M. Abbreviation for molar, used to characterize “Mackadet EQ 112 P” [McIntyre]. TM

the concentration of a solution. A molar solution for pearlized baby shampoo concentrate.

contains one mole of a substance in one liter of

solution.

“Mackalene 110” [McIntyre]. TM for co-

camidopropyl dimethylamine lactate.

Grade: Cosmetic and industrial.

m. Abbreviaton for meter.

Use: Hair conditioning agent for shampoos and con-

ditioners.

m-. (m-). Abbreviation for meta-.

“Mackamide CMA” [McIntyre]. TM for

M13. A bacteriophage which infects certain

cocamide monoethanol amine (MEA).

strains of E. coli. The salient feature of this phage is

Properties: Low solubility in water.

that it packages only a single strand of DNA into its

Grade: Flaked and cosmetic.

capsid. If the investigator has inserted some hetero-

Use: Viscosity builder and foam enhancement.

logous DNA into the M13 genome, copious quanti-

ties of single-stranded DNA can subsequently be

“Mackine 301” [McIntyre]. TM for stearam-

isolated from the phage capsids. M13 is often used to

idopropyl dimethylamine.

generate templates for DNA sequencing.

Grade: Flaked, cosmetic, and industrial.

Use: Hair conditioning agent for shampoos and con-

␮m. Abbreviation for micrometer.

ditioners.

m␮. Abbreviation for millimicron.

MacKinnon, Roderick. (1956– ). An Ameri-

can born in Burlington, MA, who won the Nobel

MAA. See methylarsenic acid.

Prize for chemistry in 2003 for his pioneering work

discovering channels in cell membranes, in particu-

MAC. Abbreviation for methyl allyl chloride.

lar for the structural and mechanistic studies of ion

channels. He received a B.A. in biochemistry from

MacDiarmid, Alan G. (1927– ). Awarded

Brandeis University and an M.D. from Tufts Uni-

Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2000 jointly with Alan J.

versity School of Medicine. MacKinnon is a mem-

Heeger and Hideki Shirakawa for the discovery and

ber of the National Academy of Sciences and was

development of conductive polymers. He performs

awarded the 1999 Albert Lasker Basic Medical Re-

his research at University of Pennsylvania, Philadel-

search Award.

phia.

“Macpearl DR-140V” [McIntyre]. TM for

“Mace” [Mace]. (“Chemical Mace”). TM for

a glycol disterate pearl concentrate.

a riot-control gas dispersed as an aerosol.

See chloroacetophenone.

macroanalysis. Analysis of chemicals in gram

quantities.

macerate. To soften or break up a fibrous sub-

See microanalysis.

stance by long soaking in water at or near room

temperature, often accompanied by mechanical ac-

macrocyclic.

An organic molecule with a large

tion, as in the preparation of paper stock in the

ring structure containing over 15 carbon atoms.

beater. In the plastics industry, to comminute a fab-

ric so that it can be used as a filler in a plastics

macromolecule. A molecule, usually organic,

composition. The term is also used in pharmacy to

composed an aggregation of hundreds or thousands

describe a method of preparing medicinal composi-

of atoms. Such giant molecules are generally of two

tions.

types. (1) Individual entities (compounds) that can-

not be subdivided without losing their chemical

“Machadet EZ-154 High Foam Powder”

identity. Typically these are proteins, many of which

[McIntyre]. TM for shampoo blend.

have molecular weights running into the millions.

(2) Combinations of repeating chemical units (mo-

M acid. (1-amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid). nomers) linked together into chain or network struc-

OHSO

tures called polymers; each monomer has the same

Properties: Gray needles. Slightly soluble in cold chemical constitution as the polymer, e.g., isoprene

water; soluble in hot water and alcohol.

) and polyisoprene (C

)

. Synthetic elasto-

Use: Azo dye intermediate. mers (plastics) are typical of this kind of macromol-

774

775 MAGNESITE, CAUSTIC-CALCINED

ecule; cellulose is the most common example found Use: To destroy submersed aquatic weeds in irriga-

in nature. Most macromolecules are in the colloidal tion systems.

size range.

See polymer, high; protein; colloid chemistry.

magnalium. An alloy of aluminum and magne-

sium.

macrorestriction map. Map depicting the or-

der of and distance between sites at which restriction

magnesia. Magnesium oxide that has been spe-

enzymes cleave chromosomes. cially processed.

See magnesium oxide.

macrose. See dextran.

magnesia alba. See magnesium carbonate;

magnesium carbonate, basic.

madder. A natural dyestuff.

See alizarin; lake; dye, natural.

magnesia-alumina. MgO•Al

. A synthetic

spinel.

Maddrell’s salts. (IMP). Insoluble sodium

metaphosphate, NaPO

-II and NaPO

-III.

See sodium metaphosphate.

magnesia, burnt. See magnesite, dead-

burned.

Madelung synthesis. Formation of indole de-

rivatives by intramolecular cyclization of an N-(2-

magnesia, calcined. See magnesite, caustic-

alkylphenyl)alkanamide by a strong base at high calcined.

temperature.

magnesia, caustic-calcined. See magnesite,

“MagClean HSAIO” [Martin Marietta]. caustic-calcined.

TM for a micronized high activity MgO.

Use: A scorch retarder in chloraprene and fluorelas-

magnesia-chromia. MgO•Cr

. A synthetic

tomers, thickening agents for SMC/BMC acid ac-

spinel.

ceptors in halogenated and chloroprene adhesives.

magnesia, dead-burned. See magnesite,

magenta. See fuchsin.

dead-burned.

magic acid. A superacid containing equal molar

magnesia, fused.

concentrations of antimony pentafluoride (SbF

)

Use: As a refractory and to handle electricity at high

and fluorosulfonic acid (FSO

OH).

temperatures.

magic numbers. Atoms whose nuclei have the

magnesia, lightburned. A special high-purity

number of protons, neutrons, or both with any of the

magnesium oxide.

values, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126. These elements have a

stability and binding energy that are greater than

magnesite. (natural magnesium carbonate).

average and have other special properties.

CAS: 546-93-0. (MgCO

). The term magnesite is

loosely used as a synonym for magnesia as are also

“Maglite” [Hall]. (magnesium oxide).

the terms caustic-calcined magnesite, dead-burned

CAS: 1309-48-4. TM for acid acceptor and stabi-

magnesite, and synthetic magnesite.

lizer.

Hazard: A nuisance particulate.

Use: In rubber, plastic thickener filler, and smoke

Properties: White, yellowish, grayish-white, or

suppressant.

brown crystalline solid. D 3–3.12, Mohs hardness

3.5–4.5.

mag-lith. A magnesium-lithium alloy used as a Occurrence: U.S. (California, Washington, Ne-

structural metal in space vehicles. vada), Austria, Greece.

Use: To make the various grades of magnesium ox-

ide, to produce carbon dioxide, refractory.

magma. (1) In medicine, a class of preparations in

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

which finely divided, freshly precipitated, insoluble,

See magnesium carbonate.

inorganic hydroxides are suspended in water to form

a viscous, opaque mixture that may settle out on

standing. Magmas of bismuth, magnesium, and iron

magnesite, burnt. See magnesite, dead-

are used, commonly called milk of bismuth, milk of burned.

magnesia, etc.

(2) In geology, a molten mass within the earth’s

magnesite, caustic-calcined. (caustic-cal-

crust (e.g., lava). The source of igneous rock.

cined magnesia; calcined magnesite; calcined

magnesia. Principally magnesia (magnesium ox-

“Magnacide H Herbicide” [Baker ide) MgO). The product obtained by firing mag-

Petrolite]. TM for a liquid herbicide. nesite or other substances convertible to magnesia

776MAGNESITE, DEAD-BURNED

upon heating at some temperature below 1450C so Hazard: (Solid metal) Combustible at 650C. (Pow-

that some carbon dioxide is retained (2–10%) and der, flakes, etc.) Flammable, dangerous fire hazard.

the magnesium oxide displays adsorptive capacity Use dry sand or talc to extinguish.

or activity.

Use: Aluminum alloys for structural parts, die-cast

Grade: Technical, chemical, synthetic rubber, USP

auto parts, missiles, space vehicles; powder for py-

(light, medium light, heavy).

rotechnics and flash photography, production of

Use: Magnesium oxychloride and oxysulfate ce-

iron, nickel, zinc, titanium, zirconium; antiknock

ments, 85% magnesia insulation, rubber (reinforc-

gasoline additives; magnesium compounds and Gri-

ing agent, accelerator), uranium processing, chemi-

gnard syntheses; cathodic protection; reducing

cal processing, rayon, refractories, paper pulp, acid-

agent; desulfurizing iron in steel manufacture; pre-

neutralizing fertilizers, welding-rod coatings,

cision instruments; optical mirrors; dry and wet bat-

fillers, glass constituents, abrasives.

teries.

See magnesium oxide.

magnesium acetate.

magnesite, dead-burned.

(burnt magnesia;

CAS: 142-72-3. (1) Mg(OOCCH

)

or (2)

dead-burned magnesia; refractory magnesia;

Mg(OOCCH

)

•4H

burnt magnesite; magnesium oxide). MgO. The

Properties: Colorless, crystalline aggregate or mo-

granular product obtained by burning (firing) mag-

noclinic crystals; acetic acid odor. (1) Mp 323C, d

nesite or other substances convertible to magnesia

1.42; (2) mp 80C, d 1.45. Soluble in water and dilute

upon heating above 1450C long enough to form

alcohol.

granules suitable for use as a refractory (ASTM).

Derivation: Interaction of magnesium carbonate and

Synthetic magnesium hydroxide or chloride is

acetic acid.

sometimes used instead of magnesite as a source.

Use: Dye fixative in textile printing, deodorant, disin-

Grade: 85–87% (from magnesite ores); 97–99%

fectant, and antiseptic.

(from seawater and brines).

Use: Refractories, as grains or basic brick, the latter

magnesium acetylacetonate. Mg(C

)

especially in open hearth furnaces for steel, furnaces

Crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water, resis-

for nonferrous metal smelting, and in cement and

tant to hydrolysis, a chelating nonionizing com-

other kilns.

pound.

See magnesium oxide.

magnesium amide. Mg(NH

)

magnesite, synthetic. Magnesium oxide,

Properties: Whitish to gray crystals. D 1.40. Decom-

MgO, as obtained from seawater, seawater bitterns,

poses when heated.

or well brines. The preliminary product is usually

Derivation: Reaction of magnesium with ammonia

magnesium hydroxide or chloride, which is then

under elevated pressure.

heated, or sometimes treated with steam and heated

Hazard: A pyrophoric material igniting in air at

in the case of the chloride, to obtain the oxide.

room temperature. Evolves ammonia on vigorous

Synthetic magnesite constitutes the purer grades of

reaction with water.

dead-burned magnesite.

Use: Catalyst for polymerization.

magnesium.

magnesium ammonium arsenate dihydrate.

CAS: 7439-95-4. Mg. Metallic element of atomic

CAS: 14644-70-3. mf: AsO

•H

N•Mg•2H

number 12, group IIA of the periodic table, aw

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

24.305, valence

2; 3 isotopes. Magnesium is the

central element of the chlorophyll molecule; it is

magnesium ammonium orthophosphate.

also an important component of red blood cor-

See magnesium ammonium phosphate.

puscles.

Properties: Silvery, moderately hard, alkaline-earth

magnesium ammonium phosphate. (mag-

metal; readily fabricated by all standard methods.

nesium ammonium orthophosphate).

Lightest of the structural metals; strong reducing

MgNH

•6H

agent; electrical conductivity similar to aluminum.

Properties: White powder. D 1.71, mp (decomposes

D 1.74, mp 650C, bp 1107C. Soluble in acids; insol-

to magnesium pyrophosphate, Mg

). Soluble in

uble in water.

acids; insoluble in alcohol and water.

Source: Magnesite and dolomite; seawater and

Derivation: By the interaction of solutions of a mag-

brines.

nesium salt and ammonium phosphate.

Derivation: (1) Electrolysis of fused magnesium

Use: Fire retardant for fabrics, fertilizer.

chloride (Dow seawater process); (2) reduction of

magnesium oxide with ferrosilicon (Pidgeon

process).

magnesium arsenate. (arsenic acid, magne-

Available forms: Ingots, bars, fine powder (up to sium salt).

99.6% pure), sheet and plate, rods, tubing, ribbon, CAS: 10103-50-1. Mg

(AsO

)

•xH

flakes. Properties: White powder. When pure it is insoluble

777 MAGNESIUM CHROMATE

in water. Technical material is highly hydrated and nation of magnesium oxide or Mg(OH)

with CO

;

made from magnesium carbonate and arsenic acid. (3) reaction of a soluble magnesium salt solution

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. with sodium carbonate or bicarbonate.

Use: Insecticide. Grade: Technical, NF, FCC.

Use: Magnesium salts, heat insulation and refractory,

rubber reinforcing agent, inks, glass, pharmaceuti-

magnesium benzoate. Mg(C

)

•3H

cals, dentrifice and cosmetics, free-running table

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Loses 3H

salts, antacid, making magnesium citrate, filtering

at 110C, mp approximately 200C. Soluble in water

medium.

and alcohol.

Use: In foods as drying agent, color retention agent,

anticaking agent, carrier.

magnesium biphosphate. See magnesium

phosphate, monobasic.

magnesium carbonate, basic. (magnesia

magnesium borate. 3MgO•B

(orthoborate)

alba). Various formulas are given and may all be

or Mg(BO

)

•8H

O (metaborate).

possible because of the method of derivation. A

Properties: Transparent, colorless crystals or white

typical formula is Mg(OH)

•3MgCO

•3H

O. Prop-

powder. Soluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and inorgan-

erties and uses are almost identical with those listed

ic acids; slightly soluble in water.

for magnesium carbonate.

Derivation: By heating magnesium oxide, boric an-

Derivation: Precipitation from magnesium salt solu-

hydride.

tion.

Use: Preservative, antiseptic, fungicide.

See magnesium carbonate.

magnesium borocitrate.

magnesium chlorate.

Mg(BO

)

•Mg

)

•14H

CAS: 10326-21-3. Mg(ClO

)

•6H

Properties: White powder or small, white, lustrous

Properties: White powder; bitter taste. Very hygro-

scales. Soluble in water.

scopic. D 1.8, mp 35C (decomposes at 120C). Solu-

Derivation: By mixing magnesium borate and mag-

ble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

nesium citrate.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

materials, strong oxidizing agent.

magnesium boron fluoride.

Use: Defoilant, desiccant.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg/(F)m

magnesium chloride.

Use: Metal flux.

CAS: 7786-30-3. (1) MgCl

, (2) MgCl

•6H

Properties: Colorless or white crystals. Deliques-

magnesium bromate. Mg(BrO

)

•6H

cent, d (1) 2.32, (2) 1.56; mp (1) 708C, (2) loses

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D

O at 100C. if heated rapidly melts at 116–118C.

2.29, mp loses 6H

O at 200C, bp (decomposes).

Bp (1) 1412C, (2) decomposes to oxychloride. Solu-

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

ble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: By adding magnesium sulfate to a solu-

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on magne-

tion of barium bromate.

sium oxide or hydroxide, especially the latter when

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

precipitated from seawater or brines (Great Salt

materials.

Lake).

Use: Analytical reagent, oxidizing agent.

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

Grade: Technical (crystals, fused, flakes, granulat-

magnesium bromide. MgBr

•6H

ed), CP.

Properties: Colorless, very deliquescent crystals;

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

bitter taste. D 2.00, mp 172C, mp (anhydrous) 700C.

Use: Source of magnesium metal, disinfectants, fire

Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

extinguishers, fireproofing wood, magnesium oxy-

Derivation: Reaction of hydrobromic acid with mag-

chloride cement, refrigerating brines, ceramics,

nesium oxide and subsequent crystallization.

cooling drilling tools, textiles (size, dressing and

Use: Organic syntheses, medicine (sedative).

filling of cotton and woolen fabrics, thread lubri-

cant, carbonization of wool), paper manufacture,

magnesium carbonate. MgCO

. The term

road dust-laying compounds, floor sweeping com-

magnesium carbonate is generally reserved for the

pounds, flocculating agent, catalyst.

synthetic, pure variety. The naturally occurring ma-

terial is called magnesite.

Properties: Light, bulky, white powder. Bulk d ap-

magnesium chromate. MgCrO

•5H

proximately 4 lb/ft

, d 3.0, decomposes 350C, refr Properties: Small, readily soluble, yellow crystals.

index about 1.52. Soluble in acids; very slightly Use: Since it does not produce a fusible alkaline

soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Noncombust- residue when thermally decomposed, it is used as a

ible. corrosion inhibitor in the water coolant of gas tur-

Derivation: (1) Mined as natural material; (2) carbo- bine engines. Insoluble basic magnesium chromates

778MAGNESIUM CITRATE

also are available. Their potential applications are in Derivation: Magnesia or magnesium carbonate dis-

the treatment of light metal surfaces. solved in gluconic acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Grade: Pharmaceutical.

Use: Medicine, vitamin tablets.

magnesium citrate, dibasic. (acid magne-

sium citrate). MgHC

•5H

O. magnesium glycerophosphate. (magnesium

Properties: White or slightly yellowgranules or glycerinophosphate).

powder; odorless. Soluble in water; insoluble in CH

(OH)CH(OH)CH

OP(O)O

Mg.

alcohol. Properties: Colorless powder. Soluble in water; in-

Derivation: Reaction of citric acid and magnesium soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

hydroxide or carbonate. Derivation: Action of glycerophosphoric acid on

Use: Laxative, dietary supplement. magnesium hydroxide.

Use: Food additive; plasticizer.

magnesium dichromate. MgCr

•6H

Properties: Characterized by high solubility in wa-

magnesium hydrogen phosphate. See

ter. It is an orange-red, deliquescent, crystalline hy- magnesium phosphate, dibasic.

drate.

Use: Potential applications are in formulations for

magnesium hydroxide. (magnesium hydrate

corrosion prevention and metal treatment. Noncom-

in aqueous suspension; milk of magnesia;

bustible.

magnesia magma).

CAS: 1309-42-8. Mg(OH)

magnesium dioxide. See magnesium per- Properties: White powder; odorless. D 2.36, mp

oxide. decomposes at 350C. Soluble in solution of ammo-

nium salts and dilute acids; almost insoluble in water

and alcohol. Noncombustible.

magnesium fluoride. (magnesium flux).

Derivation: Precipitation from a solution of a mag-

CAS: 7783-40-6. MgF

nesium salt by sodium hydroxide, precipitation from

Properties: White crystals. D 3.15, mp 1263C, bp

seawater with lime. It occurs naturally as brucite.

2239C. Exhibits fluorescence by electric light. Solu-

Grade: Technical, NF, FCC.

ble in nitric acid; insoluble in alcohol and water.

Use: Intermediate for obtaining magnesium metal,

Noncombustible.

sugar refining, medicine (antacid, laxative), residual

Derivation: By adding sodium fluoride or hydro-

fuel oil additive, sulfite pulp, uranium processing,

fluoric acid to a solution of magnesium salt.

dentrifrices, in foods as drying agent, color retention

Grade: Technical, CP, single crystals.

agent, frozen desserts.

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: Ceramics, glass, single crystals for polarizing

prisms, lenses and windows.

magnesium lauryl sulfate.

Mg(OSO

)

Properties: Pale yellow liquid; mild odor. Soluble in

magnesium fluosilicate. (magnesium silico-

methanol, acetone, and water; insoluble in kerosene.

fluoride).

Combustible.

CAS: 18972-56-0. MgSiF

•6H

Derivation: Sulfonation of lauryl alcohol and inter-

Properties: White, efflorescent, crystalline powder.

action with a magnesium salt.

D 1.788, decomposes 120C. Soluble in water.

Use: Surfactant and anionic detergent, foaming, wet-

Derivation: By treating magnesium hydroxide or

ting, and emulsifying agent.

carbonate with hydrofluosilicic acid.

Grade: Technical (crystals, solution).

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

. magnesium lime. Same as magnesium lime-

Use: Ceramics, concrete hardeners, waterproofing, stone.

mothproofing, laundry sour, magnesium casting. See limestone.

magnesium flux. See magnesium fluoride. magnesium limestone. See limestone.

magnesium formate. Mg(CHO

)

•2H

O. magnesium methoxide. (magnesium methyl-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water; in- ate). (CH

Mg.

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible. Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. Decomposes

Derivation: Action of formic acid on magnesium on warming.

oxide. Derivation: Reaction of magnesium and methanol.

Use: Analytical chemistry. Use: Dielectric coating, cross-linking agent to form

stable gels, catalyst.

magnesium gluconate. Mg(C

)

•2H

Properties: White powder or fine needles; odorless;

magnesium methylate. See magnesium me-

almost tasteless. Soluble in water. Combustible. thoxide.

779 MAGNESIUM PEROXIDE

magnesium molybdate. MgMoO

. magnesium oxychloride cement. (Sorel

cement). A mixture of magnesium chloride and

Properties: Crystalline powder. Absolute d 2.8, mp

magnesium oxide that reacts with water to form a

approximately 1060C. Soluble in water.

solid mass, presumed to be magnesium oxychloride.

Use: Electronic and optical applications.

Fillers such as wood flour, sawdust, sand, powdered

stone, talc, etc., are usually present. A variety of

magnesium nitrate.

proprietary mixtures are available. Strength ranges

CAS: 10377-60-3. Mg(NO

)

•2H

from 7000 to 10,000 psi. Copper powder minimizes

Properties: White crystals. D 1.45, mp 95–100C,

water solubility.

decomposes at 330C. Soluble in water and alcohol;

deliquescent.

magnesium palmitate. Mg(C

)

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on magnesium ox-

Properties: Crystalline needles or white lumps. Mp

ide with subsequent crystallization.

121.5C; insoluble in water and alcohol. Combus-

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

tible.

with organic materials, strong oxidizing agent.

Use: Varnish drier, lubricant for plastics.

Use: Pyrotechnics.

magnesium perborate. Mg(BO

)

•7H

magnesium oleate. Mg(C

)

Properties: White powder. Sparingly soluble in wa-

Properties: Yellowish mass. Soluble in linseed oil,

ter; decomposes with evolution of oxygen.

hydrocarbons, alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Action of peroxide or electrolytic oxida-

Combustible.

tion of borate solutions.

Derivation: Interaction of magnesium chloride and

Hazard: Moderate fire risk in contact with organic

sodium oleate.

materials.

Use: Varnish driers, in dry-cleaning solvents (to pre-

Use: Driers, bleaching, antiseptic (tooth powders).

vent spontaneous ignition), emulsifying agent, lu-

bricant for plasticizers.

magnesium perchlorate.

CAS: 10034-81-8. (1) Mg(ClO

)

; (2)

magnesium orthophosphate. See magne-

Mg(ClO

)

•6H

sium phosphate.

Properties: White crystals. Deliquescent; very solu-

ble in water and alcohol. (1) D 2.21 (18C), decom-

magnesium oxide. (magnesia).

poses at 251C (2) d 1.98, decomposes at 185–190C.

CAS: 1309-48-4. MgO. Two forms are produced,

Derivation: Reaction of magnesium hydroxide and

one a light, fluffy material prepared by a relatively

perchloric acid.

low-temperature dehydration of the hydroxide, the

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact

other a dense material made by high-temperature

with organic materials.

furnacing of the oxide after it has been formed from

Use: (1) As a regenerable drying agent for gases and

the carbonate or hydroxide.

(2) oxidizing agent.

See periclase.

Properties: White powder, either light or heavy de-

magnesium permanganate.

pending upon whether it is prepared by heating mag-

Mg(MnO

)

•6H

nesium carbonate or the basic magnesium carbon-

Properties: Bluish-black, friable, deliquescent crys-

ate. D approximately 0.36 (varies), mp 2800C, bp

tals. D 2.18, mp (decomposes). Soluble in water.

3600C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in acids

Hazard: Fire hazard in contact with organic materi-

and ammonium salt solutions. Noncombustible.

als. Powerful oxidizer.

Derivation: (1) By calcining magnesium carbonate

Use: Polymerization catalyst, antiseptic.

or magnesium hydroxide, (2) by treating magne-

sium chloride with lime and heating or by heating it

in air, (3) from seawater via the hydroxide.

magnesium peroxide. (magnesium dioxide).

Grade: Technical, CP, USS, FCC, 99.5%, fused, low CAS: 14452-57-4. MgO

boron, rubber, semiconductor, single crystals. Properties: White, powder; tasteless; odorless. De-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of fume. TLV: 10 composes above 100C. Insoluble in water; soluble

mg(Mg)/m

(fume). in dilute acids with formation of hydrogen peroxide.

Use: Refractories, especially for steel furnace lin- Available oxygen 28.4%. Keep cool and dry. A

ings, polycrystalline ceramic for aircraft wind- powerful oxidizing material.

shields, electrical insulation, pharmaceuticals and Derivation: From sodium or barium peroxide with

cosmetics, inorganic rubber accelerator, oxychlo- magnesium sulfate in a concentrated solution.

ride and oxysulfate cements, paper manufacture, Grade: Technical, 15, 25, and 50%.

fertilizers, removal of sulfur dioxide from stack Hazard: Powerful oxidizer and dangerous fire risk,

gases, adsorption and catalysis, semiconductors, reacts with acidic materials and moisture.

pharmaceuticals, food and feed additive. Use: Bleaching and oxidizing agent, medicine (ant-

See “Maglite” [Hall]. acid).

780MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE

magnesium phosphate. (magnesium ortho- magnesium ricinoleate. Mg(OOCC

OH)

phosphate). Properties: Coarse, yellow granules; faint fatty acid

See magnesium phosphate, dibasic; magnesium odor. Mp 98C, d 1.03 (25/25C). Combustible.

phosphate, monobasic; magnesium phosphate, tri- Use: Cosmetics.

basic.

magnesium salicylate. Mg(C

)

•4H

magnesium phosphate, dibasic. (dimagne- Properties: Colorless, efflorescent, crystalline pow-

sium orthophosphate; dimagnesium phosphate; der. Soluble in water and alcohol.

magnesium phosphate, secondary; magnesium Derivation: Action of salicylic acid on magnesium

hydrogen phosphate). hydroxide.

CAS: 7782-75-4. MgHPO

•3H

O. Use: Medicine (antiinfective).

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.13, loses

water at 205C, decomposes at 550–650C, decom-

magnesium silicate. 3MgSiO

•5H

O (vari-

poses to pyrophosphate on heating. Soluble in dilute

able). The FCC specifies a ratio of 2MgO:5SiO

acids; slightly soluble in water. Nonflammable.

See magnesium trisilicate; serpentine; talc.

Derivation: Action of orthophosphoric acid on mag-

Properties: Fine, white powder. Insoluble in water or

nesium oxide.

alcohol. An absorbent. Noncombustible.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Derivation: Interaction of a magnesium salt and a

Use: Stabilizer for plastics, food additive, medicine

soluble silicate.

(laxative).

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, use in foods restricted

magnesium phosphate, monobasic. (mag- to 2%.

nesium biphosphate; acid magnesium phosphate; Use: Rubber filler; ceramics, glass, refractories; ab-

magnesium tetrahydrogen phosphate). sorbent for crude oil spills; manufacture of perma-

MgH

(PO

)

•2H

O. nently dry resins and resinous compositions; paints,

Properties: White, hygroscopic, crystalline powder. varnishes, and paper (filler); animal and vegetable

Decomposes to metaphosphate on heating. Soluble oils (bleaching agent); odor absorbent; filter medi-

in water and acids; insoluble in alcohol. Nonflamm- um; catalyst and catalyst carrier; anticaking agent in

able. foods.

Derivation: Action of orthophosphoric acid on mag- See asbestos.

nesium hydroxide.

Use: Fireproofing wood, stabilizer for plastics.

magnesium silicide. Mg

Si.

Properties: Bluish crystals. Mp 1085C, d 1.9, de-

magnesium phosphate, neutral. See mag- composes on heating above 500C, also by water and

nesium phosphate, tribasic. hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: By heating magnesium powder with sili-

con in ratio of 20:6.

magnesium phosphate, secondary. See

Use: Semiconductor technology, electrical equip-

magnesium phosphate, dibasic.

ment.

magnesium phosphate, tribasic. (Magne-

magnesium silicofluoride. See magnesium

sium phosphate, neutral; trimagnesium phos-

fluosilicate.

phate). Mg

(PO

)

•8H

Oor4H

Properties: Soft, bulky, white powder; odorless; tas-

teless. Loses all water at 400C. Soluble in acids;

magnesium stannate. MgSnO

•3H

insoluble in water. Nonflammable. Properties: White, crystalline powder. Decomposes

Derivation: Reaction of magnesium oxide and phos- at 340C. Soluble in water.

phoric acid at high temperatures. Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

Grade: Technical, reagent, NF (5 H

O variety), FCC Use: Additive in ceramic capacitors.

(4, 5, or 8 H

O).

Use: Dentifrice polishing agent, pharmaceutical ant-

magnesium stannide. Mg

Sn.

acid, adsorbent, stabilizer for plastics, food additive

Properties: Blue-white crystals. Mp 775C. Soluble

and dietary supplement.

in water and dilute hydrochloric acid. Has electrical

and magnetic properties.

magnesium potassium sulfate. Use: Semiconductor technology, magnetochemistry,

CAS: 13826-56-7. mf: O

•2K•2Mg. thermoelectric research.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. Low toxici-

ty by ingestion.

magnesium stearate. (octadecanoic acid,

magnesium salt).

magnesium pyrophosphate. Mg

•3H

O. CAS: 557-04-0. Mg(C

)

or with one H

Properties: White powder. D 2.56, loses water at Technical grade contains small amounts of the ole-

100C, mp (anhydrous) 1383C. Soluble in acids; ate and 7% magnesium oxide, MgO.

insoluble in alcohol and water. Properties: Soft, white, light powder; tasteless;

781 MAGNETOCHEMISTRY

odorless. D 1.028, mp 88.5C (pure), 132C (techni- Derivation: Interaction of solutions of magnesium

cal). Insoluble in water and alcohol. Nonflammable. sulfate and ammonium tungstate.

Grade: Technical, USP FCC. Use: Fluorescent screens for X rays, luminescent

Hazard: TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

paint.

Use: Dusting powder, lubricant in making tablets,

drier in paints and varnishes, a flatting agent, stabi-

magnesium zirconate. MgO,ZrO

lizer and lubricant for plastics, an emulsifying agent

Properties: Powder. D 4.23, mp 2060C.

in cosmetics, a dietary supplement, and in medi-

Use: Electronics.

cines.

magnesium zirconium silicate. MgZrSiO

magnesium sulfate.

or MgO•ZrO

•SiO

CAS: 7587-88-9. (1) MgSO

, (2) (epsom salts)

Properties: White solid. Mp 1760C, d 80 lb/ft

. In-

MgSO

•7H

soluble in water and alkalies; slightly soluble in

Properties: Colorless crystals; saline bitter taste.

acids. Noncombustible.

Neutral to litmus. D (1) 2.65, (2) 1.678. (1) Decom-

Use: Electrical resistor, ceramics, glaze opacifier.

poses at 1124C, (2) loses 6H

O at 150C, loses water

at 200C. Soluble in glycerol; very soluble in water;

“Magnesol” [Dallas]. TM for a synthetic,

sparingly soluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

amorphous, adsorptive magnesium silicate.

Derivation: (1) Action of sulfuric acid on magne-

Use: Solvent purification, clarification, and recov-

sium oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate, (2) mined in a

ery; oil refining and recovery; deoderizing and de-

high degree of purity.

colorizing oils and fats; chill-proofing fruit and veg-

Grade: Technical, CP, USP, FCC.

etable-based beverages; anticaking; flavor and

Use: Fireproofing, textiles (warp-sizing and loading

fragrance carrier.

cotton goods, weighting silk, dyeing and calico

printing), mineral waters, catalyst carrier, ceramics,

magnetic double refraction. See Cotton-

fertilizers, paper (sizing), cosmetic lotions, dietary

Mouton effect.

supplement.

magnetic separation. Use of a magnetic field

magnesium sulfide. MgS.

to remove unwanted magnetic particulates from sol-

Properties: Red-brown, crystalline solid. D 2.84.

id or liquid mixtures of nonmagnetic materials, e.g.,

Decomposes above 2000C; decomposes in water.

removal of impurities from clays, bauxite, glass

Use: Source of hydrogen sulfide, laboratory reagent.

sands, and mineral processing. Low-gradient fields

are suitable for separation of strongly magnetic ma-

magnesium sulfite. MgSO

•6H

terials, whereas high-gradient fields can separate

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 1.725, mp

particles of materials that are weakly magnetic, such

loses 6H

O at 200C, bp (decomposes). Slightly solu-

as coliform bacteria from municipal wastes and sul-

ble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

fur from coal. Removal of magnetic impurities from

Derivation: Action of sulfurous acid on magnesium

industrial wastewater is called magnetic filtration,

hydroxide.

e.g., reconditioning of boiler water and regeneration

Use: Manufacture of paper pulp (as bisulfite).

of condensate in power plants.

See electromagnetic separation; mass spectrometry.

magnesium tetrahydrogen phosphate.

See magnesium phosphate, monobasic.

magnetite. (lodestone; iron ore, magnetic).

often with titanium or magnesium.

magnesium trisilicate. USP specifies not less

A component of taconite.

than 20% magnesium oxide and 45% SiO

, similar

Properties: Black mineral, black streak, submetallic

to the FCC requirements for magnesium silicate.

or dull to metallic luster. Contains 72.4% iron.

See talc.

Readily recognized by strong attraction by magnet.

Properties: Fine, white; odorless; tasteless powder;

Soluble in powder form in hydrochloric acid. De-

free from grittiness. Insoluble in water and alcohol;

composes at 1538C to ferric oxide Fe

, d 4.9–5.2,

readily decomposed by mineral acids. Noncombust-

hardness 5.5–6.5.

ible.

See iron oxide, black.

Derivation: By reaction of soluble magnesium salts

with soluble silicates.

magnetochemistry. A subdivision of chemistry

Grade: Technical, USP.

concerned with the effect of magnetic fields on

Use: Industrial odor absorbent, decolorizing agent,

chemical compounds; analysis and measurement of

antioxidant, medicine (antacid).

these effects, (e.g., magnetic moment and magnetic

susceptibility) are important tools in crystallograph-

magnesium tungstate. (magnesium wolfra- ic research and determination of molecular struc-

mate). MgWO

. tures. Substances that are repelled by a magnetic

Properties: White crystals. D 5.66. Soluble in acids; field are diamagnetic (water, benzene); those that

insoluble in water and alcohol. Noncombustible. are attracted are paramagnetic (oxygen, transition

782MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS

element compounds). Diamagnetic materials have

Malachite Green G. See Brilliant Green.

only induced magnetic moment; paramagnetic ma-

terials have permanent magnetic moment. Magneto-

Malaprade reaction. Compounds containing

chemistry has been useful in detection of free radi-

two hydroxyl groups or a hydroxyl and an amino

cals, elucidation of molecular configurations of

group attached to adjacent carbon atoms undergo

highly complex compounds, and in its application to

cleavage of the carbon-to-carbon bond when treated

catalytic and chemisorption phenomena.

with periodic acid.

See nuclear magnetic resonance.

malathion. (S-[1,2-bis(ethoxyc arbonyl)ethyl]-

O,O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate).

magnetohydrodynamics. (MHD). The be-

CAS: 121-75-5.

havior of high-temperature ionized gases passed

(CH

P(S)SCH(COOC

)CH

COOC

through a magnetic field. A power-generating meth-

Properties: Yellow, high-boiling liquid. Bp

od using MHD involves an open cycle in which hot

156–157C under 0.7 mm Hg with slight decomposi-

combustible gases from coal, seeded with cerium or

tion), mp 3.0C, refr index 1.4985 (25C), d 1.2315

potassium to increase electrical conductivity, con-

(25C), vap press (20C) approximately 0.00004 mm

stitute the working fluid. These are sent through a

Hg. Miscible with most polar organic solvents;

nozzle surrounded by a magnet; the electricity in-

slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

duced by movement of the ionized gas through the

Derivation: From diethyl maleate and dimethyldi-

magnetic field is passed to electrodes and the gas

thiophosphoric acid.

sent to a steam generator. Efficiency is rated at

Grade: Technical grade is 95+% pure.

50–60% compared with 40% for conventional fossil

Hazard: Absorbed by skin, cholinesterase inhibitor.

fuel plants and 33% for plants using nuclear fuels.

TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

(skin); not classifiable as a

Two-phase liquid-metal systems are being studied

human carcinogen.

as auxiliary units for a number of energy converters.

Use: Insecticide; has been used effectively on the

MHD is an important field of expansion of research

Mediterranean fruit fly.

activity on new sources of energy; its high efficiency

and low pollution factor indicate that it may have a

malathion-fenitrothion mixture. See feni-

significant future in electric power supply.

trothion-malathion mixture.

See plasma (2).

malaxate. To soften and mix dry materials in the

“Magnifloc” [Cytec]. TM for water soluble

presence of water or other liquid by rubbing, knead-

polymers for flocculation, coagulation, dispersion,

ing, or rolling, thus producing a soft plastic mass.

and viscosification.

This term is used by one manufacturer, the Fitzpa-

Available forms: Emulsion, dry and liquid forms,

trick Co., 832 Industrial Drive, Elmhurst, IL 60126,

cationic, anionic and nonionic charges, and a broad

to describe a machine designed for this purpose, it

range of molecular weights and chemistries.

provides continuous mixing of dry solids with one or

Use: Liquid and solid separation applications.

more liquids by means of single or double screw-

type agitators rotating in a channel.

Maillard reaction. See browning reaction.

maleic acid. (maleinic acid; cis-butenedioic

“Maintain” [Aqualon]. TM for a line of prod-

acid).

ucts for cleaning, inhibiting corrosion, and coating

CAS: 110-16-7.

architectural copper, brass, and bronze.

maitotoxin.

CAS: 59392-53-9. mf: C

164

256

•2Na.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

Malachite Green. (Benzaldehyde Green; CI Properties: Colorless crystals; repulsive astringent

42,000; Victoria Green). taste; faint odor. D 1.59, mp 130–131C. Soluble in

CAS: 569-64-2. C

ClN

. water, alcohol and acetone; very slightly soluble in

Properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water; ethyl, benzene. At temperatures slightly higher than its

methyl, and amyl alcohol. melting point, it is converted partly to fumaric acid.

Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde with Combustible.

N,N-dimethylaniline, oxidation of the phenylmeth- Derivation: Same as for maleic anhydride with spe-

ane product, and reaction with hydrochloric acid. It cial recovery conditions.

may be formed as a double salt of zinc chloride. Grade: Technical, reagent.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Dyeing textiles, either directly or with mordant; Use: Organic synthesis (malic, succinic, aspartic, tar-

plant fungicide, staining bacteria, antiseptic. taric, propionic, lactic, malonic and acrylic acids);

783 MALONIC ESTER SYNTHESIS

dyeing and finishing of cotton, wool and silk; pre-

malic acid. (hydroxysuccinic acid; apple

servative for oils and fats.

acid).

CAS: 6915-15-7. COOHCH

CH(OH)COOH

Note: Do not confuse with maleic acid.

maleic anhydride. (2,5-furandione).

Properties: Colorless crystals; sour taste. D (dl-

CAS: 108-31-6.

form) 1.601, (d-orl- form) 1.595 (20/4C); mp (dl)

128C, (d-orl-) 100C; bp (dl) 150C (decomposes),

(d-orl-) 140C (decomposes). Very soluble in water

and alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Occurs naturally in unripe apples and

other fruits. Made synthetically by catalytic oxida-

tion of benzene to maleic acid, which is converted to

malic acid by heating with steam under pressure.

Grade: Technical, active, and inactive; FCC. The

Properties: Colorless needles. D 0.934 (20/4C), mp

natural material is levorotatory but the synthetic

53C, bp 200C, flash p 218F (103C), autoign temp

material is inactive.

890F (476C). Soluble in water, acetone, alcohol, and

Use: Manufacture of various esters and salts, wine

dioxane; partially soluble in chloroform and ben-

manufacture, chelating agent, food acidulant, fla-

zene.

voring.

Derivation: (1) Vapor-phase oxidation of benzene

with atmospheric oxygen with V

catalyst at

malloside.

400C. (2) Under development is a fixed-bed process

CAS: 17489-40-6. mf: C

involving oxidation of butane with undisclosed cat-

Hazard: A poison.

alyst.

Source: Natural product.

Grade: Technical; rods, flakes, lumps, briquettes,

and molten.

malonamide. (carboxamidoacetamide; malonic

Hazard: Irritant to tissue. TLV: 0.25 ppm.

acid diamide).

Use: Polyester resins, alkyd coating resins, fumaric

CAS: 108-13-4. mf: C

and tartaric acid manufacture, pesticides, preserva-

Properties: Dimorphous, tetragonal or monoclinic.

tive for oils and fats, permanent-press resins (tex-

Mw: 102.11, mp: 170C. Soluble in water @ 8C;

tiles), Diels-Alder reactions.

insoluble in EtOH and Et

O; insoluble in ether.

Hazard: Mildly toxic by ingestion.

maleic hydrazide. (1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazi-

nedione).

malonamide nitrile. See cyanoacetamide.

CAS: 108-31-6.

malonic acid. (methanedicarbonic acid).

❘

:CHC(O)NHNH

❘

C(O). A plant growth regulator.

CAS: 141-82-2. CH

(COOH)

Properties: Crystals. Mp 297C. Slightly soluble in

Properties: White crystals. Mp 132–134C, bp (de-

hot alcohol; more soluble in hot water.

composes), d 1.63. Soluble in water, alcohol and

Derivation: By treating maleic anhydride with hy-

ether.

drazine hydrate.

Derivation: From monochloroacetic acid by reaction

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

with potassium cyanide followed by hydrolysis.

Use: Systemic herbicide, treatment of tobacco plants,

Hazard: Strong irritant.

postharvest sprouting inhibitor, weed control, sugar

Use: Intermediate for barbiturates and pharmaceu-

content stabilizer in beets.

ticals.

malonic acid diamide. See malonamide.

maleimide. (pyrrole-2,5-dione).

CAS: 541-59-3. mf: C

malonic dinitrile. (malononitrile).

Properties: Plates. Mw: 97.08, mp: 93C.

CAS: 109-77-3. CH

(CN)

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Colored crystals. Mp 32.1C, bp 220C.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

maleinic acid. See maleic acid.

Use: Organic synthesis, leaching agent for gold.

malonic ester. See ethyl malonate.

maleo-pimaric acid. Reaction product of ma-

leic anhydride and l-pimaric acid; derived from pine

gum.

malonic ester synthesis. Syntheses based on

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp approximately the strongly activated methylene group of malonic

225C. Soluble in most organic solvents; insoluble in esters which on reaction with sodium ethoxide form

water or aliphatic hydrocarbons. a resonance-stabilized ion that can be alkylated and

Use: Resins. acylated. After hydrolysis, the free alkylmalonic

784MALONIC ETHYL ESTER

acids readily decarboxylate to mono- or disubsti- Grade: FCC.

tuted monocarboxylic acids. Use: Flavoring agent in bakery products.

malonic ethyl ester nitrile. See ethyl cyan-

maltose. (malt sugar; maltobiose).

oacetate.

CAS: 69-79-4. C

•H

O. The most common

reducing disaccharide, composed of two molecules

malonic methyl ester nitrile. See methyl

of glucose. Found in starch and glycogen.

cyanoacetate.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 102–103C. Solu-

ble in water; insoluble in ether; slightly soluble in

alcohol. Combustible.

malonic mononitrile. See cyanoacetic acid.

Derivation: By the enzymatic action of diastase

(usually obtained from malt extract) on starch.

malononitrile. See malonic dinitrile.

Use: Nutrient, sweetener, culture media, stabilizer

for polysulfides, brewing.

malonylurea. See barbituric acid.

malt. Yellowish or amber-colored grains of bar-

malt syrup.

ley that have been partially germinated by artificial

Properties: Derived from barley (Hordeum vulgare

means. It contains dextrin, maltose, and amylase;

L.). Brown liquid; sweet taste. Sol in water.

characteristic odor and taste. Black malt is grain that

Use: Food additive.

has been scorched in the drying process.

Use: Brewing, malted milk and similar food prod-

Man. Abbreviation for mannose, also for methya-

ucts, extract of malt (with 10% glycerol).

crylonitrile.

maltase. (glucase; ␣-glucosidase). An enzyme

mandarin oil. See citrus peel oils.

that hydrolyzes maltose to glucose. Occurs in the

small intestine, in yeast, molds, and malt; usually

mandarin oil, coldpressed.

associated with the enzyme amylase.

Properties: From expression of peel of Citrus reticu-

lata Blanco var. Mandarin. Clear orange to brown-

malt extract. (maltine).

orange liquid; orange odor. D: 0.846. Sol in fixed

Properties: Light-brown, sweet, viscous liquid; con-

oils, mineral oil; slt sol in propylene glycol; insol in

tains dextrin, maltose, a little glucose, and an amylo-

glycerin.

lytic enzyme. It is capable of converting not less than

Use: Food additive.

five times its weight of starch into water-soluble

sugars; soluble in cold water but more readily solu-

mandelic acid. (phenylglycolic acid; ␣-phe-

ble in warm water, d greater than 1.350 and less than

nylhydroxyacetic acid; benzoglycolic acid,

1.430 (25C).

known also as amygdalic acid).

Derivation: By infusing malt with water at 60C,

CAS: 90-64-2. C

OCOOH. Exists in stereoi-

concentrating the expressed liquid below 60C, and

someric forms. The properties are those of the dl-

adding 10% by weight of glycerol.

form.

Use: Nutrient, emulsifying agent.

maltha. A black, viscous, natural bitumen con-

sisting of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons. Its

viscosity and rheological properties lie between

those of crude oil and semisolid asphalt. It is the

Properties: Large, white crystals or powder; faint

chief component of Athabaska oil sands.

odor. D 1.30, mp 117–119C, darkens on exposure to

light. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble in water and

malthenes. See petrolenes.

alcohol.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of the cyanohydrin formed

maltodextrin.

from benzaldehyde, sodium bisulfite, and sodium

CAS: 9050-36-6. mf: (C

)

cyanide. Can be obtained from amygdalin.

Properties: White powder or solution from partial

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

hydrolysis of wheat or corn starch.

Use: Organic synthesis, medicine (urinary anti-

Use: Food additive.

septic).

maltol. (3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4-pyrone).

CAS: 118-71-8. CH

O(O)(OH). mandelonitrile. (benzaldehyde cyanohydrin;

Properties: White, crystalline powder; characteristic “Laetrile”).

caramel-butterscotch odor and suggestive of a frui- CAS: 532-28-5. C

CH(OH)CN.

ty-strawberry aroma in dilute solution. Melting Properties: Oily, yellow liquid. D 1.1165 (20/4C), fp

range 160–164C. Slightly soluble in water; more −10C, bp 170C (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol,

soluble in alcohol and propylene glycol. chloroform, ether; nearly insoluble in water.

785 MANGANESE CARBONYL

mandelyltropeine. See homotropine. manganese ammonium sulfate. (manga-

nous ammonium sulfate).

MnSO

•(NH

)

•6H

maneb. (generic name for manganese ethylen-

Properties: Light-red crystals. D 1.83. Soluble in

ebisdithiocarbamate).

water.

CAS: 12427-38-2. (SSCNCH

NHCSS)Mn.

Properties: Brown powder. Decomposes on heating.

manganese arsenate. See manganous arse-

Partially soluble in water; soluble in chloroform.

nate.

Derivation: Reaction of disodium ethylenebisdithio-

carbamate and a manganese salt.

manganese binoxide. See manganese di-

Use: Fungicide for foliage.

oxide.

See zineb.

manganese, bis(2-benzoylbenzoato)bis(3-(1-

methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine)-,

manganese.

trihydrate. See nicotine, compounded with

CAS: 7439-96-5. Mn. Metallic element of atomic

manganese(ii) o-benzoyl benzoate.

number 25, group VIIB of periodic table, aw

64.9380, valences

2, 3, 4, 6, 7; no stable isotopes;

four artificial radioisotopes.

manganese black. See manganese dioxide.

Properties: There are four allotropic forms of which

␣ is most important. Brittle silvery metal, d 7.44,

manganese borate. MnB

Mohs hardness 5, mp 1245C, bp 2097C, decom-

Properties: Reddish-white powder. Insoluble in

poses water. Readily dissolves in dilute mineral

water.

acids. Pure manganese cannot be fabricated. Man-

Derivation: By the action of boric acid on manga-

ganese is considered essential for plant and animal

nese hydroxide.

life.

Grade: Technical.

Occurrence: Usually associated with iron ores in

Use: Varnish and oil drier.

submarginal concentration. Important ores of man-

ganese are pyrolusite, manganite, psilomelane, rho-

manganese-boron. An alloy of manganese and

dochrosite. An important source of manganese is

boron used in making brass, bronze, and other

open-hearth slags. Ores occur chiefly in Brazil, In-

alloys.

dia, South Africa, Gabon, Ghana, Zaire, Montana;

90% of U.S. consumption is imported. So-called

manganese bromide. See manganous bro-

nodules rich in manganese and containing also co-

mide.

balt, nickel, and copper have been found in huge

quantities (estimated at 1.5 trillion tons) on the floor

manganese bronze. Alloy of 55–60% copper,

of the Pacific south of Hawaii. Such nodules have

38–42% zinc, up to 3.5% manganese with or without

been located in other areas such as in Lake Mich-

small amounts of iron, aluminum, tin or lead.

igan.

