J acid. (2-amino-5-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid). saponification number 220, iodine number 10-15.

Combustible.

Derivation: From a species of Rhus by boiling the

fruit in water.

Use: Candles, floor waxes, polishes, substitute for

beeswax, food packaging.

Japp-Klingemann reaction. Formation of

Properties: Gray needles, white when pure. Soluble

hydrazones by coupling of aryldiazonium salts with

in hot water; sparingly soluble in cold water.

active methylene compounds in which at least one of

Derivation: ␤-naphthylamine sulfate is sulfonated

the activating groups is acyl or carboxyl. This group

with 66% oleum, the filtrate yields 2-naphthyl-

usually cleaves during the process.

amine-1,5,7-trisulfonic acid. On reaction with dilute

sulfuric acid at 125C, this yields 2-naphthylamine-

“Jarcoal” [Jarchem].

TM for potassium ace-

5,7-disulfonic acid; from this J acid is obtained on

tate based fluid.

reaction with 58% sodium hydroxide solution at

Use: For spraying interior of coal barge, rail cars, and

200C and 210 psi.

trailers to prevent freezeup.

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

“Jaracol” [James Robinson]. TM for a line

J acid urea. See 5,5

′

-dihydroxy-7,7

′

-disulfon-

of hair dye intermediates.

ic-2,2

′

-disulfonic-2,2

′

-dinaphthylurea.

“Jargrip” [Jarchem]. TM for a potassium ace-

Jacobsen rearrangement. Reaction of po-

tate based fluids.

lymethylbenzenes with concentrated sulfuric acid to

Use: For deicing runways.

give rearranged polymethylbenzenesulfonic acids.

Under identical conditions, halogenated polyme-

jar mill. An assembly of small ceramic jars con-

thylbenzenes undergo disproportionation.

taining porcelain or flint pebbles; the jars are often

arranged in parallel tiers, each containing four or

Jacquemart’s reagent. Analytical reagent

more jars, each tier being mounted on a rotating

used to test for ethyl alcohol. Consists of an aqueous

shaft. Such mills are used for production of small

solution of mercuric nitrate and nitric acid.

quantities of pulverized material.

See ball mill; pebble mill.

Janovsky reaction. Reaction of aldehydes and

ketones containing ␣-methylene groups with m-din-

jasmine absolute.

See oil of jasmine.

itrobenzenes in the presence of a strong base, result-

ing in the formation of an intense purple coloration,

jasmine aldehyde. See ␣-amylcinnamic alde-

used for the detection of carbonyl compounds. The

hyde.

color is due to the formation of a Meisenheimer

complex.

jasmine oil. An essential oil in perfumery and

flavoring. It is dextrorotatory.

Japan. A varnish yielding a hard, glossy, dark-

colored film. Japans are usually dried by baking at

jamolin. C

. Insecticidal principle of py-

relatively high temperatures (ASTM D 16–52). True

rethrum.

Japan varnishes contain a strongly irritating chemi-

cal, more recent types contain kauri or copal resin,

jasmone. (3-methyl-2-(2-pentenyl)-2-cyclopen-

linseed oil, lead oxide, pigments, and solvents such

ten-1-one).

as kerosene or turpentine.

CAS: 488-10-8. C

O. A ketone found in jasmine

Hazard: Flammable, irritant to eyes and skin.

oil and other flower oils.

Use: Coatings for miscellaneous wood and metal

Properties: Odor of jasmine. D 0.944 (22/0C).

products.

Use: Perfumery.

Japan wax. (Japan tallow; sumac wax).

Properties: Pale-yellow solid; tallowlike rancid jatrophone.

A diterpenoid growth inhibitor iso-

odor. Contains 10–15% palmatin and other glycer- lated from an alcohol extract of the plant Jatropha

ides. Soluble in benzene and naphtha; insoluble in gossypiifolia. Its unique structure includes a 12-

water and in cold alcohol. D 0.970–0.980, mp 53C, membered ring. It is readily attacked by nucleo-

721

722JAVEL WATER

philes. Useful in study of tumor growth inhibition types with somewhat different compositions and

properties have been used.

and other biochemical research.

Jetset. A fast-setting cement developed by the

Javel water. NaHClO.

Portland Cement Association. Reported to harden in

Use: A bleach.

20 minutes after pouring. Accelerating agent has not

been disclosed.

“Jayflex” [Exxon Chemical International].

TM for a plasticizer.

JH. (methyl-cis-10,11-epoxy-7-ethyl-3,11-di-

methyl-trans,trans-2,6-tridecadienoate). A syn-

“Jeffamine” [Texaco]. TM for polyoxypropy-

thetic hormone containing a 13-carbon chain; said to

leneamines.

have possibilities as an insecticide. It acts by pre-

Grade: 3 diamine, 1 triamine.

venting insects from maturing. Its future depends on

Available forms: Liquid.

the possibility of large-scale production.

Hazard: Corrosive.

See juvenile hormone.

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resin systems in adhe-

sives, elastomers, and foam formulations, and as an

“JHR Compound” [Barium]. TM for a ther-

intermediate for textile and paper-treating chem-

moplastic compound impervious to mineral acid;

icals.

does not decompose hydrogen peroxide.

Use: To coat interiors of tanks and containers for

jelly. A modified form of the word gel widely used

shipment of hydrogen peroxide, acids, etc.

in popular language but also used in chemical litera-

ture to refer to the mechanical strength of the gel

“Jiffix” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for an acid-hard-

structures occurring with pectins, gelatin, and vari-

ening, ammonium thiosulfate fixing bath. Ready-

ous natural gums. “Jelly strength” is frequently

mixed and rapid-acting.

specified in the food industry. Other uses of the word

are found in “petroleum jelly” obtained as a distilla-

“JinBest Paste” [Jinicolor]. TM for a semi

tion product of petroleum residues (petrolatum) and

discharge paste.

in the so-called royal jelly, a natural nutrient mixture

of proteins and carbohydrates produced by bees as

“JIN Print” [Jinicolor]. TM for a synthetic

food for the queen bee.

thickener for pigment printing.

