F. Symbol for fluorine; the molecular formula is plex, especially if its exact chemical nature is un-

known or if its function in cellular metabolism has

not been elucidated. Several of the B-complex vita-

mins were originally referred to as factors until their

F1. See filial generation.

identity had been established by research. There are

a number of blood-coagulation factors.

F2. See filial generation.

See Rh factor.

FAB. Abbreviation of fast atom bombardment.

facultative. See bacteria.

fabric. A textile structure composed of mechani-

facultative cells. Cells that can live in the pres-

cally interlocked fibers or filaments. It may be ran-

ence or absence of oxygen.

domly integrated (nonwoven) or closely oriented by

warp and filler strands at right angles to each other

(woven). While the word usually refers to wool,

FAD. (flavin adenine dinucleotide). The coen-

cotton, or synthetic fibers, fabrics can also be made

zyme of some redox enzymes. It contains riboflavin.

of glass fiber and graphite.

Fahrenheit. The scale of temperature in which

fabrication. The molding, forming, machining,

212 degrees is the boiling point of water at 760 mm

assembly, and finishing of metals, rubber, and plas-

Hg and 32 degrees is the freezing point of water. The

tics into end-use products. In the paper industry, the

scale was invented by a German physicist, G. D.

term converting is used in this sense.

Fahrenheit (1686–1736), who introduced the use of

mercury instead of alcohol in thermometers. The

“Fabrikoid” [Du Pont]. TM for pyroxylin- entry for centigrade contains a method of converting

coated fabrics that are water-resistant and soap and from Fahrenheit to centigrade. The entry for abso-

water washable. lute temperature contains a method for converting

Use: Book binding, luggage. Fahrenheit to absolute Rankine.

See centigrade.

“Fabrilite” [Du Pont]. TM for vinyl-coated

fabrics and selected vinyl compounds without fabric

falecalcitriol.

See hexafluorocalcitriol.

backing.

Use: Pocketbooks, bags, upholstery, etc.

fallout. Deposition on the earth of the radioactive

particles resulting from a nuclear explosion, e.g.,

“Fabrisoil” [Phillips]. TM for engineered

strontium-90.

nonwoven fabric.

Use: Landfill daily cover.

“Falone” [Uniroyal]. TM for tris(2,4-dichlo-

rophenoxyethyl) phosphite.

face-centered cubic structure. An internal

Properties: Viscous, amber liquid. D 1.434, mp

crystal structure, determined by X rays, in which the

70–72C. Soluble in benzene, xylene and aromatic

equivalent points are at the corners of the unit cell

hydrocarbons; insoluble in water; available as an

and at the centers of the six faces of a cube.

emulsifiable concentration and a granular solid.

Use: A preemergence herbicide.

F acid. See Casella’s acid.

famphur. (famophos; (generic name for O,O-

facilitated diffusion. Diffusion of a molecule

dimethyl-O-[p-(dimethylsulfa-

across a biological membrane via a protein trans-

moyl)phenyl]phosphorothioate).

porter down a concentration gradient. Also called

CAS: 52-85-7. (CH

P(S)OC

N(CH

)

passive diffusion.

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 55C. Very solu-

ble in chloroform and carbon tetrachloride; slightly

soluble in water.

factice. (vulcanized oil). A soft, mealy material

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

made by reaction of sulfur or sulfur chloride with a

stricted.

vegetable oil.

Use: Insecticide.

Use: Erasers, rubber goods (bath spray tubing, etc.) to

give soft “hand.”

“Fanal” [BASF]. TM for phosphotungstic

factor. A term used chiefly by biochemists to lakes. Characterized by brilliancy of shade and good

indicate any member of a biologically active com- fastness to light.

548

549 FATTY ACID

Use: Printing inks. the only distinction being that fats are solid at room

temperature and oils are liquid. The term fat usually

refers to triglycerides specifically, whereas lipid is

faraday. The quantity of electricity that can depo-

all-inclusive.

sit (or dissolve) one gram-equivalent weight of a

See lipid.

substance during electrolysis (approximately

96,500 coulombs).

fat dyes. Oil-soluble dyes for candles, wax, etc.

Faraday, Michael. (1791–1867). A native of

fatigue. Incremental weakening of a material as a

England, Faraday did more to advance the science of

result of repeated cycles of stresses that are far lower

electrochemistry than any other scientist. A pro-

than its breaking load, ending in failure. For metals,

found thinker and accurate experimentalist and ob-

to which the term usually refers, the number of low-

server, he was the first to propound correct ideas as

stress cycles may be of the order of 10

. Failure is

to the nature of electrical phenomena, not only in

due to development of cumulative imperfections in

chemistry but in other fields. His contributions to

the crystal structure, with consequent minute interi-

chemistry include the basic laws of electrolysis,

or cracks. Gear failure is often caused by fatigue. It

electrochemical decomposition (the basis of corro-

has been reported in experimental windmills for

sion of metals) of battery science, and electrometal-

power generation in which steel blades have failed

lurgy. His work in physics led to the invention of the

after a few hundred hours of operation due to centrif-

dynamo. Faraday was in many respects the exemp-

ugal stress. In elastomeric materials, fatigue in-

lar of a true scientist, combining meticulous effort

volves complete dissipation of their resilient energy

and interpretive genius.

by repeated cycles of low-order stresses.

farnesol. (generic name for 3,7,11-trimethyl-

2,6,10-dodecatrienol).

fat liquoring agent. An oil-in-water emulsion

CAS: 4602-84-0. C

OH. usually made from raw oils such as neatsfoot, cod,

Properties: Colorless liquid; delicate floral odor. D etc., made soluble by dispersing agents such as sul-

0.885 (15C), bp 145–146C (3 mm Hg). Soluble in fonated oils.

three volumes of 70% alcohol. Combustible. Use: Leather processing to replace natural oils re-

Derivation: Found in nature in many flowers and moved from hides by tanning operations.

essential oils such as cassia, neroli, cananga, rose, See neatsfoot oil; emulsion.

balsams, ambrette seed.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, insect hormone.

fat splitting. See hydrolysis.

fast. (1) Descriptive of a dye or pigment whose

fatty acid. A carboxylic acid derived from or

color is not impaired by prolonged exposure to light,

contained in an animal or vegetable fat or oil. All

steam, high temperature, or other environmental

fatty acids are composed of a chain of alkyl groups

conditions. Inorganic pigments are normally superi-

containing from 4 to 22 carbon atoms (usually an

or in this respect to organic dyes. (2) In nuclear

even number) and characterized by a terminal car-

technology, the term refers to neutrons moving at

boxyl group −COOH. The generic formula for men-

the speed at which they emerge from a ruptured

tioned acetic is CH

(CH

)

COOH (the carbon atom

nucleus as opposed to “slow” or thermal neutrons

count includes the carboxyl group). Fatty acids may

whose speed has been reduced by impinging on a

be saturated or unsaturated (olefinic), and solid,

neutral substance called a moderator. Fast neutrons

semisolid, or liquid. They are classed among the

are used in breeder reactors.

lipids, together with soap and waxes. Saturated: A

fatty acid in which the carbon atoms of the alkyl

fast atom bombardment. (FAB). One of

chain are connected by single bonds. The most im-

several techniques for ionizing solids from solu-

portant of these are butyric (C

), lauric (C

), palmi-

tions. In FAB, a thin film of the dissolved solid to be

tic (C

), and stearic (C

). They have a variety of

analyzed is bombarded with fast atoms. These dislo-

special uses (see specific entry). Stearic acid leads

cate ions by impact; the ions are then analyzed by

all other fatty acids in industrial use, primarily as a

mass spectroscopy. Peptide ions with molecular

dispersing agent and accelerator activator in rubber

weight of approximately 6000 have been produced

products and soaps. Unsaturated: A fatty acid in

and analyzed by this method.

which there are one or more double bonds between

the carbon atoms in the alkyl chain. These acids are

fastogen super magneta r. See 2,9-dime-

usually vegetable derived and consist of alkyl chains

thylquinacridone.

containing 18 or more carbon atoms with the charac-

teristic end group −COOH. Most vegetable oils are

fat. A glyceryl ester of higher fatty acids such as mixtures of several fatty acids or their glycerides;

stearic and palmitic. Such esters and their mixtures the unsaturation accounts for the broad chemical

are solids at room temperature and exhibit crystal- utility of these substances, especially of drying oils.

line structure. Lard and tallow are examples. There The most common unsaturated acids are oleic, lin-

is no chemical difference between a fat and an oil, oleic, and linolenic (all C

). Safflower oil is high in

550FATTY ACID ENOL ESTER

linoleic acid, peanut oil contains 21% linoleic acid, of carbons in each. The length varies from 8 to 22

olive oil is 38% oleic acid, palmitoleic acid is abun-

carbon atoms.

dant in fish oils. Aromatic fatty acids are now avail-

Derivation: Fatty acids are treated with ammonia

able.

and heated to form fatty acid amides which are

See phenylstearic acid.

converted to nitriles and reduced to the amine.

Note: Linoleic, linolenic, and arachidonic acids are

Use: Organic bases, soaps, plasticizers, tire cords,

called essential fatty acids by biochemists because

fabric softeners, water-resistant asphalt, hair condi-

such acids are necessary nutrients that are not syn-

tioners, cosmetics, medicinals.

thesized in the animal body.

Use: Special soaps, heavy-metal soap, lubricants,

fatty ester. A fatty acid with the active hydrogen

paints and lacquers (drying oils), candles, salad oil,

replaced by the alkyl group of a monohydric alco-

shortening, synthetic detergents, cosmetics, emulsi-

hol. The esterification of a fatty acid, RCOOH, by an

fiers.

alcohol, R

′

OH, yields the fatty ester RCOOR

′

. The

most common alcohol used is methanol, yielding the

methyl ester RCOOCH

. The methyl esters of fatty

fatty acid enol ester. A fatty acid reacted with

acids have higher vapor pressures than the corre-

enolic form of acetone for the purpose of increasing

sponding acids and are distilled more easily.

the chemical reactivity of the acid. Stearic acid (18-

carbon) combined with acetone (3-carbon) gives

isopropenyl stearate (21-carbon). This is effective in

fatty nitrile. (RCN). An organic cyanide de-

making the fatty stearoyl group available for synthe-

rived from a fatty acid.

sis of polymers, medicinals, and the like.

Derivation: Fatty acids are treated with ammonia

See fatty ester.

and heated to form fatty acid amides, which are

converted to nitriles.

Use: Intermediates for fatty amines, lubricating oil

fatty acid pitch. A by-product residue from (1)

additives, plasticizers.

soap stock and candle stock manufacture; (2) refin-

ing of vegetable oils; (3) refining of refuse greases;

faujasite. Na

CaO•Al

•5SiO

•10H

O. A min-

and (4) refining of wool grease.

eral.

Properties: Dark-brown to black. Properties anal-

Use: Zeolite; molecular sieve.

gous to complex hydrocarbons, contains fixed car-

bon (5–35%), soluble in naphtha and carbon disul-

fide.

Favorskii-Babayan synthesis. Synthesis of

Use: Manufacture of black paints and varnishes, acetylenic alcohols from ketones and terminal acet-

tarred papers, printers’ rolls, rubber filing agent, ylenes in the presence of anhydrous alkali.

impregnating agent, electrical insulations, marine

caulking, waterproofing, sealant.

Favorskii rearrangement. Base-catalyzed

rearrangement of ␣-haloketones to acids or esters.

The rearrangement of ␣,␣

′

-dibromocyclohexanones

fatty alcohol. A primary alcohol (from C

to 1-hydroxycyclopentanecarboxylic acids, fol-

), usually straight chain. High molecular weight

lowed by oxidation to the ketones, is known as the

alcohols are produced synthetically by the Oxo and

Wallach degradation.

Ziegler processes. Those from C

to C

are oily

liquids; those greater than C

are solids. Other meth-

FBR. Abbreviation for fast breeder reactor.

ods of production are (1) reduction of vegetable seed

See breeder.

oils and their fatty acids with sodium; (2) catalytic

hydrogenation at elevated temperatures and pres-

sures; and (3) hydrolysis of spermaceti and sperm oil

FCC. (1) Abbreviation for Food Chemicals Co-

by saponification and vacuum fractional distillation.

dex, a publication giving specifications and test

The more important commercial saturated alcohols

methods for chemicals used in foods. (2) Abbrevia-

are octyl, decyl, lauryl, myristyl, cetyl, and stearyl.

tion for fluid-cracking catalyst as used in the petrole-

The commercially important unsaturated alcohols,

um refining industry. Examples are powdered silica

such as oleyl, linoleyl, and linolenyl, are also nor-

alumina, in which alumina is impregnated with dry

mally included in this group. The odor tends to

synthetic silica gel, and various natural clays im-

disappear as the chain length increases.

pregnated with alumina.

Use: Solvent for fats, waxes, gums, and resins; phar-

maceutical salves and lotions; lubricating-oil addi-

FDA. Abbreviation for Food and Drug Adminis-

tives; detergents and emulsifiers; textile antistatic

tration.

and finishing agents; plasticizers; nonionic surfac-

tants; cosmetics.

FD&C color. A series of colorants permitted in

food products, marking inks, etc., certified by the

fatty amine. A normal aliphatic amine derived FDA. Among the more important are the following:

from fats and oils. May be saturated or unsaturated, Blue No. 1: disodium salt of 4-((4-(N-ethyl-p-sulfo-

and primary, secondary, or tertiary, but the alkyl benzylamino)-phenyl)-(2-sulfoniumphenyl)-meth-

groups are straight chain and have an even number ylene)-(1-(N-ethyl-N-p-sulfobenzyl)-⌬

2,5

-cyclohex-

551 FELT

adienimine). Blue No. 2: disodium salt of 5,5

′

- ly weighs the material passing over it. These are

indigotin disulfonic acid. Green No. 3: disodium salt

used in operations that are not suitable for volumet-

of 4-((4-(N-ethyl-p-sulfobenzylamino)-phenyl-(4-

ric feed.

hydroxy-2-sulfonium phenyl)-methylene)-(1-(N-

ethyl-N-p-sulfobenzyl))-⌬

2,3

-cyclohexadienimine).

feedstock. Gaseous or liquid petroleum-derived

Green No. 6: 1,4-di-p-toluidinoanthraquinone. Red

hydrocarbons or mixture of hydrocarbons from

No. 2: trisodium salt of 1-(4-sulfo-1-naphthylazo)-

which gasoline, fuel oil, and petrochemicals are

2-naphthol-3,6-disulfonic acid. Formerly the largest

produced by thermal or catalytic cracking. It is also

volume food color in commercial use. A carcinogen.

called charging stock. Feedstocks commonly used

Use prohibited by FDA. Red No. 40 is currently a

include ethane, propane, butane, butene, benzene,

permissible substitute. Red No. 3: disodium salt of

toluene, xylene, naphtha, and gas oils.

9-o-carboxyphenyl-6-hydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-3-

isoxanthone (erythrosin). Red No. 4: disodium salt

FEFO. See formaldehyde bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dini-

of 2-(5-sulfo-2,4-xylylazo)-naphthyl-4-sulfonic

troethyl) acetal.

acid. Use in foods prohibited by FDA. Violet No. 1:

monosodium salt of 4-((N-ethyl-p-sulfobenzylami-

Fehling’s solution. A reagent used as a test for

no)-phenyl)-(4(N-ethyl-p-sulfoniumbenzylamino)-

sugars, aldehydes, etc. It consists of two solutions,

phenyl)-methylene)-(N,N-dimethyl-⌬

2,5

-cyclohex-

copper sulfate and alkaline tartrate, which are mixed

adienimine). Use prohibited by FDA in 1973 and by

just before use. Benedict’s modification is a one-

USDA in 1976. Yellow No. 5: trisodium salt of 3-

solution preparation. Additional details are avail-

carboxy-5-hydroxy-1-p-sulfophenyl-4-sulfopheny-

able in the Book of Methods, Association of Official

lazopyrazole. Yellow No. 6: disodium salt of 1-p-

Analytical Chemists.

sulfophenylazo-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid.

See food color; food additive.

Feist-Benary synthesis. Formation of furans

from ␣-halogeno ketones or ethers and 1,3-dicarbo-

Fe. Symbol for iron.

nyl compounds in the presence of pyridine. With

ammonia as condensing agent, pyrrole derivatives

feathers. See keratin.

are always formed as secondary products.

Federal Trade Commission. (FTC). The

felbamate.

Federal Trade Commission enforces a variety of

CAS: 25451-15-4. mf: C

federal antitrust and consumer protection laws. The

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. Human systemic

Commission seeks to ensure that the nation’s mar-

effects.

kets function competitively, and are vigorous, effi-

cient, and free of undue restrictions. The Commis-

feldspar. (potassium aluminosilicate). General

sion also works to enhance the smooth operation of

name for a group of sodium, potassium, calcium,

the marketplace by eliminating acts or practices that

and barium aluminum silicates. Commercially,

are unfair or deceptive. It main office is located at

feldspar usually refers to the potassium feldspars

600 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C.

with the formula KAlSi

, usually with a little sodi-

20580. Website: http://www.ftc.gov.

um. Noncombustible.

Occurrence: North Carolina, Colorado, New Hamp-

feedback inhibition. Inhibition of an allosteric shire, South Dakota, California, Arizona, Wyoming,

enzyme at the beginning of a metabolic sequence by Virginia, Texas.

the end product of the sequence. Grade: Usually based on silicon dioxide content,

potassium-sodium ratio, iron content, and fineness

of grinding.

feeder. An accessory equipment unit that pro-

Hazard: Toxic as fine-ground powder.

vides controlled flow of materials of a wide range of

Use: Pottery, enamel, and ceramic ware; glass; soaps;

particulate sizes to or from processing operations.

abrasive; bond for abrasive wheels; cements and

Major types include the following: (1) Vibratory: an

concretes; insulating compositions; fertilizer; poul-

enclosed bowl or open trough, activated electromag-

try grit; tarred roofing materials.

netically, that vibrates at a constant rate of 3600

oscillations a minute (electromechanical, hydraulic,

felsic rock. A silicon-rich igneous rock that con-

and pneumatic types are also used). Capacities are

tains only a small percentage of iron and magne-

up to 2000 lb/hr. The bowl type is applicable to

sium. Granite is the most abundant example. Felsic

large-size units of materials up to several inches in

rocks dominate the crusts of continents.

diameter (wood, plastics, ceramics, etc.). (2) Volu-

metric: an enclosed device that meters a particulate

by volume; there are a number of types, including

felt. A compressed, porous, nonwoven fabric usu-

the rotary lock, the helix, and the roll. Bulk density, ally made of wool and used as a vibration damper

particle size, and moisture content of the material and caulking agent. Its moisture-absorbing property

handled are important factors. (3) Gravimetric: a is utilized in the drying section of fourdrinier ma-

belt conveyor provided with a scale that continuous- chines.

552FEMA

FEMA. See Flavor Extract Manufacturers Asso- fenitrothion. [O,O-diemthyl-O-(3-methyl-4-ni-

ciation. trophenyl)phosphorothioate].

CAS: 122-14-5. C

PS.

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid. Bp 118C (0.05 mm

femto-. Prefix meaning one-quadrillionth (10

−15

Hg), d 1.322, refr index 1.552. Insoluble in water;

Laser pulses as short as 30 femtoseconds have been

soluble in most organic solvents except aliphatics.

produced.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

stricted.

fenac. (2,3,6-trichlorophenylacetic acid).

Use: Insecticide.

CAS: 85-34-7.

Use: Herbicide.

fenitrothion-malathion mixture.