Derivation: Reduction of the oxide with aluminum

manganese caprylate.

or carbon. Pure manganese is obtained electrolyti-

Use: Food additive.

cally from sulfate or chloride solution.

Grade: Technical, pure or electrolytic, powdered.

manganese carbonate. (manganous carbon-

Hazard: Dust or powder is flammable. Use dry

ate; rhodocrosite). MnCO

chemical to extinguish. Toxic. TLV: (fume) 1 mg/

Properties: Rose-colored crystals, almost white

; (metal and most compounds): ceiling 5 mg/m

when precipitated. D 3.125, mp (decomposes). Sol-

Use: Ferroalloys (steel manufacture), nonferrous al-

uble in dilute inorganic acids; almost insoluble in

loys (improved corrosion resistance and hardness),

common organic acids; both concentrated and di-

high-purity salt for various chemical uses, purifying

lute, insoluble in water.

and scavenging agent in metal production, manufac-

Derivation: (1) A precipitate from the addition of

ture of aluminum by Toth process.

sodium carbonate to a solution of a manganese salt;

(2) hydrometallurgical treatment of manganiferrous

iron ore.

manganese acetate. (acetic acid manga-

Grade: Chemical (46% manganese).

nese(2+) salt).

CAS: 638-38-0. Mn(C

)

•4H

Properties: Pale-red crystals. D 1.59, mp 80C. Solu-

manganese carbonyl. Mn

(CO)

ble in water and alcohol. Combustible. Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 154C. Decomposi-

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on manganese hy- tion begins at 110C in absence of CO, d 1.75. Insolu-

droxide. ble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

Use: Textile dyeing, oxidation catalyst, paint and Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: ceiling of 5 mg(Mn)/

varnish (drier, boiled oil manufacture), fertilizers, m

food packaging, feed additive. Use: Antiknock gasoline, catalyst.

786MANGANESE CHLORIDE

manganese chloride. See manganous chlo- manganese glycerophosphate.

OHCH

OCH

OP(O)O

Mn.

ride.

Properties: Yellow-white or pinkish powder;

odorless. Nearly tasteless. Soluble in water in pres-

manganese chromate. See manganous chro-

ence of citric acid; insoluble in alcohol.

mate.

Derivation: Action of glycerophosphoric acid on

manganese hydroxide.

manganese citrate. (manganous citrate).

Grade: Technical, FCC.

)

Use: Food additive and dietary supplement.

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water in pres-

ence of sodium citrate. Combustible.

manganese green. See barium manganate.

Derivation: Action of citric acid on manganese hy-

droxide.

Use: Feed additive, food additive, and dietary supple-

manganese hydrate. See manganic hydrox-

ment.

ide, manganous hydroxide.

manganese cyclopentadienyl tricarbonyl.

manganese hydrogen phosphate.

See

CAS: 12079-65-1. C

Mn(CO)

manganous phosphate, acid.

Hazard: Toxic material absorbed by skin. TLV: 0.1

ppm(Mn).

manganese hydroxide. See manganic hy-

Use: Antiknock agent.

droxide, manganous hydroxide.

manganese dioxide. (manganese binoxide;

manganese hypophosphite.

manganese black; battery manganese; manga-

CAS: 10043-84-2. Mn(H

)

•H

nese peroxide).

Properties: Pink crystals or powder; odorless; tas-

CAS: 1313-13-9. MnO

teless. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Properties: Black crystals or powder. D 5.026, mp

Derivation: Interaction of manganese sulfate and

(decomposes). Soluble in hydrochloric acid; insolu-

calcium hypophosphite.

ble in water.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Derivation: (1) Natural as pyrolusite and as a special

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk when

African ore of different atomic structure used exclu-

heated (evolves phosphine) or in presence of strong

sively for the battery grade; (2) by electrolysis; (3)

oxidizing agents.

by heating manganese oxide in presence of oxygen;

Use: Food additive and dietary supplement.

(4) by decomposition of manganese nitrate.

Grade: Technical, CP, Battery.

manganese iodide. See manganous iodide.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, may ignite organic mate-

rials.

manganese linoleate. Mn(C

)

Use: Oxidizing agent, depolarizer in dry cell batteries

Properties: Dark-brown, plasterlike mass. Soluble

(African and synthetic types only), pyrotechnics,

in linseed oil. Combustible.

matches, etc., catalyst, laboratory reagent, scaven-

Derivation: By boiling a manganese salt, sodium

ger and decolorizer, textile dyeing, source of metal-

linoleate, and water.

lic manganese (as pyrolusite).

Use: Paint and varnish drier, pharmaceutical prepara-

tions.

manganese dithionate. MnS

Properties: Crystals. D 1.76. Soluble in water.

manganese monoxide. See manganous

oxide.

manganese ethylenebisdithiocarbamate.

See maneb.

manganese naphthenate.

manganese ethylhexoate. See manganese

Properties: Hard, brown, resinous mass. It is a pale

octoate.

buff in color when precipitated in the cold, but dark-

ens immediately in solution. Mp approximately

130–140C, commercial solution contains 6% man-

manganese fluoride. See manganous fluo-

ganese. Soluble in mineral spirits. Hardens on expo-

ride.

sure to air. Combustible.

Derivation: Precipitation from a mixture of soluble

manganese gluconate. Mn(C

)

•2H

manganese salts and aqueous sodium naphthenate

Properties: Light-pinkish powder or coarse, pink

solution.

granules. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and

Hazard: Solution is flammable.

benzene. Combustible.

Use: Paint and varnish drier.

Grade: Pharmaceutical, FCC.

Use: Feed additive, food additive and dietary supple-

ment, vitamin tablets.

manganese nitrate. See manganous nitrate.

787 MANGANOUS AMMONIUM

manganese octoate. (manganese ethylhe- manganese tallate. Manganese salts of tall oil

xoate). Mn(OOCC

])

. Commercially fatty acids. Marketed as a solution containing 6%

formed from 2-ethylhexoic acid and manganous hy- manganese. Combustible.

droxide. Sold as a clear brown solution in a petrole- Use: Drier.

um solvent containing 6% manganese.

Hazard: Solution is flammable.

manganese tetroxide. (manganese oxide; tri-

Use: Primarily as drier for paints, enamels, varnishes,

manganese tetroxide).

and printing inks.

CAS: 1317-35-7. Mn

Properties: A brownish-powder. Mw 228.79, d

4.876, mp 1564C. Insoluble in water; soluble in

manganese oleate. Mn(C

)

hydrochloric acid with evolution of chlorine.

Properties: Brown, granular mass. Soluble in oleic

Occurrence: Generated in the pouring and casting of

acid and ether; insoluble in water.

molten ferromanganese.

Derivation: By boiling manganese chloride, sodium

Hazard: Chronic manganese poisoning and pulmi-

oleate, and water.

nary effects. TLV: 1 mg/m

Hazard: Solution is flammable.

Use: Paint and varnish drier.

manganese-titanium. An alloy containing

manganese, titanium, aluminum, iron, silicon.

manganese oxalate. MnC

•2H

Properties: (Regular) Mp 1454C, (special) mp

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.453,

1332C.

loses 2H

O at 100C. Soluble in dilute acids; very

Use: (Regular) Deoxidizer in high grade steel; (spe-

slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

cial) nonferrous alloys deoxidizer.

Derivation: By adding sodium oxalate to manganese

chloride.

manganic acetylacetonate.

Use: Paint and varnish drier.

Mn[OC(CH

):CHCO(CH

)]

Properties: Brown, crystalline solid. Mp 172C.

manganese peroxide. See manganese di-

Combustible.

oxide.

Derivation: Reaction of a manganese salt with ace-

tylacetone and sodium carbonate.

manganese phosphate. See manganous

phosphate; manganous phosphate, acid.

manganic fluoride. MnF

Properties: Red, crystalline solid. D 3.54. Decom-

manganese phosphate, dibasic. See man-

posed by water and by heat. Soluble in acids. At-

ganous phosphate, acid.

tacks glass when hot.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

manganese protoxide. See manganous

Use: Fluorinating agent.

oxide.

manganic hydroxide. (manganese hydrox-

manganese pyrophosphate. See manganous

ide; hydrated manganic oxide). Mn(OH)

; rapid-

pyrophosphate.

ly loses water to form MnO(OH).

Properties: Brown powder. D 4.2–4.4, mp (decom-

poses). Decomposes in acids. Insoluble in water.

manganese resinate. Mn(C

)

Derivation: By the action of oxygen on precipitated

Properties: Dark, brownish-black mass or flesh-col-

manganous hydroxide.

ored powder. Soluble in hot linseed oil; insoluble in

Use: Pigment for fabrics, ceramics.

water.

Derivation: By boiling manganese hydroxide, rosin

manganic oxide. (manganese sesquioxide).

oil, and water.

. In nature as manganite, a manganese ore.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Properties: Black, lustrous powder, sometimes

Use: Varnish and oil drier.

tinged brown. Very hard. D 4.5, decomposes at

1080C. Soluble in cold hydrochloric acid; not solu-

manganese sesquioxide. See manganic

ble in nitric acid (decomposes), hot sulfuric acid;

oxide.

insoluble in water. Noncombustible.

Hazard: Flammable in finely divided form. Toxic by

manganese silicate. See manganous silicate.

inhalation of dust.

manganese sulfate. See manganous sulfate.

manganic oxide, hydrated. See manganic

hydroxide.

manganese sulfide. See manganous sulfide.

manganous ammonium sulfate. See man-

manganese sulfite. See manganous sulfite. ganese ammonium sulfate.

788MANGANOUS ARSENATE

manganous arsenate. (manganese arsenate; Derivation: Action of hydriodic acid on manganous

manganous arsenate, acid). MnHAsO

. hydroxide.

Properties: Reddish-white powder. Hygroscopic.

Soluble in acids; slightly soluble in water.

manganous nitrate. (manganese nitrate).

Hazard: Highly toxic.

CAS: 10377-66-9. Mn(NO

)

•6H

Properties: Pink crystals. D 1.82, bp 129C, mp 26C.

manganous bromide. (manganese bromide).

Very soluble in water; deliquescent; soluble in al-

MnBr

•4H

cohol.

Properties: Red crystals. Loses water at 64C. Very

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk in contact with or-

soluble in water; deliquescent. Noncombustible.

ganic materials.

Derivation: Action of hydrobromic acid with man-

Use: Ceramics, intermediates, catalyst, manganese

ganous carbonate or manganous hydroxide.

dioxide.

Hazard: Irritant.

manganous orthophosphate. See manga-

manganous carbonate. See manganese car-

nous phosphate.

bonate.

manganous oxide. (manganese protoxide;

manganous chloride. (manganese chloride).

manganese monoxide).

CAS: 7773-01-5. (1) MnCl

, (2) MnCl

•4H

CAS: 1317-35-7. MnO.

Properties: Rose-colored crystals; deliquescent. D

Properties: Grass-green powder. D 5.45, mp 1650C,

(1) 2.98, (2) 1.913; mp (1) 650C, (2) 87.5C; bp (1)

but converted to Mn

if heated in air. Soluble in

1190C. Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol;

acids; insoluble in water. Noncombustible.

insoluble in ether. Noncombustible.

Derivation: (1) By reduction of the dioxide in hydro-

Grade: CP, anhydrous.

gen, (2) by heating the carbonate with exclusion of

Use: Catalyst in the chlorination of organic com-

air.

pounds, paint drier, dyeing, pharmaceutical prepara-

Grade: Technical.

tions, fertilizer compositions, feed additive, dietary

Use: Textile printing, analytical chemistry, catalyst

supplement.

in manufacture of allyl alcohol, ceramics, paints,

colored glass, bleaching tallow, animal feeds, fertil-

izers, food additive and dietary supplement.

manganous chromate. (manganese chro-

mate; manganous chromate, basic).

2MnO•CrO

•2H

manganous phosphate. (manganese phos-

Properties: Brown powder. Slightly soluble in water

phate; manganous orthophosphate).

with hydrolysis.

(PO

)

•7H

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.

Properties: Reddish-white powder. Soluble in min-

eral acids; insoluble in water.

Derivation: By the action of orthophosphoric acid on

manganous citrate. See manganese citrate.

manganous hydroxide.

Use: Conversion coating of steels, aluminum, and

manganous fluoride. (manganese fluoride).

other metals.

MnF

Properties: Reddish powder. D 3.98, mp 856C. Sol-

manganous phosphate, acid. (manganese

uble in acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

hydrogen phosphate; manganous phosphate, sec-

Noncombustible.

ondary; manganese phosphate, dibasic).

Derivation: Action of hydrogen fluoride on manga-

MnHPO

•3H

nous hydroxide.

Properties: Pink powder, contains some tribasic

Grade: Technical.

phosphate. Soluble in acids; slightly soluble in

Hazard: TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

water.

Use: Feed additive.

manganous hydroxide. (manganese hydrox-

ide). Mn(OH)

. Occurs naturally as pyrochroite.

manganous pyrophosphate. (manganese

Properties: White to pink crystals. D 3.258, Mohs

pyrophosphate). (1) Mn

, (2) Mn

•3H

hardness 2.5, decomposes with heat. Insoluble in

Properties: White powder. D (1) 3.71, mp 1196C.

water and alkali; soluble in acids and ammonium

Soluble in solutions of potassium or sodium pyro-

salts.

phosphate; insoluble in water.

manganous iodide. (manganese iodide). (1)

MnI

, (2) MnI

•4H

O. manganous silicate. (manganese silicate).

Properties: (1) White, deliquescent, crystalline MnSiO

. Occurs naturally as rhodonite.

mass; (2) rose crystals. D (1) 5.01, mp (1) 638C (in Properties: Red crystals or yellowish-red powder. D

vacuum), bp (1) 1061C. Soluble in water with grad- 3.72, mp 1323C. Insoluble in water. Noncombust-

ual decompostion; soluble in alcohol. ible.

789 MAPP

Derivation: Interaction of manganous salts with so-

mannitol. (manna sugar; mannite).

CAS: 69-65-8. C

(OH)

. A straight-chain hexahy-

dium silicate.

dric alcohol.

Use: Colorant for glass and ceramic glazes.

manganous sulfate. (manganese sulfate).

CAS: 7785-87-7. MnSO

•4H

Properties: Translucent, pale-rose-red, efflorescent

prisms. D 2.107, mp 30C, anhydrous mp 700C,

decomposes at 850C. Soluble in water; insoluble in

alcohol.

Derivation: By-product of production of hydroqui-

none, or by the action of sulfuric acid on manganous

hydroxide or carbonate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder or granules;

Grade: Technical, CP, fertilizer, feed.

odorless; faint sweet taste. D 1.52, mp 165–167C,

Use: Fertilizers, feed additive, paints and varnishes,

specific rotation (20C) between +23 and +24 de-

ceramics, textile dyes, medicines, fungicides, ore

grees, bp 290–295C (3–3.5 mm Hg). Soluble in

flotation, catalyst in viscose process, synthetic man-

water; slightly soluble in lower alcohols and amines;

ganese dioxide.

almost insoluble in other organic solvents. Combus-

tible.

manganous sulfide. (manganese sulfide).

Derivation: (1) A natural plant exudate; (2) by hy-

CAS: 18820-29-6. MnS. Green crystals, d 3.99, de-

drogenation of corn sugar or glucose.

composes on melting, almost insoluble in water.

Grade: Reagent, commercial, NF, FCC.

Use: Additive in steel making.

Use: Base for dietetic foods, diluent, determination of

boron, pharmaceutical products, medicine, thicken-

manganous sulfite. (manganese sulfite; man-

er and stabilizer in food products.

ganous sulfite, normal). MnSO

Properties: Grayish-black or brownish-red powder.

mannitol hexanitrate. (hexanitromannite;

Soluble in solution of sulfur dioxide; insoluble in

HNM; nitromannite; nitromannitol).

water.

CAS: 15825-70-4. C

(ONO

)

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 112–113C. Solu-

Manila fiber. See abaca.

ble in alcohol, acetone, ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: By nitrating mannitol with mixed acid,

Manila resin. A type of copal resin similar to

purifying the precipitate from organic solvents and

Congo and kauri.

stabilizing.

Properties: D 1.062, mp 230–250C. Soluble in ether,

Grade: Technical, pharmaceutical.

methanol, and ethanol; partially soluble in amyl

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk; an initi-

alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

ating explosive.

Occurrence: Philippine Islands and East Indies.

Use: Explosive cap ingredient, medicine (admixed

Use: Varnishes, paints, lacquers, printing inks.

with at least 10 parts of carbohydrate).

manna. The water-soluble exudate of a plant oc-

D(+)-mannose. C

. A carbohydrate occur-

curring in the Mediterranean area, used in medicine

ring in some plant polysaccharides.

as a laxative. It has a high carbohydrate content,

Properties: Crystals from alcohol or acetic acid;

especially of mannitol.

sweet taste with bitter aftertaste. Mp 132C (decom-

poses).

Mannheim furnace. A muffle furnace used for

Use: Biochemical research.

the manufacture of salt cake and hydrogen chloride.

It consists of a firebrick compartment in which is a

“Manugel C” [Kelco]. TM for specialty algin

circular pan some 10–15 ft in diameter, usually

blends.

made of cast iron. The charge is fed through a hopper

at the top and plows maintain continuous movement

manure salts. Potash salts that have a high pro-

of the materials being heated. The temperature of the

portion of chloride and 20–30% potash.

hydrogen chloride gas evolved is approximately

Use: in fertilizers.

145C. Salt cake is removed through an opening at

the side. The furnace is run continuously. The

“MAPEG” [PPG]. (ethylene glycol distea-

Mannheim furnace is no longer widely used because

rate). TM for emulsifier and pearlizing opacifier.

most salt cake is now obtained from natural sources.

Use: For cosmetics and pharmaceutical creams, lo-

tions, and ointments.

Mannich reaction. Reaction of active meth-

ylene compounds with formaldehyde and ammonia

or primary or secondary amines to give ␤-aminocar-

MAPP. See methylacetylene-propadiene, stabi-

bonyl compounds. lized.

790MAPPING POPULATION

mapping population. The group of related or- Mark-Houwink equation. Defines the rela-

ganisms used in constructing a genetic map. tionship between the intrinsic viscosity and molecu-

lar weight for homogeneous linear polymers.

maraging steel. An alloy steel containing nick-

el, cobalt, and titanium.

Markownikoff rule. When a halogen acid adds

Use: Solid rocket cases.

to an asymmetrical ethylenic compound, the halo-

gen usually appears on the carbon atom carrying the

maranta. See arrowroot.

smaller number of hydrogen atoms; this order of

addition is frequently reversed with hydrogen bro-

Marathon-Howard process. A treatment of

mide if peroxides are present (peroxide effect).

waste sulfite liquor from sulfite pulp manufacture to

recover chemicals and reduce stream pollution. The

“Marlate” [Du Pont]. TM for technical grade

waste sulfite is treated with lime and precipitates (1)

methoxychlor insecticides, supplied in 50% wetta-

calcium sulfite for use in preparing fresh cooking

ble powder and an emulsifiable formulation con-

acid for the sulfite pulp process; and (2) a basic

taining 2 lb/gal.

calcium salt of lignin sulfonic acid (lignin sulfo-

nates) that can be pressed and used as a fuel or used

“Marlex” [Phillips]. TM for high-density

as raw material for vanillin, lignin plastics, and other

polyethylene.

chemicals. The remaining liquor with its BOD re-

Use: Packaging, consumer and industrial goods,

duced 80% is the effluent.

pipe, film, transportation, building, and construc-

tion.

marble. A metamorphic form of calcium carbon-

ate, usually containing admixtures of iron and other

Marquis’ reagent. Formaldehyde-sulfuric

minerals that impart variegated color patterns. Mar-

acid reagent for alkaloids.

ble chips are often used as source of carbon dioxide

in laboratory experiments.

marsh gas. See methane.

Marcus, Rudolph A. (1923– ). An American

martensite. The chief constituent of hardened

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1992 for

carbon tool steels. It is a solution of carbon or Fe

Cin

his theories of electron transfer. The processes Mar-

␤-iron, or an exceedingly fine-grained ␣-iron with

cus has studied, the transfer of electrons between

carbon or Fe

C in atomic or molecular dispersion.

molecules in solution, underlie a number of excep-

Carbon content up to 1%; easily obtained by

tionally important chemical phenomena, and the

quenching small bodies of hypereutectoid steel in

practical consequences of his theory extend over all

cold water; more difficult to obtain in low-carbon

areas of chemistry. The Marcus theory describes,

steels.

and makes predictions concerning, such widely dif-

fering phenomena as the fixation of light energy by

Martin, Archer J. P. (1910–1994). An En-

green plants, photochemical production of fuel,

glish chemist and engineer who won the Nobel Prize

chemiluminescence (‘cold light‘), the conductivity

for chemistry in 1952 along with Synge. His work

of electrically conducting polymers, corrosion, the

involved partition chromatography in analysis

methodology of electrochemical synthesis and anal-

which led to development of new antibiotics and

ysis, and more.

amino acids. He received his doctorate from Cam-

bridge University.

margaric acid. See n-heptadecanoic acid.

Martinet dioxindole synthesis. Formation

marijuana. See cannabis.

of derivatives of dioxindole from esters of mesoxal-

ic acid and aromatic amines or amino quinolines.

marjoram oil. A yellowish essential oil, opti-

cally active.

martonite. A lachrymator gas containing 80%

Use: Soap perfume and in toilet preparations. The

bromoacetone and 20% chloroacetone.

Spanish grade is used as a flavoring ingredient.

“Marvess” [Phillips]. TM for olefin (polypro-

marker.

pylene) fiber.

(1) Molecular weight size marker is a piece of DNA

Use: Consumer, home furnishings, and industrial ap-

of known size, or a mixture of pieces with known

plications.

size, used on electrophoresis gels to determine. by

comparison, the size of unknown DNAs.

(2) Genetic marker is a known site on the chromo-

mash. A mixture of malted barley (or other grain)

some. It may for example be the site of a locus with and water used for preparing wort in brewing opera-

some recognizable phenotype, or it may be the site tions. Also a mixture of grain, etc., prepared for

of a polymorphism that can be experimentally dis- fermentation in distilling, e.g., “sour mash

cerned. whiskey.”

791 MASS SPECTROMETRY

“Masonex” [Masonite]. TM for a hemicellu- lease obtained from nuclear fission.

lose extract.

See fission, nuclear; mass number.

Properties: Liquid containing 65% solids, 55% car-

bohydrates, pH 5.5. Water soluble; the spray-dried

product is also water soluble with 97% solids and

massecuite. Term used in the sugar industry for

84% carbohydrates (pH 3.7).

the mixture of sugar and molasses prior to removal

Derivation: From wood fibers after mild acid hydrol-

of the molasses.

ysis in steam.

Use: (Liquid) Intermediate in furfuryl production,

animal feeds; (dried) binder in refractory bricks,

massicot. PbO. (1) (Lead ocher) Natural lead

tackifier in adhesives.

monoxide, PbO. Contains 92.8% lead; found in U.S.

(Colorado, Idaho, Nevada and Virginia). (2) An

“Masonite” [Masonite]. TM for composition

oxide of lead corresponding to the same formula as

hardboard made by treating wood chips with steam

litharge (PbO), but having a different physical state.

at high pressure and compressing the resulting fibers

Properties: It is a yellow powder formed by the

into mats from which rigid panels are made by hot-

pressing. The fiber is waterproofed with a water

oxidation of a bath of metallic lead at approximately

repellent sizing agent having a paraffin base.

345C so that the oxide formed is not melted. D 9.3,

mp 600C. If the oxide is melted, it is converted into

masonry cement. A group of special cements

litharge.

more workable and plastic than Portland cement.

Some are similar to waterproofed Portland cement

while others are Portland cement mixed with hydrat-

mass number. The number of neutrons and

ed lime, crushed limestone, diatomaceous earth, or

protons in the nucleus of an atom. Thus, the mass

granulated slag.

number of normal helium is 4; of carbon, 12; of

oxygen, 16; and of uranium 238. A given atom is

mass. The quantity of matter contained in a parti-

characterized by its atomic number, equivalent to

cle or body regardless of its location in the universe.

the number of protons, which give it its charge and

Mass is constant, whereas weight is affected by the

thus determine the kind of element, and by its mass

distance of a body from the center of the earth (or of

number, which includes the neutrons that make up

any other planet or satellite, e.g., the moon). At

the remainder of its mass. Helium has 2 protons and

extremely high temperatures (for example the sun’s

2 neutrons (mass number 4 and atomic number 2).

interior), mass is converted into energy. According

Protons and neutrons each have very close to unit

to the Einstein equation E

, all forms of energy,

such as radiant energy and energy of motion, poss-

mass, and since the mass change associated with

ess a mass equivalent, even though they have no

binding the particles together in the nucleus is very

independent rest mass (photons); thus there is no

small, the mass number is always within 1/10th unit

absolute distinction between mass and energy.

of the atomic weight of the nuclide.

See energy; matter.

See mass; mass defect; atomic weight.

mass action law. The rate of a chemical reac-

tion for a uniform system of constant temperature is

mass spectrometry. A method of chemical

proportional to the concentrations of the substances

analysis in which the substance to be analyzed is

reacting.

heated and placed in a vacuum. The resulting vapor

See chemical laws (1).

is exposed to a beam of electrons that causes ioniza-

tion to occur, either of the molecules or their frag-

mass-action ratio. The ratio which describes

ments. The ions thus produced are accelerated by an

the kinetics of a reaction, given as products over

electric impulse and then passed through a magnetic

reactants. For a hypothetical reaction aA + bB cC +

field, where they describe curved paths whose direc-

dD, the ratio would be [A]a [B]b/[C]c [D]d

tions depend on the speed and mass-to-charge ratio

of the ions. This has the effect of separating the ions

mass conservation law. See chemical laws

(4).

according to their mass (electomagnetic separation).

Because of their greater kinetic energy, the heavier

mass defect. The difference between the total

ions describe a wider arc than the lighter ones and

mass of the constituents of an atomic nucleus (pro-

can be identified on this basis. The ions are collected

tons and neutrons) taken independently, and the

in appropriate devices as they emerge from the mag-

actual mass of the nucleus as a whole. The latter is

netic field.

always slightly less than the sum of the masses of the

constituents, the difference being the mass equiva-

lent of the energy of formation (binding energy) of

the nucleus. This accounts for the high energy re-

792MASS SUSCEPTIBILITY

formation of free radicals resulting from the rupture

of the polymer chain and the addition of oxygen at

these active points. The study of this phenomenon

has been called mechanochemistry. This “breaking

down” of a high polymer substance, first practiced

by Hancock in England, is essential in preparing it

for the incorporation of curatives and other modify-

ing substances and is an essential operation in the

manufacture of useful products from rubber and

rubberlike substances.

mastigoneme. Small hair-like filaments found

on the “hairy” flagellum of the Chromista.

material. A nonspecific term used with various

shades of meaning in the technical literature. It

should not be used as a synonym for substance, but is

generally used in the collective expressions “raw

mass susceptibility. Magnetic susceptibility of

materials” and “materials handling.” The term mate-

a compound per gram.

rial balance. in chemical engineering denotes the

sum of all the substances entering a reaction and all

mast cell degranulating peptide (vespa

those that leave it in a given time period. Material

basalis).

also loosely refers to closely associated mixtures,

Properties: Isolated from the venom of the Taiwan

either of natural origin (petroleum, wood, ores) or

hornet Vespa basalis.

man-made (glass, cement, composites).

CAS: 137354-65-5. mf: C

138

See substance; engineering material; raw material.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

material balance. See material.

master batch. A previously prepared mixture

materials handling. A general term that in-

composed of a base material and a high percentage

cludes the methods used for in-plant transportation,

of an ingredient (usually a dry powder) that is criti-

distribution, and storage of raw materials and semi-

cal to the product being manufactured. Aliquot parts

processed products, as by forklift trucks, elevators,

of this mixture are added to production-size quanti-

conveyor systems, pipelines, etc., as well as safe

ties (batches) during the mixing operation. This

practices for storage and movement of toxic and

method permits uniform dispersion of very small

flammable substances.

amounts (less than 1%) of such additives as dry

curing agents in rubber and colorants in plastics and

matte. A product containing a metal sulfide as

paints. Modifying elements may be incorporated in

obtained after roasting and fusion of sulfide miner-

alloys in this way. Master batches of organic dyes

als. Oxides or metals may also be present. Common

dispersed in rubber or plastic are prepared by manu-

examples are copper matte and nickel matte.

facturers of colorants for direct use. Master-batched

accelerators (mixtures of rubber, zinc oxide and

matter. Anything that has mass or occupies

accelerator) are commonly used in rubber mixes.

space.

See mass. (1) States: There are three generally accept-

mastic. (1) A solid, resinous exudation of the tree

ed states (phases) in which substances can exist, i.e.,

Pistachia lentiscus, of recent geologic origin. Found

solid, liquid, and gas (vapor). From time to time it

in the Mediterranean area. Soluble in alcohol and

has been proposed that specialized forms of matter

ether, balsamic odor, turpentine taste. Used in chew-

be regarded as states, such as the vitreous (glassy)

ing gum, varnishes, and to some extent in adhesives

state, the colloidal state, and the plasma state, but

and dentistry. (2) A soft, putty-like sealant; often

none of these suggestions has gained substantial

packed in cartridges and applied by a gun with a

acceptance.

nozzle of appropriate size or in bulk for application

See phase (1); solid; liquid; gas. (2) Levels: Matter is

by a knife or other spreading device. Such mastics

basically composed of particles in the following

often contain bituminous ingredients or polymer-

levels of size and complexity: (a) subatomic (pro-

ized rosin acids, used for laying floor and wall tiles

tons, neutrons, electrons); (b) atomic and molecular

and similar applications.

(below 10 A

); (c) colloidal (from 10 A

to 1 micron);

(d) microscopic; (e) macroscopic; (f) space or celes-

mastication. Permanent softening of crude natu- tial. Level (a) is invisible by any means; levels (b)

ral rubber and certain other elastomers by applica- and (c) can be resolved in field-ion or electron mi-

tion of mechanical energy, as on a roll mill or in a croscopes; level (d) lies in the range of the optical

Banbury mixer. The softening is said to be due to microscope; (e) is visible to the naked eye; (f) re-

793 MECAMYLAMINE

quires telescopes for detailed observation. included research in nuclear physics and particle

See particle; electron microscope; field-ion micro- accelerator development as well as microwave radar

scope. and sonar. He and his colleagues discovered neptu-

nium and plutonium. He was the recipient of the

“Maxaquin” [Searle]. TM for lomefloxacin Atoms for Peace prize in 1963. His Ph.D. in physics

hydrochloride.

was awarded from Princeton University.

Use: Drug.

MCPA. (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid;

“Maxarome” [DSM China]. TM additive

4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid).

for UV coatings.

CAS: 94-74-6. CH

ClC

OCH

COOH.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 118–119C.

“Maxatase” [Pfizer]). TM for subtilisins.

Free acid insoluble in water but sodium and amine

salts are soluble.

maxilon golden yellow gl. See C.I. basic

Grade: Emulsifiable concentration.

yellow 28.

Use: Selective herbicide.

maxilon yellow 3gl. See C.I. basic yellow

MCPB. (4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)butyric

11.

acid).

CAS: 94-81-5.

“MaxiThermo” [Matheson Tri-Gas]. TM

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

for primary grade natural gas standard now available

Use: Herbicide.

for measuring the BTU content of natural gas. It

offers direct traceability for natural gas.

MCPP. (2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)-propi-

onic acid).

Mayer’s reagent. See mercuric potassium

See mecoprop.

iodide.

Md. Symbol for mendelevium.

“Mazawax” [PPG]. TM for all-purpose emul-

sifying waxes.

MDA. (1) Abbreviation for metal deactivator. (2)

Available forms: Solid and flaked.

Abbreviation for p,p

′

-methylenedianiline; p,p

′

Use: In creams, lotions, hair relaxant and hair dipila-

diaminodiphenylmethane.

tory formulas.

MBMC. Abbreviation for monobutyl-m-cresol.

MDAC. 4-methyl-7-diethylaminocoumarin.

See tert-butyl-m-cresol.

See 7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin.

MBT. Abbreviation for mercaptobenzothiazole.

MDEA. See n-ethyl-3,4-methylenediox-

yamphetamine.

MBTE. Abbreviation for methyl-tert-butyl ether.

MDI. methylene di-p-phenylene isocyanate.

MBTS. Abbreviation for 2-mercaptobenzothia-

See diphenylmethane-4,4

′

-diisocyanate.

zyl disulfide.

See 2,2

′

-dithiobisbenzothiazole.

Me. Symbol for methyl.

mCi. Abbreviation for millicurie.

MEA. Abbreviation for monoethanolamine.

See curie.

See ethanolamine.

MCA. Abbreviation for monochloroacetic acid.

mean free path. In a given system, the average

See chloroactic acid.

distance that particles travel between collisons with

other particles. The particles may be molecules of a

McFadyen-Stevens reaction. Base-cata-

gas, free electrons, neutrons, etc. The value is deter-

lyzed thermal decomposition of aroylbenzenesulfo-

mined by statistical methods.

nylhydrazines to aldehydes.

McLafferty rearrangement. Electron-im-

mecamylamine hydrochloride. (methylami-

pact-induced cleavage of carbonyl compounds hav-

noisocamphane hydrochloride). C

N•HCl.

ing a hydrogen in the ␥-position, to an enolic frag-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; almost

ment and an olefin.

odorless. Mp 245C with some decompostion. Solu-

ble in water, alcohol, chloroform; somewhat soluble

McMillan, Edwin M. (1907–1991). An in benzene, isopropyl alcohol; insoluble in ether.

American physicist who won the Nobel Prize for Grade: USP.

chemistry in 1951 along with Seaborg. His work Use: Medicine (antihypertensive).

794MECARBAM

mecarbam. (S-[(ethoxycarbo- concerned with immunology, hormone activity, etc.

nyl)methylcarbamoyl]methyl-O,O-diethyl phos- See clinical chemistry.

phorodithioate).

CAS: 2595-54-2.

medlure. (sec-butyl-4-(or 5)-chloro-2-methyl-

P(S)SCH

CON(CH

)COOC

cyclohexanecarboxylate). C

ClO

Properties: Yellow oil. Bp 144C (0.02 mm Hg).

Properties: Liquid. Bp 78–79C (0.25 mm Hg). Insol-

Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor. Use

uble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

may be restricted.

Use: Insect attractant.

Use: Insecticide.

2,2-MEDP. See 2-formyl-2

′

-methyl-1,1

′

-(oxy-

mechanochemistry. See mastication.

dimethylene)dipyridinium.

mechlorethamine hydrochloride. [methyl-

medroxyprogesterone acetate. (17-hy-

bis-(2-chloroethyl)amine hydrochloride].

droxy-6a-methyl-preg-4-ene-3,20-dione-17-ace-

CAS: 55-86-7. CH

N(CH

Cl)

•HCl. A nitrogen

tate).

mustard.

CAS: 71-58-9. C

. A hormone derivative.

Properties: White, crystalline, hygroscopic powder;

Properties: White to off-white, crystalline powder;

nasal irritant and a vesicant. Mp 108–111C. Soluble

odorless. Melting range 200–208C. Stable in air.

in water.

Insoluble in water; freely soluble in chloroform;

Grade: USP.

sparingly soluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Highly toxic, vesicant, and strongly irritant

Use: Medicine (injectable contraceptive).

to mucous membranes.

Use: Medicine (antineoplastic).

Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley reduction.

Reduction of aldehydes or ketones to the corre-

sponding alcohols with aluminum alkoxides.

meclizine hydrochloride. (1-p-chloroben-

zhydryl-4-methylbenzylpiperazine dihydrochlo-

ride).

mega-. Prefix meaning 10

units (symbol M), e.g.,

CAS: 36236-67-6. C

ClN

•2HCl•H

1 megaton

1,000,000 tons.

Properties: White or yellowish powder or crystals;

slight odor. Insoluble in water and ether; very solu-

megabase (Mb). Unit of length for DNA frag-

ble in chloroform, pyridine, and acid-alcohol-water

ments equal to 1 million nucleotides and roughly

mixture; slightly soluble in dilute acids and alcohol.

equal to 1 cM.

Grade: USP.

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

megatomoic acid. (trans-3,cis-5-tetradeca-

dienoic acid). The active ingredient of the sex

meclofenoxate hydrochloride.

attractant in the female carpet beetle. Research is

CAS: 3685-84-5. C

underway on synthesis of this substance to be used

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 135C. Soluble in

as a lure in control of this pest.

water, insoluble in benzene.

Use: Plant growth hormone.

megaton. One million tons, usually used in defin-

ing the blast effect of a nuclear explosion. A 1-mega-

“Mecopex” [Morton]. TM for a broad-leaf

ton bomb is equivalent in destructive potential to 1

herbicide containing potassium salt of mecoprop

million tons of TNT.

(31.5%).

Hazard: See mecoprop.

megestrol acetate. (17-hydroxy-6-methyl-

pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione acetate).

mecoprop. (2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenox-

CAS: 595-33-5. C

y)propionic acid; MCPP; CMPP).

Properties: Crystals. Mw 384.50, mp 214−216C.

CAS: 93-65-2. ClC

(CH

)OCH(CH

)COOH.

Soluble in water.

Properties: Solid. Mp 93–94C. Insoluble in water;

Use: Antineoplastic and oral contraceptive.

soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ether.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

meglumine diatrizoate. (methylglucamine

skin and eyes.

diatrizoate; diatrizoate methylglucamine).

Use: Herbicide.

CAS: 131-49-7.

(CH

CONH)

COOH•CH

NHCH

(CH

•CH

OH.

medicinal chemistry. A subdivision of chem- Properties: Available in solution for injection, pH

istry that deals with the effects of drugs and pharma- between 6.0–7.6.

ceuticals on the human body and on various infec- Grade: USP (as injection).

tive organisms, and with the synthesis of Use: Medicine (radiopaque medium).

compounds specifically for certain diseases, such as Note: The iodipamide and iothalamate are also avail-

antimalarials and antihypertensive agents. It also is able.

795 MELITTIN

meiosis. A two-stage type of cell division in sexu- amine, C

(NHCH

OH)

, the molecules of which

ally reproducing organisms. In meiosis, a diploid contain a ring with three carbon and three nitrogen

cell divides to produce four haploid cells, each with

atoms, the −NHCH

OH groups being attached to the

half the original chromosome content. For this rea-

carbon atoms. This molecule can combine further

son, meiosis is often called a “reduction division.” In

with others of the same kind by a condensation

organisms with a diploid life cycles, the products of

reaction. Excess formaldehyde or melamine can

meiosis are usually called gametes. In organisms

also react with trimethylol melamine or its poly-

with an alternation of generations, the products of

mers, providing many possibilities of chain growth

meiosis are caled spores.

and cross-linking. The nature and degree of poly-

merization depend upon pH, but heat is always

Meisenheimer complexes. Sigma-complexes

needed for curing. Melamine resins are more water-

obtained as brightly colored solutions on interaction

and heat-resistant than urea resins. They may be

of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene to similar compounds.

water-soluble syrups (low molecular weight) or in-

soluble powders (high molecular weight) dispersi-

ble in water. Widely used as molding compounds

Meisenheimer rearrangement. Rearrange-

with ␣-cellulose, wood flour, or mineral powders as

ment of tertiary amine oxide to O,N,N-trisubstituted

fillers and with coloring materials; also for laminat-

hydroxylamines.

ing, boil-proof adhesives, increasing wet strength of

paper, textile treatment, leather processing, and for

meitnerium. Mt. A transfermium element.

dinnerware and decorative plastic items.

Atomic number 109. Very short half-life.

Butylated melamine resins are formed by incorpo-

rating butyl or other alcohols during resin formation,

MEK. Abbreviation for methyl ethyl ketone.

whereupon the −NHCH

OH groups convert to

−NHCH

. These resins are soluble in paint

“MEKON” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a hard

and enamel solvents and in surface coatings, often in

grade of petroleum microcrystalline wax.

combination with alkyds. They give exceptional

curing speed, hardness, wear resistance, and resis-

melamine. (cyanurtriamide; 2,4,6-triamino s-

tance to solvents, soaps, and foods.

triazine).

Melamine-acrylic resins are water soluble and used

CAS: 108-78-1.

for formation of water-base industrial and automo-

tive finishes. See urea-formaldehyde resin.

melaniline. See diphenylguanidine.

melanin. A brownish-black pigment that occurs

normally in the retina, skin, and hair of higher ani-

mals with the exception of albinos. Formed from

Properties: White, monoclinic crystals. D 1.573

tyrosine by the action of tyrosinase.

(14C), mp 354C. Sparingly soluble in water, glycol,

glycerol, pyridine; very slightly soluble in ethanol;

melanoma. Cancer of the cells that produce pig-

insoluble in ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride.

ment in the skin. Melanoma usually begins in a

Nonflammable.

mole.

Derivation: (1) By heating urea and ammonia. The

resulting mixture of isocyanic acid and ammonia

reacts over a solid catalyst at approximately 400C to

melinamide. See dl-n-(␣-methylben-

form melamine. (2) From cyanamide, dicyanamide, zyl)linoleamide.

or cyanuric chloride.

Method of purification: Recrystallization from

melissic acid. (triacontanoic acid).

water.

(CH

)

COOH. A long-chain fatty acid.

Grade: 99% min.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 94C. Soluble in

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, skin, and eye irritant.

benzene and hot alcohol; insoluble in water. Com-

Use: Melamine resins, organic syntheses, leather tan-

bustible.

ning.

Derivation: By oxidation of 1-triacontanol, occurs in

minor amounts in many plant and insect waxes and

in montan wax.

melamine, formaldehyde, toluenesulfon-

Use: Biochemical research.

amide polymer, butylated.

CAS: 68891-01-0.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

melissyl alcohol. See 1-triacontanol.

A moderate eye irritant.

melittin.

melamine resin. A type of amino resin made CAS: 37231-28-0. C

131

229

. A polypeptide de-

from melamine and formaldehyde. The first step in rived from bee venom that has strong antibacterial

resin formation is the production of trimethylol mel- activity, especially against Staphylococcus aureus

796MELLITATE

80 which is resistant to penicillin. It inhibits growth

membrane cell. See diaphragm cell.

of many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.

Properties: White powder. Water soluble.

membrane equilibrium. Equilibrium be-

Use: Antirheumatic drug.

tween the ions of a salt solution and the giant and

normal ions of a colloidal electrolyte separated by a

mellitate. An ester or salt of mellitic acid. membrane.

“Melmac” [Cytec]. TM for products molded membrane hydrolysis. Hydrolysis that occurs

from melamine-formaldehyde resins. when a colloidal electrolyte, consisting of giant ions

and normal ions, is separated from pure water by a

membrane. The diffusing ions are substituted by the

“Melonite” [Kolene]. TM for an anhydrous

−

or H

ions of the dissociating water.

molten salt bath used to nitride ferrous work pieces.

The bath operates at a subcritical temperature and

produces a continuous ⑀-iron nitride layer on carbon

membrane, semipermeable. A microporous

steels, and alloy nitride surfaces on alloy steels. structure, either natural or synthetic, that acts as a

Use: For many components to enhance fatigue highly efficient filter in the range of molecular di-

strength, wear and corrosion resistance. It is also mensions, allowing passage of ions, water, and other

used for tooling and dies to extend service life. solvents and very small molecules, but is almost

impermeable to macromolecules (proteins) and col-

loidal particles. The thickness is about 100 A

, the

melphalan. (p-di(2-chloroe-

pore diameter is from 8 A

for the walls of tissue cells

thyl)aminophenylalanine; formerly called sarco-

to 100 A

or more for manufactured membranes.

lysin).

Plant cell wall membranes are proteinaceous sub-

CAS: 148-82-3.

stances that function in natural osmosis. Membranes

(ClCH

)

CH(NH

)COOH. Melpha-

of cellophane, collodion, asbestos fiber, etc., are

lan is both the USAN name for the acid and the

used in such industrial operations as waste-liquor

generic name for the hydrochloride.

recovery, desalination, and electrolysis; processing

Properties: A nitrogen mustard, crystals. Mp 180C.

whey proteins, biomedical research; gas separa-

Grade: ND (in medicine, for the acid).

tions, e.g., adjusting carbon monoxide/hydrogen ra-

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and mucous mem-

tios for ammonia production from synthesis gas;

branes.

metal extraction and recovery.

Use: Medicine, insect chemosterilant.

See osmosis; dialysis.

melt index. The viscosity of a thermoplastic

membrane transport. Movement of a polar

polymer at a specified temperature and pressure, it is

molecule across a membrane via a specific mem-

a function of the molecular weight. Specifically, the

brane protein (a transporter).

number of grams of such a polymer that can be

forced through a 0.0825-inch orifice in 10 minutes at

190C by a pressure of 2160 g.

memtetrahydrophthalic anhydride. (meth-

yl norbornene dicarboxylic anhydride).

CAS: 85-43-8. C

melting point. (mp) The melting point or freez-

Properties: Clear, transparent, slightly viscous liq-

ing point of a pure substance is the temperature at

uid; colorless to light yellow.

which its crystals are in equilibrium with the liquid

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

phase at atmospheric pressure. The term melting

Use: Curing epoxy resins, electrical laminating and

point is used when the equilibrium temperature is

filament winding, intermediate for polyesters, alkyd

approached by heating the solid. Ordinarily, mp

resins, and plasticizers.

refers to temperatures above 0C, the melting point of

ice. The terms melting point and freezing point are

often used interchangeably, depending on whether

MENA. Abbreviation for the methyl ester of

the substance is being heated or cooled. The number naphthaleneacetic acid.

of calories required to convert one mole of pure See ␣-naphthaleneacetic acid methyl ester.

crystals to the liquid state is called the molar heat of

fusion.

menadiol diphosphate tetrasodium salt.

See 1:4-naphthaquinol-bisdisodium phosphate.

“Melurac” [Cytec]. TM for urea-melamine-

formaldehyde condensation products used mainly

menadione. (2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone;

as adhesives for bonding of veneers for the produc-

menaphthone; vitamin K

tion of exterior-grade plywood.

CAS: 58-27-5. C

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder; nearly

membrane. Semi-fluid structure which bounds odorless. Mp 105–107C. Affected by sunlight. Solu-

all cells and partitions the interior of eukaryotic ble in alcohol, benzene, and vegetable oils; insoluble

cells. It consists primarily of two lipid layers, with in water.

proteins “dissolved” in the lipids. Derivation: Oxidation of ␤-methylnaphthalene.

797 MENTHOL

Grade: USP. Method of purification: Filtration and bleaching

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes,

with fuller’s earth.

especially the alcoholic solution.

Grade: Prime crude, brown strained, strained,

Use: Medicine, fungicides, animal feed additives.

bleached, winter oil, bleached winter white oil.

Hazard: Subject to spontaneous heating.

Use: Hydrogenated fats for cooking and industrial

menazon. (generic name for S-[(4,6-diami-

use (soap, rubber compounding), printing inks, ani-

no-s-triazin-2-yl)methyl]-O,O-dimethyl phospho-

mal feed, leather dressing lubricants, paint drier,

rodithioate).

cleansers, lipstick.

CAS: 78-57-9.

meniscus. The concave curve of a liquid surface

(CH

P(S)SCH

❘

:NC(NH

):NC(NH

❘

in a graduate or narrow tube. Caused by surface

Properties: Off-white solid. Mp 160–162C. Slightly

tension. In reading a value (e.g., 5 cc), it is conven-

soluble in water and organic solvents.

tional to ignore the higher liquid around the perime-

Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor.

ter. In the case of mercury, which does not wet the

Use: Acaricide, insecticide.

tube because of its extremely high surface tension,

the meniscus is convex.

mendelevium. (Md). Synthetic radioactive ele-

ment produced in a cyclotron by bombarding ein-

Menschutkin reaction. Reaction of tertiary

steinium with alpha particles; atomic number 101,

amines with alkyl halides to form quaternary salts.

aw 256, 4 isotopes, valence

3. Mendelevium de-

cays by spontaneous fission with a half-life of 1.5 hr.

menthanediamine. (p-menthane-1,8-diamine).

The heaviest isotope, Md-258, has half-life of 60

CAS: 80-52-4.

days. Mendelevium is thought to have chemical

properties similar to those of the rare earth thulium.

(CH

)

C(NH

❘

C(CH

)(NH

)

❘

. A pri-

It is made in research quantities only and no uses are

mary alicyclic diamine, also a tert-alkylamine.

reported.

Properties: Clear liquid; terpene odor. Boiling range

See actinide series.

107–126C (10 mm Hg), fp −45C, refr index 1.4794

(25C). Miscible with water and most organic sol-

Mendeleyev, D. I. (1834–1907). Born in Sibe-

vents.

ria, Mendeleyev made a fundamental contribution to

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin, calls for eye

chemistry in 1869 by establishing the principle of

protection.

periodicity of the elements. His first periodic table

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resins, chemical inter-

was compiled on the basis of arranging the elements

mediate.

in ascending order of atomic weight and grouping

them by similarity of properties. So accurate was

p-menthane-8-hydroperoxide.

