K. (1) Symbol for potassium (from Latin kalium). Grade: USP.

(2) symbol for Kelvin scale.

Use: Medicine (antibacterial).

k. Abbreviation for kilo-, as in kcal.

“Kansil” [PQ]. TM for potassium silicate.

Grade: Liquids, solids, and powders in SiO

K acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-4,6-disulfonic

weight ratio of 1.60 to 2.5.

acid). C

OH(SO

Use: Ceramics, welding rod coatings, detergents,

Derivation: Fusion of a naphthylamine trisulfonic

corrosion inhibitor, electronics, and inorganic

acid with sodium hydroxide.

coatings.

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

kaolin. (China clay).

kainic acid. ([2S-(2a,3b,4b)]-2-Carboxy-4-(1-

CAS: 1332-58-7. A white-burning aluminum sili-

methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid).

cate that, due to its great purity, has a high fusion

CAS: 487-79-6. C

point and is the most refractory of all clays. Compo-

Properties: White crystalline powder. Soluble in wa-

sition: Mainly kaolinite (50% alumina, 55% silica,

ter or dilute aqueous base.

plus impurities and water).

Use: To simulate brain degeneration in a laboratory

Properties: White to yellowish or grayish fine pow-

environment.

der. D 1.8–2.6. Darkens and develops clay odor

when moistened. Insoluble in water, dilute acids,

and alkali hydroxides; has high lubricity (slippe-

kainite. MgSO

•KCl•3H

riness). Noncombustible.

Properties: A natural, hydrated, double salt of potas-

Occurrence: Southeastern U.S., England, France.

sium and magnesium. White, gray, reddish, or color-

Grade: Technical, NF, also graded on basis of color

less solid; streak, colorless; vitreous luster. D

and particle size.

2.05–2.13, hardness 2.5–3. Contains 30% potassium

Hazard: TLV: TWA 2 mg/m

; Respirable Fraction;

chloride.

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Occurrence: Germany; one of the Stassfurt min-

Use: Filler and coatings for paper and rubber, refrac-

erals.

tories, ceramics, cements, fertilizers, chemicals (es-

Use: Chemicals (potassium salts), fertilizer (as such).

pecially aluminum sulfate), catalyst carrier, anticak-

See potash.

ing preparations, cosmetics, insecticides, paint,

source of alumina, adsorbent for clarification of

“Kalrez” [DuPont-Toray]. TM for engineer-

liquids, electrical insulators.

ing resins and high end specialty polymers.

See Toth process; kaolinite; aluminum silicate; clay;

“Pharmolin” [Engelhard].

kalsomine. See calcimine.

kaolinite. Al

•2SiO

•2H

O. A clay mineral

“Kamicryl 2089” [Kamsons]. TM for a wa-

rarely found pure, the main constituent of kaolin and

ter based overprint varnish hard nonfilm-forming

some other clays.

liquid.

Use: In high gloss varnish and water based inks.

kapok. Cottonlike fibers obtained from the seed

pods of various species of Ceiba and Bombax. Ex-

“Kamicryl Paint CP651” [Kamsons]. TM

tremely light and resilient but too brittle for spin-

for a vinyl acetate acrylic copolymer.

ning. Combustible; not self-extinguishing.

Use: In a superior quality emulsion paint.

Source: Indonesia, Philippines, Ecuador.

Use: Life jackets, insulation, pillows, upholstery.

“Kamicryl Thickner 5360” [Kamsons].

TM for a crosslinked acrylic copolymer emulsi-

karatavic acid.

fier.

CAS: 21800-49-7. mf: C

Use: Keeps pigment and filler in suspension and

Hazard: A poison.

prevents sedimentation.

kanamycin sulfate. “Karathane” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for an

CAS: 25389-94-0. C

•H

. A broad-

agricultural fungicide-miticide based on dinitro(1-

spectrum antibiotic. methylheptyl)phenyl crotonate, supplied as a wetta-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. De- ble powder or liquid concentration. May be com-

composes over a wide range above 250C. Soluble in bined with most other insecticides and fungicides,

water; practically insoluble in methanol and ethanol. except oil-based products.

724

725 “KE HEAVY DUTY”

Use: Controls powdery mildew and various species

“Katadyne” process. A proprietary method of

sterilizing water and other potable liquids with a

of mites on plants.

specially prepared form of silver.

See dinocap.

katapol vp-532.

karaya gum. (sterculia gum; India traga-

CAS: 63091-06-5.

canth; kadaya gum). A hydrophilic polysaccha-

Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

ride which exudes from certain Indian trees of the

genus Sterculia. Color varies from white to dark

katharometer. A gas and air detector instru-

brown or black.

ment. Its multiple uses include the comparison of

Properties: A carbohydrate polymer of varying

two gases via comparison of the rate of heat loss

chemical composition. The properties depend on

from heating coils surrounded by the gases. Also can

freshness and time of storage. Viscosity greatly de-

be used in gas chromatography as a detector and to

creases over 6 months storage. Forms a translucent

detect impurities in the air.

colloidal gel in water.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

kauri. A fossil (hard) copal resin, derived from

Use: Pharmaceuticals, textile coatings, ice cream and

the kauri pine (Agathis australis) of New Zealand.

other food products, adhesives, protective colloids,

Soluble in alcohols and ketones, acid value 60–80,

stabilizers, thickeners, emulsifiers.

must be heat-treated (cracked) before use in var-

See gum, natural.

nishes. Combustible.

