D. Symbol for deuterium. Dakin reaction. Replacement of the aldehyde

or acetyl groups in phenolic aldehydes or ketones by

a hydroxyl group by means of hydrogen peroxide.

D. (D-) Prefix indicating the right-handed enantio-

mer of an optical isomer. Usually printed as a small

capital letter.

Dakin’s solution. An aqueous solution contain-

See L; glyceraldehyde; asymmetry; enantiomer.

ing 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, used as an antiseptic,

especially for wound treatment.

d-. (d-). Prefix indicating that a substance is dex-

trorotatory. A plus sign (+) is now preferred.

Dakin-West reaction. Reaction of ␣-amino

acids with acetic anhydride in the presence of base to

give ␣-acetamido ketones. The reaction occurs via

2,4-D. (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid).

the intermediate azlactone.

CAS: 94-75-7. Cl

OCH

COOH.

Properties: White to yellow crystalline powder. Sta-

ble, mp 138C, bp 160C (0.4 mm Hg). Difficultly “Dalamar” [Du Pont].

TM for an azo yellow

soluble in water or oils; soluble in alcohols. pigment.

Derivation: Reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol and

chloroacetic acid in aqueous sodium hydroxide.

dalapon.

Available forms: Sodium salt (60–85% acid), amine

CAS: 75-99-0. CH

CCl

COOH. Generic name for

salts (10–60% acid), esters (10–45% acid). These

2,2-dichloropropionic acid. The sodium salt (sodi-

forms are dispersible in water or oils (esters) and can

um 2,2-dichloropropionate) is commonly used.

be applied as sprays.

Properties: (free acid) Liquid. Bp 185–190C (760

Grade: Technical.

mm Hg), 90–92C (14 mm Hg), d 1.389 (22.8 4C).

Hazard: Irritant. Use may be restricted. TLV: 10 mg/

Very soluble in water and alcohol; soluble in ether.

(sodium salt): Crystals; salty taste. Decomposes

Use: Selective weed killer and defoliant, fruit drop

174–176C. Corrosive to iron. Soluble in water;

control.

aqueous solutions hydrolyze above 70C.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 1

DAA. Abbreviation for diacetone acrylamide. ppm.

Use: Herbicide.

DACE. See S,N-diacetylcysteine monoethyl

ester.

“Dalpad” [Dow]. TM for a coalescing agent, a

stable, low-odor, low-temperature film-forming aid

for polyvinyl acetate and acrylic latex paints.

“Dacron” [Du Pont]. TM for a polyester fiber

made from polyethylene terephthalate. Available as

filament yarn, staple, tow, and fiberfill.

dalton. A unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of

Properties: D 1.38, mp 250C, tensile strength (psi) the

4–5 g/denier (about 50–60 thousand psi), break See atomic weight.

elongation 10–36%, moisture regain 0.4%, high

elastic recovery, good insect resistance. Difficult to

Dalton, John. (1766–1844). The first theorist

ignite; self-extinguishing. Soluble in m-cresol (hot),

since the Greek philosopher Democritus to conceive

trifluoroacetic acid, and o-chlorophenol.

of matter in terms of small particles. The founder of

Derivation: Reaction of dimethyl terephthalate and

the atomic theory on which all succeeding chemical

ethylene glycol. The resulting polymer is melt-ex-

investigation has been based (1807). His essential

truded through a spinnerette and stretched.

concept of the indivisibility of the atom was not

Use: Textile fabrics and suitings, often combined

called into question until 1910 when radioactive

with wool and other fibers; cordage; fire hose.

decay was established by Rutherford. Dalton’s theo-

See dimethyl terephthalate; terephthalic acid.

ries relating to pressures of gases and atomic combi-

nations led to the basic generalizations stated in the

dactimicin sulfate. law of multiple proportions, the law of constant

CAS: 73245-91-7. mf: C

•2H

S•H

O. composition, and the law of conservation of matter.

Hazard: A poison. See Priestley, Joseph; chemical laws.

dactinomycin. (USAN for actinomycin D). Dalton’s law of partial pressures. In any

. An antibiotic produced from Strepto-

mixture of gases each constituent exerts its pressure

myces. Used in medicine. independently as if the other constituents were ab-

367

368“DAMA”

sent, and the solubility of mixed gases in liquid is

Darcy’s law. The volumetric rate of flow of

proportional to the partial pressure of each. water through a sand filter bed is directly propor-

tional to the cross-sectional area of the bed and the

pressure difference across the bed, and inversely

“DAMA” [Albemarle]. TM for fatty dialkyl

proportional to the thickness of the bed.

methylamines.

“Darex” [Grace]. TM for styrene-butadiene

dammar. A group of tree-derived resins soluble

latexes and related vehicles.

in hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon sol-

Use: Textile coatings, rug backings, saturants, shoe

vents, partially soluble in alcohols, insoluble in wa-

products, coatings, paints, and adhesives.

ter. Used in colorless and overprint varnishes, cellu-

losic lacquers, alkyd baking enamels, and paper and

“Dariloid” [Kelco]. TM for sodium alginate

textile coatings.

blends.

dandy roll. A light roller covered with wire

“Dariloid KB” [Kelco]. TM for propylene

cloth that rides on the formed sheet near the dry end

glycol alginate blends.

of the fourdrinier wire. Its purpose is to provide a

closer finish to the sheet as well as to impress a

“Darling Ladies” [Fu-E Life]. TM for five

screen pattern on the upper surface of the sheet

supplements including collagen, herbs, vitamins,

similar to that made by the wire on the under surface.

minerals and calcium.

Paper so marked is called “wove” in the trade. The

dandy roll may also impress a pattern of parallel

dark reactions. See carbon fixation reac-

lines, in which case the paper is called “laid.” It is

tions.

also used to apply watermarks.

Darzens condensation. Formation of ␣- and

dansyl. 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfo-

␤-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) by the condensation

nyl, derivatives of N-terminal amino acid residues.

of aldehydes or ketones with esters of ␣-haloacids;

the corresponding thermally unstable glycidic acids

dansyl chloride. (5-dimethylamino-1-napthal-

yield aldehydes or ketones on decarboxylation.

enesulfonyl chloride;

dimethlaminonaphthalenesulfonyl chloride)

Darzens-Nenitzescu synthesis of ketones.

Properties: Mw 269.8, mp 69–71C.

Acylation of olefins with acid chlorides or anhy-

drides catalyzed by Lewis acids. When performed in

danthron. See 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone.

the presence of a saturated hydrocarbon, the product

is the saturated ketone.

DAP. (1) Abbreviation for diallyl phthalate. (2)

Abbreviation for diammonium phosphate.

Darzens synthesis of tetralin derivatives.

See ammonium phosphate, dibasic.

Cyclization of compounds such as ␣-benzyl-␣-

allylacetic acid by moderate heating in concentrated

“Dapon” [FMC]. TM for a series of diallyl

sulfuric acid to yield tetralin derivatives.

phthalate resins. Used for molding compounds, pre-

pregs, and coatings.

DAS. Abbreviation for 4,4

′

-diamino-2,2

′

-stilben-

edisulfonic acid.

dapsone (USAN and USP name). (4,4

′

sulfonyldianiline).

data warehouse. A collection of databases,

CAS: 80-08-0. C

data tables, and mechanisms to access the data on a

Properties: Crystals. Mp 176C, vap d 8.3. Nearly

single subject.

insoluble in water; soluble in acetone and alcohol.

Hazard: A poison.

dating chemical. See chemical dating.

Use: Used in leprosy treatment and veterinary medi-

cine.

dative bond. See coordinate bond.

“Daran” [Grace]. TM for polyvinylidene chlo-

daturic acid. See n-heptadecanoic acid.

ride latexes used in packaging materials.

Use: Barrier coatings for packaging papers, paper-

daughter element. The element formed when

boards, plastic films, and specialty saturants.

another element undergoes radioactive decay. The

latter is called the parent. The daughter may or may

not be radioactive.

“Daratax” [Grace]. TM for specialty vinyl ac-

etate acrylic copolymers.

Available forms: Latex emulsions.

daunomycin. (daunorubicin).

Use: For paint, coating, adhesive, textile, and indus- CAS: 20830-81-3. C

. An antibiotic.

trial applications. Properties: Reddish needles. Bp (decomposes)

369 DDT

190C. Soluble in water and methyl alcohol; insolu-

DCO. Abbreviation for dehydrated castor oil.

ble in chloroform and benzene. See castor oil, dehydrated.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA).

DCP. Abbreviation for dicapryl phthalate.

Davy, Sir Humphry. (1778–1829). Born in

Cornwall, Davy was the first to isolate the alkali

DCPA. Abbreviation for dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetra-

metals and recognize the identity of chemical and

chloroterephthalate.

electrical energy. A pioneer in the science of electro-

chemistry, he carried out basic studies of electroly-

DCPC. Abbreviation for dichlorophenyl methyl

sis of salts and water, and his application of electric-

carbinol.

ity to the decomposition of molten caustic potash led

See di(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol.

to the isolation of metallic potassium.

DDB. Abbreviation for dodecylbenzene.

“Daxad” [Grace]. TM for anionic, polymer-

type dispersing agents. Supplied as light-colored

DDBSA. Abbreviation for dodecylbenzenesul-

powders or aqueous solutions. Effective dispersant

fonic acid.

for aqueous suspensions of insoluble dyestuffs,

See sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.

polymers, clays, tanning agents, and pigments.

Use: Manufacture of dyestuff pastes, textile back-

DDD. Abbreviation for dichlorodiphenyl-

ings, latex paints and paper coatings, retanning and

dichloroethane.

bleaching of leather, dye resist in leather dyeing,

See TDE.

disperson of pitch in paper manufacture, prefloc

prevention in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.

DDDA. Abbreviation for dodecanedioic acid.

“Daypro” [Searle]. TM for oxaprozin.

DDDM. Abbreviation for 2,2

′

-dihydroxy-5,5

′

-di-

Use: Drug.

chlorodiphenylmethane.

See dichlorophene.

“Dazzle” [Velocity]. TM for a dishwasher sta-

ble rinse agent not compatible with strong oxidizing

DDE. Abbreviation for dichlorodiphenyl-

agents.

dichloroethylene, (ClC

)

C:CCl

. It is a degrada-

tion product of DDT found as an impurity in DDT

Db. Symbol for dubnium.

residues.

2,4-DB. Abbreviation for 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-

2,4

′

-DDE. See 1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-

butyric acid.

2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene.

DBC. Abbreviation for 1,4-dichlorobutane.

DDFC. See gemicitabine.

DBCP. Abbreviation for 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-

DDH. Abbreviation for dichlorodimethylhydan-

propane.

toin.

DBM. Abbreviation for dibutyl maleate.

DDM. (1) Abbreviation for diaminodiphenyl-

methane. (2) Abbreviation for n-dodecylmercaptan.

DBMC. Abbreviation for 4,6-di-tert-butyl-m-

cresol.

DDNP. Abbreviation for diazodinitrophenol.

DBP. Abbreviation for dibutyl phthalate.

DDP. Abbreviation for dodecyl phthalte.

DBPP. See dibutylphenyl phosphate.

DDQ. See 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoqui-

none.

DBS. Abbreviation for dibutyl sebacate.

DDS. Abbreviation for diaminodiphenylsulfone.

D&C. Product certified for use in drugs and

cosmetics.

DDT. (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; dico-

phane; chlorophenothane; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-

DCA. Abbreviation for deoxycorticosterone ace-

bis(chlorophenyl)ethane).

tate.

CAS: 50-29-3. (ClC

)

CHCCl

DCCD. See n,n

′

-methanetetrayl biscyclohexa-

namine.

DCHP. Abbreviation for dicyclohexyl phthalate.

370DDVP

Properties: Colorless crystals or white to slightly

DEAE-cellulose. (diethylaminoethyl cellu-

off-white powder; odorless or with slight aromatic lose). A cellulose ether containing the group

odor. Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, ether, (C

)

NCH

bound to the cellulose in an ether

benzene, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene, dioxane, linkage. An anionic ion-exchange material.

and pyridine. Not compatible with alkaline mate-

Use: Chromatography.

rials.

Derivation: Condensing chloral or chloral hydrate

DEAE-dextran. A diethylaminoethyl ether of

with chlorobenzene in presence of sulfuric acid.

dextran, an electropositively charged polymer.

Grade: Technical, purified, aerosol, USP, as chloro-

phenothane.

deamination. The enzymatic removal of amino

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

groups from biomolecules, such as amino acids or

absorption, especially in solution. Lethal dosage for

nucleotides.

humans estimated to be 500 mg/kg of body weight

(solid material). Since DDT is not biodegradable

deanol. See 2-dimethylaminoethanol.

and is ecologically damaging, its agricultural use in

the U.S. was prohibited in 1973 (though its manu-

deblooming agent. A substance added to min-

facturing for export is permitted). A confirmed hu-

eral oils to mask fluorescence. Nitronaphthalene and

man carcinogen. DDT can be used for a few special-

yellow coal tar dyes are among such products.

ized purposes, e.g., to combat the tussock moth.

TLV: 1 mg/m

. FDA tolerance: 5 ppm in foods.

Debye characteristic temperature. A pa-

Use: Insecticide for tobacco and cotton, pesticide

rameter relating to the lattice specific heat of a solid.

(tussock moth).

The temperature at which the specific heat of a

simple specific cubic crystal equals 5.67 calories per

DDVP. Abbreviation for dimethyl dichlorovinyl

degree per mole.

phosphate.

See dichlorovos.

Debye-Huckel theory. A theory advanced in

1923 for quantitatively predicting the deviations

DE. Abbreviation for dextrose equivalent.

from ideality of dilute electrolytic solutions. It in-

volves the assumption that every ion in a solution is

DEA. Abbreviation for diethanolamine, also ab-

surrounded by an ion atmosphere of opposite

breviation for Drug Enforcement Administration, a

charge. Results deduced from this theory have been

government agency that replaced the Bureau of Nar-

verified for dilute solutions of strong electrolytes,

cotics.

and it provides a means of extrapolating the thermo-

dynamic properties of electrolytic solutions to infi-

nite dilution.

DEAC. Abbreviation for diethylaluminum chlo-

ride.

Debye, Peter J. M. (1884–1966). A Dutch

chemist and physicist who received the Nobel Prize

deacetylandromedotoxin. See grayanotoxin

in 1936 for his pioneer studies of molecular structure

iii.

by X-ray diffraction methods. The interference pat-

terns are still called Debye-Sherrer rings. He also

deacetylanhydroandromedotoxin. See

made outstanding contributions to knowledge of

grayanotoxin ii.

polar molecules and to fundamental electrochemical

theory.

deacetyllyoniatoxin.

See Debye-Huckel theory.

CAS: 28894-74-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

DEC. Abbreviation for ␤-diethylaminoethyl

chloride hydrochloride.

Deacon process. A method of converting hy-

drogen chloride to chlorine by oxidation of hydro-

decaborane.

gen chloride with oxygen at 400–500C over a cop-

CAS: 17702-41-9. B

per-salt catalyst, 2HCl + O → Cl

O. It is a

Properties: Colorless crystals. Stable indefinitely at

means of producing chlorine without caustic and of

room temperature; decomposes slowly into boron

utilizing the large amounts of by-product hydrogen

and hydrogen at 300C. D 0.94 (25/4C), d 0.78

chloride from the chlorination of organic com-

(100C), mp 99.7C, bp 213C. Slightly soluble in cold

pounds. When conducted in the presence of an or-

water; hydrolyzes in hot water; soluble in benzene,

ganic compound that reacts with the chlorine

hexane, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, toluene.

formed, it is known as oxychlorination, e.g.,

Derivation: By-product of the pyrolysis of diborane.

==CH

+ 2HCl + O → CH

ClCH

Cl + H

Grade: Technical 95%, high purity 99%.

Hazard: May explode in contact with heat or flame

DEAE. Abbreviation for diethylaminoethyl. or with oxygenated and halogenated solvents. Ig-

371 DECAY

nites in contact with oxygen. Absorbed by skin. fatty odor. D 0.831–0.838 (15C), refr index

TLV: 0.05 ppm. 1.427–1.431 (20C). Soluble in 80% alcohol, fixed

Use: Catalyst, corrosion inhibitor, fuel additive, sta- oils, volatile oils, mineral oil; insoluble in water and

bilizer, rayon delustrant, mothproofing agent, dye-

glycerol. Combustible.

stripping agent, reducing agent, fluxing agent, oxy-

Derivation: Occurs in lemon grass, citronella, or-

gen scavenger, propellant.

ange, and many other oils. Synthetically by oxida-

tion of the corresponding alcohol or reduction of the

acid.

decachlorooctahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-

Grade: Technical, FCC.

cyclobuta[cd]-pentalen-2-one. See

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

kepone.

decafentin.

n-decane. (decyl hydride).

CAS: 15652-38-7. mf: C

P•C

BrClSn.

CAS: 124-18-5. CH

(CH

)

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7298, bp 174C, fp

by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

−30C, refr index 1.4114 (20C), flash p 111F (44C)

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

(CC), autoign temp 482F (250C). Soluble in alco-

Use: A pesticide.

hol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, 95%, 99%, research.

decaglycerol. See polyglycerol.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Narcotic.

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent, standardized hydro-

decahydronaphthalene.

carbon, jet-fuel research.

CAS: 91-17-8. C

. cis and trans forms are

known.

decanedioic acid. See sebacic acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid; aromatic odor. cis:d

0.8927 (20/4C), fp −43.2C, bp 194.6C, refr index

decanoic acid. See capric acid.

1.48113 (20C). trans: d 0.8700 (20/4C), fp −31.5C,

bp 185.5C, refr index 1.46968 (20C). Flash p 136F

1-decanol. (n-decyl alcohol; alcohol C-10).

(57.7C) (CC), autoign temp 482F (250C). Insoluble

(CH

)

OH.

in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless, water-white liquid; sweet

Derivation: By treatment of naphthalene in a fused

odor. D 0.829, bp 232.9C, mp 6C, flash p 180F (OC)

state (above 100C) with hydrogen in the presence of

(82.2C); refr index 1.4372 (20C). Insoluble in water

a copper or nickel catalyst.

(25C); soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

Derivation: Reduction of coconut-oil fatty acids,

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to eyes and skin.

from C

olefin and synthesis gas, by the Oxo process.

Use: Solvent for oils, fats, waxes, resins, rubber, etc.

Grade: Technical, high purity.

Substitute for turpentine; cleaning machinery; stain-

Use: Plasticizers, detergents, synthetic lubricants,

remover; shoe creams; floor waxes; cleaning fluids;

solvents, perfumes, flavorings, antifoam agent.

lubricants; motor-fuel additive.

decanoyl chloride. (sometimes called ca-

⌬-decalactone. Artificial flavoring for marga-

proyl chloride). CH

(CH

)

COCl. Available in bot-

rine. Approved by FDA.

tles, carboys, and drums. Intermediate, polymeriza-

tion initiator.

“Decalin” [Du Pont]. TM for decahydrona-

phthalene.

decanoyl peroxide.

(CH

)

C(O)OOC(O)(CH

)

decamethrin. (1R-(1-␣(S*),3-␣))-cyano(3-phe-

Properties: Soft, white granules. Mp 38–42C (de-

noxyphenyl)methyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-

composes). Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble

dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate).

in ether and benzene.

CAS: 52918-63-5.

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, fire risk in contact with

Use: Insecticide.

organic materials.

Use: Polymerization catalyst.

decamethyltetrasiloxane. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 195C, fp −70C, d

decarboxylase. One of a group of enzymes in the

0.853, refr index 1.34. Soluble in light hydrocarbons

living cell that removes carbon dioxide from various

and benzene; slightly soluble in alcohol. Stable over

carboxylic acids without oxidation.

wide temperature range.

Use: Silicone oils, antifoam agent in lubricating oils.

decay. Spontaneous disintegration of an unstable

n-decanal. (capraldehyde; capric aldehyde; n- atomic nucleus (e.g., uranium, radium), with emis-

decyl aldehyde; aldehyde C-10). sion of ␣, ␤, and ␥ radiation, and eventual formation

(CH

)

CHO. of another element of lower atomic weight.

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid; floral- See radioactivity; half-life.

372

cis

-4-DECENAL

cis-4-decenal. ally synonymous with pyrolysis and destructive dis-

CAS: 21662-09-9. mf: C

O. tillation.

Properties: Colorless to sltly yellow liquid; fatty, See degradation; pyrolysis; destructive distillation.

orangelike odor. D: 0.847, refr index: 1.442−1.444.

Sol in alc, fixed oils; insol in water.

decontamination. Removal of radioactive poi-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

sons from skin, clothing, equipment, etc. Skin can

A skin irritant.

often be decontaminated by washing with soap and

Use: Food additive.

water; application of titanium dioxide paste or a

saturated solution of potassium permanganate fol-

1-decene. See decylene.

lowed by a rinse of 5% sodium bisulfite is approved

procedure. Contaminated clothing should not be

decision theory. A branch of applied mathe-

sent to commercial laundries or burned in open in-

matics based on probability theory and concerned

cinerators. Water, steam, and detergents are effec-

with choice in a nondeterministic environment.

tive on painted or metal surfaces.

deck. The platen of a compression molding press.

decoquinate.

CAS: 18507-89-6. mf: C

deckle. A strip or bar placed along the sides of a Properties: Crystals. Mp: 86−87°.

fourdrinier wire to equalize the flow of the pulp Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

slurry and give the sheet a straight edge. When a

ragged or “deckle” edge is desired on certain spe-

decortication. Removal of the hard coating (cor-

cialty papers the strip is removed.

tex) from certain vegetables, nuts, fruits, etc., by

either mechanical or manual means.

See hydraulic barking.

“Declomycin” [Cytec]. TM for dimethylchlor-

tetracycline hydrochloride.

decyl acetate. (acetate C-10).

(CH

)

OOCCH

decoction. Pharmaceutical term for a liquid pro-

Properties: Liquid; floral orange-rose odor. Bp

duced by boiling one or more drugs in water and

187–190C, d 0.862–0.864, refr index 1.426. Soluble

filtering.

in 80% alcohol, ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid;

insoluble in water. Combustible.

decoic acid. See capric acid.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Perfumery.

decolorizing agent. Any material that removes

color by a physical or chemical reaction. Charcoals,

n-decyl alcohol. See 1-decanol.

blacks, clays, earths, or other materials of highly

adsorbent character used to remove undesirable col-

n-decyl aldehyde. See n-decanal.

or, as from sugar, vegetable and animal fats and oils,

etc. Also refers to bleaches involving a chemical

n-decylamine. CH

(CH

)

reaction for removing color.

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Boiling

range 215–221C, d 0.797 (20/20C), refr index 1.437

decomposition. A fundamental type of chemical

(20C), flash p 210F (99C). Combustible.

change. In simple decomposition, one substance

Hazard: An irritant.

breaks down into two simpler substances, e.g., water

yields hydrogen and oxygen. In double decomposi-

decyl carbinol. See 1-undecanol.

tion, two compounds break down and recombine to

form two different compounds, e.g., 2HCl + CaCO

decylene. (1-decene). C

→ CaCl

. In some cases, heat is absorbed,

C:CH(CH

)

and in others it is evolved. Decomposition may oc-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7396 (20/4C), bp

cur as a result of (1) reaction at room temperature

172C, fp −66.3C, refr index 1.4220 (20C), flash p

(NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H

O), (2) heating in air (C +

130F (55C), autoign temp 455F (235C). Soluble in

O → CO + H

), (3) electrolysis (inorganic com-

alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

pounds), (NaCl

+e→ Na

+Cl

−

), (4) bacterial or

Grade: Technical, high purity.

enzymic action (fermentation, C

→ 2C

Use: Organic synthesis of flavors, perfumes, pharma-

+ 2CO

), (5) radiation (photodecomposition), as in

ceuticals, dyes, oils, resins.

the breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons in the upper

atmosphere and of biodegradable polymers exposed

decyl-hydride. See n-decane.

to sunlight (6) heating in absence of air (thermal

decomposition), in which carbonaceous raw materi-

decylic acid. See capric acid.

als such as coal and natural gas are converted into

carbon and volatile organic compounds without un-

dergoing combustion (coal → coke, coal, tar and

decyl mercaptan. C

SH.

coal gas). The term thermal decomposition is virtu- Properties: Liquid; strong odor. Fp −26C, bp 114C

373 DEHAIRING

(13 mm Hg), d 0.8410 (20/4C), refr index 1.4536

degenerate code. A code in which a single

element in one language is specified by more than

(20C). Combustible.

one element in a second language.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

Use: Intermediate, synthetic rubber processing.

degenerate system. A system having several

decyl-octyl methacrylate.

distinct wave functions corresponding to the same

C:C(CH

)COO(CH

energy level.

Use: Monomer for plastics, molding powders, sol-

vent coatings, adhesives, oil additives, emulsions

DEGN. Abbreviation for diethylene glycol dini-

for textile, leather and paper finishing.

trate.

decylthiuronium chloride.

degradation. A type of decomposition charac-

CAS: 5392-26-7. mf: C

S•ClH.

teristic of high molecular weight substances such as

Hazard: A poison.

proteins, polymers, branched-chain sulfonates, etc.

It may result from oxidation, heat, sunlight, sol-

decyltriphenylphosphonium

vents, bacterial action, or, in the case of body pro-

bromochlorotriphenylstannate. See de-

teins, infectious microorganisms.

cafentin.

See biodegradability; decomposition.

“DEET” [Reilly]. (N,N

′

-diethyl-n-toluamide).

degras. Crude wool grease obtained by solvent

CAS: 134-62-3. TM for a broad-spectrum insect

washing of wool. It is a dark-brown semisolid with

repellent.

strong unpleasant odor and high water-absorbing

capacity. A type known as moellen degras is a by-

“DEF” [Bayer]. TM for S,S,S-tributyl phospho-

product of tanning chamois leather with various fish

rotrithioate.

oils. The chief use of degras is as the source of

lanolin; minor uses are in leather dressing and print-

defecation. Purification, used specifically in the

ing inks.

industrial clarification of sugar solutions.

Available forms: Neutral, common, technical.

“Defenz” [Premier]. TM for a specially formu-

degree of polymerization. (DP). The num-

lated homeopathic solution of iodized sodium chlo-

ber of monomer units in an average polymer mole-

ride containing biologically important trace min-

cule in a given sample. For natural cellulose it is

erals.

about 3000, but in most polymers it is still higher. It

Use: Food supplement.

can be controlled by appropriate processing tech-

niques. DP is an important factor in plastics technol-

deflagration. Very rapid autocombustion of par-

ogy, as it directly affects the viscosity of solutions

ticles of explosive as a surface phenomenon. Usual-

and properties of the end product.

ly initiated by contact with a flame or spark, but may

See polymerization; shortstopping agent.

be caused by impact or friction. Deflagration is char-

acteristics of low explosives.

See detonation.

degree of substitution. The average number

of (alcohol) groups per polymer that have been re-

defoaming agent. (antifoaming agent). A

placed.

substance used to reduce foaming due to proteins,

gases, or nitrogenous materials that may interfere

degrees of freedom. The number of variables

with processing. Examples include 2-octanol, sulfo-

(e.g., pressure, temperature, or concentration) that

nated oils, organic phosphates, silicone fluids, dime-

can be changed without producing a change in the

thylpolysiloxane, etc. For restrictions on their use in

number of phases in a system. The number of these

foods, see FDA regulations.

variables must be fixed arbitrarily to completely

define the system.

defoliant. An herbicide that removes leaves from

trees and growing plants. They may be either organ-

deguelin. C

ic or inorganic. Some examples: (organic) phenox-

Properties: Greenish powder. Mp 170C. Soluble in

yacetic acids, trichloropicolinic acid, carbamates,

alcohol; insoluble in water.

and nitro compounds; (inorganic) arsenic com-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; skin irritant.

pounds, cyanides, thiocyanates, and chlorates. Sev-

Use: Insecticide.

eral of the more persistent types have been used in

military operations. Many defoliants are toxic.

“DEH” [Dow]. TM for a variety of polyamines

See 2,4-D; 2,4,5-T; Agent Orange.

and polyamides suitable for curing epoxy resins.

DEG. (1) Abbreviation for diethylene glycol. (2)

Abbreviation for diethanolglycine.

dehairing. See unhairing.

374DEHUMIDIFICATION

dehumidification. The removal of moisture Hazard: A poison.

(water vapor) from air. Also sometimes extended to

Source: Natural product.

analogous processes of removing a vapor from a gas

mixture.

dehydroascorbic acid.

“Dehydran 1208” [Cognis]. TM for coatings

❘

COCOCO

❘

CHCH

OCH

OH. The oxidized form of

based on polyester polyacrylates, PUR, and epoxy

ascorbic acid with the same vitamin activity.

resins.

Properties: Needles. Mp 225C (decomposes). Acid

Use: Solvent-free water-borne and solvent-borne

soluble in water at 60C.

coatings, contains silicones.

Derivation: Synthesized from ascorbic acid.

Use: Nutrition, medicine.

“Dehydran 1293” [Cognis]. TM for a de-

foamer for coatings based on polymer emulsions.

7-dehydrocholesterol. (provitamin D

Use: Application to curtain coating.

CAS: 434-16-2. C

O•H

O. A sterol found in the

skin of humans and animals that forms vitamin D

“Dehydratine” [Grace]. TM for bituminous

upon UV irradiation.

water barrier coatings.

dehydration.

(1) Removal of 95% or more of the water from a

material, usually a foodstuff, by exposure to high

temperature by various means. Its primary purpose

is to reduce the volume of the product, increase its

shelf life, and lower transportation costs. Special

equipment for dehydration includes tunnel dryers,

vacuum (shelf) dryers, drum dryers, etc., in which

the bulk product is exposed to a hot-air environment.

Properties: Slender platelets from ether-methanol.

Another method is spray drying, in which a liquid

Mp 150C. Insoluble in water; soluble in organic

product is ejected from a nozzle into hot air; dried

solvents.

milk and egg white are prepared in this way. The

Use: Nutrition, medicine, biochemical research.

term dehydration is not applied to loss of water by

See cholecalciferol.

evaporation or sun drying. See drying.

(2) Removal of one or more molecules of H

O from a

dehydrocholic acid. C

. A polycyclic

chemical compound, e.g., of ethanol to ethylene.

compound.

Properties: White, fluffy powder, odorless; bitter

“Dehydrite” [Thomas]. TM for anhydrous

taste. Mp 231–240C. Almost insoluble in water;

granular magnesium perchlorate.

slightly soluble in ether and alcohol; soluble in chlo-

Use: A dessicant.

roform, glacial acetic acid, and solutions of alkali

hydroxides and carbonates.

dehydroabietic acid. C

. Solid, used as a

Derivation: Oxidation of cholic acid.

basis for thermoplastic resins.

Grade: NF.

Use: Medicine, pharmaceutical intermediate.

dehydroacetic acid. (DHA, methylacetopyra-

none).

dehydrocurdione.

CAS: 520-45-6.

CAS: 38230-32-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

❘

:CHC(O)CH(COCH

)C(

❘

O).

Properties: Colorless crystals; odorless; tasteless.

dehydrocyclodimerization. A method of con-

Mp 108.5C, bp 270C. Partially soluble in acetone

verting paraffin (straight-chain) hydrocarbons con-

and benzene; insoluble in water. Highly reactive.

taining from three to five carbon atoms into aromatic

Combustible.

(ring-type) hydrocarbons. Its main steps are (1) re-

Derivation: (1) By action of N-bromosuccinimide on

moval of hydrogen from the paraffins; (2) dimeriza-

ketene dimer, (2) by strong heating of acetoacetic

tion of the resulting olefins; (3) aromatization of the

ester.

dimerized olefins and diolefins; and (4) isomeriza-

Grade: Technical, FCC.

tion or transalkylation to C

to C

alkylbenzene iso-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

mers. Metallic catalysts are essential in some or all

Use: Fungicide and bactericide, plasticizer, chemical

of these steps. The process is not in large-scale use.

intermediate, medicated toothpastes.

5,6-dehydro-n-acetylloline. dehydroepiandrosterone acetate. See 3-␤-

CAS: 194205-01-1. mf: C

. hydroxyandrosten-17-one acetate.

375 DE MAYO REACTION

dehydrogenases. Enzymes catalyzing the re- tine; very little affected by ether, chloroform, alka-

moval of pairs of hydrogen atoms from their sub- lies, but readily dissolved by ethanol.

strates.

See oxidase.

“Delac” [Uniroyal]. TM for a series of de-

layed-action rubber accelerators.

dehydrogenation. The process whereby hydro-

gen is removed from compounds by chemical

Delepine reaction. Preparation of primary

means. Dehydrogenation of primary alcohols yields

amines by reaction of alkyl halides with hexameth-

the group of compounds called aldehydes. It is con-

ylenetetramine followed by acid hydrolysis of the

sidered to be a form of oxidation, as two hydrogen

formed quaternary salts.

atoms, each of which contains an electron, have

been removed. An example is the reaction

deletion. A loss of part of the DNA from a chro-

OH → CH

CHO + H

mosome; can lead to a disease or abnormality.

See chromosome; mutation.

11-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone. See

cortisone.

deletion map. A description of a specific chro-

mosome that uses defined mutations –specific dele-

dehydroisoandrosterone. See DHEA.

ted areas in the genome– as biochemical signposts,

or markers for specific areas.

dehydrothio-p-toluidine.

deletion mutation. A mutation resulting from

the deletion of one or more nucleotides from a gene.

❘

SC(C

)

❘

Properties: Long, yellowish, iridescent needles. Mp

delhi hard. A ferrous alloy (d 7.75, mp 500C)

191C, bp 434C. Solutions have a violet-blue fluores-

containing, in addition to iron, 16.5–18% chromi-

cence. Soluble in alcohol; very slightly soluble in

um, 1.1% carbon, 0.75–1% silicon, 0.35–0.5% man-

water.

ganese. It is resistant to cold ammonium hydroxide

Derivation: By heating p-toluidine and primuline

in all concentrations and to mine and seawaters and

base with sulfur and separation from the primuline

moist sulfurous atmospheres.

base by distillation in vacuo.

Use: Dyestuffs, intermediate.

deliquescent. Tending to absorb atmospheric

water vapor and become liquid. The term refers

de-icing compound. See calcium chloride;

specifically to water-soluble chemical salts in the

sodium chloride; alcohol.

form of powders that dissolve in the water absorbed

from the air. Such salts should be kept closely stop-

de-inking. The removal of printing inks from

pered or otherwise enclosed.

paper by use of strong alkaline solutions such as

See hygroscopic.

soda-ash liquor, caustic soda, or lime which dissolve

varnish and free the ink carbon. Removal of the

“Delrin” [Du Pont]. TM for a type of acetal

carbon is accomplished by use of colloidal agents

resin. White and colors available. Also supplied as

such as talc or bentonite and by mechanical agitation

pipe and fittings. Thermoplastic.

with water.

Use: Injection-molded and extruded parts, door han-

dles, bushings, other mechanical items; under-

deionizing. (demineralizing). A method for pu-

ground pipe; automotive parts.

rifying water that involves two steps. First, soluble

salts are converted into acids by passing through a

“Delsan” [Du Pont]. TM for fungicide-insec-

hydrogen exchanger. Second, they are removed by

ticide seed treatment containing 60% thiram and

an acid adsorbent or synthetic resin.

15% dieldrin.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Deisenhofer, Johann. (1943– ). Awarded No-

bel Prize for chemistry in 1988, along with Huber

delta acid. See Casella’s acid F.

and Michel, for work that revealed the three-dimen-

sional structure of closely linked proteins that are

essential to photosynthesis. Doctorate awarded in

delustrant. A substance used to produce dull

1974 by Max Planck Institute for Biochemistry,

surfaces on a textile fabric. Chiefly used are barium

Germany.

sulfate, clays, chalk, etc. They are applied in the

finishing coat.

deKhotinsky cement. A thermoplastic adhe-

sive mixture of shellac and pine tar. It is not attacked

De Mayo reaction. Synthesis of 1,5-diketones

by water, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, hydrochloric by photoaddition of enol derivatives of 1,3-dike-

acid, carbon disulfide, benzene, gasoline, or turpen- tones to olefins, followed by a retro-aldol reaction.

3764-DEMETHOXYDAUNORUBICIN

4-demethoxydaunorubicin hydrochloride. demurrage. A fee imposed on shippers of chemi-

cals and other products by the railroads for retaining

CAS: 57852-57-0. mf: C

•ClH.

freight cars at loading docks for more than a given

Hazard: A poison.

period of time (usually 24 hr).

5-o-demethylavermectin ala. See avermec-

tin b

“DEN” [Dow]. TM for a series of epoxy novo-

lacs for multifunctional resins for all uses where

maximum chemical or heat resistance is required.

1-demethyltoxoflavine.

CAS: 5016-18-2. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

denatonium benzoate. See “Bitrex”

[Macfarlan].

demeton. (Systox).

CAS: 8065-48-3. C

. A mixture of O,O-

denaturant. See alcohol, denatured.

diethyl-O-2-(ethylthio) ethyl phosphorothioate

(demeton-O) and O,O-diethyl-S-2-(ethylthio)ethyl

denaturation. A change in the molecular struc-

phosphorothioate (demeton-S).

ture of globular proteins that may be induced by

Properties: (Mixture) Pale-yellow liquid. Bp 134C

bringing a protein solution to its boiling point or by

(2 mm Hg), d 1.118. Slightly soluble in water; solu-

exposing it to acids or alkalies, or to various deter-

ble in most organic solvents.

gents. Denaturation reduces the solubility of pro-

Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption; cholinesterase

teins and prevents crystallization. It involves rupture

inhibitor. Use may be restricted. TLV: 0.01 ppm.

of hydrogen bonds so that the highly ordered struc-

Use: Systemic insecticide (absorbed by plant, which

ture of the native protein is replaced by a looser and

then becomes toxic to sucking and chewing insects).

more random structure. It is usually irreversible but

in some cases is reversible, depending on the protein

demeton methyl. (O,O-dimethyl-S,2-(ethylthi-

and the treatment involved.

o)ethyl phosphorothiolate).

Alteration of the specific native conformation of a

CAS: 8022-00-2.

polypeptide chain, protein, or nucleic acid. See

Use: Systemic insecticide.

degradation.

demineralization. Removal from water of min-

denatured alcohol. See alcohol, denatured.

eral contaminants, usually present in ionized form.

The methods used include ion-exchange techniques,

dendrimer. A tree-like highly branched polymer

flash distillation, or electrodialysis. Acid mine

molecule (Greek dendra

tree). Dendrimers are

wastes may be purified in this way, thus alleviating

synthesized from monomers with new branches

the pollution problem.

added in discrete steps (‘generation‘) to form a tree-

See desalination; deionizing.

like architecture. A high level of synthetic control is

achieved through step-wise reactions and purifica-

Demjanov rearrangement. Deamination of

tions at each step to control the size, architecture,

primary amines by diazotization to give rearranged

functionality, and monodispersity.

alcohols.

denier. A unit used in the textile industry to indi-

Democritus. A Greek philosopher (approxi-

cate the fineness of a filament. If 9000 m of a fila-

mately 465

BC). The first thinker of record to con-

ment weighs 1 g, the filament is 1 denier; if 10,000 m

ceive of matter as existing in the form of small

weighs 1 g, the filament is 1 grex. Sheer women’s

indivisible particles, which he called atoms. How-

hosiery usually runs from 15 to 10 denier.

ever, this concept was overshadowed by Aristotle’s

theories, and it was not until some 2000 years later

“Denomega” [Borregaard]. TM for nutrition-

that it was developed by John Dalton in England—

al oils from marine raw materials.

an astonishing length of dormancy for one of the

Use: In foods and supplements.

most creative ideas in the history of science.

See Dalton, John.

de novo pathway. Pathway for synthesis of a

biomolecule from simple precursors, such as syn-

demulsification. The process of destroying or

thesis of purine nucleotides from Asp, CO2, Gly,

“breaking” an unwanted emulsion, especially water-

formate and Glu: Distinguish from a salvage

in-oil types occurring in crude petroleum. Both

pathway.

chemical and physical means are used. Chemical

means include addition of polyvalent ions to neutral-

ize electrical charges or of a strong acid; physical

“Denox” [Carus]. TM for “300 Highlighter”

means include heating, centrifuging, or use of high- series, a group of products.

potential alternating current. Use: Treating denim with stone washing and other

See emulsion; nonylphenol. finishes.

377 DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

density. Mass per unit volume expressed in grams Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 53–60C. Slightly

per cubic centimeter for solids and liquids, and usu-

soluble in hot water; soluble in alcohols and ketones.

ally as grams per liter for gases. Densities of some

Use: Intermediate.

common substances follow:

g/cc g/L

deoxycholic acid. (desocycholic acid).

sulfur 2.06

CAS: 83-44-3. C

. A bile acid, contains one

aluminum 3.7

less hydroxyl group than cholic acid.

sodium 0.967

Properties: Crystals. Mp 172–173C. Not precipitat-

glycerol 1.27

ed by digitonin. Practically insoluble in water and

water* 1.0

benzene, slightly soluble in chloroform and ether,

chlorine 3.214

soluble in acetone and solutions of alkali hydroxides

carbon dioxide 1.977

and carbonates, freely soluble in alcohol. Also avail-

air** 1.293

able as sodium salt. Forms coordination compounds

oxygen 1.429

with fatty acids.

hydrogen 0.0899

Derivation: Isolation from bile, organic synthesis.

*Basis of comparison for solids and liquids. **Basis

Grade: Technical, FCC (as desoxycholic acid).

of comparison for gases. For discussion of density

Use: Medicine, precursor for organic synthesis of

vs. specific gravity, see specific gravity. Apparent

cortisone, emulsifying agent in foods (up to 0.1%).

density is the mass of a unit volume of powder,

usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter,

determined by a specified method (MPA definition,

deoxycorticosterone. (4-pregnen-21-ol-3,20-

MPA Standard 9–50T). Bulk density is an alterna-

dione; 11-deoxycorticosteroid).

tive term for apparent density.