Mendeleyev’s thinking that he predicted the exis-

CAS: 80-47-7. C

tence and atomic weights of several elements that

Properties: Clear, pale-yellow liquid. D

were not actually discovered until years later. The

0.910–0.925 (15.5/4C), refr index 1.460–1.475

original table has been modified and corrected sev-

(20C).

eral times, notably by Moseley, but it has accommo-

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, dangerous in con-

dated the discovery of isotopes, rare gases, etc. Its

tact with organic materials. Strong irritant to skin

importance in the development of chemical theory

and eyes.

can hardly be overestimated.

Use: Catalyst for rubber and polymerization reac-

See Becquerel; Moseley; periodic table.

tions, coatings.

Mendelian inheritance. One method in which

p-menthan-3-one. See menthone.

genetic traits are passed from parents to offspring.

Named for Gregor Mendel, who first studied and

menthol. (hexahydrothymol; methylhydroxyis-

recognized the existence of genes and this method of

opropyl-cyclohexane; p-menthan-3-ol; peppe-

inheritance.

rmint camphor).

See autosomal dominant; recessive gene; sex-linked.

CAS: 89-78-1. CH

)OH. It may be l-

(from natural sources) or dl- (natural or synthetic).

menhaden oil. Properties: White crystals; cooling odor and taste.

Properties: Yellowish-brown or reddish-brown, Mp 41–43C (l-form), congealing temperature

drying oil; characteristic odor. D 0.927–0.933, sa- 27–28C (dl-form), specific rotation −45 to −51 de-

ponification value 191–196, iodine value 139–180, grees (25C) (l-menthol), −2 to +2 degrees (dl-men-

refr index 1.480. Soluble in ether, benzene, naphtha, thol). Soluble in alcohol, light petroleum solvents,

and carbon disulfide. Combustible. glacial acetic acid, and fixed or volatile oils; slightly

Derivation: By cooking or pressing the body of the soluble in water. Combustible.

menhaden fish. Occurrence: Brazil (natural product), Japan.

798MENTHOL ACETIC

Derivation: By freezing from peppermint oil, by

mepiquat chloride.

CAS: 24307-26-4. mf: C

N•Cl.

hydrogenation of thymol.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

Grade: Technical, USP, FCC.

by inhalation and skin contact.

Hazard: Irritant to mucous membranes on inhala-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tion.

Use: Perfumery, cigarettes, liqueurs, flavoring agent,

chewing gum, chest rubs, cough drops.

mepivacaine. (Carbocaine; 1-methyl-2-(2,6-

xylylcarbamoyl)piperidine).

menthol acetic ester. See menthyl acetate.

Use: Local anesthetic.

menthol valerate. (menthyl isovalerate).

meprobamate. (2-methyl-2-n-propyl-1,3-pro-

(CH

)

CHCH

COOC

panediol dicarbamate).

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor; cooling,

CAS: 57-53-4.

faintly bitter taste. D 0.907 (15.4C). Insoluble in

NCOOCH

C(CH

)(C

)CH

OOCNH

water; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and

Properties: White powder; characteristic odor; bitter

oils.

taste. Mp 103–107C. Slightly soluble in water and

Derivation: By action of valeric acid on menthol.

ether; soluble in alcohol and acetone.

Use: Medicine, flavoring.

Grade: NF.

Hazard: Central nervous system depressant, use re-

menthone. (p-menthan-3-one).

stricted by law.

CAS: 1074-95-9. C

Use: Medicine (antianxiety agent).

Properties: Colorless, oily, mobile liquid; slight

peppermint odor. D 0.897 (15C), bp 207C. Slightly

meq. Abbreviation for milliequivalent. See eq.

soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents. Com-

bustible.

merbromin.

Derivation: A ketone found in oil of peppermint.

(dibromohydroxymercurifluorescein disodium

Use: Flavoring.

salt; 2,7-disodiumdibromo-4-hydroxymercuri-

fluorescein; mercurochrome).

menthyl acetate. (menthol acetic ester).

CAS: 129-16-8. C

HgNa

CAS: 16409-45-3. C

OOCCH

Properties: Iridescent green scales or granules;

Properties: Colorless liquid; menthol-like odor. Bp

odorless. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, ace-

227–228C, d 0.922–0.927, optical rotation −72 de-

tone, chloroform, or ether; stable in air.

grees 47 minutes to −73 degrees 18 minutes, refr

Derivation: From dibromofluorescein and mercuric

index 1.447. Slightly soluble in water; miscible with

acetate.

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, NF.

Derivation: (1) By boiling menthol with acetic anhy-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: TWA 0.1

dride in the presence of sodium acetate; (2) peppe-

mg(Hg)/m

rmint oil.

Use: Medicine (antiseptic).

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

mercapsol process. Process of removing mer-

menthyl isovalerate. See menthyl 3-men-

captans from gasoline by counter-current liquid-liq-

thylbutyrate.

uid extraction with various liquids, as with a water

solution of caustic soda and tar acids.

menthyl 3-menthylbutyrate.

CAS: 16409-46-4. mf: C

mercaptamine. See 2-aminoethanethiol.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

A moderate skin contact irritant.

mercaptan. See thiol.

Source: Natural product.

mercaptoacetic acid. See thioglycolic acid.

menthyl salicylate. C

(OH)COOC

Properties: Colorless liquid. Miscible with alcohol,

2-mercaptobenzoic acid. See thiosalicylic

ether, chloroform, and fatty oils; insoluble in water;

acid.

soluble in organic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Sunscreen preparations.

2-mercaptobenzothiazole. (MBT).

See homomenthyl salicylate.

CAS: 149-30-4.

MEP. Abbreviation for methyl ethyl pyridine.

❘

HCHCHCHC

❘

CSC(SN)N

❘

meperidine hydrochloride. (Demerol).

CAS: 50-13-5. C

HCl. An addictive drug, Properties: Yellowish powder; distinctive odor (de-

use by prescription only. pends on degree of purification). D 1.52, melting

Use: Analgesic. range 164–175C. Soluble in dilute caustic soda,

799 MERCURIC ARSENATE

alcohol, acetone, benzene, chloroform; insoluble in

mercaptomerin. See thiomerin.

water and gasoline. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, 97%.

3-mercapto-n-methylpropanamide. See n-

Use: Vulcanization accelerator for rubber (requires

methyl 3-mercaptopropionamide.

use of stearic acid for full activation), tire treads and

carcasses, mechanical specialties, etc., fungicide,

␤-mercaptopropionic acid.

corrosion inhibitor in cutting oils and petroleum

HSCH

COOH.

products, extreme-pressure additive in greases.

Properties: Clear liquid. D 1.218 (21C), mp 16.8C,

bp 111C (15 mm Hg). Soluble in water and alcohol.

2-mercaptobenzothiazole monoethanol-

Use: Stabilizer, antioxidant, catalyst, chemical inter-

amine salt. See n-(2-hydroxyeth-

mediate.

yl)ammonium benzothiazole-2-thiolate.

6-mercaptopurine. (6-MP; 6-purinethiol).

(2-mercaptobenzothiazolyl)-2-(2-aminothi-

CAS: 50-44-2. C

S•H

O. A sulfur-containing

azol-4-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetate (syn).

purine base not found in animal nucleoproteins.

CAS: 80756-85-0. mf: C

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder; nearly

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

odorless. Mp 308C (decomposes). Insoluble in wa-

ter; soluble in hot alcohol and dilute alkali solutions;

2-mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide. See

slightly soluble in dilute sulfuric acid.

2,2

′

-dithiobisbenzothiazole.

Grade: USP.

Use: Medicine (to prevent rejection of kidney trans-

2-mercaptoethanol. HSCH

OH. plants).

CAS: 60-24-2.

Properties: Water-white, mobile liquid; disagree-

mercaptosuccinic acid. See thiomalic acid.

able odor. D 1.1168 (20/20C), 9.29 lb/gal (20C), bp

157.1C, vap press 1.0 mm Hg (20C), viscosity 3.43

2-mercaptothiazoline. C

NSSH. White

cP (20C), flash p 165F (74C), fp sets to a glass

crystals.

approximately −100C, refr index 1.5011 (20C).

Use: Synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

Miscible with water, and most organic solvents.

Combustible.

d-3-mercaptovaline. See penicillamine.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

Use: Solvent for dyestuffs, intermediate for produc-

mercerized cotton. See cotton, mercerized.

ing dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, rubber chemicals,

flotation agents, insecticides, plasticizers, water-

mercerizing assistant. A compound used to

soluble reducing agent, biochemical reagent, PVC

increase the penetration of mercerizing baths. Cre-

stabilizers, agricultural chemicals, textile auxiliary.

sylic acid derivatives, special sulfonated oils, and

other wetting agents are typical.

␤-mercaptoethylamine hydrochloride.

CAS: 156-57-0. HS(CH

)

•HCl.

Mercer’s liquor. A solution containing potas-

Properties: Hygroscopic, white powder. Mp 71C.

sium ferricyanide.

Very soluble in water and ethanol alcohol.

Use: For etching.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

merchant acid. A crude phosphoric acid

N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzenesulfonamide.

(51−54% P

(S-(O,O-diisopropyl phosphorodithioate; N-␤-

diisopropyldithiophosphorylethyl)benzene-

mercurate(1-), (l-cysteinato(2-)-s)methyl-,

sulfonamide).

hydrogen.

CAS: 741-58-2.

CAS: 32754-35-1. mf: C

HgNO

S•H.

NH(CH

)

SP(S)[OCH(CH

)

]

Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m

(as Hg).

Properties: Colorless liquid; slight odor. D 1.25

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

(22C). Insoluble in water; soluble in kerosene and

xylene.

mercuric acetate. (mercury acetate).

Hazard: Highly toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor. Use

CAS: 1600-27-7. Hg(C

)

may be restricted.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.2544.

Use: Herbicide.

Soluble in alcohol and water; sensitive to light.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

2-mercapto-4-hydroxypyrimidine. See

absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.01

thiouracil.

mg(Hg)/m

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals.

2-mercaptoimidazoline. See “NA-22.”

mercuric arsenate. (mercury arsenate).

3-mercaptolvaline. See l-penicillamine. CAS: 7784-37-4. HgHAsO

800MERCURIC BARIUM BROMIDE

Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in hydrochloric Method of purification: Recrystallization and subli-

acid; slightly soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in

mation.

water.

Impurities: mercurous chloride.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Grade: Technical, crystals, granular, powder, CP,

absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/

NF.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Use: Waterproof paints, antifouling paints.

absorption; a poison. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Manufacture of calomel and other mercury

mercuric barium bromide. (barium mercu- compounds, disinfectant, organic synthesis, analyti-

ry bromide; mercury barium bromide). cal reagent, metallurgy, tanning, catalyst for vinyl

HgBr

•BaBr

. chloride, sterilant for seed potatoes; fungicide, in-

Properties: Colorless, crystalline mass. Very hygro- secticide, and wood preservative; embalming fluids,

scopic; soluble in water. textile printing, dry batteries, photography, process

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin engraving and lithography.

absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/

mercuric chloride, ammoniated. See mer-

cury, ammoniated.

mercuric barium iodide. (barium mercury

iodide; mercury barium iodide).

mercuric cuprous iodide. (copper mercury

HgI

•BaI

•5H

O. iodide; mercury copper iodide). HgI

•2CuI.

Properties: Reddish or yellow crystalline mass. Un- Properties: Dark-red, crystalline powder. D 6.12.

stable; deliquescent; soluble in alcohol and water. Insoluble in alcohol and water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/ Use: Thermoscopy (detecting overheating of ma-

. chine bearings) by reversible color change.

Use: Microanalysis (testing for alkaloids), preparing

Rohrbach solution.

mercuric cyanate. See mercury fulminate.

mercuric benzoate. (mercury benzoate). mercuric cyanide. (mercury cyanide).

CAS: 583-15-3. Hg(C

)

•H

O. CAS: 592-04-1. Hg(CN)

Properties: White crystals. Mp 165C. Sensitive to Properties: Colorless, transparent prisms darkened

light. Soluble in solutions of sodium chloride and by light. D 4.018, mp (decomposes). Soluble in

ammonium benzoate; slightly soluble in alcohol and water and alcohol.

water. Derivation: Interaction of mercuric oxide and an

Derivation: By the interaction of a mercuric salt and aqueous solution of hydrogen cyanide.

sodium benzoate. Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/ absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

. Use: Medicine (antiseptic), germicidal soaps, manu-

Use: Medicine (antisyphilitic). facturing cyanogen gas, photography.

mercuric dichromate. See mercury dichro-

mercuric bromide. (mercury bromide).

mate.

CAS: 7789-47-1. HgBr

Properties: White, rhombic crystals. Sensitive to

light. D 6.11, mp 235C, bp 322C. Soluble in alcohol

mercuric dimethyldithiocarbamate.

and ether; sparingly soluble in water. C

Hg.

Derivation: By adding potassium bromide to a solu- Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

tion of a mercuric salt and crystallizing. skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin Use: Turf fungicides.

absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/

mercuric fluoride. (mercury fluoride). HgF

Use: Medicine.

Properties: Transparent crystals. D 8.95, mp 645C

decomposes. Moderately soluble in water and al-

cohol.

mercuric chloride. (mercury bichloride;

Derivation: Mercuric oxide and hydrogen fluoride.

mercury chloride; corrosive sublimate).

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

CAS: 7487-94-7. HgCl

skin absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless. D

mg(Hg)/m

5.44 (25C), bp 303C, mp 276C. Soluble in water,

Use: Synthesis of organic fluorine compounds.

alcohol, ether, pyridine, glycerol, and acetic acid.

Derivation: (1) Direct combination of chlorine with

mercury heated to volatilizing point, (2) by sublim-

mercuric iodide. (mercury iodide, red).

ing mercuric sulfate with common salt. CAS: 7774-29-0. HgI

801 MERCURIC POTASSIUM

Properties: Red, tetragonal crystals; turn yellow hydrochloric acid and nitric acid;, insoluble in wa-

when heated to 130C, returning to red on cooling. D

ter, alcohol, and ether.

6.28, mp 259C, bp 349C. Soluble in boiling alcohol

Derivation: By heating mercurous nitrate.

and in solutions of sodium thiosulfate or potassium

Grade: Technical, paint, ACS reagent.

iodide or other hot alkali chloride solutions, almost

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

completely insoluble in water.

Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Derivation: By the direct union of mercury and io-

Use: Chemicals, paint pigment, perfumery and cos-

dine.

metics, pharmaceuticals for topical disinfection, ce-

Grade: Technical, reagent.

ramics (pigment), dry batteries, especially for mi-

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

niaturized equipment, polishing compounds,

skin absorption; strong irritant. TLV: TWA 0.1

analytical reagent, antifouling paints, fungicide, an-

mg(Hg)/m

tiseptic.

Use: Medicine (antiseptic), analytical reagents (Nes-

sler’s reagent, Mayer’s reagent).

mercuric oxide, yellow. (mercury oxide,

See mercuric potassium iodide.

yellow; yellow precipitate).

CAS: 21908-53-2. HgO.

mercuric lactate. Hg(C

)

Properties: Light, orange-yellow powder; odorless.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

Stable in air but turns dark on exposure to light; finer

water; decomposed by heat.

powder than the red form. D 11.03 (27.5C), mp

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

decomposes. Slightly soluble in cold water, more so

absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

after boiling; soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid and

Use: Fungicide.

nitric acid, potassium iodide solution, concentrated

solutions of alkaline-earth chloride, magnesium

mercuric naphthenate. (mercury naphthe-

chloride; insoluble in alcohol.

nate).

Derivation: (1) By the action of either potassium

Properties: Dark-amber liquid. Bulk d 10.4 lb/gal.

hydroxide or sodium hydroxide on mercuric chlo-

Soluble in lubricating oils and mineral spirits.

ride. (2) By the action of sodium carbonate upon

Grade: 25% mercury.

mercuric nitrate solution.

Hazard: Poison by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Grade: CP, technical, NF.

absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Use: Gasoline antiknock compounds and as a paint

Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

antimildew promoter.

Use: Antiseptic, mercury compounds.

See mercuric oxide, red.

mercuric nitrate. (mercury nitrate; mercury

pernitrate).

mercuric oxycyanide.

CAS: 10045-94-0. Hg(NO

)

CAS: 1335-31-5. HgO•Hg(CN)

Properties: Colorless crystals or white, deliquescent

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 4.44. Mod-

powder. D 4.3, mp 79C. Decomposed by heat; solu-

erately soluble in water.

ble in water and nitric acid; insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Detonates on heating, dangerous explosion

Derivation: By action of hot nitric acid on mercury.

risk. Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

Use: Medicine (topical antiseptic).

materials. Very toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Nitration of aromatic organic compounds, felt

mercuric phosphate. (normal mercuric

manufacture, mercury fulminate manufacturing.

phosphate; neutral mercuric phosphate; trimer-

curic orthophosphate; mercuric phosphate, terti-

mercuric oleate. (mercury oleate).

ary; mercury phosphate). Hg

(PO

)

CAS: 1191-80-6. C

HgO

Properties: Heavy, white or yellowish powder. Sol-

Properties: Yellowish to red semisolid or solid mass.

uble in acids; insoluble in alcohol, water.

Soluble in fixed oils; insoluble in water; slightly

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

soluble in alcohol or ether.

Derivation: By mixing yellow mercuric oxide with

oleic acid.

mercuric potassium cyanide. (mercury po-

Grade: Technical, pharmaceutical.

tassium cyanide).

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

CAS: 591-89-9. Hg(CN)

•2KCN.

Use: Antiseptic, antifouling paints.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water and

alcohol.

mercuric oxide, red. (red precipitate; mer- Derivation: By mixing mercuric and potassium cya-

cury oxide, red). nides and crystallizing.

CAS: 21908-53-2. HgO. Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

Properties: Heavy, bright orange-red powder. D skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

11.00–11.29, mp (decomposes). Soluble in dilute Use: Silvering glass in mirror manufacture.

802MERCURIC POTASSIUM

mercuric potassium iodide. (Mayer’s re- mercuric sulfate. (mercury persulfate; mer-

agent; potassium mercuric iodide). K

HgI

or cury sulfate).

2KI•HgI

. CAS: 7783-35-9. HgSO

Properties: Odorless, yellow crystals; deliquescent Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 6.466, de-

in air; crystallizes with either 1, 2, or 3 molecules of composes at red heat. Soluble in acids; insoluble in

water. The commercial product is the anhydrous alcohol; decomposes in water.

form containing approximately 25.5% mercury; d Derivation: By the action of sulfuric acid on mercury

4.29; neutral or alkaline to litmus; very soluble in with subsequent crystallization.

water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone. Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

Derivation: (1) Action of hydrochloric acid and po- skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

tassium iodide on mercuric cyanide or mercuric Use: Calomel and corrosive sublimate, catalyst in the

chloride; (2) action of potassium iodide on mercuric conversion of acetylene to acetaldehyde, extracting

oxide. gold and silver from roasted pyrites, battery electro-

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and lyte.

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Analytical chemistry.

mercuric sulfide, black. (mercury sulfide,

See Nessler’s reagent.

black).

CAS: 1344-48-5. HgS.

Properties: Black powder. D 7.55–7.70, mp sub-

mercuric salicylate. (salicylated mercury).

limes at 446C, mp 583C. Soluble in sodium sulfide

CAS: 5970-32-1.

solution; insoluble in water, alcohol and nitric acid.

Properties: White powder, yellow or pink tinge;

Derivation: By passing hydrogen sulfide into a solu-

odorless; tasteless. A compound of mercury and

tion of mercury salt, reaction of mercury with sulfur.

salicylic acid of somewhat varying composition,

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

mercury replacing both phenolic and carboxylic hy-

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

drogen; contains more than 54% but less than 59.5%

Use: Pigment.

mercury. Soluble in solutions of the fixed alkalies or

their carbonates, and in warm solutions of the alkali

halides; insoluble in water and alcohol.

mercuric sulfide, red. (vermilion; quicksil-

Derivation: By gently heating freshly precipitated

ver vermilion; chinese vermilion; red mercury

yellow mercuric oxide and salicylic acid in presence

sulfide; artificial cinnabar; red mercury sulfur-

of water.

et).

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

CAS: 1344-48-5. HgS.

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Properties: Fine, bright-scarlet powder. D

Use: Medicine (topical antiseptic).

8.06–8.12, mp sublimes at 583C. Insoluble in water

and alcohol.

Derivation: By heating mercury and sulfur with sub-

mercuric silver iodide. (mercury silver io-

sequent recovery by sublimation. A precipitated

dide; silver mercury iodide). HgI

•2AgI.

form is known as English vermilion.

Properties: Yellow powder, becomes red at 40–50C.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

D 6.08. Soluble in solutions of potassium cyanide or

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

potassium iodide; insoluble in dilute acids and

Use: Pigment.

water.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

mercuric thiocyanate. (mercuric sulfocya-

Use: Thermoscopy (detecting overheating in journal

nate; mercuric sulfocyanide; mercury sulfocya-

bearings).

nate; mercury thiocyanate).

CAS: 592-85-8. Hg(SCN)

Properties: White powder. Mp decomposes. Slight-

mercuric sodium phenolsulfonate.

ly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

CAS: 535-55-7. C

HgNa

Derivation: By precipitation of mercuric nitrate with

Properties: Colorless, water-soluble powder.

ammonium sulfocyanate and subsequent solution in

Derivation: Reaction of sodium salt of p-phenolsul-

a large amount of hot water and crystallizing.

fonic acid and mercuric oxide.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Antiseptic and germicide, in soaps, ointments,

Use: Photography, pyrotechnics.

etc. (1% concentration).

“Mercurochrome” [BD]. TM for merbromin.

mercuric stearate. (mercury stearate).

)

Hg.

Properties: Yellow, granular powder. Soluble in fat-

mercurous acetate. (mercury proto-acetate;

ty oils; insoluble in water and alcohol. mercury acetate).

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and CAS: 631-60-7. C

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

. Properties: Colorless scales or plates, decomposed

Use: Germicide. by boiling water and by light into mercury and mer-

803 MERCURY

curic acetate. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in Decomposes on heating. Soluble in nitric acid (con-

alcohol and ether; soluble in dilute nitric acid. centrated); insoluble in alcohol and water.

Derivation: Reaction of sodium acetate with mercu- Hazard: Moderate fire hazard in contact with organ-

rous nitrate solution acidified with nitric acid. ic materials. Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/

Grade: Technical. m

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and Use: Ceramics (coloring green).

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Medicine (antibacterial).

mercurous iodide. (mercury protoiodide).

CAS: 7783-30-4. HgI or Hg

mercurous acetylide. Hg

. Properties: Bright-yellow powder, becoming green-

Properties: White powder. A salt of acetylene. ish on exposure to light due to decomposition into

Derivation: Reaction of acetylene with aqueous so- metallic mercury and mercuric iodide. Becomes

lution of mercurous salts. dark yellow, orange, and orange-red on heating.

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked or Undergoes same color change in opposite order on

heated. Highly toxic. cooling. Odorless and tasteless. D 7.6445–7.75, sub-

limes at 140C, mp 290C (with partial decomposi-

tion). Soluble in castor oil, liquid ammonia, aqua

mercurous bromide. (mercury bromide).

ammonia; insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

CAS: 10031-18-2. HgBr or Hg

Derivation: (1) Action of potassium iodide on a

Properties: White powder or colorless crystals;

mercurous salt. (2) Boiling a solution of mercurous

odorless; tasteless. Becomes yellow on heating, re-

nitrate containing nitric acid with excess of iodine.

turning to white on cooling. Darkens on exposure to

Grade: Technical.

light. D 7.307, sublimes at 340–350C, mp 405C.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Soluble in fuming nitric acid (prolonged heating),

absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

hot concentrated sulfuric acid, hot ammonium car-

Use: Medicine (topical antibacterial).

bonate or ammonium succinate solutions; sparingly

soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether.

Derivation: (1) Action of potassium bromide on so-

mercurous nitrate, hydrated.

lution of mercurous nitrate in dilute nitric acid; (2) CAS: 10415-75-5. HgNO

•2H

sublimation from mixture of mercury and mercuric Properties: Short prismatic crystals, effloresces and

bromide. becomes anhydrous in dry air, sensitive to light. D

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and 4.785 (3.9C), mp 70C (decomposes). Soluble in

skin absorption. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

. small quantities of warm water (hydrolyzes in larger

quantities)and water acidified with nitric acid.

Derivation: Action of cold dilute nitric acid upon an

mercurous chlorate. (mercury chlorate).

excess of mercury and warming slightly.

(ClO

)

Hazard: May be explosive if shocked or heated.

Properties: White crystals. D 6.409, mp 250C (de-

Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

composes). Soluble in alcohol, water, and acetic

Use: Analytical agent.

acid.

Hazard: Explodes in contact with organic or com-

bustible materials. Keep away from light. Highly

mercurous oxide.

toxic. CAS: 15829-53-5. Hg

Properties: Black powder. D 9.8, decomposes at

100C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water.

mercurous chloride. (mercury monochlo-

Derivation: Action of sodium hydroxide on mercu-

ride; mercury protochloride; mercury chloride,

rous nitrate.

mild; calomel).

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

CAS: 10112-91-1. Hg

Properties: White, rhombic crystals or crystalline

powder; odorless. Stable in air but darkens on expo-

mercurous sulfate.

sure to light. D 6.993, mp 302C, bp 384C; decom- CAS: 7783-36-0. Hg

posed by alkalies. Insoluble in water, ether, alcohol, Properties: White to yellow, crystalline powder. D

and cold dilute acids. 7.56, decomposes on heating. Soluble in hot sulfuric

Derivation: By heating mercuric chloride and mer- acid, dilute nitric acid; slightly soluble in water.

cury with subsequent sublimation. Derivation: (1) Dissolving mercury in sulfuric acid

Grade: Technical, CP, NF. and heating gently; (2) adding sulfuric acid to mer-

Hazard: Toxic dose is uncertain. curous nitrate solution.

Use: Fungicide, electrodes, pharmaceuticals, pyro- Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

technics, ceramic painting, maggot control in agri- Use: Chemical (admixed with sulfuric acid as a cata-

culture. lyst, in oxidation of naphthalene to phthalic acid),

batteries (Clark cell, Weston cell).

mercurous chromate. (mercury chromate).

CrO

. mercury. (quicksilver; hydrargyrum).

Properties: Brick-red powder, variable composition. CAS: 7439-97-6. Hg. Metallic element of atomic

804MERCURY, AMMONIATED

number 80, group IIB of the periodic table, aw

mercury cell. An electrolytic cell for the pro-

200.59, valences

1,2; 4 stable isotopes and 12 duction of caustic soda and chlorine from sodium

artificially radioactive isotopes.

chloride brine. Continuously fed brine is decom-

Properties: Silvery, extremely heavy liquid, some-

posed in one compartment between graphite anodes,

times found native. D 13.59, fp −38.85C, bp 356.6.

where chlorine is liberated, and a mercury cathode,

Insoluble in hydrochloric acid; soluble in sulfuric

where a sodium amalgam is formed. The amalgam

acid upon boiling; readily soluble in nitric acid;

flows continuously or intermittently to a second

insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether; soluble in

compartment where it is decomposed with water,

lipids;, extremely high surface tension (480 dynes/

forming a caustic solution. The decomposition is

cm) giving it unique rheological behavior; high elec-

usually performed electrolytically by making the

tric conductivity. Noncombustible.

amalgam anodic with respect to an iron or graphite

Source: Cinnabar.

cathode. Pure water is supplied to the decomposition

Occurrence: Spain, Yugoslavia, Mexico, Canada,

compartment at such a rate as to maintain a constant

Algeria.

concentration of caustic in the product. With respect

Derivation: By heating cinnabar in air or with lime

to the diaphragm cell, the mercury cathode cell has

and condensing the vapor.

generally a more concentrated solution (50–70%); it

Method of purification: Distillation; an important

has the disadvantages of higher operating voltage

proportion of used mercury is recovered by redistil-

and lower efficiency (52–55%) and a high capital

lation.

investment in mercury. Examples of mercury-cath-

Grade: Technical, virgin, redistilled, ACS.

ode cells are Castner cell and DeNora cell.

Hazard: (1) Mercury, metallic: Highly toxic by skin

absorption and inhalation of fume or vapor, ab-

mercury compounds. See mercury chlorate;

sorbed by respiratory and intestinal tract. FDA per-

mercurous chlorate; mercury oxide; mercuric

mits zero addition to the 20 micrograms of mercury

oxide.

contained in average daily diet. TLV: (elemental)

TWA 0.025 mg(Hg)/m

; Not Classifiable as a Car-

mercury dichromate. (mercuric dichromate;

cinogen. (2) All inorganic compounds of mercury

mercury bichromate). HgCr

are highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Properties: Heavy, red, crystalline powder. Soluble

absorption. TLV: TWA 0.025 mg(Hg)/m

; Not

in acids; insoluble in water.

Classifiable as a Carcinogen.. (3) Most organic com-

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

pounds of mercury are highly toxic; inorganic mer-

cury can be converted to methylmercury by bacteria

mercury fulminate. (mercuric cyanate).

in water. TLV: (alkyl compounds) 0.01 mg(Hg)/m

;

Hg(CNO)

(aryl compounds) TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Properties: Gray, crystalline powder. D 4.42, mp

Note: Spillage may be a toxic hazard due to droplet

(explodes). Soluble in alcohol, ammonium hydrox-

proliferation. Clean-up requires special care.

ide, and hot water; slightly soluble in cold water.

Use: Amalgams, catalyst, electrical apparatus, cath-

Derivation: By treating mercury with strong nitric

odes for production of chlorine and caustic soda,

acid and alcohol.

instruments (thermometers, barometers, etc.), mer-

Grade: Technical.

cury vapor lamps, extractive metallurgy, mirror

Hazard: Explodes readily when dry, keep moist till

coating, arc lamps, boilers, coolant and neutron ab-

use, an initiating explosive. Highly toxic. TLV:

sorber in nuclear power plants.

TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Manufacture of caps and detonators for produc-

ing explosions of military, industrial, and sporting

mercury, ammoniated. (mercuric chloride,

purposes.

ammoniated; ammonobasic mercuric chloride;

ammoniated mercury chloride, white precipitate;

mercury nitrilotriacetate.

fusible; aminomercuric chloride; mercury cos-

CAS: 73128-65-1. mf: C

HgN

metic). HgNH

Cl.

Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m

(as Hg).

Properties: White, pulverulent lumps or powder;

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.01. STEL

earthy, metallic taste; odorless. Stable in air, darkens

0.03 mg/m

(skin)

on exposure to light. Soluble in ammonium carbon-

ate and sodium thiosulfate solutions and in warm

mercury selenide. HgSe. Sublimes in a vacu-

acids; insoluble in water and alcohol.

um, d 8.266, insoluble in water.

Derivation: By precipitating mercuric chloride with

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

ammonium hydroxide in excess.

Use: Semiconductor in solar cells, thin-film transis-

Grade: USP, technical.

tors, infrared detectors, ultrasonic amplifiers.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Medicine (local antiinfective), pharmaceuticals.

mercury telluride. HgTe.

Grade: 99.99%.

mercury bichloride. Legal label name for mer- Use: Semiconductor in solar cells, thin-film transis-

curic chloride. tors, infrared detectors, ultrasonic amplifiers.

805

meso

“Merlon” [Bayer]. TM for a polycarbonate Properties: Needles. Mp 69C, bp 220C. Soluble in

resin. Rods, tubes, pipes, sheets, film extrusions, and water and alcohol.

special types may be produced by extrusion, ther-

moforming, injection, and blow moldings.

mesitylene. (1,3,5-trimethylbenzene; sym-tri-

Properties: Transparent, slightly straw-colored res-

methylbenzene).

in. D 1.2, refr index 1.587.

CAS: 108-67-8. C

(CH

)

Use: Electrical and electronic component industries,

Properties: Liquid. D 0.863, fp −52.7C, bp 164.6C.

protective equipment, graphic arts and photographic

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

film, cable wrapping and protective overlays for

Derived from coal tar. Combustible.

other thermoplastic sheeting, missile applications.

merocyanine. See cyanine dye.

“Merpentine” [Du Pont]. TM for a surface-

active compounded anionic wetting, penetrating and

leveling agent used in leather and textile fields.

Hazard: Moderate fire hazard. Toxic by inhalation.

“Merpol” [Du Pont]. TM for fatty alcohol-

TLV: 25 ppm.

ethylene oxide condensates.

Use: Intermediate, including anthraquinone vat dyes,

Use: As nonionic dispersing and emulsifying agents

UV oxidation stabilizers for plastics.

for paper, leather, and textile industries.

2-mesitylenesulfonyl chloride. 1,3,5-

Merrifield, R. Bruce. (1921–2006). An

(CH

)

H(SO

Cl)

American chemist who won the Nobel Prize for

Properties: White crystalline solid. Mw 317.21, mp

chemistry in 1984. Merrifield was cited for work on

123−125C, moisture sensitive.

the use of a solid matrix as an aid to chemical synthe-

Hazard: Corrosive.

sis of complex peptides and proteins. His synthesis

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate, protective reagent

techniques have been used in the development of

for the guanidino group in peptide synthesis, selec-

solid matrix-bound inorganic and organic agents.

tive sulfonating agent.

He was awarded a doctorate from U.C.L.A.

mesityl oxide. (isopropylideneacetone; methyl

Merrifield solid-phase peptide synthesis.

isobutenyl ketone; 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one).

Synthesis of large peptides by stepwise chain

CAS: 141-79-7. (CH

)

:CHCOCH

elongation on a polymeric support.

Properties: Oily, colorless liquid; honeylike odor. D

0.8569 (20/20C), bp 130–131C, vap press 8.7 mm

“Mertect” [MSD Agvet]. TM for a post har-

Hg (20C), flash p 90F (32.3C), bulk d 7.1 lb/gal

vest fungicide.

(20C), fp −46.4C, viscosity 0.0060 cP (20C), aut-

oign temp 652F (344C). Soluble in water, alcohols,

“Merthiolate” [Lilly]. TM for a 0.1% solution

and ethers.

of thiomersal in alcohol.

Derivation: Dehydration of acetone or diacetone al-

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, for external use

cohol.

only.

Grade: Technical.

Use: General antiseptic.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. TLV:

mescaline. (3,4,5-trimethoxymethoxy-

TWA 15 ppm; STEL 25 ppm.

phenethylamine).

Use: Solvent for cellulose esters and ethers, vinyl

CAS: 54-04-6. (CH

. An alka-

resins, lacquers, roll-coating inks, stains, ore flota-

loid derived from a Mexican cactus.

tion, paint and varnish-removers, insect repellent,

Properties: Crystals. Mp 35–36C, bp 180C. Soluble

manufacture of methyl isobutyl ketone.

in water, alcohol, chloroform, benzene; nearly insol-

uble in ether.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion.

meso-. A prefix meaning middle or intermediate,

Use: Biochemical and medical research, hallucino-

specifically (1) an optically inactive stereoisomeric

genic drug.

form resulting from the presence of an even number

of dextro and levorotatory isomers in a natural sub-

mesh. The number of apertures per square inch of

stance. This cancels the optical activity and causes

a screen or sieve, it is the square of the number of

formation of an intermediate structure which is its

strands of metal or plastic per linear inch.

own mirror image. This effect is called internal com-

See screen.

pensation. Tartaric acid is an example.

See racemization; tartaric acid.

mesitol. (2,4,6-trimethyl phenol; 2-hydroxy (2) An intermediate hydrated form of an inorganic

mesitylene). acid. (3) Designating a middle position in certain

806MESOKARYOTIC

cyclic organic compounds. (4) A ring system char-

Metachrome Yellow. (alizarine yellow GG;

acterized by a middle position of certain rings. sodium-m-nitrobenzeneazosalicylate; CI 14025).

CAS: 584-42-9. C

NaO

Properties: Finely divided yellow crystals. Soluble

mesokaryotic. Nuclear condition unique to the

in hot water.

dinoflagellates in which the chromosomes remain

Derivation: Diazotizing m-nitroaniline and coupling

permanently condensed.

with salicylic acid.

Use: Acid-base indicator, biological stain.

mesomerism. See resonance (1).

mesomorphic. A molecular arrangement inter-

metaformaldehyde. See sym-trioxane.

mediate between crystals (solid) and amorphous

(liquid) that characterizes liquid crystals.

metal. An element that forms positive ions when

its compounds are in solution and whose oxides

messenger RNA (mRNA). RNA that serves as

form hydroxides rather than acids with water. Ap-

a template for protein synthesis.

proximately 75% of the elements are metals that

See genetic code.

occur in every group of the periodic table except

VIIA and the noble gas groups. Most are crystalline

mesyl chloride. See methanesulfonyl chlo-

solids with metallic luster, conductors of electricity,

ride.

and have rather high chemical reactivity; many are

quite hard and have high physical strength. They

Met. Symbol for methionine.

also readily form solutions (alloys) with other met-

als. The presence of very low percentage of other

meta-. A prefix. For definition of meta-com-

elements (not necessarily metals) profoundly affects

pounds

the properties of many metals, e.g., carbon in iron.

See ortho-.

Mercury, cesium, and gallium are liquid at room

temperature. Geologically, metals usually occur in

metabolism. The chemical transformations oc-

the form of compounds that must be physically or

curring in an organism from the time a nutrient

chemically processed to yield the pure metal; com-

substance enters it until it has been utilized and the

mon methods are application of heat (smelting),

waste products eliminated. In animals and humans,

carbon reduction, electrolysis, and reduction with

digestion and absorption are primary steps, followed

aluminum or magnesium. Metals fall into the fol-

by a complicated series of degradations, syntheses,

lowing classifications, which are not mutually ex-

hydrolyses, and oxidations, in which agents such as

clusive:

enzymes, bile acids, and hydrochloric acid take part.

alkali metals rare metals

These transformations are often localized with re-

alkaline-earth metals rare-earth metals

spect to organs, tissues, and types of cells involved.

transition metals actinide metals

Basal metabolism is the rate of total heat production

noble metals light metals

of an individual who is awake but in complete men-

platinum metals heavy metals

tal and physical repose, at comfortable temperature

and without having had food for at least 12 hrs.

The chemistry of metals, i.e., their behavior as atoms

Under these conditions, oxidation of stored nutrients

or ions, is a fundamental factor in electrochemical

provides the sole source of energy expended and

reactions, as well as in the metabolism of plants and

heat is measurable by calorimetry. See digestion

animals, where many have essential nutrient and

(1).

other biochemical functions. Among these are iron,

copper, cobalt, potassium, and sodium, often in

metabolite. An intermediate substance produced

traces. Some metals are quite toxic, especially cad-

and used in the processes of a living cell or organ-

mium, mercury, lead, barium, chromium, and beryl-

ism. Metabolites effect replacement and growth in

lium, both in elemental form and as compounds.

living tissue and are also a source of energy in the

See alloy; trace element; electroplating.

body. Examples are nucleic acids, enzymes, glu-

cose, cholesterol, and many similar substances.

metal alkyl. One of the family of organometallic

compounds. It is a combination of an alkyl organic

metaboric acid. HBO

radical with a metal atom or atoms.

Properties: White crystals. D 2.486, mp 236C.

See Ziegler catalyst.

Slightly soluble in water.

metacetone. See diethylketone.

metalaxyl.

CAS: 57837-19-1. mf: C

“Metacaulk 350i” [Rectorseal]. TM for a Properties: White crystals.

general purpose fire rated sealant. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Sealant for construction joints. Use: Food additive; fungicide; agricultural chemical.

807 METAMORPHOSIS

metal deactivator. A compound added to gaso- point, 173C. The metal complexes are soluble in

line to neutralize the catalytic effect of copper in

many organic solvents while the halides are soluble

promoting fuel oxidation.

primarily in polar solvents. When the central metal

atom is in a stable oxidation state the metallocene is

metaldehyde. (CH

CHO)

. A polymer of acetal-

not decomposed by high temperature, air, water,

dehyde in which n usually is 4–6.

dilute acids, or bases.

Properties: White prisms, decomposes with partial

Some metallocenes, such as ferrocene, undergo a

regeneration of acetaldehyde, when heated above

wide variety of aromatic ring substitution reactions,

80C. Sublimes at 112–115C; mp 246C in sealed

including Friedel-Crafts acylation, arylation, and

tube. Soluble in benzene, chloroform; slightly solu-

sulfonation; a few such as nickelocene and cobalto-

ble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in water.

cene are too unstable to be directly substituted.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Strong irri-

Derivation: The most important industrial method is

tant to skin and mucous membranes.

the reaction of a cyclopentadienide (for example the

Use: Fuel to replace alcohol, to destroy snails and

sodium salt) with a transition metal halide in an

slugs.

organic solvent.

Use: Catalysts, polymers, UV absorbers, reducing

metal dye. See dye, metal. agents, free radical scavengers, antiknock agents.

See ferrocene; cobaltocene; nickelocene; titanocene

dichloride; zirconocene dichloride; uranocene.

metal fiber. See fiber.

metal, foamed. A light metal such as aluminum

metalloendoprotease. See glycoprotease.

or zinc to which titanium hydride has been added.

The latter evolves hydrogen to give a blown struc-

metalloid. See nonmetal; semiconductor.

ture with about the same specific gravity as water.

metal glass. See glass, metallic.

metalloprotein. A protein having a metal ion as

its prosthetic group.

metallic bond. See bond, chemical.

metallurgical coke. See coke.

metallic soap. See soap (2).

metallized dye. A soluble dye including any

metal, powdered. Metals are produced in pow-

one of a variety of metals chemically combined,

dered form for a variety of uses in several industries.

applied to wool in an acid bath, by use of sodium

In this form they are the raw materials for powder

chloride to salt out the dye onto the fiber.

metallurgy in which the powders are pressed in

molds and heated (sintered) at high temperature.

metallizing. Coating a plastic or similar material

Metal powders range in size from −325 mesh

with a deposit of metal (usually aluminum) by

(0.045–0.060 mm “diameter”) to +100 mesh and are

means of vacuum deposition. The thickness of such

available in practically all industrial metals. They

films may vary from 0.01 to as much as 3 mils.

are produced by machining, milling, shotting, gran-

Metallized plastic films are used for yarns, packag-

ulation, atomizing, condensation, reduction, chemi-

ing, stamping foil, labels, etc.

cal precipitation, or electrodeposition. Their proper-

ties and purities vary with the method of

metallocene. An organometallic coordination

preparation.

compound obtained as a cyclopentadienyl deriva-

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, especially as dust. Tox-

tive of a transition metal or metal halide. The metal

ic by inhalation.

is bonded to the cyclopentadienyl ring by electrons

Use: Electric, automotive, machinery, tool and re-

moving in orbitals extending above and below the

fractory-metal industries; paint pigments, flares and

plane of the ring (pi bond). There are three types of

incendiary bombs, brazing materials, calorizing,

metallocenes: (1) dicyclopentadienyl-metals with

metal-spraying, metallurgical agents; heat-generat-

the general formula (C

)

M, (2) dicyclopentadie-

ing agents, catalysts, etc.

nyl-metal halides with the general formula

)

1-3

, (3) monocyclopentadienyl-metal

“Metalyn” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of dis-

compounds with the general formula C

1-3

tilled methyl esters of tall-oil fatty acids.

where R is CO, NO, halide group, alkyl group, etc.

Types (1) and (2) are known as molecular sand-

wiches since the two cyclopentadiene rings lie

metamorphosis. A process of developmental

above and below the plane on which the metal atom change whereby a larva reaches adulthood only after

is situated. a drastic change in morphology; occurs in most

Most metallocenes are crystalline and those belong- amphibians and insects; for some insects, this

ing to the first transition series of the periodic table, change may include another stage (pupa) before the

from vanadium to nickel, have the same melting adult stage.

808“METAMUCIL”

“Metamucil” [Procter & Gamble]. Propri- mm Hg), d 1.079. Miscible with water and organic

etary preparation of psyllium mucilloid, dextrose, solvents.

benzyl benzoate, NaHCO

,KH

, and citric acid. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption,

Use: Laxative. strong irritant to skin.

Use: Insect chemosteriliant, addition products for

textile treatments, adhesives, paper and rubber pro-

metanilic acid. (m-sulfanilic acid; m-amino-

cessing, cross-linking agent in polymer systems

benzenesulfonic acid).

which contain active hydrogens, monomer.

CAS: 121-47-1. C

(NH

)SO

Properties: Small, colorless needles. Soluble in wa-

ter, alcohol, and ether.

meter. (1) The basic unit of length of the metric

Derivation: By the reduction of metal-nitrobenzene-

system (39.37 in.). Originally defined as one ten-

sulfonic acid. Nitrobenzene is sulfonated until the

millionth of the distance from the equator to the

product is soluble in water. The mixture is then

North Pole. Now defined as 1,650,763.73 wave-

poured into water and reduced with iron, made alka-

lengths of the orange-red line of the isotope krypton

line with lime, and the lime salt dissociated with

86. (2) A device for measuring the flow rate of

sodium carbonate.

liquids, gases, or particulate solids, e.g., flowmeters,

Hazard: See aniline.

rotameters, proportioning equipment.

Use: Azo dye manufacture (sodium salt), sulfa drug

See gauge.

synthesis.

“Metglas” [General Electric]. TM for an

metaphase. A stage in mitosis or meiosis during

amorphous metal alloy developed for use as trans-

which the chromosomes are aligned along the equa-

former coils.

torial plane of the cell.

“Methac” [Borden]. TM for a series of blends

meta-phosphoric acid. See phosphoric acid,

of methyl acetate with methanol in varying propor-

meta-.

tions.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

metapon. (methyldihydromorphine). A narcotic

Use: Lacquer solvents, paint removers, organic syn-

drug.

thesis.

See narcotic.

methacrolein. (methacrylaldehyde).

“Metasol” [Merck]. TM for a series of chemi-

CAS: 78-85-3. CH

:C(CH

)CHO.

cals used as fungicides, mildewicides, bactericides,

Properties: Liquid. D 0.8474 (20/20C), bp 68.0C,

slime control agents for pulp- and paper-mill sys-

flash p 35F (1.7C) (OC). Soluble in water 5.9% by

tems, and as preservatives for all types of systems.

wt (20C), shipped with 0.1% hydroquinone as poly-

Type (J-26) is claimed to be a broad-spectrum anti-

merization inhibitor.

microbial agent with a minimum ecological hazard.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Strong irri-

tant.

metastable. A system is metastable if it is above

Use: Copolymers, resins.

its minimum-energy state, but requires an energy

input before it can reach a lower-energy state.

methacrylaldehyde. See methacrolein.

metastasis. The spread of cancer from one part of

the body to another. Cells in the metastatic (secon-

methacrylamide. (methacrylic acid amide).

dary) tumor are like those in the original (primary)

CAS: 79-39-0. CH

:C(CH

)CONH

tumor.

Properties: Solid. Mp 110C.

Use: A monomer for acrylic resins.

“Meta-Systox R” [Bayer]. TM for O,O-di-

methyl-S-2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl phosphorothioate.

methacrylamidopropyltrimethylammonium

chloride. (MAPTAC).

metathesis. See double decomposition.

metazine.

CAS: 67704-68-1. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: (50% water solution): Amber liquid. D

metepa. (generic name for tris(methyl-1-aziri- 1.059, refr index 1.427, flash p none (CC), bulk d

dinyl)phosphine oxide). 8.66 lb/gal.

CAS: 57-39-6. (C

PO. Use: Reactive cationic monomer for wide range of

Properties: Amber liquid; amine odor. Bp 188C (1 industrially useful polymers.

809 METHAMIDOPHOS

methacrylate ester. CH

:C(CH

)COOR where ␥-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane.

R is usually methyl, ethyl, isobutyl, or n-butyl-iso- CH

:C(CH

)COOCH

Si(OCH

)

butyl (50:50). Esters of methacrylic acid; supplied Properties: Liquid. D 1.045 (25C), bp approximate-

commercially as the polymers.

ly 80C (1 mm Hg), refr index 1.4285 (25C), flash p

See acrylic resin.

135F (57.2C). Soluble in acetone, benzene, ether,

methanol, and hydrocarbons. Combustible.

Grade: 97% min purity.

methacrylate resin. See acrylic resin.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Use: Coupling agent for promotion of resin-glass,

methacrylatochromic chloride.

resin-metal, and resin-resin bonds, for formulation

of adhesives having “built in” primer systems.

C:C(CH

❘

:OCrCl

OHCrCl

❘

Properties: Water-soluble solid.

methacryloyl chloride.

Derivation: Reaction of methacrylic acid with basic

CAS: 920-46-7. H

C==C(CH

)COCl.

chromic chloride.

Properties: Liquid. Mw 104.54, bp 95−96C, d 1.070,

Use: Water repellent, nonadhesive, insolubilizer for

fp 2C.

vinyl polymer.

Available forms: Technical 90% stabilized with

See “Volan” [Du Pont].

phenothiazine.

Hazard: Flammable and corrosive liquid.

methyacrylic acid. (␣-methacrylic acid)

(monomer).

methadone hydrochloride. (dl-6-dimethyl-

CAS: 79-41-4. H

C:C(CH

)COOH.

amino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone hydrochloride).