CAS: 8067-98-9. mf: C

•C

PS.

fenamidone.

Hazard: Human systemic effects.

CAS: 161326-34-7. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Fenn, John B. (1917– ). An American born in

tact. Low toxicity by inhalation.

New York City who won the Nobel Prize for chem-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

istry in 2002 for his pioneering work concerning for

the development of methods for identification and

fenamiphos. (ethyl-3-methyl-4-(methylthio)

structure analyses of biological macromolecules.

phenyl(1-methylethyl) phosphoramide).

Awarded an undergraduate degree from Berea Col-

CAS: 22224-92-6. C

PS.

lege and Allied Schools, and a Ph.D. from Yale

Properties: Tan, waxy solid. Mw 303.4, mp 49.2C

University. He was a long-time Professor at Prince-

(pure) 40C (tech). Soluble in organic solvents;

ton University.

slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:

fenoprop. See silvex.

0.1 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Use: Nematocide and insecticide.

“Fenox” [Regal]. TM for a flowable system

fungicide.

fenchone.

Use: Controls disease caused by Oomycete class of

CAS: 1195-79-5. C

fungi.

Properties: Oil with camphorlike odor. D 0.9465

(19C), bp 193C. Soluble in ether; insoluble in water.

Combustible.

fenpropidine.

Derivation: A ketone found (1) as dextrofenchone in

CAS: 67306-00-7. mf: C

oil of fennel; (2) as levofenchone in oil of thuja.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation,

Use: Flavoring.

and skin contact.

fenchyl alcohol. (fenchol; 2-fenchanol; 1-hy-

fenprostalene.

droxyfenchane).

CAS: 69381-94-8. mf: C

CAS: 512-13-0. C

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

fenpyrate.

CAS: 55512-33-9. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tact.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

fenson. (p-chlorophenyl benzene sulfonate;

murvesco).

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid (d and l forms) or

CAS: 80-38-6. ClC

OSO

solid (dl form). D approximately 0.96, bp 201C, mp

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 61–62C. Soluble

39C, refr index 1.473.

in organic solvents; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Pine oil, fennel oil, also made syntheti-

Use: Acaricide.

cally.

Use: Solvent, organic intermediate, odorant, fla-

voring.

fensulfothion. (O,O-diethyl-O-[p-(methylsulfi-

nyl)phenyl]phosphorothioate).

fenhexamid. CAS: 115-90-2. C

CAS: 126833-17-8. mf: C

. Properties: Liquid. Bp 138C (0.01 mm Hg).

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

;

skin contact. not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Use: Insecticide, especially for nematocide control.

553 FERMIUM

fenthion. (generic name for O,O-diethyl-O-[4- TLV: 10 mg/m

; not classifiable as a human carcin-

ogen.

(methylthio)-m-tolyl]phosphorothioate (generic)).

Use: Fungicide.

CAS: 55-38-9. (CH

P(S)OC

(CH

)SCH

Properties: Brown liquid. Bp 105C (0.01 mm Hg).

Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

“Fermate” [Du Pont]. (ferric diethyl dithio-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin carbamate). TM for a wettable powder containing

absorption; use may be restricted, cholinesterase 76% ferbam.

inhibitor. TLV: 0.2 mg/m

, toxic by skin absorption; Use: Fruit fungicide.

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Use: Insecticide, acaricide.

fermentation. A chemical change induced by a

living organism or enzyme, specifically bacteria or

fenticlor. (2,2

′

-thiobis(4-chlorophenol); novex).

the microorganisms occurring in unicellular plants

such as yeast, molds, or fungi. The reaction usually

Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 170C. Soluble in

involves the decomposition of sugars and starches to

alcohol, hot benzene, and sodium hydroxide solu-

ethanol and carbon dioxide, the acidulation of milk,

tion.

or the oxidation of nitrogenous organic compounds.

Derivation: Cholorination of bis(2-hydroxyphen-

The basic reaction is catalyst C

→ 2C

OH +

yl)sulfide.

2CO

Enzymes are usually involved in such reac-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tions; with yeast, the effective enzyme is zymase.

Use: Fungicide.

Fermentation is essential in the preparation of

breads and other food products and in the manufac-

Fenton reaction. Oxidation of ␣-hydroxy acids ture of beer, wine, and other alcoholic beverages, as

with hydrogen peroxide and ferrous salts (Fenton’s well as of citric acid, gluconic acid, sodium gluco-

reagent) to ␣-keto acids or of 1,2-glycols to hydroxy nate, and synthetic biopolymers. Much of the indus-

aldehydes. trial alcohol used in the U.S. is made by fermenta-

tion of blackstrap molasses, a by-product of sugar

manufacture. Antibiotics are produced by various

Fenton’s reagent. A solution of sulfuric acid

forms of microorganisms active in molds, especially

and a ferrous salt.

bacteria and actinomycetes. The activated sludge

Use: Oxidation of polyhydric alcohols.

process for sewage digestion is a form of fermenta-

tion. A continuous fermentation process for deriving

fenuron. (generic name for 3-phenyl-1,1-di-

edible protein from petroleum has been introduced.

methylurea).

Fermentation is also used in making synthetic amino

CAS: 101-42-8. C

NHCON(CH

)

acids. Research in this field is being directed toward

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 127–129C.

conversion of agricultural, urban, and animal wastes

Almost insoluble in water (0.3% at 25C), sparingly

to fuels by fermentation processes.

soluble in hydrocarbon solvents, stable toward oxi-

See yeast; sewage sludge; antibiotics; bacteria; bio-

dation and moisture.

technology.

Use: Weed and brush killer.

fermentation alcohol. See ethanol.

fenvalerate. (cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-

4-chloro-␣-(1-methylethyl)phenylacetate).

CAS: 51630-58-1.

Fermi, Enrico. (1901–1954). An Italian physi-

Use: Insecticide.

cist who later became a U.S. citizen. He developed a

statistical approach to fundamental problems of

fenylfosfin. See phenylphosphine. physical chemistry based on Pauli’s exclusion prin-

ciple. He discovered induced or artificial radioactiv-

ity resulting from neutron impingement, as well as

FEP resin. Abbreviation for fluorinated ethyle-

slow or thermal neutrons. He was professor of phys-

nepropylene resin.

ics at Columbia (1939) and awarded the Nobel Prize

in physics in 1938. He was the first to achieve a

ferbam. (generic name for ferric dimethyldi-

controlled nuclear chain reaction, directed the con-

thiocarbamate).

struction of the first nuclear reactor at the University

CAS: 14484-64-1. [(CH

)

NCSS]

Fe.

of Chicago (1942), and worked on the atomic bomb

Properties: Black or dark-colored, fluffy powder.

at Los Alamos. He also carried on fundamental re-

Decomposes above 180C. Usually readily dispersi-

search on subatomic particles using sophisticated

ble but very slightly soluble in water; pH of saturat-

statistical techniques. Element 100 (fermium) is

ed solution 5.0.

named after him.

Derivation: By addition of carbon disulfide to an

alcoholic solution of dimethylamine and precipita-

tion with a ferric salt.

fermium. (Fm). Element 100, aw 254, valence

Grade: 76% wettable powder, 87% technical of 3, half-life 3 h. A synthetic radioactive element

powder. with atomic number 100 discovered in 1952. Fermi-

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. um has since been prepared in a nuclear reactor by

554FERRARIO REACTION

irradiating californium, plutonium, or einsteinium

ferric ammonium oxalate. (iron ammonium

oxalate; ammonioferric oxalate).

with neutrons in a cyclotron; by bombarding urani-

CAS: 14221-47-7. (NH

)

Fe(C

)

•3H

um with accelerated oxygen ions; and by other nu-

Properties: Green crystals. Soluble in water and al-

clear reactions. The element is named for Enrico

cohol; sensitive to light.

Fermi. It has chemical properties similar to those of

Derivation: Interaction of ammonium binoxalate

the rare earth erbium. Isotopes are known with mass

and ferric hydroxide.

numbers 254, 255, and 256.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

Use: Tracer studies.

Use: Blueprint photography.

See actinide element.

ferric ammonium sulfate. (iron ammonium

Ferrario reaction. Formation of phenoxathiins

sulfate; ferric ammonium alum; ammonio ferric

by cyclization of diphenyl ethers with sulfur in the

sulfate). FeNH

(SO

)

•12H

presence of aluminum chloride.

Properties: Lilac to violet, efflorescent crystals. D

1.71, mp 39–41C, bp loses 12H

O at 230C. Soluble

ferrate. See ferrite (2).

in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: By mixing solutions of ferric sulfate and

ferredoxin. An iron-containing protein thought

ammonium sulfate followed by evaporation and

to be involved in photosynthesis as an acceptor of

crystallization.

energy-rich electrons from chlorophyll. It occurs in

Use: Medicine, analytical chemistry, textile dyeing

green plants and in bacteria that metabolize elemen-

(mordant).

tal hydrogen.

ferric arsenate.

ferric acetate, basic. (iron acetate, basic).

CAS: 10102-49-5. FeAsO

•2H

Fe(C

)

OH.

Properties: Green or brown powder. D 3.18, decom-

Properties: Red powder. Soluble in alcohol and

poses on heating. Insoluble in water; soluble in di-

acids; insoluble in water. Combustible.

lute mineral acids. Nonflammable.

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on ferric hydrox-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

ide, with subsequent crystallization.

irritant.

Use: Mordant in dyeing textiles, wood preservative,

Use: Insecticide.

medicine.

ferric arsenite.

ferric acetylacetonate.

CAS: 63989-69-5. 2FeAsO

•Fe

•5H

O. A basic

Fe[OC(CH

):CHC(O)CH

]

salt of variable composition.

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 179–182C.

Properties: Brownish-yellow powder. Soluble in

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic

acids; insoluble in water. Nonflammable.

solvents, resistant to hydrolysis, a chelating nonion-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

izing compound. Combustible.

irritant.

Use: Moderating and combustion catalyst, solid fuel

Use: Combined with ammonium citrate (ferric am-

catalyst, bonding agent, curing accelerator, interme-

monium citrate) and used in medicine.

diate.

ferric bromide. (ferric tribromide; iron bro-

ferric ammonium alum. See ferric ammo-

mide).

nium sulfate.

CAS: 10031-26-2. FeBr

Properties: Dark-red, deliquescent crystals. Mp

ferric ammonium citrate. (iron ammonium

(sublimes). Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

citrate).

Derivation: By the action of bromine on iron filings.

Properties: Thin, transparent, garnet-red scales or

Use: Bromination catalyst.

granules or a brownish-yellow powder; odorless (or

slight ammonia odor); saline, mildly ferruginous

ferric chloride, anhydrous. (ferric trichlo-

taste. Deliquescent, affected by light. Soluble in

ride; ferric perchloride; iron chloride, iron tri-

water; insoluble in alcohol. Combustible.

chloride, iron perchloride).

Derivation: Addition of citric acid to ferric hydrox-

CAS: 7705-08-0. FeCl

ide, addition of ammonium hydroxide, followed by

Properties: Black-brown solid. D 2.898 (25C), mp

filtration.

306C (partly decomposes), bp 319C. Soluble in wa-

Grade: Technical.

ter, alcohol, glycerol, methanol, and ether. Noncom-

Use: Medicine, blueprint photography, feed additive.

bustible.

Derivation: Action of chlorine on ferrous sulfate or

ferric ammonium ferrocyanide. chloride.

CAS: 25869-00-5. mf: C

FeN

•Fe•H

N. Grade: Anhydrous 96%; 42 degrees Be´ solution,

Hazard: Low toxicity. photographic and sewage grades.

555 FERRIC OXALATE

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to skin

ferrichrome. C

FeN

. A cyclic iron che-

and tissue. late compound.

Use: Treatment of sewage and industrial wastes; Properties: Yellow needles. Soluble in water and

etching agent for engraving, photography, and print- methanol; slightly soluble in alcohol, acetone, and

chloroform.

ed circuitry; condensation catalyst in Friedel-Crafts

Derivation: Isolated from rust fungus in 1952, syn-

reactions; mordant; oxidizing, chlorinating, and

thesized in 1969.

condensing agent; disinfectant; pigment; feed addi-

Use: Growth-promoting factor in medicine.

tive; water purification.

ferric chromate. (iron chromate). Fe

(CrO

)

ferric hydroxide. (ferric hydrate; iron hy-

Properties: Yellow powder. Soluble in acids (espe-

droxide; iron hydrate; iron oxide, hydrated; fer-

cially hydrochloric) insoluble in water and alcohol.

ric oxide, hydrated). Fe(OH)

Derivation: By adding sodium chromate to a solu-

Properties: Brown flocculant precipitate that dries

tion of a ferric salt.

as the oxide. D 3.4–3.9, mp loses water at approxi-

Hazard: Carcinogenic. Toxic by ingestion and inha-

mately 500C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water,

lation. Strong irritant. Moderate fire risk by reaction

alcohol, and ether. Noncombustible.

with reducing agents.

Derivation: Addition of ferrous sulfate solution to

Use: Metallurgy, ceramics (color), paint pigment.

ammonia solution.

Use: Water purification, manufacturing pigments,

ferric citrate. (iron citrate).

rubber pigment, catalyst.

CAS: 2338-05-8. FeC

•5H

Properties: Reddish-brown scales. Keep away from

ferric hypophosphite. (iron hypophosphite).

light. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Fe(H

)

Derivation: By the action of citric acid on ferric

Properties: White or grayish-white powder;

hydroxide and crystallization.

odorless; tasteless. Slightly soluble in water; more

Use: Medicine, blueprint paper.

soluble in boiling water.

Hazard: Explosion may occur if triturated or heated

ferric dichromate. (iron dichromate; ferric

with nitrates, chlorates, or other oxidizing agents.

bichromate). Fe

(Cr

)

Properties: Reddish-brown granules. Soluble in wa-

ferric naphthenate.

ter and acids.

Properties: A heavy-metal soap. Combustible.

Derivation: By heating aqueous chromic acid and

Derivation: Fusion method by heating naphthenic

moist ferric hydroxide.

acids with the metallic oxide.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

Use: Conditioning and waterproofing agent, sludge

irritant. Moderate fire risk by reaction with reducing

preventive, fungicide, and paint drier.

agents.

See soap (2).

Use: Preparation of pigments.

ferric nitrate. (iron nitrate).

ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate. See

CAS: 10421-48-4. Fe(NO

)

•9H

ferbam.

Properties: Violet crystals. D 1.684, mp 47.2C, de-

composes at 125C. Soluble in water and alcohol.

ferric ferrocyanide. (iron ferrocyanide;

Derivation: Action of concentrated nitric acid on

Prussian blue). Blue pigment described under iron

scrap iron or iron oxide and crystallization.

blue.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

materials. Strong oxidant and irritant.

ferric fluoride. (iron fluoride).

Use: Dyeing (mordant for buffs and blacks), tanning,

CAS: 7783-50-8. FeF

analytical chemistry.

Properties: Green crystals. D 3.52. Soluble in dilute

hydrogen fluoride; insoluble in alcohol and ether.

ferric octoate. See soap (2).

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: Ceramics (porcelain, pottery), catalyst.

ferric oleate. (iron oleate). Fe(C

)

Properties: Brownish-red lumps. Soluble in alcohol,

ferric fluoroborate.

ether, and acids; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Rebuilding of worn iron parts, such as cylinders,

See soap (2).

stereotypes, and electrotypes; plating of solder iron

tips.

ferric oxalate. Fe

)

ferric glycerophosphate. (iron glycerophos- Properties: Pale-yellow amorphous scales or pow-

phate). Fe

(OH)

]

•xH

O. der; odorless. Decomposes on heating to 100C. Sol-

Properties: Yellowish scales; odorless; nearly tas- uble in water and acids; insoluble in alkali. Combus-

teless. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. tible.

Use: Pharmaceuticals. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

556FERRIC OXIDE

Use: Catalyst in making O

, silvertone photographic ferric sodium pyrophosphate. See sodium

printing papers.

ferric pyrophosphate.

ferric stearate. (iron stearate). Fe(C

)

ferric oxide. (ferric oxide, red; iron oxide;

Properties: Light-brown powder. Soluble in alcohol

red iron trioxide; ferric trioxide).

and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 1309-37-1. Fe

Derivation: Interaction of solutions of ferric sulfate

Properties: Dense, dark-red powder or lumps. D

and sodium stearate.

5.12–5.24, mp 1565C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in

Use: Varnish driers, photocopying.

water.

See soap (2).

Grade: Technical, 99.5% pure, electronic.

Use: Metallurgy, gas purification, paint and rubber

pigment, component of thermite, polishing com-

ferric sulfate. (iron sulfate; ferric trisulfate;

pounds, mordant, laboratory reagent, catalyst (p-hy-

iron tersulfate; iron persulfate).

drogen), feed additive, electronic pigments for TV,

CAS: 10028-22-5. (1) Fe

(SO

)

, (2)

permanent magnets, memory cores for computers,

(SO

)

•9H

magnetic tapes.

Properties: Yellow crystals or grayish-white pow-

See iron oxide reds.

der. D (1) 3.097, (2) 2.0–2.1, mp decomposes at

480C, (1) slightly soluble in water, (2) very soluble

in water. Keep well closed and protected from light.

ferric perchloride. See ferric chloride.

Noncombustible.

Derivation: By adding sulfuric acid to ferric hy-

ferric phosphate. (iron phosphate).

droxide.

CAS: 10045-86-0. FePO

•2H

Grade: Technical, CP, partly hydrated.

Properties: Yellowish-white powder. D 2.87. Insol-

Use: Pigments, reagent, etching aluminum, disinfec-

uble in water; soluble in acids.

tant, textiles (dyeing and calico printing), flocculant

Derivation: By adding a solution of sodium phos-

in water and sewage purification, soil conditioner,

phate to a solution of ferric chloride. The product is

polymerization catalyst, metal pickling, chelated

filtered and then dried.

iron products, intermediate.

Use: Fertilizers, feed and food additive.

ferric tallate. See soap (2).

ferric pyrophosphate. (iron pyrophosphate).

CAS: 10058-44-3. Fe

)

•xH

ferric tannate. (iron tannate; iron gallotan-

Properties: Yellowish-white powder. Insoluble in

nate). Fe

)(OH)

water; soluble in dilute acid. Contains 24% iron min,

Properties: Dark-brown or bluish-black powder.

not to be confused with ferric pyrophosphate, sol-

Variable composition. Soluble in alkalies and dilute

uble.

acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Com-

Use: Source of nutritional iron, catalyst, pigments,

bustible.

flame- retardant.

Derivation: Interaction of ferric acetate and tannic

acid solutions.

ferric pyrophosphate, soluble. A combina- Use: Medicine.

tion of ferric pyrophosphate and sodium citrate.

Properties: Apple-green crystals. Very soluble in

ferric tribromide. See ferric bromide.

water; insoluble in alcohol. Protect from light, 11%

iron.

ferric trichloride. See ferric chloride.

Use: Feed additive.

ferric trioxide. See ferric oxide.

ferric resinate. (iron resinate).

Properties: Reddish-brown powder. Soluble in lig-

ferric trisulfate. See ferric sulfate.

roin, carbon disulfide, ether, oil of turpentine; slight-

ly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

ferric vanadate. (iron metavanadate).

Use: Drier (paints, varnish).

Fe(VO

)

See soap (2).