Use: Varnishes and lacquers, paints, organic ce-

Karle, Jerome. (1918– ). An American physi-

ments, to evaluate the solvent power of hydro-

cal chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry

carbons.

along with Hauptman in 1985. He developed a series

of mathematical equations that allow determination

kauri-butanol value. A measure of the aro-

of phase information from X-ray crystallography

matic content and hence the solvent power of a

intensity patterns. The advent of computers allowed

hydrocarbon liquid. Kauri gum is readily soluble in

the use of the equations to determine the conforma-

butanol but insoluble in hydrocarbons. The kb value

tion of thousands of chemicals. The work was done

is the measure of the volume of solvent required to

at the Naval Research Laboratory in Washington,

produce turbidity in a standard solution containing

D.C. where Karle headed the Laboratory for the

kauri gum dissolved in butanol. Naphtha fractions

Structure of Matter.

have a kb value of about 30, and toluene about 105.

Karl Fischer reagent. A solution of iodine,

KB. Abbreviation for kilobase—one thousand

sulfur dioxide, and pyridine in methanol or methyl

bases.

“Cellosolve.”

Use: Determination of water.

Note: Do not confuse with Fischer’s reagent.

kcal. Abbreviation for kilocalorie; Cal has the

same meaning.

Karrer, Paul. (1889–1971). A recipient of the

Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1937 with Haworth.

K-capture. (K-radiation). A type of radioactive

Although born in Moscow, he attended European decay in which an electron is captured by an atomic

universities and received his doctorate in Zurich. He nucleus and immediately combines with a proton to

initiated work on flavins, carotenoids, and vitamins form a neutron. The product of this radioactivity has

A and B, and accomplished work on structure and the same mass number as the parent but the atomic

synthesis of vitamin B

as well as vitamins A and E. number is one unit less. Thus

iron with atomic

number 26 decays by K-capture to form

manga-

nese, with atomic number 25. Terms synonymous

karyogamy. A process of fusion of the nuclei of

with K-capture are K-electron capture and orbital

two cells; the second step in syngamy.

electron capture.

karyotype. A photomicrograph of an individu-

“KC Finings, Super-Kleer” [Home

al’s chromosomes arranged in a standard format

Brewery]. TM for is a two pouch system con-

showing the number, size, and shape of each chro-

taining liquid Kieselsol and chitosan finings.

mosome type; used in low-resolution physical map-

Use: In brewing.

ping to correlate gross chromosomal abnormalities

with the characteristics of specific diseases.

“KE-106A Natural Insecticide” [Kinzua].

TM for a limonene-based (non-toxic) insecticide.

“Kastone” [Du Pont]. (hydrogen peroxide)

Use: Safe for use around children.

CAS: 7722-84-1. TM for oxidizer and bleaching

agent.

Use: For textile and pulp bleaching, cyanide destruc-

“KE Heavy Duty” [Kinzua]. TM for a de-

tion, wastewater and sewage treatment, food pro- greaser.

cessing, electronics industry. Use: Environmentally safe degreaser.

726KEENE’S CEMENT

Keene’s cement. See gypsum cement. Kelvin scale. See absolute temperature.

“Kelzan” [Kelco]. TM for xanthan gum.

Kekule, August. (1829–1896). Born in Darms-

tadt, Germany, Kekule laid the basis for the ensuing

development of aromatic chemistry. His idea of a

“Kelzan XC” [Kelco]. TM for xanthan gum.

hexagonal structure for benzene in 1865 was a mon-

umental contribution to theoretical organic chemis-

“Kemamide” [ACH].

try. “This had been preceded in 1858 by the remark-

Properties: High-melting solids. TM for fatty am-

able notion that carbon was tetravalent and that

ides and bisamides.

carbon atoms could be joined to each other in mole-

Use: For slip agents and for friction reduction in

cules.” The theory of the benzene ring has been

polyolefin films. As process lubricants for styrenics

called the “most brilliant piece of scientific predic-

and PVC, mold release for phenolics, as antiblock

tion to be found in the whole field of organic chemis-

agents for polyolefins.

try, for besides promulgating the idea, he had pre-

dicted the number and types of isomers which might

“Kemester EGDS” [ACH]. (ethylene gly-

be expected in various substitutions on the ring” (L.

col distearate). TM for pearlizing agents.

B. Clapp).

Use: For shampoos, liquid soaps, and detergents.

“Kelacid” [Kelco]. TM for alginic acid.

“Kemstrene” [ACH]. TM for glycerin.

Use: For a solvent and humectant in cosmetics, liquid

“Kelate CU” [Tri-K].

soaps, confections, inks, lubricants, in polyester and

CAS: 14025-15-1. TM for copper disodium EDTA.

polyurethane formulations.

Use: Sequestering agent in cosmetics.

“Kenamine” [ACH]. TM for a series of

“Kelcoloid HVF” [Kelco]. TM for xanthan

straight-chain amines from primary through quater-

gum.

nary; available in chain lengths from C

through C

They are strongly hydrophobic and are biodegrad-

“Kel-F” [3M]. TM for a series of fluorocarbon

able.

products including polymers of chlorotrifluoroethy-

Use: Cationic intermediate, removal of moisture

lene and certain copolymers available as extrusion

from surfaces.

and molding powders, resins, dispersions, gums,

oils, waxes, and greases that are characterized by

“Ken-Cel” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of for-

high termal stability, resistance to chemical corro-

mulated blowing agent masterbatches.

sion, high dielectric strength, and high impact, ten-

sile, and compressive strength.

“Kencolor” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of dis-

Use: Corrosion control, contamination prevention,

persions based on silicone binders.

insulation, electrical equipment, molded and fabri-

Use: Pigmenting of silicone elastomers.

cated industrial equipment, lubricants, gyro and

damping fluids. Especially useful under extreme

“Ken-Cure” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of

conditions, including jet and space technology.

specialty curative chemicals.

See fluorocarbon polymer.