CAS: 1095-90-5.

)

C(COC

)CH

CH(CH

)N(CH

)

•HCl. A

synthetic narcotic.

Properties: Crystalline substance with a bitter taste;

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 15–16C, bp

no odor. Mp 232–235C. Soluble in water, alcohol,

161–162C, d 1.015 (20C), flash p 170F (76.6C).

and chloroform; practically insoluble in ether and

Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, most organic sol-

glycerol; pH (1% aqueous solution) 4.5–6.5.

vents. Polymerizes readily to give water-soluble

Grade: USP.

polymers. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic. Addictive narcotic. Use restricted.

Derivation: Reaction of acetone cyanohydrin and

Use: Medicine (sedative, treating heroin addiction).

dilute sulfuric acid; oxidation of isobutylene.

Grade: 40% aqueous solution, bp 76–78C (25 mm

methallenestril. (␤-ethyl-6-methoxy-␣,␣-di-

Hg); crude monomer 85% pure, glacial (99% assay).

methyl-2-naphthalenepropionic acid).

Hazard: Toxic material. Strong irritant to skin. TLV:

CH(C

)C(CH

)

COOH.

20 ppm.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 132.5C. Soluble in ether,

Use: Monomer for large-volume resins and poly-

vegetable oils.

mers, organic synthesis. Many of the polymers are

Use: Medicine (estrogen).

based on esters of the acid, as the methyl, butyl, or

isobutyl esters.

methallyl acetate. See methylallyl acetate.

See acrylic resin.

methallyl alcohol. See methylallyl alcohol.

␣-methacrylic acid. See methacrylic acid.

␤-methallyl chloride. See ␤-methylallyl

␤-methacrylic acid. See crotonic acid.

chloride.

methacrylic acid-divinylbenzene

methallylidene diacetate.

copolymer.

:C(CH

)CH(OCOCH

)

Use: Food additive.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.510 (20/20C), bp 191.0C, fp

−15.4C, flash p 215F (101C) (COC). Slightly solu-

methacrylonitrile. (2-cyanopropene-1; isopro-

ble in water. Combustible.

penenitrile).

Use: Chemical intermediate, can provide controlled

CAS: 126-98-7. CH

==C(CH

)C≡N.

release of methacrolein in acid solution.

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid. Bp 90.3C, fp

−38.8C, flash p 55F (12.7C) (TOC), d 0.789. Slight-

ly soluble in water; soluble in acetone. Thermoplas-

methamidophos. (O,S-dimethyl phosphorami-

tic; resistant to acids and alkalies. dothioate).

Hazard: Flammable. Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, CAS: 10265-92-6.

and skin absorption. TLV: 1 ppm. Properties: Mp 39–41C. Water-miscibile.

Use: Vinyl nitrile monomer, copolymer with styrene, Use: Insecticide for cotton, cole crops, lettuce, po-

butadiene, etc., elastomers, coatings, plastics. tatoes.

810

-METHAMPHETAMINE

d-methamphetamine. See d-1-phenyl-2-me- methanecarboxylic acid. See acetic acid.

thylaminopropan.

methanedicarbonic acid. See malonic acid.

methamphetamine hydrochloride. See

amphetamine.

methanephosphonic acid, diphenyl ester.

CAS: 7526-26-3. mf: C

methanal. See formaldehyde.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

methanamide. See formamide.

methanesulfonic acid.

CAS: 75-75-2. CH

methanation. A reaction by which methane is

Properties: Liquid at room temperature. D 1.4812

formed from the hydrogen and carbon monoxide

(18/4C), mp 17–20C, bp 200C, refr index 1.4317

derived from coal gasification. It requires a catalyst,

(16C), flash p none. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether.

e.g., nickel, and temperatures in the range of 500C.

Grade: 70%.

In one process the reaction is performed in an adia-

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue (eyes, skin, and mucous

batic fixed-bed reactor. The reaction is 3H

+CO→

membranes).

+ water.

Use: Catalyst in esterification, alkylation, olefin po-

See gasification.

lymerization, peroxidation reactions.

methane. (marsh gas; methyl hydride).

methanesulfonic acid, nonamethylene ester.

CAS: 74-82-8. CH

. The first member of the paraffin

CAS: 4248-77-5. mf: C

(alkane) hydrocarbon series.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Properties: Colorless gas; odorless; tasteless. Light-

er than air. Practically inert toward sulfuric acid,

methanesulfonyl chloride. (mesyl chloride).

nitric acid, alkalies, and salts but reacts with chlorine

Cl.

and bromine in light (explosively in direct sunlight).

Properties: Pale yellow liquid. D 1.485 (20/20C), bp

Flash p −306F (−188C), bp −161.6C, fp −182.5C,

164C, fp −32C. Soluble in most organic solvents;

autoign temp 1000F (537C), vap d 0.554 (0C), criti-

insoluble in water (hydrolyzes slowly).

cal temperature −82.1C, critical pressure 672 psia,

Grade: 98%, 99+%.

heating value 1009 Btu/cu ft. Soluble in alcohol,

Use: Intermediate, flame-resistant products, stabiliz-

ether; slightly soluble in water.

er for liquid sulfur trioxide, biological chemicals.

Occurrence: Natural gas and coal gas, from decay-

ing vegetation and other organic matter in swamps

n,n

′

-methanetetrayl biscyclohexanamine.

and marshes.

CAS: 538-75-0. mf: C

Derivation: (1) From natural gas by absorption or

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic

adsorption. (2) From coal mines for use as fuel gas.

by ingestion and inhalation.

(3) From a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydro-

gen (synthesis gas) obtained by reaction of hot coal

n,n

′

-methanetetraylbis(2,6-bis(1-

with steam; the mixed gas is passed over a nickel-

methylethyl)benzenamine). See bis(2,6-

based catalyst at high temperature. See methanation.

diisopropylphenyl)carbodiimide.

Methane can also be obtained by a nickel-catalyzed

reaction of carbon dioxide and hydrogen. (4) Anaer-

methanethiol. (methyl mercaptan).

obic decomposition of manures and other agricul-

CAS: 74-93-1. CH

SH.

tural wastes. (5) By horizontal drilling of coal

Properties: Water-white liquid when below its boil-

seams.

ing point, or colorless gas; powerful, unpleasant

Grade: Research 99.99%; CP 99%; technical 95%;

odor. Fp −121C, d 0.87 (20C), flash p 0F (−17C), bp

Btu grade, which must have heating value of 1000

5.96C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol,

Btu/cu ft at 15.5C and a pressure of 30 inches of

ether, and petroleum naphtha.

mercury.

Derivation: Methanol and hydrogen sulfide.

Hazard: Severe fire and explosion hazard, forms

Grade: 98.0% purity.

explosive mixture with air (5–15% by volume). An

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

asphyxiant gas.

limits in air 3.9–21.8%. Strong irritant. TLV: 0.5

Use: Source of petrochemicals by conversion to hy-

ppm.

drogen and carbon monoxide by steam cracking or

Use: Synthesis, especially of methionine, jet fuel

partial oxidation. Important products are methanol,

additives, fungicides; also as catalyst.

acetylene, hydrogen cyanide, and ammonia. Chlo-

rination gives carbon tetrachloride, chloroform,

methanethiomethane. See dimethyl sulfide.

methylene chloride, and methyl chloride. In the

form of natural gas, methane is used as a fuel, as a

methanoic acid. See formic acid.

source of carbon black, and as the starting material

for manufacture of synthetic proteins.

See natural gas; synthetic natural gas; biogas.

methanol. See methyl alcohol.

811 METHOXSALEN

methapyrilene. dilute acids and alkalies, very slightly soluble in

CAS: 91-80-5. C

S. alcohol, practically insoluble in ether, pH (1% aque-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 173C (3 mm Hg). ous solution) 5.6–6.1.

Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in benzene. Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein, synthesized from

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, a carcinogen. hydrogen cyanide, acrolein, and methyl mercaptan.

Grade: NF, feed 98%.

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

Use: Pharmaceuticals, feed additive, vegetable-oil

enrichment, single-cell protein.

“Methazate” [Uniroyal]. TM for zinc dime-

thyldithiocarbamate.

methionine hydantoin.

See ziram.

CAS: 13253-44-6. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

methenamine. See hexamethylenetetramine.

methionine hydroxy-analog calcium. (dl-

“Methendic” Anhydride [Velsicol]. TM

␣-hydroxy-␥-methylmercaptobutyric acid, calci-

for a mix of bicyclic unsaturated dibasic anhydrides

um salt; 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutyric acid,

as a relatively nonvolatile liquid at room tempera-

calcium salt). (CH

SCH

OCOO)

Ca. Free

ture.

methionine hydroxy analog is a metabolite in methi-

Properties: Pale-amber liquid, color Gardner 3–6. D

onine utilization.

1.2–1.3 (25C), 1.5052 (27C), flash p 275–285F

Properties: Free-flowing light tan powder. Soluble

(135–140C) (COC). Miscible with acetone, aromat-

in water; insoluble in common organic solvents.

ic and aliphatic hydrocarbons at room temperature.

Use: Animal feed, synthesis of pharmaceuticals.

Combustible.

Use: Cross-linking or curing agent for epoxy-type

methiotepa. (generic name for tris(2-methyl-

resin systems.

1-aziridinyl)-phosphine sulfide.)

See metepa.

methenyl tribromide. See bromoform.

“Methocel” [Dow]. TM for methylcellulose.

methicillin. C

(OCH

)C==O. A semisynthetic

antibiotic.

Use: Effective against resistant staphylococci.

methomyl. (S-methyl-N-(methylcarbamoy-

loxy)-thioacetimidate).

CAS: 16752-77-5. C

methidathion. (an ester of dithiophosphoric

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 78C, d 1.30. Par-

acid).

tially soluble in water, alcohol, and acetone; soluble

CAS: 950-37-8. C

in methanol.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Almost insoluble in

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: TWA 2.5 mg/m

;

water; soluble in common organic solvents.

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, a cholinesterase inhib-

Use: Insecticide, nematocide.

itor.

Use: Insecticide.

methoprene.

methiocarb. (4-methylthio-3,5-xylyl-N-methyl- CAS: 40596-69-8. C

. An insecticidal prepa-

carbamate). ration said to act in the manner of a juvenile hor-

CAS: 2032-65-7. mone, which arrests development of insects in the

Properties: Mp 121C. larval stage.

Use: Insecticide for vegetables and fruits.

methotrexate. (amethopterin; 4-amino-10-me-

methiodal sodium. See sodium methiodal.

thylfolic acid).

CAS: 59-05-2.

methiomeprazine hydrochloride. Properties: Orange-brown, crystalline powder. In-

CAS: 14056-64-5. mf: C

•ClH. soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform, ether; slightly

Hazard: A poison. soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; soluble in dilute

solutions of alkali hydroxides and carbonates; folic

acid antagonist.

methionamine. See n-acetyl-l-methionine.

Grade: USP.

Hazard: Very toxic.

methionine. (2-amino-4-(methylthio)butyric

Use: Chemosterilant, cancer treatment.

acid).

CAS: 59-51-8. CH

SCH

CH(NH

)COOH. An

optically active, essential sulfur-containing amino

methoxsalen. (8-methoxypsoralen).

acid important in biological trans-methylation pro- CAS: 298-81-7. C

, tricyclic.

cesses. The levo form is biologically active. Properties: White to cream-colored, crystalline sol-

Properties: (dl-racemic mix) White, crystalline id; odorless. Slightly soluble in alcohol; practically

platelets or powder; faint odor. Soluble in water, insoluble in water. Combustible.

812METHOXYACETALDEHYDE

Use: Suntan accelerator, sunburn protector.

p-methoxybenzyl formate. See anisyl for-

mate.

methoxyacetaldehyde. A highly reactive alde-

hyde derivative available in 77% aqueous solution.

2-methoxy-4,6-bis(isopropylamino)-s-

Clear colorless liquid with odor characteristic of

triazine. (2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-me-

lower aldehydes, miscible with water and many or-

thoxy-s-triazine). CH

[NHCH(CH

)

]

ganic solvents. Resembles butyraldehyde in struc-

Properties: White solid. Almost insoluble in water.

ture and some properties. Claimed as possible anti-

Use: Herbicide.

microbial agent, preservative, and polymer

modifier.

3-methoxybutanol.

CH(OCH

)CH

OH.

methoxyacetic acid.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9229, bp 161.1C, flash p

CAS: 625-45-6. CH

OCH

COOH.

165F (74C), vap press 0.9 mm Hg (20C), sets to

Properties: Liquid. Mp (min) 7.7C, boiling range

glass at −85C. Soluble in water. Combustible.

197–198C (min at 733 mm Hg), d 1.1738 (25/4C),

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

refr index 1.415 (25C), flash p 260F (126C), acid

Use: High-boiling lacquer solvent, coupling agent for

number 612 (min). Combustible.

brake fluids, intermediate for plasticizers, herbi-

Use: Synthesis.

cides, film-forming additive in PVA emulsions, sol-

vent for pharmaceuticals.

p-methoxyacetophenone. (p-acetoanisole;

acetanisole; p-acetylanisole).

1-(methoxycarbonyl)aziridine. See methyl

CAS: 100-06-1. CH

COCH

1-aziridineacetate.

Properties: Crystalline solid; pleasant odor. Bp

258C, congealing p 36.5C. Soluble in alcohol, ether,

3-methoxycarbonyl-6-n-butyl-7-benzyloxy-4-

fixed oils. Combustible.

oxoquinoline. See nequinate.

Derivation: Interaction of anisole and acetyl chlo-

ride in the presence of aluminum chloride and car-

1-methoxycarbonyl-1-propen-1-yl

bon disulfide.

dimethylphosphate. See mevinphos.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Use: Perfumery (for floral odors), flavoring.

methoxychlor. (methoxy DDT; DMDT; 2,2-

methoxyamine. (hydroxylamine methyl

bis(p-methoxyphenol)-1,1,1-trichloroethane).

ether).

CAS: 72-43-5. Cl

CCH(C

OCH

)

CAS: 67-62-9. CH

ONH

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 89C. Insolu-

Properties: Colorless liquid; unpleasant odor. Bp

ble in water; soluble in alcohol. Not compatible with

50C. Soluble in water and alcohol.

alkaline materials.

Derivation: From hydroxylamine disulfonic acid

Derivation: Reaction of methyl phenyl ether and

and methyl sulfate.

chloral hydrate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong skin irritant.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

; not

Use: Analytical reagent, mainly for ketones and alde-

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

hydes.

Use: Insecticide effective against mosquito larvae

and house flies; recommended for use in dairy barns.

o-methoxyaniline. See o-anisidine.

2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid. See

p-methoxyaniline. See p-anisidine.

dicamba.

methoxybenzaldehyde. See anisaldehyde.

n-methoxy-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-

hydroxybenzylidene)-2-pyrrolidone.

methoxybenzene. See anisole.

CAS: 107746-52-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

p-methoxybenzoic acid. See anisic acid.

2-methoxy-4-(o-(o,o-diethylphosphoro-

p-methoxybenzoic acid 2-phenylhydrazide.

thioyl))benzaldoximino-n-

CAS: 15089-03-9. mf: C

methylcarbamate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 22936-03-4. mf: C

PS.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

p-methoxybenzyl acetate. See anisyl ace-

tate.

9-methoxyellipticine lactate.

p-methoxybenzyl alcohol.

See anisic al- CAS: 26691-08-7. mf: C

O•C

cohol. Hazard: A poison.

813 2-METHOXYNAPHTHALENE

2-(␤-methoxyethoxy)ethanol. See diethyl- Use: Agricultural chemical.

ene glycol monomethyl ether.

n-(2-(5-methoxy-4-indolyl)ethyl)acetamide.

␣-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)-␻-hydroxy-

CAS: 190650-04-5. mf: C

poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)coco alkyl ethers.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

CAS: 73507-40-1.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

′

-methoxy-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)aceto-

phenone. See deoxyanisoin.

methoxyethylene. See vinyl methyl ether.

2-methoxy-5-methylaniline. See 5-meth-

2-methoxyethylmercury acetate.

yl-o-anisidine.

CAS: 151-38-2. CH

OCH

HgOOCCH

. A fun-

gicide and disinfectant used in treating seeds.

6-methoxy-2-methyl-2h-1-benzopyran-3-

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

;

carbonitrile.

STEL 0.03 mg(Hg)/m

CAS: 57543-75-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

2-methoxyethyl 2-(m-nitrobenzylidene)

acetoacetate.

CAS: 39562-22-6. mf: C

2-((((methoxy(1-methylethoxy)phosphino-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and inhalation. A

thioyl)thio)methyl)thio)ethylethyl-

moderate eye irritant.

carbamate.

CAS: 3853-74-5. mf: C

methoxyethyl oleate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

OCH

OOCC

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Oily liquid; mild odor. Fp approximately

−18C, d 0.898 (25C), boiling range 180–206C (4

4-methoxy-4-methylpentanol-2.

mm Hg), flash p 385F (196C) (OC), viscosity 8 cP

C(CH

)(OCH

)CH

OCH

(25C). Combustible.

Properties: Liquid. Boiling range 163.8–167C.

Use: Plasticizer and solvent.

Combustible.

Use: Solvent for resin-coating formulation.

methoxyethyl stearate.

OCH

OOCC

4-methoxy-4-methylpentan-2-one.

Properties: Oily liquid; mild odor. Fp 19–24C, boil-

C(CH

)(OCH

)CH

COCH

ing range 186–205C (4 mm Hg), flash p 378F

Properties: Water-white liquid. Boiling range

(192C) (OC), viscosity 9 cP at 25C. Combustible.

147–163C, flash p 141F (60.5C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer and solvent.

Derivation: Diacetone alcohol.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to skin and eyes.

methoxyfenozide.

Use: Solvent for a variety of resin coatings.

CAS: 161050-58-4. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

n-(2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethyl)

skin contact.

propionamide.

CAS: 156482-84-7. mf: C

methoxyflurane. See 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluo-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

roethyl methyl ether.

3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde. See

n-(2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethyl)

vanillin.

trifluoroacetamide.

CAS: 156482-85-8. mf: C

methoxyhydroxymercuripropylsuccinyl

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

urea. 3-hydroxymercuri-2-

methoxypropylcarbamoylsuccinamic acid.

2-methoxy-2-methylpropane. See methyl t-

HgN

butyl ether.

Properties: Bitter crystals. Mp 198.5C.

Derivation: Made by the mercuration of allylsucci-

2-(methoxy(methylthio)phosphinylimino)-3-

nylurea.

methyl-1,3-thiazoline.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

CAS: 33918-12-6. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

9-(1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-6-oxo-n,n,2,2,5-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pentamethyl-7-oxa-3,4-dithia-5,8-diazadec-

8-en-10-amide.

CAS: 90293-50-8. mf: C

. 2-methoxynaphthalene. See ␤-naphthyl

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. methyl ether.

8143-(6-METHOXY-2-NAPHTHALENYL)

3-(6-methoxy-2-naphthalenyl)-1,2-dimethyl p-methoxypropiophenone.

(2r,3s)-rel-3-pyrrolidinol ydrochloride. C

COC

OCH

CAS: 302959-30-4. mf: C

•ClH. Properties: Clear colorless liquid. Distillation range

Hazard: A poison. 110–140C (3 mm Hg), refr index 1.543–1.545

(25C).

n-(2-(2-methoxynaphthyl)ethyl)butyramide.

CAS: 156482-71-2. mf: C

3-methoxypropylamine. (3-MPA).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

OCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 119C, d 0.873 (20/

n-(2-(2-methoxy-1-naphthyl)ethyl)cyclo-

20C), refr index 1.4153 (25C), flash p 80F (26.6C)

propylcarboxamide.

(TCC). Miscible with water, ethanol, toluene, ace-

CAS: 156482-69-8. mf: C

tone, carbon tetrachloride, hexane, and ether.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

ingestion and inhalation.

n-(2-(2-methoxy-1-naphthyl)ethyl)

Use: Organic intermediate, emulsifier in anionic

pentanamide.

coatings and wax formulations.

CAS: 156482-72-3. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

6-methoxy-8-(5-propylaminoamylamino)

quinoline phosphate.

1-methoxy-4-nitrobenzene. See p-nitroani-

CAS: 3818-70-0. mf: C

O•xH

sole.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

o-methoxyphenol. See guaiacol.

8-methoxypsoralen. See methoxsalen.

4-methoxyphenol. (p-methoxyphenol).

p-methoxytoluene. See p-methylanisole.

See hydroquinone monomethyl ether.

p-methoxy-␣-toluic acid. See p-methoxy-

p-methoxyphenylacetic acid. (p-methoxy-␣-

phenylacetic acid.

toluic acid). CH

COOH.

Properties: Off-white to pale-yellow flakes. Mp

methoxytriethylene glycol acetate. See

85C.

methoxytriglycol acetate.

Use: Preparation of pharmaceuticals, other organic

compounds.

methoxytriglycol. CH

O[C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.0494, bp 249C, fp

p-methoxyphenylbutanone. See anisylace-

−44C, flash p 245F (118C). Soluble in water. Com-

tone.

bustible.

Use: Plasticizer intermediate.

4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

CAS: 58955-83-2. mf: C

methoxytriglycol acetate. (methoxytriethy-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

leneglycol acetate). CH

COO(C

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. D 1.0940

(20/20C), bulk d 9.2 lb/gal (20C), bp 244.0C, flash p

methoxypolyethylene glycol. One of a series

260F (126C). Water-soluble. Low volatility. Com-

of compounds with properties similar to the polyeth-

bustible.

ylene glycols of comparable molecular weight;

Use: Antidusting agent for finely powdered materi-

slightly viscous liquids to soft, waxlike solids.

als, especially for certain dyestuffs.

Use: Manufacture of detergents and emulsifying and

dispersing agents through the preparation of the

methyl abietate.

mono derivatives of fatty acids.

CAS: 127-25-3. C

COOCH

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D

methoxypropanol. (monopropylene glycol

1.033–1.043 (20C), refr index 1.525–1.535, flash p

methyl ether). CH

OCH

CH(OH)CH

360F (182C), bp 365C. Miscible with most organic

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 120C, flash p 102F

solvents. Combustible.

(39C), d 0.92 (25C). Combustible.

Use: Solvent and plasticizer, lacquers, varnishes,

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

coating compositions, adhesives.

Use: Antifreeze and coolant for diesel engines.

2-methoxy-1-propanol.

methyl acetate.

CAS: 1589-47-5. mf: C

CAS: 79-20-9. CH

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; fragrant odor.

Miscible with the common hydrocarbon solvents,

p-methoxypropenylbenzene. See anethole. soluble in water, d 0.92438, fp −98.05C, bp 54.05C,

815 METHYLAL

flash p 15F (−9.4C), refr index 1.3619 (20C), bulk d Properties: Colorless, liquefied gas. D (liquid):

7.76 lb/gal (20C), autoign temp 935F (501C). 0.576 (15/15C), boiling range −39 to −20C, flame

Derivation: By heating methanol and acetic acid in temperature (in oxygen) 2925C. A mixture contain-

presence of sulfuric acid and distilling. ing 60–66.5% methylacetylene and propadiene,

Grade: Technical, CP. with the balance being propane and butane.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion Hazard: Flammable gas; dangerous fire risk. Toxic

risk, explosive limits in air 3–16%. Irritant to respi- by inhalation. TLV: 1000 ppm; STEL 1250 ppm.

ratory tract. TLV: TWA 200 ppm; STEL 250 ppm. Use: Industrial fuel gas for cutting, welding, brazing,

Use: Paint remover compounds, lacquer solvent, in- heat treating, and metallizing.

termediate, synthetic flavoring.

methyl acetylricinoleate.

methylacetic acid. See propionic acid. C

(OCOCH

)COOCH

Properties: Pale yellow, low viscosity, oily liquid.

Mild odor, d 0.938 (25/25C), solidifies at −26C.

methyl acetoacetate.

Soluble in most organic liquids; insoluble in water.

CAS: 105-45-3. CH

COCH

Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.0785 (20/20C), bp

Derivation: Castor oil, methanol and acetic anhy-

171.7C, vap press 0.7 mm Hg (20C), flash p 170F

dride.

(78C), bulk d 9.0 lb/gal (20C), fp −80C. Soluble in

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant, protective coatings, syn-

alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

thetic rubbers, vinyl compounds.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Solvent for cellulose ethers, ingredient of sol-

vent mixture for cellulose esters, organic synthesis.

methyl acetylsalicylate.

COOC

COOCH

Properties: White crystals. Mp 52C, 134–136C (9

methyl acetone.

mm Hg).

Properties: Water-white, anhydrous liquid, consist-

Derivation: By heating methyl salicylate with a

ing of various mixtures of acetone, ethyl acetate, and

slight excess of acetic anhydride, adding alcohol,

methanol; miscible with hydrocarbons, oils, and wa-

then water, and separating the resulting precipitate.

ter. Flash p near 0F (−17C).

Use: Perfumery (fixative).

Derivation: A by-product in the wood-distillation

industry, also synthetic.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

methyl acid phosphate. See methylphos-

ingestion. phoric acid.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate,

rubber, gum, resins; lacquers, paint and varnish re-

␤-methylacrolein. See crotonaldehyde.

movers, extracting perfumes, dewaxing natural

gums.

methyl acrylate.

CAS: 96-33-3. CH

:CHCOOCH

methylacetophenone. (methyl-p-tolyl ke-

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid. Bp 80.5C, fp

tone). CH

COCH

−76.5C, vap press 65 mm Hg (20C), d 0.9574 (20/

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow liquid; fragrant

20C), bulk d 8.0 lb/gal, flash p 25F (−3.8C) (TOC).

coumarin odor. D 1.001–1.004, refr index

Slightly soluble in water. Readily polymerized.

1.533–1.535. Soluble in seven parts of 50% alcohol

Derivation: (1) Ethylene cyanohydrin, methanol,

and in most fixed oils. Combustible.

and dilute sulfuric acid; (2) Oxo reaction of acety-

Derivation: Action of acetic anhydride on toluene.

lene, carbon monoxide, and methanol in the pres-

Grade: Technical, FCC.

ence of nickel or cobalt catalyst; (3) from ␤-propio-

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

lactone.

See glycine (2).

Grade: Technical (inhibited).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

methylacetopyranone. See dehydroacetic risk. Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin absorp-

acid. tion; irritant to skin and eyes. TLV: TWA 2 ppm; not

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Use: Acrylic polymers, amphoteric surfactants, vita-

methyl acetylene. (allylene; propyne).

min B

, chemical intermediate.

CAS: 74-99-7. CH

C≡CH.

See acrylate.

Properties: Colorless, liquefied gas. Bp −23.1C, fp

−101.5C, sp vol 9.7 cu ft/lb (70F).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

␤-methylacrylic acid. See crotonic acid.

inhalation. TLV: 1000 ppm.

Use: Specialty fuel, chemical intermediate.

methylal. (dimethoxymethane; formal).

CAS: 109-87-5. CH

OCH

methylacetylene-propadiene, stabilized. Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; chloroform-

(MAPP). like odor; pungent taste. Fp −105C, d 0.86 (20/4C),

CAS: 59355-75-8. bp 42.3C, flash p approximately 0F (−17.7C)

8162-METHYLALANINE

(OC)(toc, autoign temp 459F (237C). Soluble in

␤-methylallyl chloride. (methallyl chloride;

water at 20C to extent of 32 wt %; miscible with

3-chloro-2-methyl-1-propene; MAC).

alcohol, ether, and hydrocarbons.

:C(CH

)CH

Cl.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

risk. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 1000

ppm.

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis, perfumes, adhe-

sives, and protective coatings; special fuel.

Properties: Colorless to straw-colored, volatile liq-

uid; sharp penetrating odor. D 0.925 (20C), bp 73C,

2-methylalanine. See aminoisobutyric acid.

refr index 1.427 (25C), flash p −3F (−19.4C) (TOC).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

methyl alcohol. (methanol; wood alcohol).

limits in air 3.2–8.1%. Toxic by ingestion, irritant to

CAS: 67-56-1. CH

OH.

eyes and skin.

Properties: Clear, colorless, mobile, highly polar

Use: Intermediate for production of insecticides,

liquid. D 0.7924, fp −97.8C, bp 64.5C, bulk d 6.59

plastics, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemi-

lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.329 (20C), surface tension

cals; fumigant for grains, tobacco, and soil.

22.6 dynes/dm (20C), viscosity 0.00593 cP (20C),

vap press 92 mm Hg (20C), flash p 54F (12.2C)

methylaluminum sesquibromide.

(OC), autoign temp 867F (464C). Miscible with

(CH

)

water, alcohols, and ether.

Properties: Cloudy, yellow liquid at 25C. Fp −4C, bp

Derivation: (1) By high-pressure catalytic synthesis

(extrapolated) 166C, d 1.514 (25C).

from carbon monoxide and hydrogen; (2) partial

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, reacts violently

oxidation of natural gas hydrocarbons; (3) several

with water, keep out of contact with air and mois-

processes for making methanol by gasification of

ture.

wood, peat, and lignite have been developed but

Use: Catalyst for polymerization of olefins and hy-

have not yet proved out commercially; (4) from

drogenation of aromatics, chemical intermediate.

methane with molybdenum catalyst (experimental).

Method of purification: Rectification.

Grade: Technical, CP (99.85%), electronic (used to

methylaluminum sesquichloride.

cleanse and dry components), fuel.

(CH

)

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

Properties: Colorless liquid at 25C. Fp 22.8C, bp

limits in air 6–36.5% by volume. Toxic by ingestion

(extrapolated) 143.7C, d 1.1629 (25C), 9.705 lb/gal

(causes blindness). TLV: TWA 200 ppm; STEL 250

(25C).

ppm.

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, reacts violently

Use: Manufacture of formaldehyde, acetic acid, and

with water, keep out of contact with air and mois-

dimethyl terephthalate; chemical synthesis (methyl

ture.

amines, methyl chloride, methyl methacrylate); an-

Use: Catalyst for polymerization of olefins, catalyst

tifreeze; solvent for nitrocellulose, ethylcellulose,

for hydrogenation of aromatics.

polyvinyl butyral, shellac, rosin, manila resin, dyes;

denaturant for ethanol; dehydrator for natural gas;

fuel for utility plants (methyl fuel); feedstock for

methylamine. (monomethylamine; amino-

manufacture of synthetic proteins by continuous

methane).

fermentation; source of hydrogen for fuel cells;

CAS: 74-89-5. CH

home-heating-oil extender.

Properties: Colorless gas; strong ammoniacal odor.

Bp −6.79C, fp −92.5C, flash p (gas) 14F (−10C),

methylallyl acetate. (methyallyl acetate).

(30% solution) 34F (1.1C) (TOC), autoign temp

:C(CH

)CH

OOCCH

806F (430C). Soluble in water, alcohol, ether.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9162 (20C), bulk d

Derivation: Interaction of methanol and ammonia

7.6 lb/gal.

over a catalyst at high temperature. The mono-, di-,

Hazard: Probably flammable.

and trimethylamines are all produced and yields are

Use: Monomer, preparation of methallyl derivatives.

regulated by conditions. They are separated by azeo-

tropic or extractive distillation.

methylallyl alcohol. (methallyl alcohol; 2- Grade: Technical (anhydrous, 30–40% solutions).

methyl-2-propen-1-ol). H

C:C(CH

)CH

OH. Hazard: (Gas and liquid) Dangerous fire risk. Explo-

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D 0.8515 sive limits in air 5–21%. Strong irritant to tissue.

(20/4C), bp 115C, refr index 1.4255 (25C), flash p TLV: TWA 5 ppm; STEL 15 ppm.

92F (33.3C). Soluble in water, alcohols, esters, ke- Use: Intermediate for accelerators, dyes, pharmaceu-

tones, and hydrocarbons. ticals, insecticides, fungicides, surface active

Grade: 98.5% min purity. agents, tanning, dyeing of acetate textiles, fuel addi-

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Irritant to tive, polymerization inhibitor, component of paint

eyes and skin. removers, solvent, photographic developer, rocket

Use: Intermediate. propellent.

817 ␣-METHYLANISALACETONE

methylaminoacetic acid. See sarcosine. methylamyl alcohol. (methylisobutyl carbi-

nol; MIBC; 4-methylpentanol-2).

CAS: 108-11-2. (CH

)

CHCH

CH(CH

)OH.

methyl-o-aminobenzoate. See methyl an-

Properties: Colorless, stable liquid. Bp 131.8C, d

thranilate.

0.8079 (20/20C), bulk d 6.72 lb/gal (20C), sets to a

glass at approximately −90C, refr index 1.4089

2-(4-methylaminobutoxy)diphenylmethane

(25C), vap press 2.8 mm Hg (20C), flash p 105F

hydrochloride.

(40.5C) (OC). Miscible with most common organic

CAS: 62232-46-6. mf: C

NO•ClH.

solvents; slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Derivation: From methyl isobutyl ketone.

Grade: Technical.

methylaminodimethylacetal.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk, explosive limits in air

(CH

CHCH

NHCH

1–5.5%. TLV: TWA 25 ppm; STEL 40 ppm.

Properties: Water-white to slightly yellow, clear liq-

Use: Solvent for dyestuffs, oils, gums, resins, waxes,

uid; sharp ammoniacal odor. Refr index

nitrocellulose, and ethylcellulose; organic synthe-

1.406–1.409 (20C), d 0.924 (25/25C). Combustible.

sis; froth flotation; brake fluids.

l-methylaminoethanolcatechol. See epi-

methyl-n-amyl carbinol. (heptanol-2,2-

nephrine.

methyl-1-pentanol).

CAS: 543-49-7. CH

(CH

)

OCH

Properties: Stable, colorless liquid; mild odor. D

2-(methylamino)glucose. See N-methylglu-

0.8187 (20/20C), bp 160.4C, vap press 1.0 mm Hg

cosamine.

(20C), flash p 130F (54.4C), bulk (OC) d 6.8 lb/gal

(20C). Miscible with common organic liquids.

2-methylaminoheptane.

Combustible.

(CH

)

CH(NHCH

)CH

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Oily liquid; slight amine odor. Bp 155C.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Somewhat soluble in water.

Use: Solvent for synthetic resins, frothing agent in

Use: Medicine, usually as the hydrochloride.

ore flotation.

N-methyl-p-aminophenol. CH

NHC

OH.

methyl-n-amylketone. (2-heptanone).

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 87C. Soluble in

CAS: 110-43-0. CH

COCH

water, alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.8166 (20/20C),

Derivation: (1) Interaction of hydroquinone and me-

bp 150.6C, vap press 2.6 mm Hg (20C), flash p 102F

thylamine; (2) methylation of p-aminophenol hy-

(38.9C), autoign temp 991F (532C), refr index

drochloride.

1.4110 (20C), bulk d 6.8 lb/gal (20C), nitrocellu-

Hazard: Eye and skin irritant.

lose-toluene dilution ratio 3.9, fp −35C. Almost in-

Use: Organic synthesis, photographic developer.

soluble in water; miscible with organic solvents.

Combustible.

N-methyl-p-aminophenol sulfate.

Grade: Technical.

HOC

NHCH

•1/2H

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by inhalation, skin

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 250–260C with

irritant, narcotic in high concentration. TLV: 50

decomposition. Soluble in water and alcohol; insol-

ppm.

uble in ether; discolors in air. Combustible.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose lacquers, synthetic

Derivation: By methylation of p-aminophenol and

flavoring, perfumery.

conversion of the resulting methylated base by neu-

tralization with sulfuric acid.

N-methylaniline.

Grade: CP, photographic.

CAS: 100-61-8. C

NH(CH

Use: Photographic developer.

Properties: Colorless to reddish-brown oily liquid,

discolors on standing. D 0.991, fp −57C, bp

190–191C. Soluble in alcohol and ether. Combus-

methylamyl acetate. (methylisobutyl carbi-

tible.

nol acetate; sec-hexyl acetate; 4-methyl-2-penta-

Derivation: By heating aniline chloride and metha-

nol acetate).

nol and subsequent distillation.

CAS: 108-84-9. CH

COOCH(CH

)CH

CH(CH

)

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. D 0.8598

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

(20/20C), bp 146.3C, fp −64C, vap press 3 mm Hg

absorption. TLV: 0.5 ppm.

(20C), flash p 110F (43.3C) (OC), bulk d 7.1 lb/gal.

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent, acid acceptor.

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by inhalation.

␣-methylanisalacetone. (1-[p-methoxyphe-

TLV: 50 ppm. nyl]-1-penten-3-one).

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose and other lacquers. CH

CH:CHCOCH

8185-METHYL-

-ANISIDINE

Properties: White to pale-yellow solid; sharp odor. Derivation: By heating anthraquinone and methanol

in presence of sulfuric acid.

Stable, mp 60C min, 1 g is soluble in 5 mL 95%

Use: Organic synthesis.

alcohol. Combustible.

Grade: 99% pure min.

Use: Flavoring.

methyl apholate. 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexahydro-

2,2,4,4,6,6-hexakis(2-methyl-1-aziridinyl)-

5-methyl-o-anisidine. (p-cresidine; 2-me-

1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphorine.

thoxy-5-methylaniline).

CAS: 120-71-8. CH

(NH

)OCH

❘

CHCH

)

Properties: White crystals. Mp 51.5C, bp 235C. In-

Use: Insect chemosterilant.

soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents.

Derivation: 2-Nitro-p-cresol, obtained by the action

methyl arachidate. (methyl eicosanoate).

of nitrous and excess nitric acids upon p-toluidine, is

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of arachidic

methylated and reduced.

acid.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Waxlike solid. Mp 45.8C, bp 284C (100

Hazard: A carcinogen.

mm Hg), 216C (10 mm Hg), refr index 1.4352

Use: Dyes.

(50C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

ether.

p-methylanisole. (p-cresyl methyl ether; p-

Derivation: Esterification of arachidic acid with

methoxytoluene; methyl-p-cresol).

methanol and vacuum distillation.

CAS: 104-93-8. CH

OCH

Grade: Purified (99.8%+).

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong floral odor. D

Use: Special synthesis, intermediate for pure arachid-

0.966–0.970, refr index 1.5100–1.5130 (20C); one

ic acid, reference standard for gas chromatography,

part dissolves in three parts of 80% alcohol. Com-

medical research.

bustible.

Grade: FCC, technical.

methylarsenic acid.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

CAS: 124-58-3. mf: CH

AsO

Properties: Plates from EtOH or Me

CO. Mp:

␣-methylanthracene. (1-methylanthracene).

159.8°. Sol in H

O and EtOH.

or C

(CH)

. (a tricyclic aromatic).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless leaflets. D 1.101, bp 200C, mp

Use: Agricultural chemical.

86C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water. Com-

bustible.

Grade: Technical.

methyl azinphos. See azinphos methyl.

Use: Organic synthesis.

methyl 1-aziridineacetate.

1-methylanthracene. See ␣-methylanthra-

CAS: 14745-52-9. mf: C

cene.

Hazard: A poison.

methyl anthranilate. (methyl-o-aminoben-

methyl behenate. (methyl docosanoate).

zoate; neroli oil, artificial).

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of behenic

CAS: 134-20-3. H

acid.

Properties: Crystals or pale-yellow liquid with

Properties: Wax-like solid. Mp 53.2C, bp 215.5C

bluish fluorescence; orange blossom odor. D

(3.75 mm Hg), refr index 1.4262 (80C). Insoluble in

1.167–1.175 (15C), refr index 1.5820–1.5840

water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

(20C), bp 135C, mp 23.8C (min). Soluble in five

Derivation: Esterification of behenic acid with

volumes or more of 60% alcohol; soluble in fixed

methanol followed by fractional distillation.

oils, propylene glycol, volatile oils; slightly soluble

Grade: Purified (99.8%+).

in water, mineral oil; insoluble in glycerol. Combus-

Use: Special synthesis, intermediate for pure behenic

tible.

acid, biochemical and medical research, reference

Derivation: By heating anthranilic acid and metha-

standard in gas chromatography.

nol in presence of hydrochloric acid with subsequent

distillation. Occurs in many flower oils.

methylbenzaldehydes. See tolyl aldehydes.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Use: Flavoring, perfume (cosmetics and pomades).

methylbenzene. See toluene.

methylanthraquinone. CH

(CO)

(tricyclic).

4-methylbenzenesulfonyl isocyanate.

Properties: White needles. Mp 177C, bp sublimes. CAS: 4083-64-1. mf: C

Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in water. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

Combustible. by inhalation. A mild skin and moderate eye irritant.

819 METHYL BLUE

methylbenzethonium chloride. (benzyldi- ␣-methylbenzyl alcohol. (styralyl alcohol;

methyl(2-[2-(p-1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutylcresox-

phenylmethylcarbinol; 1-phenylethan-1-sec-phen-

y)ethoxy]ethyl) ammonium chloride).

ethyl alcohol; methylphenylcarbinol).

CAS: 25155-18-4. A quaternary ammonium com-

CAS: 589-18-4. C

CH(CH

)OH.

pound.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild floral odor; con-

Properties: Colorless crystals; odorless; bitter taste.

geals below room temperature. D 1.009–1.014

Mp 161–163C. Readily soluble in alcohol, hot ben-

(25C), mp 20.7C, bp 204C, refr index 1.525–1.529

zene, “Cellosolve,” chloroform, and water; insolu-

(20C), flash p 205F (96.1C) (COC). Soluble in alco-

ble in carbon tetrachloride and ether.

hol, glycerol, mineral oil; slightly soluble in water.

Grade: NF.

Combustible.

Use: Medicine (bactericide).

Grade: FCC.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring dyes, laboratory reagent.

methyl benzoate. (benzoic acid, methyl es-

ter; niobe oil).

␣-methylbenzylamine.

CAS: 93-58-3. C

COOCH

CAS: 98-84-0. C

CH(CH3)NH

Properties: Water-white liquid; mild ammoniacal

odor. D 0.9535 (20/20C), refr index 1.5366 (20C),

bp 80C (18 mm Hg), vap press 0.5 mm Hg (20C), fp

sets to a glass approximately −65C, flash p 175F

(79.4C) (COC). Soluble in most organic solvents;

somewhat soluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Liquid of fragrant odor, colorless, oily.

Use: Synthesis, emulsifying agent.

D 1.085–1.088, refr index 1.514, fp −12.3C, bp

198.6C, flash p 181F (82.7C). Soluble in three parts

␣-methylbenzyldiethanolamine.

of 60% alcohol, in most fixed oils, in ether; insoluble

CH(CH

)N(C

OH)

in water. Combustible.

Properties: Dark amber liquid; ammonia-like odor.

Derivation: (1) By heating methanol and benzoic

D 1.0812 (20C), bp 244C (50 mm Hg), flash p 370F

acid in presence of sulfuric acid; (2) passing dry

(187C) (OC), vap press less than 0.01 mm Hg (20C),

hydrogen chloride through a solution of benzoic

sets to glass at −7C. Moderately soluble in water.

acid and methanol; (3) occurs naturally in oils of

Combustible.

clove, ylang-ylang, tuberose.

Use: Emulsifying agents, textile specialties, quater-

Grade: Technical, FCC.

naries.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Perfumery; solvent for cellulose esters and

␣-methylbenzyldimethylamine.

ethers, resins, rubber; flavoring.

CH(CH

)N(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9044 (20/20C), bp

methylbenzoic acid. See o-toluic acid; m-

195.6C, vap press 0.6 mm Hg (20C), fp sets to a

toluic acid; p-toluic acid.

glass approximately −70C, refr index 1.5024 (20C),

flash p 175F (79.4C) (OC), viscosity 1.85 cP (20C).

methylbenzophenone. See phenyl tolyl ke-

Slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

tone.

Use: Polymerization catalyst.

methyl-o-benzoylbenzoate.

␣-methylbenzyl ether.

COC

COOCH

CAS: 93-96-9. C

CH(CH

)OCH(CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.190 (25C), refr

Properties: Straw-yellow, mobile liquid; faint odor.

index 1.587 (25C), vap press 4.0 mm Hg (175C), bp

D 1.0017 (20/20C), bp 286.3C, vap press less than

351C, mp 40C, flash p 350F (176C). Very slightly

0.01 mm Hg (20C), fp sets to a glass at approximate-

soluble in water. Combustible.

ly −30C, very slightly soluble in water, flash p 275F

Use: Plasticizer.

(135C) (COC). Soluble in most organic solvents.

Combustible.

␣-methylbenzyl acetate. (methylphenylcar-

Use: Solvent, styrenating agent, softener for synthet-

binyl acetate; styralyl acetate; sec-phenylethyl

ic rubbers.

acetate; phenylmethylcarbinyl acetate).

CH(CH

)OOCCH

dl-n-(␣-methylbenzyl)linoleamide.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong floral odor. D

CAS: 14417-88-0. mf: C

NO.

1.023–1.026 (25/25C), refr index 1.4935–1.4960

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

(20C), flash p 178F (81.1C) (TCC). Soluble in 70%

alcohol, glycerol, and mineral oil; insoluble in wa-

ter. Combustible.

methyl blue. (sodium triphenyl-p-rosaniline

Grade: 98% min, FCC. sulfonate; CI 42780). C

S•2NaSO

Use: Perfumery, flavoring. dark-blue powder or dye.

820METHYL BORATE

Use: Medicine, as an antiseptic, and in biological and sulting from the chlorination and alkaline hydrolysis

of pentane.

bacteriological stains.

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk. Toxic by

Note: Do not confuse with methylene blue.

ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption.

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis (introduction of ac-

methyl borate. See trimethyl borate.

tive amyl group), lubricants, plasticizers, additives

for oils and paints.

methyl bromide. (bromomethane).

CAS: 74-83-9. CH

Br.

Properties: Colorless, transparent, easily liquefied

2-methyl-2-butanol. See tert-amyl alcohol.

gas or volatile liquid; burning taste; chloroform-like

odor. D 1.732 (0C), bp 3.46C, vap press 1250 mm

3-methyl-1-butanol. See isoamyl alcohol,

Hg (20C), fp −94C, flash p none, nonflammable in

primary.

air; burns in oxygen. Miscible with most organic

solvents; forms a voluminous crystalline hydrate

3-methyl-2-butanone. See methyl isopropyl

with cold water.

ketone.

Derivation: Action of bromine on methanol in pres-

ence of phosphorus with subsequent distillation.

Grade: Technical, pure (99.5% min).

2-methyl-1-butene.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

CAS: 563-46-2. C

or H

C:C(CH

)CH

absorption; strong irritant to skin. TLV: TWA 1 ppm

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; disagreeable

(skin); not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

odor. Bp 31.11C, refr index 1.378 (20C), d 0.650

Use: Soil and space fumigant; disinfestation of pota-

(20/20C), fp −137.52C, flash p approximately −20F

toes, tomatoes, and other crops; organic synthesis;

(−28C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

extraction solvent for vegetable oils.

Derivation: Refinery gas.

Grade: 95%, 99%, and research.

methyl bromoacetate.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

CAS: 96-32-2. BrCH

COOCH

plosion risk.

Properties: Colorless to straw-colored liquid. Fp ap-

Use: Organic synthesis, pesticide formulations.

proximately −50C, bp 145.0–146.7C, d 1.655 (25/

25C), ref index 1.456 (25C). Very slightly soluble in

2-methyl-2-butene. See 3-methyl-2-butene.

water; soluble in methanol, ether.

Hazard: Vapor is strong irritant to eyes.

3-methyl-1-butene. (isopropylethylene; ␣-iso-

Use: Synthesis of weed killers, dyes, vitamins, phar-

amylene).

maceuticals; lachrymator.

CAS: 563-45-1. C

or H

C:CHCH(CH

)

Properties: Colorless, extremely volatile liquid or

2-methyl-1,3-butadiene. See isoprene.

gas; disagreeable odor. Bp 20.1C, refr index 1.3643

(20C), d 0.6272 (20C), fp −168.5C, flash p −70F

2-methylbutanal. See 2-methylbutyraldehyde.

(−57C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Cracking of petroleum, a component of

2-methylbutane. See isopentane.

refinery gas.

Grade: Research, 99% min, technical 95% min.

2-methyl-2-butanethiol. (tert-butyl mercap-

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

tan). (CH

)

CSH(C

plosion risk, explosive limits 1.6–9.1%.

Properties: Boiling range 95–119C, d 0.828 (15.5/

Use: Organic synthesis, high-octane fuel manufac-

15.5C), refr index 1.438 (20C), flash p 30F (−1.1C);

ture.

strong offensive odor.

Grade: 95%.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

3-methyl-2-butene. (2-methyl-2-butene; tri-

Use: Odorant, intermediate, bacterial nutrient.

methylethylene; ␤-isoamylene). C

CCH:C(CH

)

2-methyl-1-butanol. (amyl alcohol, primary, Properties: Colorless, volatile liquidl disagreeable

active; sec-butyl carbinol). odor. Bp 38.51C, refr index 1.387 (20C), d 0.6623

CAS: 137-32-6. CH

CH(CH

)CH

OH. The ac- (20/4C), fp −133.83C, flash p −50F (−45C). Soluble

tive alcohol from fusel oil. The synthetic product is a in alcohol; insoluble in water.

racemic mixture of both dextro- and levorotatory Derivation: Cracking of petroleum, a component of

compounds and therefore not optically active. refinery gas.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.81–0.82 (20C), fp Grade: 90%, 95% (technical), 99% (pure), and re-

below −70C, bp 128C, refr index 1.41 (20C), flash p search.

