebisdithio-
carbamate and a manganese salt.
manganese binoxide. See manganese di-
Use: Fungicide for foliage.
oxide.
See zineb.
manganese, bis(2-benzoylbenzoato)bis(3-(1-
methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine)-,
manganese.
trihydrate. See nicotine, compounded with
CAS: 7439-96-5. Mn. Metallic element of atomic
manganese(ii) o-benzoyl benzoate.
number 25, group VIIB of periodic table, aw
64.9380, valences
=
2, 3, 4, 6, 7; no stable isotopes;
four artificial radioisotopes.
manganese black. See manganese dioxide.
Properties: There are four allotropic forms of which
␣ is most important. Brittle silvery metal, d 7.44,
manganese borate. MnB
4
O
7
.
Mohs hardness 5, mp 1245C, bp 2097C, decom-
Properties: Reddish-white powder. Insoluble in
poses water. Readily dissolves in dilute mineral
water.
acids. Pure manganese cannot be fabricated. Man-
Derivation: By the action of boric acid on manga-
ganese is considered essential for plant and animal
nese hydroxide.
life.
Grade: Technical.
Occurrence: Usually associated with iron ores in
Use: Varnish and oil drier.
submarginal concentration. Important ores of man-
ganese are pyrolusite, manganite, psilomelane, rho-
manganese-boron. An alloy of manganese and
dochrosite. An important source of manganese is
boron used in making brass, bronze, and other
open-hearth slags. Ores occur chiefly in Brazil, In-
alloys.
dia, South Africa, Gabon, Ghana, Zaire, Montana;
90% of U.S. consumption is imported. So-called
manganese bromide. See manganous bro-
nodules rich in manganese and containing also co-
mide.
balt, nickel, and copper have been found in huge
quantities (estimated at 1.5 trillion tons) on the floor
manganese bronze. Alloy of 55–60% copper,
of the Pacific south of Hawaii. Such nodules have
38–42% zinc, up to 3.5% manganese with or without
been located in other areas such as in Lake Mich-
small amounts of iron, aluminum, tin or lead.
igan.
Derivation: Reduction of the oxide with aluminum
manganese caprylate.
or carbon. Pure manganese is obtained electrolyti-
Use: Food additive.
cally from sulfate or chloride solution.
Grade: Technical, pure or electrolytic, powdered.
manganese carbonate. (manganous carbon-
Hazard: Dust or powder is flammable. Use dry
ate; rhodocrosite). MnCO
3
.
chemical to extinguish. Toxic. TLV: (fume) 1 mg/
Properties: Rose-colored crystals, almost white
m
3
; (metal and most compounds): ceiling 5 mg/m
3
.
when precipitated. D 3.125, mp (decomposes). Sol-
Use: Ferroalloys (steel manufacture), nonferrous al-
uble