See current density.

CAS: 64-85-7. C

. An adrenal cortical steroid

hormone. Active in causing the retention of salt and

water by the kidney.

“Deo-Base” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

Properties: Crystalline plates. Mp 141–142C. Freely

for light petroleum distillate, superfine grade of ker-

soluble in alcohol and acetone.

osene without its objectionable odor.

Derivation: From adrenal cortex extract, synthesis

from other steroids.

deodorant. A substance used to remove or mask

Use: Medicine (usually as acetate).

an unpleasant odor. It may or may not have a distinc-

tive odor of its own. Deodorants act (1) by adsorp-

tion (activated carbon, charcoal, chlorophyllin), (2)

by replacement (pine oil or other perfume), (3) by

deoxyribonuclease. One of a group of enzymes

neutralization (aluminum chlorohydrate), and (4) by

that cause the splitting of deoxyribonucleic acids.

oxidation or hydrogenation, e.g., of fish oils. The

Pancreatic deoxyribonuclease, the most widely

cosmetic industry supplies a wide variety of deodor-

studied, cleaves the acid at the 3

′

-phosphate bond.

ants and antiperspirants, chiefly based on neutraliza-

Other deoxyribonucleases cleave the 5

′

-phosphate

tion. Mouthwashes and breath “sweeteners” often

bond.

contain calcium iodate, thymol, peppermint, or a

similar substance to mask or replace odors.

See odor; cosmetic.

deoxyribonucleic acid. (DNA). A complex

sugar-protein polymer of nucleoprotein that con-

deoxidizer. An agent that removes oxygen from

tains the complete genetic code for every enzyme in

a compound or from a molten metal.

the cell. It occurs as a major component of the genes,

which are located on the chromosomes in the cell

deoxy-. Preferred prefix indicating replacement

nucleus. The DNA molecule is a unique and intri-

of hydroxyl by hydrogen in the parent compound.

cate structure first elucidated in England by the

The meaning is the same as that of desoxy, and the

chemists Crick and Watson in 1953. It is composed

two prefixes are used interchangeably.

of from 3000 to several million nucleotide units

arranged in a double helix containing phosphoric

deoxyanisoin. (4

′

-methoxy-2-(p-methoxyphe-

acid, 2-deoxyribose, and the nitrogenous bases ade-

nyl)acetophenone). CH

COCH

OCH

nine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine. The spiral

Properties: Off-white to buff, crystalline powder;

consists of two chains of alternating phosphate and

sweet, faint, cinnamon-like odor. Mp 110–112C.

deoxyribose units in continuous linkages. The ni-

Use: Intermediate.

trogenous bases project toward the axis of the helix

and are joined to each other by hydrogen bonds.

deoxybenzoin. (␣-phenylacetophenone, benzyl

Adenine always unites with thymine, and cytosine

phenyl ketone). C

COC

378DEOXYRIBONUCLEOTIDES

DEPC. (1) Abbreviation for diethyl pyrocarbo-

nate. (2) Abbreviation for ␥-diethylaminopropyl

chloride hydrochloride.

dephlegmation. Partial condensation of vapor

from a distillation operation to produce a liquid

richer in higher-boiling constituents than the origi-

nal vapor. The residual vapor is richer in the lower-

boiling constituents.

depilatory. A substance used to remove hair

from skin. Sulfides are largely used for this purpose.

The leather industry uses large amounts of sodium

sulfide for unhairing hides. The cosmetic industry

also offers various sulfide preparations for remov-

ing unwanted body hair.

deptropine citrate. See elargin.

depurator. A system of filters, scrubbers, or

electrostatic devices.

Use: For removing impurities from the air or from

solvents.

with guanine. The complementarity of the bases on

dequalinium chloride. C

the joined chains allows each chain to act as a temp-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 326C. Soluble in water.

late for replication of the other when the chains are

Use: Bacteriostat, antiseptic.

separated, thus producing two new strands of DNA.

The sequence of the bases on the chains varies with

“DER” [Dow]. TM for a series of epoxies in-

the individual, and it is this sequence that expresses

cluding liquid resins, solid resins and solutions, flex-

the genetic code. DNA works in conjunction with

ible resins, and flame-retardant resins.

ribonucleic acid (RNA). Synthesis of self-replicat-

ing DNA was reported in 1967. Elucidation of the

“Deraspan” [Dow]. TM for a group of epoxy

structure of the DNA molecule is under continuing

resins and curing agents.

research. Studies on synthetic DNA indicate that the

helix may have a left-handed rather than a right-

derived unit. A unit derived from the funda-

handed form. See ribonucleic acid; gene; nu-

mental units of time, length, and mass, such as units

cleic acid; genetic code; replication; recombi-

of speed or density.

nant DNA.

“Dermasoft” [Lucas Meyer]. TM for skin

care products.

deoxyribonucleotides. Nucleotides containing

2-deoxy-D-ribose as the pentose component.

derris root. The root of the shrubs Derris ellipti-

ca and D. malaccensis. Chief active constituent is

D-deoxyribose. CH

OHCH

OCH

CHO. A

rotenone. Used as an insecticide.

five carbon-atom sugar that is unusual in that there is

no oxygen atom attached to the second carbon atom.

DES. Abbreviation for diethylstilbestrol.

It is a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid.

16-desacetyl-16-anhydroacoschimperoside

DEP. Abbreviation for diethyl phthalate.

CAS: 20819-47-0. mf: C

2,4-DEP. (tris-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl

Hazard: A poison.

phosphite). An herbicide.

Source: Natural product.

“Depakene” [Abbott]. TM for sodium valpo-

desalination. (Desalting). Any of several pro-

rate.

cesses for removing dissolved mineral salts from

oceanwater and other brines. The most important are

Department of Transportation. (DOT) (1) Distillation with reuse of vapors by compressive

The Federal agency that has been responsible distillation or multiple-effect evaporation. Solar dis-

since 1967 for the regulation and control of transpor- tillation has been in use on the Greek islands for

tation of hazardous materials. Website: http:// some years. (2) Electrodialysis, an ion-exchange

www.dot.gov/ method more efficient for purification of brackish

379 DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION

water than seawater (see demineralization). (3) Re- Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

verse osmosis, which uses pressure applied to the

surface of a saline solution that is separated from

s-desmethylzopiclone.

pure water by a semipermeable membrane that ions

CAS: 151776-26-0. mf: C

ClN

cannot easily penetrate.

Hazard: A poison.

See osmosis. The pressure forces the water compo-

nent of the solution through the membrane, thus

“Desmodur” [Bayer AG]. TM for a group of

effectively separating the components of the solu-

isocyanates and isocyanate prepolymers for ure-

tion. Membranes used are cellulose acetate or gra-

thane coatings, foams, adhesives, etc.

phitic oxide. This method is planned for use in a

desalination plant proposed for the brackish waters

“Desmophen” [Bayer AG]. TM for a group

of the lower Colorado River that is said to be the

of polyesters and polyethers for cross-linking with

world’s largest. It is also used in a Potomac River

isocyanates.

installation. (4) Flash distillation appears to be the

most effective method so far developed for seawater

“Desmophen A” [Bayer AG]. (urethane

desalination, accounting for about 90% of world

acrylics). TM for polyacrylate resins.

production capacity.

Use: In chemical- and weather-resistant polyure-

There are approximately 350 desalination plants in

thane coatings.

the U.S., producing over 65 million gallons of fresh

water a day. Development is under control of the

“DeSolite” [DSM China]. TM for a product

Office of Saline Water, Dept. of Interior.

for application to artificial grass.

desaturases. Enzymes (dehydrogenases) that

desolvation. In aqueous solution, the release of

catalyze the introduction of double bonds into the

bound water surrounding a solute, such as an en-

hydrocarbon portion of fatty acids.

zyme.

“Descote” [Partical Dynamics].

desorption. The process of removing an ad-

CAS: 98-92-0. TM for niacinamide tablet formula-

sorbed material from the solid on which it is ad-

tions.

sorbed. See adsorption. Desorption may be accom-

Use: As a taste masker.

plished by heating, by reduction of pressure, by the

presence of another more strongly adsorbed sub-

desert. A terrestrial environment that receives

stance, or by a combination of these means.

less than about 25 cm (10 inches) of rain per year,

and consequently supports only a few kinds of

desoxy-. See deoxy-

plants.

desoxycholate amphotericin b. See fungi-

desiccant. A hygroscopic substance such as acti-

zone intravenous.

vated alumina, calcium chloride, silica gel, or zinc

chloride. Such substances adsorb water vapor from

desoxycholic acid. FCC name for deoxycholic

the air and are used to maintain a dry atmosphere in

acid.

containers for food packaging, chemical reagents,

etc.

d-desoxyephedrine. See d-1-phenyl-2-methy-

See molecular sieve.

laminopropan.

desiccator. A tightly closed vessel containing a

desiccant. Used in the laboratory for drying test

Despretz law. States that the temperature of

materials. Some types have partial vacuum. maximum density of water is lowered from 4C on

the addition of a solute by an amount proportional to

the concentration of the solution.

“Desicote” [Glaxo-SmithKline]. TM for a

mixture of hydrophobic monomers stabilized in

chlorinated hydrocarbon and aromatic solvents.

destructive distillation. An operation in

Rapidly decomposes on contact with sorbed water

which a highly carbonaceous material, such as coal,

on glass surfaces, leaving surface water-repellent.

oil shale, or tar sands, is subjected to high tempera-

ture in the absence of air or oxygen, resulting in

desiodothyroxine. See thyronine.

decomposition to solids, liquids, and gases. As the

solid end product is carbon, the term carbonization

desmethylcyproheptadine.

is often used. Other terms with the same general

CAS: 14051-46-8. mf: C

meaning as destructive distillation are pyrolysis and

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

thermal decomposition. Destructive distillation of

coal is carried out in the temperature range of

n-desmethyltamoxifen. 350–1000C, yielding coal tar, coal gas, and char

CAS: 31750-48-8. mf: C

NO. (coke, carbon).

380DETERGENT

detergent. Any substance that reduces the sur- Hazard: Highly flammable and explosive. Explosive

face tension of water, specifically a surface-active

range 4–74%.

agent that concentrates at oil-water interfaces, exerts

Use: Bombardment of atomic nuclei, tracer element,

emulsifying action, and thus aids in removing soils.

thermonuclear reactions.

The older and still widely used types are the com-

See deutero-; heavy water.

mon sodium soaps of fatty acids, which are relative-

ly weak. The much stronger synthetic detergents are

deuterium oxide. See heavy water.

classed as anionic, cationic, or nonionic, depending

on their mode of chemical action. The latter func-

deutero-. (deuterated). Prefix indicating that one

tions by a hydrogen-bonding mechanism. The most

or more of the hydrogens in a compound is the

widely used group comprises linear alkyl sulfonates

deuterium isotope. Example: deuteroborane solu-

(LAS), often aided by “builders.” LAS are prefera-

tion, used for labeling olefinic unsaturation. The

ble to alkyl benzene sulfonates (ABS) because they

adjective form, deuterated, has the same meaning.

are readily decomposed by microorganisms (biode-

Deuterated ethylene, sometimes written ethylene-

gradable). LAS are straight-chain compounds hav-

1,1-D

, has the formula CH

:CD

ing 10 or more carbon atoms in the chain. The

branched-chains characteristic of ABS resist de-

deuteron. (deuton). A nuclear particle having

composition; these have been largely replaced by

mass and a positive charge of 1, identical with the

LAS because of water pollution.

nucleus of the deuterium atom.

See surface tension; emulsion; wetting agent; soap

(1); alkylate (3); biodegradability; eutrophication;

Devarda’s metal. (Devarda’s alloy).

builder detergent.

Properties: Gray powder. Contains copper, alumi-

num, and zinc in the proportion of 50:45:5. Slightly

soluble in hydrochloric acid.

“Detergent 8” [Alconox].r TM for aqueous

Grade: Reagent (20-mesh and finer).

detergents.

Use: Analysis (testing for nitrogen).

Properties: Liquid.

Use: A detergent that removes rosins, fluxes, and

developer. (1) A term applied in the dyeing in-

resins from printed circuit boards prior to coating. It

dustry to certain organic compounds that in combi-

is phosphate-free and biodegradeable.

nation with some other organic compound already

deposited upon the fiber will develop a colored com-

determinate error. An error that can be identi-

pound, or if united with a dye already upon the fiber

fied and thus corrected or reduced.

will form a new coloring matter possessing a more

desirable or faster color.

“Detojet” [Alconox]. TM for a low foaming,

(2) A substance used in photography to convert a

heavy duty alkaline detergent.

latent image to a visible one by chemical reduction

Use: For use in labware washers, parts washers,

of a silver compound to metallic silver more rapidly

sprays and ultrasolic systems.

in the portions exposed to light than in those not

exposed. Such reducing agents as hydroquinone,

detonation. The extremely rapid, self-propagat-

pyrogallol, and p-phenylenediamine are used.

ing decomposition of an explosive accompanied by

See photographic chemistry.

a high-pressure-temperature wave that moves at

1000–9000 msec. May be initiated by mechanical

devitrification. Formation of unwanted crystals

impact, friction, or heat. Detonation is a characteris-

of silica on heating or cooling. The term is used

tic of high explosives, which vary considerably in

largely in the glass industry. The tendency to devitri-

their sensitivity to shock, nitroglycerin being one of

fy results from the unstable nature of glasses. It

the most dangerous in this respect.

usually occurs if the melt is cooled too slowly.

See explosive, high; deflagration.

De Vry’s reagent. Contains molybdate ion.

Use: Test reagent for alkaloids.

deuterium. (heavy hydrogen). Symbol D. An

isotope of hydrogen whose nucleus contains one

devulcanization. Technically a misnomer, since

neutron and one proton and is therefore twice as

vulcanization is irreversible. The term is used to

heavy (aw 2.014) as the nucleus of normal hydro-

describe the softening of a vulcanizate caused by

gen. The ratio in nature is 1 part deuterium to 6500

heat and chemical additives during reclaiming.

parts normal hydrogen.

See deuteron.

Properties: Almost identical with hydrogen. D 2.0

dewatering. Removal of gross water from a sus-

1), fp −254.4C (121 mm Hg), bp −249.5C, aut- pension or sludge by filtration, expression, centrifu-

oign temp 1085F. Noncorrosive. gation, or clarification. Paper pulp is dewatered by

Derivation: Electrolysis of high-purity heavy water, the fourdrinier wire; rubber latex may be concentra-

fractional distillation of liquid hydrogen. ted in a centrifuge, in which half or more of the water

Grade: 98, 99.5 atom %. is removed. Sludges and organic wastes are also

381 D-HOMO REARRANGEMENT

dewatered centrifugally.

dextrose. Glucose is the preferred term.

See drying; dehydration; centrifugation; clarifica- See glucose.

tion.

dextrose equivalent. (DE). The total amount

of reducing sugars expressed as dextrose that is

dew of death. See ␤-chlorovinyldichloroar-

present in a corn syrup, calculated as a percentage of

sine.

the total dry substance. The usual technique for

determining DE in the corn-products industry is the

dew point. The temperature at which air is satu-

volumetric alkaline copper method.

rated with moisture, or in general the temperature at

See glucose syrup.

which a gas is saturated with respect to a condens-

able component.

DFDD. (difluorodiphenyldichloroethane).

“Dexedrine” [Glaxo-SmithKline]. TM for

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 75C.

dextroamphetamine sulfate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin contact.

Use: Contact insecticide.

dexniguldipine hydrochloride. See (−)-ni-

galdipine hydrochloride.

DFDT. (difluorodipheynltrichloroethane).

)

CHCCl

. Fluorine analog of DDT.

“Dexon” [Bayer]. TM for p-dimethylamino-

Properties: A low-melting white solid; odor resem-

benzenediazo sodium sulfonate.

bling ripe apples. Mp 45.5C. Insoluble in water;

soluble in organic solvents.

dextran. (macrose). Certain polymers of glucose

Derivation: By condensing chloral and fluoroben-

that have chain like structures and molecular

zene in the presence of sulfuric acid or chlorosulfon-

weights up to 200,000. Produced from sucrose by

ic acid.

Leuconostoc bacteria. Occurs as slimes in sugar

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

refineries, on fermenting vegetables, or in dairy

absorption. Use may be restricted.

products. Clinical dextran is standardized to a low

Use: Contact insecticide.

molecular weight (75,000); made by partial hydrol-

ysis and fractional precipitation of the high molecu-

“DFL No. 3” [Du Pont]. TM for a solution

lar weight particles.

of buffered phosphate esters, used as a lubricant

Properties: Stable to heat and storage. Soluble in

release agent and corrosive inhibitor for synthetic

water making very viscous solutions. Solutions can

rubber driers.

be sterilized. Combustible.

Use: Blood plasma substitute or expander, confec-

DFP. Abbreviation for diisopropyl fluorophosp-

tions, lacquers, oil-well drilling muds, filtration gel,

hate.

food additive.

DHA. Abbreviation for (1) dihydroxyacetone, (2)

dextranase. A enzyme reported to be effective in

DHEA.

reducing dental caries.

DHEA. (androstenolone; dehydroisoandroster-

dextran sulfate. See sodium dextran sulfate.

one; DHA; diandron; 17-hormoforin; praster-

one).

dextrin. (starch gum). A group of colloidal

CAS: 53-43-0. C

. An androgenic steroid, a

products formed by the hydrolysis of starches. In-

metabolic product of the adrenal steroid hormones

dustrially, it is made by treatment of various starches

with about one-third of the androgenic activity of

with dilute acids or by heating dry starch. The yel-

androsterone.

low or white powder or granules are soluble in boil-

Properties: Dimorphous needles: mp 140−14C°.

ing water and insoluble in alcohol and ether.

Leaflets: mp 152−153C. Mw 288.47. Soluble in

Use: Adhesives, thickening agent, sizing paper and

benzene, alcohol, and ether; sparingly soluble in

textiles, substitute for natural gums, food industry,

chloroform and petroleum ether.

glass-silvering compositions, printing inks, felt

Derivation: Isolated from male urine, synthesis from

manufacture, substitute for lactose in penicillin

cholesterol or sitosterol, extracted from wild yams.

manufacture, fuel in pyrotechnic devices.

Use: A hormone used in health food products, medi-

cine, biochemical research.

dextrorotatory. Having the property when in

solution of rotating the plane of polarized light to the

D-homo rearrangement of steroids. Orig-

right or clockwise. Dextrorotatory compounds are inally discovered in 17␤-hydroxy-20-ketosteroids,

given the prefix d or (+) to distinguish them from but thoroughly studied in the 17␣-hydroxy-20-keto

their levorotatory, l or (−) isomers. The plus (+) and series, this reaction involves an acid- or base-cata-

minus (−) signs are preferred. lyzed acyloin rearrangement that yields a 6-mem-

See optical rotation. bered D-ring.

382“DHP-MP”

“DHP-MP” [BASF]. TM for 1,4-bis(2-hy- dopes, coating compositions, wood preservatives,

droxpropyl)-2-methylpiperazine. stains, rayon and artificial leather, imitation gold

leaf, dyeing mixtures, antifreeze mixtures; extrac-

tion of resins and waxes; preservative for animal

DHS. Abbreviation for dihydrostreptomycin.

tissue; metal-cleaning compounds; hydraulic com-

pression fluids; stripping agent (textiles); laboratory

Di. Symbol for didymium.

reagent. The technical grade containing acetone has

greater solvent power.

di-. Prefix meaning two.

See bi-.

diacetonyl sulfide. (CH

COCH

)

diabetes mellitus. A complex endocrine-meta-

Properties: Crystals. Bp 136–137C (15 mm Hg), mp

bolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency;

47C.

characterized by a failure in glucose transport from

Derivation: Interaction of chloroacetone and hydro-

the blood into cells at normal glucose concentra-

gen sulfide gas.

tions, resulting in hyperglycemia.

diacetoxytetrabutyldistannoxane. See

diacetic acid. See acetoacetic acid.

bis(acetoxydibutylstannane) oxide.

diacetin. (glyceryl diacetate).

diacetyl. (biacetyl; butanedione; diketobutane;

O(OCCH

)CH

OCH

O(OCCH

dimethyl diketone; dimethylglyoxal).

Properties: Hygroscopic liquid. A mixture of iso-

CAS: 431-03-8. CH

COCOCH

mers. D 1.18, bp approximately 259C, refr index

Properties: Yellow liquid; strong odor. D 0.990 (15/

1.44. Miscible with water, benzene, and alcohol.

15C), mp >3C to >4C, bp 88–91C, refr index 1.3933

The commercial mixture gels approximately −30C.

(18C), flash p >80F (26C). Soluble in water, alcohol,

Combustible.

and ether.

Derivation: Heating one mole of glycerol with two

Derivation: Special fermentation of glucose, synthe-

moles of glacial acetic acid.

sis from methyl ethyl ketone.

Grade: Technical.

Grade: Technical, flavor grade, FCC.

Use: Plasticizer and softening agent, solvent for cel-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

lulose derivatives, “Glyptal” resins, shellac.

Use: Aroma carrier in food products.

diacetone acrylamide. (DAA). C

diacetylaminoazotoluene. (4-o-tolylazo-o-

vinyl monomer.

diacetotoluide).

Properties: White, crystalline solid; purity 99+%.

[CH

NNC

(CH)N(CH

CO)

Mp 57C, bp (8 mm Hg) 120C. Highly soluble in

Properties: Crystalline powder. Color varies from

water and most organic solvents. (The DAA homo-

yellowish-red through rose to red. Mp 74–76C. Act-

polymer is insoluble in water); polymerizes readily.

ed upon by atmospheric water vapor. Soluble in

Use: Imparts water tolerance and vapor permeability

alcohol, chloroform, ether; fats, oils, and greases;

to copolymer films; latex and water-based coating

insoluble in water.

compositions; adhesion improver for cellulosics,

Use: Medicine (external).

concrete, glass; cross-linking agent in polyester res-

ins; color photography.

S,N-diacetylcysteine monoethyl ester.

diacetone alcohol. (diacetone; 4-hydroxy-4-

CAS: 19547-89-8. mf: C

methylpentanone-2; 4-hydroxy-2-keto-4-methyl-

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

pentane).

CAS: 123-42-2. CH

COCH

C(CH

)

OH.

diacetylene. HC≡C–C≡CH. An unsaturated hy-

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. D

drocarbon containing two triple bonds with the type

0.9406 at 20/20C, bp 169.1C, flash p varies from

formula C

2n+6

. The simplest is butadiyne or biace-

<73F (23C) to 100F (38C) or higher depending on

tylene, a gas that boils at 10C. Combustible.

grade, wt/gal 7.8 lb (20C), viscosity 0.032 cP (20C),

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in contact with moist

fp −42.8C, refr index 1.42416 (20C), autoign temp

silver salts, may explode at −25C.

1118F (603C). Miscible with alcohols, aromatic and

halogenated hydrocarbons, esters, and water. A con-

1,2-diacetylethane. See acetonylacetone.

stant-boiling mixture with water has bp 99.6C and

contains approximately 13% diacetone alcohol.

1,1

′

-diacetylferrocene. (C

COCH

)

Fe. Red,

Derivation: Condensation of acetone.

crystalline solid, mp 122–124C. Used as an interme-

Grade: Technical, acetone-free, reagent.

diate.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

See ferrocene.

limits in air 1.8–6.9. An irritant. TLV: 50 ppm.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate,

various oils, resins, waxes, fats, dyes, tars, lacquers,

diacetylmethane. See acetylacetone.

383 DIALLYL MALEATE

diacetylmorphone. (diamorphone; heroin). Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption.

CAS: 561-27-3. C

NO(C

)

. Use: Intermediate.

Properties: White, crystals or crystalline powder;

odorless; bitter taste. Mp 173C. Soluble in alcohol.

diallylbarbituric acid. (5,5-diallylbarbituric

Derivation: By acetylization of morphine.

acid).

Hazard: Addictive narcotic; ingestion of less than 1

CAS: 52-43-7. C

grain may be fatal. Cannot be legally sold in U.S.

Properties: White, crystals or crystalline powder;

odorless; slightly bitter taste. Mp 171–173C. Solu-

diacetyl peroxide. See acetyl peroxide.

ble in alcohol or ether; slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: See barbiturates.

diacetyl tartaric acid esters of mono- and

Use: Medicine (sedative).

diglycerides.

Properties: Vary from sticky, viscous liquid to waxy

5,5

′

-diallyl-2,2

′

-biphenyldiol. See 2,2

′

-bi-

solid; faint acid odor. Sol in oil, methanol, acetone,

chavicol.

acetic acid, water.

Use: Food additive.

diallyl chlorendate. (C

OOC)

. Sol-

id, fp 29.5C, viscosity 4.0 cP (20C), d 1.47 (20C).

diacolation. To percolate and extract drugs using

Used as a monomer for allyl resins especially in

a solvent under pressure.

flame-retardant compositions.

diagenesis. The set of processes, including solu-

diallyl cyanamide. (H

C:CHCH

)

NCN.

tion, that alter sediments at low temperatures after

Properties: Liquid. Fp <−70C, bp 222C, d 0.90.

burial.

Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents.

Derivation: Reaction of allyl bromide and disodium

“Diak” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of rubber

cyanamide.

accelerators used to vulcanize “Viton” fluoroelas-

Hazard: Yields very toxic cyanide fumes on heating.

tomer and polyacrylate elastomers.

Use: Organic intermediate, polymers.

dialdehyde starch. See starch dialdehyde.

diallyldibromo stannane.

CAS: 17381-88-3. mf: C

Sn.

dialifor. (S-(2-chloro-1-phthalmidoethyl)-O,O-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

diethylphosphorothionate).

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 10311-84-9.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 167–169C. Insoluble

diallyl diglycolate. See diglycolic acid, dial-

in water; soluble in common organic solvents.

lyl ester.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, cholinesterase inhib-

itor.

diallyl diglycollate. (C

OOCCH

)

Use: Acaricide; pesticide against codling moth, red

Properties: Liquid. Color-maximum #100 Pt-Co,

spider mite, etc., of deciduous fruit.

characteristic odor, d (20C) 1.1113.

Use: Monomer.

dialkylchloroalkylamine hydrochloride.

A group of amine salts having the formula

diallyldimethylammonium chloride. See

RCl•HCl, when R represents such groups as

“Cat-floc.”

(CH

)

NCH

(␤-dimethylaminoethyl chloride

hydrochloride), (CH

)

NCH

CH(CH

)(␤-dimethy-

diallyl isophthalate. C

(COOH

C:CHCH

)

laminoisopropyl chloride hydrochloride), etc. Used

Properties: Monomer is liquid. Color-maximum

in organic synthesis.

#175 Pt-Co, mild characteristic odor, d 1.124 (20C).

Prepolymer is solid. D 1.256 (25C).

di-allate. See 2,3-dichloroallyl diisopropylthio-

Use: Molding and laminating, cross-linker for poly-

carbamate.

esters.

diallyl adipate. C

OOC(CH

)

COOC

Properties: Liquid. Color-maximum #100 Pt-Co,

diallyl maleate. C

OOCCH:CHCOOC

characteristic odor, d 1.025 (20C). Combustible.

CAS: 999-21-3.

Use: Monomer.

Properties: Colorless or straw-colored liquid. Bp

109–110C (3 mm Hg), d 1.077 (20C), refr index

diallylamine. (di-2-propenylamine). 1.4699 (20C). Polymerizes readily when exposed to

CAS: 124-02-7. (CH

:CHCH

)

NH. light or temperature above approximately 50C.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.7889 (20C), bp 112C, fp Combustible.

−100C, refr index 1.4404 (20C). Soluble in water. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritating to skin.

Combustible. Use: Polymers and copolymers, insecticide formula-

Derivation: From allylamine and allylbromide. tions.

384DIALLYLMELAMINE

diallylmelamine. m-diaminoazobenzene hydrochloride. See

chrysoidine hyrochloride.

)

❘

NC(NH

)NC(NH

)

❘

diaminoazoxytoluene. (azoxytoluidine).

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 142C, d

(CH

)(NH

(NH

)(CH

1.24 (30C). Combustible.

Properties: Yellow or orange crystals. Mp 168C.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritating to skin,

Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water, Combustible.

evolves cyanide on heating.

Derivation: By alkaline reduction of p-nitro-o-tolui-

Use: Monomer for resins.

dine.

Use: Dye intermediate.

diallyl phosphite. (CH

:CHCH

PHO.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Fp 0C, bp 62C (1

3,3

′

-diaminobenzidine. (3,3

′

4,4

′

-biphenylte-

mm Hg), refr index 1.444 (25C), d 1.080 (25/15C).

tramine). (H

(NH

)

Combustible.

Properties: Solid. Mp 178–180C.

Use: Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds.

Use: Copolymerized with diphenyl isophthalate to

make high-temperature-resistant polybenzimid-

diallyl phthalate. (DAP).

azoles.

CAS: 131-17-9. C

(COOCH

CH:CH

)

. The

name is also used for the polymer.

1,3-diaminobutane.

Properties: Nearly colorless, oily liquid. D 1.120

CAS: 590-88-5. NH

CHNH

(20/20C), fp −70C (viscous liquid), boiling range

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Boiling

158–165C (4 mm Hg), odor mild lachrymatory,

range 143–150C, d 0.858 (20/20C), refr index 1.450

flash p 330F (165.5C), viscosity 13 cP (20C). Limit-

(20C), flash p 125F (51.6C). Combustible.

ed solubility in gasoline, mineral oil, glycerol, gly-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

cols, and certain amines. Soluble in most other or-

ganic liquids. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

2,6-diamino-4-butylamino-s-triazine. See

Use: Primary plasticizer that will polymerize if not

n-butylmelamine.

inhibited, a monomer that will polymerize with heat

and catalyst. Forms low-pressure laminates with

␣,⑀-diaminocaproic acid. See lysine.

various fillers such as glass cloth, paper, etc., for

electrical insulation.

diaminochrysazin. (NH

)

(OH)

. (1,8-

diamino-4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone).

diallyl sulfide. See allyl sulfide.

Use: Colorimetric determination of boron.

diallyltin dibromide. See diallyldibromo

trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic

stannane.

acid monohydrate. (CDTA).

[N(CH

COOH)

]

•H

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 200–220C.

dialysis. The separation of small molecules from

Very slightly soluble in water and insoluble in most

macromolecules in a solution by means of a semi-

common organic solvents. Partially soluble in di-

permeable membrane such as parchment or collodi-

methyl formamide and dimethyl sulfoxide upon

on. The rates of diffusion of the small and the large

heating. Forms stable complexes.

molecules are so widely different that the former

Use: Chelating agent similar to ethylenediaminetet-

will readily pass through the membrane, whereas the

raacetic acid.

latter will penetrate with extreme difficulty. For

example the diffusion rates are about 2.3 for sodium

chloride, 7 for cane sugar, and from 50 to 100 for

diaminodiethyl sulfide. S(CH

)

proteins and other macromolecules. This differen-

Properties: Mobile, colorless liquid; amine-like

tial led Thomas Graham to define substances that

odor. Bp 230–240C, d 1.054 (25C). Miscible with

would pass through the membrane easily as crystal-

water and benzene, insoluble in aliphatic hydrocar-

loids and those having a tendency to be retained by

bons. Combustible.

the membrane as colloids.

See colloid chemistry; electrodialysis; Graham,

1,8-diamino-4,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone.

Thomas.

See diaminochrysazin.

diamide hydrate. See hydrazine hydrate.

diaminodihydroxyarsenobenzene

dihydrochloride. See arsphenamine.

diamine. See hydrazine.

di-p-aminodimethoxydiphenyl. See dianisi-

3,6-diaminoacridine. See acriflavine. dine.

385 1,2-DIAMINOPROPANE

4,4

′

-diamino-3,3

′

-dimethyldicyclo- p,p

′

-diaminoditolylmethane.

hexylmethane. See bis(4-amino-3-methylcy- NH

clohexyl)methane. Properties: Glistening, crystalline plates. Mp 149C.

Soluble in alcohol and ether.

Derivation: By heating formaldehyde and o-tolui-

diaminodiphenic acid. (benzidinedicarboxyl-

dine.

ic acid). C

(CO

H)NH

(CO

H)NH

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol and

1,2-diaminoethane. See ethylenediamine.

ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: By boiling m-nitrobenzaldehyde with

6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine lactate

caustic soda, reducing with zinc dust, and acidi-

monohydrate. See ethodin.

fying.

Hazard: See benzidine.

Use: Dyestuff.

diaminoethyl ether tetraacetic acid.

(HOOCCH

)

NCH

OCH

N(CH

COOH)

Properties: Slightly soluble in water. Purity 98%

p-diaminodiphenyl. See benzidine.

min.

Use: A chelating agent.

diaminodiphenylamine. HN(C

)

Properties: Yellowish crystals. Mp 158C. Soluble in

1,6-diaminohexane. See hexamethylenedia-

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

mine.

Use: Dye intermediate, detection of hydrogen cya-

nide.

3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride.

See acriflavine.

diaminodiphenylethylene. See p-diaminos-

tilbene.

diaminonaphthalene. See naphthalenedi-

amine.

p,p

′

-diaminodiphenylmethane. (4,4

′

-methy-

lenedianiline; MDA).

1,5-diaminopentane. See cadaverine.

CAS: 101-77-9. H

Properties: Light-brown crystals. Mp 92–93C, bp

2,3-diaminophenazine. C

398–399C, flash p 440F. Slightly soluble in cold

Properties: Brownish, needlelike crystals. Mp 265C.

water; very soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether. Com-

Soluble in alcohol and benzene; sublimes on

bustible.

heating.

Hazard: A human carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation

Use: Analytical reagent for detection of metals.

and skin contact. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

Use: Determination of tungsten and sulfates, polymer

2,5-diaminophenol. C

OH(NH

)

and dye intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, epoxy-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 68C. Soluble in

resin hardening agent, isocyanate resins, poly-

water.

amides.

Derivation: By reduction of 2,5-dinitrophenol.

Hazard: May be skin irritant.

diaminodiphenylthiourea. (diaminothiocar-

Use: Organic synthesis.

banilide). (NH

NH)

CS.

Properties: Colorless plates or crystalline solid. Mp

2,4-diaminophenol hydrochloride. (ami-

195C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; sparingly solu-

dol). C

(NH

)

OH•2HCl.

ble in water.

Properties: Grayish-white crystals. Soluble in water;

Derivation: By boiling p-phenylenediamine with

slightly soluble in alcohol.

carbon disulfide.

Derivation: By interaction of dinitrophenol with iron

and hydrochloric acid.

diaminodiphenylureadisulfonic acid.

Use: Photographic developer, dyeing furs and hair,

CO(NHC

analytical reagent.

Properties: Colorless, needlelike crystals. Slightly

soluble in water.

2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-s-triazine. See ben-

Derivation: Action of phosgene upon either p-phe-

zoguanamine.

nylenediaminesulfonic acid or 4-nitroaniline-3-sul-

fonic acid.

1,2-diaminopropane. (propylenediamine;

Use: Dye manufacture.

1,2-propanediamine). NH

CH(NH

)CH

Properties: Colorless, very hygroscopic, strongly

3,3

′

-diaminodipropylamine. See 3,3

′

-imino-

alkaline liquid. D 0.8732 (20/20C), refr index

bispropylamine.

1.4460 (20C), flash p 92F (33C), bp 117C. Very

soluble in water. Ammoniacal odor.

diaminoditolyl. See o-tolidine. Grade: Technical, 75%, 90%, 98% solution.

3861,3-DIAMINOPROPANE

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and Properties: IDLH 4 mg/m

(as Pt).

skin absorption. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.002 mg(Pt)/m

Use: Synthesis of medicinals, dyes, rubber accelera-

cis-diamminedibromoplatinum(II).

tors, electroplating, analytical reagent.

CAS: 15978-91-3. mf: Br

Pt.

Properties: IDLH 4 mg/m

(as Pt).

1,3-diaminopropane. (1,3-propanediamine).

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Water-white mobile liquid; amine odor.

diammonium berylliumtetrafluoride. See

D 0.8881 (20/20)C, bp 139.7C, fp −12C, refr index

ammonium fluoroberyllate.

1.459 (20C), flash p 120F (49C) (OC). Completely

soluble in water, methanol, and ether. Combustible.

diammonium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Strong irritant to eyes

CNH(CH

)

NHCS

and skin.

Properties: Mp 72.5C. Very soluble in water.

Use: Intermediate.

Grade: 42% solution in water.

Use: Fungicide, intermediate, corrosion inhibitor.

n,n

′

-diaminopropylethylenediamine. See

See nabam.

1,5,8,12-tetraazadodecane.

diammonium hydrogen phosphate. See

2,6-diaminopyridine. NC

(NH

)

ammonium phosphate, dibasic.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 120.8C, bp 285C. Soluble

in water. Combustible.

diammonium phosphate. See ammonium

Derivation: From 2-aminopyridine.

phosphate, dibasic.

2,6-diamino-4-(2-pyridyl)-s-triazine.

diamond. An allotropic form of carbon that crys-

CAS: 25007-79-8. mf: C

tallizes isometrically and consists of carbon atoms

Hazard: A poison.

covalently bound by single bonds only in a predomi-

nantly octahedral structure.

p-diaminostilbene. (diaminodiphenylethy-

lene). C

(NH

)CHCHC

(NH

Properties: Colorless needles or plates. Mp 227C.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Combustible.

Derivation: Reduction of dinitrostilbene.

4,4

′

-diamino-2,2

′

-stilbenedisulfonic acid.

(DAS).

(NH

)(SO

H)CHCHC

(SO

H)(NH

Properties: Yellowish, microscopic needles. Solu-

ble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Boiling sodium salt of p-nitrotoluene-o-

sulfonate in water and caustic soda and reduction

with zinc dust.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Dyestuffs.

This accounts for its extreme hardness (Mohs 10) and

diaminothiocarbanilide. See diaminodiphe-

great stability.

nylthiourea.

Properties: High refractive index (2.42), d 3.50,

coefficient of friction 0.05, highest thermal conduc-

di-␣-amino-␤-thiolpropionic acid. See

tivity of any substance, transparent to infrared, mp

cystine.

3700C, bp 4200C. The purest diamonds used for

gems are mined in South Africa, lower grades in

diaminotoluene. See toluene-2,4-diamine.

Brazil, Venezuela, India, Borneo, Arkansas. Also

made synthetically by heating carbon and a metal

4,6-diamino-m-toluenesulfonic acid. See

catalyst in an electric furnace at about 3000F under

m-tolylenediaminesulfonic acid.

high pressure.

Use: Special surgical knives, windows in space

4,6-diamino-s-triazine-2-ol. See ammeline.

probes, high-capacity transmitters.

See diamond, industrial.

2,5-diaminovaleric acid. See ornithine.

diamond, industrial. Low-grade diamonds

diammine(benzylmalonato)platinum (II). (bort and carbonado) as well as those made syntheti-

CAS: 63919-17-5. mf: C

Pt. cally in an electric furnace (3000F, 1.3 million psi).

387 1,2-DIANILINOETHANE

Use: Oil-well drill bits, primary grinding of steel,

diamyl maleate. (CHCOOC

)

wire-drawing dies, glass and metal cutting, grinding Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.981 (20C), boil-

wheels. ing range 263–300C, odor faintly alcoholic, flash p

See abrasive. 270F (132C). Combustible.

diamond pyramid hardness. See hardness. diamyl phenol. (1-hydroxy-2,4-diamylben-

zene). (C

)

OH. Commercial form is a mix-

ture of isomers including both secondary amyl and

diamthazole dihydrochloride.

tertiary amyl groups, mainly in 2,4 positions.

OS•2HCl. (6-(2-diethylaminoethoxy)-

Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid with mild

2-dimethylaminobenzothiazole dihydrochloride).

phenolic odor; miscible with both aliphatic and aro-

Properties: Crystals. Decomposes 269C. Soluble in

matic hydrocarbons, insoluble in water and 10%

water, ethanol, and methanol.

aqueous alkalies. Boiling range (ASTM 5–95%)

Use: Topical therapy (medicine), antifungal agent.

280–295C, d 0.930 (20C), wt/gal 7.8 lb (20C), flash

p 260F (126)(TOC). Combustible.

di-n-amylamine. (di-n-pentylamine).

Hazard: Irritant to skin.

CAS: 2050-92-2. (C

)

NH.

Use: Synthetic resins, lubricating-oil additives, rust

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 202–3C (745 mm

preventives, plasticizers, synthetic detergents, anti-

Hg), d 0.77–0.78 (20C), refr index 1.430 (20C),

oxidants and antiskinning agents, rubber chemicals,

flash p 124F (51.1C). Very slightly soluble in water;

rodenticide, fungicide.

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: From reaction of amyl chloride and am-

diamyl phthalate.

monia.

CAS: 131-18-0. C

(COOC

)

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; nearly odorless. D

inhalation.

1.022 (20C), wt/gal 8.52 lb (20C), refr index 1.488

Use: Rubber accelerators, flotation reagents, dye-

(25C), bp 342C, fp <−55C, flash p 357F (180C)

stuffs and corrosion inhibitors, solvent for oils, res-

(CC). Combustible.

ins, and some cellulose esters.

Derivation: By esterification of phthalic anhydride

with amyl alcohol in the presence of approximately

N,N-diamylaniline. (mixed isomers).

1% concentrated sulfuric acid as catalyst.

N(C

)

Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: Dark-amber liquid. D 0.898 (20C), boil-

ing range 276–292C, faint aniline odor, flash p 260F

diamyl sodium sulfosuccinate.

(126C). Combustible.

NaO

Use: Organic dyes.

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water, ace-

tone, carbon tetrachloride, glycerol.

di-tert-amyl disulfide.