(OC) 115F (46.1C). Slightly soluble in water; misci- Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

ble with alcohol and ether. Combustible. plosion risk.

Derivation: Occurs in fusel oil; is made synthetically Use: Organic synthesis, hydrogenation, halogena-

by fractional distillation of the mixed alcohols re- tion, alkylation, condensation reactions.

821 METHYL BUTYRATE

cis-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid. See angelic Properties: Crystalline solid, light straw color. Mp

acid. 28C, d 0.9618 (30C), bp 230C, flash p 220F (104C)

(OC). Soluble in methyl ethyl ketone, ethanol, ben-

zene, and isooctane; insoluble in water. Combus-

trans-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid. See tiglic

tible.

acid.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

2-methyl-1-buten-3-yne. See isopropenyla-

cetylene.

2-methylbutyl-3-thiol. See sec-isoamyl mer-

captan.

1-methylbutyl alcohol. See 2-pentanol.

2-methyl-4-tert-butylthiophenol. (4-tert-bu-

N-methylbutylamine.

tyl-o-thiocresol). (CH

)

(CH

)SH.

CAS: 110-68-9. CH

NHCH

Properties: Water-white liquid, no mercaptan odor.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.7335, bp 91.1C, fp −75.0C,

D 0.983 (25C), refr index 1.546 (25C), fp −4C, bp

flash p 35F (1.6C) (TOC). Miscible with water.

177C (100 mm Hg). Soluble in aliphatic and aromat-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

ic hydrocarbons; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

methyl-tert-butyl ether. (MTBE).

2-((o-(n-methyl-n-(tert-butylthiosulfenyl)

CAS: 1634-04-4. (CH

)

COCH

carbamoyl)oximino))-1,3-dithiolane.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mw 88.17, bp 55C, fp

CAS: 76858-53-2. mf: C

−110C, d 0.74, bulk d 6.18 lb/gal, heat of vaporiza-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

tion 145 Btu/lb (7 kcal/mole) (55C), heat of combus-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tion 101,000 Btu/gal (804 kcal/mole) (25C). Solu-

bility in water 4 wt %; solution of water in 1.3 wt %.

2-methyl-3-butyn-2-amine.

Octane blending value: 115–125 (Research),

CAS: 2978-58-7. mf: C

98–110 (Motor).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

Derivation: Catalytic reaction of methanol and iso-

eye irritant.

butene (38–93C at 100–200 psi). There are several

variations of the process.

methyl butynol. (2-methyl-3-butyn-2-ol).

Hazard: Slightly toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

HC==CCOH(CH3)2.

Flammable when exposed to heat or flame.

Properties: Colorless liquid; fragrant odor. Bp

Use: Octane booster for unleaded gasoline (up to 7%

104–105C, mp 2.6C, d 0.8672 (20/20C), refr index

by volume), manufacture of isobutene. Approved by

1.4211 (20C), flash p 77F (25C) (TOC). Miscible

EPA.

with water; soluble in most organic solvents.

See octane number.

Grade: Technical, 95% min.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

2-methylbutyl isovalerate. mf: C

Use: Stabilizer in chlorinated solvents, viscosity re-

Properties: Colorless liquid; herbaceous, fruity

ducer and stabilizer, electroplating brightener, inter-

odor. D: 0.852, refr index: 1.413. Sol in alc, fixed

mediate.

oils; insol in water.

Use: Food additive.

2-methylbutyraldehyde. (2-methylbutanal).

CH(CH

)CHO.

methyl butyl ketone. (propylacetone; 2-hex-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.8029 (20/4C), bp 92–93C,

anone).

refr index 1.3869 (20C). Soluble in alcohol and

CAS: 591-78-6. CH

COC

ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 127.2C, d 0.830

Use: Flavoring.

(20/20C), refr index 1.4024 (20C), vap press 10 mm

Hg (20C), flash p 95F (35C) (OC). Soluble in alco-

3-methylbutyraldehyde. See isovaleral-

hol and ether.

dehyde.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk, explosive

limits 1.2–8% in air. Irritant to eyes and mucous

methyl butyrate.

membranes, narcotic in high concentration, ab-

CAS: 623-42-7. CH

COOCH

sorbed by skin. TLV: 5 ppm.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.898 (20C), bp

Use: Solvent.

102C, fp −92C, refr index 1.3875 (20C), flash p 57F

(14C) (CC). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

2-methylbutyl-3-methylbutanoate. See 2-

alcohol.

methylbutyl isovalerate.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

2-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol. Use: Solvent for ethylcellulose, solvent mixture for

(OH)(CH

)tert-C

). nitrocellulose, flavoring.

8222-METHYLBUTYRIC

2-methylbutyric acid. See isopentanoic acid. 2-(o-(methylcarbamoyl)oximino)-3,3-

dimethyltetrahydro-1,4-thiazin-5-one.

CAS: 66637-25-0. mf: C

3-methylbutyric acid. See isopentanoic acid.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

methyl caprate. (methyl decanoate).

(CH

)

COOCH

2-(o-(methylcarbamoyl)oximino)-1,4-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8733 (20/4C), fp

dithiane.

−13.3C, bp 224C, 130.6C (30 mm Hg), refr index

CAS: 55391-34-9. mf: C

1.4237 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

and ether. Combustible.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Esterification of capric acid with metha-

nol or alcoholysis of coconut oil, purified by frac-

tional vacuum distillation.

methyl “Carbitol” [Dow]. TM for diethylene

Grade: Technical, 99.8% pure.

glycol monomethyl ether.

Use: Intermediate for detergents, emulsifiers, wet-

ting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants, plasti-

methyl “Carbitol” acetate. TM for diethyl-

cizers.

ene glycol monomethyl ether acetate.

methyl caproate. (methyl hexanoate).

methyl carbonate. (dimethyl carbonate).

CAS: 106-70-7. CH

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl

CAS: 616-38-6. CO(OCH

)

ester of caproic acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. D

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8850 (20/4C), fp

1.0718 (20C), bp 90.6C, mp 0C. Miscible with acids

−71C, bp 151.2C, 63.0C (30 mm Hg), refr index

and alkalies; stable in the presence of water; soluble

1.4054 (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Interaction of phosgene and methanol.

Derivation: Esterification of caproic acid with meth-

Grade: Technical.

anol or alcoholysis of coconut oil.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

Grade: Technical, 99.8+%.

inhalation, strong irritant.

Use: Intermediate for caproic acid detergents, emul-

Use: Organic synthesis, specialty solvent.

sifiers, wetting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants,

plasticizers, flavoring.

methyl “Cellosolve” [Dow]. TM for ethylene

glycol monomethyl ether.

2-methylcaproic acid. See 2-hexanecarbox-

ylic acid.

methylcellulose. (cellulose methyl ether;

“Methocel”).

5-methylcaproic acid. See isoenanthic acid.

CAS: 9004-67-5.

Properties: Grayish-white, fibrous powder; aqueous

methyl caprylate. (methyl octanoate).

suspensions neutral to litmus. Swells in water to a

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of caprylic

viscous colloidal solution. Insoluble in alcohol,

acid.

ether, chloroform, and in water warmer than 50.5C;

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8784 (20/4C), fp

soluble in glacial acetic acid; unaffected by oils and

−37.3C, bp 192C (759 mm Hg), 98.3 (30 mm Hg),

greases; stable up to approximately 300C; stable to

refr index 1.4152 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble

light. Combustible.

in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Molecular weights vary from 40,000 to 180,000.

Derivation: (1) Esterification of caprylic acid with

Specifications call for methoxy group content of

methanol, (2) alcoholysis of coconut oil.

narrow or wide ranges within 25–33%.

Grade: Technical, 99.8%.

Derivation: From cellulose by conversion to alkali

Use: Intermediate for caprylic acid detergents, emul-

cellulose and then reacting this with methyl chlo-

sifiers, wetting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants,

ride, dimethyl sulfate, or methanol and dehydrating

plasticizers, flavoring.

agents. The proportions of the reacting materials are

varied to control the properties of the product, such

methylcarbamic acid 4-hydroxy-m-cumenyl

as water solubility and viscosity of water solutions.

ester. See 3-isopropyl-4-hydroxyphenyl me-

Grade: USP, technical, FCC.

thylcarbamate.

Use: Protective colloid in water-based paints to pre-

vent flocculation of pigment; film and sheeting;

methylcarbamic acid 4-hydroxy-3,5- binder in ceramic glazes; leather tanning; dispers-

diisopropylphenyl ester. ing, thickening, and sizing agent; adhesive; food

CAS: 17710-64-4. mf: C

. additive.

Hazard: A poison. See cellulose, modified; carboxymethylcellulose;

Use: Agricultural chemical. hydroxyethylcellulose.

823 METHYL CHLOROSULFONATE

methylcellulose, propylene glycol ether. methyl chloroformate. (methyl chlorocarbo-

See hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. nate).

CAS: 79-22-1. ClCOOCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Decomposed by hot

methyl cerotate. (methyl hexacosanoate).

water; stable to cold water. D 1.23 (15C), bp 71.4C,

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of cerotic

vapor d 3.9 (air

1), flash p 54F (12.2C). Soluble in

acid.

methanol alcohol, ether, and benzene.

Properties: Waxlike solid. Mp 62.9C, bp 237C (1.95

Derivation: Reaction between methanol and carbon-

mm Hg), refr index 1.4301 (80C). Insoluble in wa-

yl chloride.

ter; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Grade: Technical (95% min).

Derivation: Esterification of cerotic acid with meth-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Highly cor-

anol.

rosive and irritant to skin and eyes.

Grade: Purified (99+%).

Use: Military poison (lachrymator), organic synthe-

Use: Intermediate in special synthesis, medical re-

sis, insecticides.

search, reference standard for gas chromatography.

methylchloromethyl ether. (chloromethyl

methyl chloride. (chloromethane; monochlo-

methyl ether).

romethane).

CAS: 107-30-2. ClCH

OCH

CAS: 74-87-3. CH

Cl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.0625 (10/4C), fp

Properties: Colorless compressed gas or liquid;

−103.5C, bp 59.5C. Decomposes in water; soluble

faintly sweet; ethereal odor. D 0.92 (20C), bp

in alcohol and ether.

−23.7C, fp −97.6C, flash p approximately 32F (0C),

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

refr index 1.3712 (−23.7C), critical temperature

risk. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: Sus-

143C, critical pressure 970 psi absolute, autoign

pected Human Carcinogen.

temp 1170F (632C), bulk d 7.68 lb/gal (20C).

Slightly soluble in water, by which it is decom-

posed; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzene, car-

2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid. See

bon tetrachloride, glacial acetic acid; attacks alumi-

MCPA.

num, magnesium, and zinc.

Derivation: (1) Chlorination of methane; (2) action

4-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)butyric acid.

of hydrochloric acid on methanol either in vapor or

See 4-MCPB.

liquid phase.

Grade: Pure (99.5% min), technical, and two refrig-

2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)propionic

erator grades.

acid. See mecoprop.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

limits in air 10.7–17%. Narcotic. Psychic effects.

TLV: TWA 50 ppm; STEL 100 ppm; not classifia-

2-methyl-3-(2-chlorophenyl)chinazolon-4.

ble as a human carcinogen.

CAS: 340-57-8. mf: C

ClN

Use: Catalyst carrier in low-temperature polymeriza-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

tion (butyl rubber), tetramethyl lead, silicones, re-

frigerant, fluid for thermometric and thermostatic

methyl chlorosilane. CH

ClSi. One of several

equipment, methylating agent in organic synthesis,

intermediates in the formation of silicones or silox-

such as methylcellulose, extractant and low-temper-

anes, they react with hydroxyl groups on many types

ature solvent, herbicide, topical anesthetic.

of surfaces to produce a permanent, thin-surface

film of silicone that imparts water repellency. Ex-

methyl chloroacetate.

amples are methyltrichlorosilane, dimethyldichlo-

CAS: 96-34-4. ClCH

COOCH

rosilane, and trimethylchlorosilane.

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet pungent odor. D

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

1.236 (20/4C), fp −32.7C, bp 131C, refr index

irritant to skin and eyes.

1.419–1.420 (25C). Insoluble in water; miscible

with alcohol and ether. Combustible.

methyl chlorosulfonate. CH

OSO

Cl.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D 1.492

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

(10C), bp 133–135C (decomposes), fp −70C, vap d

4.5 (air

1). Decomposed by water. Soluble in

methyl (chlorocarbonyl)(4-(trifluoro-

alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform; insoluble

methoxy)phenyl)carbamate.

in water.

CAS: 173903-15-6. mf: C

ClF

Derivation: Interaction of sulfuryl chloride and

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

methanol.

eye irritant.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation,

methyl chloroform. See 1,1,1-trichloroe- strong irritant to skin and eyes.

thane. Use: Organic synthesis, military poison.

824METHYL-3-((5-(2-CHLORO

methyl-3-((5-(2-chloro-4-(trifluoro- methyl-2-cyanoacrylate.

methyl)phenoxy)-2-nitrophenyl)amino) CAS: 137-05-3. CH

:C(CN)COOCH

butyrate. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 48–49C (2.5–2.7

mm Hg), d 1.1044 (27/4C), viscosity 2.2 cP (25C).

CAS: 116929-00-1. mf: C

ClF

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: TWA 2 ppm;

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

STEL 4 ppm.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Adhesive, dentistry.

See cyanoacrylate adhesives.

methylcholanthrene.

CAS: 56-49-5. C

. A polynuclear hydrocarbon.

methyl cyanoethanoate. See cyanomethyl

acetate.

methyl cyanoformate. CNCOOCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; ethereal odor. D ap-

proximately 1.00 (20C), bp 100C. Decomposed by

alkalies and water. Soluble in alcohol, benzene,

ether.

Derivation: Methylchloroformate is dissolved in

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 180C. Soluble in

methanol and subjected to the action of (hot) sodium

benzene; insoluble in water.

cyanide or potassium cyanide.

Derivation: From bile acids via 1,2-benzanthracene.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Hazard: Powerful carcinogen.

Use: Biochemical research.

methylcyclohexane. (hexahydrotoluene).

CAS: 108-87-2. CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.769, bp 100.8C, fp

methyl cinnamate.

−126.9C, refr index 1.42312, flash p 25F (−3.89C)

CAS: 103-26-4. C

CH:CHCOOCH

(CC), autoign temp 545F (285C).

Properties: White crystals; strawberry-like odor. D

Source: Petroleum.

1.0415, mp 34C, bp 259.6C. Soluble in alcohol and

Grade: Technical (95%), 99%, and research.

ether, in glycerol, most fixed oils, and mineral oil;

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Lower ex-

insoluble in water. Combustible.

plosive limit 1.2% in air. TLV: 400 ppm.

Derivation: By heating methanol, cinnamic acid,

Use: Solvent for cellulose ethers, organic synthesis.

and sulfuric acid with subsequent distillation.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Use: Perfumes, flavoring.

methylcyclohexanol. (hexahydromethyl phe-

nol; hexahydrocresol).

CAS: 25639-42-3. CH

OH. o-, m-, and p-

methylcoumarin. C

forms.

Properties: White crystals with vanilla flavor. Exists

Properties: Colorless, viscous liquid; aromatic men-

as ␣ and ␤ forms, mp (␣) 90C, (␤) 82C, both forms

thollike odor. Bp 155–180C, d 0.924, flash p 154F

are soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

(67.7C) (CC). Combustible.

Use: Perfumes, flavoring.

Derivation: (1) A mixture of three isomeric (o-, m-,

and p-) cyclic secondary alcohols made by the hy-

methyl-p-cresol. See p-methylanisole.

drogenation of cresol, (2) catalytic oxidation of me-

thylcyclohexane.

cis-␣-methylcrotonic acid. See angelic

Grade: Technical.

acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: 50 ppm.

Use: Solvent for cellulose esters and ethers and for

trans-␣-methylcrotonic acid. See tiglic

lacquers, antioxidant for lubricants, blending agent

acid.

for special textile soaps and detergents.

methyl cyanide. See acetonitrile.

methylcyclohexanol acetate. (heptalin ace-

tate; methyl cyclohexyl acetate). C

OOCCH

Properties: Colorless liquid, esterlike odor. Slower

methyl cyanoacetate. (malonic methyl ester

rate of evaporation than amyl acetate. Bp 176–193C,

nitrile). CNCH

COOCH

d 0.941, flash p 147F (64C) (CC), toluene dilution

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 203C (115C) at 6

ratio 2.5. Combustible.

mm Hg, fp −22.5C, d 1.1225 (15/4C), refr index

Derivation: Catalytic hydrogenation and esterifica-

1.419–1.420 (20C). Soluble in water, alcohol, and

tion of cresols by means of acetic acid.

ether. Combustible.

Use: Solvent.

Derivation: Esterification of cyanoacetic acid with

methanol, reaction of an alkali cyanide and chloroa-

cetic methyl ester.

o-methylcyclohexanone.

Use: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, dyes. CAS: 583-60-8. CH

CO.

825 METHYL DEMETON

Properties: Water-white to pale-yellow liquid; ace- Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tone-like odor. A mixture of cyclic ketones. Closely

tact. A severe skin and eye irritant.

resembles cyclohexanone in physical properties. Bp

160–170C, d 0.925, flash p 138F (58.9C). Miscibili-

2-methyl-1,3-cyclopentadiene.

ty, tolerance for nonsolvent and solvent action.

CAS: 3727-31-9. mf: C

Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Derivation: By high-temperature, catalytic hydroge-

nation of cresols or by the dehydrogenation of me-

methylcyclopentadiene dimer. (methyl-1,3-

thylcyclohexanol.

cyclopentadiene). C

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion, inha-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9341 (20/4C), bp

lation, and skin absorption. TLV: (o-isomer) 50

78–183C, flash p 140F (60C) (TOC). Insoluble in

ppm.

water; very soluble in alcohol, benzene, and ether.

Use: Solvent, lacquers.

Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

methylcyclohexanone glyceryl acetal.

Use: High-energy fuels, curing agents, plasticizers,

OH. Spiro rings.

resins, surface coatings, pharmaceuticals, dyes.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.074 (20C), refr

index 1.474 (20C), bp 130–140C (20 mm Hg), flash

methylcyclopentadienyl manganese

p 200F (93.3C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

tricarbonyl.

Use: Plasticizer.

CAS: 12108-13-3. CH

Mn(CO)

Derivation: Reaction of methylcyclopentadiene

methylcyclohexanyl oxalate.

with manganese carbonyl.

(CH

OOC)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless; neutral; sta-

absorption. TWA 5 mg(Mn)/m

ble. Comprising a mixture of isomers. Miscible with

Use: Antiknock agent for unleaded gasoline. Its use

most lacquer solvents and diluents.

has been prohibited by EPA because of its deleteri-

ous effect on catalytic converters.

4-methylcyclohex-1-ene. CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −121.1C, distilla-

methylcyclopentane.

tion range 110C–117C, d 0.818 (60/60F), refr index

CAS: 96-37-7. C

1.450 (20C), flash p 30F (−1.1C). Insoluble in water;

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.750 (20/4C), fp

soluble in alcohol.

−142.5C, refr index 1.40983 (20C), bp 72C (742

Grade: Pure, 99.0 mol%; technical, 95.0 mol%.

mm Hg), flash p approximately 20F (−6.6C). Im-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. May be

miscible with water.

irritant to skin and eyes.

Grade: Technical (95%), 99%, and research.

Use: Intermediate.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

risk. May be irritant and narcotic.

6-methyl-3-cyclohexene carboxaldehyde.

Use: Organic synthesis, extractive solvent, azeotrop-

ic distillation agent.

❘

HCH

CH:CHCH

❘

CHO.

methylcyclopentenolone.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9484, bp 176.4C,

Use: In soap, cosmetic perfumery, and flavor com-

fp −39.0C. Soluble in water 0.3% by wt at 20C.

pounding.

Use: Intermediate.

N-methyl-5-cyclohexenyl-5-methylbarbituric

5-methylcytosine. (5-methyl-2-oxy-4-amino-

acid. See hexobarbital.

pyrimidine). C

O. A pyrimidine found in de-

oxyribonucleic acids, nucleotides, and nucleosides.

Properties: Crystals in prisms from water. Mp 270C

N-methylcyclohexylamine. C

NHCH

(decomposes).

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.86 (20C). Solu-

ble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

Purity 99%, distillation range 5–95 cc within 2C,

methyl decanoate. See methyl caprate.

including 149C, corrected to 760 mm Hg. Combus-

tible.

methyl demeton. (generic name for O,O-di-

Hazard: Toxic. Strong irritant to tissue.

methyl-O(and S)-2-ethylthio)ethyl phosphoroth-

Use: Intermediate, solvent, acid acceptor.

ioates).

CAS: 8022-00-2.

methylcyclohexylcarbinol. See 1-cyclohexy-

Properties: Slightly soluble in water. Soluble in

lethanol.

most organic solvents.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibito. Use may be re-

4-methylcyclohexylmethylcarbinol. stricted, absorbed by skin. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

CAS: 34884-20-3. mf: C

O. Use: Systemic insecticide.

826METHYL DICHLORACETATE

methyl dichloracetate. 3-methyl-2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide.

CAS: 116-54-1. Cl

CHCOOCH

. (3-methylsulfolene). CH

(cyclic).

Properties: liquid. D 1.3759–1.3839 (20/20C), refr Properties: Solid. Mp 63C, bp decomposes. Slightly

index 1.4374–1.4474 (20C), bp 143C, flash p 176F soluble in water, acetone, and toluene. Combustible.

(80C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in ether and Use: Chemical intermediate, catalyst.

alcohol. Combustible.

Grade: 99.0% pure.

methyl 3,3-dimethoxy-2-oxa-7,10-diaza-3-

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. Forms corrosive

silatridecan-13-oate.

products on hydrolysis, keep dry.

CAS: 1067-66-9. mf: C

Si.

Use: Organic intermediate.

Hazard: A moderate skin irritant.

methyldichloroarsine.

methyl-3-(dimethoxyphosphinyloxy)

CAS: 593-89-5. CH

AsCl

crotonate. See mevinphos.

Properties: A colorless, mobile liquid; agreeable

odor. Decomposed by water. Bp 136C, mp −59C, d

methyldimethoxysilane.

1.838.

CAS: 16881-77-9. mf: C

Si.

Hazard: Toxic. Highly irritant.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A moderate eye

Use: Military poison, intermediate.

irritant.

methyl-3,4-dichlorocarbanilate. See swep.

methyl 1,1-dimethylethyl ether. See meth-

yl t-butyl ether.

methyl-N-3,4-dichlorophenylcarbamate.

See swep.

methyl-N,3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxyoctyliden

anthranilate. See hydroxycitronellal-methyl

methyldichlorosilane.

anthranilate Schiff base.

CAS: 75-54-7. CH

SiHCl

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 41C, d 1.10 (27C),

methyldinitrobenzene. See dinitrotoluene.

flash p −26F (−32.2C). Soluble in benzene, ether,

heptane.

Derivation: Reaction of methyl chloride with silicon

Methyl “Dioxitol” [Shell]. TM for diethyl-

and copper.

ene glycol monomethyl ether having an ASTM dis-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Very toxic.

tillation range 192–196C.

Use: Manufacture of siloxanes.

methyldioxolane. (2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane).

methyl dichlorostearate. C

COOCH

Properties: Light-yellow, oily liquid; slight odor.

❘

CH(CH

)OCH

❘

Freezing range +7 to −5C, bp decomposes 250C, d

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.982 (20/20C),

0.997 (15.5/15.5C), refr index 1.4599 (25C), flash p

bp 81C. Soluble in water. Combustible.

358F (181C). Completely miscible with most organ-

Hazard: Irritant.

ic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Extractant and solvent for oils, fats, waxes,

Use: Intermediate, plasticizer extender.

dyestuffs, and cellulose derivatives.

methyldiethanolamine.

methyldiphenylamine. (diphenylmethyla-

CAS: 105-59-9. CH

N(C

OH)

mine). (C

)

NCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; amine-like odor. Misci-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.048, fp −7.5C, bp

ble with benzene and water, d 1.0418 (20C), bp

295C, refr index 1.62. Insoluble in water; soluble in

247.2C, bulk d 8.7 lb/gal, vap press less than 0.01

alcohol.

mm Hg (20C), fp −21.0C, refr index 1.4699, flash p

Derivation: Heating diphenylamine with methanol

260F (126.6C) (COC). Combustible.

and hydrochloric acid.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate, absorption of acidic gases, cata-

Use: Analytical reagent, dye synthesis.

lyst for polyurethane foams, pH control agent.

methyl diphenyl phosphate. (methyl phe-

methyldiethylamine. CH

N(C

)

nyl phosphate). CH

OP(O)(OC

)

Properties: Water-white to straw-colored liquid. Bp

Properties: Clear, oily liquid. D 1.225–1.235 (25C),

62.5C, d 0.724 (20C). Has inverse water solubility.

refr index 1.5370 (20C), pour p −85F (−65C). Non-

Combustible.

flammable.

Use: Desalination of brackish water, chemical inter-

Use: Ignition control compound.

mediate, acid neutralizer.

4-methyl-7-(diethylamino)coumarin. See methyldipropylmethane. See 4-methylhep-

7-diethyl-amino-4-methylcoumarin. tane.

827 METHYLENE CHLORIDE

2-methyl-m-dithiane-2-carboxaldehyde o- vp 0.4 torr at 150C. Soluble in acetone; reacts with

(methylcarbamoyl)oxime. water or ethanol.

CAS: 26419-72-7. mf: C

. Hazard: Strong skin and eye irritant. TLV: 0.005

ppm.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: To produce non-yellowing urethane products.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

4,4

′

-methylenebis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol).

methyl docosanoate. See methyl behenate.

[(C

)

(OH)]

. A sterically hindered

bisphenol.

methyl dodecanoate. See methyl laurate.

Properties: Light-yellow powder. Mp 155C, bp

217C (1 mm Hg), d 0.99 (20C). Insoluble in water

methyl eicosanoate. See methyl arachidate.

and 1.0 N sodium hydroxide. Combustible.

Use: Oxidation inhibitor and antiwear agent for mo-

methyl elaidate.

tor oils, aviation piston engine oils, industrial oils,

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl

antioxidant for rubbers, resins, adhesives.

ester of elaidic acid (trans-octadec-9-enoic acid).

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8702 (25C), mp

2,2

′

-methylenebisfuran. See 2-(2-furfu-

less than 15C, bp 213.5C (15 mm Hg), refr index

ryl)furan.

1.4462 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in most

organic solvents. Combustible.

3,3

′

-methylenebis(4-hydroxycoumarin).

Derivation: Prepared from oleic acid by elaidiniza-

See bishydroxycoumarin.

tion and esterification.

Use: Pure grade (99+%) used in biochemical re-

methylenebis(phenylisocyanate). See di-

search.

phenylmethane diisocyanate.

6-methylenandrosta-1,4-diene-3,17-dione.

methylene bisthiocyanate. See “Organi-

CAS: 107868-30-4. mf: C

clear” [Standard].

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

2,2

′

-methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol).

methylene. (1) The divalent hydrocarbon group

See hexachlorophene.

−

−, in which the carbon atom has its normal

valence of 4; it is derived from methane by dropping

two hydrogen atoms. It occurs in many organic com-

methylene blue. (CI 52015; methylthionine

pounds, e.g., methylene chloride (dichlorometh-

chloride).

ane), CH

. (2) See carbene.

CAS: 61-73-4. C

SCl•3H

O (medicinal);

SCl)

•ZnCl

•H

O (dye).

N,N

′

-methylenebisacrylamide. Properties: Dark green crystals or powder with

(NHCOCH:CH

)

. bronzelike luster; odorless or slight odor. Stable in

Properties: Colorless, crystalline powder. Mp 185C. air. Soluble in water, alcohol, chloroform. Water

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. solutions are deep blue.

Use: Organic intermediate, cross-linking agent. Derivation: By oxidation of p-aminodimethylaniline

with ferric chloride in the presence of hydrogen

sulfide. The dye is the zinc chloride double salt of

4,4

′

-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline). (3,3

′

-di-

the chloride.

chloro-4,4

′

-diaminodiphenylmethane; p,p

′

-meth-

Grade: USP, technical.

ylene-bis-o-chloroaniline; MOCA).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 101-14-4. CH

ClNH

)

Use: Dyeing cotton and wool, biological and bacteri-

Properties: Tan-colored pellets. D 1.44, melting

ological stains, reagent in oxidation-reduction titra-

range 99–107C. Soluble in hot methyl ethyl ketone,

tions in volumetric analysis, indicator.

acetone, esters, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Note: Do not confuse with methyl blue.

Hazard: Toxic: A carcinogen, absorbed by skin.

TLV: 0.02 ppm; suspected human carcinogen.

Use: Curing agent for polyurethanes and epoxy

methylene bromide. (dibromomethane).

resins.

CAS: 74-95-3. CH

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid. D 2.47, solidifies

p,p

′

-methylenebis(o-chloroaniline). See −52C, bp 97C. Slightly soluble in water; miscible

4,4

′

-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline). with alcohol, ether, chloroform, and acetone. Non-

flammable.

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent.

2,2

′

-methylenebis(4-chlorophenol). See di-

chlorophene.

methylene chloride. (methylene dichloride;

methylene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate). dichloromethane).

CAS: 5124-30-1. C

. CAS: 75-09-2. CH

Properties: Liquid. Mw 262.35, sp g 1.07, fp <−10C, Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; penetrating

828METHYLENE CHLOROBROMIDE

ether-like odor. D 1.335 (15/4C), fp −97C, bp 40.1C, Use: Vinyl monomer for polymerization and copoly-

bulk d 11.07 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4244 (20C),

merization, intermediate in making fibers and phar-

viscosity 0.430 cP (20C), autoign temp 1224F

maceuticals.

(662C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly solu-

ble in water. Nonflammable and nonexplosive in air.

methylene iodide. (diiodomethane).

Derivation: Chlorination of methyl chloride and

CAS: 75-11-6. CH

subsequent distillation.

Properties: Yellow liquid. D 3.33, mp 6C, bp 180C

Hazard: Toxic. A narcotic. TLV: TWA 50 ppm;

(decomposes). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu-

animal carcinogen.

ble in water.

Use: Paint removers, solvent degreasing, plastics

Hazard: May be irritating and narcotic.

processing, blowing agent in foams, solvent extrac-

Use: Separating mixture of minerals, organic synthe-

tion, solvent for cellulose acetate, aerosol propel-

sis, X-ray contrast media.

lant.

5-methylene-2-norbornene. A copolymer in

methylene chlorobromide. See bromochlo-

EPDM elastomers.

romethane.

methylene succinic acid. See itaconic acid.

4,4

′

-methylenedianiline. See p,p,

′

-diaminodi-

phenylmethane.

methylenesuccinyloxybis(tributylstannane).

See bis(tributyltin) itaconate.

methylene dichloride. See methylene chlo-

ride.

methylene-p-toluidine. See formaldehyde-p-

toluidine.

3,4-methylenedioxybenzaldehyde. See pi-

peronal.

6-o-methylerythromycin.

CAS: 81103-11-9. mf: C

methylenedioxyethamphetamine. See n-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human sys-

ethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine.

temic effects.

7,8-methylenedioxyisoquinoline.

CAS: 234-17-3. mf: C

methyl esters. Any of a group of fatty esters

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

derived from coconut and other vegetable oils, tal-

low, etc.; alkyl groups range from C

to C

in varying

3,4-methylenedioxypropylbenzene. (dihy-

percentages.

drosafrole). C

Use: Lubricants for metal-cutting fluids, high-tem-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.065 (25/25C).

perature grinding, cold-rolling of steel.

Somewhat soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Essential oil compositions.

N-methylethanolamine.

CAS: 109-83-1. CH

NHC

OH.

methylene-di-p-phenylene isocyanate. See

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9414, bp 159.5C, vap press

diphenylmethane-4,4

′

-diisocyanate.

0.7 mm Hg (20C), fp −4.5C, flash p 165F (73.9C).

Soluble in water. Combustible.

5,5

′

-methylenedisalicylic acid.

Use: Textile chemicals, pharmaceuticals.

(OH)COOH]

Properties: Nonhygroscopic, light-tan, coarse pow-

methyl ether. See dimethyl ether.

der. Stable in air; darkens in light. Tends to decar-

boxylate at very high temperatures. Decomposes at

4-methyl-7-ethoxycoumarin.

238C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone; insolu-

ble in benzene, chloroform. Combustible.

❘

C(CH

):CHC(O)

❘

Use: Alkyd resins and modified phenolic composi-

Properties: White solid; walnut odor. Mp

tions for paints and varnishes, intermediate for dye-

113–114C. Slightly soluble in alcohol.

stuffs and printing ink.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

methylene glutaronitrile. (acrylonitrile di-

mer; 2,4-dicyanobutene-1). NCC

C(:CH

)CN. 2-(1-methylethoxy)phenol methylcarbamate.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 103C (5 mm Hg), fp (CH

)

CHOC

OOCNHCH

−9.6C, refr index 1.4504 (25C), d 0.9756 (25/4C). Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. Mp

Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in aliphatic and 91C. Soluble in most alcohols; very slightly soluble

alicyclic hydrocarbons, soluble in aromatic hydro- in water; unstable in highly alkaline media; stable

carbons and polar organic solvents. under normal conditions.

Derivation: From acrylonitrile by catalytic dimeri- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

zation. Use: Insecticide.

829 METHYL EUGENOL

1-methylethyl 3-amino-2-butenoate. See 22.6 wt %, solubility of water 9.9 wt %, flash p

(TOC) 24F (−4.4C), bulk d 6.71 lb/gal (20C), aut-

isopropyl 3-aminocrotonate.

oign temp 960F (515C). Soluble in benzene, alco-

hol, and ether; miscible with oils.

methylethylcarbinol. See sec-butyl alcohol.

Derivation: (1) From mixed n-butylenes and sulfuric

acid to cause hydrolysis followed by distillation to

methyl ethyl cellulose. The methyl ether of

separate sec-butyl alcohol which is dehydrogenated;

ethylcellulose in which both methyl and ethyl

(2) by controlled oxidation of butane; (3) by fermen-

groups are attached to anhydroglucose units by ether

tation.

linkages.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: White to pale-cream-colored fibrous sol-

Use: Solvent in nitrocellulose coatings and vinyl

id or powder; practically odorless. Disperses in cold

films,“Glyptal” resins, paint removers, cements and

water to form aqueous solutions which undergo a

adhesives, organic synthesis, manufacture of smok-

reversible transformation from solution to gel upon

eless powder, cleaning fluids, printing, catalyst car-

heating and cooling, respectively. Combustible.

rier, acrylic coatings.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Note: Does not dissolve cellulose acetate and most

Use: Emulsifier, stabilizer, foaming agent.

waxes.

See cellulose, modified.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

limits in air 2–10%. Toxic by inhalation. TLV:

methyl ethyl diketone. See acetyl propi-

TWA 200 ppm; STEL 300 ppm.

onyl.

methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. (ethyl

2-methyl-2-ethyl-1,3-dioxolane.

methyl ketone peroxide).

CAS: 1338-23-4. C

(CH

)(C

❘

OCH

❘

Properties: Colorless liquid, strong oxidizing agent.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9392, bp 117.6C,

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

fp −81.96C, flash p 74F (23.3C) (OC). Soluble in

Strong irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: ceiling 0.2

water 2.2% by wt.

ppm.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Manufacture of acrylic resins, hardening agent

Use: Solvent.

for fiberglass-reinforced plastics.

sym-methylethylethylene. See 2-pentene.

methyl 3-((ethyl(propylamino)phosphino-

thioyl)oxy)-2-butenoate.

methylethylglyoxal. See acetyl propionyl.

CAS: 37902-85-5. mf: C

PS.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

methylethylhydantoin formaldehyde resin.

2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine. (MEP; aldehy-

❘

HCONHCO

❘

C(CH

, and formaldehyde.

dine; aldehyde collidine; 5-ethyl-2-picoline).

Properties: Clear, pale, solid resin. Softening point

CAS: 104-90-5. CH

(B&R) 85C, d 1.30, pH (10% aqueous solution)

Properties: Colorless liquid; sharp penetrating odor.

6.5–7.5.

D 0.921 (20/20), bp 178.3C, fp −70.3C, flash p

(COC) 165F (73.9C), refr index 1.4970 (20C). Al-

4,4

′

-(1-methylethylidene)bis(2,6-

most insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,

dibromophenol).

benzene, concentrated sulfuric acid.

CAS: 79-94-7. mf: C

Derivation: Paraldehyde is treated with ammonia

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation and skin

under high pressure and in the presence of ammo-

contact. An eye irritant.

nium acetate as a catalyst. Picolines and other sub-

Use: Reproductive Effector.

stituted pyridines are by-products.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic. Corrosive and strong irritant to

9-(3

′

-methyl-4

′

-ethylidene-thiosemicarb-

tissue.

azido)acridine.

Use: Nicotinic acid and nicotinamide, vinyl pyridines

CAS: 28846-43-7. mf: C

for copolymers, intermediates for germicides and

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

textile finishes, corrosion inhibitor for chlorinated

Use: Agricultural chemical.

solvents.

methyl ethyl ketone. (ethyl methyl ketone;

2-butanone; MEK).

methyl eugenol. (Generic name for 4-allyl-

CAS: 78-93-3. CH

COCH

. 1,2-dimethyoxybenzene; 4-allyl veratrole; 1,2-di-

Properties: Colorless liquid; acetone-like odor. Bp methoxy-4-allylbenzene; eugenyl methyl ether).

79.6C, d 0.8255 (0/4C), 0.805 (20/4C) and 0.7997 CAS: 93-15-2. (CH

CH:CH

(25/4C), refr index 1.379 (20C), sp heat 0.549 cal/g, Properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid. Bp

fp −86.4C, viscosity 0.40 cP (25C), soluble in water 91–95C (0.3 mm Hg), d 1.032–1.036 (25C). Insolu-

830METHYL FLUORIDE

ble in water; soluble in most organic solvents. Com-

N-methylfurfurylamine. C

OCH

NHCH

bustible. Properties: Colorless to light-yellow. Refr index

Grade: Technical, FCC. 1.4700–1.4720 (25C), distilling range 144–153C.

Use: Insect attractant, flavoring.

Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

methyl fluoride. Legal label name (Air) for

fluoromethane.

methyl-2-furoate. (methyl pyromucate).

CAS: 611-13-2. C

OCO

methyl fluorosulfonate.

Properties: Colorless liquid turning yellow in light;

CAS: 421-20-5. CH

OSO

pleasant odor. D 1.1739 (15/15C), bp 181.3C (cor-

Properties: Colorless liquid; ethereal odor. Bp 92C,

rosive), refr index 1.4860 (20C). Insoluble in water;

d 1.42.

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic. Strong irritant to tissue, inhalation of

Derivation: By esterification of furoic acid.

fume must be avoided. Reacts with water, steam,

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis.

and acids, evolving corrosive vapor.

Use: Methylating agent, organic synthesis.

methyl gallate. (methyl-3,4,5-trihydroxyben-

zoate).

N-methylformanilide. C

N(CH

)CHO.

CAS: 99-24-1. C

(OH)

COOCH

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Refr

Properties: White, crystalline powder.

index 1.5570–1.5600 (25C), distillation range

Use: Industrial antioxidant.

127–131C (16 mm Hg).

Grade: 95% min.

N-methylglucamine.

Use: Organic synthesis.

OH(CH

NHCH

Properties: White crystals. Mp 128C. Soluble in

methyl formate.

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; complexes with

CAS: 107-31-3. HCOOCH

metals.

Properties: Colorless liquid; agreeable odor. Sapo-

Derivation: From glucose and methylamine.

nified by water or alkaline solutions. D 0.950–0.980

Use: Detergents, pharmaceuticals, dyes.

(20/20C), fp −99.8C, bp 31.8C, flash p −2F

(−18.9C), bulk d 8.03 lb/gal (68F), refr index 1.3431

methyl-␣-d-glucopyranoside. See methyl

(20C), autoign temp 853F (456C). Soluble in water,

glucoside.

alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: By heating methanol with sodium for-

␣-methyl glucoside. (methyl-␣-d-glycopyra-

mate and hydrochloric acid with subsequent distilla-

noside).

tion.

Grade: Technical, refined, FCC.

OHC

❘

H(CH

❘

OOCH

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

Properties: Odorless, white crystals. Mp 168C, bp

risk, explosive limits in air 5.9–20%. Irritant. TLV:

200C (0.2 mm Hg). Specific optical rotation (aque-

TWA 100 ppm; STEL 150 ppm.

ous solution) +158.9C (20C), d (30/4C) 1.46. Solu-

Use: Organic synthesis, cellulose acetate solvent,

ble in water; slightly soluble in 80% alcohol and

fumigant, larvicides.

methanol, insoluble in ether. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By treating dextrose with methanol

methyl fuel. Auxiliary fuel for automotive

in the presence of hydrochloric acid or cation ex-

equipment, electric power production, fuel cells,

change resin, (2) enzymatic synthesis from yeast.

etc. A mixture of methanol and alcohols of up to four

Grade: Technical.

carbon atoms, it is made by catalytic treatment of

Use: Plasticizer for phenolic, amine, and alkyd res-

synthesis gas. It can be blended with gasoline in low

ins; nonionic surfactants; tall-oil varnishes; reclaim-

percentage. Its combustion products contain less

ing drying oils; polyurethane foams.

polluting components than No. 5 fuel oil.

See methanol.

methyl glycocoll. See sarcosine.

2-methylfuran.

methyl glycol. See propylene glycol.

CAS: 534-22-5. C

OCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; etherlike odor. Fp

methyl group. The simplest alkyl group, CH

−88.68C, bp 63.2–65.6C, d 0.913 (20/4C), refr in-

formed by dropping a hydrogen atom from methane

dex 1.4320 (20C), flash p −22F (−30C). Insoluble in

(CH

). It occurs at both ends of paraffinic molecules

water 0.3 g/100 g water. Miscible with most organic

having two or more carbon atoms in the chain, as

solvents. Forms a binary azeotrope with methanol, a

well as in many other organic compounds.

ternary azeotrope with methanol-water.

See alkyl.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

plosion risk. Irritant.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

N-methyl-N-guanylglycine. See creatine.

831 METHYL-

-HYDROXYBENZOATE

methyl heneicosanoate. CH

(CH

)

COOCH

. 2-methylhexane. (ethylisobutylmethane; iso-

The methyl ester of heneicosanoic acid. heptane). (CH

)

CH(CH

)

Properties: White waxlike solid. Mp 48–9C, bp Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.6789, bp 90.0C, fp

−118.5C, refr index 1.38498 (20C), flash p approxi-

207C (3.75 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in

mately 0F (−17.7C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

water.

Grade: Purified 96%, 99.5%.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

limits in air 1–6%.

methyl heptadecanoate. (methyl margarate).

Use: Organic synthesis.

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of heptade-

canoic acid (margaric acid).

Properties: White, waxlike solid. Mp 29C, bp

3-methylhexane.

184–7C, 130C (1 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; solu-

CCH

CH(CH

)CH

ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 92C, d 0.692 (15.5/

Grade: Purified 96%, 99.5%.

15.5C), refr index 1.388 (20C), flash p 25F (−3.9C).

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

Grade: Technical 95%.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

2-methylheptane. (CH

)

CH(CH

)

Use: Organic synthesis, oil extender solvent.

See isooctane.

methyl hexanoate. See methyl caproate.

3-methylheptane. C

CH(CH

)(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −120.5C, bp

5-methyl-2-hexanone. See methyl isoamyl

118.9C, d 0.70582 (20/4C), refr index 1.39849

ketone.

(20C).

Grade: 99%, 95%.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

methyl hexyl ketone. (2-octanone).

Use: Calibration, organic synthesis.

CAS: 111-13-7. CH

COC

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor; camphor

taste. D 0.82 (20/4C), mp 20.9C, bp 173.5C, distilla-

4-methylheptane. (methyldipropylmethane).

tion range 166–173C, flash p 160F (71.1C), refr

or CH

(CH

)

CHCH

(CH

)

index 1.416 (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7161, bp 122.2C.

alcohol, hydrocarbons, ether, esters, etc. Combus-

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

tible.

Grade: Technical.

Derivation: By distilling sodium ricinoleate with

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

caustic soda.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Use: Perfumes, high-boiling solvent, especially for

epoxy resin coatings, leather finishes, flavoring,

methylheptenone. (6-methyl-5-heptene-2-

odorant, antiblushing agent for nitrocellulose lac-

one). (CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

COCH

. Constituent of

quers.

lemongrass oil and many other essential oils.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.860 (20C), fp

−67.1C, bp 173–174C. Insoluble in water; miscible

methyl hydrazine. (monomethylhydrazine;

with alcohol or ether. Combustible.

MMH).

Derivation: From oil of lemon grass or by controlled

CAS: 60-34-4. CH

NHNH

oxidation of corresponding secondary alcohol.

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; ammo-

Use: Organic synthesis, inexpensive perfumes, fla-

nia-like odor. D 0.874 (25C), fp −52.4C, bp 87.5C,

voring.

flash p approximately 80F (26.6C). Soluble in wa-

ter, hydrazine, hydrocarbons, and monohydric al-

methyl heptyne carbonate. (methyl-2-octy-

cohols.

noate).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, vapors may

CAS: 111-12-6. CH

(CH

)

C≡CCOOCH

explode, may self-ignite in air and on contact with

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong violet-type odor.

oxidizing agents. Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

D 0.919–0.923, refr index 1.446–1.450 (20C). Solu-

TLV: ceiling 0.2 ppm, suspected human carcinogen.

ble in most fixed oils and mineral oil; soluble in five

Use: Missile propellant, intermediate, solvent.

parts of 70% alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: From heptaldehyde.

methyl hydride. See methane.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

methylhydrogen sulfate. See methylsulfuric

acid.

methyl hexacosanoate. See methyl cerotate.

methyl hexadecanoate. See methyl palmi- methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate. See methyl

tate. paraben.

832METHYLHYDROXYBUTANONE

methylhydroxybutanone. (3-methyl-3-hy- methylionone. (irone). C

droxybutan-2-one). (CH

)

COHCOCH

. Properties: Colorless to amber-yellow liquid; floral

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; sweet camphor- odor.

Grade: Several isomers are available as ␣, ␤, ␥, ⌬,

like odor. Bp 140.3C, fp −86.5C, d 0.9553 (20/20C),

and mixtures. The constants are approximately: d

refr index 1.4153 (20C). Miscible with water, ace-

0.926–0.939, refr index 1.501–1.504, bp 144C (16

tone, benzene, mineral spirits. Combustible.

mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water.

Use: Specialty solvent, chemical intermediate, flavor

Derivation: Oil of orris.

formulations.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

See ␣-isomethylionone.

4-methyl-7-hydroxycoumarin

diethoxythiophsphate.

See potasan.

methyl isoamyl ketone. (5-methyl-2-hexa-

none; MIAK).

methyl-3-hydroxy-␣-crotonate dimethyl

CAS: 110-12-3. CH

COC

CH(CH

)

phosphate. See mevinphos.

Properties: Colorless, stable liquid; pleasant odor. D

0.8132 (20/20C), refr index 1.4062 (20C), bp 144C,

methylhydroxyisopropylcyclohexane. See

fp −73.9C, bulk d 6.77 lb/gal, flash p (OC) 110F

menthol.

(43.3C). Slightly soluble in water; miscible with

most organic solvents. Combustible.

methyl 4-(2-hydroxy-3-((1-methylethyl)

Grade: 97.5%.

amino)propoxy)benzenepropanoate.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: 50 ppm.

CAS: 81147-92-4. mf: C

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate bu-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

tyrate, acrylics, and vinyl copolymers.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

methyl isobutenyl ketone. See mesityl

4-methyl-4-hydroxy-1-octyne.

oxide.

CAS: 22128-43-4. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

methylisobutyl carbinol. See methylamyl

eye irritant.

alcohol.

methylisobutyl carbinol acetate. See me-

methyl-12-hydroxystearate.

thylamyl acetate.

CAS: 141-23-1. C

OHCOOCH

Properties: White, waxy solid in the form of short

methyl isobutyl ketone. (hexone; 4-methyl-

flat rods. Mp 48C, acid value 4, saponification value

2-pentanone; isopropylacetone).

177, iodine value 5. Insoluble in water; limited solu-

CAS: 108-10-1. (CH

)

CHCH

COCH

bility in organic solvents. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless, stable liquid; pleasant odor. D

Use: Adhesives, inks, cosmetics greases.

0.8042 (20/20C), bp 115.8C, fp −85C, bulk d 6.68

lb/gal (20C), vap press 15.7 mm Hg (20C), refr

2-methylimidazole. (2MZ).

index 1.3959 (20C), flash p 73F (22.7C), autoign

temp 860F (460C). Slightly soluble in water; misci-

❘

HCHNC(CH

)

❘

NH.

ble with most organic solvents.

Properties: Solid. Mp 142–143C.

Derivation: Mild hydrogenation of mesityl oxide.