See gel.

Joint European Torus. See JET.

“Jel-O-Mer” [Reichhold]. TM for a thixo-

tropic additive used in coatings.

jojoba oil.

Properties: Colorless, odorless, waxy liquid; chemi-

Jenner, Edward. (1749–1823). An English

cally similar to sperm oil.

physician, Jenner studied medicine in London and

Derivation: By crushing seeds of an evergreen desert

established his practice in the rural area of Glouces-

shrub found in southwestern U.S. and northern Mex-

tershire. Here he discovered the technique of vacci-

ico. Experimental cultivation in California and Isra-

nation as a preventive of smallpox (1776). The idea

el. Yield of oil from seeds approaches 50%.

of utilizing cowpox, a disease of cattle, as a protec-

Use: Substitute for sperm oil, especially in transmis-

tive medium was suggested by his observation that

sion lubricants, high-pressure lubricant, antifoam

personnel working in dairies developed immunity to

agent (antibiotic fermentation), substitute for car-

smallpox after contracting the much milder cowpox.

nauba wax and beeswax, cosmetic preparations.

Jenner’s work not only led to almost complete elimi-

nation of smallpox in Europe, but also anticipated

Joliot-Curie, Frederick. (1900–1958). A

the development of immune reactions by Pasteur a

French physicist who, along with his wife Irene

century later. His success was no accident, but rather

Joliot-Curie, won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in

the result of detailed observations from which he

1935. His important discoveries included artificial

drew correct conclusions. He was a scientist of the

radioactivity. He did much work on atom structure,

highest caliber and a noteworthy benefactor of man-

dematerialization of electrons, and inverse transfor-

kind.

mation. Work on hormone synthesis and thyroid

substances containing radioactively labeled ele-

JET. Abbreviation for Joint European Torus, an

ments was significant. ScD from the University of

experimental nuclear fusion device in England. It is

Paris was followed by a distinguished career filled

a project jointly undertaken by several European

with honors and appointments.

countries.

See tokamak; fusion.

Joliot-Curie, Irene. (1897–1956). A French

nuclear scientist who won the Nobel Prize for chem-

jet fuel. A fuel for jet (turbine) engines, usually a istry with her husband Frederic Joliet-Curie. Their

petroleum distillate similar to kerosine. A number of joint work involved production of artificial radioac-

723 JUVENILE HORMONE

tive elements by using ␣-rays to bombard boron.

Jourdan-Ullmann-Goldberg synthesis.

Synthesis of substituted diphenylamines. The re-

They discovered that hydrogen-containing material

action products can be used as intermediates in the

when exposed to what they considered ␥-rays would

synthesis of acridones.

emit protons. They were involved in many firsts:

they gave the first chemical proof of artificial tran-

smutation and of capture of alpha particles, and were

juglone. See 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone.

the first to prepare positron emitters. Her career

started with a Sc.D., at the University of Paris, and

included scores of honors and awards.

juniper tar oil. (oil of cade, cade oil, oleum

cadium). Chief constitutent is cadinene, a sesquiter-

Jones oxidation. The oxidation of primary and

pene.

secondary alcohols to acids and ketones by the addi-

Properties: Yellow oil. D 0.980–1.055. Soluble in

tion of the calculated amount of chromic anhydride

alcohol.

in dilute sulfuric acid to a solution of the alcohol in

Derivation: By product of distillation of Juniperus

acetone. This procedure does not attack triple bonds

oxycedrus

or shift double bonds into conjugation with the ke-

tone formed in the oxidation.

junk DNA. (non-coding DNA). Stretches of

DNA that do not code for genes; most of the genome

jonkmari, extract.

consists of so-called junk DNA which may have

CAS: 84929-59-9.

regulatory and other functions.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

jute. Bast fibers, 4–10 ft long, obtained from the

jordan. See beater.

stems of several species of Corchorus, especially C.

capularis. Contains a higher proportion of lignin

Joule-Thomas coefficient. The change in

and less cellulose than any other commercial vegeta-

temperature per atmosphere change of pressure on a

ble fiber and has relatively poor strength and dura-

gas or other fluid when the enthalpy remains con-

bility. The fibers are soft and lustrous but lose

stant. It is found by measuring the temperature

strength when wet. Combustible. Not self-extin-

change from T

′

to T when the pressure p

′

of a gas on

guishing.

one side of a porous plug changes to Phosphorus on

Hazard: Flammable in form of dust, may ignite

the other side. The change of temperature (T

′

– T)

spontaneously when wet.

and of (p

′

– p) are measured under conditions such

Use: Burlap, sacking, linoleum, twine, carpet back-

that no heat is gained or lost, and the pressure of the

ing, packing, coarse paper.

plug is great enough to insure a nearly constant

pressure in the incoming and outgoing gas. The ratio

juvenile hormone. One of several hormones

of (T

′

– T)/(p

′

– p) at several pressure ranges is

that retard the development of insects in the larval

extrapolated to the limiting case as (p

′

– p) ap-

stage; so called because they prevent the insect from

proaches zero. This limiting value is the Joule-

maturing by maintaining its juvenile characteristics.

Thomson coefficient, ␮. Thus,

Obtained naturally from silk moths; various synthe-

ses indicate possible use as insecticides, especially

for fire ants. Composition of one type is C

See JH.