Derivation: Action of alcohol on maleic anhydride,

C(CH

)

SSC(CH

)

followed by addition of sodium bisulfite.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.931 (15.5/15.5C), vacuum

Use: Wetting agent, emulsion polymerization.

distillation range 86–102C, refr index 1.495 (20C),

flash p 220F (104.4C). Combustible.

diamyl sulfide. (amyl sulfide). (C

)

S. A

mixture of isomers.

␣-(diamylaminomethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-

Properties: Yellow liquid; obnoxious odor. D

9-phenathrenemethanol.

0.85–0.91 (20/20C), distillation range 170–180C,

CAS: 27074-70-0. mf: C

NO.

flash p 185F (85C) (OC), refr index 1.477 (19C).

Hazard: A poison.

Combustible.

Hazard: Irritating by inhalation, ingestion, and skin

diamylene. C

absorption.

Properties: Colorless liquid, fp <−50C, bp 150C,

Use: Organic sulfur compounds by addition reac-

flash p 118F (47.7C) (OC), d 0.77. Combustible.

tions, flotation agent in metallurgical processes,

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

odorant.

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis.

diandron. See DHEA.

2,5-di(tert-amyl)hydroquinone. (DAHQ,

2,5-di[tert-pentyl]hydroquinone).

dianhydrosorbitol. See sorbide.

)

OH)

Properties: Buff powder. Mp 176C, d 1.05 (25C).

1,4,3,6-dianhydrosorbitol. See isosorbide.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

benzene.

Use: Antioxidant for uncured rubber and for unsatu-

1,2-dianilinoethane. C

rated resins and oils; food packaging, polymeriza- Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 67C, bp 228C (12

tion inhibitor. mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol and ether.

388DIANISIDINE

Derivation: Heating aniline with dichloro- or dibro-

diastase malt. A commercial mixture contain-

moethane. ing amylolytic enzymes.

Properties: Yellowish-white, amorphous powder or

Use: Manufacture of antihistamines, resin and rubber

syrupy liquid. Soluble in water; almost insoluble in

stabilizer, reagent for aldehydes.

alcohol.

Derivation: The filtrate from the mash of malted

dianisidine. (di-p-aminodi-m-methoxydiphenyl;

grain is concentrated at low temperature in vacuum.

3,3

′

-dimethoxybenzidine).

The sugar acts as preservative. The diastase hydro-

CAS: 119-90-4. [C

(OCH

)NH

]

lyzes starch to malt sugar.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 137C, flash p

Use: Desizing of textiles, bread making, malted

403F (206C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble

foods, converting starch to sugar.

in water. Combustible.

See amylase.

Derivation: The methyl ether of o-nitrophenol is

reduced by zinc dust and caustic soda to the hydrazo

compound, which is then rearranged with hydro-

diastereoisomer. (diastereomer). In any group

chloric acid.

of four optical isomers occurring in compounds con-

Hazard: See anisidine, benzidine.

taining two asymmetric carbon atoms, such as 4-

Use: Azo-dye intermediate.

carbon sugars, there are two pairs of enantiomers

(structures that are mirror images of each other)

dianisidine diisocyanate. (3,3

′

-dimethoxy-

indicated by the letters

D and L. The two D and the two

benzidine 4,4

′

-diisocyanate).

L isomers are not mirror images, and these are called

CAS: 91-93-0. [OCN(CH

O)C

]

diastereoisomers. For example, in the structures be-

Properties: Grey to brown powder. Mp 112C min.

low, (1) and (2) are enantiomers and so are (3) and

Soluble in ketones and esters.

(4); (1) and (3) are diastereoisomers, as are (2) and

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, skin irri-

(4).

tant.

Use: Polymers and adhesive systems, high-strength

backbone or cross-linking intermediate.

diaphragm cell. A type of electrolytic cell for

the production of sodium hydroxide and chlorine

from sodium chloride brine. The cell contains anode

and cathode compartments separated by a porous

diaphragm or membrane to prevent mixing of the

solutions. Asbestos fibers are usually used for this

diaphragm, though a recent development is a plastic

material made from perfluorosulfonic acid (see

“Naflon”). The brine is fed continuously to the an-

ode compartment, where chlorine is released at the

graphite anode and flows through the diaphragm to

the steel cathode, where hydrogen is liberated. Sodi-

um hydroxide accumulates in the liquid and is con-

tinuously drained from the cathode compartment.

The Hooker cell and the Vorce cell are two widely

See optical isomer; enantiomer; epimer; anomer.

used types of diaphragm cell.

“Diaron” [Reichhold]. TM for powdered mel-

diatomaceous earth. (diatomite; kieselguhr;

amine adhesives.

infusorial earth).

CAS: 61790-53-2.

diasolysis. The process of diffusion of organo-

Properties: Soft, bulky, solid material (88% silica)

philic compounds in organic solvent through gum,

composed of skeletons of small prehistoric aquatic

plastic, or rubber membranes for separating hydro-

plants related to algae (diatoms). They have intricate

philic and colloidal substances that do not dialyze.

geometric forms. Available as light-colored blocks,

bricks, powder, etc. True d 1.9–2.35, bulk density

diaspore. Al

•H

O. A natural hydrous alumi- from 5 to 15 lb/cu ft. Insoluble in acids except

num oxide occurring in bauxite and with corundum hydrogen fluoride, soluble in strong alkalies. Ab-

and dolomite. sorbs 1.5–4 times its weight of water, has high oil

Properties: White, gray, yellowish, and greenish; absorption capacity. Poor conductor of sound, heat,

luster vitreous to pearly. D 3.35–3.45, Mohs and electricity. Noncombustible.

hardness 6.5–7. Occurrence: Western U.S., Europe, Algeria, the for-

Occurrence: Arkansas, Missouri, Pennsylvania, mer U.S.S.R.

Switzerland, the former U.S.S.R., Czechoslovakia. Grade: Natural, chemical, airfloated.

Use: Refractory, abrasive. Hazard: TLV: TWA (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/

389

-DIAZODIPHENYLAMINE

of total dust (when toxic impurities are not Use: Insecticide (use against fire ants permitted by

present, e.g., quartz <1%).

EPA).

Use: Filtration; clarifying and decolorizing; insula-

tion; absorbent; mild abrasive; drilling-mud thick-

diazoaminobenzene. (1,3-diphenyltriazene;

ener; extender in paints, rubber, and plastic prod-

benzeneazoanilide).

ucts; ceramics; paper coating; anticaking agent in

CAS: 136-35-6. C

NNNHC

fertilizers; asphalt compositions; chromatography;

Properties: Golden-yellow scales. Mp 96C. Soluble

refractories; acid-proof liners; catalyst carrier.

in alcohol, ether, and benzene; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Interactions of nitrous acid and an alco-

holic solution of aniline.

diatomic. Descriptive of a gas whose molecules

Hazard: Explodes on heating to 150C dangerous.

are composed of two atoms, e.g., O

,Cl

Use: Organic synthesis, dyes, insecticide.

Gases in which the element is present as single

atoms are called monatomic, e.g., Ar, Ne.

p-diazobenzenesulfonic acid. C

Properties: White or slightly red crystals or white

diatomite. See diatomaceous earth.

paste. Soluble in water and ether; insoluble in al-

cohol.

diatrizoate sodium. See sodium diatrizoate.

Derivation: From sulfanilic acid, sodium nitrite, and

sulfuric acid.

1,4-diazabicyclo[2.22]octane.

Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated.

Use: Dyestuffs, reagent.

❘

diazo compound. A compound of the general

formula Ar−N

N−X, in which Ar is an aromatic

Properties: Crystals. Hygroscopic. Mp 158C, bp

radical and X an inorganic group, such as halogen or

174C, forms crystalline hydrate, sublimes easily.

nitrate.

Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Use: Possible catalyst for urethane foams and coat-

p-diazodimethylaniline zinc chloride

ings, chemical intermediate.

double salt. (p-dimethylaminobenzene dia-

zonium chloride, zinc chloride double salt; p-

diazepam. (USAN for 7-chloro-1,3-dihydro-1-

diazotized aminodimethylaniline zinc chloride

methyl-5-phenyl-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one).

double salt). (CH

)

Cl•ZnCl

CAS: 439-14-5. C

ClN

Properties: Yellow to orange (light-sensitive) crys-

Properties: Slightly yellowish, crystalline powder;

tals. Specification: Moisture content 5–20%, zinc

practically no odor. Mp 131.5–134.5C. One g of

17–23%, chloride 31–35%.

diazepam dissolves in about 350 mL of water, in

Hazard: Irritant.

approximately 15 mL of 95% ethanol, or in approxi-

Use: Rapid diazotype coupler used in coatings for

mately 2 mL of chloroform.

light-sensitive paper.

Hazard: Central nervous system depressant; addic-

tive; manufacture and usage restricted.

2-diazo-4,6-dinitrobenzene-1-oxide. See

Use: Medicine (tranquilizer).

diazodinitrophenol.

1,3-diazine. (pyrimidine; miazine).

diazodinitrophenol. (2-diazo-4,6-dinitroben-

zene-1-oxide; 5,7-dinitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole;

❘

HN(CH)

❘

DDNP).

Properties: Liquid or crystalline mass; penetrating

CAS: 87-31-0. (NO

)

(bicyclic).

odor. Mp 20–22C, bp 123–124C. Soluble in water,

Properties: Yellow, crystalline compound; darkens

alcohol, and ether.

rapidly on exposure to sunlight. D 1.6. Soluble in

See pyrimidine.

nitrobenzene, acetone, acetic acid, and nitroglycer-

in; desensitized by water.

Derivation: Diazotization of picramic acid in aque-

“Diazinon” [Chevron].

ous solution with sodium nitrite and hydrochloric

CAS: 333-41-5.

acid.

[C(CH

)

CHC

H(CH

)O]PS(OC

)

. TM for

Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated to 180C;

O,O-diethyl-O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-pyrimi-

dangerous, an initiating explosive.

dinyl) phosphorothioate.

Use: Primary charge in blasting caps.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 83–84C (0.002 mm

Hg). Slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in pe-

troleum solvents, alcohol, and ketones. More stable

p-diazodiphenylamine sulfate.

in alkaline than neutral or acid solutions. (C

NHC

)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin Properties: Yellow-green solid; unpleasant odor.

absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be re- Sensitive to light. Soluble in water.

stricted; TLV: 0.1 mg/m

. Use: Used as a light-sensitive diazo compound for

3901,2-DIAZOLE

coating on reproduction paper, giving direct positive

dibenz(a,h)anthracene.

prints of various colors with different developers or CAS: 53-70-3. mf: C

coupling agents. Properties: Silvery leaflets from AcOH. Mp:

266−267°.

1,2-diazole. See pyrazole. Hazard: A confirmed carcinogen. A poison.

diazomethane. (azimethylene). dibenzanthrone. (volanthrone). C

. Vio-

CAS: 334-88-3. H

C==N

==N

−

. let-blue vat dye.

Properties: Yellow gas at room temperature. Fp Properties: Bluish-black powder. Soluble in nitro-

−145C, bp −23C, d 1.45. benzene and concentrated sulfuric acid.

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked; may

Derivation: From benzanthrone.

explode on contact with alkali metals, rough sur-

Use: Intermediate.

faces, or heat (100C); toxic by inhalation, a carcino-

gen (OSHA). TLV: 0.2 ppm.

3,3

′

-dibenzanthronyl. (also called the

Use: Organic synthesis (methylating agent).

13,13

′

-compound). C

Properties: Dark-yellow needles. Mp 412C. Soluble

1-diazo-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid.

in concentrated sulfuric acid.

OSO

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: Yellow needles in paste or dry form.

Slightly soluble in water. Also available as sodium

4,4

′

-dibenzanthronyl. (also called the 2,2

′

salt. Mp 168C. Combustible.

compound). C

Derivation: Diazotization of 1-amino-2-naphthol-4-

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 320C. Soluble in

sulfonic acid and filtering of the diazo compound.

nitrobenzene; slightly soluble in benzene, alcohol,

Hazard: May explode if heated above 100C.

ether.

Use: Azo dyes, valuable chrome-dyestuff compo-

Use: Intermediate.

nent.

dibenzarsenolic acid See 9-arsafluoreninic

diazo paper. Paper that is coated with a diazo

acid.

light-sensitive dye.

2,3,6,7-dibenzoanthracene. See pentacene.

diazotization. The reaction of a primary aromat-

ic amine with nitrous acid in the presence of excess

dibenzocycloheptadienone. C

O. A tri-

mineral acid to produce a diazo (−N==N−) com-

cyclic compound.

pound. Widely used in organic synthesis, especially

Properties: Light-yellow to amber solid. Mp 28.5C,

production of dyes.

bp 203–204C (7 mm Hg), d 1.1635 (20C), refr index

(20C) 1.6324. Soluble in alcohol and most organic

diazotizing salt. See sodium nitrite.

solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

DIBA. See diisobutyl adipate.

dibenzo(b,jk)fluorene. See ben-

DIBAC. Abbreviation for diisobutylaluminum

zo(k)fluoranthene.

chloride.

dibenzofuran. See diphenylene oxide.

DIBAL-H. Abbreviation for diisobutylalumi-

num hydride.

“Dibenzo G-M-F” [Uniroyal].

COON)

. TM for dibenzoyl-p-quino-

dibasic. See monobasic.

nedioxime.

Properties: Brownish-gray powder. D 1.37, starts to

dibenalacetone. (dibenzylidene acetone). decompose above 200C, good storage stability. In-

HC==CHCOHC==CHC

. soluble in acetone, benzene, gasoline, ethylene di-

Properties: (cis-trans) Yellow crystals. Mp 60C. chloride, and water.

Derivation: Reaction of benzaldehyde and acetone. Grade: Available in superdispersing grades.

There are three geometric isomers (trans-trans, cis- Use: Nonsulfur vulcanizing agent, in tire-curing

trans, cis-cis). bags, gaskets, and wire insulation to impart heat

Use: Suntan lotions, cosmetics. resistance.

See benzoyl peroxide.

dibenz(a,h)acridine 3,4-diol-1,2-epoxide.

CAS: 125276-72-4. mf: C

. dibenzopyran. See xanthene.

Hazard: Experimental carcinogenic data reported.

(+−)-dibenzo(a,l)pyrene-11,12-dihydrodiol.

1,2:5,6-dibenzanthracene.

See di- CAS: 153857-27-3. mf: C

benz(a,h)anthracene. Hazard: Experimental carcinogenic data reported.

391 2,5-DIBIPHENYLYLOXAZOLE

(−)-(11r,12r)-dibenzo(a,l)pyrenedihydrodiol. Use: Intermediate, rubber activator, reagent for

metals.

CAS: 189880-63-5. mf: C

Hazard: Experimental carcinogenic data reported.

N,N-dibenzyl-p-aminophenol.

)

OH.

dibenzopyrone. See xanthone.

Properties: Brown powder. Mp >110C. Soluble in

acetone, benzene, anhydrous methanol.

dibenzopyrrole. See carbazole.

N,N-dibenzylaniline. C

N(CH

)

dibenzothiophene.

Properties: Yellowish-white crystals. Mp 70C, bp

>300C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

❘

water.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 97–98C. Com-

Hazard: See aniline.

bustible.

Use: Manufacture of dyes.

Use: Cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, intermediate.

dibenzyl disulfide. (benzyl disulfide).

dibenzoxazepine.

SSCH

CAS: 12770-99-9. mf: C

NO.

Properties: Pink solid; odor similar to benzaldehyde.

Hazard: A severe human skin irritant.

Mp 70–72C. Dissolves in most organic solvents;

very slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Antioxidant and antisludging agent for petrole-

dibenzoyl. See benzil.

um oils, extreme-pressure lubricating oils and

greases, silicone oils.

trans-1,2-dibenzoylethylene. C

CO-

CHCHCOC

dibenzyl ether. (benzyl ether).

Properties: Yellow-orange crystals. Mp 111C. Solu-

CAS: 103-50-4. C

OCH

ble in glacial acetic acid, ethyl acetate, benzene, and

Properties: Colorless, unstable liquid; faint, almond

chloroform; sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble

odor. D 1.035, bp 298–300C, flash p 275F (135C).

in water and petroleum ether. Combustible.

Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

Use: Enzyme inhibitor, bactericide, and interme-

Combustible.

diate.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Irritant and narcotic.

dibenzoylmethane. (1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propan-

Use: Plasticizer for various resins, perfumery (sol-

edione). C

COCH

COC

vent for nitro-musks), flavoring.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 80C, bp 219–221C (18 mm

Hg). Partially soluble in alcohol; soluble in ether,

dibenzylidene acetone. See dibenalacetone.

chloroform, and aqueous sodium hydroxide. Com-

bustible.

N,N-dibenzylmethylamine.

Use: Colorimetric determination of uranium.

N(CH

)

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. D 0.99

dibenzoyl peroxide. See benzoyl peroxide.

(25C), refr index 1.5560–1.5590 (25C), distilling

range 152–158C (11 mm Hg). Partially soluble in

dibenzoyl-p-quinonedioxime. See “Dibenzo

water; soluble in organic solvents. Combustible.

G-M-F.”

Use: Intermediate, oil-soluble rust inhibitor, cutting

oils, hydraulic fluids, lubricants.

2,4-dibenzoylresorcinol.

COC

(OH)

COC

dibenzyl sebacate.

Properties: Light-yellow crystals; nearly odorless.

OOC(CH

)

COOCH

Mp 125–128C. Soluble in alcohol, ethyl acetate,

Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. Mp 28C, bp

methyl ethyl ketone; insoluble in water.

265C (4 mm Hg), d 1.055 (30/20C), complete non-

Use: Light absorber, best at 280–370 microns.

volatility, gives excellent low-temperature flexibili-

ty, flash p 450F (232C). Combustible.

dibenzyl. See sym-diphenylethane.

Use: Plasticizer, especially for plastic linings for con-

tainers.

N,N-dibenzylamine. HN(CH

)

dibenzyl succinate. See benzyl succinate.

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow, oily liquid;

ammonia-like odor. Bp 300C (partial decomposi-

dibenzyltin bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate).

tion), mp −26C, d 1.017 (20C), refr index

See

1.5730–1.5740 (25C), distilling range 168–172C

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dibenzylstannane.

(10 mm Hg). Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol

and ether. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

2,5-dibiphenylyloxazole. (BBO). C

NO.

392DIBISMUTH TRISULFATE

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 237–239C.

p-dibromobenzene. (benzene dibromide).

Grade: Purified.

CAS: 26249-12-7. C

Use: Scintillation counter or a wavelength shifter in

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 89C, bp 219C, d

soluble scintillators.

2.261, refr index 1.5743 (99C). Soluble in alcohol

and ether.

Use: Organic synthesis of dyestuffs and drugs, manu-

dibismuth trisulfate. See bismuth trisulfate.

facture of intermediates, fumigant.

diborane. (diboron hexahydride; boroethane).

N,N-dibromobenzenesulfonamide.

CAS: 19287-45-7. B

NBr

Properties: Colorless gas; repulsive odor. Bp

Properties: Solid. Mp 109–111C. Active bromine

−92.5C, fp −165C, density 0.18 g/mL (17C), flash p

50.4%.

−130F (−90C), autoign temp 100–125F (38–51C).

Use: Halogenating agent.

Soluble in carbon disulfide; decomposes in water.

Highly reactive.

dibromochloromethane.

Derivation: Reaction of lithium hydride and boron

CAS: 124-48-1. CHBr

Cl.

trifluoride catalyzed by ether at 25C.

Properties: Clear, colorless, heavy liquid. D 2.38, bp

Grade: Technical 95%, high purity 99+%.

116C.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk,

Hazard: Irritant and narcotic.

reacts violently with oxidizing materials including

Use: Organic synthesis.

chlorine. Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. TLV:

0.1 ppm.

1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane. (DBCP).

Use: Synthesis of organic boron compounds and met-

CAS: 96-12-8. CH

BrCHBrCH

Cl.

al borohydrides, polymerization catalyst for ethyl-

Properties: Colorless (when pure) liquid. D 2.05

ene, fuel for air-breathing engines and rockets, re-

(20C), bp 195.5C, fp 6.7C, refr index 1.5530 (20C),

ducing agent, doping agent for p-type

flash p 170F (76.6C) (TOC). Slightly soluble in

semiconductors.

water, miscible with oils. Combustible.

Hazard: A carcinogen, reported to cause sterility.

Use regulated by EPA. OSHA standard of 1 ppb. No

dibromoacetylene. (dibromomethyne).

longer made in the U.S.

CAS: 624-61-3. BrC≡CBr.

Use: Pesticide, nematocide, soil fumigant.

Properties: Heavy, colorless liquid; disagreeable

odor. D approximately 2, mp 76–76.5C. Soluble in

2,6-dibromo-4-cyanophenyl octanoate.

most organic solvents.

CAS: 1689-99-2. mf: C

Derivation: (1) Interaction of magnesium dibromoa-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

cetylene and an ethereal solution of cyanogen bro-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

mide; (2) Interaction of tribromoethylene and alco-

holic potash.

dibromodibutylstannane.

Hazard: Explodes on contact with oxygen or on

CAS: 996-08-7. mf: C

Sn.

heating. Dangerous!! Toxic by inhalation and injec-

Properties: Mp: 20°.

tion, strong irritant.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

Use: Organic synthesis (halogenated ethylene).

skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

9,10-dibromoanthracene. C

(tri-

cyclic).

dibromodiethyl sulfide. (CH

Br)

S. The

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 226C, sublimes.

bromine analog of mustard gas.

Soluble in chloroform, slightly soluble in alcohol

Properties: White crystals. D 2.05 (15C), bp 240C

and ether, insoluble in water.

(decomposes), mp 31–34C. Soluble in alcohol, ben-

Derivation: Bromination of anthracene.

zene, ether; insoluble in water.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Derivation: Action of hydrobromic acid on an aque-

ous solution of thiodiglycol.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strongly irritant poison

o-dibromobenzene. (benzene dibromide).

gas.

CAS: 26249-12-7. C

Use: Organic synthesis.

Properties: Heavy liquid; pleasant, aromatic odor.

Bp 225.5C, fp 7.13C, d 1.9767 (25/4C), refr index

dibromodiethyl sulfone. (BrCH

)

1.6155 (20C). Combustible. Miscible with alcohol,

Properties: Plates. Mp 111–112C. Soluble in alco-

acetone, ether, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and n-

hol, benzene, ether.

heptane; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Interaction of dibromodiethyl sulfide,

Derivation: Interaction of benzene with an excess of

chromic anhydride, and dilute sulfuric acid.

bromine in presence of iron.

Use: Solvent for oils, motor fuels, top-cylinder com-

pounds, organic synthesis, ore flotations.

dibromodiethyl sulfoxide. (BrCH

)

SO.

393 1,3-DIBROMOPROPANE

Properties: Glittering crystals. Mp 100–101C. Solu- 214C, refr index 1.5790 (25C). Insoluble in water;

ble in alcohol, benzene, ether.

soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether, benzene, chloro-

Derivation: Interaction of benzoyl peroxide and a

form, ethyl acetate, and glacial acetic acid.

hot solution of dibromodiethyl sulfide in chloro-

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.

form.

Use: Intermediate for agricultural and pharmaceuti-

cal chemicals.

dibromodifluoromethane. (difluorodibromo-

methane).

dibromoformoxime. CBr

NOH.

CAS: 75-61-6. CF

Properties: Crystals. Mp 70–71C, distills between

Properties: Colorless, heavy liquid. Fp −141C, bp

75 and 85C (3 mm Hg).

24.5C, d 2.288 (15/4C), refr index 1.399 (12C).

Hazard: Evolves highly toxic fumes on heating. A

Insoluble in water; soluble in methanol and ether.

military poison.

Nonflammable.

Derivation: Vapor-phase bromination of difluoro-

dibromoiodoethylene. Br

CCHI.

methane.

Properties: Liquid. D 2.952 (24C), bp 91C (15 mm

Grade: Pure (95.0% min).

Hg).

Hazard: Irritant. TLV: 100 ppm.

Derivation: Reaction of iodine and dibromoace-

Use: Synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, quaternary

tylene.

ammonium compounds, fire-extinguishing agent.

dibromomalonic acid. HOOC•CBr

COOH.

6,8-dibromo-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine-2-

Properties: Light-yellow needles or prisms. Mp

thione-4-one.

147C (decomposes).

CAS: 23611-68-9. mf: C

Use: Intermediate for drugs and fine chemicals.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dibromomalonyl chloride. ClOCCBr

COCl.

Properties: Yellowish, oily liquid. Bp 75–77C (15

1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.

mm Hg).

Use: Chemical intermediate.

BrN

❘

CONBrCO

❘

C(CH

)

Properties: Free-flowing, cream-colored powder;

dibromomethane. See methylene bromide.

slight bromine odor. Mp 187–191C (decomposes).

Quite stable at 75C; soluble in benzene, chloroform,

dibromomethyl ether. (CH

Br)

glacial acetic acid; slightly soluble in water and

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.2, bp 154–155C, fp

carbon tetrachloride; insoluble in hexane. Contains

−34C. Decomposed by water; soluble in acetone,

55% active bromine, which is slowly released in

benzene, ether.

aqueous solution.

Derivation: (1) The reaction product of paraformal-

Derivation: Bromination of dimethylhydantoin.

dehyde and sulfuric acid is treated with ammonium

Use: Controlled bromination and oxidation of organ-

bromide; (2) interaction of hydrobromic acid and

ic compounds, water treatment, polymerization cat-

paraformaldehyde.

alyst, potential germicide and sanitizer.

Hazard: Evolves highly toxic fumes on heating,

strong irritant to eyes. Fire risk in contact with oxi-

dibromodimethyl stannane. See dimethyl-

dizers.

tin dibromide.

Use: Military poison (lachrymator).

dibromodiphenylstannane.

9,10-dibromooctadecanoic acid. (9,10-di-

CAS: 4713-59-1. mf: C

Sn.

bromostearic acid).

Properties: White or colorless crystals. Mp: 38°; bp:

(CH

)

CHBrCHBr(CH

)CO

230° @ 42 mm. Sol in alc and ether.

Properties: Yellow solid or liquid. D 1.2458 (30/

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

4C), mp 29–30C, refr index 1.4893 (42C). Insoluble

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

in water; soluble in alcohols, ketones, aromatic and

chlorinated hydrocarbons. Also available as methyl

1,2-dibromoethane. See ethylene dibromide.

ester.

Grade: Technical (amber liquid).

4,5

′

-dibromofluorescein. C

Use: Chemical intermediate.

Properties: Yellow powder (clean shade). Mp

265–267C.

1,5-dibromopentane. See pentamethylene di-

Grade: 99+%.

bromide.

Use: Lipstick dye.

2,4-dibromofluorobenzene. C

F. 1,3-dibromopropane. See trimethylene bro-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.047 (20C), bp mide.

394DIBROMOPROPANOL

dibromopropanol. (2,3-dibromo-1-propanol). Grade: NF.

CAS: 96-13-9. CH

BrCHBrCH

OH. Hazard: Possibly allergenic.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.120 (20/4C), bp Use: Medicine (anesthetic).

219C. Soluble in acetone, alcohol, ether, and ben-

zene.

dibutoline sulfate. (C

)

. Bisdibu-

Hazard: A carcinogen.

tylcarbamate of ethyl(2-hydroxyeth-

Use: Intermediate in preparation of flame retardants,

yl)dimethylammonium sulfate.

insecticides, and pharmaceuticals.

Properties: Hygroscopic powder. Decomposes

166C. Soluble in water and benzene.

dibromoquinonechlorimide. C

ClNO.

Use: Surface-active agent in medicine.

A reagent used for spot visualizations in chromoto-

graphic systems.

2,5-dibutoxyaniline. C

(OC

)

Properties: Yellow powder. Slightly soluble in wa-

Properties: Mp 18C. Insoluble in water; soluble in

ter; moderately soluble in hot alcohol.

organic solvents.

Hazard: Highly sensitive to heat; explodes at 120C,

Hazard: See aniline.

decomposes with rapid heat evolution at 60C.

Use: Dyes, synthesis.

3,5-dibromosalicylaldehyde. (3,5-dibromo-

1,4-dibutoxybenzene. See hydroquinone

2-hydroxybenzaldehyde). Br

(OH)C

CHO.

di-n-butyl ether.

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals. Mp 86C. Slightly

soluble in water; soluble in ether, benzene, chloro-

dibutoxyethyl adipate.

form, alcohol, and acetic acid.

COOC

)

Use: Medicine (external), fungicide.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; mild, butyl-like

odor. D 0.997 (20/20C); fp −34C; boiling range

′

,5-dibromosalicylanilide. See dibromsalan.

205–215 (4 mm Hg); flash p 370F (187C); refr index

1.442 (25C); wt/gal 8 lb. Soluble or only slightly

9,10-dibromostearic acid. See 9,10-dibro-

soluble in mineral oil, glycerol, glycols, and some

mooctadecanoic acid.

amines; soluble in most other organic liquids. Com-

bustible.

2,5-dibromoterephthalic acid. Use: Primary plasticizer for most resins, imparting

(COOH)

. A flame-retardant monomer flexibility at very low temperature as well as stabili-

for production of polyester fibers that are made by ty to UV light.

reacting this acid with dimethyl terephthalate and

ethylene glycol. Permanent lowering of flammabil-

dibutoxyethyl phthalate. (n-butylglycol

ity is said to be gained by this method of incorporat-

phthalate).

ing bromine in molecular combination.

CAS: 117-83-9. C

(COOC

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −55C, d 1.06 (20C),

sym-dibromotetrafluoroethane. bp 270C, wt/gal 8.86 lb, fast to light, water-resistant,

CBrF

. flash p 407F (208C). Soluble in organic solvents.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 47.3C, d 2.18 (21.1C). Non- Combustible.

flammable. Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl ac-

Use: Refrigerant, fire-extinguishing agent, control etate, and other resins.

fluid.

dibutoxymethane. CH

(OC

)

1,2-dibromo-1,1,5-trichloropentane. Properties: Colorless liquid. Wt/gal 6.97 lb (20C),

CAS: 19792-94-0. mf: C

. refr index 1.40615 (20C), d 0.838 (20/20C), flash p

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. 140F (60C) (CC), boiling range 164–186C. Insolu-

ble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

dibromsalan. (USAN for 4

′

,5-dibromosalicy-

lanilide). BrC

(OH)CONHC

Br.

Hazard: A suspected carcinogen; use in cosmetics

dibutoxytetraglycol. (tetraethylene glycol di-

prohibited (FDA). butyl ether). (C

)

Use: Disinfectant. Properties: Practically colorless liquid; characteris-

tic odor. D 0.9436 (20/20C), wt/gal 7.85 lb (20C), bp

237C (50 mm Hg), 330C, vap press <0.01 mm Hg

dibucaine. (2-n-butoxy-N-(2-diethylaminoe-

(20C), fp −20C, flash p 355F (180C), solubility of

thyl) cinchoninamide).

water in product 4.8% by wt (20C), refr index

CAS: 85-79-0. C

1.4357. Slightly soluble in water (1.3% by weight).

Properties: Colorless or almost colorless powder;

Combustible.

odorless. Mp 62–65C. Somewhat hygroscopic; af-

Use: Solvent, especially for DDT.

fected by light. Soluble in alcohol and acetone;

slightly soluble in water. Also available as the hy-

drochloride.

N,N-di-n-butyl acetamide. CH

CON(C

)

395 DI-

-BUTYL(DIBUTYRYLOXY)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.890 (20C), boiling

2,5-di-tert-butylbenzoquinone.

range 245–250C, faint odor, flash p 225F (107C). [C(CH

)

]

Combustible. Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 149–151C. Insolu-

ble in water; soluble in ethyl acetate, acetone, ben-

zene; slightly soluble in ethyl alcohol.

di-n-butylamine.

Hazard: See quinone.

CAS: 111-92-2. (C

)

NH.

Use: Oxidant, polymerization catalyst.

Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. Bp

159.6C, fp −62C, d 0.7613 (20/20C), wt/gal 6.33 lb

(20C), refr index 1.4175 (20C), flash p 125F (51.6C)

dibutylbutyl phosphonate.

(OC). Partially soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

P(O)(OC

)

and ether; miscible with hydrocarbons. Combus-

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. D 0.948 (20/

tible.

4C), bp 127–128C (2.5 mm Hg), flash p 310F

Derivation: By reaction of butanol or butyl chloride

(154.4C) (COC). Stable, insoluble in water, misci-

with ammonia.

ble with most common organic solvents. Combus-

Grade: Technical.

tible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and

Use: Heavy-metal extraction and solvent separation,

inhalation.

gasoline additives, antifoam agent, plasticizer, tex-

Use: Corrosion inhibitor; intermediate for emulsifi-

tile conditioner, and antistatic agent.

ers, rubber accelerators, dyes, insecticides, and flo-

tation agents; inhibitor for butadiene.

dibutyl chlorophosphate. (C

P(O)Cl.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 103–106C (1.5

di-sec-butylamine. (CH

CHCH

)

NH.

mm Hg), d 1.0742 (25C), refr index 1.4289 (25C).

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Boiling

Soluble in alcohols; hydrolyzes slowly.

range 132–135C, d 0.754 (20/20C), refr index 1.412

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

(20C), flash p 75F (23.9C).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

4,6-di-tert-butyl-m-cresol. (DBMC; 4,6-tert-

ingestion and inhalation.

butyl-3-methylphenol). [C(CH

)

]

OH.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 62.1C, bp 282C, d

dibutylamine pyrophosphate.

0.912 (80/4C), viscosity 9.9 centistokes (80C), 1.42

Grade: Available as 40% solution in ethanol-ace-

centistokes (160C), flash p 262F (127.7C) (OC),

tone.

Combustible. Very soluble in ethanol, benzene, car-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

bon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, and acetone; essen-

Use: Anticorrosion agent in lacquers and cotton solu-

tially insoluble in water, ethylene glycol, and 10%

tions, for light and heat stabilization of vinyl chlo-

aqueous sodium hydroxide.

ride and vinyl copolymer resins.

Use: Rubber reclaiming, surface-active agents, resins

and plasticizers, antioxidants and perfumes.

N,N-di-n-butylaminoethanol. (2-N-dibuty-

laminoethanol).

2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol. (2,6-tert-butyl-4-

CAS: 102-81-8. (C

)

NCH

OH.

methylphenol; butylated hydroxytoluene; BHT).

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint amine-like odor.

CAS: 128-37-0. [C(CH

)

]

OH.

D 0.859 (20C), boiling range 224–232C, flash p

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Fp 70C, bp

200F (93.3C). Combustible.

265C, d 1.048 (20/4C), viscosity 3.47 centistokes

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

(0C), 1.54 centistokes (120C), refr index 1.4859

TLV: 0.5 ppm.

(75C), flash p 275F (135C) (COC). Soluble in meth-

Use: Synthesis.

anol, ethanol, isopropanol, “Cellosolve” (12C),

naphtha, benzene, methyl ethyl ketone, and linseed

dibutylammonium oleate. See “Barak.”

oil; insoluble in water and 10% sodium hydroxide.

Combustible.

Grade: Technical, feed, FCC.

di-n-butylammonium tetrafluoroborate.

Hazard: Use in foods restricted. TLV: 10 mg/m

)

Use: Antioxidant for petroleum products, jet fuels,

Properties: Solid. Mp 266C.

rubber, plastics, and food products, food packaging,

Use: Lubricating, surface treating, fluxing of alu-

animal feeds. Satisfies ASTM D910–64T for use in

minum.

aviation gasoline.

N,N-di-n-butylaniline. C

N(C

)

Properties: Amber liquid; faint aniline odor. D 0.904

di-n-butyl(dibutyryloxy)stannane.

(20C), boiling range 267–275C, refr index 1.519 CAS: 28660-63-1. mf: C

Sn.

(20C), flash p 230F (110C). Soluble in alcohol and Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe eye and

ether; insoluble in water. Combustible. skin irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Hazard: See aniline. mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

396

-DI-

tert

n,n-di-tert-butylethylenediamine. 30.7% Sn. Bp 175C (2 mm Hg), refr index 1.563

(17.5C), d 1.19. Combustible.

CAS: 4062-60-6. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: (as Sn) 0.1 mg/m

, toxic by

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A mild skin irritant.

skin absorption.

dibutyldi(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethyl-

thio)stannane.

dibutyldipropionyloxystannane.

CAS: 10584-98-2. mf: C

Sn.

CAS: 3465-73-4. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dibutyldifluorostannane.

CAS: 563-25-7. mf: C

Sn.

di-tert-butyl disulfide. C(CH

)

SSC(CH

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9291, boiling range

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

190–207C, refr index 1.491 (20C), flash p approxi-

mately 170F (76.6C). Combustible.

Use: Intermediate, diesel- and jet-fuel additive, lubri-

dibutyl(diformyloxy)stannane.

cant additive.

CAS: 7392-96-3. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and

eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

dibutyldithiocarbamic acid-s-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tributylstannyl ester.

CAS: 67057-34-5. mf: C

Sn.

2,2-dibutyldihydro-6h-1,3,2-oxathiastannin-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

6-one. See dibutyltin mercaptopropionate.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dibutyldiiodostannane.

((dibutyldithiocarbamoyl)oxy)tributylstannane.

CAS: 2865-19-2. mf: C

Sn.

See dibutyldithiocarbamic acid-s-tributylstan-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

nyl ester.

skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

n-dibutyl ether. See butyl ether.

2,6-di-tert-butyl-␣-dimethylamino-p-cresol.

dibutyl fumarate.

(“Ethyl” Antioxidant 703).

)OOCCH:CHCOO(C

)

OH[CH

N(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9873 (20C), bp

Properties: Light-yellow, crystalline solid. Mp

285.2C, fp −15.6C, refr index 1.4466 (20C), flash p

93.9C, flash p 280F (137.7C) (OC). Insoluble in

300F (149C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

water and 10% sodium hydroxide; soluble in organ-

Use: Monomeric plasticizers, copolymers, interme-

ic solvents. Combustible.

diate.

Use: Antioxidant in gasoline and oils, including jet-

engine oils.

dibutyl hexahydrophthalate.

(COOC

)

dibutyldipentanoyloxystannane.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.005, bp 185–190C, flash p

CAS: 3465-74-5. mf: C

Sn.

305F (151.6C). Combustible.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and

Use: Plasticizer for nitrocellulose.

eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

9-(2,2-dibutylhydrazino)acridine

monohydrochloride.

di-tert-butyl diperphthalate. (CH

)

COO-

CAS: 28846-39-1. mf: C

•ClH.

COC

COOOC(CH

)

. Available as a 50% solu-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

tion in dibutyl phthalate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Clear liquid. Flash p 145F (62.7C) (OC).

D 1.056. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic

2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone.

solvents. Combustible.

[C(CH

)

]

(OH)

Hazard: May ignite organic materials, strong oxidiz-

Properties: White powder. Mp 210–212C. Soluble

er, may explode when shocked or in contact with

in acetone, alcohol, benzene; insoluble in water,

reducing materials.

aqueous alkali.

Use: High-temperature polymerization catalyst for

Use: Polymerization inhibitor, antioxidant, stabilizer

vinyl and polyester resins.

against UV deterioration of rubber.

dibutyldiphenyl tin.

(CH

)

Sn(C

)

. dibutyl 2-hydroxyethyl phosphate. See 2-

Properties: Clear, slightly greenish liquid. Contains hydroxyethyl dibutyl phosphate.

397 DIBUTYL PHOSPHITE

di-n-butyl itaconate. Use: Polymerization catalyst for resins, including

:C(COOC

)CH

(COOC

. olefins, styrene, styrenated alkyds, and silicones;

ignition accelerator for diesel fuel; organic synthe-

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; slight odor. Bp

sis; intermediate.

145C (10 mm Hg), d 0.9833 (22C), refr index 1.442

(25C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Resins, lubricating oil additives, plasticizers.

2,4-di-tert-butylphenol.

CAS: 96-76-4. [(CH

)

OH.

N,N-di-n-butyl lauramide.

Properties: Tan, crystalline solid. Mp 52C, bp

CON(C

)

152–157C (25 mm Hg), d 0.907 (60/4C), wt/gal 7.57

Properties: Straw-colored liquid; odor of lauric acid.

lb (60C), flash p 265F (129C). Soluble in methanol

D 0.861 (20C), boiling range 200–230C (3 mm Hg),

and ether; very slightly soluble in water. Combus-

flash p 375F (190C). Combustible.

tible.

Hazard: See phenol.

dibutyl maleate. (DBM).

Use: Intermediate, antioxidant, stabilizer, germicide.

CAS: 105-76-0. C

OOCCH:CHCOOC

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Bp 280.6C, sets to

2,6-di-tert-butylphenol.

a glass below −85C, d 0.9964 (20/20C), wt/gal 8.3 lb

CAS: 128-39-2. [(CH

)

OH.

(20C), flash p 285F (140.5C) (OC). Insoluble in

Properties: Light-straw colored, crystalline solid.

water. Combustible.

Mp 37C, d 0.914 (20C), bp 253C, flash p 245F

Use: Copolymers, plasticizers, intermediate.

(118C). Soluble in alcohol and benzene; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

4,6-di-t-butyl-2-(␣-methyl-4-methoxybenzyl)

Hazard: See phenol.

phenol. See 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(1-

Use: Intermediate, antioxidant, satisfies ASTM

(4.

D910–64T for use as antioxidant in aviation gaso-

line.

2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol. See 2,6-

di-tert-butyl-p-cresol.

N,N

′

-di-sec-butyl-p-phenylenediamine.

4,6-di-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol. See 4,6-

Properties: Amber to red liquid (normally super-

di-tert-butyl-m-cresol.

cooled below 18C). D 0.94 (15.5/15.5C), fp 20C,

flash p 290F (COC). Soluble in gasoline, absolute

dibutyl oxalate. (COOC

)

alcohol, and benzene; insoluble in water or caustic

Properties: Water-white, high-boiling liquid; mild

solutions. Combustible.

odor. Bp 240–250C, refr index 1.425, fp −30C, wt/

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

gal approximately 8.24 lb (20C), flash p 220F

absorption; strong irritant to tissue, causes skin

(104.4C) (CC). Miscible with most alcohols, ke-

burns.

tones, esters, oils, hydrocarbons. Combustible.