Use: Dyeing auxiliary for acrylic fibers, plastic

Grade: Technical, 98.5%.

foams.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

limits in air 1.4–7.5%. Avoid ingestion and inhala-

3-methylindole. See skatole.

tion. TLV: TWA 50 ppm; STEL 75 ppm.

Use: Solvent for paints, varnishes, nitrocellulose, lac-

quers; manufacture of methyl amyl alcohol; extrac-

methyl iodide. (iodomethane).

tion processes including extraction of uranium from

CAS: 74-88-4. CH

fission products; organic synthesis; denaturant for

Properties: Colorless liquid, turns brown on expo-

alcohol.

sure to light. D 2.24–2.27 (25/25C), fp −66.1C, bp

42C, refr index 1.526–1.527 (25C). Soluble in alco-

hol and ether; partially soluble in water. Nonflamm-

methyl isocyanate.

able. CAS: 624-83-9. CH

NCO.

Derivation: Interaction of methanol, sodium iodide, Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9599 (20/20C), bp

and sulfuric acid with subsequent distillation. 39.1C, reacts with water, flash p less than 20F

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin (−6.6C).

absorption; narcotic, irritant to skin. TLV: TWA Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

0.01 ppm; animal carcinogen. skin absorption and a strong irritant. TLV: 0.02

Use: Organic synthesis, microscopy, testing for pyri- ppm.

dine. Use: Intermediate.

833 METHYL LINOLEATE

methylisoeugenol. (propenyl guaiacol). Use: Insecticide, a possible military poison.

CAS: 93-16-3. CH

CH:CHC

(OCH

)

Properties: Colorless to light-yellowish liquid; spicy

methyl lactate.

odor. D 1.050–1.053, bp 262–264C, refr index

CAS: 547-64-8. CH

OCOOCH

1.566–1.569, soluble in two parts of 70% alcohol.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Decomposed by water,

Almost insoluble in mineral oil; insoluble in glycer-

bp 144.8C, fp approximately −66C, refr index

ol. Combustible.

1.4156 (20C), flash p (CC) 125F (51.6C), autoign

Grade: Technical, FCC.

temp 725F (385C), bulk d 9 lb/gal (68F). Soluble in

Use: Perfumery, flavoring agent.

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

methyl isonicotinate. C

COOCH

Use: Solvent for cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, cel-

Properties: Clear amber to red liquid; mild odor. D

lulose acetobutyrate, cellulose acetopropionate, lac-

1.15 (20/20C).

quers, stains.

Use: Intermediate for synthesis of isonicotinic acid

hydrazide.

methyllactonitrile. See acetone cyanohydrin.

1-methyl-4-isopropenylcyclohexan-3-ol.

methyl laurate. (methyl dodecanoate).

See isopulegol.

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of lauric

acid.

methyl isopropenyl ketone.

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.8702 (20/4C),

CAS: 814-78-8. CH

COC(CH

):CH

mp 4.8C, bp 262C (766 mm Hg), 160C (30 mm Hg),

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor; sweet

refr index 1.4301 (25C). Insoluble in water. Non-

taste. D 0.854 (20C). Polymerizes readily.

corrosive. Combustible.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

Derivation: From coconut oil.

limits in air 1.8–9.0%.

Method of purification: Vacuum fractional distilla-

Use: Plastics.

tion.

Grade: 69%, 74%, 90%, 96%, 99.8%.

5-methyl-2-isopropyl-2-hexenal. mf:

Use: Intermediate for detergents, emulsifiers, wet-

ting agents, stabilizers, lubricants, plasticizers, tex-

Properties: Sltly yellow liquid; herbaceous, woody,

tiles, flavoring.

fruity, chocolate odor. D: 0.845−0.860, refr index:

1.448. Sol in alc, fixed oils; insol in water, propylene

methyl lauroleate.

glycol.

CH:CH(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl es-

Use: Food additive.

ter of lauroleic acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Insoluble in water; sol-

methyl isopropyl ketone. (3-methyl-2-buta-

uble in common organic solvents. Combustible.

none).

Grade: Purified product, 99.5%.

CAS: 563-80-4. CH

COCH(CH

)

Use: Organic synthesis, reference standard for gas

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 93C, fp −92C, refr

chromatography, biochemical research.

index 1.38788 (16C), d 0.815 (15/4C). Very slightly

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

methyl lignocerate. (methyl tetracosanoate).

Derivation: Synthetic, also by fermentation.

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of lignoceric

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 200 ppm.

acid.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose lacquers.

Properties: Waxlike solid. Mp 57.8C, bp 232C (3.75

See ketones.

mm Hg), refr index 1.4283 (80C). Insoluble in wa-

ter; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

2-methyl-5-isopropylphenol. See carvacrol.

Derivation: Esterification of lignoceric acid with

methanol followed by vacuum distillation.

5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol. See thymol.

Grade: Purified (99.8%+).

Use: Intermediate in special synthesis, biochemical

research, reference standard in gas chromatography.

methyl-p-isopropylphenyl propyl aldehyde.

See cyclamen aldehyde.

methyl linoleate. C

. The methyl ester of

methyl isothiocyanate. (methyl mustard oil). linoleic acid (cis,cis,cis-octadec-9,12,15-dienoic

CAS: 556-61-6. CH

N:CS. acid).

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 35C, bp 120C. Properties: Colorless oil. D 0.8886 (18/4C), fp

Soluble in alcohol and ether; partially soluble in −35C, bp 212C (16 mm Hg), refr index 1.4593

water. (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

Derivation: Reaction of methylamine and carbon ether. Combustible.

disulfide. Derivation: Urea fractionation and vacuum distilla-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to eyes tion of methyl esters of safflower oil.

and skin. Grade: Technical, purified (99+%).

834METHYLLITHIUM

Use: Intermediate for detergents, emulsifiers, wet- Properties: Crystals. Mp 95C. Soluble in water and

ting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants, plasticiz- organic solvents.

ers, textiles, reference standard in gas chromatogra- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, absorbed by skin. TLV:

0.01 mg(Hg)/m

phy, biochemical research.

Use: Fungicide, seed disinfectant.

methyllithium. CH

Li. Commercially available

methylmercury cysteine. See mercurate(1-),

as a 5% solution in ether.

(l-cysteinato(2-)-s)methyl-, hydrogen.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

risk, self-ignites in air.

methylmercury dicyandiamide. See cya-

Use: In Grignard-type reactions.

no(methylmercury)guanidine.

n-methylloline.

methylmercury-2,3-dihydroxy-

CAS: 22143-50-6. mf: C

propylmercaptide.

Hazard: A poison.

HgSCH

OCH

OH.

Source: Natural product.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, absorbed by skin. TLV:

0.01 mg(Hg)/m

methylmagnesium bromide. CH

MgBr.

Use: Seed disinfectant.

Available in solution in ether.

Derivation: Reaction of magnesium and methyl-

methylmercury-8-hydroxyquinolate. See

bromide.

methylmercury quinolinolate.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

risk.

Use: Alkylating agent in organic synthesis, Grignard

methylmercury quinolinolate. (methylmer-

reagent. cury-8-hydroxyquinolate; methylmercury oxyqui-

nolinate).

CAS: 86-85-1. C

NOHgCH

methylmagnesium chloride. CH

MgCl.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 133–137C.

Available as a solution in tetrahydrofuran.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 0.01 mg(Hg)/m

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

Use: Seed disinfectant.

risk.

Use: Alkylating agent in organic synthesis, Grignard

reagent.

methylmercury toluenesulfonate.

CAS: 63869-06-7.

methylmagnesium iodide. CH

MgI. Avail- Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m

(as Hg).

able as solution in ether. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Hg)/m

(skin)

Derivation: Reaction of magnesium and methyl io-

dide.

methyl methacrylate.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

CAS: 80-62-6. CH

:C(CH

)COOCH

. Acrylic resin

risk.

monomer.

Use: Alkylating agent in organic synthesis, Grignard

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid. Bp 101C, fp

reagent.

−48.2C, d 0.940 (25/25C), flash p (OC) 50F (10C),

autoign temp 790F (421C). Slightly soluble in wa-

methylmaleic anhydride. See citraconic an-

ter; soluble in most organic solvents. Readily poly-

hydride.

merized by light, heat, ionizing radiation and cata-

lysts. Can be copolymerized with other

methyl margarate. See methyl heptadeca- methacrylate esters and many other monomers.

noate. Derivation: (1) Acetone cyanohydrin, methanol, and

dilute sulfuric acid; (2) oxidation of tert-butyl alco-

hol to methacrolein and then to methacrylic acid,

methyl mercaptan. Legal label name for meth-

followed by reaction with methanol.

anethiol.

Grade: Technical (inhibited).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

n-methyl 3-mercaptopropionamide.

limits in air 2.1–12.5%. TLV: TWA 100 ppm; not

CAS: 52334-99-3. mf: C

NOS.

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Use: Monomer for polymethacrylate resins, impreg-

tact. A mild skin and severe eye irritant.

nation of concrete.

See acrylic resin.

methylmercury acetate. CH

HgOOCCH

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, absorbed by skin. TLV:

methylmethane. See ethane.

0.01 mg(Hg)/m

Use: Seed disinfectant.

methyl (E)-2-methoxyimino-(2-(o-

methylmercury cyanide.

(methylmercury tolyloxymethyl)phenyl)acetate.

nitrile). CH

HgCN. CAS: 143390-89-0. mf: C

835 ␣-METHYLNAPHTHALENE

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

icity by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propionaldehyde-o-

N-methyl methyl anthranilate. See di-

((methyl)(decoxysulfinyl)carbamoyl)oxime.

methyl anthranilate.

CAS: 77248-45-4. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octadiene. See

Use: Agricultural chemical.

myrcene.

methylmorphine. See codeine.

2-(o-(n-methyl-n-(n

′

-methyl-n

′

-ethoxy-

carbonylaminosulfenyl)

N-methyl morpholine.

carbamoyl)oximino)-1,4-dithiane.

CAS: 109-02-4.

CAS: 64029-07-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

❘

OCH

❘

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Water-white liquid; ammonia odor. D

0.921 (20/20C, bp 115.4C, fp −66C, flash p 75F

4-methyl-␣-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetic

(23.9C) (TOC). Forms constant-boiling mixture

acid, (5-(2-furanylmethyl)-2-

with 25% water and boiling at 97C. Miscible with

thienyl)methyl ester.

benzene, water.

CAS: 51629-74-4. mf: C

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Skin irri-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tant.

Use: Catalyst in polyurethane foams, extraction sol-

4-methyl-␣-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetic

vent, stabilizing agent for chlorinated hydrocarbons,

acid, (4,5,6,7-tetrahydrobenzo(b)thien-2-

self-polishing waxes, oil emulsions, corrosion in-

yl) methyl ester.

hibitors, pharmaceuticals.

CAS: 51629-79-9. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

methyl myristate. (methyl tetradecanoate).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of myristic

acid.

methyl (4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl)methyl 3-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 17.8C, bp 186.8C

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

(30 mm Hg), 157.5C (1 mm Hg), refr index 1.4351

CAS: 51308-72-6. mf: C

(25C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Derivation: (1) Esterification of myristic acid with

Use: Agricultural chemical.

methanol, (2) alcoholysis of coconut oil with meth-

anol.

methyl((methyl((((5-methyl-1,3-oxathiolan-

Method of purification: Vacuum fractional distilla-

4-ylidene)amino)oxy)carbonyl)amino)thio)

tion.

carbamic acid, ethyl ester.

Grade: Technical (93%), purified (99.8+%).

CAS: 64029-08-9. mf: C

Use: Intermediate for myristic acid detergents, emul-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

sifiers, wetting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

plasticizers, textiles, animal feeds, standard for gas

chromatography, flavoring.

2-methyl-n-(n

′

-methyl-n

′

-(4-morpholino-

sulfenyl)carbamoyloxy)thio-

methyl myristoleate.

acetimidate.

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl

CAS: 62382-21-2. mf: C

ester of myristoleic acid (cis-tetradec-9-enoic acid).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 108.9C (1 mm Hg).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Combustible.

␣-(3-methyl-1-(2-methylpropyl)butyl)-␻-

Use: Purified product used in medical research and

hydroxypoly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl).

organic synthesis.

CAS: 132299-20-8. mf: (C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

by skin contact. A mild skin and moderate eye irri-

␣-methylnaphthalene.

tant.

CAS: 90-12-0. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.025, fp −32C, bp

2-methyl-2-(methylthio)propanol-o-((n- 240–243C, refr index 1.6140 (25C), autoign temp

methyl-n-morpholinosulfenyl) 984F (529C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

carbamoyl)oxime. and ether. Combustible.

CAS: 62382-23-4. mf: C

. Derivation: From coal tar.

836␤-METHYLNAPHTHALENE

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. perfluoroglutaric anhydrides. The reaction is exo-

Use: Organic synthesis. thermic and gives high conversion to liquid nitrile

esters, which yield nitroso esters on pyrolysis or

␤-methylnaphthalene. photolysis.

CAS: 91-57-6. C

Properties: Solid. D 0.994 (40/4C), bp 241–242C,

N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide.

mp 34C, refr index 1.6015 (25C). Insoluble in water;

N(NO)CH

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Properties: Fine, yellow crystals. Mp 56–59C. Solu-

Derivation: From coal tar. ble in ether and most organic solvents; insoluble in

water.

Grade: Technical, 95% min.

Use: Reagent for the preparation of diazomethane.

Use: Organic synthesis, insecticides.

methyl nonadecanoate. CH

(CH

)

COOCH

2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone. See mena-

The methyl ester of nonadecanoic acid.

dione.

Properties: White, waxy solid. Mp 39.5C, bp 190.5C

(3.75 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

methyl naphthyl dodecyl dimethyl-

and ether. Combustible.

ammonium chloride.

Grade: Purified 96%, 99.5%.

(CH

)

NCl. Quaternary ammo-

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, medical re-

nium salt.

search.

Properties: White to slightly yellow, crystalline

powder; mild odor and taste. Mp 159–160C, bulk d 5

lb/gal. Soluble in cold water, lower alcohols, glycer-

2-methylnonane. (isodecane).

in, and acetone; pH of 5% solution 8.9. (CH

)

CH(CH

)

Grade: Min purity 97%. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.728, fp −74.7C, bp

Use: Germicide. 167C. Combustible.

methyl naphthyl ether. See ␤-naphthyl

methyl nonanoate. (methyl pelargonate).

methyl ether.

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of pelargonic

acid.

methyl nitrate. Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. Fp −35C,

CAS: 598-58-3. CH

. bp 213.5C, d 0.877 (18C), refr index 1.4302 (25C).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 66C (explodes), d Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

1.217 (15C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in Combustible.

alcohol and ether. Derivation: Esterification of nonanoic (pelargonic)

Derivation: By reaction of nitric acid and methanol acid with methanol followed by fractional distilla-

in the presence of urea. tion.

Hazard: Explodes when heated, severe hazard when Grade: Purified (96+%).

exposed to heat or shock. Narcotic, strong irritant to Use: Perfumes, flavors, reference standard for gas

tissue. chromatography, intermediate in organic synthesis,

Use: Rocket propellant. medical research.

methyl nitrite.

methyl-2-nonenoate.

CAS: 624-91-9. CH

(CH

)

HC:CHCOOCH

Properties: A gas. Bp −12C, fp −17C, d 0.991 (15C).

Properties: Colorless to slightly yellow liquid;

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked or

strong violet-leaf odor. D 0.893–0.898 (25/25C),

heated. Toxic by inhalation, narcotic.

refr index 1.4400–1.4440. Stable; soluble in alco-

Use: Synthesis of nitrile and nitroso esters.

hol. Combustible.

Use: Perfumes.

methylnitrobenzene. See nitrotoluene.

methylnonylacetaldehyde. (aldehyde C-12;

4-methyl-2-nitrophenol. See 2-nitro-p-

MNA; methylundecanal).

cresol.

(CH

)

CH(CH

)CHO.

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. D

n-methyl-4-nitrophthalimide. See 4-nitro-n- 0.824–0.828, refr index 1.432–1.435 (20C). Soluble

methylphthalimide. in three volumes of 80% alcohol, in fixed oils, min-

eral oil. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, FCC (as methylundecanal).

n-methyl-n-nitroso-4-aminopyridine. See

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

n-nitroso-n-methyl-4-aminopyridine.

methyl-4-nitrosoperfluorobutyrate. A mo- methyl nonyl ketone. (2-undecanone).

nomer for a nitroso ester terpolymer, prepared by CAS: 112-12-9. CH

COC

reacting methyl nitrite with perfluorosuccinic and Properties: Oily liquid; strong odor. D 0.822–0.826,

837 METHYL PALMITATE

bp 225C, refr index 1.429–1.433, flash p 192F Properties: Straw-colored to water-white, clear liq-

(88.9C). Soluble in two parts of 70% alcohol. Com-

uid; mild odor. Bulk d 10 lb/gal (15.5C).

bustible.

Use: Wash-and-wear fabrics.

Derivation: Oil of rue, also made synthetically.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, animal repellent.

methylol riboflavin. A mixture of methylol

derivatives of riboflavin exhibiting the same ac-

tivity.

methyl norbornene dicarboxylic

Properties: Orange to yellow, hygroscopic powder.

anhydride. Legal label name for memtetrahy-

Nearly odorless. Soluble in water; nearly insoluble

drophthalic anhydride.

in alcohol, benzene, chloroform and ether; dextroro-

tatory. Dry powder is unstable and on standing loses

methyl octadecanoate. See methyl stearate.

biological activity by liberation of formaldehyde.

Derivation: Action of formaldehyde on riboflavin in

4-methyloctin-4-ol. See 4-methyl-4-hydroxy-

weakly alkaline solutions.

1-octyne.

Use: Nutrition, vitamin source.

n-methyl-n-octyl-1-octanamine.

methylolurea. H

NCONHCH

OH.

CAS: 4455-26-9. mf: C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 11C. Soluble in

Hazard: A severe skin irritant.

water and methanol; insoluble in ether; capable of

polymerization.

methyl-2-octynoate. See methyl heptyne car-

Derivation: Combination of urea and formaldehyde,

bonate.

in the presence of salts or alkaline catalysts.

Use: Urea-formaldehyde resins, molding adhesives,

methylolacrylamide. Available in 60% aque-

treating textiles and wood.

ous solution.

See A-stage resin; urea-formaldehyde resin.

Use: Intermediate for copolymerization of vinyl ace-

tate and acrylic acid, polymers for coatings, var-

methyl orange. (p-(p-dimethylamino phenyla-

nishes, adhesives, crease-proof and wrinkle-resis-

zo)-benzene sulfonate of sodium; Helianthine

tant fabrics, permanent-press textiles by irradiation

B; orange III; gold orange; tropaeolin D; CI

bonding.

13025).

CAS: 547-58-0. (CH

)

NNC

Na.

methylol dimethylhydantoin. (dimethylhy-

Properties: Orange-yellow powder. Soluble in hot

dantoin formaldehyde; DMHF).

water; insoluble in alcohol.

Use: Acid-base indicator; red in acid, yellow-orange

(CH

)

❘

(CH

OH)CONH

❘

CO.

in alkali, pH range 3.1–4.4.

Properties: White, odorless, crystalline solid. Mp

See indicator.

110–117C. Soluble in water, methanol, acetone; in-

soluble in hydrocarbons.

methyl orthophosphoric acid. See methyl-

Use: Textile and paper finishing, preservative for

phosphoric acid.

cosmetics; source of formaldehyde.

See dimethylhydantoinformaldehyde resin.

n-methyloxazolidine. See 3-methyl-1,3-oxa-

zolidine.

methyl oleate.

CAS: 112-62-9. CH

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl

3-methyl-1,3-oxazolidine.

ester of oleic acid (cis-octadec-9-enoic acid).

CAS: 27970-32-7. mf: C

NO.

Properties: Colorless to amber clear liquid; faint

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

fatty odor. D 0.8739 (20C), fp −19.9C, bp 218.5C

severe eye irritant.

(20 mm Hg), refr index 1.4521 (20C). Soluble in

alcohols and most organic solvents; insoluble in

methyl oxide. See dimethyl ether.

water. Combustible.

Derivation: Esterification of oleic acid, vacuum

methyl “Oxitol” [Shell]. TM for ethylene

fractional distillation, solvent crystallization.

glycol monomethyl ether whose ASTM distillation

Grade: Technical, purified 99+%.

range is 123.5–125.5C.

Use: Intermediate for detergents, emulsifiers, wet-

ting agents, stabilizers, textile treatment, plasticizers

methyl palmitate. (methyl hexadecanoate).

for duplicating inks, rubbers, waxes, etc.; biochemi-

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of palmitic

cal research, chromatographic reference standard.

acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 29.5C, bp 211.5C

methylol formaldehyde. See glycolic alde-

(30 mm Hg), 180.5C (10 mm Hg), refr index 1.4310

hyde.

(45C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

ether. Combustible.

methylol imidazolidone. C

(O)CH

OH. Derivation: Esterification of palmitic acid with

838METHYLPARABEN

methanol or alcoholysis of palm oil plus vacuum

methylpentadiene. C

. Numerous isomers

distillation.

are possible. Commercially available mixture con-

Grade: 80%, pure (99.8%).

tains 2- and 4-methyl-1,3-pentadiene.

Use: Intermediate for detergents, emulsifiers, wet-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7184 (20/4C), bp

ting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants, plasticiz-

75–77C, flash p −30F (−34.4C). Reactive with halo-

ers, animal feeds, medical research.

gens, hydrohalogens, sulfur dioxide, and maleic an-

hydride.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

methylparaben. (methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate).

Use: Organic synthesis, alkyd and other polymers.

CAS: 99-76-3. CH

OOCC

OH.

Properties: Colorless crystals or white, crystalline

2-methylpentaldehyde. C

CH(CH

)CHO.

powder; odorless or faint characteristic odor; slight

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8092, bp 118.3C,

burning taste. Mp 125–128C. Soluble in alcohol,

fp −100C. Soluble in water 0.42% by wt, flash p 68F

ether; slightly soluble in water, benzene, and carbon

(20C) (OC).

tetrachloride.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Strong irri-

Grade: USP, FCC.

tant to skin and mucous membranes.

Hazard: Toxic. Use in foods restricted to 0.1%.

Use: Intermediates for dyes, resins, pharmaceuticals.

Use: Food additive (preservative), antimicrobial

agent.

See “Parabens.”

2-methylpentamethylenediamine. See

“Dytek” [Du Pont].

methylparafynol. See 3-methyl-1-pentyn-3-

2-methylpentane. (dimethylpropylmethane).

ol.

CAS: 107-83-5. CH

(CH

)

CH(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −153C, bp 60C, refr

methyl parathion. (O,O-dimethyl-O-p-nitro-

index 1.372 (20C), d 0.658 (60/60F), flash p −10F

phenylphosphorothioate).

(−23.3C), autoign temp 583F (306C).

CAS: 298-00-0. (CH

P(SO)OC

. The

Grade: 95%, 99%, research.

methyl homolog of parathion.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, reacts vig-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 35–36C. D

orously with oxidizing materials.

1.358 (20/4C), refr index 1.5515 (35C). Slightly

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent.

soluble in water; miscible in all proportions with

acids and alcohols, esters and ketones. Slightly de-

3-methylpentane. (diethylmethylmethane).

composed by acid solutions; rapidly in dilute alka-

CAS: 96-14-0. CH

CH(CH

)CH

lies. The commercial product is a tan liquid (xylene

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.6645 (20/4C), bp

solution) with pungent odor, decomposes violently

64.0C, refr index 1.37662 (20C), flash p approxi-

at 248F. It is not classed as a “hard” insecticide, but

mately 20F (−6.6C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in

is relatively biodegradable.

water; slightly soluble in ether.

Available forms: Emulsifiable concentrate, wettable

Grade: Technical (95%), 99%, research.

powder, dusts, technical (80%), liquid solution, en-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

capsulated.

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent.

Hazard: Explosion risk when heated. Toxic by skin

absorption, inhalation, and ingestion; cholinesterase

2-methyl-1,3-pentanediol.

inhibitor. Use has been restricted. TLV: TWA 0.2

CH(OH)CH(CH

)CH

OH.

mg/m

; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9745, bp 220.3C,

Use: Insecticide, especially for cotton.

fp −30C. Freely soluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Solvent, coupling agent.

methyl PCT. See O,O-dimethyl phosphoro-

See hexylene glycol.

chloridothioate.

2-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. (4-methyl-2,4-

methyl pelargonate. See methyl nonanoate.

pentanediol). CH

OCH

COH(CH

)CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9235 (20/20C), bp

197.1C, viscosity 34 cP (20C), vap press 10.8 mm

methyl pentadecanoate.

Hg (95.2C), 334 mm Hg (169.7C), flash p (OC)

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of penta-

201F (93.9C), 7.59 lb/gal (20C). Miscible with wa-

decanoic acid.

ter and most organic solvents, including lower ali-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8618 (25/4C), mp

phatic hydrocarbons. Combustible.

18.5C, bp 199C (30 mm Hg), refractive index

Use: Coupling agent, chemical synthesis.

1.4374 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol

See hexylene glycol.

and ether. Combustible.

Grade: Reagent, 96%, and 99.5%.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, reagent medi-

4-methyl-2,4-pentanediol. See 2-methyl-2,4-

cal research. pentanediol.

839 2-METHYLPHENYL ISOCYANATE

2-methylpentanoic acid. 1.388 (20C), flash p −20F (−28.9C). Soluble in alco-

CAS: 97-61-0. CH

CH(CH

)COOH. hol, acetone, ether, petroleum and coal tar solvents;

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.9242 (20/20C), insoluble in water.

bp 196.4C, vap press 0.02 mm Hg (20C), fp sets to Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

glass approximately −85C, flash p 225F (107C). Use: Organic synthesis.

Soluble in water 1.3% by wt (20C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizers, vinyl stabilizers, metallic salts, al-

2-methyl-1-penten-3-one. See isopropenyl

kyd resins.

ethyl ketone.

4-methylpentanoic acid.

4-methyl-3-penten-2-one. See mesityl oxide.

(CH

)

CH(CH

)

COOH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 197C, d 0.921 (20/

3-methyl-1-pentyn-3-ol. (meparfynol; me-

4C), bulk d 7.66 lb/gal (20C). Miscible with alcohol,

thylparafynol; methyl pentynol).

benzene, and acetone; low solubility in water. Com-

HC≡CCOH(CH

)CH

bustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 121.4C, fp −30.6C,

Use: Intermediate for plasticizers, pharmaceuticals

d 0.8721 (20/20C), refr index 1.4318 (20C), flash p

and perfumes.

101F (38.3C) (TOC). Moderately soluble in water;

miscible with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachlo-

2-methyl-1-pentanol. C

CH(CH

)CH

OH.

ride, ethyl acetate. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8252, bp 148.0C,

Grade: High purity 98.5%, technical 95.0% min,

vap press 1.1 mm Hg (20C), flash p 135F (57.2C)

pharmaceutical.

(OC). Solubility in water 0.31% by wt. Combus-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic.

tible.

Use: Stabilizer in chlorinated solvents, viscous re-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

ducer, electroplating brightener, intermediate in

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

syntheses of hypnotics and isoprenoid chemicals,

solvent for polyamide resins, acid inhibitor, preven-

4-methyl-2-pentanol. See methylamyl al-

tion of hydrogen embrittlement, medicine (soporific

cohol.

and anesthetic).

4-methyl-2-pentanol acetate. See methyla-

methylphenethylamine. See amphetamine.

myl acetate.

methyl phenylacetate. C

COOCH

4-methyl-2-pentanone. See methyl isobutyl

Properties: Colorless liquid; honeylike odor. D

ketone.

1.062–1.066 (25C), refr index 1.506–1.509 (20C),

bp 218C. Soluble in five parts of 60% alcohol, in

2-methyl-1-pentene. (1-methyl-1-propylethy-

fixed oils; insoluble in water. Combustible.

lene). H

C:C(CH

)CH

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.6820 (20/4C), bp

Use: Perfumery, flavors for tobacco, flavoring.

62.6C, fp −135C, refr index 1.3925 (20C), flash p

−15F (26.1C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether,

methylphenylcarbinol. See ␣-methylbenzyl

petroleum, coal tar solvents; insoluble in water.

alcohol.

Grade: 95%, 99%, research.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

methylphenylcarbinyl acetate. See ␣-me-

Use: Organic synthesis, flavors, perfumes, medi-

thylbenzyl acetate.

cines, dyes, oils, resins.

methylphenyldichlorosilane.

4-methyl-1-pentene.

)SiCl

C:CHCH

CH(CH

)CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 82C (13 mm Hg),

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −153C, bp 53.5C, d

205C, refr index 1.5199 (25C), d 1.19, flash p 83F

0.6640 (20/4C), refr index 1.3826 (20C), flash p

(28.3C). Soluble in benzene, ether, methanol.

−25F (−31.6C).

Derivation: From chlorobenzene Grignard reagent

Grade: 95%, 99%, research.

and methyltrichlorosilane or from benzene and me-

Hazard: Same as for 2-methyl-1-pentene.

thyldichlorosilane.

Use: Organic synthesis, monomer for plastics used in

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk, reacts

automobiles, electronic components, and laboratory

strongly with oxidizing materials. Irritant.

ware.

Use: Manufacture of silicones.

4-methyl-2-pentene. (1-isopropyl-2-methyle-

methyl phenyl ether. See anisole.

thylene (cis-trans mixture)).

CH:CHCH(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.670 (20/4C), bp

2-methylphenyl isocyanate. See 1-isocyana-

(mixture) 55C, (cis) 56.1C, (trans) 58.3C, refr index to-2-methylbenzene.

8404-METHYLPHENYL ISOCYANATE

4-methylphenyl isocyanate. See 1-isocyana- Properties: White powder or crystals. Bp 287C (205

to-4-methylbenzene. mm Hg), mp 127C, vap press less than 0.01 mm Hg

(20C). Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol

or benzene; insoluble in ether.

3-methylphenylmethyl(((2-phenyl-1,3-

Derivation: By condensation of phenylhydrazine

dioxan-5-yl)methoxy)sulfinyl)carbamate.

with ethylacetoacetate.

CAS: 81862-06-8. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and drugs, sensitive re-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

agent for detection of cyanide.

2-methyl-4-phenyl-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

CAS: 58955-85-4. mf: C

NOS.

␣-(5-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

piperidinebutanol.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 296269-53-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

4-(4-methylphenyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

CAS: 58955-82-1. mf: C

NOS.

3-((4-methylphenyl)sulfonyl)-2-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

propenenitrile. See 3-(p-tolylsulfo-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

nyl)acrylonitrile.

4-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pentanone. (benzyl

1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-

isobutyl ketone). C

C(O)CH

CH(CH

)

tetrahydropyridine. See 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-

Properties: Combustible.

1-methyl-4-phenylpyridine.

Use: Flavoring.

methylphloroglucinol. (2,4,6-trihydroxyto-

methyl phenyl phosphate. See methyl di-

luene). C

(OH)

phenyl phosphate.

Properties: Cream to light tan fine crystals; odorless.

Mp 210–214C. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether;

9-methyl-2-(3-(4-phenyl-1-piperazinyl-

insoluble in benzene. Combustible.

propyl))-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-␤-carbolin-1-

Use: Reactive coupling agent, dye and plastic inter-

one 2hcl.

mediate.

CAS: 124824-14-2. mf: C

O•2ClH.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

methylphosphonic acid. CH

PO(OH)

2-methyl-2-phenylpropane. See tert-butyl-

Properties: White solid. Mp 103–104C.

benzene.

Use: Organic synthesis.

3-(4-methylphenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-

methylphosphoric acid. (methyl orthophos-

2-propenamide.

phoric acid; methyl acid phosphate). CH

CAS: 315706-79-7. mf: C

NO.

Properties: Pale-straw-colored liquid. D 1.42 (25C).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Can be neutralized with alkalies or amines to give

water-soluble salts. Combustible.

n-(2-methylphenyl)-1h-pyrazole-1-

Grade: 97% (remainder orthophosphoric acid and

acetamide.

methanol).

CAS: 302542-40-1. mf: C

Use: Textile and paper processing compounds, cata-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

lysts in urea-resin formation, polymerizing agent for

resins and oils, rust remover, soldering flux, chemi-

n-(3-methylphenyl)-1h-pyrazole-1-

cal intermediate.

acetamide.

CAS: 302542-49-0. mf: C

methyl phoxim.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 14816-16-1. mf: C

PS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

n-(4-methylphenyl)-1h-pyrazole-1-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

acetamide.

CAS: 302542-57-0. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

′

-methylphthalanilic acid. (N-m-tolylphth-

alamic acid). C

4-methyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone. See

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 150C. Soluble in

“Phenidone B” [Charkit].

alcohol and other polar solvents with decomposi-

tion; slightly soluble in water.

3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one. (3- Hazard: Toxic. Avoid ingestion.

methyl-1-phenyl-5-pyrazolone; 1-phenyl-3-meth- Use: In agriculture as an antiscission agent for fruits

yl-5-pyrazolone). C

NN:C(CH

)CH

CO. and vegetables.

841 METHYL PROPYL KETONE

methyl phthalyl ethyl glycolate. 0.79–0.82 (60/60F), distillation range 62–67C, refr

OOCCH

OOCC

COOCH

index 1.422 (20C), flash p −15F (−26.1C), bulk d

Properties: Colorless liquid; slight characteristic

6.71lb/gal.

odor, d 1.217–1.227, flash p 375F (190C). Miscible

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Very toxic.

with most organic solvents; very slightly soluble in

Use: Intermediate, gas odorant for detecting leaks.

water. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer, solvent.

2-methylpropanoic acid. See isobutyric

acid.

methyl picrate. See trinitroanisole.

2-methyl-1-propanol. See isobutyl alcohol.

N-methylpiperazine.

2-methyl-2-propanol. See tert-butyl alcohol.

CAS: 109-01-3.

2-methylpropene. See isobutene.

❘

NHCH

❘

Properties: Colorless liquid; aminelike odor. D

2-methyl-2-propen-1-ol. See methylallyl al-

0.9038, bp 138.0C, fp −6.4C, hygroscopic, flash p

cohol.

108F (42.2C). Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

methyl propionate.

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, surface

CAS: 554-12-1. CH

COOCH

agents, synthetic fibers.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.937 (4C), refr in-

dex 1.3769 (20C), boiling range 78.0–79.5C, aut-

2-methylpiperidine. (2-pipecoline).

oign temp 876F (468C), flash p 28F (−2.2C) (CC),

NCH

7.58 lb/gal. Soluble in most organic solvents; some-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 118.2C, fp −4.2C, d

what soluble in water.

0.8401 (20/20C), refr index 1.4457 (20C). Miscible

Grade: Technical.

with water at 20C. Combustible.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

limits in air 2.5–13%.

1-methyl-4-piperidinol. CH

NOH.

Use: Solvent for cellulose nitrate, solvent mixture for

Properties: Colorless to light-amber, oily liquid;

cellulose derivative, lacquers, paints, varnishes,

aminelike odor. Crystals may be present, or material

coating compositions, flavoring.

may be solid, but will melt on slight warming. Refr

index 1.4757–1.4777 (25C), congealing tempera-

1-(1-methylpropoxycarbonyl)-2-(2-

ture 27.5C min. Combustible.

hydroxyethyl)piperidine.

Use: Organic synthesis.

CAS: 119515-38-7. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

3-(2-methylpiperidino)propyl-3,4-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dichlorobenzoate. See piperalin.

methylpropylbenzene. See cymene.

methylprednisolone.

CAS: 83-43-2. C

. A steroid.

methyl propyl carbinol. See 2-pentanol.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. Mp

240C with decomposition. Sparingly soluble in al-

methyl propyl carbinol urethane. See he-

cohol; slightly soluble in acetone; insoluble in

donal.

water.

Grade: NF.

4-methyl-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.

Use: Medicine (hormone).

CAS: 315706-71-9. mf: C

NO.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2-methylpropane. See isobutane.

methyl propyl ketone. (ethyl acetone; 2-

2-methylpropanenitrile. See isobutyronitrile.

pentanone; MPK).

CAS: 107-87-9. CH

(CH

)

COCH

2-methyl-1-propanethiol. (isobutyl mercap-

Properties: Water-white liquid. The commercial

tan). (CH

)

CHCH

SH.

material consists of a mixture of methyl propyl and

Properties: Liquid; unpleasant odor. Bp 85–95C d

diethyl ketones in the approximate ratio of 3:1 and

0.8363 (15.5C), flash p 15F (−9.4C).

contains at least 97% of these ketones, the balance

Grade: 95%.

being sec-amyl alcohol. D 0.809 (20/20C), fp

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

−77.5C, bp 101.7C, refr index 1.3895 (20C), viscos-

ity 0.473 cP (25C), flash p 45F (7.22C), autoign

2-methyl-2-propanethiol. (tert-butyl mercap- temp 941F (505C). Soluble in alcohol and ether;

tan). (CH

)

CSH. slightly soluble in water.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong skunk odor. D Grade: Technical.

8422-METHYL-2-

-PROPYL

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

methyl 2-pyrrolyl ketone. See 2-acetylpyr-

limits in air 1.6–8.2%. TLV: TWA 200 ppm; STEL

role.

250 ppm.

Use: Solvent, substitute for diethyl ketone, flavoring.

␣-methylquinoline. See quinaldine.

␥-methylquinoline. See lepidine.

2-methyl-2-n-propyl-1,3-propanediol

dicarbamate. See meprobamate.

2-methylquinone. See toluquinone.

methylprylon. (3,3-diethyl-5-methyl-2,4-piper-

6-methyl-2,3-quinoxalinedithiol cyclic

idinedione).

carbonate. (6-methyl-2-oxo-1,3-dithio-(4,5-

CAS: 125-64-4. C

(O)

)

(CH

b)quinoxaline). C

Properties: Nearly white, crystalline powder; slight

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. Mp 172C.

characteristic odor; bitter taste. Melting range

Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in acetone and

74–77C. Soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol,

alcohol; soluble in organic solvents.

chloroform, ether, and benzene.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Grade: NF.

Use: Acaricide, insecticide, fungicide.

Hazard: Abuse may cause addiction.

Use: Medicine (sedative, hypnotic).

methyl red. (p-dimethylaminoazobenzene-

carboxylic acid; CI 13020).

methylpyridine. See picoline.

CAS: 493-52-7. (CH

)

NNC

COOH.

Properties: Dark-red powder or violet crystals. Mp

methyl pyromucate. See methyl-2-furoate.

180C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,

glacial acetic acid. Color fades quickly due to reduc-

N-methylpyrrole. C

NCH

tion.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 112C, fp −57C, d

Use: Acid-base indicator in the range pH 4.2–6.2 (red

0.914 (20C) refr index 1.4898 (17D), flash p 61F

to yellow).

(16.1C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.

Note: No longer widely used because of instability.

Grade: 98% min purity.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

methylresorcinol. See orcin.

Use: Organic synthesis.

methyl ricinoleate. C

. The methyl ester

of ricinoleic acid.

N-methylpyrrolidine.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9236 (22/4C), fp

−4.5C, bp 245C (10 mm Hg), refr index 1.4628.

❘

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Properties: Colorless liquid; ammonia-like odor.

Combustible.

Refr index 1.4200–1.4230 (25C), bp 80.5C, fp

Derivation: Esterification of ricinoleic acid or alco-

−90C, d 0.805, flash p 7F (−13.9C).

holysis of castor oil, purification by vacuum distilla-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Irritant to

tion.

skin and eyes.

Grade: Technical, purified (99+%).

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant, cutting oil additive, wet-

N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

ting agent.

CAS: 872-50-4.

methylrosaniline chloride. See methyl vi-

olet.

❘

CO.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild amine odor. Mw

99.1, d 1.027, fp −24C, bp 202C, flash p 204F

methyl salicylate. (gaultheria oil; winter-

(95.5C). Miscible with water, various organic sol- green oil; betula oil; sweet-birch oil).

vents, castor oil. Combustible. CAS: 119-36-8. C

OHCOOCH

Derivation: High-pressure synthesis from acetylene Properties: Yellow to red liquid; odor of winter-

and formaldehyde. green. Refr index 1.535–1.538, d 1.180–1.185, fp

Hazard: Severe skin and eye irritant. Explosive lim- −8.3C, flash p 214F (101C), autoign temp 850F

its 2.2–12.2% (454C), bp 222.2C; natural oil optically inactive,

Use: Solvent for resins, acetylene, etc., pigment dis- synthetic oil, angular rotation not more than −1.5

persant, petroleum processing, spinning agent for degrees, soluble in 7 parts of 70% alcohol. Soluble

polyvinyl chloride, microelectronics industry plas- in ether and in glacial acetic acid; sparingly soluble

tic solvent applications, intermediate. in water. Combustible.

Note: A proprietary adaptation of this solvent to Derivation: By heating methanol and salicylic acid

clean-up of vinyl chloride reaction vessels is avail- in presence of sulfuric acid or by distillation from

able under trademark of “M-Pyrol” [GAF]. leaves of Gaultheria procumbens or bark of Betula

See “M-Pyrol” [GAF]. lenta.

843 17-METHYLTESTOSTERONE

Method of purification: Rectification.

methyl styryl ketone. See benzylidene ace-

Grade: Technical, USP, FCC. tone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; use in foods restricted

by FDA, lethal dose 30 cc in adults, 10 cc in chil-

methylsuccinic acid. See pyrotartaric acid.

dren.

Use: Flavor in foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals,

methyl sulfate. Legal label name (Rail) for di-

odorant, perfumery, UV absorber in sunburn lo- methyl sulfate.

tions.

methyl sulfide. Legal label name (Rail) for di-

4-methylsalinomycin. See narasin.

methyl sulfide.

methyl silicate. (tetramethoxy silane).

3-methylsulfolane. See 3-methyltetrahydro-

CAS: 681-84-5. (CH

Si.

thiophene-1,1-dioxide.

Properties: Colorless needles. Mw 147.18, d 1.0232

at 20C, bp 121C. Soluble in alcohol.

3-methylsulfolene. See 3-methyl-2,5-dihydro-

Hazard: TLV: 1 ppm.

thiophene-1,1-dioxide.

Use: Coating inside of TV picture tubes.

methylsulfonic acid. (methanesulfonic acid).

methyl silicone. See dimethyl silicone; sili-

OH.

cone; siloxane.

Properties: Colorless solid. D 1.48, mp 20C, bp

167C (10 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in benzene;

methylsilylidynetris(2-ethylhexanoate). almost insoluble in other organic solvents. Attacks

See tris((2-ethylhexanoyl)oxy)methylsilane. iron, copper, and steel.

Derivation: Reaction of methane and sulfur trioxide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, skin irritant, corrosive

methyl stearate. (methyl octadecanoate).

to tissue.

(CH

)

COOCH

. The methyl ester of stearic

Use: Polymerization catalyst.

acid.

Properties: Semisolid. Mp 37.8C, bp 234.5C (30

((methylsulfonyl)oxy)tributylstannane.

mm Hg), 204.5C (10 mm Hg), flash p 307F (152C),

See tri-n-butyltin methanesulfonate.

refr index 1.4328 (50C). Insoluble in water; soluble

in ether and alcohol. Combustible. Most technical

methyl stearate is 55% stearate and 45% methyl

((methylsulfonyl)oxy)triphenylstannane.

palmitate. See triphenyltin methanesulfonate.

Derivation: Esterification of stearic acid with metha-

nol or alcoholysis of stearin with methanol.

methyl sulfoxide. See dimethyl sulfoxide.

Method of purification: Vacuum fraction distilla-

tion.

methylsulfuric acid. (acid methyl sulfate;

Grade: Distilled, pressed, technical, pure (99.8+%).

methyl hydrogen sulfate). CH

OSO

OH or

Use: Intermediate for stearic acid detergents, emulsi-

HSO

fiers, wetting agents, stabilizers, resins, lubricants,

Properties: Oily liquid. Bp 188C, d 1.352, fp −27C.

plasticizers.

Soluble in anhydrous ether; slightly soluble in alco-

hol and water.

4-␣-methylstrylphenol. See “Prodox 121” Derivation: Interaction of methanol and chlorosul-

[PMC]. fonic acid.

Use: Sulfonating agent, specialty solvent.

␣-methylstyrene.

N-methyltaurine. (sodium-N-methyltaurate).

CAS: 98-83-9. C

C(CH

):CH

NHCH

Na. Available in commercial

Properties: Colorless liquid. Subject to polymeriza-

quantities as an aqueous solution of the sodium salt.

tion by heat or catalysts. Bp 165.38C, fp −23.21C, d

Properties: (solution) Clear, light-colored liquid, ap-

0.9062 (25/25C), viscosity 0.940 cP (20C), flash p

proximately 34–36% sodium salt. D 1.21 (25/4C), at

129F (53.9C), autoign temp 1065F (573C), refr in-

fp (−28C average) becomes a suspension of white

dex 1.5359 (25/25C), insoluble in water. A polymer-

crystals.

ization inhibitor such as tert-butyl catechol is usual-

Use: Intermediate for detergents, dyestuffs, pharma-

ly present in commercial quantities. Combustible.

ceuticals and other organics.

Derivation: From benzene and propylene by use of

aluminum chloride and hydrochloric acid to yield

cumene, which is then dehydrogenated.

17-methyltestosterone.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Explosive limits in air CAS: 58-18-4. C

. A synthetic androgenic ste-

1.9–6.1%. Avoid inhalation and skin contact. TLV: roid.

TWA 50 ppm; STEL 100 ppm. Properties: White or creamy-white crystals or crys-

Use: Polymerization monomer, especially for poly- talline powder; odorless. Stable in air, slightly hy-

esters. groscopic, affected by light. Mp 163–168C. Soluble

844METHYL TETRACOSANOATE

in ethanol; methanol, ether and other organic sol-

methylthiopropionic cyanohydrin. See 2-

vents; insoluble in water.

hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanenitrile.

Derivation: By organic synthesis.

Grade: NF.

methyltin. See organotin compounds.

Use: Medicine (hormone).

methyl-p-toluate.

methyl tetracosanoate. See methyl ligno-

CAS: 99-75-2. CH

COOCH

cerate.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Fp 34C, d 1.058

(25/25.6C).

methyl tetradecanoate. See methyl myris-

Use: Organic synthesis.

tate.

methyl-p-toluenesulfonate.

2-methyltetrahydrofuran.

CAS: 80-48-8. CH

CAS: 96-47-9. C

Properties: White, damp crystals. Solidification

Properties: Colorless liquid; etherlike odor. Bp

point 24C; bp 157C (8 mm Hg), decomposes 262C.

80.2C, fp −136C, d 0.854 (20/4C), refr index 1.4025

A vesicant material. Insoluble in water; soluble in

(25C), flash p 12F (−11.1C) (TOC). Soluble in water

alcohol and benzene.

15.1 g/100 g water (25C); solubility in water in-

Grade: 97% min.

creases with a decrease in temperature. Freely solu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

ble in most organic solvents.

irritant to skin and eyes.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Accelerator, methylating agent, catalyst for al-

Use: Chemical intermediate, reaction solvent.

kyd resins.

3-methyltetrahydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide.

methyl-p-tolyl ketone. See methyl acetophe-

(3-methylsulfolane). CH

none.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.194 (20/4C), mp

0C, bp 276C, flash p 325F (162C). Completely solu-

2-((n-methyl-n-trichloromethanesulfenyl)

ble in water, acetone, and toluene. Combustible.

carbamoyloximino)-1,4-dithiane.

Use: Solvent and extractive medium.

CAS: 55391-23-6. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

methyl-2-thienyl ketone. See 2-acetylthio-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

phene.

4-((n-methyl-n-trichloromethanesulfenyl)

m-(methylthio)aniline. H

SCH

carbamoyloximino)-1,3-dithiolane.

Properties: Pale-yellow oil. D 1.140 (25C), bp

CAS: 55391-24-7. mf: C

163–165C (16 mm Hg), fp −3.0C. Insoluble in wa-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ter; soluble in alcohol, benzene, and acetic acid.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Combustible.

Hazard: See aniline.

methyltrichlorosilane.

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

CAS: 75-79-6. CH

SiCl

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 66.4C, d 1.270 (25/

6-methyl-2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)-

25C), refr index 1.4085 (25C), flash p 8F (−13.3C).

dione.

Readily hydrolyzed by moisture with the liberation

CAS: 23611-64-5. mf: C

of hydrogen chloride.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chloride and methylmagnesium chloride.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, may form

4-(methylthio)-3,5-dimethylphenyl-n-

explosive mixture with air. Strong irritant.

methylcarbamate. [(4-methylthio)-3,5-xylyl

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

methylcarbamate]. CH

S(CH

)

OOCNHCH

Properties: Solid. Mp 121C. Insoluble in water; sol-

methyltrichlorostannane.

uble in alcohol and acetone.

CAS: 993-16-8. mf: CH

Sn.

Use: Pesticide.

Properties: Crystals from pet ether or C

or by

sublimation. Mp: 53°.

3-methyl-2,5-thiomorpholinedione 2-(o-

Hazard: Moderately toxic. Experimental reproduc-

((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime).

tive effects. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 66637-32-9. mf: C

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

methyl tricosanoate. CH

(CH

)

COOCH

methylthionine chloride. See methylene The methyl ester of tricosanoic acid.

blue. Properties: White, waxlike solid. Mp 55–56C. Insol-

845 METOBROMURON

uble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combus- in benzene and ether. Reacts with methanol and

tible. water.