Properties: Grayish-brown powder. Soluble in

acids; insoluble in water and alcohol. Noncombust-

ferric sodium oxalate. (iron sodium oxa- ible.

late). Na

Fe(C

)

•5.5H

O. Derivation: By adding a solution of a ferric salt to the

Properties: Emerald-green crystals, decomposed by liquor obtained by leaching vanadium ores with

heat or light. D 1.973 (18C), decomposes at 300C, caustic-soda solution or by lixivating the slags ob-

protect from light. Soluble in water and alcohol. tained when vanadium ores are fused with soda ash,

Derivation: By the interaction of sodium acid oxa- etc.

late and ferric hydroxide. Grade: Technical.

Use: Photography, blueprinting. Use: Metallurgy.

557 FERROCERIUM

ferric versenate. See iron(III)-edta complex.

ferrite. (1) Iron in the body-centered cubic form;

commonly occurs in steels, cast iron, and pig iron at

approximately 910C. ␣ and ␤ iron are the common

varieties of ferrite, and the name is also applied to ⌬

iron. (2) A compound, a multiple oxide, of ferric

oxide with another oxide, as sodium ferrite, NaFeO

but more commonly a multiple oxide crystal. Fer-

rites are made by dissolving hydrated ferric oxide in

Properties: Orange, crystalline solid; camphorlike

concentrated alkali solution; by fusing ferric oxide

odor. Mp 173–174C; resists pyrolysis at 400C. In-

with alkali metal chloride, carbonate, or hydroxide;

soluble in water; soluble in benzene, ether, and alco-

or by simply heating metal oxides with ferric oxide.

hol. Iron content 29.4–30.6%.

Ceramic ferrites are made by press-forming pow-

Derivation: From ferrous chloride and cyclopenta-

dered ingredients (with a binder) into a sheet, then

diene sodium.

sintering or firing.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Evolves toxic products

Use: The oxide ferrites in rectifiers on memory and

on decomposition and heating.

record tapes, for permanent magnets, semiconduc-

Use: Additive to fuel oils to improve efficiency of

tors, insulating materials, dielectrics, high-frequen-

combustion and eliminate smoke, antiknock agent,

cy components, and various related uses in radio,

catalyst, coating for missiles and satellites, high-

television, radar, computers, and automatic control

temperature lubricant, intermediate for high-tem-

systems.

perature polymers, UV absorber.

See metallocene.

ferrocenecarboxylic acid ethyl ester. See

ferro-alloy. An alloy of iron with some element

ethyl ferrocenoate.

other than carbon used as a vehicle for introducing

such an element into steel during its manufacture.

1,1

′

-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid diethyl

The element may alloy with the steel by solution or

ester. See 1,1

′

-diethyl ferrocenoate.

as the carbide, neutralize the harmful impurities by

combining with them, and separating from the steel

1,1

′

-ferrocenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl

as flux or slag before solidification.

ester. See dimethyl ferrocenoate.

1,1

′

-ferrocenediyl dichlorosilane.

ferroboron. A ferro-alloy used as a hardening

)

FeSiCl

. An experimental ferrocene deriv-

agent in special steels. It also is an efficient deoxi-

ative that prevents oxidative deterioration of the

dizer. Boron steel is used in controlling the operat-

surfaces of photoelectrodes with which it is in con-

ing rate of nuclear reactors. Two grades are avail-

tact. It increases the stability of light-sensitive elec-

able, 10 and 17% boron.

trodes in energy-conversion reactions occurring in

liquid media.

“Ferrocarbo” [Carborundum]. TM for bri-

ferrocenoyl chloride. See chlorocarbonyl

quetted or granular silicon carbide.

ferrocene.

Use: Cupola addition in the production of gray iron or

as a ladle addition to steel. Decomposes into its

ferrocenoyl dichloride. See 1,1

′

-dichlorocar-

component elements and acts as a powerful deoxi-

bonyl ferrocene.

dizer and graphitizer. Machinability and strength of

the iron or steel are increased with no loss of

ferrocenylborane polymer.

hardness.

Properties: Long-term heat resistance at 315C,

short-term stability approximately 815C, good re-

sistance to oxidation and hydrolysis, contains up to

ferrocene. (dicyclopentadienyliron). (C

)

Fe.

30% iron directly combined.

A coordination compound of ferrous iron and two

Use: Specialty plastics, coatings, fibers; ablative ma-

molecules of cyclopentadiene in which the organic terial for space vehicles.

portions have typically aromatic chemical proper-

ties. Its activity is intermediate between phenol and

ferrocenyl methyl ketone. See acetylferro-

anisole. The first compound shown to have the cene.

“sandwich” structure found in certain types of me-

tallocene molecules. Two structures of ferrocene are

ferrocerium. A pyrophoric alloy of iron and

shown below: misch metal.

558FERROCHROMIUM

ferrochromium. (ferrochrome). An alloy, molybdenum to steel. Engineering steels rarely con-

composed principally of iron and chromium, used as tain more than 1% molybdenum, stainless steels

a means of adding chromium to steels (low, medi- may contain 3%, and tool steels as much as 10%.

um, and high-carbon) and cast iron. Available in Ferromolybdenum is available in several grades in

several classifications and grades, generally con-

which molybdenum ranges from 55 to 75% and the

taining between 60 and 70% chromium, in crushed

maximum carbon content is 1.10%, 0.60%, or

sizes and lumps up to 75 pounds that readily dissolve

2.50%. It is generally added in the furnace since it

in molten steel.

does not oxidize under steelmaking conditions. Mp

approximately 1630C. Available in crushed sizes up

ferroconcrete. See concrete.

to one inch.

ferroelectric. A crystalline material such as bari-

ferroniobium. An alloy of iron and niobium

um titanate, monobasic potassium phosphate, or po-

made by reducing the ore columbite with silicon.

tassium-sodium tartrate (Rochelle salts) that, over

Use: Stainless steels and other alloys for welding

certain limited temperature ranges, has a natural or

rods.

inherent deformation (polarization) of the electrical

fields or electrons associated with the atoms and

ferrophosphorus. An alloy of iron and phos-

groups in the crystal lattice. This results in the devel-

phorus used in the steel industry for adjustments of

opment of positive and negative poles and a conse-

phosphorus content of special steels.

quent “direction” of polarization, which can be re-

Grade: (1) 18% phosphorus, (2) 25% phosphorus.

versed when the crystal is exposed to an external

Use: In preventing thin sheets from sticking together

electric field. Ferroelectric crystals are internally

when rolled and annealed in bundles.

strained and, as a consequence, show unusual piezo-

electric and elastic properties.

ferrosilicon. An alloy of iron and silicon used to

Use: Capacitors, transducers, computer technology.

add silicon to steel and iron, d 5.4, insoluble in water.

See ceramic, ferroelectric.

Small quantities of silicon deoxidize the iron, and

larger amounts impart special properties.

ferroin chelation group. A functional group

Available forms: Six grades containing from 20 to

characteristic of heterocyclic ring nitrogen com-

95% silicon. The 20% grade is made in a blast

pounds:

furnace, but grades of higher silicon content are

made in electric furnaces.

Hazard: Ferrosilicon containing from 30 to 90%

silicon is flammable and evolves gases in the pres-

ence of moisture.

Among such compounds are 2,2

′

-bipyridine; 1,10-

Use: Pidgeon process for producing metallic magne-

phenanthroline; and the 2-pyridyl triazines. These pro-

sium.

vide a large number of terminal (≡C−H) groups in

which the hydrogen can be replaced by many chemical

ferrosoferric oxide. See iron oxide, black.

groupings (carboxyl, hydroxyl, halogen, etc.). Thus,

synthesis of an almost endless number of substituted

ferroin reactants is possible. About 200 such chelation

ferrotitanium. An alloy composed principally

reagents have been synthesized. Ferroin chelation of iron and titanium, used to add titanium to steel. It

chemicals in general form complex undissociated cat- is often made from titanium scrap. Three classifica-

ions with divalent metal ions, e.g., [(C

)

Fe]

. tions are available: low, high, and medium carbon

content. Furnished in various lump, crushed, and

ground sizes.

ferromagnesite. An iron-bearing variety of

magnesite.

Use: Refractory owing to its ability to bond under

ferrotungsten. An alloy of iron and tungsten

heat.

used as a means of adding tungsten to steel. Contains

70 to 80% tungsten and no more than 0.6% carbon.

ferromagnetic oxide. See ferrite (2). Melting range 1648–2750C, dissolves readily in

molten steel. Furnished in ground and crushed sizes

up to one inch.

ferromanganese. An alloy consisting of manga-

See tungsten steels.

nese (approximately 48%), plus iron and carbon.

Available forms: Standard, low-carbon, and medi-

um-carbon grades in ground, crushed, and lump

ferrous acetate. (iron acetate).

sizes ranging from 80 mesh to 75-lb lumps, suitable

Fe(C

)

•4H

for ladle or furnace addition.

Properties: Greenish crystals when pure and unex-

Use: Vehicle for adding manganese to steel.

posed to air; usually partly brown from action of air.

See nodules.

Soluble in water and alcohol. Oxidizes to basic fer-

ric acetate in air. Combustible.

ferromolybdenum. An alloy, composed largely Derivation: Action of acetic acid or pyroligneous

of iron and molybdenum, used as a means of adding acid on iron with subsequent crystallization.

559 FERROUS OXALATE

Use: Textile dyeing, medicine, dyeing leather, wood

ferrous-2-ethylhexoate. A paint drier.

preservative. See soap (2).

ferrous fluoride. (iron fluoride). FeF

ferrous ammonium sulfate. (Mohr’s salt;

Properties: Green crystals. D 4.09. Soluble in acids;

iron ammonium sulfate).

slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol and

Fe(SO

)•(NH

)

•6H

ether.

Properties: Light-green crystals. Soluble in water;

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

insoluble in alcohol. D 1.865, decomposes at

Use: Ceramics, catalyst.

100–110C, deliquescent. Affected by light.

Derivation: By mixing solutions of ferrous sulfate

ferrous fumarate.

and ammonium sulfate, followed by evaporation

CAS: 141-01-5. FeC

. Anhydrous salt of a

and subsequent crystallization.

combination of ferrous iron and fumaric acid, stable,

Use: Analytical chemistry, metallurgy.

odorless, substantially tasteless. Reddish-brown,

anhydrous powder, contains 33% iron by weight,

ferrous arsenate. (iron arsenate).

does not melt at temperatures up to 280C, insoluble

CAS: 10102-50-8. Fe(AsO

)

•6H

in alcohol, very slightly soluble in water. Combus-

Properties: Green, amorphous powder. Insoluble in

tible.

water; soluble in acids.

Grade: USP.

Derivation: Interaction of solutions of sodium arse-

Use: Dietary supplement.

nate and ferrous sulfate.

Use: Insecticide.

ferrous gluconate. (iron gluconate).

CAS: 299-29-6. Fe(C

)

•2H

ferrous ascorbate.

Properties: Yellowish-gray or pale-greenish-yellow

CAS: 14536-17-5.

fine powder or granules with slight odor, solution (1

Properties: Blue-violet solid.

in 20) is acid to litmus. Soluble in water and glycer-

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

ol; insoluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Food additive.

Grade: Pharmaceutical, NF.

Use: Feed and food additive, vitamin tablets.

ferrous bromide. (iron bromide).

FeBr

•6H

ferrous iodide. (iron iodide; iron protoiod-

Properties: Green, crystalline powder; very deli-

ide). FeI

•4H

quescent. D 4.636, mp 27C. Readily oxidized in

Properties: Dark-violet to black hygroscopic leaf-

moist air; soluble in water and alcohol.

lets. Soluble in water and alcohol. D 2.873, decom-

Derivation: Action of bromine on iron filings.

poses at 90–98C, mp (anhydrous) 177C, deliques-

Use: Polymerization catalyst.

cent, affected by light.

Derivation: By the action of iodine on iron filings.

ferrous carbonate.

Use: Manufacture of alkali metal iodides, pharma-

CAS: 563-71-3. mf: CFeO

ceutical preparations, catalyst.

Properties: White solid; odorless; gray solid. De-

composes yielding CO

+ FeO at 2°. Insol in H

O; sol

ferrous lactate. (iron lactate).

acids to give CO

; sol in H

O saturated with CO

CAS: 5905-52-2. Fe(C

)•3H

give Fe(HCO

)

which then oxidizes.

Properties: Greenish-white crystals; slight peculiar

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

odor. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Deli-

Use: Food additive.

quescent, affected by light. Combustible.

Derivation: By interaction of calcium lactate with

ferrous chloride. (iron chloride; iron dichlo-

ferrous sulfate or direct action of lactic acid on iron

ride; iron protochloride).

filings.

CAS: 7758-94-3. (1) FeCl

, (2) FeCl

•4H

Use: Food additive and dietary supplement.

Properties: Greenish-white crystals. D (1) 3.16

(25C), (2) 1.93, mp (1) 670–674C, deliquescent,

ferrous naphthenate. A soap based on mixed

readily oxidized. Soluble in alcohol and water.

naphthenic acids. Available commercially as a liq-

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on an excess

uid containing 6% iron.

of iron, with subsequent crystallization.

See soap (2).

Use: Mordant in dyeing, metallurgy, pharmaceutical

preparations, manufacture of ferric chloride, sewage

ferrous octoate. A paint drier.

treatment.

See soap (2).

ferrous citrate. ferrous oxalate. (iron oxalate).

CAS: 23383-11-1. mf: C

FeO

. FeC

•2H

Properties: White crystals or sltly colored powder. Properties: Pale-yellow, crystalline powder;

Use: Food additive. odorless. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. D

560FERROUS OXIDE

2.28, decomposes at 160C releasing carbon mon- sticks, or granules. D 4.75, mp 1195, bp (decom-

poses). Soluble in acids; insoluble in water.

oxide.

Derivation: By fusing iron and sulfur.

Derivation: By the interaction of solutions of ferrous

Use: Generating hydrogen sulfide, ceramics, other

sulfate and sodium oxalate.

sulfides, pigment.

Hazard: Toxic. Evolves carbon monoxide on

See pyrite.

heating.

Use: Photographic developer, pigment in glass, plas-

tics, paints.

ferrovanadium.

CAS: 12604-58-9. An iron-vanadium alloy used to

ferrous oxide. (iron monoxide).

add vanadium to steel. Vanadium is used in engi-

CAS: 1345-25-1. FeO.

neering steels to the extent of 0.1–0.25% and in

Properties: Black powder. D 5.7, mp 1420C. Insolu-

high-speed steels to the extent of 1–2.5% or higher.

ble in water; soluble in acid.

Melting range 1482–1521C. Furnished in a variety

Derivation: Prepared from the oxalate by heating,

of lump, crushed, and ground sizes.

but the product contains some ferric oxide.

Derivation: By reduction of the vanadium oxide with

Use: Catalyst, glass colorant, steel manufacture.

aluminum or silicon in the presence of iron in an

electric furnace.

Grade: Available containing from 50 to 80% vana-

ferrous phosphate. Fe

(PO

)

•8H

dium.

Properties: Bluish-gray powder. D 2.58. Soluble in

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: (dust) 1 mg/m

;

inorganic acids; insoluble in water. Hygroscopic.

STEL 3 mg/m

Use: Catalyst, ceramics.

ferrozirconium. Alloys used in the manufacture

ferrous phosphide. (iron phosphide). Fe

of steel. (1) 12–15% zirconium alloy. Approximate

Properties: Bluish-gray powder. D 6.56, mp 1290C.

analysis: zirconium 12–15%, silicon 39–43%, iron

Ferromagnetic. Insoluble in water.

40–45%; application: steel of high silicon content.

Grade: 24–25% phosphorus.

(2) 35–40% zirconium alloy. Approximate analysis:

Hazard: Evolves toxic and flammable products on

zirconium 35–40%, silicon 47–52%, iron 8–12%;

exposure to moisture or acids.

application: steel of low silicon content.

Use: Iron and steel manufacture.

ferrum. Latin name for iron, hence the symbol

ferrous selenide. FeSe.

Fe.

Properties: Black, shiny solid. D 6.8. Almost insolu-

ble in water; soluble in hydrochloric acid, evolving

selenium hydride.

fertile material. In nuclear technology, any

Use: Semiconductor technology.

substance not capable of fission but that can be

converted into a fissionable material in a nuclear

reactor.

238

Uranium (converted to

239

plutonium) and

ferrous sulfate. (iron sulfate; iron vitriol;

232

thorium (converted to

233

uranium) are the most

copperas; green vitriol; sal chalybis).

important fertile materials.

CAS: 7720-78-7. FeSO

•7H

Properties: Greenish or yellow-brown crystals or

granules; odorless. Soluble in water with saline

fertilizer. A substance or mixture that contains

taste; insoluble in alcohol. D 1.89, mp 64C, loses

one or more of the primary plant nutrients and some-

O by 300C, pH 3.7 (10% solution), hygroscopic.

times also secondary and/or trace nutrients. The

Derivation: (1) By-product from the pickling of steel

primary nutrients are nitrogen (supplied as anhy-

and many chemical operations, (2) by action of di-

drous ammonia or solutions containing nitrogen de-

lute sulfuric acid and iron, (3) oxidation of pyrites in

rived from ammonia, ammonium nitrate, or urea),

air followed by leaching and treatment with scrap

phosphorus (as superphosphates derived from phos-

iron.

phate rock), and potassium (in the form of KCl from

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

sylvite ore or natural brines). Secondary nutrients

Grade: Technical, anhydrous, CP, USP.

are calcium, magnesium, and sulfur. Trace elements

Hazard: Ingestion causes intestinal disorders.

(iron, copper, boron, manganese, zinc, and molyb-

Use: Iron oxide pigment; other iron salts; ferrites;

denum) are also among the 12 elements considered

water and sewage treatment; catalyst, especially for

essential for plant growth. Nitrogen solutions and

synthetic ammonia; fertilizer; feed additive; flour

anhydrous ammonia are used both in fertilizer man-

enrichment; reducing agent; herbicide; wood pre-

ufacture and for direct application to the soil. Sub-

servative; process engraving.

stantial amounts of both separate materials and mix-

tures are used in liquid form. Controlled-release

ferrous sulfide. (iron sulfide; iron protosul- fertilizers are those whose particles are coated with

fide). polymeric sulfur by a proprietary process. Their

CAS: 1317-37-9. FeS. advantages include more uniform supply of nutrient,

Properties: Dark-brown or black metallic pieces, lower labor costs, and reduced leaching losses in

561 FIBER, OPTICAL

areas of irrigation and high rainfall.

fiberfill. A fiber designed specifically for use as a

See superphosphate; nutrient solution. filling material in such products as pillows, comfort-

ers, quilted linings, and furniture battings, e.g., sisal,

jute.

fertilization. The process by which an egg is

made capable of generating offspring. It is often

“Fiberfrax” [Carborundum]. TM for ceram-

synonymous with syngamy.

ic fiber made from alumina and silica. Available in

bulk as blown, chopped and washed, long staple,

festucine.

paper, rope, roving, blocks.

CAS: 25161-91-5. mf: C

Properties: Retains properties to 1260C and under

Hazard: A poison.

some conditions used to 1648C, light weight, inert to

Source: Natural product.

most acids and unaffected by hydrogen atmosphere,

resilient.

FFA. Abbreviation for free fatty acid.

Use: High-temperature insulation of kilns and fur-

Use: Describing specifications for fatty esters, glyc-

naces, packing expansion joints, heating elements,

erides, oils, etc.

burner blocks; rolls for roller hearth furnaces and

piping; fine filtration; insulating electrical wire and

FFPA. Abbreviation for “free from prussic acid.”

motors; insulating jet motors; sound deadening.