Use: Oxidation inhibitor and stabilizer in gasoline

Derivation: By the standard esterification process

(satisfies ASTM D910–64T as antioxidant in avia-

using normal butyl alcohol and oxalic acid.

tion gasoline), prevents decomposition of tetraethyl

Grade: According to ester content 90%, 95%,

lead in gasoline.

99–100%.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

dibutyl phenyl phosphate. (DBPP; phos-

skin irritant.

phoric acid, dibutyl phenyl ester).

Use: Organic synthesis, solvent.

CAS: 2528-36-1. C

Properties: Clear liquid; butanolic odor. Mw 286.26,

2,2-dibutyl-1,3,2-oxathiastannolane.

sp g 0.0691 (23/25C), bp 131–132C, vap press 0.007

CAS: 27371-95-5. mf: C

OSSn.

mm Hg 25C, flash p 129C. Insoluble in water.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

Hazard: Combustible. TLV: 0.3 ppm.

skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg/m

Use: Hydraulic fluids.

(skin)

dibutyl phosphate. (di-n-butyl phosphate).

di-tert-butyl peroxide. (tert-butyl peroxide;

CAS: 107-66-4.

DTBP).

Properties: Pale-amber liquid. Mw 210.21, mp (de-

CAS: 110-05-4. (CH

)

COOC(CH

)

composes above 100C), vap press <1 mm Hg (20C).

Properties: Clear, water-white liquid. D 0.791 (25/

Hazard: TLV: 1 ppm. Respiratory-tract irritant.

25C), fp −40C, bp 111C, refr index 1.389 (20C),

Use: Organic catalyst and antifoaming agent.

flash p 65F (18.3C) (CC). Soluble in styrene, ke-

tones, most aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons;

insoluble in water.

dibutyl phosphite.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire hazard. Strong CAS: 1809-19-4. (C

PHO.

oxidizer, may ignite organic materials or explode Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 95C (1 mm Hg),

when shocked or in contact with reducing materials. d 0.9860 (25C), refr index 1.4228 (25C), flash p

398DIBUTYL PHTHALATE

120F (49C). Soluble in common organic solvents. Properties: Liquid. Fp −11C, boiling range

Combustible. 297–303F, d 0.8316, wt/gal 6.93 lb, refr index 1.451

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. (20C), flash p 125F (51.6C). Combustible.

Use: Solvent, antioxidant, intermediate. Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Use: Intermediate, flavoring.

dibutyl phthalate.

CAS: 84-74-2. C

(COOC

)

dibutyl tartrate.

Properties: Colorless, stable, oily liquid; odorless. D

OOCCH

OCH

OCOOC

1.0484 (20/20C), fp −35C, viscosity 0.203 cP (20C),

Properties: Light-tan liquid. Mp 21C, bp approxi-

distillation range 227–235 (37 mm Hg), flash p 340F

mately 204C (26 mm Hg), refr index 1.4463 (20C),

(171C) (COC), wt/gal 8.72 lb (20C), refr index

flash p 195F (90.5C) (CC), combustible, autoign

1.4915 (25C), bp 340.0C, vap press 1.11 mm Hg

temp 544F (284.4C), wt/gal 9.07 lb (20C). Miscible

(150C). Miscible with common organic solvents;

with the common organic solvents, oils, hydro-

insoluble in water. Autoign temp approximately

carbons.

750F (398.8C). Combustible

Use: Solvent and plasticizer for cellulose esters and

Derivation: By treating n-butyl alcohol with phthalic

ethers, elastomers, lubricant; rubberized fabrics;

anhydride followed by purification, which results in

lacquers; dopes; transfer inks.

a product unusually free from odor and color.

Grade: Technical, 99–100% dibutyl phthalate.

dibutyl(tetrachlorophthalato)stannane.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 mg/m

CAS: 23535-89-9. mf: C

Sn.

Use: Plasticizer in nitrocellulose lacquers, elasto-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mers, explosives, nail polish and solid rocket propel-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

lants; solvent for perfume oils; perfume fixative;

textile lubricating agent; safety glass; insecticides;

dibutylthiourea. C

NHCSNHC

printing inks; resin solvent; paper coatings; adhe-

Properties: White to light-tan powder. Mp 59–69C.

sives; insect repellent for textiles.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in methanol, ether,

acetone, benzene, ethyl acetate; insoluble in gaso-

2,5-di-tert-butylquinone. [C(CH

)

]

line.

Properties: Yellow powder. Mp 149–151C. Insolu-

Use: Corrosion inhibitor for pickling cast iron or

ble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone, ethyl ace-

carbon steel, reducing corrosion of ferrous metals

tate, and benzene.

and aluminum alloys in brine, intermediate.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Use: Oxidizing agent.

dibutyl-tin bis(isooctylthioglycollate). See

bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dibutyl stan-

dibutylsebacate. (DBS).

nane.

OCO(CH

)

OCOC

Properties: Clear, colorless, liquid; odorless. Bp

dibutyltinbis(lauryl) mercaptide.

349C (760 mm Hg), 180C (3 mm Hg), fp −11C, d

)

Sn(SC

)

0.936 (20/20C), wt/gal 7.81 lb (20C); refr index

Properties: Yellow liquid, tin content 18.5%, solu-

1.4395 (25C); flash p 350F (176C). Insoluble in

ble in toluene and heptane.

water. Combustible.

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

Grade: Technical.

tion.

Use: Plasticizer, rubber softener, dielectric liquid,

Use: Antioxidant and metal cleaning (or protective)

cosmetics and perfumes, sealing food containers,

agent.

flavoring.

di-n-butyltin bismethanesulfonate.

dibutylstannane. See dibutyltin dihydride.

CAS: 73927-86-3. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

N,N-dibutylstearamide. C

CON(C

)

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Properties: Yellow liquid. D 0.860 (20/20C), boiling

range 173–175C (0.4 mm Hg), flash p 420F (215C),

dibutyltin bis(methyl maleate). See

fatty-acid odor. Combustible.

bis(methoxymaleoyloxy)dibutylstannane.

di-n-butyl succinate. C

dibutyltin bis(trifluoroacetate). See

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 120C, fp −29C, d

bis(trifluoroacetoxy)dibutyltin.

0.977, refr index 1.43.

Derivation: Reaction of butyl alcohol with succinic

acid.

dibutyltin diacetate.

Use: Insect repellent.

CAS: 1067-33-0. (C

)

Sn(C

)

Properties: Clear, yellow liquid. Bp 130C (2 mm

di-tert-butyl sulfide. (butyl sulfide). Hg), fp <12C, flash p 290F (143C). Soluble in water

[(CH

)

S. and most organic solvents. Combustible.

399 DIBUTYLTIN SULFIDE

Derivation: Reaction of acetic acid with dibutyltin Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

oxide.

tion.

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

Use: Stabilizer for vinyl resins, lacquers, elastomers;

tion.

catalyst for urethane and silicones.

Use: Stabilizer for chlorinated organics, catalyst for

condensation reactions.

di-n-butyltin di(monononyl)maleate.

CAS: 69239-37-8. mf: C

Sn.

dibutyltin dibromide. See dibromodibutyl-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

stannane.

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dibutyltin dicaprylate. See

di-n-butyltin dipentanoate. See dibutyldi-

bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyl stannane.

pentanoyloxystannane.

dibutyltin dichloride.

di-n-butyltin dipropionate. See dibutyldi-

CAS: 683-18-1. (C

)

SnCl

propionyloxystannane.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 43C, bp

135C (10 mm Hg), d 1.36 (24/4C), refr index 1.4991

di-n-butyltin di(tetradecanoate). See

(51C), flash p 335F (168C). Insoluble in cold water;

bis(tetradecanoyloxy)dibutylstannane.

hydrolyzed by hot water; soluble in many organic

solvents. Combustible.

dibutyltin maleate.

Derivation: Reaction of butylmagnesium chloride

CAS: 15535-69-0. [(C

)

Sn(OOCCH)

]

with tin tetrachloride.

Properties: White, amorphous powder. Mp 110C,

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

flash p 400F (204C). Insoluble in water; soluble in

tion.

benzene and organic esters. Combustible.

Use: Organotin intermediate.

Derivation: Reaction of maleic acid with di-butyltin

oxide.

dibutyltin di-2-ethylhexoate.

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

CAS: 2781-10-4. (C

)

Sn(OCOC

)

tion.

Properties: Waxy, white solid. Mp 52.54C. Insolu-

Use: Stabilizer for polyvinyl chloride resins, conden-

ble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

sation catalyst.

Derivation: Reaction of dibutyltin oxide with 2-eth-

yl-hexoic acid.

dibutyltin mercaptopropionate.

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

CAS: 78-06-8. mf: C

SSn.

tion.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Use: Catalyst for silicone curing, polyether foams.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dibutyltin difluoride. See dibutyldifluoros-

dibutyltin-o,s-mercaptopropionate. See di-

tannane.

butyltin mercaptopropionate.

di-n-butyltin diformate. See dibu-

dibutyltin methyl maleate. See

tyl(diformyloxy)stannane.

bis(methoxymaleoyloxy)dibutylstannane.

di-n-butyl tin di(hexadecylmaleate).

dibutyltin octanoate. See

CAS: 19706-58-2. mf: C

Sn.

bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyl stannane.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. An eye irritant.

TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dibutyltin oxide.

CAS: 818-08-6. [(C

)

SnO

−

]

dibutyltin dihydride.

Properties: White powder. Mp (decomposes). Insol-

CAS: 1002-53-5. mf: C

Sn.

uble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

Derivation: Hydrolysis of dibutyltin dichloride with

mg(Sn)/m

. STEL 0.2 mg/m

(skin). Not classifiable

caustic.

as a human carcinogen.

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp-

tion.

dibutyltin diiodide. See dibutyldiiodostan-

Use: Condensation catalyst, intermediate for other

nane.

organotins.

dibutyltin dilaurate.

CAS: 77-58-7. (C

)

Sn(OCOC

)

. dibutyltin sulfide.

Properties: Clear, pale-yellow liquid. D 1.066, mp CAS: 4253-22-9. [(C

)

SnS]

23C, fp 8.0C, wt/gal 8.84 lb (20C), flash p 440F Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Combustible.

(226C). Soluble in acetone and benzene; insoluble Derivation: Reaction of dibutyltin oxide with hydro-

in water. Combustible. gen sulfide.

400DIBUTYLTIN TETRA

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

, toxic by skin absorp- ble in water; moderately soluble in xylene; very

tion. soluble in alcohol.

Use: Vinyl stabilizer, antioxidant, lubricating addi- Use: Herbicide, pest control.

tive.

dicapryl adipate. C

OOC(CH

)

COOC

dibutyltin tetrachlorophthalate. See dibu-

Properties: Almost water-white liquid. Bp

tyl(tetrachlorophthalato)stannane.

213–216.5C (4 mm Hg), flash p 352F (177C). Com-

bustible.

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins and cellulose esters.

2,6-di-t-butyl-p-tolyl methylcarbamate.

See terbutol.

dicapryl phthalate. (DCP, di-(2-oc-

tyl)phthalate). (C

OOC)

2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-tolyl-N-methylcarbamate.

Properties: Colorless, viscous liquid. Bp 227–234C

[(CH

)

OOCNHCH

. White solid,

(4.5 mm Hg), fp −60C, refr index 1.480 (20C), d

mp 200C, insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol.

0.965 (25C), flash p 395F (201C). Insoluble in wa-

Use: Herbicide.

ter; compatible with vinyl chloride resins and some

cellulosic resins. Combustible.

1,1-dibutylurea. (n,n-dibutylurea).

Use: Monomeric plasticizer for vinyl and cellulosic

CON(C

)

resins.

Properties: Liquid. Mp 22–25C, boiling range

118–119C (2–3 mm Hg), flash p 279F (137C). Solu-

dicapryl sebacate.

ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

OOC(CH

)

COOC

Use: Thermoplastic resins by copolymerization with

Properties: Light straw-colored liquid. Bp

urea with formaldehyde catalyst.

231.5–239C (4 mm Hg). Nonvolatile, gives excel-

lent low-temperature flexibility, flash p 445F

dibutylxanthogen disulfide. See “C-P-B.”

(229C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins and acrylonitrile

DIC. Abbreviation for ␤-diisopropylaminoethyl

rubber.

chloride hydrochloride.

dicapthon. (generic name for O-(2-chloro-4-

dicalcium magnesium aconitate. (calcium

nitrophenyl) O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate).

magnesium aconitate). [C

(COO)

]

Mg.

(CH

P(:S)OC

(Cl)NO

Properties: White, crystalline powder or lumps.

Properties: White solid. Mp 51–52C. Insoluble in

Derivation: Precipitation from molasses with lime.

water; soluble in acetone, cyclohexanone, ethylace-

Use: Conversion to aconitic acid, tributyl aconitate,

tate, toluene, and xylene.

and similar ester plasticizers.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. Use may be re-

stricted.

dicalcium orthophosphate. See calcium

Use: Insecticide.

phosphate, dibasic.

1,2-dicarbadodecaborane(12).

dicalcium orthophosphite. See calcium

CAS: 16872-09-6. mf: C

phosphite.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

tion.

dicalcium phosphate dihydrate. See calci-

um phosphate, dibasic.

dicarboxylate. See sodium (r,r)-5-(2-((2-(3-

chlorophenyl)-2.

dicalcium silicate. 2CaO•SiO

. One of the

components of cement. Noncombustible.

dicarboxylic acid. A carboxylic acid contain-

Occurrence: Obtained as a by-product in electric

ing two −COOH groups, e.g., adipic, oxalic, phthal-

furnace operation

ic, sebacic, and maleic acids.

Use: Used to neutralize acid soils.

See cement, Portland.

dicatechol borate 1,3-di(o-tolyl)guanidine

salt.

“Dicalite.” TM for a group of products made

CAS: 16971-82-7. mf: C

•Cl

•H.

from either diatomite or perlite, used in filters and

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

filter-aids.

See diatomaceous earth.

di-(C9-C11 alkyl) phthalate.

CAS: 68515-49-1.

dicamba. Generic name for 3-6-dichloro-o-

Hazard: Experimental reproductive effects.

anisic acid (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic

acid). HOOC(Cl)C

Cl(OCH

Properties: Crystals. Mp 114–116C. Slightly solu-

dicetyl. See dotriacontane.

401 2,4-DICHLORO-6-AMINOPHENOL

dicetyl ether. (dihexadecyl ether). dichlorimipramine.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 54C, bp decomposes at

CAS: 3589-22-8. mf: C

300C, d 0.8117 (54/4C).

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Electrical insulators, water repellents, lubri-

cants in plastic molding and processing, antistatic

dichloroacetaldehyde. CHCl

CHO.

substances, chemical intermediate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating pungent

odor. D 1.436 (25C), wt/gal 12.1 lb, flash p 140F

(60C) (CC). Combustible.

dicetyl sulfide. (dihexadecyl thioether; dihex-

Hazard: Moderate fire hazard. Toxic by ingestion

adecyl sulfide). (C

)

and inhalation, strong skin irritant.

Properties: Solid. Mp 57–58C, bp (decomposes), d

Use: Manufacture of insecticides.

0.8253 (60/4C).

Use: Organic synthesis (formation of sulfonium

dichloroacetic acid.

compounds).

CAS: 79-43-6. CHCl

COOH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.5724 (13C), fp

dichlobenil. (generic name for 2,6-dichloro-

−4C, bp 193–194C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

benzonitrile). Cl(Cl)C

CN.

ether.

Properties: White solid. Mp 144C. Almost insoluble

Derivation: Chlorination of acetic acid in presence

in water; soluble in organic solvents.

of iodine.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Use: Herbicide.

irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Intermediate, pharmaceuticals, medicine.

dichlofenthion. (O,O-diethyl-O-2,4-dichloro-

␣,␣-dichloroacetophenone. C

COCHCl

phenyl phosphorothioate).

Properties: Crystals. D 1.34 (15C), bp 247C (de-

CAS: 97-17-6. C

PS.

composes) mp 20–21.5C.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 165C (0.3 mm Hg),

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

d 1.30, refr index 1.52. Slightly soluble in water;

irritant to eyes and skin.

soluble in organic solvents.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

dichloroacetyl chloride. Cl

CHCOCl.

stricted.

Properties: Fuming liquid; acrid odor. D 1.5315 (16/

Use: Pesticide.

4C), bp 107–108C, refr index 1.4638 (16C); soluble

in ether; decomposes in water and alcohol.

dichlone. (generic name for 2,3-dichloro-1,4-

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes.

naphthoquinone).

Use: Intermediate.

CAS: 117-80-6. C

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 193C. Soluble in

dichloroacetylene.

xylene and o-dichlorobenzene; slightly soluble in

CAS: 7572-29-4. ClC≡CCl.

ethyl alcohol, glacial acetic acid, and carbon tetra-

Properties: A liquid. Mw 94.93, mp −66C, bp (ex-

chloride; almost insoluble in water.

plodes). Soluble in alcohol, acetone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, irritant to

Occurrence: Thermal decomposition of trichloro-

skin and eyes.

ethylene; closed-circuit anesthesia using trichloro-

Use: Seed disinfectant, fungicide for foilage and tex-

ethylene and soda-lime absorption of carbon diox-

tiles, insecticide, organic catalyst.

ide. May be synthesized by passing

trichloroethylene over alkaline materials at 70F.

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen. TLV: ceiling 0.1

dichloramine-T. (p-toluenesulfondichloroam-

ppm.

ide). CH

NCl

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals containing not less

2,3-dichloroallyl diisopropylthiolcarbamate.

than 28% nor more than 30% active chlorine. Chlo-

(diallate). [(CH

)

CH]

NCOSCH

C(Cl):CHCl.

rine odor; stable when pure, decomposed slowly by

Properties: Brown liquid. Bp 159C (9 mm Hg).

air, rapidly by impurities, petrolatums, kerosene,

Almost insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, ben-

olive oil, and alcohol. Soluble in glacial acetic acid,

zene, chloroform, kerosene, and xylene.

chlorinated paraffin hydrocarbons, eucalyptol, ben-

Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin. Use may be re-

zene, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride; almost

stricted.

insoluble in water; mp 80C.

Use: Herbicide.

Derivation: Product of the reaction between tolu-

ene-p-sulfonamide and calcium hypochlorite solu-

tion is acidified with acetic acid and extracted with

2,4-dichloro-6-aminophenol. (2-amino-4,6-

chloroform. The chloroform solution is dried chemi- dichlorophenol). C

NO.

cally, filtered, and evaporated. Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 95C. Soluble in

Use: Germicide, antibacterial. benzene; less so in carbon disulfide. The hydrochlo-

See chloramine-T. ride is soluble in water and alcohol.

4022,5-DICHLOROANILINE

Use: Azo-dye intermediate. Grade: Purified, technical.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 25

ppm.

2,5-dichloroaniline. C

Use: Manufacture of 3,4-dichloroaniline; solvent for

Properties: Light-brown or amber-colored crystal-

a wide range of organic materials and for oxides of

line mass. Mp 47–50C, bp 251–252C. Slightly solu-

nonferrous metals; solvent carrier in production of

ble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, and dilute

toluene diisocyanate; dye manufacture; fumigant

hydrochloric acid. Combustible.

and insecticide; degreasing hides and wool; metal

Derivation: Nitration of p-dichlorobenzene with

polishes; industrial odor control; heat transfer.

subsequent reduction.

Hazard: See aniline.

Use: Dye intermediate.

p-dichlorobenzene. (1,4-dichlorobenzene;

PDB).

3,4-dichloroaniline.

CAS: 106-46-7. C

CAS: 95-76-1. C

Properties: White crystals; volatile (sublimes readi-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 68–72C, bp 272C, flash p

ly); penetrating odor. D 1.458, bp 173.7C, mp 53C,

331F (166C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

flash p 150F (65.5C) (CC). Soluble in alcohol, ben-

most organic solvents. Combustible.

zene, and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Nitration of o-dichlorobenzene with

Derivation: Chlorination of monochlorobenzene.

subsequent reduction.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: See aniline.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to eyes. TLV: 75

Use: Intermediate for manufacture of dyes and pesti-

ppm.

cides.

Use: Moth repellent, general insecticide, germicide,

space odorant, manufacture of 2,5-dichloroaniline,

dichlorobenzaldehyde. C

CHOCl

. Includes

dyes, intermediates, pharmacy, agriculture (fumi-

2,4-, 2,5-, and 3,4-isomers.

gating soil).

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Bp 233C, mp

65–67C (2,4-), 35C (3,4-). 2,4-Isomer soluble in

methanol, ethanol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in

water. 2,5-Isomer soluble in ethanol and ether. 3,4-

Isomer soluble in ethanol, ether, and acetone; slight-

ly soluble in methanol and amyl ether; insoluble in

water.

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceu-

ticals, dyes, and other organic chemicals.

See “Santochlor” [Solutia].

dichlorobenzalkonium chloride.

N,N-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide.

NCl

Properties: Colorless crystals; very bitter taste. Sol-

Properties: Solid, fine, white crystals. Mp 68–71C.

uble in alcohol and water.

Use: A source of positive chlorine.

Derivation: Reaction of N-dimethyldodecylamine

with 3,4-dichlorobenzyl chloride.

3,3

′

-dichlorobenzidine.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

CAS: 91-94-1. C

ClNH

Use: Algicide, antiseptic, sterilant.

Properties: Gray to purple, crystalline solid. Mp

165C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

m-dichlorobenzene. (1,3-dichlorobenzene).

ether.

CAS: 541-73-1. C

Hazard: A tumorigen and carcinogen; absorbed by

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.288 (20/4C), bp

skin. TLV: suspected human carcinogen.

172C, fp −24C, refr index 1.547 (20.9C). Soluble in

Use: Intermediate for dyes and pigments, curing

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

agent for isocyanate-terminated resins for urethane

Derivation: Chlorination of monochlorobenzene.

plastics.

Use: Fumigant and insecticide.

2,4-dichlorobenzoic acid. Cl

COOH.

o-dichlorobenzene. (1,2-dichlorobenzene).

Properties: White to slightly yellowish powder. Mp

CAS: 95-50-1. C

158–162C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, 5%

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. A mix-

caustic; insoluble in water and heptane.

ture of isomers containing at least 85% o- and vary-

Use: Intermediate for antimalarials, dyes, fungicides,

ing percentages of p- and m-. Autoign temp 1198F

pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemicals.

(647C), d 1.284, wt/gal 10.7 lb, bp 172–179C, fp

−17C, flash p 150F (65.5C). Miscible with most

organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

3,4-dichlorobenzoic acid. Cl

COOH.

Derivation: Chlorination of monochlorobenzene. Properties: White to slightly yellowish powder. Mp

Method of purification: Rectification. 202–204C. Soluble in alkali, alcohol, ether, and

403 DICHLORODIBENZOFURAN

acetone; slightly soluble in diacetone; insoluble in Properties: Clear to straw-colored liquid. Bp

water, ethylene dichloride, and toluene.

125–130C, flash p 80F (26.6C) (COC). Insoluble in

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, etc.

water; soluble in organic solvents.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

inhalation.

2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. See dichlobenil.

3,4-dichlorobenzotrichloride. Cl

CCl

1,4-dichlorobutene-2.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Boiling range

CAS: 764-41-0. ClH

CCH:CHCH

Cl.

276–285C, fp approximately 24.0C, d 1.585–1.590

Properties: Colorless liquid; distinct odor. Bp 158C

(25/15C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone;

(60C) (20 mm Hg), mp 3.5C, d 1.1858 (25/4C), refr

insoluble in water. Combustible.

index 1.4863 (25C). Miscible with benzene, alco-

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, etc.

hol, carbon tetrachloride; immiscible with ethylene

glycol, glycerol, and water. Combustible.

dichlorobenzoyl chloride. Cl

COCl.

Grade: Available as 95–98% trans isomer, 2–5% cis

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

isomer. Above constants are for the pure trans-

250–260C, fp 15–16C, d 1.500–1.510 (25/15C).

isomer.

Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone; slightly solu-

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes, causes blisters.

ble in heptane; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Moderate fire hazard.

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of pharmaceu-

Use: Intermediate.

ticals, dyes, and other organic chemicals.

dichlorocarbene. CCl

3,5-dichlorobenzoyl chloride.

Properties: Exists only at low temperature and pres-

CAS: 2905-62-6. mf: C

sure, fp −114C, bp −20C, decomposes on distillation

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

at normal pressure to hexachloroethane and hexa-

skin and mild eye irritant.

chlorobenzene.

Derivation: Reaction of carbon tetrachloride vapor

dichlorobenzyl chloride. Cl

Cl.

with carbon at 1300C and 10

−3

mm Hg.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

Hazard: Explosive reaction with carbon, forms

245–252C; d 1.415–1.420 (25/15C). Soluble in al-

phosgene on reaction with oxygen.

cohol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in water. Com-

Use: Research.

bustible.

Use: Intermediate for organic chemicals, pharmaceu-

ticals and dyes, insecticide.

1,1

′

-dichlorocarbonylferrocene. (ferroce-

noyl dichloride). [C

(COCl)]

Fe.

1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane.

Properties: Red, crystalline solid. Mp 93–95C.

See TDE.

Use: Intermediate.

3,3

′

-dichlorobiphenyl.

1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-(p-

CAS: 2050-67-1. mf: C

chlorophenyl)ethylene.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 3424-82-6. mf: C

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane.

(diethyldiphenyldichloroethane; “Perthane”).

4,6-dichloro-N-(2-chlorophenyl)-1,3,5-

triazin-2-amine. ClC

NHC

Properties: Crystals. Mp 56C. Insoluble in water;

Properties: Tan, crystalline solid. Mp 159–160C.

soluble in acetone, kerosene, diesel fuel.

Insoluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin.

Hazard: See aniline.

Use: Insecticide, formulated as emulsifiable concen-

Use: Foliage fungicide.

trate or wettable powder. Used against insects, espe-

cially moths.

dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine. See ␤-chlo-

1,4-dichlorobutane. (tetramethylene dichlo-

rovinyldichloroarsine.

ride; DCB). ClCH

(CH

)

Cl.

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; pleasant odor.

3,3

′

-dichloro-4,4

′

-diaminodiphenylmethane.

D 1.141 (20/4C), bp 155C, flash p 104F (40C) (OC),

See 4,4

′

-methylenebis(2-chloroaniline).

refr index 1.4542 (20C). Insoluble in water; soluble

in most common organic solvents. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

dichlorodibenzofuran.

Use: Organic synthesis, including adiponitrile.

CAS: 43047-99-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

1,3-dichlorobutene-2. ClH

CCH:CClCH

. Use: Agricultural chemical.

4041,3-DICHLORO-2-(3,4-DICHLORO

1,3-dichloro-2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy) Properties: Colorless, odorless, noncorrosive gas.

benzene. Bp −29.8C, fp −158C, critical pressure 43.2 atm.

CAS: 130892-66-9. mf: C

O. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

Nonflammable.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of carbon tetrachloride and

anhydrous hydrogen fluoride, in the presence of an

2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoquinone.

antimony halide catalyst; (2) high-temperature chlo-

(DDQ).

rination of vinylidene fluoride (vinylidene fluorides

made by addition of hydrogen fluoride to acetylene).

❘

C(Cl):C(Cl)COC(CN):

❘

C(CN).

Grade: 99.9% min purity.

Properties: Bright, yellow-orange solid. Mp

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration. TLV: 1000

213–215C.

ppm.

Use: Highly selective oxidizing agent for organic

Use: Refrigerant in air conditioner; plastics, blowing

compounds.

agent, low-temperature solvent, leak-detecting

agent, freezing of foods by direct contact, chilling

2,2

′

-dichlorodiethyl ether. See sym-dichlo-

cocktail glasses.

roethyl ether.

See chlorofluorocarbon.

dichlorodiethylformal. See dichloroethyl-

dichlorodihexylstannane.

formal.

CAS: 2767-41-1. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

dichlorodiethylstannane.

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 866-55-7. mf: C

Sn.

Properties: Water-white crystals. Mp: 85°, bp: 277°.

6,8-dichloro-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine-2-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

thione-4-one.

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 23611-67-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

dichlorodiethyl sulfide. (mustard gas; di-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chloroethyl sulfide). S(CH

Cl)

Properties: Yellow liquid. Bp 228C, fp 14C, d 1.27,

dichlorodiisononyl stannane. See

flash p 220F (104C).

bis(trimethylhexyl)tin dichloride.

Derivation: Bubbling ethylene through sulfur chlo-

ride, also from thiodiglycol and hydrogen chloride.

dichlorodiisopropylstannane. See diisopro-

Grade: Pure, technical (containing excess sulfur as a

pyltin dichloride.

polysulfide).

Hazard: Vesicant war gas, causes conjunctivitis and

1,3-dichloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.

blindness. Can be decontaminated by chloroamines

(DDH).

or bleaching powder. Vapor is extremely poisonous

CAS: 118-52-5.

and can be absorbed via skin.

Use: Organic synthesis, poison gas, medicine.

ClN

❘

CONClO

❘

C(CH

)

dichlorodiethyl sulfone. (ClCH

)

Properties: White powder with mild chlorine odor.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Bp 179–181C (14–15

Mp approximately 130C, sublimes approximately

mm Hg), mp 52C. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform,

100C without decomposition. Contains approxi-

and ether; slightly soluble in water.

mately 36% active chlorine. Slightly soluble in wa-

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

ter with gradual liberation of hypochlorous acid;

soluble in benzene, chloroform, ethylene dichloride,

dichlorodiethyltin. See dichlorodiethylstan-

alcohol. Combustible with evolution of chlorine at

nane.

210C.

Derivation: Chlorination of dimethylhydantoin.

Grade: Technical.

2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl methyl ether.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, skin irritant. TLV: 0.2

(methoxyflurane). HCCl

OCH

mg/m

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; fruity odor. Bp

Use: Household laundry bleach, water treatment,

104.65C, fp −35, d 1.4223 (25C). Completely stable

mild chlorinating agent, pharmaceutical intermedi-

in the presence of alkali, air, light, or moisture.

ate, catalyst.

Slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: ND.

Use: Anesthetic.

2,3-dichloro-n,n-dimethyl-6-quinoxaline-

sulfonamide.

dichlorodifluoromethane. (difluorodichloro- CAS: 2347-47-9. mf: C

methane; fluorocarbon-12). Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 75-71-8. CCl

. Use: Agricultural chemical.

405

sym

-DICHLOROETHYL ETHER

dichlorodimethylsilane. See dimethyldichlo- dichloroethoxymethane. See dichloroethyl-

rosilane. formal.

1,2-dichloroethyl acetate.

2,5-dichloro-4,6-dinitrophenyl crotonate.

COOCHClCH

Cl.

CAS: 24291-70-1. mf: C

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.296 (20C), boil-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

ing range, 58–65C (13 mm Hg), fp <−32C, refr

Use: Agricultural chemical.

index 1.444 (20C), bp (decomposes), flash p 307F

(152C). Combustible. Miscible with alcohol and

3,6-dichloro-2,4-dinitrophenyl methacrylate.

ethyl ether; immiscible with water.

CAS: 24291-69-8. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

p-di(2-chloroethyl)aminophenylalamine.

dichlorodioctylstannane. See di-n-octyltindi-

See melphalan.

chloride.

dichloroethylarsine. See ethyldichloroarsine.

dichlorodipentylstannane. See dipentyltin

dichloride.

dichloroethyl carbonate. (ClH

CCH

CO.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Slowly hydrolyzed by

dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane. See TDE.

alkalies; volatile in steam. D 1.3506 (20C), bp 240C

(partial decomposition). Insoluble in water.

dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene. See

Derivation: By heating ethylene chlorohydrin and

DDE.

trichloromethylchloroformate together (under re-

flux).

dichlorodiphenylstannane. See diphenyltin

dichloride.

sym-dichloroethylene. (1,2-dichloroethylene;

acetylene dichloride; dichloracetylene).

dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. See

CAS: 540-59-0. ClHC:CHCl. Exists as cis and trans

DDT.

isomers.

Properties: Colorless, low-boiling liquid; pleasant

odor. Decomposes slowly on exposure to air, light,

dichlorodipropylstannane.

and moisture. Soluble in most organic solvents;

CAS: 867-36-7. mf: C

Sn.

slightly soluble in water. trans isomer: d 1.257, bp

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp: 82.5−83°, bp:

47–49C. cis isomer: d 1.282, bp 58–60C, flash p 39F

118−121° @ 10 mm.

(3.9C), fp −80C.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

Derivation: Two stereoisomeric compounds made

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

by the partial chlorination of acetylene.

Grade: Technical, as cis, trans, and mixture of both.

dichlorodipropyltin. See dichlorodipropyl-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire hazard. Toxic

stannane.

by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact; irritant

and narcotic in high concentration. TLV: 200 ppm.

dichlorodivinylstannane. See divinyltin di-

Use: General solvent for organic materials, dye ex-

chloride.

traction, perfumes, lacquers, thermoplastics, organ-

ic synthesis.

1,1-dichloroethane. See ethylidene chloride.

sym-dichloroethyl ether. (dichloroether; di-

1,2-dichloroethane. See ethylene dichloride.

chloroethyl oxide; bis(2-chloroethyl) ether; 2,2

′

dichlorodiethyl ether).

3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-

CAS: 111-44-4. ClCH

OCH

Cl.

propanecarboxylic acid, cyano(3-

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor like that of ethyl-

phenoxyphenyl) methyl ester,

ene dichloride. Bp 178.5C, d 1.2220 (20/20C), wt/

(1-␣(S*),3-␤)-(+−)-.

gal 10.2 lb (20C), refr index 1.457 (20C), flash p

CAS: 71697-59-1. mf: C

(CC) 131F (55C), fp −51.8C, autoign temp 696F

Hazard: A poison.

(368C). Miscible with most organic solvents; insol-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

uble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Chlorination of ethyl ether.

dichloroether. See sym-dichloroethyl ether.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderate fire hazard. Toxic by inhalation

1,2-dichloro-1-ethoxyethane. and ingestion, strong irritant. TLV: 5 ppm, toxic by

CAS: 623-46-1. mf: C

O. skin absorption.

Hazard: Human systemic effects. Use: General solvent, selective solvent for produc-

406DICHLOROETHYLFORMAL

tion of high-grade lubricating oils, textile scouring sis, paints, varnishes, lacquers, watercolor binder,

and cleansing, fulling compounds, wetting and photographic lacquers.

penetrating compounds, paints, varnishes, lacquers,

finish removers, spotting and dry cleaning, soil fu-

5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyquinaldine. See

migant, intermediate and cross-linker in organic

chlorquinaldol.

synthesis.

1,3-dichloroisobutylene.

dichloroethylformal. (dichlorodiethylformal). CAS: 3375-22-2. mf: C

(OCH

Cl)

. Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 218.1C, fp −32.8C,

d 1.2339 (20/20C), wt/gal 10.3 lb (20C), flash p

1,3-dichloro-5-isocyanobenzene.

230F (110C) (OC). Slightly soluble in water; de-

CAS: 60357-67-7. mf: C

composed by mineral acids. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

Use: Agricultural chemical.

irritant.

Use: Solvent, intermediate for polysulfide rubber.

dichloroisocyanuric acid. (dichloro-s-tria-

zine-2,4,6-trione).

dichloroethyl oxide. See sym-dichloroethyl

ether.

❘

NClCONClCO

❘

NH.

Properties: White, slightly hygroscopic, crystalline

di-2-chloroethyl phthalate. See bis(2-chlo-

powder, granules. D (loose bulk, approximate) pow-

roethyl) phthalate.

der 34 lb/cu ft, granular 53 lb/cu ft. Active ingredient

approximately 70% available chlorine, decomposes

dichloroethyl sulfide. See dichlorodiethyl

225C.

sulfide.

Hazard: Oxidizer, may ignite organic materials on

contact. Irritant to eyes.

Use: Household dry bleaches, dishwashing com-

2,4-dichloro-6-fluorophenyl p-nitrophenyl

pounds, scouring powders and detergent sanitizers,

ether. See fluoronitrofen.

replacement for calcium hypochlorite.

dichloroformoxime. CCl

NOH.

dichloroisocyanuric acid potassium salt.

Properties: Colorless, prismatic crystals; disagree-

See potassium dichloroisocyanurate.

able, penetrating odor. High vap press; slowly de-

composes at normal temperature, the rate depending

sym-dichloroisopropyl alcohol. See ␣-di-

on temperature and humidity. Bp 53–54C (18 mm

chlorohydrin.

Hg), mp 39–40C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether,

and benzene.

Derivation: (1) Action of chlorine on fulminic acid,

dichloroisopropyl ether.

HONC, (2) reduction of trichloronitrosomethane CAS: 108-60-1. [ClCH

C(CH

)H]

with either aluminum amalgam or hydrogen sulfide. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.1135 (20/20C), bp

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes. 187.4C (760 mm Hg), vap press 0.10 mm Hg (20C),

Use: A military poison. flash p 185F (85C), wt/gal 9.3 lb (20C), coefficient

of expansion 0.00096 K

−1

(20C), viscosity 0.0230 cP

(20C). Miscible with most oils and organic solvents;

1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3,3-hexafluoropropane.

immiscible with water. Combustible.

CAS: 662-01-1. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

irritant.

Use: Solvent for fats, waxes, greases, extractant,

␣-dichlorohydrin. (␣-propenyldichlorohydrin;

paint and varnish removers, spotting agents and cle-

1,3-dichloro-2-propanol; sym-dichloroisopropyl

aning solutions.

alcohol). CH

ClCH

OCH

Cl.

Properties: Colorless, slightly viscous, unstable liq-

dichloromethane. Legal label name for meth-

uid; faint chloroform-like odor. D 1.36–1.39, fp

ylene chloride.

−4C, bp 174C, refr index 1.47–1.48, flash p 165F

(73.9C), vap press 7 mm Hg. The commercial prod-

dichloromethane diphosphonate. See sodi-

uct is a mixture of two isomers. Miscible with most

um clodronate.

organic solvents, vegetable oils; slightly soluble in

water. Combustible.

′

-dichloro-2-methylacrylanilide. See di-

Derivation: Interaction of glycerol and dry hydrogen

cryl.

chloride gas and subsequent distillation.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by inhalation and

ingestion.

dichloromethylchloroformate.

Use: General solvent, intermediate in organic synthe- ClCOOCHCl

407 DICHLOROPHENARSINE

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.56 (15C), bp (100/4C);. Insoluble in water; soluble in hot alcohol

and ether.

110–111C, vap d 5.7 (air

1.29). Decomposed by

Hazard: Fire risk by spontaneous reaction.

water and alkalies; soluble in alcohol, benzene, and

Use: Intermediate.

ether.

Derivation: (1) By chlorinating methyl formate, (2)

by chlorinating methyl chloroformate. In both meth-

2,5-dichloronitrobenzene. Cl

ods, the mixture of chloro derivatives is then sepa-

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals. D 1.669 (22C), mp

rated by fractionation.

55C, bp 266C. Insoluble in water; soluble in chloro-

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

form and hot alcohol.

Hazard: Fire risk by spontaneous reaction.

sym-dichloromethyl ether. O(CH

Cl)

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; suffocating

odor. D 1.315 (20C); bp 105C. Decomposed by heat

1,1-dichloro-1-nitroethane.

and water; soluble in acetone, benzene, ethyl alco-

CAS: 594-72-9. H

CC(Cl)

hol, and methyl alcohol; insoluble in water.

Properties: Bp 124C, d 1.4153 (20/20C), flash p

Derivation: (1) Action of chlorine on methyl ether,

168F (75.5C) (OC). Combustible.

(2) interaction of hydrochloric acid and formalde-

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 2 ppm.

hyde with subsequent dehydration of the chlorome-

Use: Grain fumigant, solvent.

thyl alcohol formed.

Hazard: A carcinogen by ingestion and inhalation.

4,6-dichloro-3-((1e)-3-oxo-3-(phenylamino)-

Strong irritant to eyes and mucous membranes.

1-propenyl)-1h-indole-2-carboxylic acid,.

CAS: 153436-22-7. mf: C

5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-quinolinol. See

Hazard: A poison.

chlorquinaldol.

dichloromethylsilane. CH

SiHCl

1,3-dichloro-1,1,2,2,3-pentafluoropropane.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 41C, d 1.113 (25/

CAS: 507-55-1. mf: C

HCl

25C), refr index 1.3983 (20C). Combustible.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue.

skin contact.

Use: Intermediate.

3,3-dichloro-1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane.

dichloromethyl sulfate. (ClCH

CAS: 422-56-0. mf: C

HCl

Properties: Colorless, liquid; odorless. D 1.60

Hazard: Low toxicity ingestion, inhalation, and skin

(20C), bp 96–97C (14 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol,

contact.

benzene, and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By bubbling sulfur trioxide through

dichloropentane.

(cooled) dichloromethyl ether, (2) by heating chlo-

CAS: 30586-10-8. C

. A mixture of the di-

rosulfonic acid with formaldehyde.

chloro derivatives of both normal pentane and iso-

pentane. About 40% are amylene dichlorides having

dichloromonofluoromethane. (dichlorofluo-

two chlorine atoms attached to adjacent carbon

romethane; fluorodichloromethane; fluorocarbon

atoms.

21).

Properties: Light-yellow liquid. D 1.06–1.08 (20C),

CAS: 75-43-4. CHCl

acidity as hydrochloric acid not over 0.025% (distil-

Properties: Colorles heavy gass; nearly odorless. Bp

lation

95%, 130–200C), flash p <80F (26C), wt/

8.9C, fp −135C, d 1.426 (0C), critical pressure 51.0

gal 8.94 lb. Water solubility negligible; water azeo-

atm. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

trope at 80–97C

approximately 66% C

Nonflammable.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Derivation: Reaction of chloroform and hydrogen

Use: Solvent for oils, greases, rubber resins, and

fluoride.

bituminous materials; removal of tar; reclaiming

Grade: Technical.

rubber; paint and varnish removers; degreasing of

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 10 ppm.

metals; insecticide; soil fumigant; removal of wax

Use: Solvent, refrigerant.

deposits on oil-well equipment.