Grade: Purified 96% and 99.5%. Derivation: From methyldichlorosilane and acety-

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, biochemical

lene or vinyl chloride.

research.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Irritant.

Use: Manufacture of silicones.

methyl tridecanoate. CH

(CH

)

COOCH

The methylester of tridecanoic acid.

methyl vinyl ether. See vinyl methyl ether.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 5.5C, bp 130–132C

(4 mm Hg) refr index 1.4327 (25C). Insoluble in

methyl vinyl ketone. Legal label name for

water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

vinyl methyl ketone.

Derivation: Esterification of tridecanoic acid with

methanol followed by fractional distillation.

methyl vinyl oximino silane.

Grade: Purified 96% and 99.5%.

CAS: 73160-32-4. mf: C

Si.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, biochemical

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

research, reference standard in gas chromatography.

2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine.

methyl trimethylolmethane.

See trimethy-

NCH:CH

lol ethane.

Properties: Clear to faintly opalescent liquid. D

0.978–0.982 (20/20C), bp 181C, refr index

methyltris(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethyl-

1.5400–1.5454 (20C), fp (anhydrous) −14.3C, flash

thio)stannane.

p (TOC) 165F (73.9C). Combustible.

CAS: 57583-34-3. mf: C

Sn.

Use: Monomer for resins, oil additive, ore flotation

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

agent, dye acceptor.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

methyl violet. (Gentian Violet, USP; hexam-

␤-methylumbelliferone. (7-hydroxy-4-me-

ethyl-p-rosaniline chloride; CI 42555).

thylcoumarin; BMU). C

CAS: 8004-87-3. C

Cl.

Properties: White to light-tan powder. Mp

Properties: Green powder. Soluble in water and

186–188C. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid;

chloroform; partially soluble in alcohol and glyc-

partly soluble in ethanol, isopropanol, 5% aqueous

erol.

sodium carbonate solution. Very slightly soluble in

Use: Medicine (topical antibacterial and antialler-

water. Very dilute aqueous alkaline solutions give a

gen), acid-base indicator, alcohol denaturant, bio-

bright blue-white fluorescence in daylight or UV

logical stain, textile dye.

light.

Grade: Technical.

methylviologen dibromide. See paraquat

Use: Optical bleach on soaps, starches and laundry

dibromide.

products, suntan lotions.

methyl yellow. See dimethylaminoazoben-

2-methylundecanal. See methylnonylacetal-

zene.

dehyde.

metiram.

methylundecanoate. (CH

(CH

)

COOCH

CAS: 12122-67-7. Mixture of (ethylene-

The methyl ester of undecanoic acid.

bis(dithiocarbamato))zinc ammoniates with ethy-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 123C (10 mm Hg),

lenebis(dithiocarbamic acid)anhydrosulfides.

refr index 1.4270 (25/4C). Insoluble in water; solu-

Use: Fungicide.

ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Esterification of undecanoic acid with

“Met-L-KYL” [Ansul]. TM for a dry chemi-

methanol followed by fractional distillation.

cal that extinguishes fires caused by pyrophoric liq-

Grade: Purified 96%, 99.5%.

uids such as triethylaluminum and adsorbs the

Use: Organic intermediate for synthesis, flavoring,

spilled metal alkyl to prevent reignition.

biochemical research.

“Met-L-X” [Ansul]. TM for a dry chemical

5-methyluracil. See thymine.

based on sodium chloride, approved for use on sodi-

um, potassium, sodium-potassium alloy, and mag-

n-methylurethanebenzenesulfohydrazine.

nesium fires.

CAS: 1879-26-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and inhalation.

metobromuron.

CAS: 3060-89-7. C

BrN

methylvinyldichlorosilane. (CH

)(C

)SiCl

. Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 95C. Soluble in

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 92C, d 1.08 (25C), alcohols; slightly soluble in water.

refr index 1.4270 (25C), flash p 40F (4.4C). Soluble Use: Preemergence herbicide.

846METOFOS

metofos. mexicain. Proteolytic enzyme with properties

CAS: 67481-15-6. mf: C

•C

P. and uses similar to papain.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

skin contact.

Meyer reaction. Preparation of alkylstannonic

Use: Agricultural chemical.

acids by reacting alkali stannite with an alkyl iodide.

When applied to alkali arsenites or plumbites, the

reaction yields alkylarsonic and alkylplumbonic

metolachlor. (2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methyl-

acids, respectively.

phenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide).

CAS: 51218-45-2.

Meyer-Schuster rearrangement. Acid cata-

Use: A herbicide.

lyzed rearrangement of secondary and tertiary ␣-

acetylenic alcohols to ␣,␤-unsaturated carbonyl

metominostrobin.

compounds: aldehydes when the acetylenic group is

CAS: 133408-50-1. mf: C

terminal, ketones when it is internal.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Meyers aldehyde synthesis. Synthesis of al-

dehydes R-CH

CHO from alkylhalides R-X and 2-

metopon hydrochloride. (6-methyldihydro-

lithiomethyl-tetrahydro-3-oxazine.

morphinone hydrochloride). C

N•HCl. A

morphine derivative.

Meyer synthesis. Formation of aliphatic ni-

Properties: White, odorless, crystalline powder.

trites and nitro derivatives by the reaction of aliphat-

Very soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol;

ic halides with metal nitrites.

insoluble in benzene.

Hazard: Addictive narcotic, prescription only.

Mg. Symbol for magnesium.

Use: Medicine (analgesic).

mg. Abbreviation for milligram.

metoquinone. C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 130C (decom-

MH. See maleic hydrazide.

poses). Partially soluble in water; slightly soluble in

alcohol and acetone; almost insoluble in benzene.

“MH-30” [Uniroyal]. TM for a 30% solution

Use: Photographic developer.

of maleic hydrazide.

MHD. See magnetohydrodynamics.

metribuzin.

CAS: 21087-64-9. C

OS.

MIAK. See methyl isoamyl ketone.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 125C. Soluble in

alcohols; slightly soluble in water.

miazine. See pyrimidine.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: TWA 5 mg/m

; not

classifiable as a human carcinogen.

MIBC. Abbreviation for methylisobutyl carbi-

Use: Herbicide.

nol.

See methylamyl alcohol.

MeV. Abbreviation for million electron-volts.

MIBK. Abbreviation for methyl isobutyl ketone.

mevinphos. (2-carbomethoxy-1-methylvinyl

dimethyl phosphate; methyl-3-hydroxy-␣-croto-

mica.

nate dimethyl phosphate).

CAS: 12001-26-2. Any of several silicates of vary-

CAS: 7786-34-7.

ing chemical composition but with similar physical

(CH

P(O)OC(CH

:CHCOOCH

properties and crystalline structure. All characteris-

Properties: Yellow liquid. Bp 99–103C (0.03 mm

tically cleave into thin sheets that are flexible and

Hg). Slightly soluble in oils; miscible with water and

elastic. Synthetic mica is available. It has electrical

benzene.

and mechanical properties superior to those of natu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

ral mica; it is also water-free.

absorption; use may be restricted; cholinesterase

Properties: Soft, translucent solid; colorless to slight

inhibitor. TLV: TWA 0.01 ppm; STEL 0.03 ppm.

red (ruby), brown to greenish yellow (amber). D

Use: Insecticide and acaricide.

2.6–3.2. Mohs hardness 2.8–3.2, refr index

1.56–1.60, dielectric constant 6.5–8.7. Noncom-

mexacarbate. bustible. Heat-resistant to 600C.

CAS: 315-18-4. C

. Derivation: From muscovite (ruby mica), phlogopite

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 85C. Soluble in (amber mica), and pegmatite. Synthetic single crys-

acetone, alcohol, and benzene; insoluble in water. tals are “grown” electrothermally.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Occurrence: U.S., Canada, India, Brazil, Malagasy

Use: Insecticide. Republic.

847 MICROCHEMISTRY

Available forms: Block, sheet, powder, single

Michler’s hydrol. See tetramethyldiamino-

crystals. benzhydrol.

Grade: Dry-ground, wet-ground.

Hazard: (Dust) Irritant by inhalation, may be damag-

Michler’s ketone. See

ing to lungs. TLV: TWA Respirable Fraction: 3 mg/

tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone.

Use: Electrical equipment, vacuum tubes, incandes-

micro-. Prefix meaning 10

−6

unit (symbol ␮), e.g.,

cent lamps, dusting agent, lubricant, windows in

1 microgram

0.000001 g or 1 ␮g.

high-temperature equipment, filler in exterior

See micron.

paints, cosmetics, glass and ceramic flux, roofing,

rubber, mold-release agent, specialty paper for insu-

microanalysis. Analysis of chemicals using mi-

lation and filtration, wallpaper and wallboard joint

niaturized equipment and microscopic techniques.

cement, oil-well drilling muds.

The sample is in microgram quantities.

See macroanalysis; microchemistry.

“Micarta” [Westinghouse]. TM for a group

of laminated plastics composed of paper or fabric

microarray. Sets of miniaturized chemical reac-

made from cellulose, glass, asbestos or synthetic

tion areas that may also be used to test DNA frag-

fibers bonded with phenolic or melamine resins and

ments, antibodies, or proteins.

cured at elevated temperature and pressure.

Use: Plating barrels, rayon-manufacturing equip-

microballoon. Hollow, finely divided, hole-free,

ment, pickling tanks, electrical and thermal insula-

low-density particles of synthetic resins or similar

tion, oil-handling equipment, steel rolling-mill bear-

film-forming materials. Glass is one of the materials

ings, chemical-handling valve bodies, paper-mill

used.

suction box covers and equipment.

Use: To form a protecting layer of the tiny spheres

over liquid surfaces, such as oils in big tanks, to

micellar flooding. See chemical flooding.

reduce evaporation; to separate helium from natural

gas because of the wide difference in relative rates of

micelle. An electrically charged colloidal parti-

diffusion through the spheres; as an extender in

cle, usually organic in nature, composed of aggre-

plastics to achieve low density.

gates of large molecules, e.g., in soaps and surfac-

tants. The term is also applied to the casein complex

microbial genetics. The study of genes and

in milk.

gene function in bacteria, archaea, and other micro-

See colloid chemistry.

organisms. Often used in research in the fields of

bioremediation, alternative energy, and disease pre-

Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. Formation of

vention.

monoalkylphosphonic esters from alkyl halides and

See model organisms; biotechnology; bioremedia-

trialkyl phosphites, via the intermediate phosphoni-

tion.

um salt.

microbody. Refers to structures less than 1 mi-

Michaelis-Menten constant The substrate

cron in diameter, delimited by a single membrane

concentration at which an enzyme-catalyzed reac-

and containing a moderately dense matrix in which a

tion proceeds at one-half its maximum velocity.

crystallike core and other inclusions are sometimes

present.

Michaelis-Menten equation. The equation

describing the hyperbolic dependence of the initial

“Microcel” [World Minerals]. TM for finely

reaction velocity, Vo, on substrate concentration,

divided calcium or magnesium silicate.

[S].

Use: For use as a filler in rubber compounding and

other purposes.

Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A kinetic pattern

observed in enzyme-catalyzed reactions when the

“Micro-Chek” [Ferro]. TM for antimicro-

initial rate (as a function of substrate concentration)

bials.

exhibits a hyperbolic shape.

Michael reaction. Base catalyzed addition of

microchemistry. A branch of analytical chemis-

carbanions to activated unsaturated systems.

try that involves procedures that require handling of

very small quantities of materials. Specifically, it

Michel, Hartmut. (1948– ). Awarded Nobel refers to carrying out various chemical operations

Prize for chemistry in 1988, along with Deisenhofer (weighing, purification, quantitative and qualitative

and Huber, for work that revealed the three-dimen- analysis) on samples ranging from 0.1 to 10 mg; this

sional structure of closely-linked proteins which are often involves use of a microscope, and still more

essential to photosynthesis. Doctorate awarded in often chromatography.

1977 by University of Wurtzburg, Germany. See microscopy, chemical.

848MICROCRYSTALLINE

microcrystalline. A form in which a number of and nanoliter volumes and conduct highly sensitive

high-polymeric substances have been prepared. analytical measurements.

They include cellulose, chrysotile asbestos, amylose

(starch), collagen, nylon, and certain mineral waxes.

microgram (␮g). One millionth (10

−6

) gram.

On the microscopic level, these substances are com-

posed of colloidal microcrystals connected by mo-

microinjection. A technique for introducing a

lecular chains. The process involves breaking up the

solution of DNA into a cell using a fine microcapil-

network of microcrystals (by acid hydrolysis in the

lary pipet.

case of cellulose) and separating them by mechani-

cal agitation. The size range of the microcrystals is

“Microlith” [Novartis]. TM for organic pig-

from 2.5 to 500 nanometers (millimicrons). The

ment stir-in dispersions compatible with a broad

products form extremely stable gels that have a

range of organic solvents and polymers.

number of commercial use possibilities. Petroleum-

derived waxes of high molecular weight have been

micrometer. (␮m). One millionth (10

−6

) meter,

available in microcrystalline form for many years.

or 1 micron (10,000 A

units).

Chlorophyll has a naturally microcrystalline struc-

ture.

micron. See micrometer.

See cellulose; wax, microcrystalline; “Avicel.”

micronuclei. Chromosome fragments that are

not incorporated into the nucleus at cell division.

microcrystalline wax. (amorphous or petro-

latum wax). A hydrocarbon wax obtained from

micronutrient. See trace element.

petroleum that consists of extremely fine crystals.

Stickier than paraffin wax and has higher viscosity

microorganism. An organism of microscopic

than paraffin wax when melted.

size generally considered to include bacteria, molds

Properties: Mp 145−190°F.

(actimonyces), and fungi, but excluding viruses.

See bacteria.

microCurie. See Curie.

microprobe. An instrument for chemical micro-

microcystis aeruginosa toxin. See 5-l-argi-

analysis of a sample, in which a beam of electrons is

ninecyanoginosin la.

focused on an area less than a micrometer in diame-

ter. The characteristic X rays emitted as a result are

microencapsulation. Enclosure of a material in

dispersed and analyzed in a crystal spectrometer to

hollow spheres or capsules (microspheres) in the

provide a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of

micron size range (20–150␮), they can be made of

chemical composition.

glass, silica, various high polymers or proteins (gel-

See microanalysis.

atin, albumen). The silica type can be incorporated

in plastics, elastomers, and metals for weight-saving

microsatellite. A microsatellite is a simple se-

purposes; they can also be bonded to one another to

quence repeat (SSR). It might be a homopolymer

give extremely thin sheets of silica. Microspheres

(“...TTTTTTT...”), a dinucleotide repeat (“....CA-

coated with layers of “Teflon” and beryllium are

CACACACACACA.....”), a trinucleotide repeat

used to contain the deuterium and tritium used in

(“....AGTAGTAGTAGTAGT...”), etc. Due to poly-

laser fusion experimentation.

merase slip (a.k.a. polymerase chatter), during DNA

Polymeric or proteinaceous microspheres are used

replication there is a slight chance these repeat se-

to introduce drugs to specific locations in the body.

quences may become altered; copies of the repeat

The coating material acts as a semipermeable mem-

unit can be created or removed. Consequently, the

brane, permitting slow release and high concentra-

exact number of repeat units may differ between

tion of a drug at the desired site. Enzymes, hor-

unrelated individuals. Considering all the known

mones, and other biochemical substances can be

microsatellite markers, no two individuals are iden-

temporarily immobilized by this technique.

tical. This is the basis for forensic DNA identifica-

tion and for testing of familial relationships (e.g.,

microfilaments. Thin filaments composed of

paternity testing).

actin found throughout the cytoplasm of eukaryotic

cells. Their function is to give the cell shape and

microscope. See optical microscope; electron

movement.

microscope; field-ion microscope; ultramicro-

scope.

microfluidics. Study of the behavior of fluids at

volumes thousands of times smaller than a common

microscopy, chemical. Use of a microscope

droplet. It is a multidisciplinary field that includes primarily for study of physical structure and identifi-

physics, chemistry, engineering, and biotechnology. cation of materials. This is especially useful in fo-

Microfluidic components form the basis of so-called rensic chemistry and police laboratories. Many

“lab-on-a-chip” devices that can process microliter types of microscopes are used in industry; most

849 MILDEW PREVENTIVE

important are the optical, ultra-, polarizing, stereo- General Motors and then became vice president of

Ethyl Corporation, as well as of the Ohio State Uni-

scopic, electron, and X-ray microscopes. Organic

versity Research Foundation. His innovative genius

dyes of various types are used to stain samples for

was responsible for the development of organic lead

precise identification.

compounds for antiknock gasoline and later for the

discovery of fluorocarbon refrigerants for which he

“MicroSelect” [Fluka]. TM for Ultra pure ba-

did the basic research. He was recipient of many of

sic reagents for use in biochemistry and the life

chemistry’s highest honors including the Nichols

sciences where relatively large amounts of reagents

medal, the Perkin medal, and the Priestly medal.

are required.

Miescher degradation. Adaptation of the Bar-

“Microsol” [Novartis]. TM for aqueous pig-

bier-Wieland carboxylic acid degradation to permit

ment dispersions for spin-coloring of regenerated

simultaneous elimination of three carbon atoms, as

cellulose fibers.

in degradation of the bile acid side chain to the

methyl ketone stage. Conversion of the methyl ester

microsomes. Membranous vesicles formed by

of the bile acid to the tertiary alcohol, followed by

fragmentation of the endoplasmic reticulum (and

dehydration, bromination, dehydrohalogenation,

probably Golgi) of eukaryotic cells. Recovered by

and oxidation of the diene yields the required de-

differential centrifugation.

graded ketone.

microsphere. See microencapsulation.

“Miglyol” [Degussa]. TM for fatty acid esters.

See “Witepsol.”

microtubule organizing center. (MTOC).

Bundles of protein tubes which may be found at the

Mignonac reaction. Formation of amines by

base of a eukaryotic flagellum. In animals, they also

catalytic hydrogenation of aldehydes and ketones in

function in creating the arrays of microtubules that

liquid ammonia and absolute ethanol in the presence

pull the chromosomes apart during mitosis.

of a nickel catalyst.

microtubules. Type of filament in eukaryotic

migration. Movement of a substance from one

cells composed of units of the protein tubulin.

material to another with which it is in intimate con-

Among other functions, it is the primary structural

tact e.g., from the container into packaged produce.

component of the eukaryotic flagellum.

Similarly, a portion of the sulfur in a rubber mixture

may migrate into a material to which it is laminated.

microvilli. Thin fingerlike protrusions from the

surface of a cell, often used to increase absorptive

migration area. A term used in nuclear technol-

capacity or to trap food particles. The “collar” of

ogy as a measure of the moderation or slowing down

choanoflagellates is actually composed of closely

of neutrons. It is one-sixth of the mean square dis-

spaced microvilli.

tance a neutron travels before thermal capture.

microwave spectroscopy. A type of absorp-

mike. A term adopted by the American Standards

tion spectroscopy used in instrumental chemical

Association for a microinch or 10

−6

inch.

analysis that involves use of that portion of the

electromagnetic spectrum having wavelengths in

mil. One-thousandth (0.001) inch.

the range between the far infrared and the radiofre-

Use: In reference to surface coatings, metal sheet,

quencies, i.e., between 1 mm and 30 cm. Substances

films, cable covers, friction tape, etc.

to be analyzed are usually in the gaseous state. Kly-

stron tubes are used as microwave source.

“Milad” [Milliken]. TM for clarifying agents

used in polyproylene products.

middle oil. A fraction distilled from coal tar.

Use: To prevent haziness and discoloring.

See coal tar.

Milas hydroxylation of olefins. Formation

middlings. The granular part of the interior of the

of cis-glycols by reaction of alkenes with hydrogen

wheat berry obtained in the process of milling. This

peroxide and either a catalytic amount of osmium,

product, when reduced by grinding to the desired

vanadium, or chromium oxide or UV light.

fineness, produces the finest quality of flour.

Midgley, Thomas, Jr. (1889–1944). An mildew preventive. A compound used to pre-

American chemist and inventor. One of the most vent the growth of parasitic fungi, usually stain-pro-

creative and brilliant chemists of his era, Midgley’s ducing, on such organic materials as textiles, leath-

early work was in the field of rubber chemistry and er, paper, farinaceous products, etc. Compounds

technology, especially in the development of syn- used widely include cresols, phenols, benzoic acid,

thetic and substitute rubbers that were being intro- formaldehyde, and organic derivatives or salts of

duced in the 1930s. He worked with Kettering at copper, zinc, and mercury.

850“MILESTONE”

“Milestone” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a magnesium hydroxide in water from which varying

multi-component fouling control solution. proportions of water usually separate on standing.

Grade: USP.

Use: Medicine (laxative).

milk. A heterogeneous liquid secreted by the

mammary gland and composed (for cows’ milk) of

milk sugar. See lactose.

approximately 87% water, 3.8% emulsified parti-

cles of fat and fatty acids, 3% casein, 5% sugar

milk thistle extract. See silybum marianum

(lactose), serum proteins, calcium, phosphorus, po-

(linn.) gaertn., extract.

tassium, iron, magnesium, copper, and several vita-

mins. The fat particles are from 6 to 10 micrometers

mill. See ball mill; pebble mill.

in diameter, much larger than colloidal size; they are

coated with an adsorbed layer of protein (protective

“Millester” [Polyurethane Specialties].

colloid), that maintains the emulsion. The casein is

TM for hydroxyl terminated polyesters.

closely associated with the calcium, forming mi-

Use: For building blocks for water-based, solvent-

celles of calcium caseinate that are of colloidal di-

based, and 100% active polyurethanes.

mensions. The white color of milk is largely due to

light scattering by these particles, and to some extent

milli-. Prefix meaning 10

−3

unit, or 1/1000th part.

by the fat particles, rather than to the presence of a

pigment. The casein complex coagulates (1) when

milliCurie. See Curie.

high temperature or bacteria convert the lactose to

lactic acid, as in souring, or (2) when acid or certain

milliequivalent. (meq). One-thousandth of the

enzymes (rennet) are intentionally added. The se-

equivalent weight of a substance.

rum proteins lactalbumin and lactoglobulin are also

colloidally dispersed. The lactose and mineral salts

milligram. (mg). One-thousandth gram (10

−3

are in true molecular solution. Thus milk is a com-

gram).

plex system exhibiting several levels of dispersion,

from the molecular through colloidal and into the

milliliter. (mL). One thousandth liter, the vol-

microscopic size range. Important processes applied

ume occupied by one gram of pure water at 4C and

to milk on an industrial scale include pasteurization,

760 mm Hg pressure. One milliliter (mL) equals

homogenizaton, coagulation, dehydration, and con-

1.000027 cubic centimeters (cc).

densation. The milks of animals other than cows

show considerable variations in composition, espe-

millimeter. (mm). One-thousandth meter, about

cially fat and protein content.

0.03937 inch.

See colloid chemistry; emulsion; casein.

millimicron. (m␮; mu). One-thousandth mi-

milk-clotting enzyme from bacillus cereus.

cron, 10 A

, 1 billionth meter, 1 nanometer.

Properties: Derived from Bacillus cereus (fam. Ba-

cillaceae).

millirem. One-thousandth rem.

Use: Food additive.

See rem.

milk-clotting enzyme from endothia

Millon’s reagent. Solution produced by dis-

parasitica.

solving mercury in equal weight of nitric acid (d:

Properties: Derived from Edothia parasitica (fam.

1.41), and solution diluted to twice the volume and

Diaporthacessae).

decanted from the precipitate.

Use: Food additive.

Use: Test for albumin.

milk-clotting enzyme from mucor miehei.

“Milloxane” [Polyurethane Specialties].

Properties: Derived from Mucor miehei Cooney et

TM for thermoplastic polyurethanes.

Emerson (fam. Mucoraceae).

Use: For coated fabrics such as ski clothing, rain-

Use: Food additive.

wear, inflatables, tents; adhesives.

milk-clotting enzyme from mucor pusillus.

Mills-Nixon effect. Selective reactivity of cer-

Properties: Derived from Mucor pusillus Lindt (fam.

tain substituted aromatic systems suggestive of cer-

Mucoraceae).

tain degree of preponderance of one of the tautomer-

Use: Food additive.

ic Kekule forms in the benzenoid nucleus.

milk of lime. (lime water). Calcium hydrox-

“Milorganite.” TM for blended fertilizer con-

ide suspended in water.

taining approximately 20% of an activated sludge

marketed in dry granular form by the Milwaukee

milk of magnesia. (magnesia magma). A sewage disposal plant. Contains 5–10% moisture,

white, opaque, more or less viscous suspension of 6.5–7.5% ammonia, 2.5–3.5% available phosphoric

851 MITCHELL, PETER. D

acid, 3–4% total phosphoric acid. Source of vitamin Occurrence: Found in Colorado, Idaho, Utah, Wis-

consin.

See lead oxide, red.

Milori blue. Any of a number of the varieties of

iron blue pigments.

MIPA. Abbreviation for monoisopropanolamine.

See iron blues.

See isopropanolamine.

mipafox. See N,N

′

-diisopropyldiamidophos-

mineral. A widely used general term referring to

the nonliving constituents of the earth’s crust that phoryl fluoride.

includes naturally occurring elements, compounds,

and mixtures that have a definite range of chemical

miracle fruit. (miraculin).

composition and properties. Usually inorganic, but

See sweetener, nonnutritive; glycoprotein.

sometimes including fossil fuels (e.g., coal), miner-

als are the raw materials for a wide vareity of ele-

mirbane oil. See nitrobenzene.

ments (chiefly metals) and chemical compounds.

Minerals can be and many are synthesized to

mirror-image molecules. See optical isom-

achieve purity greater than that found in natural

erism; enantiomer; chiral.

products. The term mineral industry statistically

comprehends the mining and production of metals

mirror nuclei. A pair of atomic nuclei, each of

(ores) fossil fuels, clay, gemstones, cement, glass,

which would be transformed into the other by

rocks, sulfur, sand, etc. Mineralogy is the study and

changing all its neutrons into protons and vice versa.

classification of minerals by source, chemical com-

position, and properties, chiefly physical, such as

misch metal. The primary commercial form of

color, hardness, and crystalline structure. This term

mixed rare-earth metals (95%) prepared by the elec-

was used by early chemists to describe a variety of

trolysis of fused rare earth chloride mixture, d ap-

substances; many of these uses are obsolescent, but

proximately 6.67, mp approximately 648C. Form:

a few persist including the following: mineral black:

wafflelike plates weighing 40–60 lb packed in oiled

inorganic black pigments mineral blue: varieties of

paper, immersed in oil, or coated with vinyl paint.

blue pigments mineral dust: industrial dust, nui-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

sance dust mineral green: copper carbonate mineral

Use: Lighter flints, ferrous and nonferrous alloys,

oil: a liquid petroleum derivative mineral pitch: as-

cast iron, aluminum, nickel, magnesium and copper

phalt mineral red: iron oxide red mineral rubber:

alloys, getter in vacuum tubes, magnetic alloys.

blown asphalt mineral spirits: a grade of naphtha

mineral water: natural spring water containing sul-

miscibility. The ability of a liquid or gas to dis-

fur, iron, etc. mineral wax: a wax found in the earth

solve uniformly in another liquid or gas. Gases mix

(ozocerite), or derived from petroleum mineral

with one another in all proportions. This may or may

wool: fibers made by blowing air or steam through

not be true of liquids, whose miscibility properties

slag As used by nutritionists the term refers to such

depend on their chemical nature. Alcohol and water

components of foods as iron, copper, phosphorus,

are completely miscible because of their chemical

calcium, iodine, selenium, fluorine, and trace micro-

similarity, but some liquids are only partially misci-

nutrients.

ble with others because of their chemical difference,

e.g., benzene and water. Many gases are miscible

mineral oil. (mineral oil, white; molol; nujol;

with liquids to a greater or lesser extent, e.g., formal-

oil mist, mineral; paraffin oil).

dehyde mixes readily with water; CO

is partially

CAS: 8012-95-1.

miscible with water, and oxygen only very slightly.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; practically tas-

Liquids that do not mix at all are said to be immisci-

teless and odorless. D 0.83−0.86 (light),

ble, as oil and water. The term solubility is often used

0.875−0.905 (heavy), flash p 444°F (OC), ULC:

synonymously with miscibility in reference to liq-

10−20. Insoluble in water and alcohol Soluble in

uids, but it more properly applies to solids.

benzene, chloroform, and ether. A mixture of liquid

hydrocarbons from petroleum.

“Miscible G-125” [General Graphics].

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

; STEL 10 mg/m

. Inhalation

TM for a complex solvent blend cleaning fluid.

of vapor or particulates can cause aspiration pneu-

monia. Combustible liquid.

missense mutation. A change in the base se-

Use: As a binder, defoaming agent, fermentation aid,

quence of a gene that alters or eliminates a protein.

lubricant, coating (protective), and release agent.

Mitchell, Peter. D. (1920–1992). A British

minim. In the U.S., a unit of volume equal to

biochemist who was the recipient of the Nobel Prize

approximately 0.06 mL.

for chemistry in 1978 for his work on studies of

Use: Pharmacy.

cellular energy transfer. A graduate of Cambridge

and recipient of many awards, he was the Director of

minium. Pb

. Natural red oxide of lead. Research, Glynn Research Institute.

852MITICIDE

miticide. A pesticide that kills mites, small ani- mixed-function oxidases. (oxygenases). En-

mals of the spider class, among them the European zymes that use O2 to simultaneously oxidize a sub-

red mite and the common red spider which infest strate and a cosubstrate (commonly NADH or

fruit trees. NADPH).

mitochondria. (mitochondrion). Particles of

mixing. Effecting a uniform dispersion of liquid,

cytoplasm found in most respiring cells. They syn-

semisolid, or solid ingredients of a mixture by

thesize most of the cell’s adenosine triphosphate and

means of mechanical agitation. Low-viscosity liq-

are the chief energy sources of living cells. They are

uids and suspensions are mixed with impellers of the

highly plastic, mobile structures that may fragment

turbine or propellor type. The mixing action results

or fuse together at random. Many enzymes, espe-

both from direct contact of the impeller blades with

cially those involved in converting food-derived

the liquid and from the turbulence induced by the

energy into a form usable by the cell, are located in

impeller in the outer portions of the liquid. For this

the mitochondria, and DNA molecules have also

reason the diameter of the impeller need be only

been found there. Yeast is a particularly rich source

from one-fourth to one-half that of the container. For

of mitochondria for research purposes. The complex

liquids of medium viscosity, revolving paddles of

organelle found in most eukaryotes is believed to be

various shapes are used. Thicker mixtures involving

descended from free-living bacteria that established

volatile solvents are mixed in closed containers

a symbiotic relationship with a primitive eukaryote.

(churns) equipped with finlike members mounted

See double membrane.

on a rotating shaft. For liquids of very high viscosity,

helical rotors, sigma blades, and similar devices are

mitochondrial DNA. The genetic material

necessary. Because turbulence cannot be initiated in

found in mitochondria, the organelles that generate

such fluids, the blades must fit closely within the

energy for the cell. Not inherited in the same fashion

walls of the container so as to make contact with

as nucleic DNA.

every part of the material being mixed. While most

See cell; DNA; genome; nucleus.

industrial mixing of such pasty materials is done

batchwise in kneaders, Banbury mixers, etc., contin-

mitochondrial matrix. The aqueous portion of

uous mixing of these can also be effectively carried

a mitochondrion bounded by the inner mitochondri-

out in horizontal compartments equipped with rotat-

al membrane.

ing screws whose pitch and flight are contoured in

such a way as to provide both rotary and axial mo-

mitomycin C C

. Antibiotic derived

tion. There are a number of ingeniously engineered

from Streptomyces, stated to be effective against

types of these for mixing plastics, rubber, food prod-

tumors.

ucts, and similar products. Dry, solid particulates are

mixed in rotating cylinders or tumbling barrels.

mitosis. The division of a cell nucleus to produce

See impeller; agitator; kneading; muller.

two new cells, each having the same chemical and

genetic constitution as the parent cell. The deoxyri-

mixo-. Prefix indicating mixtures of isomers hav-

bose (nucleic acid) component of the chromosomes

ing the same functional group.

is present in duplicate in the original nucleus. The

amount of nucleic acid is doubled just before cell

mixture. (mix). A heterogeneous association of

division begins; subsequent events (called phases)

substances that cannot be represented by a chemical

permit separation of the products of replication to

formula. Its components may or may not be uni-

form the new nuclei. Each half-chromosome carries

formly dispersed and can usually be separated by

the identical nucleic acids of the original chromo-

mechanical means. Liquids that are uniformly dis-

some.

persed are called solutions. Mixtures may be natural

See cell (1).

or artificial, as indicated by the following: Natural

Artificial air glass petroleum paint milk cement

Mitsunobu reaction. Intermolecular dehydra-

blood perfumes marble plastics wood cermets latex

tion reaction occurring between alcohols and acidic

alloys vegetable oils seawater

components on treatment with diethyl azodicarbox-

See compound; blend; solution; mixing.

ylate and triphenyl phosphine under mild neutral

conditions. The reaction exhibits streospecificity

MKP. Abbreviation for monopotassium phos-

and regional and functional selectivity.

phate.

See potassium phosphate, monobasic.

mixed acid. (nitrating acid). A mixture of sul-

furic and nitric acids used for nitrating, e.g., in the

mL. Abbreviation for milliliter.

manufacture of explosives, plastics, etc. Consists of

36% nitric acid and 61% sulfuric acid.

MLA. Abbreviation for mixed lead alkyls.

Hazard: Spillage may cause fire or liberate danger-

ous gas. Causes severe burns, irritant by ingestion

and inhalation, may cause NO

poisoning. mm. Abbreviation for millimeter.

853 MODIFIED POLYACRYLAMIDE

MMH. Abbreviation for monomethylhydrazine. space-lattice and molecular models are useful for

classroom demonstration.

Mn. Symbol for manganese.

Mo. Symbol for molybdenum.

mobile liquid. See mobility.

mobility. The ease with which a liquid moves or

flows. Hydrocarbon liquids (nonpolar) that have

low viscosity, surface tension, and density respond

more readily to an applied force than does water (a

polar liquid). For this reason, fires involving hydro-

carbon liquids should be extinguished with foam

rather than with a direct stream of water.

MOCA. See 4,4

′

-methylenebis(2-chloroani-

line).

modacrylic fiber. A manufactured fiber in

which the fiber-forming substance is any long-chain

synthetic polymer composed of less than 85% but at

least 35% by weight of acrylonitrile units,

−CH

CH(CN)− (Federal Trade Commission). Other

chemicals, such as vinyl chloride, are incorporated

modeling. The use of statistical analysis, comput-

as modifiers. Characterized by moderate tenacity,

er analysis, or model organisms to predict outcomes

low water absorption, and resistance to combustion;

of research.

self-extinguishing.

Use: Deep pile and fleece fabrics, industrial filters,

model organisms. A laboratory animal or other

carpets, underwear, blends with other fibers.

organism useful for research.

See acrylonitrile; acrylic fiber.

moderator. A substance of low atomic weight,

“Modaflow” [Solutia]. TM for ethyl acrylate.

such as beryllium, carbon (graphite), deuterium (in

Available forms: Viscous clear liquid.

heavy water), or ordinary water, which is capable of

Use: It improves flow and leveling in products; elimi-

reducing the speed of neutrons but that has little

nates lumpiness.

tendency toward neutron absorption. The neutrons

lose speed when they collide with the atomic nuclei

of the moderator. Moderators are used in nuclear

model. A representation, either abstract or physi-

reactors, because slow neutrons are most likely to

cal, of a system, arrangement, or structure that can-

produce fission. A typical graphite-moderated reac-

not be perceived objectively. (1) A mathematical

tor may contain 50 tons of uranium for 472 tons of

model is one in which all or most of the parameters

graphite. Reactors in the U.S. are cooled and moder-

of a complex system such as an ocean are assigned

ated with light water.

symbolic values that can be utilized to give a theo-

retical approximation of actuality. Such models are

modification. A chemical reaction in which

useful in physical chemical analyses. (2) A space-

some or all of the substituent radicals of a high

lattice model is a three-dimensional duplication of

polymer are replaced by other chemical entities,

the shape and structure of a crystal in which the

resulting in a marked change in one or more proper-

atoms composing the lattice are plastic spheres or

ties of the polymer without destroying its structural

balls connected by rods to represent bonds. (3) A

identity. Cellulose, e.g., can be modified by substi-

molecular model is similar, except that it represents

tution of its hydroxyl groups by carboxyl or alkyl

an individual chemical compound rather than a crys-

radicals along the carbon chain. These reactions are

tal. The spheres are made to scale based on the

usually not stoichiometric. Their products have

known diameter of the atoms represented; they are

many properties foreign to the original cellulose,

often colored to suggest the nature of the element

e.g., water solubility, high viscosity, gel- and film-

(black for carbon, white for hydrogen, red for halo-

forming ability. Other polymeric substances that can

gens, etc.). In one type, both single and double bonds

undergo modification are rubber, starches, polyac-

are plastic rods that join the spheres at appropriate

rylonitrile, and some other synthetic resins.

angles; in another the spheres are fused in clusters.

See cellulose, modified.

The two types are illustrated by the models of isobu-

tane shown; a clustered model of the DNA molecule

is shown in the entry on deoxyribonucleic acid. Both

modified polyacrylamide resins.

854MODULATOR

Properties: Produced by copolymerization of acryl- tories. In 1906, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in

chemistry.

amide with not more than 5-mole percent of ␤-me-

thacrylyloxyethyl trimethylammonium methyl sul-

fate.

“Moisture-Lok” [Advanced Ingredients].

Use: Flocculent; food additive.

TM for a powder comprised of dextrose, dextrin,

and fiber.

modulator. A metabolite that, when bound to the

Use: Binds moisture to meat products for longer than

allosteric site of an enzyme, alters its kinetic charac-

other ingredients.

teristics; can be homotropic or heterotropic, inhibi-

tor or activator.

molal. A concentration in which the amount of

solute is stated in moles and the amount of solvent in

modulus of elasticity. (elastic modulus). A

kilograms. The unit of molality is moles of solute per

coefficient of elasticity representing the ratio of

kilogram of solvent and is designated by a small m,1

stress to strain as a material is deformed under dy-

mole of NaCl in 1 kg of solvent is a 1 molal concen-

namic load. It is a measure of the softness or stiffness

tration.

of the material (Young’s modulus).

Note: Do not confuse with molar.

moellon degras. See degras.

molar. A concentration in which 1 molecular

weight in grams (1 mole) of a substance is dissolved

moexipril hydrochloride.

in enough solvent to make one liter of solution.

CAS: 82586-52-5. mf: C

•ClH.

Molarity is indicated by an italic capital M. Molar

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

quantities are proportional to the molecular weight

of the substances.

mohair. A natural fiber, similar to wool, obtained

from angora goats.

molassess. The thick liquid left after sucrose has

Properties: Tenacity 14 g/denier. Combustible.

been removed from the mother liquor in sugar man-

Use: Fabrics for outer clothing, draperies, upholstery.

ufacture. Blackstrap molasses is the syrup from

which no more sugar can be obtained economically.

Mohr’s salt. See ferrous-ammonium sulfate.

It contains approximately sucrose 20%, reducing

sugars 20%, ash 10%, organic nonsugars 20%, wa-

ter 20%. Combustible.

Mohs scale. An empirical scale of the hardness

Use: Feed, food, raw material for various alcohols,

of mineral or mineral-like materials originally con-

acetone, citric acid, and yeast propagation. Sodium

sisting of 10 values, ranging from talc, with a rating

glutamate is made from Steffens molasses, a waste

of 1, to diamond, with a rating of 10—the rating

liquor from beet sugar manufacture.

based on the ability of each material to scratch the

See fermentation.

one directly below it in the series. The number of

materials has been expanded from 10 to 15 with the

addition of several synthetically produced sub-

mold. See fungus.

stances (e.g., silicon carbide) between the original 9

and 10 positions. The scale is named after the Ger-

molding. Forming a plastic or rubber article in a

man mineralogist, Friedrich Mohs (1773–1839).

desired shape by application of heat and pressure,

See hardness (1).

either in a negative cavity, usually of metal, or in

contact with a contoured metal or phenolic resin

moiety. An indefinite portion of a sample.

surface.

See injection molding; blow molding; compression

Moissan, Henri. (1852–1907). A Native of

molding.

Paris, Moissan was a professor at the School of

Pharmacy from 1886 to 1900 and at the Sorbonne

molding powder. A mixture in a granular or

from 1900 to 1907. At the former institution, he first

pelleted form of a plastic base material together with

isolated and liquefied fluorine in 1886 by the elec-

necessary modifying ingredients (filler, plasticizer,

trolysis of potassium acid fluoride in anhydrous

pigment, etc.). Such mixtures are normally prepared

hydrogen fluoride. His work with fluorine undoubt-

by resin manufacturers and sold as such to proces-

edly shortened his life as it did that of many other

sors ready for use in injection molding or extrusion

early experimenters in the field of fluorine chemis-

operations.

try. He won great fame by his development of the

electric furnace and pioneered its use in the produc-

molding sand. See foundry sand.

tion of calcium carbide, making acetylene produc-

tion and use commercially feasible in the prepara-

mold preventive. See mildew preventive.

tion of pure metals, such as magnesium, chromium,

uranium, tungsten etc. and in the production of many

new compounds, e.g., silicides, carbides, and refrac-

mold release agent. See abherent.

855 MOLECULAR SIEVE

“Moldwiz” [Axel]. TM for external mold re- molecular farming. The development of trans-

lease agents that are advanced polymeric formula- genic animals to produce human proteins for medi-

tions. cal use.

Use: Permit multiple release from a single applica-

tion leaving parts clean for secondary process.

molecular formula. See formula, chemical.

mole. The amount of pure substance containing

molecular gas. A gas composed of a single

the same number of chemical units as there are

species, such as oxygen, chlorine, or neon.

atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12 (i.e., 6.023 ×

). This involves the acceptance of two dic-

molecular genetics. The study of macromole-

tates–the scale of atomic masses and the magnitude

cules important in biological inheritance.

of the gram. Both have been established by interna-

tional agreement. Formerly, the connotation of

molecular manufacturing. The production of

“mole” was “gram molecular weight.” Current us-

complex structures via nonbiological mechanosyn-

age tends to apply the term “mole” to an amount

thesis (and subsequent assembly operations).

containing Avogadro’s number of whatever units

are being considered. Thus, it is possible to have a

molecular medicine. The treatment of injury

mole of atoms, ions, radicals, electrons, or quanta.

or disease at the molecular level. Examples include

This usage makes unnecessary such terms as gram-

the use of DNA-based diagnostic tests or medicine

atom, gram-formula weight, etc. All stoichiometry

derived from DNA sequence information.

essentially is based on the evaluation of the number

of moles of substance. The most common involves

molecular orbital. The wave function of an

the measurement of mass. Thus 25.000 g of water

electron as it moves in the field of all other electrons

will contain 25.000/18.015 moles of water, 25.000 g

and the nuclei constituting the molecule. It is usually

of sodium will contain 25.000/22.990 moles of sodi-

expressed as a linear combination of atomic orbitals.

um. The convenient measurements on gases are

pressure, volume, and temperature. Use of the ideal

molecular rearrangement. See rearrange-

gas law constant R allows direct calculation of the

ment.

number of moles: n

PV/RT. T is the absolute

temperature, R must be chosen in units appropriate

for P, V, and T. The acceptance of Avogadro’s law is molecular sandwich. (sandwich molecule).

inherent in this calculation; so too are approxima- See metallocene.

tions of the ideal gas.

See Avogadro’s law.

molecular sieve. A microporous structure com-

posed of either crystalline aluminosilicates, chemi-

molecular biology. A subdivision of biology

cally similar to clays and feldspars and belonging to

that approaches the subject of life at the molecular

a class of materials known as zeolites, or crystalline

level. This applies to phenomena occurring within

aluminophosphates derived from mixtures contain-

the cell nucleus, where the chromosomes and genes

ing an organic amine or quaternary ammonium salt.

are located. These structures, which determine he-

Pore sizes range from 5 to 10A

. The outstanding

redity, are in turn composed of nucleic acids, which

characteristic of these materials is their ability to

direct the selection and assembly of amino acids in

undergo dehydration with little or no change in crys-

the dividing chromosomes. Much of the essential

talline structure. The dehydrated crystals are inter-

mechanism of life can be understood by study of

laced with regularly spaced channels of molecular

specific protein molecules (DNA and RNA) and

dimensions, that compose almost 50% of the total

their determination of the amino acid composition of

volume of the crystals.

the genes.

The empty cavities in activated “molecular sieve”

See genetic code; deoxyribonucleic acid; recombi-

crystals have a strong tendency to recapture the

nant DNA.

water molecules that have been driven off. This

tendency is so strong that if no water is present they

molecular distillation. (high-vacuum distilla- will accept any material that can get into the cavity.

tion). Distillation at low pressures of the order of However, only those molecules that are small

0.001 mm Hg. A molecular distillation is distin- enough to pass through the pores of the crystals can

guished by the fact that the distance from the surface enter the cavities and be adsorbed on the interior

of the liquid being vaporized to the condenser is less surface. This sieving or screening action, which

than the mean free path (the average distance trav- makes it possible to separate smaller molecules from

eled by a molecule between collisions) of the vapor larger ones, is the most unusual characteristic of

at the operating pressure and temperature. This dis- molecular sieves. They are used in many fields of

tance is usually of the order of magnitude of a few technology; to dry gases and liquids; for selective

inches. This process is useful in separation of ex- molecular separations based on size and polar prop-

tremely high boiling and heat-sensitive materials erties; as ion-exchangers; as catalysts; as chemical

such as glycerides and some vitamins. carriers; in gas chromatography; and in the petrole-

856MOLECULAR WEIGHT

um industry to remove normal paraffins from distil- lead nitrate solution under carefully controlled con-

ditions and filtering off the precipitates.

lates. See zeolite; gel filtration; pore.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Pigment in printing inks, paints, plastics.

molecular weight. The sum of the atomic

weights of the atoms in a molecule. That of methane

(CH

) is 16.043, the atomic weights being carbon

molybdenite. (molybdenum glance).

12.011, hydrogen

1.008. The chemical formula

CAS: 1317-33-5. MoS

. Natural molybdenum sul-

used in such a calculation must be the true molecular

fide found in igneous rocks and metallic veins.

formula of the substance designated. For example,

Properties: Bluish-gray color, gray-black streak,

the molecular formula of oxygen is O

and its molec-

metallic luster. One perfect cleavage, greasy feel.

ular weight is 31.998 (atomic weight of oxygen

Mohs hardness 1–1.5, d 4.6–4.8. Similar in appear-

15.999). For ozone the molecular formula is O

and

ance to graphite. Soluble in sulfuric and concentra-

the molecular weight is 47.997. The true molecular

ted nitric acids.

weight of a gas or vapor is found by measuring the

Occurrence: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, Chile.

volume of a given weight and then calculating the

Use: Principal ore of molybdenum.

weight of 22.4 L at 0C and 760 mm Hg. The molecu-

lar weight of many complex organic molecules runs

molybdenite concentrate. Commercial mol-

as high as a million or more (proteins and high

ybdenite ore after the first processing operations.

polymers).

Contains approximately 90% molybdenum disul-

See Avogadro; atomic weight; mole.

fide along with quartz, feldspar, water, and process-

ing oil.

molecule. A chemical unit composed of one or

more atoms. The simplest molecules contain only

molybdenum.

one atom, for example, helium molecules (1 atom/

CAS: 7439-98-7. Mo. Metallic element of atomic

molecule). Oxygen molecules (O

) are composed of

number 42, group VIB of the periodic table, aw

two atoms, and ozone (O

) of three. Molecules may

95.94, valences

2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Seven stable isotopes.

contain several different sorts of atoms. Water con-

Properties: Gray metal or black powder. Does not

tains two different kinds, hydrogen and oxygen, and

occur free in nature. D 10.2, mp 2610C, bp 5560C,

dimethylamine [(CH

)

NH] has three kinds. Mole-

high strength at very high temperatures, oxidizes

cules of many common gases [hydrogen (H

), oxy-

rapidly above 1000F in air at sea level, but is stable

gen (O

), nitrogen (N

), and chlorine (Cl

)] consist of

in upper atmosphere. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid

two atoms each. The atoms of a molecule are held

and hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, sodium hydrox-

together by chemical bonds. Molecules vary in size

ide, or dilute sulfuric acid; soluble in hot concentra-

from less than 1 to more than 500 millimicrons and

ted sulfuric or nitric acids; insoluble in water. A

in weight from 4 (He) to 40 million for tobacco

necessary trace element in plant nutrition.

mosaic virus.

Derivation: By aluminothermic, hydrogen, or elec-

See macromolecule; bond, chemical; atom.

tric furnace reduction of molybdenum trioxide or

ammonium molybdate.

Molina, Mario, J. (1943– ). Mexican who won

Available forms: Ingots, rods, wire, powder, ingots

the Nobel Prize for chemistry along with Paul Crut-

(from powder), high ductility sheets, also as large

zen and Frank Sherwood Rowland in 1995 for their

single crystal.

work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly con-

Grade: Rods and wire 99.9%, powder 99.9%.

cerning the formation and decomposition of ozone.