Kendall-Mattox reaction. Formation of a

“Kelgin” [Kelco]. TM for sodium alginates.

conjugated ketone from an ␣-bromoketone via a

phenylhydrazone or semicarbozone.

“Kelmar” [Kelco]. TM for potassium algi-

nates.

Kendrew, John C. (1917–1997). An English

molecular biologist who won the Nobel Prize for

kelp. A large coarse seaweed occurring chiefly off

chemistry in 1962 with Perutz. His work verified

the coast of California. It is a type of algae and is

Pauling’s earlier thesis concerning the ␣-helix struc-

mechanically harvested by specially equipped

ture of the polypeptide chain. After receiving his

barges. Dried kelp contains 2–4% ammonia, 1–2%

Ph.D. from Cambridge, he was science advisor to

phosphoric acid, 15–20% potash, and traces of io-

the allied air commander-in-chief during World

dine.

War II. He was also editor of the journal Molecular

Use: Fertilizers, plastics and conversion to methane

Biology.

by microorganisms; permissible chewing-gum

base.

“Kenflex” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of aro-

matic oligomers of dimethyl naphthalene and blends

“Keltex” [Kelco]. TM for alginate.

thereof.

Use: Processing and compounding aid for neoprene,

“Keltose” [Kelco]. TM for self-gelling algi- “Hypalon,” SBR, vinyl compounds and other plas-

nates. tics; potting compounds; protective coatings; paper

727 KEROSENE

and textile coatings; insecticides; ink; chemical syn- are generally harder than the fibrous collagen group

of proteins. The softer keratins are components of

thesis.

the external layers of skin, wool, hair, and feathers,

while the harder types predominate in such struc-

“Kenite” [World Minerals]. TM for diato-

tures as nails, claws, and hoofs. The hardness is

maceous earth and related products.

largely due to the extent of cross-linking by the

disulfide bonds of cystine by the mechanism shown

“Ken-Kem” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of

below:

specialty chemicals.

“Kenlastic” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of elas-

tomer-based dispersions of rubber chemicals.

Use: Dispersion for elastomers.

“Ken-Mag” [Kenrich]. TM for a bar form of

dispersed magnesium oxide.

Use: Curing of elastomers.

Keratins are insoluble in organic solvents but do

“Kenmix” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of paste

absorb and hold water. The molecules contain both

dispersions of rubber chemicals.

acidic and basic groups and are thus amphoteric.

Use: Dispersions for elastomers.

Use: Tablet coatings that dissolve only in the intes-

tines, foam extinguishers, protein hydrolyzates.

“Kenplast” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of plas-

ticizers based on aromatic hydrocarbons or deriva-

keratinase. A water-soluble, proteolytic enzyme

tives of cumyl phenol.

having the ability to digest the keratin in wool and

Use: Plasticizer for nitrile elastomers and reactive

other forms of hair, converting a portion of it to a

diluents for epoxy.

water-soluble form. It thus acts as a depilatory and is

used in removing hair from pelts and hides, as well

“Ken-React” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of

as from human skin. It is inactivated by heating to

organometallic coupling agents based on titanium,

100C.

zirconium, and aluminum.

Use: Bonding agents, polymer process aids, cata-

“Kerlone” [Searle]. TM for betaxolol hydro-

lysts, blowing agent activators, corrosion inhibitors,

chloride.

dispersing agents.

Use: Drug.

“Ken-React KR TTS‘” [Kenrich]. TM for

kernite. Na

•4H

O. A natural sodium borate

a series of alkyl titanates.

found in Kern County, California.

Available forms: Liquid, powder, and pellets.

Properties: Colorless to white, two good cleavages,

Use: Catalyst, intermediates for ceramic coatings.

luster vitreous to pearly. Mohs hardness 3, d 1.95.

Noncombustible.

“Ken-Stat” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of an-

Use: Major source of borax and boron compounds.

tistats based on combined neoalkoxy titanates or

combined neoalkoxy zirconates.

kerogen. The organic component of oil shale, it is

a bitumen-like solid whose approximate composi-

“Ken-Zinc” [Kenrich]. TM for a bar form of

tion is 75–80% carbon, 10% hydrogen, 2.5% nitro-

dispersed zinc oxide.

gen, 1% sulfur, and the balance oxygen. It is a

Use: Curing of elastomers.

mixture of aliphatic and aromatic compounds of

humic and algal origin and comprises a substantial

kepone. (chlordecone; decachlorooctahydro-

proportion of the shale; after fractionating and refin-

1,3,4-metheno-2H-cyclobuta[cd]pentalene-2-one).

ing, the oil is reported to yield 18% gasoline, 30%

CAS: 143-50-0. C

kerosene, 27% gas oil, 15% light lube oil, and 10%

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 350C (decom-

heavy lube oil.

poses). Soluble in acetic acid, alcohols, ketones,

acetone; slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: A carcinogen. Toxic by ingestion, inhala-

kerosene. (kerosine).

tion, and skin absorption. Manufacture and use have

CAS: 8008-20-6.

been prohibited.

Properties: Water-white, oily liquid; strong odor. D

Use: Insecticide, fungicide.

0.81, boiling range 180–300C, flash p 100–150F

(37.7–65.5C), autoign temp 444F (228C). Combus-

keratin. A class of natural fibrous proteins occur- tion properties can be greatly improved by a propri-

ring in vertebrate animals and humans, they are etary hydrotreating process involving a selective

characterized by their high content of several amino catalyst.

acids, especially cystine, arginine, and serine. They Derivation: Distilled from petroleum.

728KETAL

Hazard: Moderate fire risk, explosive limits in air

␤-ketoglutaric acid. (ADA, acetonedicarbox-

0.7–5.0%. Toxic by inhalation. ylic acid). HOOCCH

COCOOH

Use: Rocket and jet engine fuel, domestic heating, Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 135C (decom-

solvent, insecticidal sprays, diesel and tractor fuels.

poses). Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

benzene and chloroform.