See chlorofluorocarbon.

dichloronaphthalene. See chlorinated naph-

dichlorophenarsine hydrochloride. (3-ami-

thalenes.

no-4-hydroxyphenyldichloroarsine hydrochlo-

ride). C

(AsCl

)(OH)NH

•HCl.

2,3-dichloro-1,4-naphthoquinone. See di-

Properties: White, hygroscopic powder. Mp 200C.

chlone.

Soluble in water and solutions of alkali hydroxides

and carbonates, and in dilute mineral acids.

1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene. Cl

. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Solid. Mp 43C, bp 255–256C, d 1.4266 Use: Medicine (syphilis treatment).

408DICHLOROPHENE

dichlorophene. (2,2

′

-dihydroxy-5,5

′

-dichloro- tremely toxic to marine life. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

;

diphenylmethane; DDDM). STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 97-23-4. (C

ClOH)

Properties: Light-tan, free-flowing powder; weakly

2,4-dichlorophenyl benzenesulfonate.

phenolic odor. Mp 177C, vap press 10

−4

mm Hg

OSO

(100C) and about 10

−10

mm Hg (25C) (extrapolated

Properties: Waxy solid. Vap press 2.7 × 10

−4

mm Hg

value). Soluble in acetone and alcohols; slightly

(30C). Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic

soluble in benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride;

solvents.

insoluble in water.

Use: Acaricide, insecticide.

Derivation: Condensation of p-chlorophenol with

formaldehyde in the presence of sulfuric acid.

2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1h-benz(de)iso-

Grade: Pure and technical.

quinoline-1,3(2h)-dione.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 222420-28-2. mf: C

Use: Fungicide and bactericide, textile preservative,

Hazard: A poison.

some dermatological and cosmetic applications,

veterinary medicine.

O-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-O,O-diethyl

phosphorothioate. Cl

OP(S)(OC

)

2,4-dichlorophenol.

Properties: (Pure compound) Liquid. Bp 120–123C

CAS: 120-83-2. Cl

OH.

(0.2 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in water; miscible

Properties: White, low-melting solid. Bp 210C, mp

with most organic solvents.

45C, flash p 237F (113C). Soluble in alcohol and

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. Absorbed by skin,

carbon tetrachloride; slightly soluble in water. Com-

use may be restricted.

bustible.

Derivation: By chlorination of phenol.

n-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-n-(4,5-dihydro-2-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to tissue.

thiazolyl)-3-pyridinemethanamine.

Use: Organic synthesis.

CAS: 89985-01-3. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. See 2,4-D.

3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea.

2,4-dichlorophenoxybutyric acid. (2,4-

See diuron.

DB). Cl

O(CH

)

COOH. Mp 118–120C, used

as a herbicide.

di(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol. (1,1-bis(p-chlo-

rophenyl)ethanol; di(p-chlorophe-

2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl benzoate.

nyl)methylcarbinol; DMC; DCPC).

See sesin.

C(C

Cl)

OH.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 70C. Insoluble in

di(4-chlorophenoxy)methane.

water, soluble in common organic solvents.

(ClC

Derivation: Reaction of 4,4

′

-dichlorobenzophenone

Properties: Solid. Mp 65C. Insoluble in water and

with methylmagnesium bromide followed by treat-

oils; soluble in ether and acetone.

ment with water.

Use: Acaricide.

Use: Insecticide.

5-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)-2-nitroanisole.

2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-

CAS: 32861-85-1. mf: C

a)isoquinoline.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

CAS: 61001-12-5. mf: C

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

(r)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid.

3,4-dichlorophenyl isocyanate.

CAS: 15165-67-0. mf: C

NCO.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Low toxicity by

Properties: White to yellow crystals. Strong irritant

inhalation and skin contact.

to tissue, especially eyes and mucous membranes.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Chemical intermediate, organic synthesis.

2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propionic acid. 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-

(dichloroprop). Cl

OCH(CH

)COOH. methylurea. See linuron.

Properties: Solid. Mp 117–118C. Soluble in ace-

tone, alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.

di(p-chlorophenyl)methylcarbinol. See

Use: Herbicide.

di(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol.

(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)tributylstannane. o-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-o-methyl

CAS: 39637-16-6. mf: C

OSn. isopropylphosphoramidothioate.

Hazard: A poison. Tributyl tin compounds are ex- (DMPA). Cl

OP(S)(OCH

)NHCH(CH

)

409 DICHLOROTETRAFLUOROACETONE

Properties: Solid. Mp 51.4C, vap press 2 mm Hg

1,3-dichloropropene. (1,3-dichloropropylene).

(150C). Slightly soluble in water (5 ppm); freely

CAS: 542-75-6. CHCl:CHCH

Cl.

soluble in acetone, benzene, and carbon tetrachlo-

Properties: Exists in cis and trans isomeric forms,

ride.

both colorless liquids. D 1.225 (10/4C), flash p 95F

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

(35C) (OC). Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,

stricted.

toluene, octane. Bp cis 104C, trans 112C, refr index

Use: Herbicide, insecticide.

(20C) cis 1.469, trans 1.475.

Derivation: Chlorination of propylene.

(2,6-dichlorophenyl)methyl methyl 3-

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen. Toxic by skin ab-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

sorption. TLV: 1 ppm. Flammable, moderate fire

CAS: 34763-39-8. mf: C

risk. Strong irritant.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis, soil fumigants.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dichloropropene-dichloropropane mixture.

2,4-dichlorophenyl-4-nitrophenyl ether.

Hazard: A poison via ingestion, inhalation, or ab-

sorbed through the skin; corrosive to tissue (skin and

Properties: Dark-brown solid. Setting point 62.5C.

eyes).

Soluble in acetone, methanol, and xylene.

Use: Pesticide, insecticide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Herbicide.

3,4-dichloropropionanilide. See propanil.

3-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclo-

2,2-dichloropropionic acid. See dalapon.

hexyl)-2-propenamide.

CAS: 315706-77-5. mf: C

NO.

2,4-dichloro-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)

Hazard: A poison.

benzamide.

CAS: 315706-69-5. mf: C

NO.

2-(4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy)-methyl-

Hazard: A poison.

propionate. See illoxan.

3-(2,4-dichloro-5-(2-propynyloxy)phenyl)-5-

((2,5-dichlorophenyl)thio)methylcarbamic

(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3h)-

acid, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-

one. See 5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-pro-

benzofuranyl ester.

pargyloxyphenyl)-1,3,4.

CAS: 50673-11-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

See clopyralid.

dichlorophenyltrichlorosilane. Cl

SiCl

2,6-dichloroquinonechlorimide. Reagent

A mixture of isomers.

used for spot visualizations in chromatographic

Properties: Straw-colored liquid. D 1.562, bp 260C,

systems.

refr index 1.5638 (20C), flash p 286F (141C)

Hazard: Explodes readily on slight heating.

(COC). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of hy-

drogen chloride; soluble in benzene and perchloroe-

2,6-dichlorostyrene.

thylene. Combustible.

CAS: 6607-45-0. C

(CH:CH

)Cl

Derivation: Chlorination of phenyltrichlorosilane.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 92–94C (5 mm Hg),

Grade: Technical.

flash p 225F (107C) (OC). Insoluble in water; solu-

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes.

ble in most organic solvents. Polymerizes slowly on

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

standing unless inhibited. Combustible.

Use: Monomer and comonomer in plastic research.

3,6-dichlorophthalic acid. C

(COOH)

Properties: Colorless, thick crystals. Soluble in hot

p-N,N-dichlorosulfamylbenzoic acid. See

water.

halazone.

Derivation: By oxidizing dichloronaphthalene tetra-

chloride (see chloronaphthalene) with nitric acid.

dichlorosulfonphthalein. See chlorphenol

red.

dichloroprop. See 2-(2,4-dichlorophenox-

y)propionic acid.

dichlorotetrafluoroacetone. CClF

COCClF

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 45.2C, fp <−100C.

1,2-dichloropropane. See propylene dichlo-

Soluble in water and most organic solvents; stable to

ride.

acids but not alkalies.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

1,3-dichloro-2-propanol. See ␣-dichloroh- Use: Solvent in acidic media, complexing agent for

ydrin. active hydrogen-compound separation.

410

sym

-DICHLOROTETRA

sym-dichlorotetrafluoroethane. (fluorocar- Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, a poison. TLV: 0.1

bon-114; tetrafluorodichloroethane). ppm, toxic by skin absorption.

CAS: 76-14-2. CClF

CClF

. Use: Insecticide, fumigant.

Properties: Colorless, nonflammable gas; nearly

odorless. Bp 3.55C, fp −94C, critical press 32.3 atm.

dichloroxylenol. (2,4-dichloro-3,5-dimethyl-

Insoluble in water.

phenol). C

Derivation: By treating perchloroethylene with hy-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 95C. Partially soluble in

drogen fluoride.

acetone, diethyl ketone, and chloroform; almost in-

Grade: Technical 95%.

soluble in water.

Hazard: An asphyxiant. TLV: 1000 ppm.

Use: Mold inhibitor, antibacterial agent, preserva-

Use: Solvent, fire extinguishers, refrigerant and air

tive.

conditioner fluid, blowing agent, dielectric fluid.

See chlorofluorocarbon.

2,4-dichlorphenoxyacetic acid octyl ester.

See octyl 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate.

2,5-dichlorothiophene. C

S (cyclic).

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Bp

dichroic. A term used in crystallography to de-

161C. Combustible.

note crystals that refract incident light in two direc-

Use: Intermediate.

tions, thus displaying two colors when observed

from different angles, e.g., calcite.

dichlorotoluene. (chlorobenzyl chloride).

See anisotropic; birefringent.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

dichroism. The property of some crystals of ex-

200–300C, fp approximately −13C, d 1.245–1.247

hibiting different colors according to the direction of

(25/15C), refr index 1.5480 (22C). Soluble in alco-

the light ray due to difference in extent of absorption

hol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in water. Exists as

of the various rays.

o- and p- isomers. Combustible.

Hazard: Irritant, see benzyl chloride.

dichromate. A compound in which two chromi-

Use: High-boiling solvent, intermediate for organic

um atoms with a valency of six are present, as in

synthesis.

potassium dichromate.

␣,␣-dichlorotoluene. See benzyl dichloride.

dichromatic. Characterizing certain dyes and in-

dicators for which different colors may be seen,

dichloro-sym-triazine-2,4,6-trione. See di-

depending on the thickness of the solution viewed.

chloroisocyanuric acid.

dicobalt octacarbonyl. See cobalt tetracar-

␤,␤

′

-dichlorovinylchloroarsine. bonyl.

(ClCH:CH)

AsCl.

Properties: Yellowish liquid. Bp 230C (decom-

dicofol. (generic name for 4,4

′

-dichloro-␣-tri-

poses), d 1.70.

chloromethylbenzhydrol).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

dicomarol. See bishydroxycoumarin.

Use: Military poison.

dicopper(I) acetylide.

2,2-dichlorovinyldimethyl phosphate. See

CAS: 1117-94-8. CuC≡CCu.

dichlorovos.

Properties: Mw 151.10.

Hazard: TLV: (fume) 0.2 mg/m

; (dust, mist) 1

mg(Cu)/m

; (Proposed: (fume and respirable parti-

␤,␤

′

-dichlorovinylmethylarsine.

cles) 0.05 mg/m

; (dust, mist) 1 mg(Cu)/m

). Ex-

(ClCH:CH)

AsCH

plodes on impact or heating to 100°C.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 140–145C (10 mm Hg).

Derivation: Interaction of acetylene and methyldi-

chloroarsine in the presence of aluminum chloride.

dicresyl glyceryl ether. (glyceryl ditolyl

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong ether). This may be a mix of o-, m-, and p-isomers.

irritant to skin and mucous membranes. CH

OCH

Use: Military poison. Properties: Similar to cresyl glyceryl ether. D 1.136,

refr index 1.549, boiling range 328–340C.

dichlorovos. (2,2-dichlorovinyldimethyl phos-

dicresyl glyceryl ether acetate.

phate; DDVP).

OCH

CHOOCCH

CAS: 62-73-7. (CH

P(O)CH:CCl

Properties: Fairly stable liquid. D 1.115, bp 360C,

Properties: Liquid. Bp 120C (14 mm Hg). Slightly

refr index 1.53. Combustible.

soluble in water and glycerol; miscible with aromat-

ic and chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents and al-

cohols.

dicrotophos. See “Bidrin.”

411 DICYCLOPENTADIENE DIOXIDE

dicryl. (generic name for 3

′

-dichloro-2-me- dicyclohexyl. See bicyclohexyl.

thylacrylanilide).

CAS: 2164-09-2. Cl

NHCOC(CH

):CH

dicyclohexyl adipate. (CH

COOC

)

Properties: Solid. Mp 128C. Insoluble in water; sol-

Properties: White crystals; odorless. D 0.913–0.919

uble in acetone, alcohol, isophorone, and dimethyl

(15/15C), bp 256C, fp −0.1C, d 45 lb/cu ft, acidity

sulfoxide.

(as adipic acid) <0.05%. Compatible with most nat-

Use: Herbicide, pest control.

ural and synthetic resins. Soluble in most organic

solvents; insoluble in water.

Use: Plasticizer.

“Dicrylan” [Novartis]. TM for a group of

products that includes silicone elastomers and other

dicyclohexylamine.

polymeric chemicals used for coating textile fabrics.

CAS: 101-83-7. (C

)

NH.

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint amine odor. D

dicumene chromium.

0.913–0.919 (15/15C), bp 256C, fp −0.1C, refr in-

CAS: 12001-89-7. mf: C

•Cr.

dex 1.4823 (25C), flash p 210F (98.9C). Slightly

Hazard: A confirmed carcinogen. Poison by skin

soluble in water; miscible with organic solvents.

contact. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A skin and

Strongly basic.

eye irritant. TWA 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed Hu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to skin

man Carcinogen

and mucous membranes. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate; insecticides; plasticizer; corro-

dicumyl peroxide. [C

C(CH

)

sion inhibitors; antioxidants in rubber, lubricating

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, may ignite organic materi-

oils, fuels; catalyst for paint, varnishes, and inks;

als on contact.

detergents, extractant.

Use: Polymerization catalyst and vulcanizing agent.

dicyclohexyl carbodiimide. C

NCNC

“Di-cup” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of vul-

Properties: White crystals; heavy sweet odor. Set

canizing and polymerization agents containing di-

point 29–30C, bp 138–140C (2 mm Hg). Soluble in

cumyl peroxide.

organic solvents.

Use: Chemical intermediate, coupling agent in pep-

dicyan. See cyanogen.

tide synthesis.

dicyandiamide. (cyanoguanidine).

dicyclohexylphenyltin hydroxide.

C(NH)(NHCN).

CAS: 53413-47-1. mf: C

OSn.

Properties: Pure-white crystals. D 1.400 (25C), sta-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A moderate skin

ble when dry, melting range 207–209C. Soluble in

irritant.

liquid ammonia; partly soluble in hot water. Non-

flammable.

dicyclohexyl phthalate. (DCHP).

Derivation: Polymerization of cyanamide in the

(COOC

)

presence of bases.

Properties: White, granular solid; nonvolatile; mild-

Grade: 99% pure, technical.

ly aromatic odor. D 1.20 (25/25C), mp 62–65C,

Use: Fertilizers; nitrocellulose stabilizer; organic

flash p 405F (207C). Soluble in most organic sol-

synthesis, especially of melamine, barbituric acid,

vents; insoluble in water; compatible with a large

and guanidine salts; pharmaceutical products; dye-

number of polymers. Combustible.

stuffs; explosives; retarding rancidity in fats and

Use: Plasticizer for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose,

oils; fireproofing compounds; case-hardening prep-

chlorinated rubber, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl

arations; cleaning compounds; soldering com-

chloride, and other polymers.

pounds; accelerator; thinner for oil-well drilling

See “Morflex 150” [Reilly].

muds; stabilizer in detergent compositions; modifier

for starch products; catalyst for epoxy resins.

dicyclopentadiene.

CAS: 77-73-6. C

dicyanine. See cyanine dye.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.979 (20/20C), bp 172C, mp

33.6C, bulk d 8.2 lb/gal (60F), refr index 1.5073

m-dicyanobenzene. See m-phthalodinitrile.

(31C), flash p 90F (32.2C). Soluble in alcohol; in-

soluble in water.

o-dicyanobenzene. See phthalonitrile.

Derivation: Olefin manufacture.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

1,3-dicyanobenzene. See m-phthalodinitrile.

ingestion. TLV: 5 ppm.

Use: Chemical intermediate for insecticides, EPDM

1,4-dicyanobutane. See adiponitrile.

elastomers, metallocenes, paints and varnishes,

flame retardants for plastics.

2,4-dicyanobutene-1. See methylene glutar-

onitrile.

dicyclopentadiene dioxide. C

412DICYCLOPENTADIENYL COBALT

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp

didecyl sulfide. (didecyl thioether).

180–184C, d 1.331 (25C). Slightly soluble in water; (C

)

soluble in acetone and benzene.

Properties: Liquid. Solidifies at 22.2C, bp

Use: Intermediate for epoxy resins; plasticizers; pro-

205–206C (4 mm Hg), d 0.831 (20/4C), refr index

tective coatings.

1.4569 (33.5C). Combustible.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

Use: Organic synthesis (formation of sulfonium

dicyclopentadienyl cobalt. See cobaltocene.

compounds).

dicyclopentadienyl iron. (bis-cyclopentadie-

didecyl thioether. See didecyl sulfide.

nyl iron).

CAS: 102-54-5. The first organometallic “sand-

′

- didehydro-3

′

-deoxythymidine. See

wich” compound (synthesized in 1951), which

stavudine.

served as a prototype for metallocenes. Such com-

pounds are based on cyclic unsaturates combined

didodecylamine. See dilaurylamine.

with a transition metal or its halide.

Hazard: Toxic TLV; 10 mg/m

See ferrocene.

didodecyl ether. See dilauryl ether.

didodecyltin dichloride.

dicyclopentadienyl nickel. See nickelocene.

CAS: 5827-58-7. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

dicyclopentadienyl osmium. See osmocene.

didodecyl-3,3

′

-thiodipropionate. See dilau-

dicyclopentadienyl titanium dichloride.

ryl thiodipropionate.

See titanocene dichloride.

didodecyl thioether. See dilauryl sulfide.

dicyclopentadienyl zirconium dichloride.

See zirconocene dichloride.

DIDP. See diisodecyl phthalate.

DIDA. See diisodecyl adipate.

didymium. Di. Commercial mixture of rare-

earth elements obtained from monazite sand by ex-

didecyl adipate. (CH

COOC

)

traction followed by the elimination of cerium and

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9181 (20/

thorium. The name is used like that of an element in

20C), bulk d 7.7 lb/gal (20C), bp 245C (5 mm Hg),

naming mixed oxides and salts. The approximate

vap press (0.58 mm Hg (100C), viscosity 26.3 cP

composition of didymium from monazite, expressed

(20C), flash p 425F (218C). Insoluble in water.

as rare-earth oxides, is 46% La

, 10% Pr

, 32%

Combustible.

,5%Sm

, 0.4% yttrium earth oxides, 1%

Use: Plasticizer.

CeO

,3%Gd

, 2% others. Commercially used

didymium salts are acetate, carbonate, chloride, flu-

didecylamine. [CH

(CH

)

]

NH.

oride, nitrate, etc.

Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid; faint amine

odor. Boiling range 195–215C (12 mm Hg), d 0.840

didymium oxide. Di

(20/20C) (solid). Combustible.

Properties: Brown powder. Insoluble in water; solu-

ble in acids.

didecyl ether. (C

)

Use: (As salts) Coloring and decolorizing glass, in

Properties: Liquid. Mp 16C, bp 170–180C (6 mm

temperature-compensating capacitors for radio,

Hg), d 0.819 (20/4C), refr index 1.4418 (20C). Com-

television, and radar. In carbon-arc cores (fluoride),

bustible.

in stainless steel (oxide), metallurgical research,

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

textile treatment.

Use: Electrical insulators, water repellent, lubricant

in plastic molding and processing, antistatic agent,

die. A device, usually of steel, having a specific

intermediate.

shape or design that it imparts to such materials as

metals and plastics either by impact (stamping), by

didecyl phthalate. (DDP). the contour of a negative cavity (casting), or by

CAS: 84-77-5. C

(COOC

)

. passing the material through it (extrusion). Diamond

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9675 (20/20C) dies may be used for wiredrawing. The terms “die”

bulk d 8.05 lb/gal (20C), bp 261C (5 mm Hg), vap and “mold” are virtually synonymous in the sense of

press 0.3 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 113.2 cP (20C), a negative cavity into which a molten metal or plas-

flash p 445F (229C). Insoluble in water. Combus- tic is introduced under pressure, the former being

tible. used in reference to metals, and the latter for plas-

Use: Plasticizer, especially for vinyl resins. tics, rubber, etc.

413 DIENONE-PHENOL REARRANGEMENT

See die casting; investment casting; injection mold- ues at 20C: air 1.00058, glass 3, benzene 2.3, acetic

ing; extrusion. acid 6.2, ammonia 15.5, ethanol 25, glycerol 56, and

water 81. The exceptionally high value for water

accounts for its unique behavior as a solvent and in

die casting. Shaping of metal products by forc-

electrolytic solutions. Most hydrocarbons have high

ing a molten metal or alloy under high pressure into a

resistance (low conductivity). Dielectric-constant

negative-cavity die by means of a hydraulic ram.

values decrease as the temperature rises.

The die is usually made of an alloy steel. Metals

commonly used for die casting are zinc, aluminum,

copper, lead and their alloys, some of which also

dielectric strength. The maximum electric

include silicon. Die castings can be held to toler-

field that an insulator or dielectric can withstand

ances as low as 0.001–0.0015 inches, and sizes

without breakdown, usually measured in kV/cm. At

75–100 lb (Al) are possible. The largest end-use area

breakdown, a considerable current passes as an arc,

for die castings is automobile and airplane parts.

usually with more or less decomposition of the ma-

They are also used in washing and drying machines,

terial along the path of the current.

in electrical equipment and appliances, and for vari-

ous military applications.

Diels-Alder reaction. An important organic

reaction for the synthesis of 6-membered rings dis-

Dieckmann reaction. Base-catalyzed intra-

covered in 1928. It involves the addition of an ethyl-

molecular cyclization of esters of dicarboxylic acids

enic double bond to a conjugated diene, i.e., a com-

to give ␤-ketoesters.

pound containing two double bonds separated by

one single bond, as in 1,3-butadiene

dieldrin. (HEOD).

(CH

==CH−CH==CH

) or cyclopentadiene. The

CAS: 60-57-1. C

OCl

. (Not less than 85% of

ease of addition of the ethylenic compound is greatly

1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-6,7-epoxy-

enhanced by adjacent carbonyl groups; hence male-

1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,4-endo,exo-

ic anhydride reacts quantitatively with hexachloro-

51,2,3,4,10,10-hexa-8-dimethanonaphthalene and

cyclopentadiene to form chlorendic anhydride.

not less than 15% active related compounds.) Endrin

is a stereoisomer of dieldrin.

Diels, Otto P. H. (1876–1954). A German

Properties: Light-tan, flaked solid. Mp 175C. Insol-

chemist who won a Nobel Prize in chemistry with

uble in water, methanol, aliphatic hydrocarbons;

Alder in 1950. He was awarded the prize for diene

soluble in acetone, benzene. Compatible with most

synthesis work which led to improved methods of

fertilizers, herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides.

analyzing and synthesizing organic compounds. His

Derivation: By oxidation of aldrin with peracids.

research resulted in the discovery of carbon subox-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

ide, methods of dehydrating cyclical hydrocarbons

absorption. Use restricted to nonagricultural appli-

using selenium, and determination of the structure

cations. Carcinogenic. TLV: 0.25 mg/m

of steroids. A student of Fischer’s, Diels graduated

Use: Insecticide.

from the University of Berlin.

See endrin.

dien. Abbreviation of diethylenetriamine as used

dielectric. A substance with very low electrical

in formulas for coordination compounds.

conductivity, i.e., an insulator. Such substances

See en; pn; py.

have electrical conductivity of less than one-mil-

lionth mho/cm. Those with a somewhat higher con-

diene. See diolefin.

ductivity (10

−6

to 10

−3

mho/cm) are called semicon-

ductors. Among the more common solid dielectrics

“Diene” [Firestone]. TM for solution-poly-

are glass, rubber and similar elastomers, and wood

merized polybutadiene rubber.

and other cellulosics. Liquid dielectrics include hy-

Use: In tires, high-impact polystyrene, and ABS.

drocarbon oils, askarel, and silicone oils.

See transformer oil.

dienestrol.

HOC

C(CHCH

)C(CHCH

OH. (3,4-

dielectric cohesion. The molecular force of a

bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,4-hexadiene). A synthetic

dielectric that opposes an electric field tending to

with estrogenic activity.

ionize the molecules.

Properties: Colorless, needles or powder; odorless.

Mp 227C. Soluble in alcohol; practically insoluble

dielectric constant. An index of the ability of a

in water; sensitive to light.

substance to attenuate the transmission of an electro-

Grade: NF.

static force from one charged body to another, as in a

Use: Medicine (estrogenic hormone).

condenser. The lower the value, the greater the at-

tenuation. The standard measurement apparatus uti-

lizes a vacuum whose dielectric constant is 1. In

dienone-phenol rearrangement. Transfor-

reference to this, various materials interposed be- mation of a 4,4-disubstituted cyclohexadienone into

tween the charged terminal have the following val- a 3,4-disubstituted phenol upon acid treatment.

414DIESEL IGNITION IMPROVER

diesel ignition improver. A substance such 1,4-diethoxybenzene. See hydroquinone die-

as amyl nitrate that is added to diesel fuels to im- thyl ether.

prove fuel ignition and to raise the cetane number.

1,1-diethoxyethane. See acetal.

diesel oil. (fuel oil no. 2).

CAS: 68476-34-6. Fuel for diesel engines obtained

1,2-diethoxy ethylene.

from distillation of petroleum. Its efficiency is mea-

CAS: 16484-86-9. mf: C

sured by the cetane number. It is composed chiefly

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

of unbranched paraffins; its volatility is similar to

that of gas oil. Flash p 110–190F, d <1. Combus-

diethoxyethyl phthalate. See diethyl glycol

tible.

phthalate.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Environmental hazard.

Use: Fuel for trucks, ships, and other automotive

diethylacetal. See acetal.

equipment, drilling muds, mosquito control (coating

on breeding waters).

diethyl acetaldehyde. See 2-ethylbutyral-

See fuel oil.

dehyde.

“Diesel-Treat” [Nalco]. TM for dry, granular,

N,N-diethylacetamide. CH

CON(C

)

orange sodium dichromate used as a corrosion in-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.920 (20C), boiling

hibitor. Sold in 50-lb drums.

range 182–186C, faint odor, flash p 170F (76.6C).

Use: Closed cooling systems; particularly diesel en-

Combustible.

gines, cooling tower systems.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

dietary food supplement. Any food product

diethylacetic acid. See 2-ethylbutyric acid.

to which enough vitamins and minerals have been

added to furnish more than 50% of the recommend-

N,N-diethylacetoacetamide.

ed daily allowance in a single serving (FDA). Such

COCH

CON(C

)

foods must have added ingredients identified on

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9950 (20/20C), bp (decom-

labels.

poses), fp −70C (sets to glass below this tempera-

ture), flash p 250F. Miscible with water. Combus-

diethanolamine. (DEA; di(2-hydroxyeth-

tible.

yl)amine).

Use: Intermediate for pigments.

CAS: 111-42-2. (HOCH

)

NH.

Properties: Colorless crystals or liquid. Active base.

diethyl adipate. C

OCO(CH

)

OCOC

Mp 28.0, bp 269C, d 1.092 (30/20C), flash p 306F

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.002 (25C), refr

(152C) (OC). Very soluble in water and alcohol;

index 1.426 (25C), bp 245C, fp −21C. Insoluble in

insoluble in ether, benzene. Combustible.

water. Combustible.

Derivation: Ethylene oxide and ammonia.

Use: Plasticizer.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.46 ppm.

Use: Liquid detergents for emulsion paints, cutting

′

-(n,n-diethylalanyl)methanesulfonanilide

oils, shampoos, cleaners, and polishes; textile spe-

hydrochloride.

cialties; absorbent for acid gases; chemical interme-

CAS: 60735-64-0. mf: C

S•ClH.

diate for resins, plasticizers, etc.; solubilizing 2,4-D;

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

humectant; dispersing agent.

diethylaluminum chloride.

diethanololeamide. See oleic acid diethano-

CAS: 96-10-6. (aluminum diethyl monochloride;

lamide.

DEAC). (C

)

AlCl.

Properties: Colorless pyrophoric liquid. Bp 208C, fp

N,N-diethanolglycine. (DEG).

−50C.

(HOCH

)

NCH

COOH.

Derivation: Reaction of triethylaluminum with ethy-

Use: Chelating agent. Also available as the sodium

laluminum sesquichloride.

salt.

Hazard: Pyrophoric and highly flammable in air,

reacts violently with water. Dangerous fire and ex-

diethofencarb. See isopropyl 3,4-diethoxycar-

plosion hazard.

banilate.

Use: Polyolefin catalyst, intermediate in production

of organometallics.

2,5-diethoxyaniline. NH

(OC

)

Properties: White to gray powder. Mp 83–85C. In-

diethylaluminum hydride. (C

)

AlH. A

soluble in water; soluble in organic solvents. pyrophoric mix with triethylaluminum.

Hazard: See aniline. Derivation: Action of ethylene and hydrogen on

Use: Intermediate. aluminum.

415 5-DIETHYLAMINO-2-PENTANONE

Hazard: Highly flammable in air, reacts violently

diethylaminoethanol. (N,N-diethylethanola-

with water. Dangerous fire and explosion hazard.

mine).

Use: Catalyst, reducing agent.

CAS: 100-37-8. (C

)

NCH

OH.

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid base com-

bining the properties of amines and alcohols. Bp

diethylamine.

161C, d 0.88–0.89 (20/20C), vap press 21 mm Hg

CAS: 109-89-7. (C

)

NH.

(20C), flash p 140F (60C) (OC), wt/gal 7.14 lb

Properties: Colorless liquid; ammoniacal odor; al-

(20C), fp −70C. Soluble in water, alcohol, benzene.

kaline reaction. Bp 55.5C, fp −49.8C, d 0.7062 (20/

Combustible.

20C), wt/gal 5.91 lb (20C), autoign temp 594F

Grade: Technical.

(312C), flash p <−15F (<−26C). Miscible with wa-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by ingestion and

ter, alcohol, most organic solvents.

skin absorption. TLV: 10 ppm.

Derivation: From ethyl chloride and ammonia under

Use: Water-soluble salts, fatty acid derivatives, tex-

heat and pressure.

tile softeners, pharmaceuticals, antirust composi-

Grade: Technical.

tions, emulsifying agents in acid media, derivatives

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk.

containing tertiary amine groups, curing agent for

Flammable limits in air 1.8–10.1%. Toxic by inges-

resins.

tion, strong irritant. TLV: TWA 5 ppm; STEL 15

ppm; not classifiable as a carcinogen.

diethylaminoethoxyethanol.

Use: Rubber chemicals, textile specialties, selective

)

OH.

solvent, dyes, flotation agents, resins, pesticides,

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.930–0.950 (20/

polymerization inhibitors, pharmaceuticals, petro-

20C), boiling range (95%) 215.0–228.0C. Combus-

leum chemicals, electroplating, corrosion inhib-

tible.

itors.

Use: Intermediate.

␣-diethylaminoaceto-2,6-xylidide. See lid-

2-(2-(diethylamino)ethoxy)ethanol.

ocaine.

CAS: 140-82-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

4-(diethylamino)-2-butanone.

severe eye and mild skin irritant.

CAS: 3299-38-5. mf: C

NO.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

␤-diethylaminoethyl chloride

Use: Agricultural chemical.

hydrochloride. (DEC).

CAS: 869-24-9. (C

)

NCH

Cl•HCl. Interme-

diate in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and as

5-diethylamino-2-aminopentane. (1-dieth-

an organic intermediate for attaching the diethylam-

ylamino-4-aminopentane).

inoethyl radical.

CH(NH

)(CH

)

N(C

)

Properties: Liquid; amine odor. D 0.82, bp

N,N

′

-diethyl-3-amino-4-methoxybenzene-

142–144C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

sulfonamide. NH

(CH

O)C

N(C

)

Combustible.

Properties: White to pink crystals. Mp 100–103C.

Use: Pharmaceuticals.

Insoluble in water and ether; partially soluble in

alcohol.

diethylaminoaniline. See p-aminodiethylani-

Use: Intermediate.

line.

1-diethylamino-2-methylbenzene. See N,N-

diethylaminocellulose. (DEAE cotton). A

diethyl-o-toluidine.

cellulose derivative containing a tertiary amine

group that acts as a catalyst for epoxide reactions. It

7-diethylamino-4-methylcoumarin.

is also used in ion-exchange fractionations. It is

(MDAC; 4-methyl-7-[diethylamino]coumarin).

made by adding ␤-chloroethyldiethylamine hydro-

O(O)N(C

)

chloride to cellulose in sodium hydroxide. Repeated

Properties: Granular, light-tan color. Mp 68–72C.

treatments increase the nitrogen content of the cot-

Gives a bright blue-white fluorescence in very dilute

ton (cellulose) to over 1%, with beneficial effect on

solutions. Soluble in aqueous acid solutions, resins,

crease resistance. Combustible.

varnishes, vinyls, and nearly all common organic

See epoxide.

solvents; slightly soluble in aliphatic hydrocarbons.

Use: Optical bleach in textile industry, in coatings for

paper, labels, book covers, etc; to lighten plastics,

2-diethylaminoethanethiol hydrochloride.

resins, varnishes, and lacquers; invisible marking

)

NCH

SH•HCl.

agent.

Properties: Solid. Mp 170C. Soluble in water and

alcohol; insoluble in benzene.

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate, pesticides, poly-

5-diethylamino-2-pentanone. (1-diethylami-

merization promoter. no-4-pentanone). CH

CO(CH

)

N(C

)

4169-DIETHYLAMINOETHYL

Properties: Liquid; an amine odor. Combustible. Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

Use: Pharmaceuticals. 179.8–184.8C, d 0.865 (25/25C), flash p 132F

(55.5C). Soluble in alcohol, benzene, carbon tetra-

chloride, ether; insoluble in water; wt/gal 7.22 lb;

9-diethylaminoethyl-2-phenylimidazo(1,2-

refr index 1.49; autoign temp 806F (430C). Com-

a)benzimidazole dihydrochloride.

bustible.

CAS: 23572-32-9. mf: C

•2ClH.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Moderately toxic.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate, solvent.

m-diethylaminophenol. C

OHN(C

)

diethylbis(octanoyloxy)stannane.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 78C, bp

CAS: 2641-56-7. mf: C

Sn.

276–280C. Soluble in alcohol, caustic soda, ether.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

Derivation: Diethylaniline is sulfonated with oleum,

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

and the resulting diethylaniline-m-sulfonic acid

fused with caustic soda.

Hazard: See phenol.

o,o-diethyl o-(4-(1-((((butylamino)

Use: Dyes.

carbonyl)oxy)imino)ethyl)phenyl)

phosphorothioic acid ester.

3-diethylaminopropylamine. CAS: 22936-20-5. mf: C

PS.

)

NCH

. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Bp Use: Agricultural chemical.

169C, fp −100C (sets to a glass), d 0.82 (20/20C),

refr index 1.442 (10C), flash p 138F (58.9C) (OC),

di(2-ethylbutyl) azelate.

Combustible.

OOC(CH

)

COOC

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to skin.

Properties: Pale-yellow to water-white liquid. D

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resins, intermediate.

0.9340 (20/20C), viscosity 56 sec Saybolt (100F),

flash p 385F (196C), fp <−40C, acid number <1.0,

␥-diethylaminopropyl chloride

faint odor. Stable to heat, light, and hydrolysis.

hydrochloride. (DEPC).

Combustible.

)

NCH

Cl•HCl.

Use: As plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and its

Use: Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, intermediate

copolymers and for cellulose esters.

for attaching the diethylaminopropyl radical.

di(2-ethylbutyl) phthalate. (dihexyl phthal-

3-(diethylamino)propyl isopropyl(phenyl)

ate). C

(COOC

)

glycolate hydrochloride.

Properties: Oily, slightly aromatic liquid. D

CAS: 15422-00-1. mf: C

•ClH.

1.010–1.016 (20/20C), bp 350C (735 mm Hg), acid-

Hazard: A poison.

ity (as phthalic acid) 0.01% max, fp −50C, ester

content 98% max, flash p 381F (193C). Combus-

10-(2-(diethylamino)propyl)-10h-pyrido(3,2- tible.

b)(1,4)benzothiazine. Grade: Technical.

CAS: 67465-66-1. mf: C

S. Use: Plasticizer for cellulose ester and vinyl plastics.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

diethylcadmium. (C

)

Cd.

N,N-diethylaniline.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Bp 64C (19 mm

CAS: 91-66-7. (C

)

Hg), fp −21C. Pyrophoric,

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D 0.9351, fp

Derivation: Reaction of cadmium acetate with trie-

−38 to −39C, bp 215–216C, flash p 185F (85C).

thylaluminum.

Slightly soluble in alcohol and ether; soluble in

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, dangerous fire

water. Combustible.

hazard.

Derivation: By heating aniline hydrochloride with

See cadmium.

alcohol at 180C under pressure.

Use: TEL production, synthesis of ketones from acid

Grade: Technical.

chlorides.

Hazard: See aniline.

Use: Organic synthesis, dyestuff intermediate.

diethylcarbamazine citrate.

CAS: 1642-54-2. C

O•C

. (1-diethylcar-

diethylbarbituric acid. See barbital.

bamyl-4-methylpiperazine dihydrogen citrate).

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless or

diethylbenzene. slight odor. Mp 135–138C. Slightly hygroscopic;

CAS: 25340-17-4. (C

)

. very soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alcohol;

Grade: The commercial product is either a mixture practically insoluble in acetone, chloroform, and

of isomers or the p-isomer. ether.

Available forms: p-Isomer available in both pure Grade: USP.

and technical grades. Use: Medicine (anthelmintic).

417

sym

-DIETHYLDIPHENYLUREA

N,N’-diethylcarbanilide. See sym-diethyldi- 77F (25C). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of

hydrogen chloride.

phenylurea.

Derivation: Reaction of powdered silicon and ethyl

chloride at 300C, in presence of copper powder.

diethyl carbinol. See 3-pentanol.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Corrosive

1,1

′

-diethyl-4,4

′

-carbocyanine iodide. See

to tissue.

cryptocyanine.

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

diethyl carbonate. (ethyl carbonate).

diethyl (2-(diethoxymethylsilyl)ethyl)

CAS: 105-58-8. (C

)

phosphonate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. Stable, d

CAS: 18048-06-1. mf: C

PSi.

0.975 (20/4C), bp 125C, fp −43C, flash p 77F (25C)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

(OP). Miscible with alcohols, ketones, esters, aro-

moderate skin and severe eye irritant.

matic hydrocarbons, some aliphatic solvents; insol-

uble in water. Combustible.

O,O-diethyl-S,2-diethylaminoethyl

Derivation: The steps in its manufacture are (1) re-

phosphorothioate hydrogen oxalate.

acting chlorine and carbon monoxide to produce

See tetram.

phosgene (COCl

); (2) reacting phosgene with etha-

nol to make ethyl chlorocarbonate (ClCO

); and

diethyl diethylmalonate.

(3) reacting ethyl chlorocarbonate with anhydrous

)

C(COOC

)

ethanol to produce diethyl carbonate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet odor. D 0.984

Grade: Technical.

(25/25C).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Intermediate.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose ethers,

many synthetic and natural resins; organic synthe-

diethyldiiodostannane.

sis; adhering rare earths to cathodes.

CAS: 2767-55-7. mf: C

Sn.

Properties: Very sltly sol white crystals or white

diethyl chlorophosphate. (C

P(O)Cl.

needles. Mp: 44°, bp: 240−245° (decomp).

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 60C (2 mm Hg),

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

d 1.1915 (25C), refr index 1.4153 (25C). Soluble in

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

alcohols. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

diethyl 2,3-dimercaptosuccinate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

CAS: 17660-58-1. mf: C

absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

o,o-diethyl o-(4-(1-((((dimethylamino)

diethylcyclohexane. (C

)

carbonyl)oxy)imino)ethyl)phenyl)

Properties: Liquid. D 0.8037 (20/20C), bp 174C, fp

phosphorothioic acid ester.

−100C, insoluble in water, flash p 125F (51.6C)

CAS: 22942-43-4. mf: C

PS.

(OC), autoign temp 465F (240.5C). Combustible.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

N,N-diethylcyclohexylamine. C

N(C

)

diethyl 2,6-dimethyl-4(2-pyridyl)-1,4-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 194.5C. Soluble in

dihydro-3,5-pyridine-dicarboxylate.

ether and benzene; slightly soluble in water. Com-

CAS: 23125-28-2. mf: C

bustible.

Hazard: A poison.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

diethyldiphenyldichloroethane. See 1,1-di-

chloro-2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane.

diethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)2-chlorovinyl

phosphate. (C

PO•OC(C

):CHCl.

diethyl diselenide. See ethyl diselenide.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 167–170C (5 mm Hg). Insol-

uble in water; miscible with acetone, ethanol, kero-

sym-diethyldiphenylurea. (N,N

′

-diethylcar-

sene, and xylene.

banilide; ethyl centralite; carbamite).