Hazard: Flammable in form of dust or powder. TLV:

See Crutzen, Paul; Rowland, Frank Sherwood.

(of molybdenum compounds as Mo) 10 mg/m

(in-

soluble); 5 mg/

(soluble).

molinate sulfoxide.

Use: Alloying agent in steels and cast iron; high-

CAS: 52236-29-0. mf: C

temperature alloys, tool steels; pigments for printing

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

inks, paints, and ceramics; catalyst; solid lubricants;

missile and aircraft parts; reactor vessels; cermets;

die-casting copperbase alloys; special batteries.

molten salt. See fused salt.

See ferromolybdenum; heteromolybdates.

molybdate chrome orange. See molybdate

molybdenum acetylacetonate. Mo(C

orange.

Properties: Crystalline powder. Slightly soluble in

water; resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating nonioniz-

molybdate orange. (molybdenum orange;

ing compound.

molybdate chrome orange).

Use: Catalyst for polymerization of ethylene and

CAS: 12656-85-8. A solid solution of lead chro-

formation of polyurethane foam.

mate, lead molybdate and lead sulfate.

Properties: Fine, dark-orange or light-red powder.

Derivation: By adding solutions of sodium chro-

molybdenum aluminide. A cermet that can be

mate, sodium molybdate, and sodium sulfate to a flame-sprayed.

857 MOLYBDENUM OXIDES

molybdenum anhydride. See molybdenum treme pressures and high vacua; hydrogenation cat-

alyst.

trioxide.

See molybdenite.

molybdenum boride.

CAS: 12007-97-5. Several borides are known:

molybdenum ditelluride. MoTe

. Available

B, mp 2000C; MO

, mp 2070C; MoB (ordi-

as a 40-micron powder.

nary and ␤-forms), mp 2180C; Mo

, mp 1600C

Use: Solid lubricant.

(transforms to MoB

Derivation: By heating molybdenum powder and

molybdenum glance. See molybdenite.

boron to 1500–1600C in hydrogen.

Use: Brazes to join molybdenum, tungsten, tantalum,

molybdenum hexacarbonyl. (molybdenum

and niobium parts, especially electronic compo-

carbonyl). Mo(CO)

nents, corrosion and abrasion-resistant parts, cutting

Properties: White, shiny crystals. Decomposes at

tools, refractory cermets.

150C (sublimes), d 1.96, bp approximately 155C,

vap press approximately 0.1 mm Hg (20C), approxi-

molybdenum carbonyl. See molybdenum

mately 43 mm Hg (101C). Insoluble in water; solu-

hexacarbonyl.

ble in ceresin, paraffin oil, benzene, aminoanthra-

quinone; slightly soluble in ether and other organic

molybdenum dioxide.

solvents.

CAS: 18868-43-4. MoO

Derivation: From molybdenum pentachloride by re-

Properties: Lead-gray, nonvolatile powder. D ap-

action with zinc dust and carbon monoxide in ether

proximately 6.4. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid and

at high pressures.

hydrogen fluoride and alkalies, sparingly soluble in

Hazard: Decomposes above 150C to evolve carbon

sulfuric acid.

monoxide. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

Derivation: Reduction of molybdenum trioxide or

Use: Plating molybdenum, i.e., molybdenum mir-

molybdates by hydrogen, partial oxidation of metal-

rors; intermediate.

lic molybdenum.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 10 mg(Mo)/m

molybdenum hexafluoride. MoF

Properties: White, crystalline solid; hygroscopic.

molybdenum diselenide. MoSe

. Available as

Mp 17.5C, bp 35C, d (liquid) approximately 2.5.

a 40-micron powder.

Readily hydrolyzed.

Use: Solid lubricant.

Derivation: Action of fluorine on molybdenum

powder.

molybdenum disilicide. MoSi

. A cermet.

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

Properties: Dark-gray, crystalline powder. D 6.31

Use: Separation of molybdenum isotopes.

(20C), mp 1870–2030C. Not affected by air up to

1648C. Not attacked by most inorganic acids includ-

molybdenum lake. See phosphomolybdic

ing aqua regia, but very soluble in hydrofluoric and

pigment.

nitric acids. Has high stress-rupture strength.

Derivation: By fusion of hydrogen-reduced molyb-

denum with silicon.

molybdenum metaphosphate. Mo(PO

)

Available forms: Cylinders, lumps, granules, pow-

Properties: Yellow powder. D 3.28 (0C). Insoluble

der, whiskers. May be coated on materials by vapor

in water and in most acids; slightly soluble in hot

deposition and by flame-spraying.

aqua regia.

Grade: 98%, 99.5%, mesh size 200 and 325.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

molybdenum naphthalene.

Use: Electrical resistors, protective coatings at high

Properties: Dark purple, viscous liquid. Soluble in

temperatures, engine parts in space vehicles (molyb-

most hydrocarbons

denum coated with molybdenum disilicide).

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

Use: Catalyst for commercial production of propyl-

molybdenum disulfide. (molybdic sulfide;

ene oxide using hydroperoxides.

molybdenum sulfide).

CAS: 1317-33-5. MoS

molybdenum orange. See molybdate or-

Properties: Black, crystalline powder. D 4.80, mp

ange.

1185C Mohs hardness 1, coefficient of friction 0.02-

0.06. Soluble in aqua regia, sulfuric acid (concentra-

molybdenum (III) oxide. See molybdenum

ted); insoluble in water.

sesquioxide.

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

Derivation: Purification of molybdenite, reaction of

sulfur or hyrodgen sulfide on molybdenus trioxide.

molybdenum oxides. See molybdenum ses-

Use: Lubricants in greases, oil dispersions, resin- quioxide, molybdenum dioxide, molybdenum

bonded films, dry powders, etc., especially at ex- trioxide.

858MOLYBDENUM PENTACHLORIDE

molybdenum pentachloride. loys, corrosion inhibitor, ceramic glazes, enamels,

CAS: 10241-05-1. MoCl

. pigments, catalyst.

Properties: Green-black solid, dark-red as liquid or

vapor. Mp 194C, bp 268C, d 2.9. Hygroscopic, re-

molybdic acid. Molybdic acid of commerce is

acting with water and air. Soluble in dry ether, dry

either an ammonium molybdate (molybdic acid

alcohol, and other organic solvents.

85%) or molybdenum trioxide. The use of the term

Derivation: direct action of chlorine on finely divid-

interchangeably for these compounds has caused

ed molybdenum metal.

confusion. Solutions of molybdic acid are very com-

Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

plex chemically since they show a great tendency to

Use: Chlorination catalyst, vapor-deposited molyb-

polymerize.

denum coatings, component of fire-retardant resins,

brazing and soldering flux, intermediate for organo-

molybdic acid, anhydride. See molybde-

metallic compounds, e.g., molybdenum hexacar-

num trioxide.

bonyl.

molybdic oxide. See molybdenum trioxide.

molybdenum sesquioxide. (dimolybdenum

trioxide; molybdenum (III) oxide). Mo

molybdic sulfide. See molybdenum disulfide.

Known only in the hydrated form, Mo(OH)

, al-

though commonly assigned the formula Mo

molybdophosphates. See heteromolybdates.

compound formed by a dry reaction of molybdenum

and oxygen which approximates the composition of

12-molybdophosphoric acid. See phospho-

the sesquioxide is probably a mixture of molybde-

molybdic acid.

num and molybdenum dioxide.

Properties: Gray-black powder. Slightly soluble in

molybdosilicates. See heteromolybdates.

acids; insoluble in alkalies and water.

Derivation: Zinc reduction of acid solutions of mol-

12-molybdosilicic acid. (silicomolybdic

ybdic acids and molybdates, electrolytic deposition

acid). H

SiMo

•xH

O where x is usually 6–8.

from acid solutions of molybdates.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. D 2.82. Sol-

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg(Mo)/m

uble in water, ethanol, acetone; insoluble in benzene

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, decoration and

and cyclohexane; decomposes in strongly basic so-

protection for metal articles, feed additive.

lutions; thermally stable.

Grade: Reagent.

molybdenum silicide. Alloy of 60% molybde-

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent in aqueous solution.

num, 30% silicon, and 10% iron used as means of

TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

introducing molybdenum into steel.

Use: Catalysts; reagents; photography; precipitants

and ion exchangers in atomic energy; additives in

plating processes; imparting water resistance to

molybdenum sulfide. See molybdenum di-

plastics, adhesives, and cement.

sulfide.

See heteromolybdates.

molybdenum trioxide. (molybdenum anhy-

MON. Abbreviation for Motor Octane Number.

dride; molybdic oxide; molybdic acid hydride).

CAS: 1313-27-5. MoO

monacetin. See acetin.

Properties: White powder at room temperature, yel-

low at elevated temperatures. D 4.69, mp 795C,

“Monacide” [ICI]. TM for a series of insecti-

sublimes starting at 700C, bp 1150C. Sparingly sol-

cides containing 5% DDVP.

uble in water; very soluble in excess alkali with

formation of molybdates; soluble in concentrated

“Monafax 1214” [ICI]. TM for deceth-4

mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid or nitric

phosphate.

and sulfuric acids. Two hydrates are known:

Properties: Hypochloride stable surfactant.

MoO

•H

O and MoO

•2H

O. Readily combines

Grade: 100% active (free acid) liquid.

with acids and bases to form a series of polymeric

Hazard: Neutralize with caustic before contacting

compounds.

hypochloride.

Derivation: Roasting of molybdenite; by ignition of

Use: Wetting agent, surface-tension reduction, deter-

the metal, sulfides, lower oxides, and molybdic

gent.

acids.

Method of purification: Sublimation.

Grade: Technical, pure, reagent, ACS.

“Monamate LNT-40” [ICI]. TM for ammo-

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 5 mg(Mo)/m

. nium lauryl sulfosuccinate.

Use: Source of molybdenum compounds, agricul- Hazard: Extremely mild to skin and eyes.

ture, analytical chemistry, manufacture of metallic Use: High-foaming anionic surfactant for use in no-

molybdenum, introduction of molybdenum in al- nirritating shampoos, soaps, and bubble bath.

859 MONOCHLOROBENZENE

“Monamids” [ICI]. TM for a group of dialkyl- reduced to the metallic state, whereas nickel forms

olamides that includes various grades of coconut nickel carbonyl [Ni(CO)

], which passes off as a

fatty acid monoethanolamide, coconut fatty acid vapor. The vapor is subsequently resolved into car-

monopropanolamide, lauric acid monoethanolam-

bon monoxide and free nickel.

ide, lauric acid monoisopropanolamide, and stearic

acid monoethanolamide.

“Mondur” [Bayer]. TM for a series of isocya-

nates.

“Monamines” [ICI]. TM for a group of dial-

Use: Surface coatings; adhesives; chemical interme-

kylolamides used as detergent, detergent additives,

diate; hydrophobic agent to increase water repellen-

foam boosters, wetters, emulsifiers, dispersing

cy of textiles, leather, and paper products.

agents, thickeners, and conditioners.

“Monel” [Inco]. TM for a series of corrosion-

“Monastrip” [ICI]. TM for a solvent stripper

resistant alloys of nickel and copper.

for uncured and cured epoxy, polyester, and silicone

rubber casting and encapsulating compounds.

“Monex” [Uniroyal]. TM for tetramethylthiur-

am monosulfide.

“Monateric CAB” [ICI]. TM for cocamido-

propyl betaine.

monhydrin. See propadrine hydrochloride.

Properties: Low color, low pH.

Grade: Liquid.

mono-. Prefix denoting one, e.g., monochloro-

Use: High-foaming surfactant for viscosity control

acetic acid.

and detergent action in cosmetic and industrial

See chloroacetic acid.

cleansers.

monoacetoxyscirpenol. See (3-␣)-12,13-

“Monaterics” [ICI]. TM for a special group of

epoxytrichothec-9-ene-3,4,15-triol 15.

substituted imidazolines classified as amphoteric

surfactants. Excellent wetting, emulsifying, pene-

mono-o-acetylsolanoside.

trating, and spreading properties in systems requir-

CAS: 4420-65-9. mf: C

ing broad pH ranges.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

monatomic. See diatomic.

monoammonium glycyrrhizinate. See am-

“Monawets” [ICI]. TM for a group of surfac-

moniated glycyrrhizin.

tants of di-octyl, di-hexyl, di-isobutyl, and di-tride-

cyl sulfosuccinates known for their wetting, spread-

monoanhydrosorbitol. See sorbitan.

ing, penetrating and emulsifying power.

monoazo dye. See azo dye.

monazite. A natural phosphate of the rare-earth

metals, principally the cerium and lanthanide met-

monobasic. Descriptive of acids having one dis-

als, usually with some thorium. Yttrium, calcium,

placeable hydrogen atom per molecule. Acids hav-

iron, and silica are frequently present. Monazite

ing two, three, or more displaceable hydrogen atoms

sand is the crude natural material and is usually

are called dibasic, tribasic, and polybasic, respec-

purified from other minerals before entering com-

tively.

merce.

See acid.

Properties: Yellowish to reddish-brown color, vitre-

ous to resinous luster, white streak. Mohs hardness

“Monobed” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for inti-

5–5.5, d 4.9–5.3.

mate mixture of “Amberlite” cation and anion ex-

Occurrence: North Carolina, South Carolina, Idaho,

change resins.

Colorado, Montana, Florida, Brazil, India, Austra-

Use: Complete removal of ionizable impurities from

lia, Canada.

water and other solutions in a one-step treatment.

Use: Source of thorium, cerium, and other rare-earth

metals and compounds.

monocalcium phosphate. See calcium

phosphate, monobasic.

“Monazolines” [ICI]. TM for a series of cat-

ionic imidazolines useful as emulsifiers, antistatic

monochloroacetic acid. Legal label name

agents, water displacers, and corrosion inhibitors in

(Rail) for solid chloroacetic acid.

agricultural sprays, acid and solvent cleaners, cos-

metics, and water-oil systems.

monochloroacetone. Legal label name (Rail)

for chloroacetone.

Mond process. Mixed ores, obtained from

roasting crude ores, are heated from 50 to 80C in a

stream of producer gas. Oxides other than nickel are

monochlorobenzene. See chlorobenzene.

860MONOCHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

monochlorodifluoromethane. Legal label mono-, di-, and tristearyl citrate.

name (Rail) for chlorodifluoromethane. Use: Food additive.

monoethanolamine. See ethanolamine.

monochloroethane. See ethyl chloride.

monoethylamine. Legal label name (Rail) for

monochloromethane. See methyl chloride.

ethylamine.

monochloropentafluoroethane. Legal label

monoethyl butylphosphonate anhydride

name (Rail) for chloropentafluoroethane.

with diethyl phosphate.

CAS: 63886-51-1. mf: C

monochlorophenol. See chlorophenol.

Hazard: A poison.

1-monochloropinacoline.

monofilament. A single, continuous strand of

CAS: 13547-70-1. mf: C

ClO.

glass or synthetic fiber as extruded from a spinner-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Low toxicity by

ette.

inhalation.

See filament.

monochlorotetrafluoroethane. Legal label

monogenic disorder. A disorder caused by

name (Rail) for chlorotetrafluoroethane.

mutation of a single gene.

See mutation; polygenic disorder.

monochlorotriazinyl dye. A fiber-reactive

dye for cellulose fibers.

monogenic inheritance. See monogenic dis-

See dye, fiber-reactive.

order.

monochlorotrifluoromethane. Legal label

monoglyceride. A glycerol ester of fatty acids in

name (Rail) for chlorotrifluoromethane.

which only one acid group is attached to the glycerol

group. A typical formula is

“Monochrome” [BASF]. (USA). TM for a

RCOOCH

OCH

OH. Small amounts of mono-

series of mordant dyestuffs. Characterized by good

glycerides occur naturally.

fastness properties.

Derivation: Produced synthetically by the alcoholy-

Use: Dyeing of wool.

sis of fats with glycerol, yielding a mixture of

mono-, di-, and triglycerides that is predominantly

monoclonal antibodies. Substances that can

monoglycerides.

locate and bind to cancer cells wherever they are in

Use: Emulsifiers, cosmetics, lubricants.

the body. They can be used alone, or they can be

See glycerol monostearate; glycerol monolaurate.

used to deliver drugs, toxins, or radioactive material

directly to the tumor cells.

monoglyceride citrate.

Properties: Soft, white-colored, lard-like, waxy sol-

monocrotalic acid.

id; bland odor and taste. Sol in fat solvents, alc; insol

CAS: 26543-09-9. mf: C

in water.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Use: Food additive.

Source: Natural product.

monoglyme. See ethylene glycol dimethyl

monocrotophos. See “Azodrin”[Shell].

ether.

mono- and diglycerides.

monohydric alcohol. An alcohol in which a

Properties: Yellow liquids to ivory-colored plastics

hydroxyl group (−OH) has replaced one of the hy-

to hard solids; bland odor and taste. Sol in alc, ethyl

drogen atoms of a hydrocarbon, for example: C

acetate, chloroform, other chlorinated hydrocar-

bons; insol in water.

ethane ethanol

Use: Food additive.

RH ROH

alkane alkyl alcohol

mono and diglycerides, sodium

sulfoacetate derivatives. See sodium sulf-

There are a number of classifications analogous to

oacetate derivatives of mono and diglycerides.

those of hydrocarbons: (1) paraffinic or simple alco-

hols, whose formula may be represented as C

2n+1

;

mono-, di-, and tripotassium citrate.

(2) olefinic or fatty alcohols that contain one or more

Use: Food additive.

double bonds; (3) alicyclic alcohols, closed-ring

structures that may or may not contain a double

mono-, di-, and trisodium citrate. bond, e.g., cyclohexanol; (4) aromatic alcohols in

Use: Curing accelerator; food additive; stabilizer. which the hydroxyl group is attached to a benzene

861 MONTAN WAX

nucleus as in phenol; (5) heterocyclic alcohols,

mono-n-octyltin trichloride. See octyltri-

based on the pentagonal furan ring; and (6) poly- chlorostannane.

cyclic alcohols of high molecular weight, known

collectively as sterols. Any of these types that con-

monoprotic acid. An acid which has only one

tain 12 or more carbon atoms are semisolid to solid

proton to lose to a base, HCL, HSO

and have a waxlike consistency; the others are color-

less liquids. Monohydric alcohols are also classified

monosaccharide. Any of several simple sugars

as primary, secondary, or tertiary on the basis of the

having the formula C

; the best-known are

number of alkyl (methyl) groups substituted for the

glucose, fructose, and galactose. Monosaccharides

hydrogen atoms on the central or methanol carbon

combine to form more-complex sugars known as

atom.

oligo- and polysaccharides.

See primary.

monosodium acid methanearsonate.

monoisopropyl citrate.

Use: Food additive.

monosodium glutamate. See sodium gluta-

mate.

monolayer. A single layer of oriented lipid mole-

cules or cells.

monosodium phosphate derivatives of

mono- and diglycerides. See mono- and

monomer. (momer). A molecule or compound,

diglycerides, monosodium phosphate derivatives.

usually containing carbon and of relatively low mo-

lecular weight and simple structure, that is capable

monosomy. Possessing only one copy of a partic-

of conversion to polymers, synthetic resins, or elas-

ular chromosome instead of the normal two copies.

tomers by combination with itself or other similar

See cell; chromosome; gene expression, trisomy.

molecules or compounds. Thus, styrene is the mono-

mer from which polystyrene resins are produced and

monostearin. See glycerol monostearate.

vinyl chloride is the monomer of polyvinyl chloride.

Other common monomers are methyl methacrylate,

monostearyl citrate. See “Morflex MSC”

adipic acid, and hexamethylenediamine.

[Reilly].

monomethylamine. Legal label name (Rail) for

monotonic function. Function that steadily in-

methylamine.

creases or decreases with x.

monomethylarsinic acid. See methylarsenic

monotrichloro-tetra(monopotassium

acid.

dichloro)-penta-s-triazinetrione.

CAS: 64474-06-2. mf: C

HCl

•

monomethylolformaldehyde. See glycolic

•K

aldehyde.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

by skin contact.

monomolecular film. See film.

monoxychlor. Trichloroethane analog of DDT;

monophyletic. Term applied to a group of organ-

less toxic to warm-blooded animals than DDT.

isms which includes the most recent common ances-

tor of all of its members and all of the descendants of

Monsell’s salt. Basic ferric sulfate.

that most recent common ancestor. A monophyletic

group is called a clade.

montan wax. (lignite wax).

Properties: White, hard-earth wax; crude product is

“Monoplex” [Hall]. TM for monomeric liquid

dark brown. Mp 80–90C. Soluble in carbon tetra-

plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride and other high

chloride, benzene, and chloroform; insoluble in wa-

polymers. Primarily esters but also some epoxides

ter. Combustible.

that impart heat and light stability.

Derivation: By countercurrent extraction of lignite.

Use: Plasticizers, stabilizers, process aids.

American and German lignite are usual sources.

Method of purification: Distillation with superheat-

monopropellant. A propellant that combines ed steam.

fuel and oxidizer in one compound or mixture. Gun- Grade: Crude, refined.

powder is an example of a solid monopropellant. Use: Substitute for carnauba and beeswax, shoe and

Liquid monopropellants, for rockets, include: meth- furniture polishes, phonograph records, roofing

yl nitrate, nitromethane, a mixture of hydrocarbons paints, rendering paints waterproof, adhesive pastes,

with tetranitromethane, a mixture of methyl nitrate electric insulating compositions, paper-sizing com-

and methanol. positions, carbon papers, wire coating, sun-crack

See rocket fuel. preventive in rubber products.

862MONTMORILLONITE

montmorillonite. Al

•4SiO

•H

O (approxi- “Morestan” [Bayer]. TM for 6-methyl-2,3-

mately). A type of clay. One of the major compo- quinoxalinedithiol cyclic carbonate.

nents of bentonite and fuller’s earth.

“Morflex” [Reilly]. TM for specialty plasticiz-

ers (including phthalates, adipates, azelates, seba-

monuron. (3-(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylu-

cates, trimellitates, triacetin, and polymerics) for

rea; CMU).

vinyl compounds.

CAS: 150-68-5. ClC

NHCON(CH

)

. A plant

growth regulator.

Properties: White, crystalline solid; odorless. Mp

“Morflex 150” [Reilly]. (dicyclohexyl

175C. Very low solubility in water and hydrocarbon

phthalate).

solvents; slightly soluble in oils; partially soluble in

CAS: 84-61-7. TM for adhesives and nitrocellulose

alcohols; stable toward oxidation and moisture.

lacquers.

Use: Herbicide, sugarcane-flowering suppressant.

“Morflex 190” [Reilly]. (n-butyl phthalyl-n-

Moore, Stanford. (1913–1982). An American

butyl glycolate).

biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry

CAS: 85-70-1. TM for a plasticizer.

in 1972, with Anfinsen and Stein, for enzyme stud-

Use: Vinyl.

ies. He was involved with the analysis of the action

of the complex enzyme deoxyribonuclease. His

“Morflex 530” [Reilly]. (tridiisodecyl tri-

Ph.D. was granted from the University of Wis-

mellitate).

consin.

CAS: 36631-30-8. TM for a plasticizer.

Use: Vinyl.

“Mor-Ad” [Morton]. TM for a series of adhe-

sives consisting of solvent-free-one component ure-

“Morflex 560” [Reilly]. (tri-n-hexyl trimelli-

thane, cross-linked water-borne epoxy, and poly-

tate). TM for a plasticizer.

propylene bonding adhesives.

Use: Vinyl.

Use: Bonding structural panel components such as

metal, wood, and plastics to themselves or to poly-

“Morflex 1129” [Reilly]. (dimethyl isoph-

styrene foam and untreated polypropylene.

thalate).

CAS: 1459-93-4. TM for chemical intermediate.

morantel tartrate.

CAS: 26155-31-7. mf: C

S•C

“Morflex MSC” [Reilly]. (monostearyl ci-

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

trate). TM for chelating agent, surface lubricant.

morbid map. A diagram showing the chromo-

“Morflex P-51A” [Reilly]. TM for an acety-

somal location of genes associated with disease.

lated polymeric of mw 2000 with good solvent resis-

tance.

mordant. A substance capable of binding a dye to

a textile fiber. The mordant forms an insoluble lake

morin. (2

′

,3,4,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone).

in the fiber, the color depending on the metal of the

CAS: 480-16-0. C

•2H

O. One of the two

mordant. The most important mordants are trivalent

coloring principles of yellow brazilwood.

chromium complexes, metallic hydroxides, tannic

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 285C (decom-

acid, etc. Mordants are used with acid dyes, basic

poses). Soluble in alcohol, alkaline solutions; slight-

dyes, direct dyes, and sulfur dyes. Premetallized

ly soluble in boiling water. Combustible.

dyes contain chromium in the dye molecule. A mor-

Use: Mordant dye, spot-test reagent for metal salts,

dant dye is a dye requiring use of a mordant to be

luminescence indicator.

effective.

See brasilin.

See dye, fiber-reactive.

“Morlex” [Dow]. TM for corrosion inhibitors.

“Mordantine.” TM for liquid antimony lactate

Use: Steam boilers and steam -eating systems, for

containing 11% available antimony oxide. Recom-

example, Corrosion Inhibitor A. A mixture of 91%

mended as a replacement for technical tartar emetic.

morpholine in water.

mordanting assistant. A chemical such as lac-

“Morosodren” [Morton]. TM for a fungicide

tic, oxalic, and sulfuric acids, tartrates, etc.

concentration containing methylmercury dicyan-

Use: In conjunction with mordants to bring about a

diamide (2.2%).

gradual decomposition of the latter and to assist in

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

producing a uniform deposition of the actual mor-

dant on and within textile materials.

morphine.

CAS: 57-27-2. C

•H

mordant rouge. See aluminum diacetate. Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid. Bp 254C

863 “MORTRIM”

(decomposes), d 1.31. Slightly soluble in water,

2-(morpholinothio)benzothiazole. (N-oxy-

alcohol, and ether. diethylene-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide).

Derivation: From opium by extraction and crystalli- C

zation. Opium contains approximately 10% mor- Properties: Buff to brown flakes; sweet odor. Mp

phine. 80C min, d 1.34 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

Hazard: Narcotic, habit-forming drug, sale restrict- benzene, acetone, methanol.

ed by law in the U.S. Use: Delayed-action vulcanization accelerator.

Use: Analgesic (in form of acetate, hydrochloride,

tartrate, and other soluble salts).

morphology. A term borrowed from the biologi-

cal sciences by physical chemists to denote the

p-morphine. See thebaine. shape, structure, or form of such substances as high

polymers, crystals, reinforcing agents, and the like,

e.g., the morphology of carbon black in rubber.

morpholine. (tetrahydro-1,4-oxazine).

CAS: 110-91-8.

morphothion. (generic for O,O-dimethyl-S-

(morpholinocarbonylmethyl)phosphorodithioate).

❘

NHCH

❘

or C

ONH.

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; amine-

like odor. Bp 128.9C, fp −4.9C, d 1.002 (20/20C), (CH

P(S)SCH

C(O)N

❘

OCH

❘

bulk d 8.34 lb/gal (20C), vap press 6.6 mm Hg Properties: Colorless solid. Mp 65C. Soluble in ace-

(20C), viscosity 2.23 cP (20C), flash p (100F) tone, dioxane, and acetonitrile.

(37.7C OC), autoign temp 590F (310C). Soluble in Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

water and organic solvents. stricted.

Derivation: Dehydration of diethanolamine. Use: Insecticide.

Grade: Technical, 98%.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

Morse equation. An equation according to

ingestion and inhalation, irritant to skin, absorbed by

which the potential energy of a diatomic molecule in

skin. TLV: TWA 20 ppm; Not Classifiable as a

a given electronic state is given by a Morse potential.

Human.

Use: Rubber accelerator, solvent, additive to boiler

water, waxes and polishes, optical brightener for

mortar. (1) A type of adhesive or bonding agent

detergents, corrosion inhibitor, preservation of book

that may be either inorganic or organic, soft, and

paper, organic intermediate (catalyst, antioxidants,

workable when fresh but sets to a hard, infusible

pharmaceuticals, bactericides, etc.).

solid on standing, either by hydraulic action or by

chemical cross-linking. The chief ingredients of in-

organic mortars are cement, lime, silica, sulfur, and

morpholine borane. C

ONH•BH

sodium or potassium silicate. Organic mortars are

Properties: White, needle-shaped, crystalline com-

based on various synthetic resins (epoxy, phenolic,

pound. Mp 93C. Soluble in hot water and alcohol;

polyester, and furan). All types are resistant to acids.

insoluble in carbon tetrachloride.

Some (potassium silicate) are useful up to 1600F.

Use: Reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones. Use-

Others are used for bonding acid-proof brick, tile,

ful in acid media where sodium borohydride is inef-

etc.; for masonry construction; and for lining chemi-

fectual because of its instability in acid.

cal reaction equipment.

See sealant; adhesive; cement. (2) A ceramic recepta-

morpholine ethanol. (N-hydroxyethylmor- cle used by pharmacists for preparing mixtures of

pholine). C

ONCH

OH. medicinals and for hand-pulverizing soft solids.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.0724, bp 225.5C,

flash p 210F (98.9C). Miscible with water. Combus-

mortar, metallic. A mixture of powdered metal

tible.

and other ingredients that have been mixed with

water. Lead, tungsten, and depleted uranium have

9-(morpholinoamino)acridine. been used as the metal component. These mortars

CAS: 28846-41-5. mf: C

O. resist weathering, mild acids and alkalies, intense

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. radiation, and extreme temperature variation.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Use: Space technology.

9-(morpholinoamino)acridine mono(methyl “Mortrim” [Morton]. TM for a series of one

sulfate). and two-component solvent-based and water-based

CAS: 28846-42-6. mf: C

O•CH

S. polyurethane adhesives.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Use: Manufacture of automotive headliners, door

Use: Agricultural chemical. panels, and instrument panels.

864MORZID

morzid. (generic for bis(1-aziridinyl)-morpho- mountain blue. (copper blue).

linophosphine sulfide). Derivation: The mineral azurite in ground form.

OCH

NP(NCH

)

:S. Use: Paint pigment.

Use: Insect chemosterilant.

mouse model. See model organisms.

mosapride.

6-MP. Abbreviation for 6-mercaptopurine.

CAS: 112885-41-3. mf: C

ClFN

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

MPA. Abbreviation for multipurpose additive.

Moseley curve. See Moseley diagram.

3-MPA. Abbreviation for 3-methoxypropyla-

mine.

Moseley diagram. (Mosely curve). A graph

showing the relationship between atomic numbers

MPC black. Abbreviation for medium process-

of a series of elements and the wavelengths of their

ing channel black.

corresponding spectral lines.

See carbon black.

Moseley, Henry. (1887–1915). A British

MPK. Abbreviation for methyl propyl ketone.

chemist who studied under Rutherford and brilliant-

ly developed the application of X-ray spectra to the

MPP+. See cyperquat.

study of atomic structure; his discoveries resulted in

a more accurate positioning of elements in the peri-

“MPS-500” [Occidental]. TM for a stabilized

odic table by closer determination of atomic num-

chlorinated ester of a fatty acid. A viscous, light-

bers. Tragically for the development of science,

yellow liquid recommended as a low-cost plasticiz-

Moseley was killed in action at Gallipoli in 1915.

er for polyvinyl-chloride formulations.

Moseley’s law. The square root of the frequency

“M-Pyrol” [International Specialty]. TM

of a given line of an element in the X-ray spectrum is

for an aprotic solvent, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.

directly proportional to the atomic number of the

Claimed to be an effective cleaner of vinyl chloride

element.

reaction equipment.

See N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone

Mossbauer effect. A nuclear phenomenon dis-

covered in 1957. Defined as the elastic (recoil-free)

MRI. A procedure using a magnet linked to a

emission of a ␥-particle by the nucleus of a radioac-

computer to create pictures of areas inside the body.

tive isotope and the subsequent absorption (reso-

Also called magnetic resonance imaging.

nance scattering) of the particle by another atomic

nucleus. Occurs in crystalline solids and glasses but

mRNA. (Messenger RNA). An RNA which

not in liquids. Examples of ␥-emitting isotopes are:

contains sequences coding for a protein. The term

iron-57, nickel-61, zinc-67, tin-119. The Mossbauer

mRNA is used only for a mature transcript with

effect is used to obtain information on isomer shift,

poly(A) tail and with all introns removed, rather

on vibrational properties and atomic motions in a

than the primary transcript in the nucleus. As such,

solid, and on location of atoms within a complex

an mRNA will have a 5

′

untranslated region, a cod-

molecule.

ing region, a 3

′

untranslated region, and (almost

always) a poly(A) tail. Typically about 2% of the

mossy zinc. Zinc powder formed by pouring

total cellular RNA is mRNA.

molten zinc into water.

“MS” [Grace]. TM for microspherical silica

mother. (1) A mold of bacterial complex contain-

alumina.

ing enzymes that promote fermentation, as in manu-

Use: Cracking catalyst.

facture of vinegar from cider or of cultured dairy

products from milk. (2) A substance secreted by

MSG. Abbreviation for monosodium glutamate.

epithelial cells of the oyster. (3) A mother liquor is a

See sodium glutamate.

concentrated solution from which the product is

obtained by evaporation and/or crystallization, e.g.,

MSP. Abbreviation for monosodium phosphate.

in sugar manufacture.

See sodium phosphate, monobasic.

See nacre.

Mt. Symbol for meitnerium.

motile. Able to move oneself about, capable of

self-locomotion.

MTBE. See methyl t-butyl ether.

Motor Octane Number. (MON). MT black. Abbreviation for medium thermal

See octane number. black.

865 MULTIFACTORIAL

MTD. Abbreviation for m-tolylenediamine. surface of the wheels. The plows continually rake

See toluene-2,4-diamine. the material into the path of the wheels as the unit

revolves. Continuous mulling is obtained with two

such machines arranged in tandem, space being pro-

MTOC. See microtubule organizing center.

vided for constant recirculation of the material be-

tween them. Mullers are used for fine dispersion and

mucic acid. (saccharolactic acid; galactaric

blending of a wide range of products that are dense

acid; tetrahydroxyadipic acid).

enough to support the wheels and fluid enough to

HOOC(CH

COOH.

provide traction, (e.g., putty, explosives, and heavy

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp approxi-

pastes).

mately 210C (decomposes). Soluble in water; insol-

uble in alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: Oxidation of lactose or similar carbohy-

“Mullfrax” [Carborundum]. TM for refrac-

drates with nitric acid.

tory products made from mullite produced in elec-

Use: Substitute for tartaric acid, sequesterant for met-

tric furnaces.

al ions (calcium, iron), retards hardening of concrete

Use: Construction materials for furnaces and kilns.

intermediate for synthesis of heterocyclic com-

pounds (pyrroles).

Mulliken, Robert S. (1896–1986). An Ameri-

can chemist, physicist, and educator who won the

mucilage. A plant product obtained from seeds,

Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1961. He did research

roots, or other parts of plants by extraction with

on isotope separation and on spectroscopy of elec-

either hot or cold water. Mucilages give slippery or

trons in molecule formation. After M.I.T. granted

gelatinous solutions, e.g., those from guar bean,

his Ph.D., he did postgraduate work before working

linseed, locust bean, and related leguminous plant

in industry, government, and academia.

seeds. Generally plant mucilates are insoluble in

alcohol, but some are partly soluble in water and

Mullis, Kary Banks. (1944– ). An American

partly soluble in alcohol. From various types of

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1993 for

saltwater algae the so-called seaweed mucilages,

the invention of the polymerase chain reaction

such as agar, algin, and carrageenin (sometimes

(PCR). In PCR two short oligonucleotides are syn-

referred to as algal polysaccharides) may be ob-

thesized so that they are bound correctly to opposite

tained by extraction with hot water. Mucilages are

strands of the DNA segment it is wished to replicate.

closely related to gums, and the distinction between

At the points of contact an added enzyme (DNA

them is not always clear.

polymerase) can start to read off the genetic code

See adhesives; gum, natural.

and link code words through which two new double

strands of DNA are formed. The sample is then

mucopolysaccharide. A polysaccharide com-

heated, which makes the strands separate so that

posed of alternate units of uronic acids and amino

they can be read off again. The procedure is then

sugars (in which a hydroxyl group is replaced with

repeated time after time, doubling at each step the

an amino group, which in turn may be N-substituted

number of copies of the desired DNA segment.

by other groups). The mucopolysaccharides act as

Through such repetitive cycles it is possible to ob-

structural support for connective tissue and mucous

tain millions of copies of the desired DNA segment

membranes of animal organisms.

within a few hours.

See Smith, Michael.

mucronatine. See trans-retrorsine.

mullite. 3Al

•2SiO

. A stable form of alumi-

mud, drilling. See drilling fluid.

num silicate formed by heating other aluminum sili-

cates (such as cyanite, sillimanite, and andalusite) to

muffle furnace. A furnace or kiln in which the

high temperatures; also found in nature.

materials being heated are kept out of direct contact

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.15, mp 1810C.

with the heat source, the combustion being effected

Insoluble in water.

by heat reflected from the walls of the furnace.

Use: Refractories, glass.

See Mannheim furnace; reverberatory furnace.

See aluminum silicate.

muller. A device for uniform mixing of dry and

multicellular. Any organism which is composed

wetted solids by a combined rubbing and smearing

of many cells is termed multicellular.

action analogous to that of a mortar and pestle. It

consists of a stationary circular pan within which

multienzyme system. A group of related en-

two heavy wheel-like members, together with scrap-

zymes participating in a given metabolic pathway

ers (plows), revolve. The mulling wheels have flat,

and often channeling substrates from one to another.

wide surfaces (outer rims) that ride on the material

and effect the mixing action. Because the inner

edges of the wheels travel less distance than the

multifactorial. A characteristic influenced in its

outer edges, a smearing effect is provided across the expression by many factors, both genetic and envi-

866MULTIGENIC DISORDER

ronmental.

murotox.

CAS: 116397-83-2.

See polygenic disorder.

mf: C

O•C

•B

•10H

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

multigenic disorder. See polygenic disorder.

skin contact.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

multiple-effect evaporator. A series of evap-

orator bodies so connected that the vapor from one is

murvesco. See fenson.

the heating medium of the next.

muscone. See musk.

multiple proportions law. See chemical

laws (3).

muscovite. (white mica; potassium mica; isin-

glass). KAl

(AlSi

)(OH)

. A natural hydrous po-

multiplexing. A laboratory approach that per-

tassium aluminum silicate of the mica group.

forms multiple sets of reactions in parallel (simulta-

neously), greatly increasing speed and throughput.

musk.

CAS: 300-54-9.

“Multisorb” A.R. [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a

Properties: An unctuous, brownish, semiliquid

grade of manganese dioxide used as a solid absor-

when fresh; dried, in grains or lumps with color

bent for SO

and NO

in analytical chemistry.

resembling dried blood. Strong characteristic odor.

The odor-bearing constituent is muscone,

“Multiwax” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

O, a 15-carbon ring with ketone oxygen.

for refined microcrystalline wax obtained from

Derivation: (Natural) Secretion from preputial folli-

crude petroleum. Composed primarily of alkylated

cles of the musk deer. Synthetic: (1) Ketones and

naphthenes and isoparaffins, with small amounts of

lactones with 15- or 16-carbon rings, structurally

normal paraffins.

resembling the odoriferous principles of natural

musk, civet, and musky-type plants. Among these

“Multranil 176” [Bayer]. TM for a polymer

are ambrettolide, civetone, muscone, exaltolide. (2)

that in the solid form is similar in appearance to

Nitrated compounds, usually nitrated tert-butyl-tol-

SBR. A base resin of a two-component system that

uenes or xylenes or related compounds. The three

when mixed with the proper curing agents, forms a

most commonly used in perfumery are musk am-

versatile adhesive.

brette, musk ketone, and musk xylene.

Use: Cosmetics and perfumery (fixative), fragrances,

“Multrathane” [Bayer]. TM for a series of

mothproofing agent.

compounds used mainly in formulations for solid

urethane elastomers. Some are also used in the for-

musk tonalid. See ethanone, 1-(5,6,7,8-tetra-

mulations of spandex fibers, urethane coatings, and

hydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthalenyl)-.

adhesives.

mustard gas. Legal label name (Air) for dichlo-

municipal waste. See sewage sludge.

rodiethyl sulfide.

Muntz metal. An alloy containing approxi-

mustard oil. Any of several organic compounds

mately 60% copper and 40% zinc; a low percentage

having the formula R−N==C==S, in which R is an

of lead is sometimes added for free-cutting. It is

alkyl or aryl radical and −NCS an isothiocyanate

classified as a brass and used primarily for condens-

group. Its best-known member is allyl isothiocya-

er tube plates and other electrical applications. It is

nate, the characteristic ingredient of mustard oils.

formed by hot-working and is not amenable to cold-

See nitrogen mustard.

working.

Hazard: Irritant to mucous membranes.

See brass.

mustard oil, artificial. See allyl isothiocya-

murexide. C

nate.

Properties: Dark-red crystals. Partially soluble in

hot water; insoluble in alcohol.

mutagen. See mutagenic agent.

Use: Indicator.

mutagenic agent. (1) Any of a number of

muriatic acid. Obsolete name for hydrochloric

chemical compounds able to induce mutations in

acid. The related term, muriate, indicating presence

DNA and in living cells. The alkyl mustards, as well

of chlorine in an inorganic compound, is also obso-

as dimethyl sulfate, diethyl sulfate, and ethylmeth-

lete.

ane sulfonate, comprise a group of so-called alkylat-

ing agents, reacting with the nitrogen atoms of gua-

murine. Organism in the genus Mus. A rat or nine, a constituent of both RNA and DNA. This

mouse. reaction affects the guanine molecule in such a way

867 MYRAC ALDEHYDE

as to ultimately induce a mutation in DNA by depu-

“Mycostatin” [Bristol-Myers]. TM for nys-

tatin.

rination. Nitrous oxide can deaminate both guanine

and cytosine. If DNA having transforming activity

is exposed to such deamination conditions, it is

mycotoxin. A highly toxic principle produced by

slowly deactivated. Nitrous oxide also produces mu-

molds or fungi. One type, the aflatoxins, is produced

tants in whole cells, whole bacteriophage, some

by the Aspergillus flavus fungus; another is a mem-

viruses, and DNA having transforming ability. (2)

ber of the tricothecene group produced by the fusari-

Ionizing radiation.

um fungus. This has been identified in samples of

the so-called “yellow rain” in Southeast Asia, where

it is said to have been the cause of many deaths

mutagenicity. The capacity of a chemical or

among war refugees. Its presence there is subject to

physical agent to cause permanent genetic alter-

some conjecture, since the fusarium fungus cannot

ations.

germinate in the humid environment of that area.

See somatic cell genetic mutation.

There is substantial evidence (blood tests, autopsies,

and contaminated gas masks) that the former

mutarotation. The change in specific rotation of

U.S.S.R. have used such lethal agents in Afghani-

a sugar, as equilibrium between its alpha- and beta-

stan also.

anomeric and open chain forms occurs.

myelin. A unique, sheathlike structure that enc-

mutases. Enzymes that catalyze the transposition

loses major nerve trunks, somewhat like insulation

of functional groups.

around a wire. It is composed of approximately 80%

lipid, the balance being made up of proteins, poly-

mutation. Any heritable change in DNA se-

saccharides, salts, and water. The lipid fraction is

quence.

composed of sphingolipids and glycerophosphates,

See polymorphism.

which in turn contain long-chain fatty acids. It has a

low concentration of polyunsaturated lipids and

mutuality of phases. The rule that if two

high concentration of long-chain sphingolipids. Its

phases, with respect to a reaction, are in equilibrium

composition is essentially constant in different spe-

with a third phase at a certain temperature, then they

cies of animals and also between adults and infants.

are in equilibrium with respect to each other at that

The breakdown of the lipid structure of myelin is a

temperature.

characteristic of multiple sclerosis.

“Mylar” [Du Pont]. TM for a polyester film.

MVE. Abbreviation for methyl vinyl ether.

Seven available types used for electrical, industrial,

See vinyl methyl ether.

and packaging purposes.

Available forms: Roll and sheet.

mw. Abbreviation for molecular weight.

Mylone. A fungicide.

“MX” [Carborundum]. TM for fiber-bonded

See “Crag” [Dow].

abrasives.

Properties: High tensile strength and resistance to

myofibril. A unit of thick and thin filaments of

impact and heat shock, unusually resilient.

muscle fibers.

Use: Finishing and polishing flutes of taps, drill end

mills, reamers, etc.; removing burrs from milling

myoglobin. A protein-iron-porphyrin molecule

and drilling operations; breaking edges of cast alu-

similar to hemoglobin. The chief difference is that

minum parts, etc.; cleaning cast iron molds; remov-

myoglobin complexes one heme group per mole-

ing flash from molded plastics.

cule, whereas hemoglobin complexes four heme

groups.

MXDA. See m-xylene-␣,␣

′

-diamine.

See heme.

myclobutanil.

myo-inositol. See inositol.

CAS: 88671-89-0. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moterately toxic by ingestion, inhalation,

myokinase. An enzyme found in muscle and

and skin contact.

other tissues that catalyzes the reaction 2ADP ←→

Use: Food additive; fungicide.

ATP + AMP.

myosin. A protein, of molecular weight above

“Mycoban” [Pfizer]. TM for sodium and calci-

500,000, that is an essential component of muscular

um propionates. These salts inhibit the growth of

tissue and strongly affects its contractile properties.

many fungi and of some microorganisms, particu-

larly Bacillus mesentericus, for commercially sig-

nificant periods of time.

myrac aldehyde. See isohexenyl cyclohexe-

Use: Inhibit mold and rope in bakery products. nyl carboxaldehyde.

868MYRCENE

myrcene. (7-methyl-3-methylene-1,6-octa- myristyl alcohol. (1-tetradecanol).

diene). C

. A triply unsaturated aliphatic hydro- CAS: 112-72-1. C

OH.

carbon found in oil of bay, verbena, hops, and Properties: White solid. D 0.8355 (20/20C), bp

others. 264.1C (20 mm Hg) 171.5C, mp 38C, flash p 285F

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; pleasant odor. Bp (140.5C), bulk d 7.0 lb/gal (20C). Insoluble in water;

soluble in ether; partially soluble in ethanol. Com-

167C, d (80% myrcene) 0.806 (15.5/15.5C), refr

bustible.

index (81% myrcene) 1.471 (20C). Insoluble in wa-

Grade: Technical.

ter; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glacial

Use: Organic synthesis, plasticizers, antifoam agent,

acetic acid. Combustible.

intermediate, perfume fixative for soaps and cos-

Use: Preparation of perfume chemicals, flavoring.

metics, wetting agents and detergents, ointments

and suppositories, shampoos, toothpaste cold

myrcia oil. (bay oil; bayleaf oil). A yellow

creams, specialty cleaning preparations.

essential oil, slightly levorotatory.

Use: Bay rum, fragrances, and flavors.

myristyl chloride. See tetradecyl chloride.

myricyl alcohol. See 1-triacontanol and 1-

hentriacontanol.

myristyldimethylamine. CH

(CH

)

N(CH

)

A liquid cationic detergent; acid stable.

myricyl palmitate. C

•C

(approxi-

Use: Corrosion inhibitor.

mately). A wax ester found in beeswax.

myristyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.

myristic acid. (tetradecanoic acid).

(CH

)

NCl. A quaternary ammo-

CAS: 544-63-8. CH

(CH

)

COOH.

nium compound. Free-flowing powder.

Properties: Oily, white, crystalline solid. D 0.8739

Use: Surfactant and detergent.

(80C), bp 326.2C, 204.3C (20 mm Hg), mp 54.4C,

refr index 1.4310 (60C). Soluble in alcohol and

myristyl lactate. See “Ceraphyl.”

ether, soluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Fractional distillation of coconut acid

myristyl mercaptan. See tetradecyl thiol.

and other vegetable oils, occurs in sperm oil.

Grade: Technical, 99.8%, FCC.

myrrh. Gum resin obtained from various species

Use: Soaps, cosmetics, synthesis of esters for flavors

of Balsamodendron and Cammiphora.

and perfumes, component of food-grade additives.

Use: Perfumery, incense, and toiletries.

myristin. (glyceryl trimyristate).

“Mytab” [Hexcel].

(OOCC

)

. A triglyceride occurring, usual-

CAS: 1119-97-7. TM for myristyltrimethylammo-

ly to a small extent, in natural fatty oils.

nium bromide.

Use: Emulsifier; antibacterial.

myristoleic acid. (cis-tetradec-9-enoic acid).

See myristyltrimethylammonium bromide.

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COOH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp −4C. Found in fat

of some seeds and in fish oil.

myxin. (6-methoxy-1-phenazinol-5,10-dioxide).

CAS: 13925-12-7. C

myristoyl peroxide. (C

CO)

. Properties: Reddish, acicular crystals. Mp 120C.

Properties: Soft granules, 90% peroxide. Evolves heat near 150C and can decompose with

Hazard: Oxidizing materials, dangerous fire and ex- explosive violence at this temperature, soluble in

plosion risk. acetone.

Use: Catalyst for vinyl type monomers. Use: Bacteriostat and antifungal agent, antibiotic.