Derivation: By heating dehydrated citric acid and

ketal. Organic compound produced by addition of

concentrated sulfuric acid together.

an alcohol to a ketone. Analogous to acetal.

Use: Organic synthesis.

See hemiketal.

␣-ketoglutaric acid, disodium salt.

ketene.

CAS: 305-72-6. mf: C

•2Na.

CAS: 463-51-4. H

C==C==O.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless gas; disagreeable odor. Readi-

ly polymerizes; cannot be shipped or stored in a

ketohexamethylene. See cyclohexanone.

gaseous state. Mp −151C, bp −56C.

Derivation: Pyrolysis of acetone or acetic acid by

ketone. A class of liquid organic compounds in

passing its vapor through a tube at 500–600C.

which the carbonyl group, C==O, is attached to two

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to skin

alkyl groups; they are derived by oxidation of secon-

and mucous membranes. TLV: TWA 0.5 ppm;

dary alcohols. The simplest member of the series is

STEL 1.5 ppm.

acetone, CH

C(O)CH

, but many more complex ke-

Use: Acetylating agent, generally reacting with com-

tones are known.

pounds having an active hydrogen atom; reacts with

Use: Solvents, especially for cellulose derivatives, in

ammonia to give acetamide. Starting point for mak-

lacquers, paints, explosives, and textile processing.

ing various commercially important products, espe-

See acetone; diethyl ketone; methyl ethyl ketone.

cially acetic anhydride and acetate esters.

ketone bodies. A group of molecules normally

ketimine. A type or class of curing agent for

produced in very low amounts, but increased

epoxy resins that makes it possible to use very-high-

amounts are found during fasting or in untreated

solids content coatings in spray equipment. Reacts

diabetes mellitus.

with epoxies very slowly and thus delays curing

time, which prevents setting up of the resin during

ketone, Michler’s. See

spraying operation. In presence of water or water

tetramethyldiaminobenzophenone.

vapor, ketimine breaks down to a polyamine and a

ketone. Epoxy coatings cured with ketimine should

ketonimine dye. A dye whose molecules con-

not exceed a thickness of 10 mils.

tain the −NH==C== chromophore group. There are

only two members in the class: auramine and a

4-ketobenzotriazine. (benzazimide; 4-keto-

closely related homolog, methyl aurin, in which a

(3H)-1,2,3-benzotriazine). C

O Bicyclic.

methyl group replaces one of the hydrogen atoms of

Properties: Tan powder. Mp 210C (decomposes).

aurin. These are basic dyes used on cotton with

Soluble in alkaline solutions and organic bases.

tannin or tartar emetic as mordant.

Use: Organic synthesis.

4-ketopentenal.

CAS: 5729-47-5. mf: C

1-keto-2,3-dihydrocyclopentindole oxime.

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 22942-83-2. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

␣-ketopropionic acid. See pyruvic acid.

keto-enol tauterism. A compound with iso-

ketose. A simple monosaccharide in which the

mers in equilibrium between the keto form

carbonyl group is a ketone.

−CH2−CO− and the enol form −CH==C(OH)−.It

occurs by migration of a hydrogen atom between a

ketosis. A metabolic condition in which the con-

carbon atom and the oxygen on an adjacent carbon.

centration of ketone bodies in the blood, tissues, and

See isomerization.

urine is abnormally high.

ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids with

␥-ketovaleric acid. See levulinic acid.

carbon skeletons that are metabolized to ketone bod-

ies. Contrast with the glucogenic amino acids.

“Kevlar” [Du Pont]. TM for an aromatic

polyamide fiber of extremely high tensile strength

␣-ketoglutaric acid. (2-oxopentanedioic and greater resistance of elongation than steel. Its

acid). HOOCCH

COCOOH. high energy-absorption property makes it particu-

Properties: Mp 113.5C. Soluble in water and alco- larly suitable for use in belting radial tires, for which

hol. Important in amino-acid metabolism. it was specifically developed; it is also used as a

729 KINETICS, CHEMICAL

reinforcing material for plastic composities in bul-

kinase. A kinase is in general an enzyme that

let-proof vests and in cordage products. catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from

See aramid. ATP to something else. In molecular biology, it has

acquired the more specific verbal usage for the

transfer onto DNA of a radiolabeled phosphate

Keyes process. A distillation process involving

group. This would be done in order to use the resul-

the addition of benzene to a constant-boiling 95%

tant “hot” DNA as a probe.

alcohol-water solution to obtain absolute (100%)

alcohol. On distillation, a ternary azeotropic mixture

kinematic viscosity. See viscosity.

containing all three components leaves the top of the

column while anhydrous alcohol leaves the bottom.

kinetic chain length. The average number of

The azeotrope (which separates into two layers) is

molecules of a monomer converted to a polymer for

redistilled separately for recovery and reuse of the

each active center formed in an initiation reaction.

benzene and alcohol.

kinetics, chemical. Chemical phenomena can

kg. Abbreviation for kilogram. Equals 1000

be studied from two fundamental approaches: (1)

grams.

thermodynamics, a rigorous and exact method con-

cerned with equilibrium conditions of initial and

Kick’s law. The amount of energy required to

final states of chemical changes; (2) kinetics, which

crush a given quantity of material to a specified

is less rigorous and deals with the rate of change

fraction of its original size is the same, regardless of

from initial to final states under nonequilibrium con-

the original size.

ditions. The two methods are related. Thermody-

namics, which yields the driving potential—a mea-

kier. A large metal tank or vessel in which wool or

sure of the tendency of a system to change from one

cotton fibers or fabrics are scoured, bleached, or

state to another—is the foundation upon which ki-

dyed, usually in an alkaline solution (kier boiling).