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

)NCON(C

Use: Insecticide.

Properties: White crystalline, solid; peppery odor.

Mp 79C, bp 325–330C, d 1.12 (20C), flash p 302F

diethyldichlorosilane. (150C). Insoluble in water; soluble in organic sol-

CAS: 1719-53-5. (C

)

SiCl

. vents.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 130.4C, d 1.053 Use: Stabilizer for nitrocellulose-based smokeless

(25/25C), refr index 1.4309 (25C), flash p (COC) powder and in solid rocket propellants.

418DIETHYLENEDIAMINE

diethylenediamine. See piperazine. diethylene glycol diacetate. (diglycol ace-

tate). (CH

COOCH

)

1,4-diethylene dioxide. See 1,4-dioxane. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.1159, bp 250C, mp

19.1C, flash p 275F (135C), vap press 0.02 mm Hg.

Miscible with water. Combustible.

diethylene disulfide. See 1,4-dithiane.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Solvent for cellulose esters, printing inks, lac-

diethylene ether. See 1,4-dioxane.

quers.

diethylene glycol. (dihydroxydiethyl ether;

diethylene glycol dibenzoate.

diglycol; DEG).

COO(CH

)

O(CH

)

OOCC

CAS: 111-46-6. CH

OHCH

OCH

OH.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 225–227C (3 mm Hg), flash p

Properties: Colorless, syrupy liquid; practically

450F (232C). Combustible.

odorless; sweetish taste. Bp 245.0C, fp −80C, d

Use: Plasticizer.

1.1184 (20/20C), wt/gal 9.35 (15C), refr index 1.446

(25C), surface tension 48.5 dynes/cm (25C), viscos-

diethylene glycol dibutyl ether. (dibutyl

ity 0.30 cP (25C), vap press 0.01 mm Hg (30C), flash

“Carbitol”).

p 255F (123.9C), autoign temp 444F (228.9C). Ex-

CAS: 112-73-2. C

O(C

tremely hygroscopic. Noncorrosive. Lowers freez-

Properties: Almost colorless liquid. D 0.8853 (20/

ing point of water; miscible with water, ethanol,

20C), bulk d 7.36 lb/gal (20C), bp 256C, vap press

acetone, ether, ethylene glycol; immiscible with

0.02 mm Hg (20C), fp −60.2C, viscosity 2.39 cP

benzene, toluene, carbon tetrachloride.. Combus-

(20C), flash p 245F (118C). Slightly soluble in wa-

tible.

ter. Combustible.

Derivation: By-product of manufacture of ethylene

Use: High-boiling, inert solvent with application in

glycol.

extraction processes and in coatings and inks; dilu-

Grade: Technical.

ent in vinyl chloride dispersions; extractant for ura-

Hazard: Hazardous for household use in concentra-

nium ores.

tion of 10% or more (FDA).

Use: Production of polyurethane and unsaturated

diethylene glycol dicarbamate. See digly-

polyester resins, triethylene glycol; textile softener;

col carbamate.

petroleum solvent extraction; dehydration of natural

gas, plasticizers, and surfactants; solvent for nitro-

cellulose and many dyes and oils; humectant for

diethylene glycol diethyl ether. (diethyl

tobacco, casein, synthetic sponges, paper products;

“Carbitol”; ethyl diglyme).

cork compositions, bookbinding adhesives, dyeing

CAS: 112-36-7. C

O(C

assistant, cosmetics, antifreeze solutions.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Very stable. D 0.9082

(20/20C), bp 189C, flash p 180F (82.2C), wt/gal

diethylene glycol acetate. See diethylene 7.56 lb (20C), fp −44.3C. Soluble in hydrocarbons

glycol monoacetate. and water. Combustible.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, resins, lacquers;

high-boiling medium and solvent for organic syn-

diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate). (al-

thesis.

lyl diglycol carbonate).

CAS: 142-22-3. O[CH

OCOO(C

)]

Properties: Liquid. Fp −4C, bp 160C (4 mm Hg), d

diethylene glycol dimethyl ether. (di-

1.143 (20C), viscosity 9 cP (20C).

glyme; diglycol methyl ether).

Use: Monomer for allyl resins, particularly in optical-

(OCH

)

OCH

ly clear castings.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. Bp 162.0C,

fp −68.0C, d 0.9451 (20/20C), flash p 153F (67.2C),

diethylene glycol bis(n-butyl carbonate).

viscosity 1.089 cP (20C). Miscible with water and

See butyl diglycol carbonate.

hydrocarbons. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

diethylene glycol bis(chloroformate). See Use: Solvent, anhydrous reaction medium for or-

diglycol chloroformate. ganometallic synthesis.

diethylene glycol bis(cresyl carbonate).

diethylene glycol dinitrate. (DEGN; digly-

See cresyl diglycol carbonate.

col nitrate; dinitroglycol).

CAS: 693-21-0. (O

NOCH

)

diethylene glycol bis(2,2-dichloro-

Properties: Liquid. D 1.377 (25/4C), fp −11.3C, bp

propionate). A herbicide.

161C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol; soluble

See “Garlon.”

in ether.

Hazard: Severe explosion hazard when shocked or

diethylene glycol bis(phenyl carbonate). heated. Toxic by ingestion.

See phenyl diglycol carbonate. Use: Plasticizer in solid rocket propellants.

419 DIETHYLENE GLYCOL

diethylene glycol dipelargonate. tual solvent for mineral-oil–soap and mineral-

oil–sulfonated-oil mixtures; nonaqueous stains for

COOCH

)

O. A simple ester of pelar-

wood, for setting the twist and conditioning yarns

gonic acid. Acid number 2.0, bp 229C (5 mm Hg),

and cloth; textile printing, textile soaps, lacquers,

pour point 10F, viscosity (SUV at 110C) 36 sec,

organic synthesis; brake-fluid diluent.

flash p 410F (210C). Combustible.

Use: Secondary plasticizer for vinyl resins.

diethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate.

(“Carbitol” acetate).

diethylene glycol distearate. See diglycol

CAS: 112-15-2. CH

COOCH

OCH

stearate.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.0114 (20/20C), bp

217.4C, vap press 0.05 mm Hg (20C), flash p 230F

diethylene glycol ethyl ether acrylate.

(110C), wt/gal 8.4 lb (20C), coefficient of expansion

See ethylcarbitol acrylate.

0.00105, fp −25C, refr index 1.418 (30C), viscosity

0.0279 cP (20C). Soluble in water; miscible with

diethylene glycol isopropyl ether. See

most organic solvents. Combustible.

isopropyl carbitol.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Solvent for cellulose esters, gums, resins; coat-

diethylene glycol monoacetate. (diethylene

ings and lacquers; printing inks.

glycol acetate). HO(CH

)

(CH

)

OOCCH

. Misci-

ble with water and aromatic hydrocarbons. Solvent

diethylene glycol monohexyl ether. (n-

for nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, camphor, and

hexyl “Carbitol”).

rosin.

CAS: 112-59-4. C

OH.

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.9346 (20/20C),

diethylene glycol monobutyl ether. (butyl

7.8 lb/gal (20C), bp 259.1C, vap press <0.01 mm Hg

“Carbitol”). C

OCH

OH.

(20C), fp −33C, viscosity 8.6 cP (20C), flash p 285F

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint butyl odor. Bp

(140.5C). Combustible.

230.6C, d 0.9536 (20/20C), wt/gal 7.94 lb (20C),

Use: High-boiling solvent.

refr index 1.4316 (20C), viscosity 0.0649 cP (20C),

vap press 0.01 mm Hg (20C), specific heat 0.546 cal/

diethylene glycol monolaurate. See digly-

g K (20–25C), flash p 172F (77.7C), autoign temp

col laurate.

442F (227.7C), coefficient of expansion 0.00088

−1

to 20C, fp −68.1C. Soluble in oils and water.

diethylene glycol monomethyl ether. [(2-

Combustible.

␤-methyl “Carbitol”), methoxyethoxy ethanol].

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 111-77-3. CH

OCH

OH.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, oils, dyes, gums,

Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.4264

soaps, polymers; plasticizer intermediate.

(27C), d 1.0211 (20/4C), bp 194C, soluble in water,

flash p 200F (93.3C), wt/gal 8.51 lb (20C). Combus-

diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate.

tible.

(butyl “Carbitol” acetate).

Use: Solvent, brake-fluid component, intermediate.

CAS: 124-17-4. CH

CO(OC

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9810 (20/20C), bp

diethylene glycol monomethyl ether

246.7C, vap press <0.01 mm Hg (20C), flash p 240F

acetate. (methyl “Carbitol” acetate).

(115.5C), wt/gal 8.16 lb (20C), nitrocellu-

CAS: 629-38-9. CH

COOC

OCH

lose–xylene dilution ratio 1:8, coefficient of expan-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 209.1C, flash p

sion 0.0010 K

−1

(20C), fp −32.3C, viscosity 0.0356

180F (82.2C) (OC), d 1.04 (20/20C), vap press 0.12

cP (20C), autoign temp 570F (298.8C). Miscible

mm Hg (20C). Combustible.

with most organic liquids. Combustible.

Use: Solvent.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Solvent for oils, resins, gums, also for cellulose

diethylene glycol monooleate. See diglycol

nitrate and polymeric coatings; plasticizer in lac-

oleate.

quers and coatings.

diethylene glycol monoricinoleate. See di-

diethylene glycol monoethyl ether. (“Car-

glycol ricinoleate.

bitol” solvent).

CAS: 111-90-0. CH

OHCH

OCH

diethylene glycol monostearate. See digly-

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; mild,

col monostearate.

pleasant odor; slightly viscous; stable. Bp

195–202C, d 1.0272 (20/20C), refr index 1.425

diethylene glycol phthalate. See diglycol

(25C), flash p 205F (96.1C), wt/gal 8.55 lb (20C).

phthalate.

Miscible with water and the common organic sol-

vents. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

diethylene glycol stearate. See diglycol

Use: Solvent for dyes, nitrocellulose, and resins; mu- stearate.

420DIETHYLENE OXIDE

diethylene oxide. See 1,4-dioxane. diethyl ethylphosphonate.

P(O)(OC

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. D 1.025 (20/

diethylenetriamine.

4C), bp 82–83C (11 mm Hg), flash p 220F (104.4C)

CAS: 111-40-0. NH

NHC

(COC). Stable; miscible with most common organic

Properties: Yellow liquid; ammoniacal odor. Bp

solvents; slightly soluble in water; soluble in alco-

206.7C, fp −39C, d 0.9542 (20/20C), vap press 0.37

hol. Combustible.

mm Hg (20C), flash p 215F (101.6C), wt/gal 7.9 lb

Use: Heavy-metal extraction and solvent separation,

(20C), viscosity 0.0714 cP (20C), coefficient of ex-

gasoline additives, antifoam agent, plasticizer, tex-

pansion 0.00088 K

−1

. Strongly alkaline, hygroscop-

tile conditioner and antistatic agent.

ic, somewhat viscous; soluble in water and hydro-

carbons. Corrosive to copper and its alloys.

o,o-diethyl s-(2-(ethylthio)-6-methyl-4-

Grade: Technical.

pyrimidinyl) phosphorodithioate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

CAS: 32522-68-2. mf: C

absorption. Strong irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 1

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ppm.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Solvent for sulfur, acid gases, various resins,

dyes; saponification agent for acidic materials; fuel

1,1

′

-diethyl ferrocenoate. (1,1

′

-ferrocene di-

component.

carboxylic acid diethyl ester).

See hydyne.

OOCC

)

Fe.

Properties: Orange crystals. Mp 38–40C.

diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid.

Use: Intermediate, high-temperature plasticizer.

CAS: 67-43-6.

HOOCCH

N[CH

N(CH

COOH)

]

diethylgermanium dichloride.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 230C (de-

)

GeCl

composes). Slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −38C, bp 175C.

hot water.

Decomposed by water.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Biocide, intermediate.

Use: Chelating agent.

diethylglycol phthalate. (diethoxyethyl

N,N-diethylethanolamine. See diethylami-

phthalate). (C

OCH

OOC)

noethanol.

Properties: Water-white to pale-straw liquid. D

1.115–1.120 (20/20C), wt/gal 9.31 lb, flash p 343F

diethyl ether. See ethyl ether.

(172C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer.

diethyl ethoxymethylenemalonate.

di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate. (DOA; dioctyl ad-

OCH:C(COOC

)

ipate).

Properties: Liquid. D 1.0855 (15/15C), refr index

CAS: 103-23-1.

1.4625 (20C), bp 279–281C (decomposes), flash p

[CH

COOCH

CH(C

]

190F (87.7C). Insoluble in water.

Properties: Light-colored, oily liquid. D 0.9268 (20/

Grade: 98% (min purity). Combustible.

20C), refr index 1.4472, flash p 385F (196C), pour

Use: Synthesis.

point −75C, bp 417C (214C at 5 mm Hg), vap press

2.60 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 13.7 cP (20C), wt/gal

uns-diethylethylene. See 2-ethyl-1-butene.

7.7 lb (20C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: 99% min.

N,N-diethylethylenediamine.

Use: Plasticizer, commonly blended with general

CAS: 100-36-7. (C

)

purpose plasticizers such as DOP and DIOP; in

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 145.2C, sets to a

processing polyvinyl and other polymers; solvent;

glass below −100C, d 0.8211 (20/20C), wt/gal 6.8 lb

aircraft lubricants.

(20C), flash p 115F (46.1C) (OC). Miscible with

water. Combustible.

di(2-ethylhexyl)amine. (dioctylamine).

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Moderately toxic.

CAS: 20830-75-5. [C

CH(C

)CH

]

NH.

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: Water-white liquid; slightly ammoniacal

odor. D 0.8062 (20/20C), 6.7 lb/gal (20C), bp

p,p

′

-(1,2-diethylethylene)diphenol. See

281.1C, vap press 0.01 mm Hg (20C), viscosity 3.70

hexestrol.

cP (20C), refr index 1.4420 (20C), flash p 270F

(132C). High solubility in hydrocarbons; low solu-

diethyl ethylmalonate. C

CH(COOC

)

. bility in water. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid; ester odor. D 0.9994 Hazard: Moderately toxic.

(25/25C). Combustible. Use: Synthesis of dyestuffs, insecticides, emulsify-

Use: Intermediate. ing agents, etc.

421 DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SEBACATE

di(2-ethylhexyl)aminoethanol. See di(2-eth- di(2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate.

ylhexyl)ethanolamine.

(bis(2-ethylhexyl) hydrogen phosphate).

)

HPO

Properties: Solid. D 0.972 (20/4C), flash p 340F

di(2-ethylhexyl) azelate. (DOZ; dioctyl aze-

(171C) (COC). Insoluble in water.

late). (CH

)

[COOCH

CH(C

]

Use: Heavy-metal extraction.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless. D 0.919 (20/

20C), refr index 1.4472, bp 376C, flash p 430F

di(2-ethylhexyl) isophthalate. (dioctyl

(221C). Combustible.

isophthalate). C

[COOCH

CH(C

]

Grade: 99% pure.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 258C (10 mm Hg), d

Use: Plasticizer for vinyls, especially used as low-

0.984 (20/20C), 8.2 lb/gal, pour point −46C, viscosi-

temperature plasticizer; base for synthetic lubri-

ty 86.5 cP (20C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

cants.

Use: Plasticizer.

di(2-ethylhexyl)ethanolamine. (di(2-ethyl-

di(2-ethylhexyl) maleate. (dioctyl maleate;

hexyl)aminoethanol; dioctylaminoethanol).

DOM).

CH(C

)CH

]

N(CH

)

OH.

CAS: 142-16-5. C

OOCCH:CHCOOC

Properties: Colorless liquid. Wt/gal 7.2 lb, flash p

Properties: Liquid. Bp 209C (10 mm Hg), fp sets to

280F (137C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

glass below −60C, d 0.9436 (20/20C), wt/gal 7.9 lb

Use: Emulsifier, acid-stable wetting agent.

(20C), flash p 365F (185C) (OC). Insoluble in water.

Combustible.

Use: Copolymers, intermediate.

di(2-ethylhexyl) ether.

CAS: 10143-60-9. [C

CH(C

)CH

]

Properties: Colorless, stable liquid; mild odor. D

di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite. (bis(2-ethylhex-

0.8121 (20/20C), 6.6 lb/gal (20C), bp 269.4C, vap

yl) phosphite). (C

PHO.

press less than 0.01 mm Hg (20C), sets to glass

Properties: Mobile, colorless liquid; mild odor.

below −95C, viscosity 2.89 cP (20C), refr index

High degree of thermal stability. D 0.937 (20/4C),

1.4525 (20C). Almost insoluble in water. Combus-

bp 163–164C (3 mm Hg), refr index 1.444 (25C),

tible.

flash p 330F (165C). Insoluble in water (hydrolyzes

Use: High-boiling, inert reaction medium; compo-

very slowly); miscible with most common organic

nent of certain foam breakers.

solvents. Combustible.

Use: Lubricant additive, intermediate, adhesive.

di(2-ethylhexyl)-2-ethylhexyl phosphonate.

di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid. (di-n-oc-

(bis(2-ethylhexyl)-2-ethylhexyl phosphonate).

tyl phosphoric acid; di[2-ethylhexyl] hydrogen

PO(OC

)

phosphate).

Properties: Colorless liquid; mold odor. D 0.908

CAS: 298-07-7. [C

CH(C

)CH

]

HPO

(20/4C), bp 160–161C (0.26 mm Hg), flash p 420F

Properties: Strongly acidic liquid. D 0.973 (25/

(215C). Insoluble in water; miscible with most com-

25C), fp −60C, refr index 1.4420 (25C), flash p 385F

mon organic solvents. Combustible.

(196C), wt/gal 8.2 lb. Insoluble in water; soluble in

Use: Heavy-metal extraction, solvent separation,

organic solvents. Combustible.

gasoline additive, antifoam agent, plasticizer, stabi-

Use: Metal extraction and separation, intermediate

lizer, textile conditioner and antistatic agent.

for wetting agents and detergents.

di(2-ethylhexyl) fumarate. (dioctyl fuma-

di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. (di-sec-octyl

rate; DOF).

phthalate; dioctyl phthalate; DOP).

CAS: 141-02-6. C

OOCCH:CHCOOC

CAS: 117-81-7. C

[COOCH

CH(C

]

Properties: Clear, mobile liquid. D 0.937–0.940 (25/

Properties: Light-colored, odorless liquid. D 0.9861

25C), bp 211–220C, flash p 365F (185C). Combus-

(20/20C), pour p −46C, refr index 1.4836, flash p

tible.

425F (218C), 8.20 lb/gal (20C), bp 231C (5 mm Hg)

Use: Monomer for polymerization and copolymer-

vap press 1.32 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 81.4 cP

ization.

(20C). Insoluble in water; miscible with mineral oil.

Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of 2-ethylhexanol and phthalic

di(2-ethylhexyl) hexahydrophthalate. (di-

anhydride.

octyl hexahydrophthalate).

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

[COOCH

CH(C

]

Use: Plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 0.9586 (20/

20C), 8.0 lb/gal (20C), bp 216C (5 mm Hg), vap

press 2.2 mm Hg (200C), viscosity 42.1 cP (20C),

di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate. (dioctyl seba-

flash p 425F (218C). Insoluble in water. Combus- cate).

tible. CAS: 122-62-3. C

(COOC

)

Use: Plasticizer. Properties: Pale straw-colored liquid. D 0.91 (25C),

422DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SODIUM

refr index 1.447 (28C), bp 248C (4 mm Hg), fp Readily soluble in alcohol, diethyl ether, paraffinic

−55C, flash p 410F (210C) (COC). Insoluble in hydrocarbons, and common organic solvents; solu-

water; partially compatible with cellulose acetate ble in water; readily hydrolyzed by alkaline solu-

tions. Combustible.

and cellulose acetate butyrate; compatible with eth-

Derivation: Reaction of maleic anhydride with etha-

yl cellulose, polystyrene, polyethylene, vinyl chlo-

nol in the presence of a catalyst.

ride, and vinyl chloride acetate. Combustible.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Plasticizer.

Use: Organic synthesis, flavoring.

di(2-ethylhexyl) sodium sulfosuccinate.

See dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate.

diethyl malonate. See ethyl malonate.

di(2-ethylhexyl) succinate. (dioctyl succi-

diethylmalonylurea. See barbital.

nate). C

OCOCH

COOC

Properties: Liquid. Bp 257C (50 mm Hg), fp sets to

o,o-diethyl s-((5-methoxy-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-

glass below −60C, d 0.9346 (20/20C), wt/gal 7.8 lb

yl)methyl) phosphorothioate.

(20C), flash p 315F (157C) (OC), vap press <0.01

CAS: 38090-84-5. mf: C

mm Hg (20C). Solubility in water <0.01% by wt

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(20C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer, intermediate.

o,o-diethyl o-(4-(1-((((methylamino)

carbonyl)oxy)imino)ethyl)phenyl)

di-2-ethylhexyltin dichloride.

phosphorothioic acid ester.

CAS: 25430-97-1. mf: C

Sn.

CAS: 22941-83-9. mf: C

PS.

Properties: Crystals.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Use: Agricultural chemical.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

diethyl(1-methylbutyl) malonate.

diethylhydroxylamine.

CH(CH

)]CH(COOC

)

CAS: 3710-84-7. (C

)

NOH.

Properties: Colorless liquid; ester odor. D 0.969 (25/

Properties: Liquid. Refr index 1.4238 (20C). Com-

25C).

bustible.

Use: Intermediate, organic synthesis.

Grade: 85%.

Use: Photographic developer, antioxidant, corrosion

o,o-diethyl o-(4-(1-(((((1-methylethyl)

inhibitor.

amino)carbonyl)oxy)imino)ethyl) phenyl)

phosphorothioic acid ester.

diethyl isoamylethylmalonate.

CAS: 22936-17-0. mf: C

PS.

)(C

)C(COOC

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet odor. D 0.950

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(25/25C). Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

diethylmethylmethane. See 3-methylpen-

diethyl ketone. (metacetone; propione; 3-pen-

tane.

tanone; ethyl propionyl).

CAS: 96-22-0. C

COC

O,O-diethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; acetone-like

phosphorothioate. See parathion.

odor. Autoign temp 846F (452C), bp 101C, d 0.816,

fp −42C, flash p 55F (12.78C) (OC). Soluble in

n,n-diethyl-n-(1,2,3,4,4a,5,10,10a-octahydro-

alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

6-hydroxy-1-propylbenzo(g)qui nolin-3-

Derivation: By distilling sugar with an excess of

yl)-sulfamide, (3-␣,4a-␣,10a-␤)-(+−)-.

lime.

CAS: 87056-78-8. mf: C

Method of purification: Rectification.

Hazard: Human systemic effects reported. A repro-

Grade: Technical.

ductive hazard.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire hazard. TLV:

200 ppm.

diethyl oxalate. See ethyl oxalate.

Use: Medicine, organic synthesis.

diethyl oxide. See ethyl ether.

diethyl maleate.

CAS: 141-05-9. C

OOCCH:CHCOOC

di(p-ethylphenyl)dichloroethane. See 1,1-

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.0687, bulk d

dichloro-2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane.

8.92 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4400 (20C), bp 225C,

fp approximately −115C, viscosity 3.567 cP (20C),

flash p 200F (93.3C) (COC), dielectric constant 2.18

N,N-diethyl-p-phenylenediamine. See p-

(calc) (25C), surface tension 3.70 dynes/cm (20C). aminodiethylaniline.

423 DIETHYLSTILBESTROL

diethyl phenyltin acetate. irritant to eyes and mucous membranes, narcotic.

CAS: 64036-46-0. mf: C

Sn. TLV: 5 mg/m

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/ Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate,

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin). plasticizer, wetting agent, insecticidal sprays, cam-

phor substitute, plastics, perfumery as fixative and

solvent, alcohol denaturant, mosquito repellents,

diethylphosphinic acid anhydride with

plasticizer in solid rocket propellants.

diethyl phosphorothionate.

CAS: 7506-77-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

2,2-diethyl-1,3-propanediol.

HOCH

C(C

)

OH.

diethyl phosphite.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 61.3C, bp 160C (50

CAS: 762-04-9. (C

HPO.

mm Hg), d 0.949 (at melting point), wt/gal 8.2 lb

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 138C, d 1.069

(60C), flash p 215C (101.6C) (OC). Soluble in wa-

(25C), refr index 1.4061 (25C), flash p 195F (90.5C)

ter. Combustible.

(COC). Soluble in water and common organic sol-

Grade: Technical, pharmaceutical.

vents. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Paint solvent, lubricant additive, antioxidant,

Use: Emulsifying agent, intermediate, medicine.

reducing agent, intermediate for flame-retardants

and insecticides, phosphorylating agent.

diethyl s-propyl phosphorothiolate. See

ethyl propyl phosphorothioate.

O,O-diethyl phosphorochloridothioate.

(ethyl PCT).

CAS: 2524-04-1. (C

O)P(S)Cl.

O,O-diethyl-O-2-pyrazinyl

Properties: Colorless to light-amber liquid. D 1.196

phosphorothioate. See thionazin.

(25/25C), fp less than −75C, bp 49C (below 1 mm

Hg), refr index 1.4705 (25C). Insoluble in water;

soluble in most organic solvents. Stable at room

diethylpyrocarbonate. (DEPC).

temperature, slowly isomerizes at 100C.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, irritant to eyes and

lungs.

Use: Intermediate for pesticides, oil and gasoline

additives, flame retardants, flotation agents.

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet esterlike odor.

Refr index 1.395–1.398 (25C). Miscible with etha-

4-(o-(o,o-diethylphosphorothioyl))benzal-

nol and methanol.

doximino-n-butylcarbamate.

Grade: FCC.

CAS: 22942-02-5. mf: C

PS.

Hazard: Toxic. Use in food products prohibited

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(FDA); irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Fermentation inhibitor.

4-(o-(o,o-diethylphosphorothioyl))benzal-

doximino-n-morpholinylcarbamate.

diethylstannium diiodide. See diethyldiio-

CAS: 22935-72-4. mf: C

PS.

dostannane.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

diethylstilbestrol. (stilbestrol; DES; 3,4-

diethyl phthalate. (ethyl phthalate; DEP). bis(p-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hexene).

CAS: 84-66-2. C

(CO

)

. CAS: 56-53-1. A nonsteroid, synthetic estrogen,

Properties: Water-white, stable liquid; odorless; bit- always in the trans form. It is the most active of the

ter taste. Fp −40.5C, refr index 1.5002 (25C), sur- commonly used stilbene compounds.

face tension 37.5 dynes/cm (20C), viscosity 31.3 Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. Mp

centistokes (OC), vap press 14 mm Hg (163C), 30 169–172C. Almost insoluble in water; soluble in

mm Hg (182C), 734 mm Hg (295C), bp 298C, flash alcohol, chloroform, ether, fatty oils, and dilute al-

p 325F (162.7C) (OC), wt/gal approximately 9.31 lb kali hydroxide.

(20C), d 1.120 (25/25C). Miscible with alcohols, Derivation: From anethole hydrobromide, from ani-

ketones, esters, aromatic hydrocarbons; partly mis- sole, from anisoin.

cible with aliphatic solvents; insoluble in water. Grade: USP.

Combustible. Hazard: A carcinogen. Under USDA regulations, no

Derivation: By reacting phthalic anhydride with eth- residues are permitted in tissues of slaughtered ani-

anol followed by careful purification. mals; not permitted in cattle feeds (FDA).

Grade: Technical. Use: Biochemical research, medicine (prevents spon-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong taneous abortion), veterinary medicine.

424DIETHYL SUCCINATE

diethyltin chloride. See dichlorodihexylstan-

nane.

diethyltin di(10-camphorsulfonate).

CAS: 73940-85-9. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

diethyltin dicaprylate. See diethyl-

bis(octanoyloxy)stannane.

diethyltin diiodide. See di-2-ethylhexyltin

dichloride.

diethyl succinate.

CAS: 123-25-1. (−CH

COOC

)

diethyltin dioctanoate. See diethyl-

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint pleasant odor. Bp

bis(octanoyloxy)stannane.

216.2C, fp −21C, d 1.0418 (20/20C), wt/gal 8.7 lb

(20C), refr index 1.4201 (20C), flash p 230F (OC)

N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide. (deet).

(110C). Miscible with alcohol and ether; slightly

CAS: 134-62-3. CH

CON(C

)

soluble in water, Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild bland odor. Bp

Use: Plasticizer, intermediate, flavoring.

160C (19 mm Hg), d 0.996–1.002 (25/25C), refr

index 1.5200–1.5235 (25C). Soluble in water, alco-

diethyl sulfate. (ethyl sulfate).

hol, ether, and benzene. Combustible.

CAS: 64-67-5. (C

)

Grade: USP.

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint ethereal odor; irri-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to eyes and mu-

tating aftereffects. D 1.1803, bp 208C (decom-

cous membranes.

poses), vap press 0.19 mm Hg (20C), flash p 220F

Use: Insect repellents, resin solvent, film formers.

(104.4C), autoign temp 817F (436C), wt/gal 9.8 lb

(20C), fp −24.4C, viscosity 1.79 cP (20C). Noncor-

N,N-diethyl-m-toluidine. CH

N(C

)

rosive. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

Properties: Light-amber oil. Bp 231C, refr index

water. Combustible.

(20C) 1.5361.

Derivation: Action of fuming sulfuric acid on eth-

Hazard: See toluidine.

anol.

Use: Dye intermediate.

Method of purification: Rectification in vacuo.

Grade: Technical.

N,N-diethyl-o-toluidine. (1-diethylamino-2-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

methylbenzene). CH

N(C

)

irritant.

Properties: Prisms from water. Mp 72.3C, bp 209C.

Use: Ethylating agent in organic synthesis.

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: From o-toluidine.

diethyl sulfide. See ethyl sulfide.

Hazard: See toluidine.

Use: Dye intermediate.

See “DEET” [Reilly].

diethyl tartrate. C

)

Properties: Colorless, thick, oily liquid. Bp 280C,

O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl

mp 17C, D 1.204 (20/4C). Soluble in water and

phosphorothioate. Cl

NHOP(S)(OC

)

alcohol. Combustible.

Properties: Solid. Mp 41.5–43C. Soluble in acetone,

Use: Plasticizer for automobile lacquers; solvent for

benzene, ether; almost insoluble in water.

nitrocellulose, gums, and resins.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

Use: Insecticide.

o,o-diethyl o-tetrahydrofurfuryl ester

phosphorothioic acid.

3,9-diethyl-6-tridecanol. (heptadecanol).

CAS: 3513-92-6. mf: C

PS.

CH(C

CH(OH)C

CH(C

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: White solid. D 0.8475, bp 309C, flash p

Use: Agricultural chemical.

310F (154C) (OC), refr index 1.4531 (20C). Insolu-

ble in water. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for synthetic lubricants, defoam-

1,3-diethylthiourea.

ers, and surfactants.

CAS: 105-55-5. C

NHCSNHC

Properties: Buff solid. Mp 68–71C. Slightly soluble

in water; soluble in methanol, ether, acetone, ben-

1,1-diethylurea. NH

CON(C

)

. White solid;

zene, and ethyl acetate; insoluble in gasoline. mp 75C; soluble in water, alcohol, and benzene.

Use: Inhibitor of corrosion in metal pickling solu- When copolymerized with simple urea by the use of

tions; accelerator; activator in elastomers. formaldehyde, it yields modified resins that differ in

425 DIFFUSION, GASEOUS

nature from those made from monosubstituted pear almost identical by the X-ray method. More

accurate determination of the bond lengths of light

ureas. These resins tend to be permanently thermo-

atoms and distribution of molecular bonding elec-

plastic.

trons is also possible. Details of molecular structure

that can only be inferred by other techniques can

diethylzinc. (ethylzinc; zinc ethyl; zinc die-

often be observed directly by neutron diffraction.

thyl).

Investigations using this method include hydrogen

CAS: 557-20-0. Zn(C

)

. The first known organo-

bonding, so-called metal cluster compounds

metallic compound.

(C−H−M relationships), and electronic charge dis-

Properties: Colorless, pyrophoric liquid. D 1.207

tributions.

(20C), fp −28C, bp 118C. Soluble in most hydro-

carbons.

diffraction, X-ray. A method of spectroscopic

Derivation: Action of ethyl iodide on zinc and sodi-

analysis involving the reflection or scattering of x-

um-zinc, or by interaction of zinc chloride with

radiation by the atoms of a substance (lattice) as the

triethyl aluminum.

rays pass through it. The rays are reflected by the

Grade: Technical.

atoms at an angle that is characteristic of the sub-

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously on contact with air,

stance, yielding a spectrum that indicates its atomic

dangerous fire hazard, decomposes violently in

or molecular structure. The spectra thus obtained are

water.

well defined and specific; from them the properties

Use: Organic synthesis, catalyst for polymerization

of elements and the structure of both crystalline and

of olefins, high-energy aircraft and missile fuel,

amorphous materials can be obtained. For example,

production of ethyl mercuric chloride.

unvulcanized rubber gives an amorphous pattern,

while vulcanized rubber is crystalline; the cellulose

differential centrifugation. Separation of cell

macromolecule has alternating crystalline and

organelles or other particles of different density by

amorphous areas. X-ray diffraction was one of the

their different rates of sedimentation in a centrifugal

earliest and most successful methods of instrumen-

field.

tal analysis; developed by Bragg and van Laue early

in this century, it was used with dramatic effect by

differential gravimetric analysis. (DGA).

Moseley (1912) in establishing the location of sever-

A variation of differential thermal analysis in which

al elements in the periodic system.

additional information is obtained by determining

See lattice; crystal; x-radiation.

the rate of change in weight during the heating

process.

diffusion. The spontaneous mixing of one sub-

stance with another when in contact or separated by

differential scanning calorimetry. (DSC).

a permeable membrane or microporous barrier. The

Determines the electrical energy input rate neces-

rate of diffusion is proportional to the concentration

sary to establish zero temperature difference be-

of the substances and increases with temperature.

tween a substance and a reference material against

Diffusion occurs most readily in gases, less so in

either time or temperature as they both are subjected

liquids, and least in solids. The theoretical principles

to a controlled temperature change.

are stated in Fick’s laws. In gases, diffusion takes

place counter to gravity, and the rate at which differ-

differential thermal analysis. (DTA). The

ent gases diffuse into a particular gas (e.g., air) is

method of precisely measuring the temperature and

inversely proportional to the square root of the den-

the rate of temperature change as heat is added to or

sity. For example, carbon dioxide and chlorine va-

abstracted from a sample of material that is in a

por will diffuse in air until a uniform mixture results.

controlled constant environment. The method deter-

Diffusion occurs in the cell walls of plants and ani-

mines whether the sample is a pure substance or a

mals (osmosis). Many substances diffuse through a

mixture and yields information about its composi-

parchment membrane.

tion and thermal properties.

See dialysis; diffusion, gaseous; osmosis.

differentiation. Specialization of cell structure

diffusion current. Limiting current reached by

and function during embryonic growth and develop-

electrolytic migration of ions, in a solution, under

ment.

the application of a potential difference to the elec-

trodes.

diffraction, neutron. An analytical technique

analogous to X-ray diffraction, in which an incident

beam of neutrons is scattered by the atoms of a

diffusion, gaseous. A technique used for sepa-

crystal. Because elements that are close to each other rating the light isotope of uranium (

235

U) from the

in the periodic table differ considerably in their heavy isotope (

238

U). The uranium is allowed to

neutron-scattering ability, neutron diffraction is ca- diffuse through a series of microporous barriers

pable of distinguishing between them. For example, whose apertures are of molecular dimensions, in the

carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms can be readily form of the gas uranium hexafluoride; this is a mix of

identified by neutron diffraction whereas they ap-

238

and

235

in a ratio code of 140:1. Because of

426DIFFUSION LAYER

the vastly greater number of the heavier molecules Properties: White crystals. Bp: decomp @ <360°.

and the extremely small difference in their masses, Sol in water.

the mix must pass through a barrier a great many Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

times to obtain a high concentration of the 235 iso- mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tope. Assuming that the diffusion rate of two gases

through a porous barrier is inversely proportional to

difluorodiphenyltrichloroethane. See

the square root of their molecular weights, the ideal DFDT.

separation factor is the square root of the product M

times M

, where M

is the molecular weight of

238

1,1-difluoroethane. (ethylidene fluoride).

and M

that of

235

. This method is still in use for

CAS: 75-37-6. CH

CHF

uranium enrichment for nuclear fuel.

Properties: Colorless, gas; odorless. Bp −24.7C, fp

−117C, d 1.004 (−25C), refr index 1.255 (20C).

Insoluble in water.

diffusion layer. The liquid layer around an elec-

Derivation: By adding hydrogen fluoride to acety-

trode, within which the electrolyte concentration

lene.

changes.

Grade: Technical, 98%.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Flammable

diffusion length. A property of materials used

limits in air 3.7–18%. Narcotic in high concentra-

in reactors for moderators or reflectors. It is a mea-

tion.

sure of the distance a thermal neutron diffuses after

Use: Intermediate.

it is thermalized until it is captured. It is related to the

density of the material and to the scattering and

1,1-difluoroethylene. (Air) Legal label name

absorption cross sections.

for vinylidene fluoride.

diflufenzopyr. See 2-(1-((((3,5-difluorophe-

difluoromethane. CH

nyl)amino)carbonyl)hydrazono)ethyl).

Properties: Gas. Bp −51.6C. Soluble in alcohol; in-

soluble in water. High thermal stability.

diflubenzuron. (N-((4-chlorophe-

Use: Refrigeration, organic synthesis.

nyl)aminocarbonyl)-2,6-difluorobenzamide; 1-(4-

chlorophenyl)-3-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl)urea).

difluoromonochloroethane. Legal label name

CAS: 35367-38-5.

for 1,1,1-chlorodifluoroethane.

Use: Insecticide.

difluoromonochloromethane. See chlorodi-

difluophosphoric acid. See difluorophos-

fluoromethane.

phoric acid.

2-(1-((((3,5-difluorophenyl)amino)carbonyl)

2,4-difluoroaniline. C

hydrazono)ethyl)-3-pyridinecarboxylic

Properties: Liquid. Bp 170C (753 mm Hg), fp

acid, 98.1%.

−7.5C, density 10.7 lb/gal, flash p 158F (70C).

CAS: 109293-97-2. mf: C

Use: Organic synthesis.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

1,1,1-difluorochlorethane. See 1,1,1-chloro-

difluoroethane.

difluorophosphoric acid. (difluophosphoric

acid). HPO

difluorochloromethane. See chlorodifluoro-

Properties: Mobile, strongly fuming, colorless liq-

methane.

uid. D 1.583 (25/4C), fp −75C, bp 116C. Corrosive

to glass and fabric. Noncombustible.

difluorodiazine. FN:NF.

Hazard: When heated, corrosive to tissue.

Properties: Gas. Can exist as cis and trans isomers.

Use: Chemical polishing agent, protective coatings

Grade: All trans isomer, 95–99.8%.

for metal surfaces, catalyst.

Hazard: See fluorine.

Use: trans form: preparation of ionic fluorine com-

difluron.

pounds; cis form: polymerization initiator.

CAS: 35367-38-5. C

ClF

Properties: Solid. Mp 239C. Sparingly soluble in

difluorodibromomethane. See dibromodi-

water.

fluoromethane.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Larvicide.

difluorodichloromethane. See dichlorodi-

fluoromethane.

“Difolatan.” See cis-n-[1,1,2,2-tetrachloroe-

thyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide.

difluorodimethylstannane.

CAS: 3582-17-0. mf: C

Sn. difurylmethane. See 2-(2-furfuryl)furan.

427 DIGLYCOL LAURATE

digester. A cylindrical metal vessel, used chiefly diglycerol. See polyglycerol.

in the preparation of wood pulp for papermaking, in

which lignin is separated from cellulose by chemical

diglycidyl ether. (DGE; di(2,3-epoxypropyl)

means. It operates at approximately 150 psi and

ether).

170C. The wood is fed to the digester in the form of

CAS: 2238-07-5. C

chips, and cooking liquor is added. Standard digest-

Properties: A colorless liquid; strong, irritating

ers are 12 ft in diameter and 45 ft high, with a wall

odor. Mw 130.14, d 1.262 (25C), bp 260C, vap d

thickness of 2 inches. These hold about 20 cords of

3.78 (25C), vap press 0.09 mm Hg.

wood, and some are even larger. The cooking cycle

Hazard: A suspected carcinogen. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

varies from 2.5 hr for board stock to 5 hr for

Severe eye and respiratory tract irritant.

bleached paper. Heat supply is by circulating steam

Use: Intermediate.

and heat exchanger, though some types have direct

steam injection. Digesters are designed for both

1,3-diglycidyloxybenzene. See resorcinol di-

batch and continuous operation. They are also used

glycidyl ether.

in reclaiming fabricated rubber products (tires, boot,

and shoe, etc.).

diglycoaldehyde. See inosine dialdehyde.

See pulp, paper; digestion (2).

diglycol. See diethylene glycol.

digestion. (1) The physiological processes in-

volved in the assimilation of nutrients from ingested

diglycol acetate. See diethylene glycol diace-

foods by the animal organism. Hydrochloric acid in

tate.

the gastric juice plays a prominent part, aided by the

saliva which initiates carbohydrate breakdown, and

diglycol carbamate. (diethylene glycol di-

bile and pancreatic secretions in the intestine. Nu-

carbamate). O(CH

OCONH

)

merous types of enzymes catalyze these processes.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Relatively sta-

(2) In chemical engineering, the term refers to sever-

ble to acid hydrolysis, but less stable to basic condi-

al processes: (a) the preferential dissolution of cer-

tions.

tain mineral constituents in some ore concentrates,

Use: Manufacture of resins.