FGAN. Fertilizer-grade ammonium nitrate.

fiber gear. A driver gear made of a material of

Use: In blasting agents, as well as fertilizers, because

somewhat lower strength than the driven gear (cast

its coating of kieselguhr and its prilled form, making

iron); for example, a composite such as fiberglass-

it safer to handle than the usual grades.

reinforced plastic or an engineering plastic (e.g.,

nylon). It is intended to fail under overload, thus

fiber. A fundamental form of solid (usually crys-

protecting the driven master gear from destructive

talline) characterized by relatively high tenacity and

stress.

an extremely high ratio of length to diameter (sever-

al hundred to one). Natural fibers are animal, e.g.,

“Fiberglas” [Owens-Corning]. TM for a va-

wool and silk (proteins), vegetable, e.g., cotton (cel-

riety of products made of or with glass fibers or glass

lulose), and mineral (asbestos). Cotton fiber is called

flakes, including insulating wools, mats and rov-

staple and rarely exceeds 2 inches in length.

ings, coarse fibers, acoustical products, yarns, elec-

Semisynthetic fibers include rayon and inorganic

trical insulation, and reinforced plastics.

substances extruded in fibrous form, such as glass,

See glass fiber; reinforced plastic.

boron, boron carbide, boron nitride, carbon, graph-

ite, aluminum silicate, fused silica, and some metals

fiber glass. See glass fiber.

(steel). Synthetic fibers are made from high poly-

mers (polyamides, polyesters, acrylics, and polyole-

fiber, graphite. See graphite fiber.

fins) by extruding from spinnerettes (nylon, “Or-

lon,” etc.). Some are being used in specialty papers,

though the primary use is in textile fabrics. See

fiber, optical. A fine-drawn silica (glass) fiber

“Fiberfax.”

or filament of exceptionally high purity and specific

Metal fibers are used in several ways: (1) As whisk-

optical properties (refractive index) that transmits

ers, which are single-crystal fibers up to 2 inches

laser light impulses almost instantaneously with

long having extremely high tensile strength; they are

high fidelity. Such fibers are made from quartz coat-

made from tungsten, cobalt, tantalum, and other

ed with germanium-doped silica by vapor deposi-

metals and are used largely in composite structures

tion; 100 or more filaments are assembled into a

for specialized functions. (2) As filaments, which

cable that has extremely high data-carrying capaci-

are alloys drawn through diamond dies to diameters

ty. These are applicable not only to telephonic com-

as small as 0.002 cm; steel for tire cord and antistatic

munication systems, for which they are now being

devices has been developed for such applications.

used, but also to remote-sensing devices that permit

(3) In biconstituent structures composed of a metal

analysis of samples at widely separated locations.

and a polymeric material; for example, aluminum

Thus, one of the most important developing uses of

filament covered with cellulose acetate butyrate.

optical fibers is in analytical instrumentation. Be-

Hollow fibers of cellulose acetate and nylon are used

cause, as they are nonelectrical and noncorrosive,

as membranes in the reverse osmosis method of

optical fiber cables are safe to use in highly toxic or

water purification. See filament; denier;

explosive environments, e.g., radioactive separa-

whiskers; glass fiber.

tions and hazardous waste analyses. The laser beam

is coupled to the end of the cable (which may be up

fiber, biconstituent. A composite fiber com- to 1000 m long) by a device called an optrode; the

prising a dispersion of fibrils of one synthetic mate- light traverses the cable and interacts with the sam-

rial within, and parallel to, the axis of another; also a ple, eliciting a signal that is reflected back through

fiber made up of polymeric material and a metal or the same cable to a spectrometer. Fiber optics are

alloy filament. also used in other forms of instrumentation, e.g.,

562FIBER-REACTIVE DYE

radiation dosimeters and high-temperature ther-

fibrous glass See glass fiber.

mometers. In the latter case, the fibers are made

from single crystals of alumina.

fibrous proteins. Water-insoluble proteins that

See glass, optical; laser; thermometer (5).

serve in a protective or structural role. The ratio of

length to width generally exceeds 10.

fiber-reactive dye. See dye, fiber-reactive.

ficin. A proteolytic enzyme hydrolyzing casein,

fiber roll. A calender roll constructed of special-

collagen, edestin, fibrin, liver, and other protein like

ly prepared papers or fabrics on a steel base. The

material.

fibrous material is cut into circular sheets with a hole

Properties: Buff to cream-colored powder; acrid

at the center; these are stacked on a steel core and

odor. Very hygroscopic. Partially soluble in water;

then compressed under high pressure, producing a

insoluble in organic solvents.

dense, hard material with a smooth surface. As such,

Source: Fig latex or sap, commercially prepared by

it is used in supercalenders for paper finishing. An

filtering and drying the latex.

intaglio design can be impressed on it by an en-

Use: Food industry, bating leather, tenderizing meat,

graved steel roll; this operation requires several days

shrink proofing wool, coagulation of milk, chill

and is facilitated by application of water, soap, or

proofing beer, Rh-factor determination.

other softener. So prepared, it is used in embossing

calenders for applying decorative patterns on spe-

“Fi-Con” [Phillips]. TM for fiber additive.

cial paper or plastic products.

Use: Concrete additive.

See supercalender.

fictile. Descriptive of certain molecules that have

fibrid. Generic name for a fibrous form of syn-

no permanent structure but are constantly changing

thetic polymeric material used for example as a

their shapes and arrangements. An example is the

binder material in the manufacture of textryl.

metal carbonyl Fe

(CO)

, in which, according to Dr.

F. Albert Cotton, originator of the term, “carbonyl

fibril. (1) Extremely fine fiber or cell-like mass

groups readily move from one iron atom to another

formed during first stages of gel formation; (2) pro-

through the rapid formation and dissolution of car-

tein filament of hide fiber.

bonyl bridges between iron atoms.”

fibrin. An insoluble blood protein resulting from

field-ion microscope. A type of microscope

the hydrolysis of fibrinogen by the action of throm-

whose unique feature is that it has no lens system.

bin; it polymerizes to form blood clots. Recent re-

Invented by Muller in 1951, it is capable of resolving

search has found that it forms a protective coating on

metal atoms 2–3 A

in diameter. Its essential compo-

tumors that inhibits antigenic activity, thus protect-

nents are an evacuated glass chamber through which

ing the tumor and neutralizing the immune system of

runs a wire carrying an electric impulse of 30,000

the organism.

volts that establishes a field strength of 500 million

volts/cm. A specimen of the metal to be observed,

fibrinogen. A sterile fraction of normal human

which is machined to an extremely fine tip and is

blood plasma, dried from the frozen state. In solu-

positively charged, is connected to the wire. An inert

tion, it has the property of being converted into

gas such as helium or neon is then admitted. The

insoluble fibrin when thrombin is added. It is an

positively charged tip of the specimen attracts elec-

essential factor in the blood-clotting mechanism.

trons from the helium atoms, creating positive heli-

Properties: White or grayish amorphous substance.

um ions. These are strongly repelled by the metal

Grade: USP.

atoms and stream to the negatively charged fluores-

Use: Medicine (coagulant).

cent screen, producing an image of the individual

atoms of the metal. Magnifications of one million

fibrinolysin. (plasmin). A proteolytic enzyme

times or more have been obtained of atoms of indi-

that dissolves fibrin and hastens the solution of clots

um, tungsten, and others.

that may form in the bloodstream. It is prepared by

See electron microscope.

activating a fraction of normal human plasma with

highly purified streptokinase.

Fieser, Louis F. (1899–1977). A distinguished

fibroblast. A cell of connective tissue that sec-

American chemist, Fieser became professor of or-

retes connective tissue proteins, such as collagen.

ganic chemistry at Harvard in 1930 after teaching

for several years at Bryn Mawr. He achieved the

fibroin. The fibrous material in silk; a scleropro-

synthesis of vitamin K

and did fundamental re-

tein containing glycine and alanine; light-yellow,

search on cortisone, the chemistry of steroids, and

silk like mass; insoluble in water; soluble in concen-

aromatic carcinogens. His achievements as a chem-

trated alkalies and concentrated acids.

ist and educator are recognized throughout the

world. Unique in his facility in laboratory demon-

fibrolite. See sillimanite. stration and as a lecturer and author, he exemplified

563 FINE CHEMICAL

that rare combination of a great teacher and a pro- used in electronic and semiconducting devices.

found scholar.

Electrodeposited metals (chromium, copper, nickel)

are conventionally (and perhaps illogically) called

coatings. The term film is also applied to sheets of

filament. A continuous fiber usually made by

extrusion from a spinnerette (nylon, rayon, glass, cellophane, polyethylene, polyvinylidene chloride,

polyethylene). It also may be a drawn metal (tung-

etc., used for wrapping and packaging of food prod-

sten, gold) or a metal carbide.

ucts, meats, and poultry (especially shrink films that

See fiber.

are stretched before application). These function as

a moisture vapor barrier. Plastic films are also used

as slip surfaces in concrete structures such as air-

filament winding. The process of winding fi-

strips, ice rinks, and highways. Photographic film is

bers under tension onto a prepared core. Before or

made from cellulose acetate.

during the winding operation, the assembly is im-

pregnated with a thermosetting resin. Structures of

considerable size and strength can be made in this

filter. See filtration; leaf, filter; baghouse.

way. The fibers used are chiefly glass, boron, or

silicon carbide.

filter aid. See filter media; filtration.

See filament.

filter alum. See aluminum sulfate.

filial generation. (F1; F2). Each generation of

offspring in a breeding program, designated F1, F2,

filter medium. Almost any water-insoluble, po-

etc.

rous material having a reasonable degree of rigidity

can serve as a filter. Sand is used in simple large-

scale water filtration, the voids between the grains

filler. (1) An inert mineral powder of rather high

providing the porosity. In industrial operations, cot-

specific gravity (2.00–4.50) used in plastic products

ton duck, woven wire cloth, nylon cloth, and glass

and rubber mix to provide a certain degree of

cloth are used. For laboratory work, Whatman filter

stiffness and hardness and to decrease cost. Exam-

paper, diatomaceous earth, and closely packed glass

ples are calcium carbonate (whiting), barytes, blanc

fibers are standard materials. Plastics membranes

fixe, silicates, glass spheres and bubbles, slate flour,

containing more than a million pores per square inch

soft clays, etc. Fillers have neither reinforcing nor

are used in bacteriological filtration.

coloring properties, and the term should not be ap-

See filtration; screen.

plied to materials that do, i.e., reinforcing agents or

pigments. Fillers are similar to extenders and dilu-

ents in their cost-reducing function; exact lines of

filter sand. Sand used to separate sediment and

distinction between these terms are difficult, if not suspended matter from water.

impossible, to draw. Use of fillers and extenders in

plastics has increased in recent years due to short-

filtration. The operation of separating suspended

ages of basic materials.

solids from a liquid (or gas) by forcing the mixture

(2) The cross or transverse thread in a fabric or other

through a porous barrier (see filter media). The con-

textile structure.

struction and operation of the many kinds of indus-

(3) A metal or alloy used in brazing and soldering to

trial filtration equipment are too detailed to permit

effect union of the metals being joined. See dilu-

description. The most widely used types may be

ent; extender; reinforcing agent.

classified as follows: (1) gravity filters, used largely

for water purification and consisting of thick beds of

sand and gravel that retain the flocculated impurities

film. An extremely thin continuous sheet of a

as the water passes through; (2) pressure filters of

substance that may or may not be in contact with a

plate-and-frame or shell-and-leaf construction that

substrate. There is no precise upper limit of

utilize filter cloths of coarse fabric as a separating

thickness, but a reasonable assumption is 0.010

medium; (3) vacuum or suction filters of the rotating

inch. The protective value of any film depends on its

drum or disk type, used on thick sludges and slurries;

being 100% continuous, i.e., without holes or

(4) edge filters; (5) clarification filters; (6) bag filters

cracks, since it must form an efficient barrier to

(dust collectors). Gel filtration is a chromatographic

molecules of atmospheric water vapor, oxygen, etc.

technique involving separation at the molecular lev-

A long-chain fatty acid or alcohol on water produces

el. For bacteriological filtration, membranes having

a film whose thickness is the length of one molecule

more than a million pores per square inch are used,

(approximately 200 A

). The fatty acid molecules are

e.g., collodion or synthetic film. Some types of vi-

oriented with the radical end in the water. Such films

ruses will pass through such membranes and are thus

are good evaporation barriers and have been suc-

known as filterable viruses.

cessfully imposed on glass. Soap bubbles are elastic

See baghouse.

films about one micron thick and have considerable

strength. Film-forming agents (drying oils) are es-

sential in paints and lacquers. Oxide films formed

fine chemical. A chemical produced in compa-

automatically on the surface of aluminum protect it ratively small quantities and in a relatively pure

from corrosion. Thin metallic oxide films are widely state. Examples are pharmaceutical and biological

564FINES

products, perfumes, photographic chemicals, and cal equipment. The use of carbon dioxide gas or dry

reagent chemicals. They are sold on the basis of chemical extinguishers is recommended. Water

specifications (on the basis of what they are, not should not be used. Class D fires are burning metals.

what they do).

A powder formulation such as “Met-L-X” pow-

dered graphite or trimethoxyboroxine will extin-

fines. The portion of a powder composed of parti- guish a metal fire. Water should not be used. In

cles that are smaller than a specified size (MPA general, for small fires, salt (sodium chloride) and

definition, MPA Standard 9–50T). sodium bicarbonate, either dry or in concentrated

solution are effective. Carbon tetrachloride and

methyl bromide should be avoided as extinguishing

fine structure. See ultrastructure.

agents because of the toxicity of their decomposition

products, for example, phosgene.

fingerprinting. The characteristic two-dimen-

See foam, fire-extinguishing.

sional pattern (on paper or gel) formed by the sepa-

ration of a mixture of peptides resulting from partial

“Firefrax” [Carborundum]. TM for a group

hydrolysis of a protein; also known as peptide map-

of refractory cements made from kaolin or fireclay

ping.

base materials for applications where aluminum sili-

cate cements are best suited.

finished DNA sequence. High-quality, low

Use: Laying and repairing fireclay and silica brick-

error, gap-free DNA sequence of the human ge-

work, bond for crushed firebrick or ganister for

nome. Achieving this ultimate 2003 HGP goal re-

patching furnace linings and for making rammed-up

quires additional sequencing to close gaps, reduce

or monolithic linings, patching materials for by-

ambiguities, and allow for only a single error every

product coke ovens, and as a wash for small pouring

10,000 bases—the agreed-upon standard for HGP

ladles in nonferrous foundry.

finished sequence.

See sequencing; draft sequence.

fire point. The lowest temperature at which a

liquid evolves vapors fast enough to support contin-

finishing compounds. Materials that impart

uous combustion. It is usually close to the flash

softness, flexibility, stiffness, color, water and fire

point.

resistance, etc.

See autoignition temperature.

Use: In the final or finishing stages of manufacture of

a product, usually textiles and leather, to make them

fire-retarding agent. See flame-retarding

suitable for specific purposes.

agent.

Finkelstein reaction. Reaction of alkyl halides

fire sand. See furnace sand.

with sodium iodide in acetone.

fir-needle oil. (fir oil). An essential oil ob-

“Firebrake ZB” [U. S. Borax]. (zinc bo-

tained by the steam distillation of needles and twigs

rate). TM for a synergist with antimony compounds

of several varieties of coniferous trees (Abies) na-

and alumina trihydrate.

tive to both Canada and Siberia.

Use: Flame and smoke suppressant.

Use: Odorant in perfumery, flavoring agent.

fireclay. See refractory.

fir needle oil, Canadian type.

Properties: Found in the needles and twigs of Abies

fire extinguishment. Fires are divided into 4

balsamea L. Mill (Fam. Pinaceae). Colorless to

classes, each requiring special treatment. The essen-

faintly yellow liquid; pleasant odor. Sol in fixed oils,

tial point in extinguishing all types is exclusion of air

mineral oil; sltly sol in propylene glycol; insol in

from the fire by an effective means. Class A includes

glycerin.

fires in combustible materials, such as wood, paper,

Use: Food additive.

and cloth, where the quenching and cooling effect of

quantities of water or of solutions containing a high

first law of thermodynamics. Energy can

percentage of water is of primary importance. Fire

be neither created nor destroyed, only converted to

extinguishers utilizing the pressure of carbon diox-

other forms.

ide to throw a stream of water onto the fire are the

most widely used for this class. In the soda-acid

extinguisher, the carbon dioxide is generated within

Fischer, Emil. (1852–1919). A German organic

the cylinder at the time of use. In another type, chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in chemistry

carbon dioxide gas is stored in the cylinder under (1902) for his original research in the chemistry of

pressure and is released by opening a valve. Class B purines and sugars. He was professor of Chemistry

includes fires in flammable liquids where a blanket- at the University of Berlin (1882), succeeding Hof-

ing or smothering effect is essential. Carbon dioxide mann. He synthesized fructose and glucose and elu-

gas, dry chemical, or foam are suitable. Water cidated their stereochemical configurations; he also

should not be used. Class C includes fires in electri- established the nature of uric acid and its deriva-

565 FISH GLUE

tives. Additional work included enzyme chemistry,

Fischer’s reagent. A reagent used as a test for

proteins, synthetic nitric acid, and ammonia produc-

sugars.

tion.

Derivation: Three parts of sodium acetate and two

parts of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride in 20 parts

Fischer, Ernst Otto. (1918– ). A German in-

of water.

organic chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chem-

Note: Do not confuse with Karl Fischer reagent.

istry in 1973 with Wilkinson for their independent

work on the chemistry of organometallic “sandwich

Fischer’s salt. See cobalt potassium nitrite.

compounds.” He was the contributor to many publi-

cations on organometallic chemistry. His education

Fischer-Tropsch process. Synthesis of liquid

and work were primarily in Munich.

or gaseous hydrocarbons or their oxygenated deriv-

atives from the carbon monoxide and hydrogen mix-

Fischer, Hans. (1881–1945). A German bio-

ture (synthesis gas) obtained by passing steam over

chemist who studied under Emil Fischer. He was

hot coal. The synthesis is carried out with metallic

awarded the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1930 for his

catalysts such as iron, cobalt, or nickel at high tem-

synthesis of the blood pigment hemin. He also did

perature and pressure. The process was developed in

important fundamental research on chlorophyll, the

Germany in 1923 by F. Fischer and H. Tropsch and

porphyrins, and carotene.

was used there for making synthetic fuels before and

during World War II. It has never been used for this

Fischer-Hepp rearrangement. Rearrange-

purpose in the U.S.; the only coal-to-gasoline con-

ment of secondary aromatic nitrosamines to p-nitro-

version plant using this process is Sasol in South

soarylamines.

Africa, though the closely related Lurgi process is

being used rather extensively in a number of loca-

Fischer indole synthesis. Formation of in-

tions. Easing of the petroleum crisis has tended to

doles on heating aryl hydrazones of aldehydes or

diminish conversion activity in the U.S.

ketones in the presence of catalysts such as zinc

chloride, or other Lewis acids, or proton acids.

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. (Synthol pro-

cess; Oxo synthesis). Synthesis of hydrocarbons,

Fischer oxazole synthesis. Condensation of

aliphatic alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones by the

equimolar amounts of aldehyde cyanohydrins and

catalytic hydrogenation of carbon monoxide using

aromatic aldehydes in dry ether in the presence of

enriched synthesis gas from passage of steam over

dry hydrochloric acid.

heated coke. The ratio of products varies with condi-

tions. The high-pressure Synthol process gives

Fischer peptide synthesis. Formation of

mainly oxygenated products and addition of olefins

polypeptides by treatment of an ␣-chloro or ␣-bro-

in the presence of cobalt catalyst (Oxo synthesis)

mo acyl chloride with an amino acid ester, hydroly-

produces aldehydes. Normal-pressure synthesis

sis to the acid, and conversion to a new acid chloride

leads mainly to petroleum-like hydrocarbons.

that is again condensed with a second amino acid

ester, and so on. The terminal chloride is finally

fisetin. (3,7,3

′

-tetrahydroxyflavone). C

converted to an amino group with ammonia.