netics is built. The rate at which a change will occur

depends upon two factors: (1) directly with driving

kieselguhr. See diatomaceous earth.

force or potential, and (2) inversely with a resis-

tance. A measure of the tendency of a system to

kieserite. MgSO

•H

O. A natural magnesium

resist chemical change is the so-called activation

sulfate occurring in enormous quantities in the

energy, which is independent of the driving force or

Stassfurt salt beds (Germany), Austria, and India.

so-called free energy of the reaction. The diagram is

See magnesium sulfate.

a mechanical analogy illustrating the difference be-

tween activation energy and driving potential. The

Kiliani-Fischer synthesis. Extension of the

chemical system is represented by a sphere resting in

carbon atom chain of aldoses by treatment with

a valley. The initial equilibrium state, A, is at a

cyanide. Hydrolysis of the cyanohydrins followed

higher elevation than the final state, B. The differ-

by reduction of the lactone yields the homologous

ence in elevation between A and B is a measure of

aldose.

the free energy change of the reaction, that is, the

driving force that will take the system from A to B.

“killed” steel. Steel deoxidized by the addition

This quantity, ⌬G, is determined by the classical

of aluminum, ferrosilicon, etc., while the mixture is

methods of thermodynamics. Now A and B are equi-

maintained at melting temperature until all bubbling

librium states represented by the valleys. For the

ceases. The steel is quiet and begins to solidify at

system to go from A to B it must first overcome the

once without any evolution of gas when poured into

hill separating the valleys. The elevation of this hill

the ingot molds.

from the valley of the initial state is a measure of the

resistance to change in the system in going from A to

kiln. (1) A refactory-lined cylinder, either station-

B. The quantity ⌬G*, known as free energy of acti-

ary or rotary.

vation, is determined by the methods of kinetics.

Use: Calcination of lime, magnesia, cement, ores,

etc., and for incinerating gaseous, liquid, and solid

wastes.

(2) A furnace for firing ceramic products.

kilo-. Prefix meaning 10

units (symbol k), e.g., 1

1 kilogram

1,000 grams.

kilogram. (1) A mass identical with that of the

international kilogram at the International Bureau of The system of molecules that is undergoing reaction

Weights and Measures in France. It is the mass of a consists of these molecules in different energy

liter of water at 4C. (2) A force equal to the weight of states. If the temperature of a gas is raised, there is an

one kilogram mass, measured at sea level. increase in the energy of these states and hence an

730KINETIC THEORY

increase in the collisions of molecules which have many chemical awards, he was the recipient of the

the necessary activation energy; as a result, the rate Priestley Medal as well as distinguished Medals of

of the reaction will increase. Also, if by means of a Honor from three Presidents of the U.S. President

catalyst, the activiation energy is decreased, more Eisenhower appointed him as his assistant for sci-

colliding molecules will react and again the rate of ence and technology, and he was chairman of the

Science Advisory Committee from 1957 to 1963.

reaction will increase.

Among his many achievements in both chemistry

Note: Adapted from an article by Roger Gilmont in

and physics, he was a world-famous authority on

“Encyclopedia of Chemistry” Hampel and Hawley,

explosives. A key member of the Manhattan Project,

editors, 3rd ed., 1973.

he devised the detonating mechanism for the first

See thermodynamics, chemical; thermodynamics.

experimental atomic bomb in New Mexico, at which

time he was head of the Los Alamos Laboratory.

kinetic theory. A theory of matter based on the

Though he ranks high among those who developed

mathematical description of the relationship be-

the bomb, he perceived the awesome destructive

tween the volumes, temperatures, and pressures of

potential of nuclear weapons and became an ardent

gases (P-V-T phenomena). This relationship is sum-

opponent of their future use. Resigning from the

marized in the so-called gas laws as follows: (1)

Pentagon in 1967, he returned to teaching at Har-

Boyle’s law (at constant temperature the volume of a

vard. Among other distinguished organizations, he

gas is inversely proportional to its pressure); (2)

was a member of the Royal Society of London, the

Charles’s law (at constant volume the pressure

AAAS, and the ACS.

exerted by a gas is proportional to its absolute tem-

perature); (3) Avogadro’s law (equal volumes of the

Kjeldahl flask. A round bottom flask with a

same or different gases under the same conditions of

long wide neck that is used in the determination of

temperature and pressure contain the same number

nitrogen by Kjeldahl’s method.

of molecules).

The theory involves the basic concept of matter as

composed atoms and/or molecules that move more

Kjeldahl test. An analytical method for deter-

rapidly (gases) or vibrate more energetically (solids) mination of nitrogen in certain organic compounds.

as temperature increaes. Thus, crystals melt at a It involves addition of a small amount of anhydrous

point where the heat or energy input exceeds the potassium sulfate to the test compound, followed by

bond energy of the solid state. See kinetics, heating the mixture with concentrated sulfuric acid,

chemical; gas; thermodynamics. often with a catalyst such as copper sulfate. As a

result ammonia is formed. After alkalyzing the mix-

ture with sodium hydroxide, the ammonia is sepa-

kinetin. (6-furfurylaminopurine).

rated by distillation, collected in standard acid, and

CAS: 525-79-1. C

O. A plant growth regulator

the nitrogen determined by back-titration.

used to promote growth in bacterial cultures and as

dormancy breaker.

“Kjelgest” [Thomas]. TM for anhydrous gran-

ular magnesium perchlorate for use as a desiccant.

king’s green. See copper acetoarsenite.

“Kleanrol” [Du Pont]. TM for a soldering

kinin. (cytokinin). One of a group of plant

flux crystal based on zinc chloride and ammonium

growth regulators that promote cell division and

chloride.

differentiation.