(b) the liquefaction of organic waste materials by

microbiological action as in activated sludge, (c) the

diglycol chloroformate. [diethylene glycol

removal of lignin from wood by hot chemical solu-

bis(chloroformate)]. O(CH

OCOCl)

tions in the manufacture of chemical cellulose and

Properties: Liquid. Bp 125–127C (5 mm Hg), flash p

paper pulp, (d) the separation of fabric from scrap

295F (146C). Soluble in acetone, alcohol, ether,

tires by hot sodium hydroxide solution in the re-

chloroform, and benzene. Combustible.

claiming of rubber. The equipment for (c) and (d) is

Use: Preparation of nonvolatile plasticizers or modi-

called a digester.

fying agent.

See metabolism; nutrition.

diglycol chlorohydrin.

digitalis. A drug obtained from dried leaves of the

CAS: 628-89-7. ClCH

OCH

OH.

purple foxglove, native to southern Europe but

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.1698, bp 196.8C,

grown in the U.S. Used in treatment of cardiac dis-

flash p 225F (107C), vap press 0.17 mm Hg. Misci-

eases, both human and animal. Allergic reactions are

ble with water. Combustible.

infrequent. Contains both digitonin and digitoxin.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation; an irri-

Hazard: An overdose can be fatal.

tant.

digitonin.

diglycolic acid. O(CH

COOH)

CAS: 11024-24-1. C

. A saponin derived

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 148C. Solu-

from digitalis seeds.

ble in water and alcohol; pH of 10% aqueous solu-

Use: Determination of cholesterol (an insoluble addi-

tion 1.4. Forms a nonhygroscopic monohydrate at

tion compound is formed), analytical reagent.

relative humidities above 72% at 25C.

Use: Manufacture of resins and placticizers, organic

synthesis, sequestering agent, emulsion breaker in

digitoxin.

petroleum.

CAS: 71-63-6. C

. Most active glycoside of

Digitalis purpurea.

diglycolic acid, diallyl ester.

Properties: White, leaflets or powder; odorless; bit-

CAS: 5441-63-4. mf: C

ter taste. Mp 255–256C. Slightly soluble in water or

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

ether; soluble in alcohol.

skin contact.

Derivation: From digitalis leaves, usually Digitalis

Use: Agricultural chemical.

purpurea (foxglove).

Grade: USP.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; overdose can be fatal.

diglycol laurate. (diethylene glycol monolau-

Use: Medicine (cardiac treatment). rate). C

COOC

OH.

428DIGLYCOL METHYL ETHER

Properties: Light-straw-colored, oily liquid; practi- water; soluble in hot alcohol, oils, and hydrocar-

cally odorless. Edible. D 0.96, flash p 290F (143C). bons. Combustible.

Insoluble in water; soluble in methanol, ethanol, Derivation: Stearic acid ester of diethylene glycol.

toluene, naphtha, and mineral oil; miscible in certain Grade: Technical, cosmetic.

proportions with cottonseed oil, acetone, and ethyl Use: Emulsifying agent for oils, solvents, and waxes;

acetate. Combustible. lubricating agent for paper and cardboard; suspend-

Derivation: Lauric acid ester of diethylene glycol. ing medium for powders in the manufacture of pol-

Use: Emulsifying agent for oils and hydrocarbon

ishes, cleaners, and textile delusterants; temporary

solvents; emulsions for lubrication, sizing and fin-

binder for abrasive powders and clays for ceramic

ishing of textiles, paper, and leather; fluid emulsions

insulation; protective coating for hygroscopic pow-

of oils for hand lotions, hair dressings, etc.; cutting

ders; thickening agent; pharmaceuticals.

and spraying oils; dry-cleaning soap base; antifoam-

ing agent.

diglyme. See diethylene glycol dimethyl

ether.

diglycol methyl ether. See diethylene gly-

col dimethyl ether.

digoxin.

CAS: 20830-75-5. C

. A cardiotonic digitalis

diglycol monostearate. (diethylene glycol

glycoside.

monostearate).

Properties: Colorless to white crystals, or white,

CAS: 106-11-6. C

COOC

OH.

crystalline powder; odorless. Melts at approximate-

Properties: Small, white flakes

ly 235C (decomposes). Insoluble in water, chloro-

Available forms: Regular or water-dispersible types.

form, and ether; soluble in pyridine and dilute al-

Use: Emulsifier and thickener in cosmetics, mold

cohol.

release lubricant for die casting, temporary binder

Derivation: From the leaves of Digitalis lanata.

for ceramics and grinding wheels.

Grade: USP.

Hazard: See digitalis.

Use: Medicine (cardiac diseases).

diglycol nitrate. See diethylene glycol dini-

trate.

diheptyl-p-phenylenediamine. See N,N

′

bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylenediamine.

diglycol oleate. (diethylene glycol monoole-

ate). C

COOC

OH.

dihexadecylamine. See dipalmitylamine.

Properties: Light-red, oily liquid; fatty odor. D 0.93,

iodine value 65–75, titer below 0C, pH 7.7–8.2

(25C) (5% aqueous dispersion). Soluble in ethanol,

dihexadecyl ether. See dicetyl ether.

naphtha, ethyl acetate, methanol; partly soluble in

cottonseed oil; insoluble in water. Combustible.

dihexadecyl sulfide. See dicetyl sulfide.

Derivation: Oleic acid ester of diethylene glycol.

Use: Emulsifying agent for fluid water-in-oil emul-

dihexadecyl thioether. See dicetyl sulfide.

sions for the manufacture of furniture and automo-

bile polish, water-emulsion paints, agricultural

dihexyl. See n-dodecane.

sprays.

di-n-hexyl adipate. (−CH

COOC

)

diglycol phthalate. (diethylene glycol phthal-

Properties: Liquid, colorless, water-white to maxi-

ate). C

(COOC

OH)

mum 100 Pt-Co. D 0.939 (20C), refr index 1.438

Properties: Pale-yellow, liquid resin. D 1.29, sapon-

(25C), surface tension 32.7 dynes/cm (20C), viscos-

ification value 430–450, acid value 170–175. Solu-

ity 8.8 cP (20C), bp 183–192C (4 mm Hg) (midpoint

ble in methanol, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate;

191C), flash p 325F (162.7C). Water solubility 0.1%

partly soluble in toluene, naphtha, mineral oil, cot-

(25C); gasoline and oil solubility complete. Com-

tonseed oil; insoluble in water. Combustible.

bustible.

Use: Plasticizer, emulsifier.

Use: Low-temperature plasticizer for SBR elas-

tomers.

diglycol ricinoleate. (diethylene glycol mo-

noricinoleate). C

(OH)COOC

OH.

di-n-hexylamine. [CH

(CH

)

]

NH.

Properties: Light-yellow liquid. Fp less than −60C, d

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 233–243C, d

0.980 (25C). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ethyl

0.788 (20/20C), refr index 1.434 (20C), flash p 220F

acetate; insoluble in water. Combustible.

(104.4C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer for high polymers and elastomers.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

diglycol stearate. (diethylene glycol distea- di-n-hexyl maleate.

rate). C

COOC

)

O. CAS: 105-52-2. C

OOCCH:CHCOOC

Properties: White, waxlike solid; faint fatty odor. Properties: Liquid. D 0.9602 (20/20C), bp 179C (10

Mp 54–55C, d 0.9333 (20/4C). Disperses in hot mm Hg), refr index 1.449 (20C), vap press <0.01

429 2,3-DIHYDRO-2,2-DIMETHYL

mm Hg (20C), fp −70C, viscosity 10.2 cP (20C). CAS: 360-68-9. C

OH. A sterol found in the

Soluble in water <0.01% by wt (20C). Combustible. feces.

Use: Preparation of resins. Properties: White crystals. Mp (monohydrate)

142C, optical rotation ␣ +23 (25C) degrees. Soluble

in fat solvents; insoluble in water.

dihexyl phthalate. See di(2-ethylbutyl)

Derivation: By a series of oxidation and reduction

phthalate.

reactions from cholesterol.

Use: Biochemical research, pharmaceutical prepara-

dihexyl sebacate.

tions.

(−CH

COOC

)

Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. Bp 203C (4

mm Hg), flash p 415F (212C). Combustible.

4,5-dihydro-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1-

Derivation: By reacting dodecyl alcohol with seba-

(((4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)amino)

cic acid.

carbonyl)-1h-pyrazole-4-carboxylic

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins.

acid methyl ester.

CAS: 99832-61-8. mf: C

ClF

dihexyltin dichloride. See dichlorodihexyl-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

stannane.

4,5-dihydro-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-

dihydrazine sulfate. (N

)

•H

1h-imidazol-2-amine,.

Properties: White, crystalline flakes. Mp approxi-

CAS: 115970-17-7. mf: C

ClN

mately 104C, decomposes at approximately 180C.

Hazard: A poison.

Soluble in water; insoluble in most organic solvents.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Grade: 95% is available commercially.

Hazard: An irritant.

4,5-dihydro-1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)

Use: Reducing agent.

methyl)-2-(nitroamino)-1h-imidazole-

4,5-diol.

dihydric. Containing two hydroxyl groups con-

CAS: 155802-65-6. mf: C

ClN

nected to different carbon atoms, e.g., a dihydric

Hazard: A poison.

alcohol. Dihydric alcohols are collectively called

Use: Agricultural chemical.

glycols (diols).

See ethylene glycol.

dihydrocoumarin. See benzodihydropyrone.

dihydroabietyl alcohol. (hydroabietyl alco-

hol). C

OH.

n-((3s)-2,3-dihydro-6-(2,6-

Properties: Solid. D 1.007–1.008, refr index 1.5280,

difluorophenyl)methoxy)-3-

vap press 1.5 × 10

−5

mm Hg (25C), mp 32–33C, flash

benzofuranyl)-n-hydrourea, xy-.

p 375F (190C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 162750-10-9. mf: C

Use: Plasticizer.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

1,8-dihydroacenaphthylene. See acenaph-

20,22-dihydrodigitoxin.

thene.

CAS: 3786-76-3. mf: C

Hazard: Low toxicity.

4,5-dihydro-2-amino-1-((6-chloro-3-

Source: Natural product.

pyridinyl)methyl)-1h-imidazole-4,5-diol.

CAS: 200258-64-6. mf: C

ClN

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl

Hazard: A poison.

(butoxysulfinyl)methylcarbamate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 77267-60-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazine-4h-2-thione-4-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

one See 2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)-

dione.

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl

(butylthio)methylcarbamate.

dihydrochalcone. Any of a group of disaccha-

CAS: 50673-08-0. mf: C

ride sugars having a sweet taste. They are derived

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

from such flavanones as naringin and hesperidin.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Research on the conversion of these compounds into

acceptable synthetic sweeteners has been in prog-

ress for some years.

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl

See flavanone.

(dodecylthio)methylcarbamate.

CAS: 50673-09-1. mf: C

dihydrocholesterol. (␤-cholestanol; 3-␤-hy- Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

droxycholestane). Use: Agricultural chemical.

4302,3-DIHYDRO-2,2-DIMETHYL

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl dihydroetorphine hydrochloride.

((4-fluorophenyl)thio)methylcarbamate.

CAS: 155536-45-1. mf: C

•ClH.

CAS: 50802-69-2. mf: C

FNO

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dihydrofolic reductase. An enzyme acting as

an essential catalyst of DNA synthesis.

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7-

dihydrogen ferrous EDTA. See ethylene-

(methyl)(t-butoxyfulfinyl)carbamate.

diaminetetraacetic acid (note).

CAS: 77267-59-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

6,15-dihydrohydroxy-5,9,14,18-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

anthrazinetetrone.

CAS: 1324-28-3. mf: C

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

benzofuranylmethyl((4-

nitrophenyl)thio)carbamate.

dihydro-2(3)-imidazolone. See ethylene

CAS: 50802-70-5. mf: C

urea.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2,3-dihydroindene. See indan.

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl

1,2-dihydro-4-iodo-1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-

methyl(phenoxysulfinyl)carbamate.

3h-pyrazol-3-one. See iodophenazone.

CAS: 77267-47-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

1-((1-(4-(3,4-dihydro-2(1h)-isoquinolinyl)

Use: Agricultural chemical.

butyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-7-methyl-

2,4-dioxo-3-phenylpyrido(2,3-d)pyrimidin-

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-

5-yl)

benzofuranylmethyl(1,1,2,2-

carbonyl)piperidine.

tetrachloroethyl)thiocarbamate.

CAS: 272774-96-6. mf: C

CAS: 50673-06-8. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2,5-dihydro-3-(6-methoxy-2-naphthalenyl)-

1,2-dimethyl-1h-pyrrole, rel-(2r,3r)-2,3-

2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl-

dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1).

methyl((trichloromethyl)thio)carbamate.

CAS: 326800-79-7. mf: C

NO•C

CAS: 37430-50-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

4,5-dihydro-n-(1-methylethyl)-3-(phenyl-

amino)-2h-benz(g)indazole-2-aceta-

mide.

2,5-dihydro-1,2-dimethyl-3-(2-

CAS: 301644-18-8. mf: C

naphthalenyl)-1h-pyrrole, rel-(2r,3r)-2,3-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1).

CAS: 326800-80-0. mf: C

N•C

4,5-dihydro-6-methyl-4-((3-pyridinylmeth-

Hazard: A poison.

ylene)amino)-1,2,4-triazin-3(2h)-one, (e)-.

CAS: 123312-89-0. mf: C

6-(2,5-dihydro-1,2-dimethyl-1h-pyrrol-3-yl)-

Hazard: A poison.

2-naphthalenol hydrochloride.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 326800-75-3. mf: C

NO•ClH.

Hazard: A poison.

4,5-dihydro-n-nitro-1-(3-pyridinylmethyl)-

1h-imidazol-2-amine.

9,10-dihydro-9,10-dioxoanthracene-1,8-

CAS: 105828-05-5. mf: C

disulfonic acid, disodium salt.

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 903-46-8. mf: C

•2Na.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

dihydronivalenol.

6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2

′

CAS: 24393-94-0. mf: C

c)pyrazidinium salt. See diquat.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

9,10-dihydroergocornine.

CAS: 25447-65-8. mf: C

. 9,20-dihydro-9-oxoanthracene. See an-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard. throne.

431 2,4-DIHYDROXYBENZENECARBOXYLIC

2,3-dihydroperfluoropentane. dihydroxyacetone. (DHA; dihydroxypropa-

CAS: 138495-42-8. mf: C

none). HOCH

COCH

OH.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. Mp 80C.

skin contact.

Hygroscopic; soluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: Action of sorbose bacterium on glyc-

erol.

2,2-dihydroperfluoropropane. See

Use: Intermediate, emulsifier, humectant, plasticiz-

1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane.

ers, fungicides, cosmetics (creates synthetic suntan).

4-((4,5-dihydro-3-(phenylamino)-2h-

2,4-dihydroxyacetophenone. See 4-acetylre-

benz(g)indazol-2-yl)acetyl)morpholine.

sorcinol.

CAS: 301644-21-3. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate.

Al(OH)

OOCONa. White powder.

4,5-dihydro-3-(phenylamino)-n-

Derivation: Reaction of aluminum isopropoxide and

(phenylmethyl)-2h-benz(g)indazole-2-

an aqueous soluble of sodium bicarbonate.

acetamide.

Use: Medicine (antacid).

CAS: 301644-20-2. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

1,3-dihydroxy-2-amino-4-octadecene. See

sphingosine.

dihydropicrotoxinin.

CAS: 17617-46-8. mf: C

1,8-dihydroxyanthranol. See anthralin.

Hazard: A poison.

1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone. See alizarin.

3,4-dihydro-1-propyl-4,4,6-trimethyl-2(1h)-

pyrimidinethione.

1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinone. See quini-

CAS: 18957-53-4. mf: C

zarin.

Hazard: A poison.

1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone. (anthrarufin).

2,3-dihydropyran. C

(OH)

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; etherlike odor.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 280C. Soluble in

Bp 84.3C, fp −70C, d 0.927 (20/4C), refr index

alcohol; sparingly soluble in water.

1.4180 (25C), flash p 0F (−17.7C). Soluble in water

Derivation: By heating anthraquinone with boric

and alcohol.

acid and sulfuric anhydride.

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Intermediate for alizarin and indanthrene dyes.

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Intermediate.

1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone. (chrysazin;

danthron). C

(OH)

1,2-dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. See ma-

Properties: Orange powder or reddish-brown nee-

leic hydrazide.

dles. Mp 191C. Soluble in alcohol; sparingly soluble

in water.

dihydrostreptomycin. (DHS). C

Derivation: From 1,8-anthraquinone potassium di-

derivative of streptomycin in which the carbonyl

sulfonate.

group of the streptose portion has been reduced by

Grade: Technical, NF.

the addition of two hydrogen atoms. It has antibiotic

Use: Dyes, medicine.

properties similar to streptomycin, but its toxicity

has limited its usefulness for treatment of tubercu-

1,8-dihydroxy-anthrone.

losis.

CAS: 1143-38-0. mf: C

Hazard: A mild skin irritant.

2,5-dihydrothiophene-1,1-dioxide. (sulfo-

lene).

5,5-dihydroxy barbituric acid.

CAS: 3237-50-1. mf: C

❘

CH:CH

❘

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Solid. Bp (decomposes), d 1.314 (70C),

flash p 235F (112C). Partially soluble in water, ace-

m-dihydroxybenzene. See resorcinol.

tone, and toluene. Combustible.

o-dihydroxybenzene. See pyrocatechol.

1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline. (“A-

p-dihydroxybenzene. See hydroquinone.

gerite” Resin D). C

Properties: Brown pellets or flakes. D 1.03 (25C),

melting range 75–100C (initial melt).

2,4-dihydroxybenzenecarboxylic acid. See

Use: Rubber antioxidant. ␤-resorcylic acid.

4322,4-DIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID

2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. See ␤-resorcyl- 5,7-dihydroxydimethylcoumarin. C

ic acid. Properties and uses closely resemble those of 5,7-

dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin.

2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. See gentisic

acid.

dihydroxydiphenylsulfone. (sulfonyl bisphe-

nol). (C

OH)

. The commercial product is a

mixture of isomers.

3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. See ␣-resorcyl-

Properties: White, free-flowing crystals; odorless.

ic acid.

Mp 215–240C. Soluble in alcohol and acetone; in-

soluble in water.

2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone.

Grade: Technical.

COC

(OH)

Use: Electroplating, phenolic resins, polyvinyl chlo-

Properties: Light-yellow, crystalline solid. Mp

ride, intermediate.

142C, bp 194C (1 mm Hg), d 5.8 lb/gal (20C).

Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol, methanol,

5,5

′

-dihydroxy-7,7

′

-disulfonic-2,2

′

methyl ethyl ketone, and ethyl acetate.

dinaphthylurea. (6,6

′

-ureylenebis-1-naph-

Use: UV absorber in polymers.

thol-3-sulfonic acid).

HOC

(SO

H)NHCONHC

(SO

H)OH.

2,5-dihydroxybenzoquinone. C

(OH)

Properties: (Crude) Light-gray paste. Soluble in wa-

Properties: Yellow-orange solid. Mp 216C (decom-

ter; very soluble in alkaline solutions.

poses). Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid; slight-

Derivation: Phosgenation of J acid.

ly soluble in ethanol, acetone, water, benzene.

Use: Dye intermediate.

Derivation: From hydroquinone.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

(1r,2s,3s,4r)-3,4-dihydroxy-1,2-epoxy-

Use: Metal chelating, insecticides, polymerization

1,2,3,4-tetrahydrodibenz(c,h)acridine.

inhibitor, tanning agent, dyestuff manufacture.

CAS: 93780-95-1. mf: C

Hazard: Experimental carcinogenic data reported.

2,3-dihydroxybutane. See 2,3-butylene

glycol.

p-di-(2-hydroxyethoxy)benzene. See hydro-

quinone di(␤-hydroxyethyl) ether.

2,5-dihydroxycholorobenzene. See chloroh-

ydroquinone.

di(2-hydroxyethyl)amine. See diethanola-

mine.

3-(3,4-dihydroxycinnamoyl)quinic acid.

See chlorogenic acid.

N,N-dihydroxyethyl ethylenediamine.

(CH

NHC

OH)

dihydroxydiaminomercurobenzene.

Properties: Solid crystals. Mp 98C, bp 196C (10 mm

OHNH

HgC

OHNH

. A mercury com-

Hg), flash p 355F (179C). Combustible.

pound analogous to arsphenamine.

Use: Manufacture of textile-finishing assistants.

Use: In medicine as a source of mercury.

Hazard: See mercury.

dihydroxyethyl sulfide. See thiodiglycol.

2,2

′

-dihydroxy-5,5

′

-dichlorophenylmethane.

See dichlorophene.

N,N-dihydroxyethyl-m-toluidine.

N(C

OH)

Properties: Light-gray solid. Mp 62C, distillation

dihydroxydiethyl ether. See diethylene

range 175–185C (2 mm Hg).

glycol.

2,2

′

-dihydroxy-3,5,6,3

′

-hexachlorodi-

2,2

′

-dihydroxy-5,5

′

-difluorodiphenyl sulfide.

phenylmethane. See hexachlorophene.

(OH)S(OH)C

Properties: White, amorphous solid. Mp 119–121C.

Soluble in acetone, ether, chloroform, ethanol, ethyl

1,3-dihydroxy-4-hexylbenzene. See hexyl-

acetate, and glacial acetic acid; moderately soluble

resorcinol.

in benzene; insoluble in water.

Use: Fungicide (textile, agricultural chemical).

′

-dihydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)

acetophenone hydrochloride.

2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyric acid.

CAS: 16899-81-3.

See pantolactone.

(OH)

COCH

NH(C

)•HCl. Light-colored,

crystalline powder with a faint odor.

n-(2,4-dihydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-␤- Hazard: Moderately toxic.

alanine. See pantothenic acid. Use: Intermediate.

433 DIIODODIETHYL SULFIDE

5,8-dihydroxy-3-methoxyxanthone-1-o- 1,2-dihydroxypropane. See 1,2-propylene

glucoside. See swertianolin. glycol

3,4-dihydroxy-␣-(methylaminomethyl)

dihydroxypropanone. See dihydroxyacetone.

benzyl alcohol. See epinephrine.

n-(1,3-dihydroxy-2-propyl)valiolamine.

5,7-dihydroxy-4-methylcoumarin.

CAS: 83480-29-9. mf: C

•H

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A reproductive

Properties: Yellow to white solid, fluoresces blue,

hazard.

absorbs UV light. Melting range 270–285C. Insolu-

ble in water, benzene, ether; soluble in alcohol and

dihydroxystearic acid. C

(OH)

COOH.

sodium hydroxide.

Properties: White crystals; odorless; tasteless. Mp

Derivation: From phloroglucinol.

135C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

Use: In suntan oils as a sunscreen, in wall paints as a

water.

whitening agent.

Derivation: By heating dibromide of isooleic acid

with silver oxide.

1,1

′

-dihydroxymethylferrocene.

Use: Cosmetics, lotions.

(CH

OH)]

Fe.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline solid. Mp 85–86C.

dihydroxysuccinic acid. See tartaric acid.

Use: Intermediate.

See ferrocene.

3,5-dihydroxytoluene. See orcin.

1,3-dihydroxynaphthalene. (naphthoresorci-

nol). C

(OH)

DII. Abbreviation for diesel ignition improver.

Properties: Transparent, crystalline plates. Mp

124–125C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and water.

diindiol. The reaction product of diacetylene and

Combustible.

acetone or another ketone.

Derivation: By heating naphthalene-1,3-disulfonic

acid with alkali at 230C under pressure.

diiodacetylene. (diiodethyne).

Grade: Technical, reagent.

CAS: 624-74-8. IC≡CI

Use: Dyes; pharmaceuticals; analytical reagent for

Properties: White crystals; unpleasant odor. Mp

sugars, oils, glucuronic acid.

78.5C (decomposes). Light acts upon it, causing a

Note: There are several other isomeric forms of dihy-

gradual change in color to red and a separation of

droxynaphthalene, (1,5-; 1,6-; 1,7-; 1,8-; 2,3-; 2,6-;

iodine. Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene; insoluble

2,7-). They are derived by heating a naphthalene

in water.

disulfonic acid isomer with caustic soda and are

Derivation: By dissolving iodine in liquid ammonia

soluble in alcohol and ether, and sparingly soluble in

and passing acetylene into the solution.

water; mp ranges from 136C (1,6-) to 260C (2,6-).

Hazard: Highly volatile. Toxic by inhalation; vapors

Use: Organic dyes.

irritating to eyes and mucous membranes.

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison.

2,8-dihydroxy-3-naphthoic acid.

(OH)

COOH).

2,2

′

-diiododiacetamide.

Properties: Light-green powder. Mp 235–240C.

CAS: 117900-35-3. mf: C

Slightly soluble in hot water; soluble in alcohol and

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

acetone.

tact. A mild skin irritant.

Use: Intermediate.

sym-diiododibromoethylene. BrIC:CIBr.

1,8-dihydroxy-10-(1-oxopentyl)-9(10h)-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 95–96C.

anthracenone.

Derivation: Reaction of iodine and dibromoace-

CAS: 75464-12-9. mf: C

tylene.

Hazard: A skin irritant.

Use: Organic synthesis.

L-dihydroxyphenylalanine. (L-dopa). An

amino acid used in treating Parkinson’s disease,

diiododiethyl sulfide. (ICH

)

manganese poisoning, and muscular dystonia. De-

Properties: Bright-yellow prisms. Mp 62C. Slowly

rived from several types of beans including vanilla;

decomposes, the rate being accelerated by light and

also made synthetically.

by heat. Hydrolyzed by alkali solutions. Soluble in

alcohol, benzene, ether; insoluble in water.

17-␣,21-dihydroxy-14-␣-pregn-4-ene-3,20- Derivation: Interaction of dichlorodiethyl sulfide

dione 21-iodoacetate. with an acetic acid solution of sodium iodide.

CAS: 27953-64-6. mf: C

. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong

Hazard: A poison. irritant.

4344

′

-DIIODOFLUORESCEIN

′

-diiodofluorescein. (CI 45425A, Solvent diisobutyl carbinyl acetate. See n-nonyl

#73). C

. acetate.

Properties: Orange powder. Soluble in alcohol;

slightly soluble in water.

diisobutylene. A group of isomers of the formula

Use: Dyeing textiles, etc., analytical reagent.

, of which 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-1 and 2,4,4-

trimethylpentene-2 are the most important, since

diiodomethane. See methylene iodide.

they are formed in appreciable amounts when isobu-

tene (isobutylene) is polymerized.

3,5-diiodosalicylic acid. I

(OH)COOH.

Properties: Colorless liquids. D 0.7227 (15.5C),

Properties: White to pale-pink, crystalline powder.

boiling range 101–104C, flash p 20F (−6.6C).

Slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: Fire risk. Narcotic in high concentrations.

Use: Source of iodine for animal nutrition.

Use: Alkylation, intermediate, antioxidants, surfac-

tants, lubricant additive, plasticizers, rubber chem-

diiodothyronine. (3,5-diiodothyronine).

icals.

HOC

CH(NH

)COOH. A thyronine

derivative that is an intermediate obtained in the

␣-diisobutylene. See 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-

manufacture of synthetic thyroxine, also probably

an intermediate in the synthesis of thyroxine by the

thyroid gland.

␤-diisobutylene. See 2,4,4-trimethylpentene-

diisobutyl adipate. (DIBA).

CAS: 141-04-8. [C

COOCH

CH(CH

)

]

diisobutyl ketone. (2,6-dimethyl-4-hepta-

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless. D 0.950

none).

(25C), bp 278–280C, fp −20C, wt/gal 7.95 lb, acidi-

CAS: 108-83-8. (CH

)

CHCH

COCH

CH(CH

)

ty (as adipic acid) less than 0.05%. Compatible with

Properties: Colorless liquid; stable; mild odor. D

most natural and synthetic polymers. Soluble in

0.8089 (20/20C), bp 168.1C, vap press 1.7 mm Hg

most organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combus-

(20C), flash p 140F (60C), bulk density 6.7 lb/gal

tible.

(20C), fp −41.5C, coefficient of expansion 0.00101

Use: Plasticizer.

−1

(20C). Miscible with most organic liquids; im-

miscible with water. Combustible.

diisobutylaluminum chloride. (DIBAC).

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 1779-25-5. [(CH

)

CHCH

]

AlCl.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 25 ppm.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bulk d 0.905, fp

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, rubber, synthetic res-

−39.5C.

ins; lacquers; coating compositions; organic synthe-

Derivation: Reaction of isobutylene and hydrogen

sis; roll-coating inks; stains.

with aluminum chloride.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

diisobutyloxostannane.

Use: Polyolefin catalyst.

CAS: 61947-30-6. mf: C

OSn.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. An eye and severe

diisobutylaluminum hydride. (DIBAL-H).

skin irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 1191-15-7. [(CH

)

CHCH

]

AlH.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Pyrophoric. Fp −80C,

bulk d 0.798, bp 105C (0.2 mm Hg). Miscible with

diisobutyl phenol. See octyl phenol.

hydrocarbon solvents; dilute solutions nonpyro-

phoric.

diisobutyl phthalate.

Derivation: Reaction of isobutylene and hydrogen

CAS: 84-69-5. C

[COOCH

CH(CH

)

]

with aluminum.

Properties: Liquid. Refr index 1.4900 (25C), d 1.040

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, dangerous fire

(20/20C), flash p 385F (196C), bp 327C. Combus-

risk.

tible.

Use: Reducing agent in pharmaceuticals.

Use: Plasticizer.

diisobutylamine.

CAS: 110-96-3. [(CH

)

CHCH

]

NH.

diisobutyl sodium sulfosuccinate.

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.745 (20C), boil-

NaO

ing range 136–140C, amine odor, flash p 85F

Properties: The commercial product is a mixture of

(29.4C).

three esters in the form of a fine, white powder; quite

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

soluble in water and glycerol; insoluble in acetone,

ingestion.

benzene, and carbon tetrachloride; surface tension

Use: Intermediate.

of 1% water solution is 50 dynes/cm.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous mem-

diisobutylcarbinol. See 2,6-dimethyl-4-hep- branes.

tanol. Use: Surfactant, emulsifier.

435 DIISOPROPANOLAMINE

diisobutyltin oxide. See diisobutyloxostan- diisooctyl acid phosphate.

nane. CAS: 27215-10-7. (C

)

HPO

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.

diisocyanate. An organic compound with two

diisooctyl adipate. (DIOA).

isocyanate groups (−NCO), formed by treating di-

OOC(CH

)

COOC

amines, (e.g., toluene-2,4-diamine, hexamethylene-

Properties: A light-straw-colored liquid; mild odor.

diamine, p,p

′

-diaminodiphenylmethane) with phos-

D 0.924 (25C), bp 214–226C (4 mm Hg), fp >75C,

gene. Combustible.

flash p 370F (187C). Combustible.

Use: Production of polyurethane foams and elasto-

Use: Plasticizer, especially at low temperatures.

mers, in phenol-formaldehyde resins to improve wa-

ter and alkali resistance; bonding rubber to rayon or

nylon.

diisooctyl azelate. (DIOZ).

See polyurethane.

OOC(CH

)

COOC

. Liquid diester of aze-

laic acid, bp 237C (5 mm Hg), pour p −85F, acid

number 1.0, viscosity (min) 3.2 cs (210F), d 0.92

1,3-diisocyanatomethylbenzene polymer

(20C), flash p 415F (212C). Combustible.

with Niax E 488.

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins, base for synthetic

CAS: 87177-09-1.

lubricants.

Hazard: A Moderately toxic by skin contact.

diisooctyl phthalate. (DIOP).

diisodecyl adipate. (DIDA).

CAS: 27554-26-3. (C

COO)

. Isomeric es-

OOC(CH

)

COOC

ters obtained from phthalic anhydride and the mixed

Properties: Light-colored, oily liquid; mild odor. D

octyl alcohols made by the Oxo process.

0.918 (20/20C), fp −71C, boiling range 239–246C

Properties: Nearly colorless, viscous liquid; mild

(4 mm Hg), refr index 1.450 (25C), bulk d 7.5 lb/gal,

odor. Bp 370C, d 0.980–0.983 (20/20C), bulk d 8.20

flash p 225F (107.2C). Insoluble in glycerol, gly-

lb/gal (20C), flash p 450F (232C). Insoluble in wa-

cols, and some amines; soluble in most other organ-

ter; compatible with vinyl chloride resins and some

ics. Combustible.

cellulosic resins. Combustible.

Use: Primary plasticizer for polymers.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl, cellulosic and acrylate res-

diisodecyl-4,5-epoxytetrahydrophthalate.

ins, and synthetic rubber.

(“Flexol” PEP). OC

(COOC

)

See isooctyl alcohol.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9867 (20/20C), bulk density

8.2 lb/gal, pour p 38C, oxirane oxygen 3%. Combus-

diisooctyl sebacate. (DIOS).

tible.

OOC(CH

)

COOC

Use: Plasticizer-stabilizer resistant to fungi, in vinyl

Properties: Liquid. D 0.915 (25/25C), flash p 440F

plastics for outdoor use.

(226C), pour p −40C, viscosity 24 cP (20C), bulk d

7.65 lb/gal. Combustible.

diisodecyl phthalate. (DIDP).

Use: Plasticizer.

(COOC

)

Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor. D 0.966 (20/

diisopentyloxostannane.

20C), fp −50C, bp 250–257C (4 mm Hg), refr index

CAS: 63979-62-4. mf: C

OSn.

1.483 (25C), viscosity 108 cP (20C), bulk density 8

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. An eye and severe

lb/gal, flash p 450F (232C). Insoluble in glycerol,

skin irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

glycols, and some amines; soluble in most other

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

organics. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

diisopentyltin oxide. See diisopentyloxostan-

Hazard: An irritant.

nane.

Use: Plasticizer.

See: di-(C9-C11 alkyl) phthalate.

diisopropyl. See 2,3-dimethylbutane.

diisononyl adipate.

diisopropanolamine. (DIPA).

OOC(CH

)

COOC

]. A low-volatility

(CH

OCH

)

NH.

plasticizer based on isononyl alcohol. Combustible.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 0.9890 (45/

20C), bp 248.7C, bulk d 8.2 lb/gal (45C), vap press

diisononyl phthalate.

0.02 mm Hg (42C), mp 42C, viscosity 1.98 cP

CAS: 68515-48-0.

(45C), flash p 260F (126C). Miscible with water.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Combustible.

Use: Emulsifying agents for polishes, textile special-

diisononyltin dichloride. See ties, leather compounds, insecticides, cutting oils,

bis(trimethylhexyl)tin dichloride. and water paints.

436DIISOPROPYLAMINE

diisopropylamine. N,N-diisopropylbenzothiazyl-2-sulfenamide.

CAS: 108-18-9. [(CH

)

CH]

NH.

NC[SN(C

)

]S. Rubber accelerator.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; amine odor.

Bp 84.1C, fp −96.3C, d 0.7178 (20/20C), bulk d 6.0

diisopropyl carbinol. (2,4-dimethylpentanol-

lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.3924 (20C), flash p 30F

3). [(CH

)

CH]

(−1.11C) (OC). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 140C, fp approxi-

most organic solvents.

mately −70C, bulk density 6.9 lb/gal, flash p 120F

Derivation: From isopropyl chloride and ammonia.

(48.9C). Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis (intermediate), dena-

ingestion, inhalation, and skin absorption. TLV: 5

turant.

ppm.

Use: Intermediate, catalyst.

diisopropyl cresol. Antioxidant or stabilizer in

medicine (external).

See isopropyl cresol.

diisopropylaminoethanol. See N,N-diisopro-

pylethanolamine.

N,N

′

-diisopropyldiamidophosphoryl

fluoride. (mipafox).

2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl chloride

(CH

3)2

CHNHPO(F)NHCH(CH

)

hydrochloride. See 2-chloroethyldiisopro-

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/

pylamine hydrochloride.

Use: Insecticide.

␤-diisopropylaminoethyl chloride

hydrochloride. (DIC).

diisopropyl dixanthogen. (C

OCS

)

[(CH

)

CH]

NCH

Cl•HCl.

Properties: Yellow to greenish pellets. D 1.28, mp

Use: Organic synthesis especially for introduction of

52C (min), purity 98% (min). Insoluble in water;

the ␤-diisopropylaminoethyl radical.

soluble in ethyl alcohol, acetone, benzene, and gaso-

line.

m-diisopropylbenzene.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8559 (20/4C), fp

irritant.

−63C, bp 231C, refr index 1.4883 (20C), flash p

Use: Modifier in polymerization reactions, additive

170F (76.6C), autoign temp 840F. Insoluble in wa-

for lubricants, flotation reagent, fungicide, weed

ter; miscible with alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene,

killer.

and carbon tetrachloride. Combustible.

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

N,N-diisopropylethanolamine. (diisopropy-

laminoethanol). [(CH

)

CH]

NCH

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8742 (20C), vap

press 0.08 mm Hg (20C), fp −39.3C, bp 191C, flash

p 175F (79.4C). Slightly soluble in water. Combus-

tible.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Use: Organic synthesis.

diisopropyl ether. See isopropyl ether.

p-diisopropylbenzene.

diisopropyl fluorophosphate. (DFP; isoflu-

rophate).

CAS: 55-91-4. [(CH

)

CHO]

POF. Oily liquid,

forms hydrogen fluoride in the presence of moisture.

One member of a series of compounds, the fluoro-

Properties: White solid. Mp 64C, d 0.8568 (20/4C),

phosphate alkyl esters, characterized by extremely

bp 210C, refr index 1.4898 (20C). Insoluble in wa-

high toxicity, marked mitotic effects noted even in

ter; miscible with alcohol, ether, acetone, benzene,

concentrations that are chemically undetectable.

and carbon tetrachloride. Combustible.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor.

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

Use: Insecticide.

3,5-diisopropyl-4-hydroxyphenyl

diisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide.

methylcarbamate. See methylcarbamic

Available forms: A 52% solution in a nonvolatile

acid 4-hydroxy-3,5-diisopropylphenyl ester.

solvent. Colorless to pale-yellow liquid, strong oxi-

dizing agent.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

diisopropyl ketone. (2,4-dimethylpentanone-

materials. 3). [(CH

)

CH]

CO.

437 DILATANCY

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 123.7C, bulk d 6.9 Slightly soluble in water; soluble in methanol, ace-

lb/gal. tone. and ethyl acetate, insoluble in ether, benzene

Use: Solvent. and gasoline.

Use: Corrosion inhibitor; metal pickling with hydro-

chloric acid or sulfuric acid, for reducing corrosion

2,6-diisopropylnaphthalene. C

of ferrous metals and aluminum alloys in brine;

Properties: Clear, yellowish-brown liquid; faint,

intermediate.

sweet odor. Boiling range 290–295C; flash p 284F

(140C) (COC); d 0.95 (30C); bulk density 7.9 lb/gal;

insoluble in water. Combustible.

diisopropyltin dichloride.

Hazard: Avoid inhalation of vapors and prolonged

CAS: 38802-82-3. mf: C

Sn.

skin contact.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Sol in water. Mp: 84°

Use: Organic intermediate.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

diisopropyl oxide. See isopropyl ether.

diisopropyltin oxide. See diisopropyloxos-

diisopropyloxostannane.

tannane.

CAS: 23668-76-0. mf: C

OSn.

Properties: Solid. Insol in water.

o,o-diisopropyl-s-tricyclohexyltin

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. An eye and severe

phosphorodithioate.

skin irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 49538-98-9. mf: C

Sn.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate. (isopropyl

percarbonate; isopropyl peroxydicarbonate; IPP).

dikaryotic. Having two different and distinct nu-

CAS: 105-64-6.

clei per cell; found in the fungi. A dikaryotic individ-

(CH

)

CHOC(O)OOC(O)OCH(CH

)

ual is called a dikaryon.

Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. D 1.080

(15.5/4C), mp 8–10C, refr index 1.4034 (20C). Al-

diketene. (acetyl ketene).

most insoluble in water; miscible with aliphatic and

CAS: 674-82-8.

aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, ethers, chlorinated

hydrocarbons.

❘

C(O)

❘

Derivation: By reaction of sodium peroxide with

Properties: Colorless, nonhygroscopic liquid; pun-

isopropyl chloroformate.

gent odor. Readily polymerizes on standing. D

Grade: Stabilized and unstabilized.

1.096 (20/20C), fp −7.5C, bp 127.4C, flash p 93F

Hazard: Spontaneous decomposition at room tem-

(33.9C) (TOC). Soluble in common organic sol-

perature releases flammable and corrosive products;

vents

dangerous fire hazard; explodes on heating. Store in

Derivation: By spontaneous polymerization of ke-

open containers at low temperature with adequate

tene obtained by thermal decomposition of acetone

ventilation.

or from bromoacetylbromide and zinc.

Use: Low-temperature polymerization catalyst.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. An irritant.

Use: Production of acetoarylamides, pigments and

2,6-diisopropylphenol. C

OH[CH(CH

)

]

toners, pesticides, food preservatives, pharmaceuti-

Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. Fp 18C, d

cal intermediates.

0.955 (20C), bp 242C, flash p 240F (115.5C). Solu-

ble in toluene and alcohol; insoluble in water. Com-

diketobutane. See diacetyl.

bustible.

Use: Intermediate for synthetic polymers, plasticiz-

2,5-diketohexane. See acetonylacetone.

ers, surface-active agents.

2,5-diketopyrrolidone. See succinimide.

diisopropyl-p-phenylenediamine.

NHC

2,5-diketotetrahydrofurane. See succinic

Properties: Dark-red liquid. D 0.88. Soluble in al-

anhydride.

cohol.

Use: Gasoline antioxidant and sweetener (permissi-

Dilan. A 1:2 mix of Prolan and Bulan used as an

ble for aviation gasoline, ASTM D910-64T).

insecticide.

Hazard: Toxic.

o,o-diisopropylthiolphosphoric acid. See

isopropyl phosphorothioate.

dilatancy. A system is said to be dilatant if its rate

N,N

′

-diisopropylthiourea. of increase of strain decreases with increased shear.