See flavanol.

Fischer phenylhydrazine synthesis. For-

FISH. (Florescent in situ hybridization). A

mation of arylhydrazines by reduction of diazo com-

technique for uniquely identifying whole chromo-

pounds with excess sodium sulfite and hydrolysis of

somes or parts of chromosomes using florescent

the substituted hydrazine sulfonic acid salt with hy-

tagged DNA.

drochloric acid. The process is a standard industrial

method for production of arylhydrazines.

Fisher’s solution. See physiological salt so-

lution.

Fischer phenylhydrazone and osazone

reaction. Formation of phenylhydrazones and

osazones by heating sugars with phenylhydrazine in

fish glue. An adhesive derived from the skins of

dilute acid.

commercial fish (chiefly cod). A ton of skins yields

about 50 gal liquid glue. Bond strength on wood is

Fischer projection formulas. Formulas

approximately 2500 psi, pH approximately 6.5–7.2.

which, by convention, show bonds coming out of the

Compatible with animal glues, some dextrins, some

plane drawn vertically, and bonds that project be-

polyvinyl acetate emulsions, and rubber latex. Chief

hind the plane drawn horizontally.

applications are in gummed tape, cartons, blueprint

paper, and letterpress printing plates. Fish glue can

Fischer-Speier esterification method. Es- be made light sensitive by adding ammonium bi-

terification of acids by refluxing with excess alcohol chromate and water insoluble by UV radiation,

in the presence of hydrochloric acid or other acid hence its usefulness in the photoengraving process.

catalysts. See adhesive.

566FISH-LIVER OIL

fish-liver oil. An oil containing a high percent- dioactive and have high kinetic energy; (2) the dis-

rupted nucleus emits an average of 2.5 neutrons

age of vitamin A. High-potency livers, as from cod,

(

235

U) or three neutrons (

239

Pu), which in turn split

shark, and halibut, contain from 100,000 to

other nuclei of the fissionable material in a chain

1,500,000 A units/g. The oil is extracted by cooking

reaction that is self-perpetuating; (3) it also emits the

the livers under low-pressure steam and removing

energy equivalent of the mass defect of the nucleus,

the oil, which floats on the condensate. Livers of low

usually approximately 200 MeV per nucleus, some

oil content are processed with a weak solution of

of which is in the form of ␥ rays. A nuclear explosion

sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate, which ex-

will not occur until a critical mass of fissionable

tracts the oil in emulsified form.

material is attained, that is, the smallest amount

Use: Medicine and dietary supplement.

capable of sustaining a chain reaction. Similarly, a

See fish oil.

nuclear reactor will not produce power until the

assembly achieves a critical activity. This occurs as

fish meal. A fishery by-product consisting es-

follows: The neutrons introduced to the system are

sentially of processed scrap from the filleting opera-

continually escaping–some are lost through the

tion or from whole fish. In the dry process, the waste

walls, some are captured by structural materials, and

from cod, halibut, and haddock heads is disinte-

some are absorbed by the fissionable atoms them-

grated and dried. The oil and proteins are largely

selves without fission taking place. When the neu-

retained. In the wet process, the whole fish (chiefly

trons entering the system are very slightly in excess

menhaden and pilchard) are used. These are steam-

of those lost to it, the assembly is said to be critical

cooked and run through a screw press to remove the

and measurable power generation takes place. The

oil. The resulting meal is then dried and packed. Its

ratio is carefully controlled, the rate of energy pro-

chief use is now for animal feeds and as a raw

duction rising exponentially. Control rods made of

material for fish protein concentrate.

cadmium absorb neutrons so readily that the reactor

Hazard: Flammable, strong tendency for spontane-

can function at precisely predetermined levels of

ous heating.

activity. Nuclear fission is used for electric power

generation and for making radioactive isotopes.

fish oil. A drying oil obtained chiefly from men-

See nuclear reactor.

haden, pilchard, sardine, and herring. Extracted

from the entire body of the fish by cooking and

compressing. Should not be confused with fish-liver

Fittig’s synthesis. The preparation of aromatic

oil. It contains approximately 20% polyunsaturated

hydrocarbons by condensation of aryl halides with

fatty acids, which enables it to lower cholesterol

alkyl halides in the presence of metallic sodium.

content of the human diet. Chemically modified fish

oil is used in soaps, detergents, protective coatings,

fix. (1) To cause an unreactive element, e.g., nitro-

and alkyd resins. The hydrogenated product is used

gen to combine into a chemical compound, as in

as a base for margarines and shortenings and as an

ammonia synthesis. (2) To hold a dye permanently

industrial dispersing agent.

on a fiber or fabric by chemical or mechanical action

Hazard: Subject to spontaneous heating.

or a combination of both. (3) To retard the evapora-

tion rate of the volatile components of essential oils,

fish protein concentrate. (FPC). A flour or

as in perfumes.

pastelike product prepared from whole fish includ-

See nitrogen fixation.

ing bones and viscera, of a size and type not accept-

able for sale as such. Both biological (enzymatic)

fixation. See nitrogen fixation.

and chemical (solvent extraction) methods are used

to obtain the proteins.

fixative. (1) See fixing agent, perfume; (2) a sub-

fissile. Synonymous with fissionable.

stance applied as a spray or solution to harden and

See fission.

preserve objects for microscopic examination, or to

pencil and ink drawings to prevent blurring, e.g., a

fissiochemistry. The process by which a chemi-

sodium silicate solution.

cal change or reaction is brought about by nuclear

energy, for example, the production of anhydrous

fixed oil. A nonvolatile, fatty oil characteristic of

hydrazine from liquid ammonia in a nuclear reactor.

vegetables as opposed to the volatile essential oils of

flowers.

fission. The splitting of an atomic nucleus in-

duced by bombardment with neutrons from an exter-

nal source and propagated by the neutrons so re-

fixing agent, chemical. (1) A substance that

leased. When a fissionable (unstable) nucleus, such aids fixation of mordants on textiles by uniting

235

Uor

239

Pu, is struck by a neutron in a critical chemically with them and holding them on the fiber

area, the following events occur: (1) the nucleus until the dyes can react with them. (2) A substance

disintegrates to form several other elements, called that causes actual precipitation of mordant on the

fission products or fragments, all of which are ra- fiber by double decomposition.

567 FLAMMABLE MATERIAL

fixing agent, mechanical. (1) A substance aramids) are inherently flame-retardant, e.g., nylon,

(e.g., albumin) capable of holding pigments perma- “Nomex,” “Kevlar.”

Use: Carpets, rugs, upholstery, plastics used in con-

nently on textile fibers. (2) Certain gums and

struction and miscellaneous wearing apparel.

starches that hold dyes and other substances on tex-

tile fibers long enough to permit a desirable reaction

to take place.

flammability. The ease with which a material

(gas, liquid, or solid) will ignite either spontaneous-

fixing agent, perfume. (fixative). A sub-

ly (pyrophoric) or from exposure to a high-tempera-

stance that prevents too rapid volatilization of the

ture environment (autoignition) or a spark or open

components of a perfume and tends to equalize their

flame. It also involves the rate of spreading of a

rates of volatilization. It thus increases the odor life

flame once it has started. The more readily ignition

of a perfume and keeps the odor unchanged. For

occurs, the more flammable the material; less easily

many years, the chief fixatives were animal products

ignited materials are said to be combustible, but the

(ambergris, civet, musk, castoreum), but these have

line of demarcation is often indefinite and depends

been largely replaced by synthetics.

on the state of subdivision of the material, as well as

See perfume.

its chemical nature. The Flammable Fabrics Act

establishes standards of flammability to which all

flagellum. Hair-like structure attached to a cell,

textile manufacturers must conform.

used for locomotion in many protists and proka-

See flammable material; combustible material.

ryotes. The prokaryotic flagellum differs from the

eukaryotic flagellum in that the prokaryotic flagel-

flammable material. Any solid, liquid, vapor,

lum is a solid unit composed primarily of the protein

or gas that will ignite easily and burn rapidly. Flam-

flagellin, while the eukaryotic flagellum is com-

mable solids are of several types: (1) dusts or fine

posed of several protein strands bound by a mem-

powders (metals or organic substances such as cellu-

brane and does not contain flagelli

lose, flour, etc.); (2) those that ignite spontaneously

at low temperatures (white phosphorus); (3) those in

“Flagyl” Tablets [Searle]. TM for metroni-

which internal heat is built up by microbial or other

dazole.

degradation activity (fish meal, wet cellulosic mate-

Use: Drug.

rials); (4) films, fibers, and fabrics of low-ignition-

point materials. Flammable liquids are defined by

flake lead. See lead carbonate, basic.

the National Fire Protection Association and the

Department of Transportation (DOT) as those hav-

flame cracking. See ethylene (note).

ing a flash point (flash p) less than 100F (37.7C)

(CC) and a vapor pressure of not more than 40 psi(a)

flame photometry. See emission spectros-

at 100F. Flammable gases are ignited very easily;

copy.

the flame and heat propagation rate is so great as to

resemble an explosion, especially if the gas is con-

flame-retarding agent. A substance applied to fined. The most common flammable gases are hy-

or incorporated in a combustible material to reduce drogen, carbon monoxide, acetylene, and other hy-

or eliminate its tendency to ignite when exposed to a drocarbon gases. Oxygen, though essential for the

low-energy flame such as a match or cigarette. There occurrence of combustion, is not itself either flam-

are three methods of application: (1) as a coating or mable or combustible; neither are the halogen gases,

surface finish (nondurable, readily removed); (2) in sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen. Flammable gases are

solution form to penetrate the fibers (semidurable, extremely dangerous fire hazards and require pre-

reasonably stable); and (3) as an integral part of the cisely regulated storage conditions.

polymer structure of a synthetic fiber (durable, not Note: The terms flammable, nonflammable, and com-

removable). The latter method provides permanent bustible are difficult to delimit. Since any material

protection because it not only makes the material that will burn at any temperature is combustible by

self-extinguishing but cannot be leached out by definition, it follows that this word covers all such

laundering or dry cleaning. Substances commonly materials, irrespective of their ease of ignition.

used in methods (1) and (2) include such inorganic Thus, the term flammable actually applies to a spe-

salts as ammonium sulfamate, zinc borate, and anti- cial group of combustible materials that ignite easily

mony oxychloride; chlorinated organic compounds and burn rapidly. Some materials (usually gases)

such as chlorendic anhydride; alumina trihydrate: classified in shipping and safety regulations as non-

and certain organic phosphates and phosphonates. flammable are actually noncombustible. The dis-

Method (3) is exemplified by a polyester fiber, TM tinction between these terms should not be over-

“Trevira 271,” composed of polyethylene tereph- looked. For example, sodium chloride, carbon

thalate and an undisclosed flame-retardant chemi- tetrachloride, and carbon dioxide are noncombusti-

cally linked to the polymer molecule. A copolymer ble; sugar, cellulose, and ammonia are combustible

of styrene and phosphazene has also been re- but nonflammable.

searched. Certain types of fibers (polyamides and See combustible material.

568FLAMPROP

flamprop-m-isopropyl. flavanone. (2,3-dihydroflavone). A group of

colorless derivatives of flavone distributed in higher

CAS: 63782-90-1. mf: C

ClFNO

plants either in free form or as glucosides. About 25

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

different types have been isolated. It comprises one

tact.

of the major groups of flavonoids. Examples are

Use: Agricultural chemical.

hesperidin and naringin.

flash. The overflow of rubber or plastic at the

flavanthrene. (indanthrene yellow; chloran-

parting line of a mold when subjected to full pres-

threne yellow). C

sure. It is removed in the finishing operation.

Properties: Brownish-yellow needles. Soluble in di-

lute alkaline solutions.

flash distillation. Distillation in which an ap-

Derivation: Action of antimony pentachloride on ␤-

preciable proportion of a liquid is quickly converted

aminoanthraquinone in boiling nitrobenzene.

to vapor in such a way that the final vapor is in

Use: Vat dye for textiles, etc.

equilibrium with the final liquid. This method is

now widely used for desalination of seawater.

flavianic acid. See 2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol-7-

sulfonic acid.

flash photolysis. A method of investigating the

mechanism of extremely rapid photochemical reac-

flavin. (1) isoalloxazine. C

. The nu-

tions involving the formation of free radicals (both

cleus of various natural yellow pigments.

inorganic and organic) by irradiating a given reac-

See riboflavin; flavin enzymes.

tion mixture with a flash of high-intensity light, thus

(2) tetrahydroxyflavanol. C

•2H

producing the short-lived radicals that activate pho-

A yellow dye derived from oak bark.

tochemical reactions. These products are instanta-

neously analyzed spectroscopically, which permits

flavine. See acriflavine.

identification of the radical species from the spectra

obtained. The time lapses involved in this technique

flavin enzyme. (flavoprotein). An enzyme

are approximately 1/100,000 second. It has also

composed of protein linked to coenzymes that are

been applied to study of the exceedingly fast reac-

mono- or dinucleotides containing riboflavin. Be-

tions occurring in flames and explosions.

cause of their distinctive color, they are also called

See photochemistry; free radical; photolysis.

yellow enzymes. The flavin enzymes function in

tissue respiration as dehydrogenases, the hydrogen

flash point. The temperature at which a liquid or

atoms being taken up by the riboflavin group.

volatile solid gives off vapor sufficient to form an

ignitable mixture with the air near the surface of the

flavin-linked dehydrogenases. Dehydroge-

liquid or within the test vessel (NFPA). For the

nases requiring one of the riboflavin coenzymes,

purposes of the official shipping regulations, the

either FMN or FAD.

flash point is determined by the Tagliabue open cup

method (ASTM D1310–63), usually abbreviated

flavin mononucleotide. See riboflavin phos-

TOC. (IATA also permits the Abel or Abel-Pensky

phate.

closed cup tester.) Other methods used, generally for

the higher flash points, are the Tag closed cup (Ta-

flavin nucleotides. Nucleotide coenzymes con-

gliabue closed cup, TCC) and Cleveland open cup

taining riboflavin, either FMN or FAD.

(COC). The open cup method more nearly approxi-

mates actual conditions.

flavone. (2-phenylchromone). One of a group of

See flammable material.

flavonoid plant pigments existing as colorless nee-

dles, that are insoluble in water and melting at 100C.

flatting agent. A substance ground into minute

It fluoresces violet in concentrated sulfuric acid. It

particles of irregular shape and used in paints and

can be synthesized. Treatment with alcoholic alkali

varnishes to disperse incident light rays so that a dull

yields flavanone. The flavones produce ivory and

or flat effect is produced. Standard flatting agents

yellow colors in plants and flowers.

are heavy-metal soaps, finely divided silica, and

See flavonoid.

diatomaceous earth.

flavonoid. A group of aromatic, oxygen-contain-

flavanol. (3-hydroxyflavone). A derivative of ing, heterocyclic pigments widely distributed

flavanone; yellow needles melting at 169C, has vio- among higher plants. They constitute most of the

let fluorescence in concentrated sulfuric acid. It is a yellow, red, and blue colors in flowers and fruits.

flavonoid pigment. Dyes cotton a bright yellow Exceptions are the carotenoids. The flavonoids in-

when mordanted with aluminum hydroxide. Other clude the following subgroups: (1) catechins; (2)

hydroxyflavones are chrysin, fisetin, and quercitin. leucoanthocyanidins and flavanones; (3) flavanins,

Eleven different flavonols are known. Not identical flavones, and anthocyanins; and (4) flavonols.

to flavonol. For details consult specific entries.

569 FLINT

flavonol. (flavon-3-ol). A flavonoid plant pig- “Flectol” [Solutia]. TM for polymerized 1,2-

ment giving ivory and yellow colors to flowers. Not dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline.

identical with flavanol.

Use: Rubber antioxidant to retard oxidation, deterio-

ration, and normal aging in belts, tires, hoses, re-

tread, rubber, and general mechanics.

flavoprotein. An enzyme containing a FMN or

FAD as a tightly bound prosthetic group.

Fleming, Sir Alexander. (1881–1955). A

See flavin enzyme.

Scottish biochemist and bacteriologist who discov-

ered (1928) the bactericidal properties of molds pro-

flavor. (1) The simultaneous physiological and

duced from the plant Penicillium notatum. A broad

psychological response obtained from a substance

spectrum of antibiotics has been developed from this

in the mouth that includes the senses of taste (salty,

discovery.

sour, bitter, sweet), smell (fruity, pungent), and feel.

See antibiotic.

The sense of feel as related to flavor encompasses

only the effect of chemical action on the mouth

“Flexamine G” [Uniroyal]. TM for a mixture

membranes such as heat from pepper, coolness from

of N,N

′

-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine and a com-

peppermint, and the like (Institute of Food Technol-

plex diarylamine-ketone reaction product.

ogists). No reliable correlation of taste with chemi-

Properties: Brownish-gray granules. D 1.20, melt-

cal structure has yet been possible. Flavor is a criti-

ing range 75–90C. “Flexamine S” is soluble in ace-

cal factor in the acceptability of foods, medicines,

tone, benzene, and ethylene dichloride and insoluble

confectionery, and beverages. Flavors are used in

in water and gasoline.

insect and animal baits to induce ingestion of the

Use: Antioxidant used in tires, camelback, wire insu-

bait, also to prevent rodent attack on organic materi-

lation, neoprene belting, and soles.

als, e.g., tributyl tin in cable covers. Substances that

affect flavor often have a synergistic effect (for

“Flexol” [Dow]. TM for a series of plasticizers

example, monosodium glutamate and certain nucle-

and stabilizers including phthalates, adipates, poly-

otides). Sodium chloride is classed as a seasoning

alkylene glycol derivatives, polymeric epoxies, de-

agent.

canoates, octoates, hexoates, tri(2-ethylhex-

See potentiator; enhancer.

yl)phosphate, and dibutyltin dilaurate.

(2) Any substance or mixture of substances that

Use: Film and sheeting; flooring; coated fabrics;

contributes a positive taste to a food product, such as

wire, cable and other extrusions; organosols; plasti-

vanillin, cacao, and fruit extracts among natural

sols and plastigels; lacquers; and rubbers.

products, together with numerous synthetic com-

pounds that imitate or duplicate these tastes. Unde-

“Flexomer” [Dow]. TM for very low density,

sirable or off flavors occur in milk, meat, and other

extremely flexible, olefin copolymers that bridge

food products as a result of improper preparation,

the gap between plastics and rubber.

oxidation, and incipient rancidity. There are over

Use: For hose and tubing, ice and frozen-food bags,

1500 flavoring materials listed as food additives

food packaging and stretch wrap, and impact modi-

under provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics

fiers when blended with other polymers.

Act.

See odor.

“Flexsil” [Ametek]. TM for for a high silica

refractory cloth filter designed to extract dross, slag,

Flavor Extract Manufacturers Association.

refractory particles, and nonmetallic inclusions

(FEMA). The FEMA makes recommendations

from molten metals. An important property is its

to the FDA on safety aspects of flavoring materials.

chemically active surface.