See kinetin.

“Klearol” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for

a white mineral oil, technical grade, d 0.828–0.838.

Kipp’s apparatus. An apparatus for producing

Use: Cosmetic preparations, eggshell preservation.

a gas by the action of a liquid on a solid that consists

of three globes. The top one has a funnel-shaped

extension in to the bottom globe which stores the

Klein’s reagent. A saturated solution of cadmi-

liquid. The middle globe contains the solid. um borotungstate, formula variously given, possibly

2CdO•B

•18H

O, d 3.28.

Use: Separation of minerals by specific gravity.

Kishner cyclopropane synthesis. Forma-

tion of cyclopropane derivatives by decomposition

of pyrazolines formed by reacting ␣,␤-unsaturated

“Klucel” [Hercules]. TM for hydroxypropyl

ketones or aldehydes with hydrazine. cellulose.

Use: A thickener for paint removers, tablet binders,

aqueous film-coating polymers, sustained-release

Kistiakowsky, George B. (1900–1982).

matrix polymer for pharmaceuticals.

Born in Kiev, Russia, where he fought in the White

Russian Army, he studied in Germany under Max-

well Bodenheim, where he obtained his doctorate in

Klug, Aaron S. (1926– ). A South Afri-

chemistry. In 1926, he came to the U.S. and became can−born chemist who won the Nobel Prize for

an American citizen in 1933. For 41 years, he was chemistry in 1982 for his work with the electron

Professor of Chemistry at Harvard; in addition to microscope and research into the structure of nucleic

731 KOHLRAUSCH’S LAW

and protein complexes. He used crystallographic ed hydrazines, two structurally isomeric pyrazoles

electron microscopy to analyze the structures of are formed.

biologically important complex chemicals was

noteworthy. He was cited in particular for his estab-

Knorr pyrrole synthesis. Formation of pyr-

lishment of Fourier microscopy.

role derivatives by condensation of ␣-amino ke-

tones as such or generated in situ from isonitrosoke-

kneading. Blending of soft, plastic, semisolid

tones with carbonyl compounds containing active

materials into a uniform mixture by subjecting them

␣-methylene groups.

to a rolling pressure exerted by agitators of specific

shape rotating in trough-like containers. The action

Knorr quinoline synthesis. Formation of ␣-

is a combination of turning, folding, and pressing.

hydroxyquinolines from ␤-ketoesters and aryla-

The operation is used in processing bakery doughs,

mines above 100C. The intermediate anilide under-

printing inks, clays, and pastes of various types.

goes cyclization by dehydration with concentrated

See blend; sigma blade.

sulfuric acid.

knife. See doctor knife.

Knowles, William S. (1917– ). An American

born in Taunton, Massachusetts who won the Nobel

knock. Ignition of a portion of the gasoline in the

Prize for chemistry in 2001 for his pioneering work

cylinder head due to spontaneous oxidation reac-

concerning chirally catalysed hydrogenation reac-

tions rather than to the spark. It causes serious power

tions. He was awarded an undergraduate degree

loss, especially in high-compression engines.

from Harvard and worked many years for the Mon-

See octane number.

santo Corporation. Knowles received the ACS

Award for Creative Invention 1982.

knock-out experiment. A technique for delet-

ing, mutating or otherwise inactivating a gene in a

“KOALA-TY” [Accurate]. TM for laborato-

mouse. This laborious method involves transfecting

ry apparatus.

a crippled gene into cultured embryonic stem cells,

searching through the thousands of resulting clones

Koch acid. (1-naphthylamine-3,6,8,-trisulfonic

for one in which the crippled gene exactly replaced

acid).

the normal one (by homologous recombination),

and inserting that cell back into a mouse blastocyst.

The resulting mouse will be chimaeric but its germ

cells will carry the deleted gene. A few rounds of

careful breeding can then produce progeny in which

both copies of the gene are inactivated.

See gene; locus; model organisms.

Properties: White solid. Slightly soluble in water.

Knoevenagel condensation; Doebner

Derivation: Naphthalene-␤-sufonic acid is sulfonat-

modification. Condensation of aldehydes or

ed with 60% oleum at 165C, the resulting naphtha-

ketones with active methylene compounds (specifi-

lene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid is nitrated and the prod-

cally malonic ester) in the presence of ammonia or

uct reduced with iron.

amines; the use of malonic acid and pyridine is

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

known as the Doebner modification.

Koch-Haaf carboxylations. Formation of ter-

Knoop hardness. See hardness.

tiary carboxylic acids by treating alcohols with car-

bon monoxide in strong acid.

Knoop-Oesterlin amino acid synthesis.

Preparation of ␣-amino acids by catalytic hydro-

Kochi reaction. Synthesis of organic chlorides

genation of ␣-oxo acids in aqueous ammonia in the

by decarboxylation of carboxylic acids in the pres-

presence of platinum, palladium, or Raney nickel

ence of lead tetraacetate and lithium chloride.

catalysts, probably via an unstable iminocarboxy-

late ion intermediate.

Koenigs-Knorr synthesis. Formation of gly-

cosides from acetylated glycosyl halides and alco-

Knoop scale. Comparative hardness scale,

hols or phenols in the presence of silver carbonate or

ranges from glass (300–600) to diamond

silver oxide. The reaction proceeds with inversion of

(6000–6500).

configuration.

Knorr pyrazole synthesis. Formation of py-

razole derivatives from hydrazines, hydrazides,

Kohlrausch’s law. Ions have independent mi-

semicarbazides, and aminoguanidines by condensa- grations, and the conductance of a solution is the

tion with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds; with substitut- sum of the conductances of the anions and cations.

732KOH NUMBER

KOH number. In the electrometric titration of the liquid mixture results in an increase of the total

vapor pressure.

latex with KOH. the number of grams of KOH per

100 grams of rubber necessary to obtain a pH of

Kopp’s law. The molecular heat of a solid com-

10.7-11.

pound is an additive function of the atomic heat

capacities of its individual atoms. The molecular

Kohn, Walter (1923– ). Awarded Nobel Prize

volume of a liquid is equal to the sum of the atomic

in chemistry in 1998 jointly with John A. Pople for

volumes of its constituent atoms.

their pioneering contributions in developing meth-

ods that can be used for theoretical studies of the

korax.

properties of molecules and the chemical processes

CAS: 600-25-9. Generic name for 1-chloro-1-nitro-

in which they are involved. He performs his research

propane. ClCH

CH(CH

)NO

at the University of California at Santa Barbara.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 170.6C (745 mm Hg), flash p

144F (62.2C). Miscible with most organic solvents;

kojic acid. [5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-

slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

pyrone].

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Strong irritant. TLV: 2

CAS: 501-30-4. C

ppm.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 152–154C. Soluble in wa-

Use: Fungicide.

ter, acetone, alcohol; slightly soluble in ether; insol-

uble in benzene. Mildly antibiotic.

Kostanecki acylation. Formation of chro-

Derivation: Fermentation of starches and sugars by

mones or coumarines by acylation of o-hydroxyaryl

certain molds.

ketones with aliphatic acid anhydrides followed by

Use: Chemical intermediate, metal chelates, insecti-

cyclization.

cide, antifungal and antimicrobial agent.

“KR” [Kenrich]. TM for a prefix for a series of

kola. See cola.

monoalkoxy, chelate, and coordinate type titanates

and zirconates.

Kolbe electrolytic synthesis. Formation of

hydrocarbons by the electrolysis of alkali salts of

Kr. Symbol for krypton.

carboxylic acids (decarboxylative dimerization).

Krafft degradation. Conversion of carboxylic

Kolbe-Schmidt reaction. The preparation of

acids, especially of high molecular weight, into the

salicyclic acid or its derivatives from carbon dioxide

next-lower homolog by dry distillation of the alka-

and sodium or potassium phenolate.

line earth salt with the corresponding acetate, fol-

lowed by chromic acid oxidation of the methyl ke-

“Kolene” DGS Salt [Kolene]. TM for an

tone.

anhydrous molten oxidizing salt bath using a sodium

hydroxide base with additives necessary to provide

Krafft point. Temperature (°C) at which cogel

controlled chemical oxidizing and dissolving prop-

or crystal formation takes place in a soap solution

erties.

and produces opacity.

Use: Descaling of heat-treated and hot-work oxides

and scales; deglassing (removal of glass-drawing

kraft paper. A strong and relatively cheap paper

lubricants), investment, and silica removal; removal

made cheifly from pine by digestion with a mixture

of burned-in carbon deposits; cleaning of oils,

of caustic soda, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate,

greases, and organic materials from the surface of

and sodium sulfide. It is by far the largest volume

metals.

paper made in the U.S.

See holopulping process.

Komarowsky reaction. The reaction between

certain alcohols and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde in di-

“Kraton” 101 [Shell]. TM for a styrene-buta-

lute sulfuric acid solutions to give soluble colored

diene elastomer that requires no vulcanization,

complexes. 1,2-Propylene glycol gives a colored

while displaying most of the properties of conven-

product while ethylene glycol does not. The reaction

tional vulcanized polymers. White, free-flowing

has also been employed to determine cyclohexanol

crumb, readily soluble in a large number of commer-

in cyclohexanone.

cially used solvents.

Use: In pressure-sensitive wet lay-up and hot-melt

Kondakov rule. Olefins that add mineral acids

adhesives, dip coating, spraying, and spreading ap-

readily react with chlorine or bromine to give unsat-

plications.

urated monohalides; those that do not add mineral

acids readily form dihalides.

“Kraton Liquid l-207” [Ripplewood].

CAS: 103599-19-5. TM for a basic polymer liquid.

Konowaloff rule. The vapor over a liquid is Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

relatively rich in the component whose addition to icity by ingestion. A mild skin irritant.

733 “K-TEA ALGACIDE”

Krebs cycle. See TCA cycle. Properties: Colorless gas; odorless. Bp −152.9C (1

atm), fp −157.1C, d 2.818 (air

1), sp vol 4.61 cu ft/

lb (21C, 1 atm). Only slightly soluble in water.

“Krenite” 10 [Du Pont]. TM for a solution

Known to combine with fluorine at liquid nitrogen

of urea and ammonium nitrate in aqueous ammonia;

temperature by means of electric discharges or ion-

contains 43.5% nitrogen.

izing radiation to make KrF

and KrF

. These com-

Use: Manufacture of mixed fertilizers.

pounds decompose at room temperature. Noncom-

bustible.

“K-Resin” [Phillips]. TM for a styrene-butadi-

See noble gas.

ene copolymer.

Derivation: By fractional distillation of liquid air.

Use: Clear packaging, film, medical applications,

Air contains 0.000108% of krypton by volume.

and toys.

Use: Incandescent bulbs and fluorescent light tubes,

lasers, high-speed photography. Note: Solid krypton

Krohnke aldehyde synthesis. Transforma-

exists at cryogenic temperatures as a white, crystal-

tion of benzyl halides into aldehydes via their pyri-

line substance; mp 116K.

dinium salts which, on treatment with p-nitrosodi-

methylaniline, give nitrones. Hydrolysis of the

nitrones yields aldehydes.

krypton-86. Radioactive krypton of mass num-

ber 85.