Membership is composed of firms engaged in the

Use: In-mold filtration of gray, malleable, or white,

manufacture and sale of flavoring extracts. It is lo-

compacted graphite, and ductile cast irons, as well as

cated at 1620 I Street, NW, Ste. 925, Washington

nonferrous aluminum- and copper-based alloys.

DC 20006.

“Flexzone” [Uniroyal]. TM for a series of an-

flax. Bast fibers, approximately 20 inches long,

tiozonants, antioxidants, and stabilizers based on p-

obtained from the stems of the linseed plant, Linum

phenylenediamine.

usitatissimum. Stronger and more durable than cot-

ton. Combustible.

flint. A crystalline form of native silica or quartz.

Use: Apparel fabrics (linens), thread, rope, twine,

Properties: Smoky-gray, brownish, blackish or dull

cigarette paper, duplicating papers.

yellowish in color; waxy to greasy luster. Mohs

hardness 6.5–7, d 2.60–2.65. More easily soluble in

flaxseed oil. See linseed oil.

hot caustic alkali than is crystallized quartz.

Occurrence: Europe, U.S.

flecainide. Use: Abrasive; balls for ball mills; paint extender;

CAS: 54143-55-4. mf: C

. filler for fertilizer, insecticides, rubber, plastics, and

Hazard: Human systemic effects. road asphalt; ceramics; chemical tower packing.

570“FLINTFLEX”

“Flintflex” [Du Pont]. TM for air- or force- flooding, chemical. See chemical flooding.

dried organic coating system.

Use: Linings in interiors of containers that haul dry

Flood reaction. Formation of trialkylsilyl ha-

bulk ladings of edibles or chemicals. Complies with

lides from hexaalkyldisiloxanes using concentrated

FDA regulations. Accepted by the Meat Inspection

sulfuric acid in the presence of ammonium chloride

Division of the USDA for interiors of freight cars,

or fluoride, or by treatment of the intermediate sil-

motor trucks, and trailers and in federally inspected

ane sulfates with hydrochloric acid in the presence

meat-processing plants.

of ammonium sulfate.

flint glass. See glass, optical.

“Floropryl” [Merck]. TM for diisopropyl

fluorophosphate.

“FLIT”. [Clarke Mosquito]. Proprietary in-

secticide containing coal tar oil and refined petro-

Flory, Paul J. (1910–1986). An American

leum.

chemist who won the Nobel Prize in 1974 for his

work in polymer chemistry. He published extensive

floatation. Purification and/or classification of

work on the physical chemistry of polymers and

finely divided solids, e.g., clays, by passing them

macromolecules. He held many medals and awards.

through an air blast. Do not confuse with flotation.

Flory received his doctorate from Ohio State Uni-

versity in 1934. He was the C. J. Wood professor of

flocalcitriol. See hexafluorocalcitriol.

chemistry at Stanford University.

flocculant. A substance that induces floccula-

flotation. A method of separating minerals from

tion. Flocculants are used in water purification, liq-

waste rock or solids of different kinds by agitating

uid waste treatment, and other special applications.

the pulverized mixture of solids with water, oil, and

Inorganic flocculants are lime, alum, and ferric chlo-

special chemicals that cause preferential wetting of

ride; polyelectrolytes are examples of organic floc-

solid particles of certain types by the oil, while other

culants.

kinds are not wet. The unwetted particles are carried

to the surface by the air bubbles and thus separated

flocculation. The combination or aggregation of

from the wetted particles. A frothing agent is also

suspended colloidal particles in such a way that they

used to stabilize the bubbles in the form of a froth

form small clumps or tufts. The word is derived from

that can be easily separated from the body of the

this appearance. Carbon black displays a tendency

liquid (froth flotation). Do not confuse with floata-

to flocculate in rubber when improperly dispersed,

tion.

and some clays have the same property. Oil-well

drilling muds are made alkaline to prevent floccula-

flow cytometry. Analysis of biological material

tion of their components. Flocculation can often be

by detection of the light-absorbing or fluorescing

reversed by agitation, because the cohesive forces

properties of cells or subcellular fractions (i.e., chro-

are relatively weak. This is not true of other forms of

mosomes) passing in a narrow stream through a

aggregation (coalescence and coagulation), which

laser beam. An absorbance or fluorescence profile

are irreversible.

of the sample is produced. Automated sorting de-

See agglomeration; aggregation.

vices, used to fractionate samples, sort successive

droplets of the analyzed stream into different frac-

flocculation value. See coagulation value.

tions depending on the fluorescence emitted by each

droplet.

flock. A light powder, composed of ground wood

or cotton fibers, used as an extender or filler in

flow diagram. (flow sheet). A chart or line

plastics, low-grade rubber, and flooring composi-

drawing used by chemical engineers to indicate suc-

tions.

cessive steps in the production of a chemical, mate-

rials input and output, by-products, waste, and other

“Flo-Fre” [Oil-Dri]. (bentonite).

relevant data.

CAS: 1302-78-9. TM for flowability aid for soybean

meal and other feeds.

flow karyotyping. Use of flow cytometry to

Use: Drying agent in fertilizer impregnations.

analyze and/or separate chromosomes on the basis

of their DNA content.

“Flo-Gard” [PPG]. TM for amorphous calci-

um polysilicate used as an anticaking agent for salt.

flowers. A fine powder usually resulting from

sublimation of a substance, e.g., flowers of sulfur.

“Flomet-Z” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a fine,

The term is now obsolete.

white, grit-free powder containing 12.5–14.0% zinc

oxide.

Use: Lubricant in powdered iron metallurgy.

flowers of Benjamin. See benzoic acid.

571 FLUORENE

flox. A mixture of liquid fluorine (30%) and liquid teins that create a mosaic. Both protein and lipid

oxygen (70%), designed for use as a space-vehicle components of the bilayer are able to move but

propellant. exhibit both structural and functional asymmetry.

Hazard: Explosively flammable.

fluid, supercritical. See supercritical fluid.

fluazifop-butyl.

CAS: 69806-50-4. mf: C

fluoboric acid. (fluoroboric acid; hydrogen

Properties: Pale straw-colored, odorless liquid. Bp:

tetrafluoroborate).

165°, mp: 13°, d: 1.21 @ 20°.

CAS: 16872-11-0. HBF

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless. Strongly acidic liquid. D ap-

Use: Food additive; herbicide; agricultural chemical.

proximately 1.84; bp 130C (decomposes). Miscible

with water and alcohol.

fluazinam. See 3-chloro-n-(5-chloro-2,6-dini-

Derivation: Action of boric and sulfuric acids on

tro-4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-5.

fluorspar.

Grade: Technical (approximately 48%), pure.

flucarbazone-sodium.

Hazard: Highly toxic, corrosive, irritant.

CAS: 181274-17-9. mf: C

S•Na.

Use: Production of fluoborates, electrolytic brighten-

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

ing of aluminum, throwing power aid in electrolytic

plating baths, esterification catalyst, metal cleaning,

flucythrinate. See (+)cyano(3-phenoxyphe-

making stabilized diazo salt.

nyl)methyl(n˜)-1-(difluoromethoxy).

fluometuron. (N-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)-

fluid. Any material or substance that changes

′

dimethylurea).

shape or direction uniformly in response to an exter-

CAS: 2164-17-2. C

nal force imposed on it. The term applies not only to

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 163C. Partially

liquids but also gases and finely divided solids.

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and acetone.

Fluids are broadly classified as Newtonian and non-

Derivation: Reaction of dimethylamine with 3-tri-

Newtonian depending on their obedience to the laws

fluoromethylphenyl isocyanate.

of classical mechanics.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

See liquid, Newtonian; rheology; fluidization; hy-

Use: Herbicide.

draulic fluid.

fluophosphate alkyl ester. See diisopropyl

fluid bed. See fluidization.

fluorophosphate.

fluidization. A technique in which a finely divid-

fluor. See phosphor.

ed solid is caused to behave like a fluid by suspend-

ing it in a moving gas or liquid. The solids so treated

fluoranthene. (idryl).

are frequently catalysts, hence the term fluid cataly-

CAS: 206-44-0. C

. A tetracyclic hydrocarbon.

sis. The fluidized catalyst, e.g., alumina-silica gel, is

Properties: Colored needles. Fp 107C, bp 250C (60

brought into intimate contact with the suspending

mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in ether and

liquid or gas mix, usually a petroleum fraction. Lo-

benzene. Combustible.

cal overheating of the catalyst is greatly reduced,

Derivation: From coal tar.

and portions of catalyst can be easily removed for

regeneration without shutting down the unit. There

fluorapatite. See apatite.

are also noncatalytic applications of fluidization,

e.g., reduction of iron ore. Important uses of the

fluorbenside. ClC

F. (generic

fluidized bed process are (1) cracking of petroleum

name accepted for p-chlorobenzyl-p-fluorophe-

fractions, (2) gasification of coal, (3) application of

nyl sulfide).

organic coatings to metals (fusion bond method), (4)

Properties: Crystals, mp 36C, insoluble in water,

coal combustion, in which sulfur-bearing coal

soluble in acetone and oils.

(1.33-inch diameter) is fed into a fluidized bed of

Use: Acaricide.

limestone. Combustion occurs at 1600F, at which

temperature the limestone is reduced to lime, which

“Fluorel” [3M]. TM for a fully saturated fluori-

reacts with the sulfur in the coal to form gypsum.

nated polymer containing more than 60% fluorine

This technique makes possible the use of high-sulfur

by weight.

coal without necessity of scrubbers. The bed materi-

Use: O-rings, gaskets, hoses, wire and fabric coat-

al is approximately 5% coal and 95% limestone

ings, diaphragms, fuel cells, expellent bladders,

products.

sealants, insulation, containers.

fluid mosaic model. A model proposed by

Singer and Nicholson, describing biological mem-

fluorene. (␣-diphenylenemethane).

branes as a fluid lipid bilayer with embedded pro- CAS: 86-73-7.

5729-FLUORENONE

fluorescent brightener 220. See C.I. fluor-

escent brightener 220.

fluoridation. Addition to public drinking water

supplies of 1 ppm of a fluoride salt for the purpose of

reducing the incidence of dental caries. The chemi-

Properties: Small, white, crystalline plates; fluores-

cals most commonly used for city fluoridation pro-

cent when impure. Mp 116C, bp 295C (decom-

grams are fluosilicic acid, sodium silicofluoride,

poses). Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, and car-

and sodium fluoride. The concentration used has

bon disulfide; insoluble in water. Combustible.

been established to be far below the permissible

Derivation: By reduction of diphenylene ketone

level of toxicity of fluorine-containing compounds

with zinc, from coal tar.

in the human body. The program was successfully

Grade: Technical, 98% pure.

tested for over 20 years on local populations and

Use: Resinous products, dyestuffs.

since then has been widely adopted in large cities in

the U.S. The protection is especially effective for

children, whose teeth are usually more susceptible

9-fluorenone.

to caries than those of adults. Fluorine is a bone-

CAS: 486-25-9. C

seeking element; tooth protection is due to the abili-

Properties: Solid. Mw 180.21, mp 82−85C, bp

ty of fluoride ion to replace other ions in hydroxyap-

342C.

atite, the chief mineral component of bones and

Use: Intermediate.

teeth. Fluorides are used in toothpastes and other

dentifrices.

fluorescein. (resorcinolphthalein; diresorcinol-

phthalein; CI 45350).

fluorinated ethylene-propylene resin.

CAS: 2321-07-5. C

(FEP resin). A copolymer of tetrafluoroethyl-

Properties: Orange-red, crystalline powder. Very

ene and hexafluoropropylene with properties simi-

dilute alkaline solutions exhibit intense greenish-

lar to polytetrafluoroethylene resin. The repeating

yellow fluorescence by reflected light, while the

structure of the molecule is

solution is reddish-orange by transmitted light. Mp

[−CF

−CF

CF(CF

)−]

decomposes at 290C; soluble in dilute alkalies, boil-

See “Teflon.”

ing alcohol, ether, dilute acids, and glacial acetic

Properties: Similar to polytetrafluoroethylene but

acid; insoluble in water, benzene, chloroform. Com-

has a higher coefficient of friction.

bustible.

Available forms: Extrusion and molding powder,

Derivation: By heating phthalic anhydride and res-

aqueous dispersion, film, monofilament fiber, and

orcinol.

nonsticking finish.

Grade: The sodium salt (uranine) and potassium salt

Use: Wire and cable insulation, pipe linings, lining

are marketed.

for processing equipment. Fibers are used for filtra-

Use: Dyeing seawater for spotting purposes, tracer to

tion screening and mist separators.

locate impurities in wells, dyeing silk and wool,

diagnostic aid in ophthalmology, indicator and re-

fluorine.

agent for bromine.

CAS: 7782-41-4. F. Nonmetallic halogen element in

See uranine.

group 17 of the periodic table. An 9, aw 18.99840,

valence of 1, no other stable isotopes, the most

electronegative element and most powerful oxidiz-

fluorescence. A type of luminescence in which

ing agent known.

an atom or molecule emits visible radiation in pass-

Properties: Pale-yellow diatomic gas or liquid; pun-

ing from a higher to a lower electronic state. The

gent odor. Bp −188C, fp −219C, d (gas) 1.695 (air

term is restricted to phenomena in which the time

1.29), d (liquid) 1.108 (−188C), sp vol 10.2 cu ft/lb

interval between absorption and emission of energy

(21C). Reacts vigorously with most oxidizable sub-

is extremely short (10

−8

to 10

−3

second). This distin-

stances at room temperature, frequently with igni-

guishes fluorescence from phosphorescence, in

tion; forms fluorides with all elements except heli-

which the time interval may extend to several hours.

um, neon, and argon.

Fluorescent materials may be liquid or solid, organic

Occurrence: Widely distributed to the extent of

or inorganic. Fluorescent crystals such as zinc or

0.03% of the earth’s crust. The chief minerals are

cadmium sulfide are used in lamp tubes, television

fluorapatite, cryolite, and fluorspar (Spain, Mexico,

screens, scintillation counters, and similar devices.

South Africa).

Fluorescent dyes are used for labeling molecules in

Derivation: Electrolysis of molten anhydrous hydro-

biochemical research.

fluoric acid–potassium fluoride melts with special

See phosphorescence; phosphor; resonance (2).

copper-bearing carbon anodes, steel cathodes and

containers, and Monel screens.

fluorescent brightener 85. See C.I. fluores- Hazard: Powerful oxidizing agent; though non-

cent brightener 85. flammable, it reacts violently with a wide range of

573 FLUOROCARBON POLYMER

both organic and inorganic compounds and thus is a Use: Agricultural chemical.

dangerous fire and explosion risk in contact with

such materials. Toxic by inhalation, extremely

fluoroboric acid. Legal label name (Air) for

strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 1 ppm; STEL 2 ppm.

fluoboric acid.

Use: Production of metallic and other fluorides; pro-

duction of fluorocarbons, active constituent of fluo-

fluorocarbon. Any of a number of organic com-

ridating compounds used in drinking water, tooth-

pounds analogous to hydrocarbons in which the

pastes, etc.

hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine. The

term is loosely used to include fluorocarbons that

fluorine cyanide. See cyanogen fluoride.

contain chlorine; these should properly be called

chlorofluorocarbons or fluorocarbon chloride, since

fluorine nitrate.

they deplete the ozone layer of the upper atmo-

CAS: 7789-26-6. FNO

sphere.

Properties: Gas or liquid. Ignites in contact with

See chlorofluorocarbon.

alcohol, aniline, and ether.

Properties: Fluorocarbons are chemically inert, non-

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, liquid explodes on

flammable, and stable to heat up to 260–315C. They

shock or friction.

are denser and more volatile than the corresponding

Use: Rocket propellants.

hydrocarbons and have low refractive indices, low

dielectric constants, low solubilities, low surface

fluoroacetic acid.

tensions, and viscosities comparable to hydrocar-

CAS: 144-49-0. CH

FCOOH.

bons. Some are compressed gases and others are

Properties: Colorless crystal. Mp 33C, bp 165C.

liquids.

Soluble in water and alcohol.

Hazard: Nonflammable; reacts violently with reac-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tive substances, e.g., barium, sodium, and potas-

Use: Rodenticide.

sium.

Use: Refrigerants, solvents, blowing agents, fire ex-

fluoroacetophenone. (phenacyl fluoride;

tinguishment, lubricants and hydraulic fluids, flota-

phenyl fluoromethylketone). C

COCH

tion and damping fluids, dielectric, plastics, electri-

Properties: Brown liquid; pungent odor. Bp 98C (8

cal insulation, wax coatings for alkali cleaning

mm Hg).

tanks, air- conditioning. Note: Many of these com-

Derivation: By Friedel-Crafts synthesis.

pounds are designated by a number system preceded

Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

by the word refrigerant, propellant, fluorocarbon or

by a TM (“Freon,” “Ucon,” “Genetron”).

p-fluoroaniline. They are cross-referenced in this book as follows:

CAS: 371-40-4. FC

. 11. See trichlorofluoromethane.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.1524 (25C), bp 187.4C, fp 12. See dichlorodifluoromethane.

−2C, refr index 1.5395 (20C). 13. See chlorotrifluoromethane.

Hazard: Toxic material. 14. See tetrafluoromethane.

Use: Intermediate (herbicides), preparation of p-fluo- 21. See dichlorofluoromethane.

rophenol. 22. See chlorofluoromethane.

See aniline. 23. See fluoroform.

113. See 1,1,2-trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane.

114. See 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane.

fluorobenzene. (phenyl fluoride).

115. See chloropentafluoroethane.

CAS: 462-06-6. C

116. See hexafluoroethane.

Properties: Colorless liquid; benzene odor. D

1.0252 (20C), refr index 1.4646 (25C), bp 84.9C, fp

−40C. Insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol and

fluorocarbon polymer. This term includes po-

ether.

lytetrafluoroethylene, polymers of chlorotrifluoroe-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Irritant.

thylene, fluorinated ethylene-propylene polymers,

TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

polyvinylidene fluoride, hexafluoropropylene, etc.

Use: Insecticide and larvicide intermediate, identifi-

Properties: Thermoplastic; resistant to chemicals

cation reagent for plastic or resin polymers.

and oxidation; broad useful temperature range (up to

287C); high dielectric constant; resistant to mois-

1-(2-(4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzisoxazol-3-yl)-1-

ture, weathering, ozone, and UV radiation. Their

piperidinyl)ethyl)-3-phenyl-2-

structure comprises a straight backbone of carbon

imidazolidinone.

atoms symmetrically surrounded by fluorine atoms.

CAS: 200398-40-9. mf: C

Noncombustible.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Available forms: Powders, dispersions, film, sheet,

tubes, rods, tapes, and fibers.

p-fluorobenzoic acid 2-phenylhydrazide. Use: High-temperature wire and cable insulation,

CAS: 1496-02-2. mf: C

O. electrical equipment, drug and chemical equipment,

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. coating of cooking utensils, piping gaskets, continu-

574FLUOROCHEMICAL

ous sheet, bonding industrial diamonds to metal ponents after testing, bp range 31–173C, high die-

lectric strength, colorless, nonflammable.

(grinding wheels).