Kroll process. A widely used process for ob-

Properties: Half-life 10.3 years. Radiations: ␤ with a

taining titanium metal. Titanium tetrachloride is re-

small component of ␥. Low radiotoxicity.

duced with magnesium metal at red heat and atmo-

Derivation: A fission product extracted from irradi-

spheric pressure, in the presence of an inert gas

ated nuclear fuel.

blanket of helium or argon. Magnesium chloride and

Available forms: Gas of high chemical purity, but

titanium metal are produced. The reaction is TiCl

mixed with other isotopes of krypton in sealed glass

2Mg → Ti + 2MgCl

. Essentially the same process is

flasks.

also used for obtaining zirconium.

See kryptonates.

Use: Activation of phosphors for self-luminous

“Kromatherm” [Pfizer]. TM for high-tem-

markers, detecting leaks, medicine to trace blood

perature pigments designed for silicone- and fluoro-

flow, and in measurement of standard meter.

carbon-resin-based paint vehicles.

kryptonates. Materials impregnated with kryp-

“Kronitex” [FMC]. TM for a series of synthet-

ton-85 in such a way that the radioactive atoms are

ic phosphate esters to replace such natural products

held within the crystalline lattice structure. Ele-

as tricresyl and cresyl diphenyl phosphates.

ments, alloys, glasses, inorganic compounds, rub-

Use: Flame-retardant plasticizers for vinyls, dust fil-

bers, and plastics have been so impregnated with

ter medium, gas additives, wood-treating chemical,

tracer atoms.

foam control.

krotiline.

“Krytox” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of hexaf-

CAS: 2971-38-2. mf: C

luroropropylene epoxide polymers of medium mo-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

lecular weight, used as lubricating oils and greases;

tion.

in high-temperature or corrosive conditions, good

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chemical inertness, even with boiling sulfuric acid;

low solubility in most solvents; good lubricity under

Kroto, Sir Harold W. (1939– ). A British

load; nonflammable, have thermal stability up to

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry

260C.

along with Robert F. Curl, Jr. and Richard E. Smal-

ley in 1996, the 100th anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s

“K-Selectride” [Sigma-Aldrich]. TM for po-

death. The trio won for the discovery of the C

tassium tri-sec-butylborohydride, 1.0 molar solu-

compound called buckminsterfullerene. He re-

tion in tetrahydrofuran. KB[CH(CH

]

ceived a Ph.D. from the University of Sheffield.

Properties: Moisture-sensitive liquid. Mw 222.27, d

See buckminsterfullerene; Curl, Robert F., Jr.; Smal-

0.913, fp –17C.

ley, Richard E.

Hazard: Flammable liquid, handle under nitrogen.

Use: Stereoselective reduction of ketones; conjugate

“Krum” [Silbrico]. TM for horticultural per-

reduction and alkylation of ␣,␤-unsaturated ke-

lite.

tones.

krypton.

CAS: 7439-90-9. Kr. Element of atomic number 36, “K-Tea Algacide” [Agrisel]. TM for an alga-

noble-gas group of the periodic table, aw 83.80, cide.

valence

2 (possibly others), has six stable isotopes Use: To kill most forms of algae in lakes and fish

and a number of artificially radioactive forms. hatcheries, rivers, streams, and golf course waters.

734KTPP

KTPP. Abbreviation for potassium tripolyphosp- “Kuron” [Dow]. TM for a hormone-type weed

hate. and brush killer.

Kucherov reaction. Hydration of acetylenic

Kurroll’s salt. NaPO

(IV). A high-tempera-

hydrocarbons with dilute sulfuric acid in the pres-

ture crystalline form of sodium metaphosphate.

ence of mercuric sulfate or boron trifluoride as cata-

lyst.

“Kuzo” [Afrocare]. TM for a beeswax formu-

lation.

Kuhn, Richard. (1900–1967). A German

Use: For dreadlocks and braid ends.

chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1938. He

worked on cartinoids and synthetic vitamins and

discovered the chemical formula for vitamin B

.He

kyanite. (cyanite; disthene; rhoetizite).

also discovered a method for dissolving symplexes

.SiO

. A mineral.

from plants using invert soaps. He received his PhD

in Munich, and went on to teach in Switzerland.

“Kydex” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for a thermo-

formed acrylic polyvinyl chloride alloy plastic

Kuhn-Roth method for C-methyl

sheet.

determination. Oxidation of organic com-

Use: Housings, trays, covers, containers, protective

pounds with chromic and sulfuric acids in such a

guards, and decorative parts exposed to severe ser-

manner that the C-methyl groups are converted to

vice conditions.

acetic acid which can be assayed volumetrically.

The method has been modified and extended (1) to

“Kynol” [Carborundum]. TM for a flame-re-

saturated fatty acids and alcohols containing up to

sistant fiber available as 1.5 inch staple, 1.7 denier. It

about 20 carbon atoms, and (2) to aliphatic long-

is a cross-linked, amorphous phenolic polymer,

chain compounds of very high molecular weight.

inert to all solvents and with fair resistance to oxidiz-

ing acids and strong alkalies. Will not ignite up to

Kuhn-Winterstein reaction. Conversion of

2500C, but will char slowly at 260C. Potential uses

1,2-glycols into trans olefins by reaction with di-

are as ablative agent in spacecraft, flameproof ap-

phosphotetraiodide (P

) or other halogenated re-

parel, protective clothing, etc.

agents. This reaction is useful in the preparation of

See ablation.

polyenes.

“K-Universal Line Klisters” [Swix]. TM kynurenine. C

. An amino acid that is a

for ski wax. metabolic product of tryptophan.

Use: Versatile wax products utilizing newest raw Use: Biochemical and nutritional research, especially

materials. in connection with B-complex deficiencies.