See fluoroelastomer.

fluorol. See sodium fluoride.

fluorochemical. Organic compounds, not nec-

essarily hydrocarbons, in which a large percentage

“Fluorolubes” [Occidental]. TM for poly-

of the hydrogen directly attached to carbon has been

mers of trifluorovinyl chloride (−CF

−CFCl−)

con-

replaced by fluorine. The presence of two or more

taining 49% fluorine and 31% chlorine. Products are

fluorine atoms on a carbon atom usually imparts

light oils, heavy oils, and greaselike materials.

stability and inertness to the compound, and fluorine

Use: Lubricant and sealant for plug cocks, valves,

usually increases the acidity of organic acids.

and vacuum pumps; impregnant for gaskets and

Derivation: (1) Electrolysis of solutions in hydrogen

packings; fluid for hydraulic equipment, heat ex-

fluoride (Simons process); (2) replacement of chlo-

change, and instrument damping.

rine or bromine by fluorine with hydrogen fluoride

in the presence of a catalyst (antimony trifluoride or

fluoromethane. (methyl fluoride).

pentafluoride); (3) addition of hydrogen fluoride to

CAS: 593-53-3. CH

olefins or acetylene.

Properties: Colorless gas. Bp −78.2C, fp −142C, d

Use: Dielectric and heat-transfer liquids, pump seal-

1.19 (air

1.29). Soluble in alcohol and ether.

ants, surfactants, metering devices, special solvents.

Hazard: Flammable. Narcotic in high concentra-

See fluorocarbon; fluoroelastomer.

tions. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

5-fluorocytosine. (flucytosine).

fluorometholone. (9-fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-

CAS: 2022-85-7. C

6-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione; fluormeth-

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mw 129.09, mp 295C

olone). C

(decomposes), light sensitive.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 292−303C.

Use: A steroid, glucocorticoid, antiinflammatory.

fluorodichloromethane. See dichlorofluoro-

methane.

3-(6-fluoro-2-naphthalenyl)-2,5-dihydro-1,2-

dimethyl-1h-pyrrole, el-(2r,3r)-2,3-

fluoroelastomer. Any elastomeric high polymer

dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1).

containing fluorine; they may be homopolymers or

CAS: 326800-76-4. mf: C

FN•C

copolymers. Fluorocarbon polymers include a large

Hazard: A poison.

group of fluoroelastomers, including a copolymer in

which the molecular skeleton is a −P==N− chain

containing approximately equal numbers of tri- and

3-(6-fluoro-2-naphthalenyl)-1,2-dimethyl

heptafluoroethoxy side groups. Such polymers are

(2r,3s)-rel-3-pyrrolidinol hydrochloride.

amorphous, thermally stable, noncombustible. Gen-

CAS: 302959-28-0. mf: C

FNO•ClH.

erally resistant to attack by solvents and chemicals,

Hazard: A poison.

have low glass transition temperature (−77C), and

are generally resistant to attack by solvents and

fluoronitrofen.

chemicals.

CAS: 13738-63-1. mf: C

FNO

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

fluoroform. (trifluoromethane; propellant 23;

Use: Agricultural chemical.

refrigerant 23).

CAS: 75-46-7. CHF

p-fluorophenol. (4-fluorophenol).

Properties: Colorless gas. Bp −84C, mp −160C.

CAS: 371-41-5. FC

OH.

Nonflammable.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 1.1889 (56C),

Grade: 98% min purity.

mp 48.2C (stable form), 28.5C (unstable form), bp

Use: Refrigerant, intermediate in organic synthesis,

185.6C. Soluble in water.

direct coolant for infrared detector cells, blowing

Hazard: Irritant.

agent for urethane foams.

Use: Fungicide, intermediate for pharmaceuticals.

fluoroformyl fluoride. See carbonyl fluo-

2-(4-fluorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-

ride.

a)isoquinoline.

CAS: 61001-09-0. mf: C

“Fluorographite” [Atofina]. TM for fluori-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

nated graphite cathode material.

Use: Lithium anode batteries, lubricant chromato-

graphic materials.

3-(4-fluorophenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-2-

propenamide.

“Fluoroinert” [3M].

TM for a series of per- CAS: 315706-75-3. mf: C

FNO.

fluorinated liquids used for cleaning electronic com- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

575 FLUVOXAMINE

8-fluoro-n-(2-(4-phenyl-2-thiazolyl)ethyl)-4- fluorspar. (fluorite; florspar). CaF

. Natural

calcium fluoride; yellow, green, or purple crystals.

quinolinamine.

Mohs hardness 4, d 3.2, mp 1350C.

CAS: 124533-50-2. mf: C

Grade: Metallurgical; ceramic and acid, containing

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

more than 85 and 98% CaF

, respectively.

Occurrence: U.S., Canada, Europe, Mexico.

fluorophosphoric acid, anhydrous.

Use: Principal source of fluorine and its compounds

CAS: 13537-32-1. H

by way of hydrogen fluoride, flux in open-hearth

Properties: Colorless, viscous liquid. D 1.1818

steel furnaces and in metal smelting, in ceramics, for

(25C). Miscible with water.

synthetic cryolite, in carbon electrodes, emery

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

wheels, electric arc welders, certain cements, denti-

Use: Metal cleaners, electrolytic or chemical polish-

frices, phosphors, paint pigment, catalyst in wood

ing agents, formation of protective coatings for met-

preservatives, optical equipment.

al surfaces, catalyst.

See difluorophosphoric acid; hexafluorophosphoric

acid.

fluosilicate. A salt of fluosilicic acid, H

SiF

4-fluoro-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.

fluosilicic acid. (hydrofluosilicic acid; fluoro-

CAS: 315706-67-3. mf: C

FNO.

silicic acid; hexafluorosilicic acid; hydrogen

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

hexafluorosilicate; hydrosilicofluoric acid; hy-

drofluorosilicic acid).

6-fluoro-7-(1-pyrrolyl)-1-ethyl-1,4-dihydro-

CAS: 16961-83-4. H

SiF

4-oxo-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid.

Properties: Aqueous solution: Colorless fuming liq-

CAS: 91524-15-1. mf: C

uid. Attacks glass and stoneware.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Derivation: By-product of the action of sulfuric acid

on phosphate rock containing fluorides and silica or

fluorosilicic acid. See fluosilicic acid.

silicates. The hydrogen fluoride acts on the silica to

produce silicon tetrafluoride, SiF

, which reacts with

fluorosulfonic acid. See fluosulfonic acid.

water to form fluosilicic acid, H

SiF

Grade: Technical, CP.

fluorosulfuric acid. See fluosulfonic acid.

Hazard: Extremely corrosive by skin contact and

inhalation.

fluorothane. (ethyl fluoride). CH

Use: Water fluoridation, ceramics (to increase

Use: Replaces ether in surgery.

hardness), disinfecting copper and brass vessels,

hardening cement, etc., wood preservative and im-

n-(2-fluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylthio)-

pregnating compounds, electroplating, manufacture

methanesulfoanilide.

of aluminum fluoride, synthetic cryolite and hydro-

CAS: 22729-75-5. mf: C

FNO

gen fluoride, sterilizing bottling and brewing equip-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

ment (1–2% solution).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

fluosulfonic acid. (fluorosulfuric acid; fluo-

5-fluoro-3-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)uracil.

rosulfonic acid).

CAS: 63901-83-7. mf: C

CAS: 7789-21-1. HSO

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. D 1.745 (15C);

fp −87C; bp 165C. Soluble in nitrobenzene. Reacts

fluorothene. See chlorotrifluoroethylene

violently with water, does not attack glass.

polymer.

Derivation: Reaction of anhydrous hydrogen fluo-

ride with sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid anhydride.

8-fluoro-n-(2-(2-thienyl)ethyl)-4-

Hazard: Extremely irritating to eyes and tissue.

quinolinamine.

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, electropolishing,

CAS: 124533-68-2. mf: C

fluorinating agent.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

flushed color. A pigment dispersed in oil, var-

fluorotrichloromethane. See trichlorofluoro-

nish, etc., the transfer from the water phase to the oil

methane.

phase having been effected without the usual drying

and subsequent grinding of the dry pigment. It is

5-fluorouracil. [5-fluoro-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidi-

claimed that flushed colors are ready for use without

nedione].

grinding.

CAS: 51-21-8. C

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mw 130.08, mp 282C

(decomposes). Soluble in water or methanol-water

fluvoxamine.

mixtures. CAS: 54739-18-3. mf: C

Use: Antineoplastic agent. Hazard: A poison.

576FLUVOXAMINE MALEATE

fluvoxamine maleate. etc. Useful foams for automobile seats, mattresses,

CAS: 61718-82-9. mf: C

•C

. and similar uses are made from natural and synthetic

latexes, e.g., polystyrene, polyurethane. A glass

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Human systemic

foam is based on sodium silicate and rock wool, and

effects.

vitreous ceramic foams are also available. Metals

can be caused to foam. Concrete foams are also in

flux. (1) A substance that promotes the fusing of

general use. Foams designed for fire extinguishment

minerals or metals or prevents the formation of ox-

are agglomerations of small bubbles of gas produced

ides. For example, in metal refining lime is added to

by two methods: (1) by chemical reaction between

the furnace charge to absorb mineral impurities in

aluminum sulfate and sodium bicarbonate to gener-

the metal. A slag is formed that floats on the bath and

ate carbon dioxide (chemical foams), and (2) by

is run off. (2) A substance applied to metals that are

mixing or agitation of air with water containing the

to be united. On application of heat, it aids the flow

foaming ingredients (mechanical foams). The two

of solder and prevents formation of oxides. (3) Any

types are equally efficient in fire-extinguishing abil-

readily fusible glass or enamel used as a base or

ity. Besides the foaming ingredients, the foams con-

ground in ceramic processing. (4) The rate of flow or

tain stabilizing agents to assure permanence; there

transfer of electricity, magnetism, water, heat, ener-

are many of these, for example, soaps, proteins,

gy, etc., the term being used to denote the quantity

extract of licorice root, fatty acids, and sulfite li-

that crosses a unit area of a given surface in a unit of

quors. The ingredients of chemical foams are assem-

time. (5) The intensity of neutron radiation, ex-

bled in two separate units, which generate the foam

pressed as the number of neutrons passing through

on blending. Fire foams are used primarily on fires

one square centimeter in one second. (6) A mixture

in hydrocarbon liquids (class B fires). There are

of sodium nitrate and sodium nitrite; oxidizing agent

many special types tailored for specific uses. Some

used as a low explosive.

fire-protection systems for aircraft include an in-

stant-generating foam for cabin interiors, using a

fluxing lime. See calcium oxide.

2.5% aqueous solution of alkyl sulfonate and rigid

polyurethane foams for use in fuel tanks.

fly ash. The very fine ash produced by combus-

See fire extinguishment.

tion of powdered coal with forced draft and often

An unusually stable foam that remains intact much

carried off with the flue gases. Special equipment is

longer than fire-fighting foams has been developed

required for effective recovery, e.g., electrostatic

at Sandia National Laboratories. It results from a

precipitators. Fly ash is a mixture of alumina, silica,

synergistic action caused when a water-soluble

unburned carbon, and various metallic oxides. It is

polymer and a fatty alcohol are blended with a sol-

reported to have mutagenic properties after passing

vent and a surfactant. A possible agricultural use

through stack precipitators. The alumina is recover-

would be in insecticide application.

able by calsintering, which makes it a possible alter-

native source of aluminum.

Use: Cement additive for oil-well casings, absorbent

foam, metal. A cellular metallic structure, usu-

for oil spills (silicone-coated), to replace lime in

ally of aluminum or zinc alloys, made by incorporat-

scrubbing sulfur dioxide from flue gas, as a filler in

ing titanium or zirconium hydride in the base metal.

plastics, source of germanium (England), proposed

This subsequently evolves hydrogen to produce a

as catalyst for coal liquefaction, removal of heavy

uniform, foamlike material. Its density is approxi-

metals from industrial wastewaters, separation of

mately that of seawater so that it is weightless when

oil-sand tailings.

submerged. The principal use of foamed metals is in

See calsintering.

absorption of shock impact without elastic rebound.

Fiber-reinforced light-metal foams have potential

Fm. Symbol for fermium.

application in reducing the weight of automobile

bodies.

FMN. Abbreviation for flavin mononucleotide.

See riboflavin phosphate.

foam, plastic. A cellular plastic that may be

foam. A dispersion of a gas in a liquid or solid. either flexible or rigid. Flexible foams may be poly-

The gas globules may be of any size, from colloidal urethane, rubber latex, polyethylene, or vinyl poly-

to macroscopic, as in soap bubbles. Bakers’ bread mers; rigid foams are chiefly polystyrene, polyure-

and sponge rubber are examples of solid foams. thane, epoxy, and polyvinyl chloride. The blowing

Typical liquid foams are those used in fire-fighting, agents used are sodium bicarbonate, halocarbons

shaving creams, etc. In such foams, the liquid must such as CCl

F, and hydrazine. Flexible polystyrene

have sufficient cohesion to form an elastic film, e.g., foam is available in extruded sheets and also in the

soap, oil, protein, fatty acids, etc. Surfactant-in- form of beads made by treating a polystyrene sus-

duced foams have been developed to increase the pension with pentane; these expand from 30 to 50

efficiency of fuel cells. Foams made by mechanical times on heating and are used as automobile radiator

incorporation of air are widely used in the food sealants. Rigid foams are widely used for boat con-

industry, e.g., whipped cream, egg white, ice cream, struction, filtration, fillers in packing cases, absorp-

577 FOOD

tion of oil spills, and building insulation. The latter Grade: 10% feed grade, USP.

application involves a fire risk described below.

Use: Medicine, nutrition, food additive (maximum

Hazard: The most widely used types of organic foam

daily ingestion not to exceed 0.01 mg).

plastics (polystyrene, polyurethane, polyisocyanu-

See folinic acid.

rate) are combustible; even when fire-retardant

agents are incorporated, such foams will burn. The

folinic acid. (5-formyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropter-

extent of burning or fire severity will vary with

oyl-l-glutamic acid; citrovorum factor; leucove-

surface treatment, end-use location, recipe, and de-

rin). C

. A member of the folic acid group

gree of protection. Thin coatings of fire-retardant

of vitamins and a growth factor for the bacterium

paint, metal, or automatic sprinkler systems may not

Leuconostoc citrovorum. Folinic acid is an impor-

adequately protect against rapid fire spread. Organic

tant metabolite of folic acid and may be the active

foamed plastic surfaces should not be left exposed.

form in cellular metabolism. It is an effective hema-

Multiple adjacent surfaces such as walls and ceiling

topoietic factor. Ascorbic acid and vitamin B

are

create a most severe hazard because of the chemical

essential for the conversion of folic acid to folinic

kinetics associated with radiative, conductive, and

acid.

convective currents developed during a building

Properties: (dl form): Crystals. Decompose

fire. New methods of making such plastic foams as

240–250C. Sparingly soluble in water.

polyurethane that are reported to reduce their com-

Derivation: (1) Prepared by catalytic reduction of

bustibility have been developed, for example, use of

folic acid, (2) produced microbially.

trichlorobutylene oxide instead of propylene oxide.

Use: Medicine, nutrition, biochemical research.

Use of urea-formaldehyde foams for building insu-

lation has been restricted in some areas due to poten-

folpet. (phaltan; (N-(trichloromethylthio)-

tial toxic effect of the formaldehyde.

phthalimide)).

CAS: 133-07-3. C

(CO)

NSCCl

fob. Abbreviation for “freight on board,” a desig-

Properties: Light-colored powder. Insoluble in wa-

nation used in shipping a material to indicate that

ter, slightly soluble in organic solvents.

freight charges are to be paid by the purchaser. This

Use: Fungicide-bactericide for vinyls, paints, and

is in contrast to “freight prepaid and allowed,” indi-

enamels.

cating that freight charges are paid by the manufac-

turer.

“Fomerez” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

for a series of polyester and polyether resins, stan-

fog. A suspension of liquid droplets in air; an

nous octoate catalysts, and coupling agents used in

aerosol. The size of the droplets ranges from colloi-

the manufacture of urethane foams.

dal to macroscopic. “Synthetic” fogs can be pro-

duced on a laboratory scale by ultrasonic vibrations,

fonofos. See dyfonate.

and natural fogs can be precipitated by the same

means. Mists or fogs composed of atomized parti-

“Fonoline” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

cles of oil are used as military concealment screens

for petrolatum of soft consistency and low melting

and for insecticidal purposes in orchards and truck

point with color range of white to yellow and meet-

gardens.

ing USP or NF purity requirements for petrolatum.

See smog; chemical smoke; aerosol.

fonophos. (ethylphosphonodithioic acid-O-eth-

folacin. See folic acid.

yl-S-phenyl ester).

CAS: 944-22-9. C

OPS

Properties: Yellow liquid. Insoluble in water; misci-

folic acid. (pteroylglutamic acid; folacin;

ble with organic solvents.

PGA). C

. Considered a member of the

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

vitamin B complex. At least three substances with

Use: Insecticide, soil fumigant.

folic acid activity occur in nature, one of which,

pteroylglutamic acid, is made synthetically.

Properties: Pteroylglutamic acid: Orange-yellow

food. Any substance or mixture that, when ingest-

needles or platelets; tasteless; odorless. Slightly sol- ed by humans or animals, contributes to the mainte-

uble in methanol and sparingly soluble in water; nance of vital processes. With the exception of sodi-

insoluble in acetone, ether, benzene; moderately um chloride and water, all foods are derived from

soluble in dilute alkali hydroxide and carbonate so- plants, either by direct consumption or by ingestion

lutions; stable in heat in neutral and alkaline solu- of animal tissue or such animal products as eggs,

tion; destroyed by heating with acid; inactivated by milk, etc., which are derived metabolically from

light. vegetable sources. Basic foods are composed of

Source: Green plant tissue, fresh fruit, liver, and proteins, fats (lipids), and carbohydrates, together

yeast. Synthetic pteroylglutamic acid made by the with vitamins and minerals. Ancillary items that are

reaction of 2,3-di-bromopropanol, 2,4,5-triamino- associated with foods, though with little or no nutri-

6-hydroxypyrimidine, and p-aminobenzoyl glutam- tive value, are collectively called food additives,

ic acid. e.g., flavorings, spices, preservatives, and colorants.

578FOOD ADDITIVE

Many of these are also plant-derived, though some ics, conditions of state and equilibrium, rate pro-

are now made synthetically.

cesses, and transport phenomena. The unit

See plant (1); nutrient.

operations of chemical engineering and basic phys-

ics and mechanics are also involved.

food additive. (1) Intentional: The Food Protec-

tion Committee of the National Research council

food starch, modified.

states that a food additive is “a substance or mixture

Properties: White powders; tasteless and odorless.

other than a basic foodstuff that is present in food as

Insol in water, alc, ether, chloroform.

a result of any aspect of production, processing,

Use: Food additive.

storage, or packaging.” (2) Unintentional: Sub-

stances that may become part of a food product as a

food technology. Practice of the techniques

result of chance contamination, such as insecticide

used in the preparation of foods for large-scale hu-

residues, fertilizers, and the like. The permissible

man use. Among others these include harvesting,

content of insecticide residues has been established

postharvest treatment, all forms of cooking, tender-

by the FDA. The Food Additives Amendment to the

izing, preservation by chemicals, heating, dehydra-

Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act empowers the FDA

tion, drying and freezing, distillation and solvent

to disapprove or discontinue any food additive that it

extraction, milling, refining, hydrogenation, emulsi-

determines to be unsafe at the level of intended use,

fication, packaging materials and storage, labeling,

based on data supplied by the manufacturer.

and transportation. Other aspects of food technology

Note: Unintentional additives should more logically

are bacteriology, sanitation, quality control, and for-

be called contaminants.

mulation of ingredients for a wide variety of end

products. A recent development of importance is the

Food and Drug Administration. (FDA).

growth of convenience and quick-service foods.

The federal agency responsible for administering

and enforcing the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act,

food web. The nutritional structure of an ecosys-

including the Food Additives Amendment, which

tem in which more than one species occupies each

went into effect in March 1960 and has been exten-

level. Thus, there are usually several producer spe-

ded and updated regularly. It has the authority to

cies and several consumer species in a food web.

require proof of the efficacy and safety of drugs,

foods, and pharmaceuticals; to conduct and evaluate

footprinting. A technique for identifying the nu-

screening tests; and to compel withdrawal from the

cleic acid sequence bound either by a DNA- or by an

market of any such product that it finds ineffective

RNA-binding protein. This sequence is protected

or hazardous. It establishes tolerances on food and

from digestion by the protein.

animal feed additives of all types, including pesti-

cides, as well as on cosmetic products, flammable

foots. (soapstock). The mixture of soap, oil, and

fabrics, and packaging and labeling materials. It can

impurities that precipitates when natural fatty oils

also require specific statement on labels of the com-

are refined by treatment with caustic soda or soda

ponents or ingredients of a product, as well as pre-

ash. Usually contains 30–50% free and combined

cautionary warnings. Headquarters are located at

fatty acids. A related meaning is the suspended solid

5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville MD 20857-0001.

matter in crude oils.

Website: http://www.fda.gov. See Environmen-

Use: Manufacture of relatively low-grade soaps, as a

tal Protection Agency; food additive.

source of free fatty acids.

food chain. The sequence of nutritional steps in

foots oil. The oil sweated out of slack wax. It

an ecosystem, with producers at the bottom and

takes its name from the fact that it goes to the bot-

consumers at the top.

tom, or foot, of the pan when sweated.

See foots; slack; wax.

food color. (certified color). A colorant that

may be either dye (soluble) or a lake (insoluble)

“Foray” [Ansul]. TM for a monoammonium

permissible for use in foods, drugs, or cosmetics by

phosphate–based formulation used to extinguish

the FDA. The dyes color by solution and the lakes by

fires in flammable liquids (Class B fires) and in

dispersion. All must satisfy strict regulations as to

combustible materials such as wood and paper

toxicity.

(Class A fires).

See FD&C colors.

forensic chemistry. See legal chemistry.

food engineering. Application of engineering

principles to the design of equipment for large-scale

food processing, e.g., automatic harvesting devices,

forensics (DNA). The use of DNA for identifi-

dryers of various types, crystallizers, ovens and heat cation. Some examples of DNA use are to establish

exchangers, comminuting and mixing equipment, paternity in child support cases; establish the pres-

distillation units, packaging machines. Food engi- ence of a suspect at a crime scene; and identify

neering requires an understanding of thermodynam- accident victims.

579 FORMETANATE

forge. A furnace used for heating and softening a Use: Rubber accelerator, intermediate.

metal in preparation for hot working, e.g., wrought

iron.

formaldehyde bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethyl)

acetal.

CAS: 17003-79-1. mf: C

forging. Shaping a heated metal by means of

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

repeated impact, thus improving its strength.

formaldehyde cyanohydrin. See glycoloni-

formal. See methylal.

trile.

formaldehyde. (oxymethylene; formic alde-

formaldehyde, polymer with

hyde; methanal).

(chloromethyl)oxirane and phenol.

CAS: 50-00-0. HCHO. A readily polymerizable gas.

CAS: 9003-36-5. mf: (C

O•C

ClO•CH

Formaldehyde is commercially offered as a 37–50%

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

aqueous solution that may contain up to 15% metha-

tact. A mild skin irritant.

nol to inhibit polymerization. These commercial

grades are called formalin. It is one of the few organ-

ic compounds known to exist in outer space.

formaldehyde, polymer with 4-nonylphenol

and oxirane.

CAS: 30846-35-6. mf: (C

O•C

O•CH

Hazard: A mild eye irritant.

Properties: (Gas) Strong, pungent odor. Vap d 1.067

formaldehyde-p-toluidine. (methylene-p-to-

(air

1.000), vap d 0.815, (-20/4C), bp −19C, fp -

luidine). (CH

NCH

)

118C, autoign temp 806F (430C), soluble in water

Properties: White powder with grayish-yellow cast;

and alcohol. (Aqueous 37% solution with 15%

aromatic odor. D 1.11. Soluble in acetone.

methanol) Bp 96C, flash p 122F (50C). (Methanol

Derivation: Reaction between formaldehyde and p-

free) Bp 101C, flash p 185F (85C).

toluidine.

Derivation: Oxidation of synthetic methanol or low-

Use: Rubber accelerator, dyes.

boiling petroleum gases such as propane and butane.

Silver, copper, or iron-molybdenum oxide are the

formalin. An aqueous 37–50% solution of form-

most common catalysts.

aldehyde that may contain 15% methyl alcohol.

Grade: Aqueous solutions: 37, 44, 50% inhibited

See formaldehyde.

(with varying percentages of methanol) or stabilized

or unstabilized (methanol-free); also available in

formamide. (methanamide).

solution in n-butanol, ethanol, or urea; USP (37%

CAS: 75-12-7. HCONH

aqueous solution containing methanol).

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic, oily liquid. D

See paraformaldehyde.

1.146, bp 200–212C with partial decomposition be-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Explosive limits in air

ginning at approximately 180C, mp 2.5C, flash p

7–73%. Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant, a carcin-

310F (154C). Soluble in water and alcohol. Com-

ogen. (Solution) Avoid breathing vapor and avoid

bustible.

skin contact. TLV: 1 ppm; suspected human carcin-

Derivation: Interaction of ethyl formate and ammo-

ogen.

nia, with subsequent distillation.

Use: Urea and melamine resins, polyacetal resins,

Hazard: Toxic material. TLV: 10 ppm, toxic by skin

phenolic resins, ethylene glycol, pentaerythritol,

absorption.

hexamethylenetetramine, fertilizer, disinfectant, bi-

Use: Solvent, softener, intermediate in organic syn-

ocide, embalming fluids, preservative, reducing

thesis.

agent as in recovery of gold and silver, corrosion

inhibitor in oil wells, durable-press treatment of

formaniline. See formaldehyde aniline.

textile fabrics, industrial sterilant, treatment of grain

smut, foam insulation, particle board, plywood, a

versatile chemical intermediate.

“Formcel” [Celanese]. TM for a series of wa-

ter-free formaldehyde solutions in alcohols.

Use: Alcoholated urea and melamine resins, em-

formaldehyde aniline. (formaniline).

balming fluids.

NCH

Properties: Colorless to yellowish crystals. Initial

mp 133C, bp 271C, d 1.14 (but these vary somewhat

formetanate. (3-dimethylaminoethy-

from sample to sample). Soluble in water, ether, and leneiminophenyl-N-methylcarbamate hydrochlo-

alcohol. ride).

Derivation: Condensation of formaldehyde and ani- CAS: 23422-53-9.

line. Properties: Water soluble.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Use: Acaricide for deciduous fruits.

580“FORMICA”

“Formica” Brand Laminate [Formica]. the kind of atoms in a molecule of one or more

compounds; it indicates composition only, not struc-

TM for high-pressure laminated sheets of mela-

ture. Example: CH is the empirical formula for both

mine and phenolic plastics for decorative applica-

acetylene and benzene. (2) Molecular. Shows the

tions such as surfacing, adhesives for bonding lami-

actual number and kind of atoms in a chemical entity

nated plastic to other surfaces.

(i.e., a molecule, group, or ion). Examples: H

(one

molecule of hydrogen), 2H

(two molecules of

formic acid. (hydrogen carboxylic acid;

sulfuric acid), CH

(a methyl group), Co(NH

)

(an

methanoic acid).

ion). (3) Structural. Indicates the location of the

CAS: 64-18-6. HCOOH.

atoms, groups, or ions relative to one another in a

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid; penetrating

molecule, as well as the number and location of

odor. D 1.2201 (20/4C), mp 8.3C, bp 100.8C, flash p

chemical bonds. Examples:

156F (69C) (OC), bulk d 10.16 lb/gal (20C), refr

index 1.3719 (20C), autoign temp 1114F (600C),

strong reducing agent. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

ether. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By treatment of sodium formate and

sodium acid formate with sulfuric acid at low tem-

peratures and distilling in vacuo; (2) by acid hydrol-

ysis of methyl formate; (3) as a by-product in the

manufacture of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde.

Method of purification: Rectification.

Grade: Technical, 85%, 90%, CP, FCC.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue. TLV: 5 ppm;

STEL 10 ppm.

Since all molecules are three-dimensional, they can-

Use: Dyeing and finishing of textile; leather treat-

not properly be shown in the plane of the paper. This

ment; chemicals (formates, oxalic acid, organic es-

third dimensionality is sometimes indicated by extra-

ters); manufacture of fumigants, insecticides, refrig-

heavy lines or three-dimensional artwork (configura-

erants; solvents for perfumes, lacquers;

tional formula) as in this representation of an ethanol

electroplating; brewing (antiseptic); silvering glass;

molecule:

cellulose formate; natural latex coagulant; ore flota-

tion; vinyl resin plasticizers.

formic aldehyde. See formaldehyde.

formonitrile. See hydrocyanic acid.

(4) Generic. Expresses a generalized type of organic

“Formopon” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for sodi-

compound in which the variables stand for the number

um formaldehyde hydrosulfite. “Formopon” Extra

of atoms or for the kind of radical in a homologous

is the basic zinc salt.

series. Examples:

formothion. [S-(N-formyl-N-methylcarbamoyl-

2n+2

methyl)-dimethyl phosphorodithioate].

a paraffin an olefin

CAS: 2540-82-1. C

ROR ROH

Properties: Yellow liquid. Fp 25C. Insoluble in wa-

an ether an alcohol

ter; miscible with common organic solvents.

a hydrocarbon radical)

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

Use: Systemic insecticide.

(5) Electronic. A structural formula in which the bonds

are replaced by dots indicating electron pairs, a single

“Form Release Gold” [Unitex]. TM for a

bond being equivalent to one pair of electrons shared

general use premium type form release product.

by two atoms. Example: the electronic formula for

Use: For steel, aluminum, plywood and composition

methane is

forms.

“Formrez” [Crompton & Knowles]. Spe-

cialty oxylates or polyethers.

Use: In polyurethane foams, prepolymers, coatings,

elastomers, adhesives, caulks, and sealants.

formula, chemical. A written representation formula, product. A list of the ingredients and

using symbols of a chemical entity or relationship. their amounts or percentages required in an industri-

There are several kinds of formulas: (1) Empirical. al product. Such formulas (or recipes) are mixtures,

Expresses in simplest form the relative number and not compounds; they are generally used in such

581 “FOSFODRIL”

industries as adhesives, food, paint, rubber, and aldehyde, addition of alkyl halide to the Schiff base,

plastics. and subsequent hydrolysis.

See formulation.

“FORTEX” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for an

formulation. Selection of components of a prod-

oxidized hydrocarbon wax.

uct formula or mixture to provide optimum specific

properties for the end use desired. Formulation by

“Forticel” [Celanese]. TM for a cellulosic

experienced technologists is essential for products

thermoplastic for use in injection molding, extru-

intended to meet specifications or special service

sion, rotational casting, and blow molding.

conditions.

Properties: Pellets (crystals, translucent, metallic,

and opaque colors). D 1.20, highest use temperature

formula weight. The sum of the atomic weights

80C. Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in min-

represented in a chemical formula. Thus, since the

eral oils. Combustible.

atomic weight of hydrogen is 1 and that of oxygen is

Use: Pen and pencil barrels, telephone bases, eyeg-

16, the formula weight of water (H

O) is 18 (approx-

lass frames, tool handles, sheeting, steering wheels,

imate atomic weights used).

etc.

2-formyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran. See acro-

fortification. In food technology, addition to a

lein dimer.

food ingredient or product of nutrients that are not

normally present, for example, addition of vitamin

formyl fluoride. HCOF.

D to milk or of vitamin C to cake fillings. Nutrition-

Properties: Gas at normal temperature and pressure.

ists apply this term to foods especially designed for

Bp −26C, fp −142C. Decomposes slowly with for-

schoolchildren and older persons.

mation of hydrogen fluoride and carbon monoxide.

See nutrification; enrichment.

Soluble in water (decomposes).

Derivation: Interaction of benzoyl chloride and a

“Fortiflex” [Celanese]. TM for a high-density

formic acid solution of potassium fluoride.

polyethylene consisting mainly of long molecules

Grade: Technical.

with occasional short side branches. Thermoplastic.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to tissue.

Properties: Milk-white, translucent pellets (colors

TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

are also available). D 0.95; melt index 0.2–8; tensile

Use: Organic synthesis (acetylating agent).

strength 3100–3700 psi; highest use temperature

225F. Combustible.

2-formyl-2

′

-methyl-1,1

′

-(oxydimethylene)

See polyethylene.

dipyridinium, dichloride oxime.

CAS: 70441-84-8. mf: C

•2Cl.

“Fortisan” [Celanese]. TM for a cellulosic

Hazard: A poison.

fiber manufactured by partial saponification of

stretched cellulose acetate. A semisynthetic prod-

formyloxytribenzylstannane.

uct, it resembles cellulose (cotton) in many respects.

CAS: 17977-68-3. mf: C

Sn.

The high-tenacity product has a dry strength of 5–7

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-

lb/denier (100,000–130,000 psi); wet strength is

tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

85% of dry strength. It has relatively low elongation

(skin).

under stress, elastic recovery is approximately 70%

after extension to break, immediate elastic recovery

1-formylpiperidine.

is 46%, delayed recovery is 30% at 5% strain.

Young’s modulus 1650; can be dyed in the same

way as cotton. The monofilament can be produced

❘

NCH==O.

to a fineness of one denier. D 1.50. Resists stretching

Properties: Colorless liquid. Liquid from −30 to

both dry and wet. Combustible.

222C, aprotic, low volatility. Miscible with alco-

hols, esters, ketones, amines, amides, inorganic

fortovase.

acids, organometallics; soluble in water and hexane.

CAS: 149845-06-7. mf: C

•CH

Use: Solvent for polar and nonpolar compounds, as

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

well as many high polymers; gas absorption; plastics

modifiers.

See N,N-dimethylformamide.

“Fortrel” [Celanese]. TM for a polyester-type

synthetic fiber.

3-formyltetrahydrofuran.

CAS: 79710-86-4. mf: C

“Fosfodril” [FMC]. TM for a glassy phosphate

Hazard: A mild eye irritant.

of high molecular weight (sodium hexametaphos-

phate).

Forster reaction. Formation of secondary Use: Thickener for drilling muds, water treatment in

amines by condensation of a primary amine with an oil-well flooding operations.

582FOSFOMYCIN

fosfomycin. formed on this wire almost instantly, most of the

CAS: 23155-02-4. C

P. water draining through the interstices of the wire.

Properties: Water-soluble crystals. Mp 95C. After leaving the wire, the sheet (called the web)

Derivation: Produced by Streptomyces, also made passes through the press section of the machine

where a number of rollers express enough of the

synthetically.

remaining water to enable the sheet to hold together.

Use: General antibiotic.

It then moves into the multiroller drying section.

The dried sheet (4–6% moisture content) is then fed

fossil. Any material that results from an animal or

to a high-speed calender for compaction and finish-

vegetable source in past geologic ages and has been

ing. The entire process is continuous and rapid, the

buried (compressed) in the earth. Examples are fos-

machine often operating for several days without

sil fuels (petroleum, natural gas, coal, lignite), fossil

shutdown.

waxes (ozocerite, montan), fossil resins (amber),

See calender; drying (2); paper; couch roll; dandy

and fossil woods partially preserved (petrified) by

roll; supercalender.

the action of silica.

“Fosterite” [Westinghouse]. TM for a family

Fourier-transform NMR. (FT-NMR).

of resins. Largest application is as solventless var-

A type of spectroscopy, developed by Ernst, which

nishes for electric insulation, also as a photoelastic

multiplies sensitivity 10 to 100 times compared to

resin and as a bond for impregnating and laminating

dispersive NMR instruments.

asbestos sheets. Rods made of this plastic will carry

See spectroscopy.

a beam of light without the dispersion that occurs in

air, making it possible to bend the beam.

“FP” Acids [Atofina]. TM for a series of fluo-

rophosphoric acid.

fostion. (O,O-diethyl-S-(N-isopropyl carba-

moylmethyl) phosphorodithioate).

FPC. (1) Abbreviation for fish protein concen-

CAS: 2275-18-5. (C

SPSCH

SCH(CH

)

trate. (2) Abbreviation for Federal Power Commis-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 24C. Solu-

sion.

ble in most organic solvents.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption,

Fr. Symbol for francium.

cholinesterase inhibitor.

Use: Fungicide, ovicide.

fraction. Any portion of a mixture characterized

by very similar properties. The most important frac-

“Fotoceram” [Corning]. TM for a photosen-

tions of petroleum are naphtha, gasoline, fuel oil,

sitive, crystalline ceramic.

kerosene, and tarry or waxy residues. These are

Use: Electronics and industrial arts.

obtained by fractional distillation.

See separation.

“Foundrez” [Reichhold]. TM for a group of

water-soluble phenol-formaldehyde and urea-form-

fractional distillation. Distillation in which

aldehyde resins for foundry applications.

rectification is used to obtain product as nearly pure

as possible. A part of the vapor is condensed and the

foundry sand. (greensand; molding sand).

resulting liquid contacted with more vapor, usually

Sand containing zirconium, titanium, and other met-

in a column with plates or packing. The term is also

als and mixed with suitable binders used in making

applied to any distillation in which the product is

molds for casting metals. The sand/binder mixture is

collected in a series of separate components of simi-

either rammed into place around the mold or baked

lar boiling range.

into a core at 204–260C (dry-sand molding). The

See reflux.

binders used are resins of various types, casein, etc.

fractionation. In general, the separation or isola-

fourdrinier. The machine most widely used for

tion of components of a mixture or a micromolecular

papermaking, named for its English inventors who

complex. In distillation, this is done by means of a

introduced it in the mid-19th century. It provides a

tower or column in which rising vapor and descend-

wide range of papers from heavy board to light

ing liquid are brought into contact (countercurrent

tissue and is of impressive size and complexity. Its

flow). Macromolecular components (proteins and

unique feature is the traveling mesh belt onto which

other high polymers) can be separated by a number

the slurry of fiber and water is run from the headbox.

of methods, including electrophoresis, gel filtration,

The wire was formerly a screen made of specially

chromatography, centrifugation, foam fraction-

annealed bronze and brass in 55–85 mesh size range.

ation, and partition.

This has largely been replaced by single and multi-

See reflux.

layer woven polyester-forming fabrics, which are

plastic screens woven with approximately 0.20 mm

polyester monofilament. The plastic-forming fabric

fracturing, hydraulic. See hydraulic frac-

is longer lasting and more adaptable. The sheet is turing.

583 “FREON”

fragile sites. A non-staining gap of variable free energy. (⌬G; Gibbs free energy). An

width that usually involves both chromatids and is exact thermodynamic quantity used to predict the

always at exactly the same point on a specific chro- maximum work obtainable from the spontaneous

transformation of a given system. It also provides a

mosome derived from an individual or kindred.

criterion for the spontaneity of a transformation or

reaction and predicts the greatest extent to which the

fragrance. An odorant used to impart a pleasant

reaction can occur, i.e., its maximum yield. Trans-

smell to lotions, toothpastes, cosmetics, etc.; bal-

formation of a system can be brought about by either

samic and piney odors are typical.

heat or mechanical work. Free energy is derived

from the internal energy and entropy of a system in

fraissite. (benzyl iodide). C

accordance with the laws of thermodynamics.

Use: A tear gas.