(

CHNHCSNHCH(CH

)

. Among the better-known systems exhibiting dila-

Properties: Grayish-white solid. Mp 138.5–142.5C. tant behavior are pastry doughs, highly pigmented

438“DILAUDID”

paints, and many other industrially important mate-

dilithium sodium phosphate. Li

NaPO

rials. Dilatancy is usually associated with suspen- commercial source of lithium found in Searles Lake

sion, especially those containing high a concentra- brine.

tion of suspended matter, which is often of colloidal

dimensions.

dilituric acid. See 5-nitrobarbituric acid.

“Dilaudid” [Abbott]. Proprietary name for the

dill oil. See dill seed oil, American type.

drug dihydromorphine hydrochloride.

dill oil, Indian type. See dill seed oil, Indi-

dilaurylamine. (didodecylamine). (C

)

NH.

an type.

Properties: Liquid. Mp 45C, d 0.89. Almost insolu-

ble in water.

dill seed oil, American type.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

Properties: From steam distillation of the salks,

leaves, and seeds of Anethum graveolens L. Yellow-

dilauryl ether. (didodecyl ether). (C

)

ish liquid. D: 0.884−0.900, refr index: 1.480 @ 20°.

Properties: Liquid. Mp 33C, bp 190–195C (1 mm

Sol in propylene glycol; insol in glycerin.

Hg), d 0.8147 (33/4C). Combustible.

Use: Food additive.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

Use: Electrical insulators, water repellents, lubri-

dill seed oil, Indian type.

cants for plastic molding and processing, antistatic

Properties: From steam distillation of the dried ripe

substances, chemical intermediates.

fruit of Anethum sowa D.C. (Fam. Umbelliferae

(FCC III). Yellowish liquid; harsh caraway odor and

dilauryl phosphite. (C

PHO.

taste. D: 0.925−0.980, refr index: 1.486 @ 20°. Sol in

Properties: Water-white liquid. Combustible.

fixed oils and mineral oil; sltly sol in propylene

Use: Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds for

glycol; insol in glycerin.

extreme-pressure lubricants, adhesives, textile fin-

Use: Food additive.

ishing agents, pesticides; catalyst in polymerization

of unsaturated compounds.

diluent. (1) An ingredient used to reduce the con-

centration of an active material to achieve a desir-

dilauryl sulfide. (didodecyl thioether).

able and beneficial effect. Examples are combina-

)

tion of diatomaceous earth with nitroglycerin to

Properties: Liquid. Mp 40–40.5C, bp 260–263C (4

form the much less shock-sensitive dynamite; addi-

mm Hg), d 0.8275 (40/4C). Combustible.

tion of sand to cement mixes to improve workability

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

with no serious loss of strength; addition of an or-

Use: Organic synthesis (formation of sulfonium

ganic liquid having no solvent power to a paint or

compounds).

lacquer to reduce viscosity and achieve suitable ap-

plication properties.

dilauryl thiodipropionate. (didodecyl-3,3

′

See thinner).

thiodipropionate; thiodipropionic acid, dilauryl

(2) Low-gravity materials used primarily to reduce

ester). (C

OOCCH

)

cost, e.g., blown asphalt, wood floc, etc., in rubber

Properties: White flakes having sweetish odor. Mp

and plastic mixes. In this sense, there is no clear

40C, d 0.975 (solid 25C). Insoluble in water; soluble

distinction between a diluent and an extender.

in most organic solvents; extremely resistant to heat

(3) An ingredient of rocket fuels, such as helium,

and hydrolysis. Combustible.

hydrazine, or hydrogen.

Grade: FCC.

Use: Antioxidant, additive for high-pressure lubri-

dilution ratio. (hydrocarbon tolerance). The

cants and greases, plasticizer and softening agent,

maximum number of unit volumes of hydrocarbon

antioxidant for edible fats and oils (up to 0.02% oil

that can be added per unit volume of active solvent to

content).

cause the first trace of gelation to occur, when the

concentration of nitrocellulose in the solution is 8 g/

dilinoleic acid. C

(COOH)

100 mL. This may be used to evaluate the solvent

Properties: Light-yellow, viscous liquid; slight

power of active solvents by comparing them with a

odor. D 0.921 (100C), refr index 1.4851 (40C), io-

standard hydrocarbon, or to evaluate hydrocarbon

dine value 80. Combustible.

solvents by comparing them with an active solvent.

Use: Modifier in alkyd and polyamide resins, polyes-

See solvent; lacquer.

ter or metallic soap for petroleum additive, emulsi-

fying agent, adhesives, shellac substitute, to upgrade

dimagnesium orthophosphate. See magne-

drying oils.

sium phosphate, dibasic.

dilithium n-acetyl-l-aspartate.

CAS: 32093-26-8. mf: C

•2Li. dimagnesium phosphate. See magnesium

Hazard: A poison. phosphate, dibasic

439 DIMETHOXANE

dimedone. (1,1-dimethyl-3,5-diketocyclohex- mm Hg), mp 77C, d 1.2385 (25/4C), refr index

ane). (CH

)

. 1.5720 (25C). Soluble in vegetable oils; moderately

Properties: Greenish-yellow needles or prisms. Mp soluble in water with decomposition; soluble in al-

148–149C. Slightly soluble in cold water and naph-

cohol.

tha; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, benzene.

Derivation: Bromination of allyl alcohol followed

Use: Reagent for the detection of ethyl alcohol and

by reaction with NaSH.

the identification of aldehydes.

Grade: USP, as dimercaprol.

Use: Antidote to Lewisite, organic arsenicals, and

dimefox. (bis(dimethylamino) fluorophosphate;

heavy metals.

tetramethyldiamidophosphoric fluoride; BFPO).

CAS: 115-26-4. [(CH

)

POF.

dimerized fat acids, residual. The acids

Properties: Liquid; fishy odor. D 1.1151 (20/4C), bp

obtained by heat polymerization of methyl esters of

67C (4.0 mm Hg) 86C (15 mm Hg), refr index

semidrying oils, removal of unpolymerized mono-

1.4267 (20C). Soluble in water, ether, benzene.

mers, and saponification of residual esters. It con-

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

sists chiefly of mixture of polymers of linoleic acid.

stricted. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Use: A systemic pesticide primarily for ornamental

dimetan. (5,5-dimethyldihydroresorcinol dime-

and non-food plants.

thylcarbamate). C

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 43–45C. Slightly

dimenhydrinate. (2-(benzohydryloxy)-N,N-di-

soluble in water and oils; readily soluble in organic

methylethylamine-8-chlorotheophyllinate;

solvents.

“Dramamine”).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

CAS: 523-87-5. C

NO•C

ClN

Use: Insecticide, especially for aphids.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless. Mp

102–107C, pH (saturated solution) 6.8–7.3. Freely

dimethazone. See 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4,4-di-

soluble in alcohol and chloroform; soluble in ben-

methyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one.

zene; sparingly soluble in ether; slightly soluble in

water.

dimethicone. CH

[Si(CH

)

O]Si(CH

)

Grade: USP.

Properties: Colorless silicone oil consisting of dime-

Hazard: Can cause drowsiness. Driving and using

thylsiloxane polymers (range in viscosity from 0.65

machinery may be hazardous.

to 1,000,000 centistokes at room temperature). Vis-

Use: For prevention and treatment of nausea and

cosity grades higher than 50 centistokes are immis-

vomiting in relation to motion sickness. It can also

cible with water, miscible with chloroform, and

be used for some balance disorders of the inner ear,

ether.

e.g., Merniere’s disease.

Use: Ointments and topical drug ingredient, skin pro-

tectant.

“Dimension” [General Electric]. TM for

Nylon 6 alloy.

dimethisoquin hydrochloride. (3-butyl-1-

Use: Injection and blow molding and extrusion.

(2-dimethylaminoethoxy)isoquinoline hydrochlo-

ride).

dimer. An oligomer whose molecule is composed

(CH

)

NOCH

N(CH

)

•HCl.

of two molecules of the same chemical composition.

Properties: White powder; odorless; bitter numbing

For example, 1,4-dioxane is a dimer of ethylene

taste. Mp 144–147C. Freely soluble in alcohol; solu-

oxide. A dimer acid is a high molecular-weight diba-

ble in water; pH (1% solution) 3.5–5.0.

sic acid that is liquid (viscous), stable, and resistant

Grade: NF.

to high temperatures, and polymerizes with alcohols

Use: Medicine (topical anesthetic).

and polyols to yield a variety of products such as

plasticizers, lubricating oils, hydraulic fluids. It is

dimethoate. (O,O-dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarba-

produced by dimerization of unsaturated fatty acids

moylmethyl) phosphorodithioate).

at mid-molecule and usually contains 36 carbons.

CAS: 60-51-5. (CH

PSSCH

CONHCH

Trimer acid, which contains three carboxyl groups

Properties: White solid. Mp 51–52C. Moderately

and 54 carbons, is similar.

soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents

See polymer.

except hydrocarbons.

Hazard: A cholinesterase inhibitor; use has been

dimercaprol. USP name for 2,3-dimercaptopro-

restricted.

panol.

Use: Insecticide (dry formulations not permitted).

2,3-dimercaptopropanol. (BAL; British dimethoxane. (6-acetoxy-2,4-dimethyl-m-diox-

Anti-Lewisite; dimercaprol; 1,2-diethioglycerol). ane).

CAS: 59-52-9. CH

(SH)CH(SH)CH

OH. CAS: 828-00-2. CH

COOC

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless, oily, viscous liquid; strong Properties: Clear-yellow to light-amber liquid. D

odor of mercaptans. Bp 80C (1.9 mm Hg) 140C (40 1.069–1.076 (25/25C), refr index 1.431–1.438

4401,2-DIMETHOXY-4-ALLYLBENZENE

(20C), bp 66–68C (3 mm Hg), fp <−25C. Soluble in

1,2-dimethoxyethane. See ethylene glycol

or miscible with water and organic solvents. Com- dimethyl ether.

bustible.

Use: Preservative for cosmetics, inks, emulsions;

(2-dimethoxyethyl) adipate.

gasoline additive.

OOC(CH

)

COOC

OCH

Properties: Liquid. D 1.075 (25C), refr index 1.439

1,2-dimethoxy-4-allylbenzene. See methyl

(25C), bp 185–190C (11 mm Hg), fp −16C. Slightly

eugenol.

soluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer.

2,5-dimethoxyaniline. NH

(OCH

)

Properties: Gray flakes. Mp 69–73C. Insoluble in

di(2-methoxyethyl) phthalate. (DMEP).

cold water; soluble in organic solvents and hot

CAS: 117-82-8. C

(COOCH

OCH

)

water.

Properties: Oily liquid; mild odor. D 1.172 (20/

Hazard: See aniline.

20C), bp 340C, fp −45C, flash p 381F (194C) (OC).

Use: Intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and in-

Combustible.

secticides; antioxidant.

Use: Plasticizer, especially for cellulose acetate; sol-

vent.

1,2-dimethoxybenzene. See veratrole.

1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamoyl)-4-

1,3-dimethoxybenzene. See resorcinol di-

hexahydroazepinylcarbonylmethylpiperazine.

methyl ether.

CAS: 57061-77-5. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

1,4-dimethoxybenzene. See hydroquinone

dimethyl ether.

4-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxycinnamoyl)-n-

propyl-1-piperazineacetamide.

2,3-dimethoxybenzaldehyde.

CAS: 57061-73-1. mf: C

CAS: 86-51-1. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

7,8-dimethoxyisoquinoline.

2,5-dimethoxybenzaldehyde.

CAS: 16503-95-0. mf: C

(CH

CHO.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: Flaked solid. Mp 46–49C. Soluble in

organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

dimethoxymethane. See methylal.

Use: Organic synthesis.

2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine.

dimethoxybenzidine. See dianisidine.

(STP; DOM). A hallucinogenic, habit-forming

drug, used in medicine; manufacture and use con-

3,3

′

-dimethoxybenzidine-4,4

′

-diisocyanate.

trolled by law in the U.S.

See dianisidine diisocyanate.

See amphetamine.

3,4-dimethoxybenzyl alcohol.

3,4-dimethoxy-3

′

-methylenedioxystilbene.

(OCH

)

OH.

CAS: 76306-39-3. mf: C

Properties: Viscous, brown liquid or low-melting

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

solid. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis.

2,5-dimethoxymethylamphetamine. See

STP (hallucinogen).

2,4-dimethoxy-5-chloroaniline.

(Cl)C

(OCH

)

dimethoxymethylsilane. See methyldime-

Properties: Violet-gray crystals. Mp 70–71C. Insol-

thoxysilane.

uble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, and other

organic solvents.

3,4-dimethoxyphenethylamine. See homo-

Grade: 98.5%.

veratrylamine.

Hazard: See aniline.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and other organics.

3,4-dimethoxyphenylacetic acid. See ho-

moveratric acid.

dimethoxydimethylsilane.

CAS: 1112-39-6. mf: C

Si.

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation. A moderate eye

3-((2-((2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl)

irritant.

amino)-2-oxoethyl)amino)-n-

methylbenzamide.

p,p

′

-dimethoxydiphenylamine. CAS: 104775-36-2. mf: C

(CH

)

NH. A rubber antioxidant. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

441 DIMETHYLAMINE

2,6-dimethoxyphenyllithium. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

(CH

Li. ingestion and inhalation.

Properties: White to tan, free-flowing, pyrophoric Use: Medicine, organic synthesis.

powder. Moderately soluble in toluene and benzene;

slightly soluble in ethyl ether; stable indefinitely in

N,N-dimethyl acetamide. (DMAC).

sealed containers.

CAS: 127-19-5. CH

CON(CH

)

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 166C, d 0.9366

(25C), refr index 1.4351 (25C), flash p 171F (77C).

1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-2-nitro-1-propene.

Miscible with water, aromatics, esters, ketones, and

(CH

CH:C(NO

)CH

ethers. Combustible.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 68–75C.

Derivation: From acetic anhydride and dimethyl-

Use: Intermediate.

formamide.

Grade: Technical, high-purity certified.

3-(dimethoxyphosphinyloxy)-N,N-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, absorbed by skin,

dimethyl-cis-crotonamide.

strong irritant. TLV: TWA 10 ppm (skin); not classi-

(CH

P(O)(OC)CH

:CHC(O)N(CH

)

fiable as a human carcinogen.

Properties: Brown liquid. Bp 400C. Miscible with

Use: Solvent for plastics, resins, gums and electro-

water, ethanol, xylene; very slightly soluble in kero-

lytes; intermediate; catalyst; paint remover; high

sene.

purity solvent for crystallization and purification.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

stricted.

N,N-dimethylacetoacetamide.

Use: Insecticide.

COCH

CON(CH

)

Properties: Liquid. Bp 220C, d 1.048–1.053 (20/

dimethoxystrychnine. See brucine.

20C), refr index 1.4379 (20C), flash p 252F (122C)

(COC). Miscible with water and organic solvents.

dimethoxytetraglycol. (tetraethylene glycol

Combustible.

dimethyl ether; bis(2-methoxyethoxyethyl ether;

Use: Chemical intermediate.

tetraglyme).

CAS: 143-24-8. CH

(OCH

)

OCH

2,4-dimethylacetophenone.

Properties: Water-white, liquid; practically

COC

(CH

)

odorless. D 1.0132 (20/20C), bp 275.8C, 189C (100

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor of mimosa. D

mm Hg), vap press <0.01 mm Hg (20C), flash p

0.994–0.997, refr index 1.532–1.534. Soluble in

285F (141C), bulk density 8.4 lb/gal (20C), fp

four volumes of 60% alcohol. Combustible.

−29.7C, viscosity 0.0405 cP (20C), coefficient of

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

expansion 0.00091 (20C). Stable; soluble in hydro-

carbons and water. Combustible.

dimethylacetyl chloride. See isobutyric acid

Grade: Technical.

chloride.

Use: Solvent.

dimethylacetylene. See crotonylene.

dimethrin. Generic name for 2,4-dimethyl-

benzyl-2,2-dimethyl-3-(2-methylprope-

2,5-dimethyl-3-acetylfuran. See 3-acetyl-

nyl)cyclopropane carboxylate (2,4-dimethylben-

2,5-dimethylfuran.

zyl chrysanthemumate).

CAS: 70-38-2. C

dimethyallyl. See 2,5-dimethylhexadiene-1,5.

Properties: Amber liquid. D 0.986 (20C), bp 175C

(3.8 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in petrole-

um hydrocarbons, aromatic petroleum derivatives,

dimethylamine. (DMA).

alcohols, and methylene chloride; decomposed by

CAS: 124-40-3. (CH

)

NH.

strong alkali.

Properties: (Anhydrous) Gas with ammoniacal

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

odor. (25% Water solution) d 0.6865 (−6C), bp

Use: Insecticide.

6.88C, fp −92.2C, flash p 0F (−17.7C), bulk density

approximately 7.8 lb/gal; soluble in alcohol and

dimethyl. See ethane.

ether, autoign temp (anhydrous) 806F (430C).

Derivation: Interaction of methanol and ammonia

dimethylacetal. (ethylidenedimethyl ether). over a catalyst at high temperatures. The mono-, di-,

CAS: 534-15-6. CH

CH(OCH

)

. and trimethylamines are all produced.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strongly aromatic odor. Method of purification: Azeotropic or extractive

Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform. D distillation.

0.848 (25C), bp 62–63C, flash p approximately 80F Grade: Technical (anhydrous, 25%, and 40% aque-

(26.6C). ous solutions), 99%.

Derivation: By heating acetaldehyde with methyl Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

alcohol and glacial acetic acid and distilling. limits in air 2.8–14%. Irritant. TLV: TWA 5 ppm;

442DIMETHYLAMINE-EPICHLOROHYDRIN

STEL 15 ppm; not classifiable as a human carcin- Use: Fungicide for protection of germinating seed

ogen and seedlings.

Use: Acid-gas absorbent, solvent antioxidants, man-

ufacture of dimethylformamide and dimethylacet-

3-dimethylaminobenzoic acid.

amide, dyes, flotation agent, gasoline stabilizers,

(CH

)

COOH.

pharmaceuticals, textile chemicals, rubber accelera-

Properties: Pale-yellow crystals. Mp 147–153C.

tors, electroplating, dehairing agent, missile fuels,

Use: Intermediate.

pesticide propellant, rocket propellants, surfactants,

reagent for magnesium.

8-((dimethylamino)carbonyl)-5-oxo-2,4,9-

trimethyl-6,11-dioxa-3-thia-2,4,7,10-

dimethylamine-epichlorohydrin copolymer.

tetraazadodeca-7,9-dienoic acid, 2,3-

CAS: 25988-97-0.

dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl

Use: Food additive.

ester.

CAS: 90293-54-2. mf: C

′

-dimethylaminoacetylpartricin a Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethylaminoethylamide diaspartat. Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 143563-20-6. mf: C

•1/

103

Hazard: A poison.

8-((dimethylamino)carbonyl)-5-oxo-2,4,9-

trimethyl-6,11-dioxa-3-thia-2,4,7,10-

dimethylaminoaniline. See p-aminodimethy- tetraazadodeca-7,9-dienoic acid, 1-

laniline. naphthalenyl ester.

CAS: 90293-53-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethylaminoazobenzene. (methyl yellow;

Use: Agricultural chemical.

butter yellow).

CAS: 60-11-7. C

NNC

N(CH

)

Properties: Yellow, crystalline leaflets. Mp 116C.

8-((dimethylamino)carbonyl)-5-oxo-2,4,9-

Soluble in alcohol, ether, strong mineral acids, and trimethyl-6,11-dioxa-3-thia-2,4,7,10-

oils; insoluble in water. tetraazadodeca-7,9-dienoic acid, 4-

Derivation: Action of benzenediazonium chloride nonylphenyl ester.

on dimethyl aniline. CAS: 90293-55-3. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. A Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

carcinogen. May not be used in foods or beverages Use: Agricultural chemical.

(FDA).

Use: Organic research, indicator, dyes.

n-((8-((dimethylamino)carbonyl)-2,4,9-

trimethyl-1,5-dioxo-6,11-dioxa-3-thi a-

p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. 2,4,7,10-tetraazadodeca-7,9-dien-1-yl)oxy)-

CAS: 100-10-7. C

[N(CH

)

]CHO. ethanimidothioic acid, methyl ester.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline plates. Mp 73C, bp CAS: 90293-52-0. mf: C

176–177C (17 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol and Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ether. Combustible. Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: By mixing dimethylaniline, anhydrous

chloral, and phenol, and allowing the mixture to

dl-dimethylamino-4,4-diphenyl-3-heptanone

stand. The phenol is removed by shaking with dilute

hydrochloride. See methadone hydrochlo-

caustic soda, and the residue dissolved in water and

ride.

hydrochloric acid and crystallized.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

3-(dimethylamino)-1-(2,2-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

diphosphonoethyl)pyrazinium inner salt.

Use: Dyes, medicine, reagent.

CAS: 203264-12-4. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

dimethylaminobenzene. See xylidine.

2-dimethylaminoethanol. (deanol; dimethy-

p-dimethylaminobenzene diazonium

lethanolamine).

chloride, zinc chloride double salt. See

CAS: 108-01-0. (CH

)

NCH

OH.

p-diazodimethylaniline; zinc chloride double

Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. Bp

salt.

134.6C, fp −59.0C, d 0.8879 (20/20C), bulk density

7.4 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4300 (20C), flash p

p-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium 105F (40.5C) (OC). Miscible with water, acetone,

sulfonate. (“Dexon”). ether, and benzene. Combustible.

CAS: 140-56-7. (CH

)

NNSO

Na. Derivation: Prepared from ethylene oxide and di-

Properties: Solid. Melts with decomposition above methylamine.

200C. Soluble in water. Grade: Anhydrous and 70% aqueous solution.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

443 ␣-(3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL)

Use: Intermediate in the synthesis of dyestuffs, tex-

sulfinyl)amino)carbonyl)oxy)-2-oxo-

tile auxiliaries, pharmaceuticals, and corrosion in- ethanimidothioic acid, methyl ester.

hibitors; curing epoxy, amine, and polyamide res- CAS: 81862-00-2. mf: C

ins; emulsifier in paints and coatings. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

␤-dimethylaminoethyl chloride

hydrochloride. (DMC).

dimethlaminonaphthalenesulfonyl chloride.

(CH

)

NCH

Cl:HCl.

See dansyl chloride.

Use: Manufacture of antihistamines and other phar-

maceuticals. Organic intermediate for introduction

5-dimethylamino-1-napthalene sulfonyl

of ␤-dimethylaminoethyl radical.

chloride. See dansyl chloride.

2-(dimethylamino)ethylhydrazine. See 2-

2-(dimethylamino)-2-oxoethyl-n-

hydrazino-n,n-dimethylethanamine.

(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimi-

dothioate.

dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate.

CAS: 92065-83-3. mf: C

:C(CH

)COOCH

-N(CH

)

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.933 (25C), bp 182–190C,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

refr index 1.4376 (25C), flash p 165F (73.9C)

(TOC). Combustible.

2-dimethylamino-1-phenylpropane. See

Hazard: Irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous mem-

n,n,␣-trimethylphenethylamine.

branes; strong lachrymator.

Use: Binders for coatings, textile chemicals, dispers-

5-dimethylamino-3-piperidinoacetylindole.

ing agents for nonaqueous systems, antistatic

CAS: 24955-83-7. mf: C

agents, stabilizers for chlorinated polymers, ion-ex-

Hazard: A poison.

change resins, emulsifying agents, cationic precipi-

tating agents.

1-dimethylamino-2-propanol.

(CH

)

NCH

OCH

2-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)pyridine

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Bp

hydrochloride.

125.6C, d 0.850 (20/20C), refr index 1.421 (20C),

CAS: 25877-27-4. mf: C

•ClH.

flash p 90F (32C). Soluble in water and most organic

Hazard: A poison.

solvents.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

5-(2

′

-(n,n-dimethylamino)-2

′

-methyl)ethyl-

Use: Organic synthesis.

10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine.

CAS: 2064-23-5. mf: C

3-dimethylaminopropylamine.

Hazard: A poison.

(CH

)

NCH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 123C, fp −70C (sets

dimethylaminomethyl phenol.

to a glass below this temperature), d 0.8100 (30C),

OHCH

N(CH

)

. Exists as o-, m- and p-iso-

refr index 1.4328 (25C), flash p 95F (35C) (TCC).

mers; the commercial material is a mixture of o- and

Soluble in water and organic solvents.

p-.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

Properties: Dark-red liquid; phenolic odor, free of

ingestion and inhalation, strong irritant.

methylamine. D 1.010 (25/25C), refr index 1.530

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resins, organic interme-

(25C), distillation range 80–130C (2 mm Hg), water

diate.

content (Karl Fischer) 0.5%. Soluble in organic sol-

vents; moderately soluble in water.

1-dimethylamino-2-propyl chloride. (␤-di-

Hazard: See phenol.

methylaminoisopropyl chloride).

Use: Antioxidants, stabilizers, catalysts, interme-

(CH

)

NCH

CHClCH

diates.

Properties: Yellow liquid that darkens with age.

Distillation range 113–120C, refr index

4-dimethylamino-3-methylphenolmethyl

1.422–1.423 (25C).

carbamate (ester).

Use: Intermediate.

(CH

)

(CH

)OOCNHCH

Properties: Tan, crystalline solid. Mp 93–94C.

1-dimethylamino-3-propyl chloride.

Slightly soluble in water; moderately soluble in aro-

(DMPC). (CH

)

NCH

Cl.

matic solvents; unstable in highly alkaline media.

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceutical and organic

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

synthesis.

absorption.

2-(dimethylamino)-n-(((methyl(((2-phenyl- ␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-5-(1,1-

1,3-dioxan-5-yl)methoxy) dimethylethyl)-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazole-4-

444␣-(3-(DIMETHYLAMINO)PROPYL)

methanol. 0.954, mp 2.5C, bp 192.5–193.5C, flash p 145F

CAS: 296269-50-6. mf: C

O. (62.7C) (CC), refr index 1.5582, autoign temp 700F

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. (370C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1,5-diphenyl- Derivation: By heating a mixture of aniline, aniline

1h-pyrazole-4-methanol. hydrochloride, and methyl alcohol (free from ace-

tone) in an autoclave and distilling.

CAS: 296269-51-7. mf: C

Grade: Technical, reagent, 99.9% pure.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic material absorbed by skin. TLV:

TWA 5 ppm; STEL 10 ppm (skin); not classifiable

1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-

as a human carcinogen.

ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride. See

Use: Dyes, intermediates, solvent, manufacture of

EDC (reagent).

vanillin, stabilizer (acid acceptor), reagent.

␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-5-ethyl-1-

phenyl-1h-pyrazole-4-methanol.

2-(3,4-dimethylanilino)-2-oxazoline. See

CAS: 296269-47-1. mf: C

3,4-xylidino-2-oxazoline.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethyl anthranilate. (N-methyl methyl

dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide.

anthranilate).

(DMAPMA). H

C==C(CH

)COOCH

N(CH

)

CAS: 85-91-6. CH

OOCC

NHCH

Properties: Pale-yellow liquid. Flash p 140C (CC),

Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow liquid; grape-

refr index 1.4763, d 0.94, bulk density 7.8 lb/gal.

like odor. D 1.132–1.138 (15C), refr index

Use: Reactive cationic monomer, incorporation of

1.578–1.581 (20C). Soluble in three volumes or

amine group into polymers.

more of 80% alcohol, and in benzyl benzoate, die-

thyl phthalate, fixed oils, mineral oils, and volatile

␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-5-(1-

oils; insoluble in glycerol; slightly soluble in propyl-

methylethyl)-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazole-4-

ene glycol. Congealing p 18C (4% impurity) to 10C

methanol.

(20% impurity). Combustible.

CAS: 296269-49-3. mf: C

Derivation: Methylation of methyl anthranilate or

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

esterification of N-methylanthranilic acid.

Use: Perfumes, flavorings, and drugs.

␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-5-methyl-1-

phenyl-1h-pyrazole-4-methanol.

dimethylarsinic acid. See cacodylic acid.

CAS: 296269-46-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2,2

′

-dimethyl-2,2

′

-azodibutyronitrile. See

2,2

′

-azobisisovaleronitrile.

␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-phenyl-5-

propyl-1h-pyrazole-4-methanol.

1,2-dimethylbenzene. See o-xylene.

CAS: 296269-48-2. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

1,3-dimethylbenzene. See m-xylene.

␣-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-phenyl-1h-

1,4-dimethylbenzene. See p-xylene.

pyrazole-4-methanol.

CAS: 296269-45-9. mf: C

3,3-dimethylbenzidine. See o-tolidine.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethylbenzylcarbinyl acetate. See ␣,␣-

2-dimethylaminopyridine.

dimethylphenethyl acetate.

CAS: 5683-33-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

2,5-dimethylbenzyl chloride. (2,5-dimethyl-

4-dimethylamino-3,5-xylyl-N-methyl

␣-chlorotoluene; ␣-chloro-p-xylene).

carbamate. (CH

)

N(CH

)

OOCNHCH

(CH

)

Cl.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 85C. Al-

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid; sharp

most insoluble in water; soluble in benzene, alcohol,

pungent odor. D 1.035–1.045 (25/25C), bp

and chloroform.

221–226C, refr index 1.5350–1.5360 (25C). Solu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ble in alcohols and ethers; insoluble in water. Com-

Use: Systemic insecticide.

bustible.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and mucous membranes, a

N,N-dimethylaniline. (aniline, N,N-dimeth- lachrymator.

yl). Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, per-

CAS: 121-69-7. C

N(CH

)

. fumes, plasticizers, resins, wetting agents, germi-

Properties: Yellowish to brownish, oily liquid. D cides, etc.

445 DIMETHYLCARBATE

2,4-dimethylbenzyl chrysanthemumate. 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-butanediol.

See dimethrin.

CH(OH)C(CH

)CH

OH.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9700, bp 202.4C, fp −12.8C,

bulk density 8.1 lb/gal. Very soluble in water. Com-

␣,␤-dimethylbenzyl hydroperoxide. See

bustible.

cumene hydroperoxide.

1,3-dimethyl butanol. See amyl methyl al-

dimethylbenzyl phosphonate.

cohol.

(CH

P(O)CH

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 114C (0.75 mm

2,3-dimethylbutene-1.

Hg).

CH(CH

)C(CH

):CH

Use: Extraction of mineral salts from special solu-

Properties: Liquid. Fp −157.27C, bp 55.6C, d 0.678

tions, fire-retardant, low-temperature plasticizer.

(20/4C); bulk density 5.68 lb/gal (60F), refr index

1.390 (20C), flash p −20F (−28.9C).

3,3

′

-dimethyl-4,4

′

-biphenylene diisocyanate.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

(4,4

′

-bi-o-tolylene diisocyanate).

risk.

Properties: Flaked, white, crystalline solid. Mp 69C

Use: Perfume synthesis, isomerization reactions.

min. Assay 98% min.

Use: High-strength elastomers, coatings, rigid

2,3-dimethylbutene-2.

plastics.

C(CH

):C(CH

)CH

Properties: Liquid. Fp −74.3C, bp 73.2C, d 0.708

n,n

′

-dimethyl-4,4

′

-bipyridinium dibromide.

(20.4C), bulk density 5.94 lb/gal (60F), refr index

See paraquat dibromide.

1.412 (20C), flash p 0F (−17.7C).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion

1,1

′

-dimethyl-4,4

′

-bipyridinium salt. See

risk.

paraquat.

Use: Isomerization reactions.

dimethylbis(phenylthio)stannane. See

n,n-dimethylbutylamine. See butyldimethy-

bis(phenylthio)dimethyltin.

lamine.

dimethyl brassylate.

2,4-dimethyl-6-tert-butyl phenol.

OOC(CH

)

COOCH

. An ester of a 13-car-

(CH

)

OH[C(CH

)

bon saturated aliphatic dibasic acid. Waxy, low-

Properties: A low-viscosity, straw-colored liquid. D

melting solid, made by an ozone oxidation process.

0.961. Readily soluble in gasoline and oils. Com-

Use: Preparation of ethylene brassylate, a synthetic

bustible.

musk; chemical intermediate.

Use: Antiskinner; antioxidant, mainly for gasoline

(ASTM D91064T).

2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene. C

dimethylcadmium. C

Cd.

Properties: Dark liquid. Bp 70C, fp −76C, d 0.727,

Properties: Liquid; unpleasant odor. Fp −4.0C, bp

refr index 1.43.

105C, d 1.98, refr index 1.54. Soluble in hydrocar-

Derivation: Shale oil fractions, by distillation of pi-

bon solvents.

nacol.

Hazard: Explodes on heating to 150C, pyrophoric.

Use: Manufacture of elastomers.

Use: Polymerization catalyst, organic synthesis.

2,2-dimethylbutane. See neohexane.

dimethylcarbamoyl chloride. (dimethylcar-

bamyl chloride).

2,3-dimethylbutane. (diisopropyl).

CAS: 79-44-7. (CH

)

NCOCl.

CAS: 79-29-8. (CH

)

CHCH(CH

)

Properties: A colorless liquid that hydrolyzes rapid-

ly. Bp 165C, fp −33C, d 1.67.

Hazard: TLV: A suspected human carcinogen and a

strong lachrymator.

Use: Chemical intermediate in production of dyes,

pharmaceuticals, and pesticides.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 57.9C, d 0.66164

(20C), fp −128.41C, refr index 1.37495 (20C), flash

p −20F (−28.9C), autoign temp 788F (420C).

dimethylcarbate. (cis-dimethyl ester-5-nor-

Derivation: Alkylation of ethylene with isobutane bornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid).

using aluminum chloride catalyst. CAS: 5826-73-3. C

. Generic name for bicy-

Grade: Technical 95%, 99%, 99.8 mole %. clo(2,2,1)-5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid dimeth-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion yl ester.

risk. Properties: Clear, oily liquid or crystalline solid. D

Use: High-octane fuel, organic synthesis. 1.165 (35/4C). Insoluble in water.

446DIMETHYLCARBINOL

Derivation: Esterification of Diels-Alder condensa- Properties: Partially crystalline solid. D 1.102 (35/

tion product of maleic anhydride and cyclopenta-

4C), consists of approximately 60% cis and 40%

diene.

trans isomers, bp (mixed isomer) 265C, bulk density

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

9.18 lb/gal (20C). Soluble in all proportions in most

Use: Insect repellent.

organic solvents.

Use: Plasticizers, polymers.

dimethylcarbinol. See isopropyl alcohol.

N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine.

dimethylcarbonate. Legal label name for meth-

(CH

)

yl carbonate.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Distilling range

157–160C, d 0.8490 (20/20C), fp approximately

dimethylchloroacetal.

−77C, flash p 110F (43.3C) (COC). Partly soluble in

(chloroacetaldehydedimethylacetal).

water; miscible with alcohol, benzene, acetone.

ClCH

CH(OCH

)

Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid with a pleasant odor.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Boiling range 126–132C, flash p 110F (43.3C), d

Use: Catalyst for polyurethane foams, intermediate

1.082–1.092 (25/4C), refr index 1.4110–1.4130

for rubber accelerators, treatment of textiles.

(25C), purity 97% (min), bulk density 9.07 lb/gal.

Combustible.

1,2-dimethylcyclopentane. C

(CH

)

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Colorless liquid. cis: bp 99.5C, d 0.772

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

(20C); trans: bp 91.8C, d 0.751 (20C). Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals, solvent.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Organic synthesis.

dimethylchloroacetoacetamide. See 2-chlo-

ro-n,n-dimethyl-3-oxobutanamide.

dimethyl dialkyl ammonium chloride.

Use: Food additive.

2,5-dimethyl-␣-chlorotoluene. See 2,5-di-

methylbenzyl chloride.

2,2

′

-dimethyl-1,1

′

-dianthraquinone.

dimethylchlortetracycline hydrochloride.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 365–367C. Soluble

ClN

•HCl.

in hot nitrobenzene, aniline, and chlorobenzene.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder; odorless;

Use: Dye intermediate.

bitter taste. Partially soluble in water; slightly solu-

ble in alcohol.

2,5-dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane.

Grade: NF.

OOC(CH

)

C(CH

)

OOC

Use: Medicine (antibiotic)

Properties: Stable, colorless liquid. Bp 50–52C (0.1

mm Hg), active oxygen 10.5% min, fp 8C, flash p

dimethyl l-curine dimethiodide. See

185F (85C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

n,n

′

,o,o

′

-tetramethylcurinium diiodide.

Combustible.

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, may ignite organic materi-

dimethyl cyanamide. (CH

)

NCN.

als. Irritant to eyes and skin.

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid. Fp −41C, d

Use: Catalyst in polyethylene cross-linking, styrene

0.876, bp 160C, flash p 160F (71.1C) (TCC). Com-

polymerization, polyester resins.

bustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

dimethyl dicarbonate.

Use: Chemical intermediate, solvent.

CAS: 4525-33-1. mf: (CH

OCO)

Properties: Bp: 44−47° @ 5 mm.

dimethylcyclohexane. (hexahydroxylene).

Use: Food additive; fungicide.

Mix of o-, m-, and p-isomers. C

(CH

)

Properties: Water-white liquid; mild odor. D 0.776

(15/15C), boiling range 120–129C, fp <−65C, flash

dimethyldichlorosilane. (dichlorodimethylsi-

p approximately 50F (10C) (CC). Soluble in most

lane).

common solvents; almost insoluble in water.

CAS: 75-78-5. (CH

)

SiCl

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 70C, fp −86C, d

Use: Synthesis, special solvent.

1.062 (20C), refr index 1.4023 (25C), flash p 16F

Note: There are several isomers of dimethylcyclo-

(−8.9C) (COC). Reacts with water to form complex

hexane, i.e., 1,3-; 1,4-; cis-1,2-; trans-1,2-. They

mixture of dimethylsiloxanes and liberates hydro-

have properties and uses closely similar to those

gen chloride. Soluble in benzene and ether.

given above. All are flammable.

Derivation: Action of silicon on methyl chloride in

presence of a copper catalyst or by Grignard reaction

dimethyl-1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylate. from methyl chloride and silicon tetrachloride.

OOCC

COOCH

. Grade: Technical.

447 5,5-DIMETHYL-2-(ETHYLIMINO)

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire and explosion Use: General solvent, plasticizer.

risk.

Use: Intermediate for silicone products.

N,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenyl acetamide.

See diphenamid.

dimethyldichlorovinyl phosphate. See di-

3,3-dimethyl-1,4-dithian-2-one-o-((methyl

chlorovos.

((trichloromethyl)thio)amino)

carbonyl)oxime.

1,2-dimethyl-3-diethylaminopropyl p-

CAS: 55391-31-6. mf: C

isobutoxybenzoate. See ganglefene.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl-n-

(4-bromophenylthio)-n-methylcarbamate.

dimethylenemethane. See allene.

CAS: 50539-74-7. mf: C

BrNO

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

3,4,3

′

-dimethylenedioxystilbene.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 76306-40-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

5,5-dimethyldihydroresorcinol

dimethylcarbamate. See dimetan.

2-dimethylethanolamine. See 2-dimethylam-

inoethanol.

dimethyl diisopropyl pyrophosphate.

CAS: 63919-09-5. mf: C

dimethyl ether. (methyl ether; methyl oxide;

Hazard: A poison.

wood ether).

CAS: 115-10-6. CH

OCH

1,1-dimethyl-3,5-diketocyclohexane. See

Properties: Colorless compressed gas or liquid. D

dimedone.

0.661, bp −24.5C, fp −141.4C, flash p −42F (−41C),

autoign temp 662F (350C). Soluble in water, alco-

dimethyldiketone. See diacetyl.

hol, and organic solvents.

Derivation: By dehydration of methanol.

n,5-dimethyl-4-((dimethylamino)carbonyl)-

Grade: Technical, 99.5%.

n-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)thio)-

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

2,7-dioxa-3,6-diazaocta-3,5-dienamide.

plosion hazard.

CAS: 90293-48-4. mf: C

Use: Refrigerant, solvent, extraction agent, propel-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

lant for sprays, chemical reaction medium, catalyst

Use: Agricultural chemical.

and stabilizer in polymerization.

N,N

′

-dimethyl-N,N

′

-di(1-methylpropyl)-p-

dimethylethoxysilane. See ethoxydimethylsi-

phenylene diamine. Forms a continuous

lane.

protective film.

Properties: Volatile, reddish-brown liquid.

2-((1,1-dimethylethyl)amino)ethanol. See

Use: Antiozonant in rubber.

t-butylethanolamine.

N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dinitrosterephthalamide.

(e)-1-((1,1-dimethylethyl)azo)cyclopentanol.

[CON(CH

)NO]

See (e)-1-t-butylazo-1-hydroxycyclopentane.

Use: Blowing agent liberating nitrogen at 100C, with

a residue of dimethyl terephthalate.

dimethylethyl carbinol. See tert-amyl al-

cohol.

dimethyldioxane.

CAS: 25136-55-4.

1,1-dimethylethyl chloroacetate. See tert-

butyl chloroacetate.

❘

CH(CH

)CH

OCH

❘

CH(CH

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.9268, bp

dimethylethylene. See butene-2.

117.5C, flash p 75F (23.9), vap press 154.4 mm Hg

at 20C. Soluble in water.

′

′′

-dimethylethylenedihydrazine. See

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

1,1

′

-(1,2-ethanediyl)bis(1-methylhydrazine).

sym-dimethylethylene glycol. See 2,3-bu-

2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-methanol.

tylene glycol.

Properties: Colorless, liquid; odorless. Bp 82C (10

mm Hg), d 1.065, refr index 1.43, flash p 194F

5,5-dimethyl-2-(ethylimino)-1,3-dithiolan-4-

(90C). Soluble in water and most organic solvents. one-o-((methylamino)carbonyl)oxime.

Optically active. Combustible. CAS: 71108-04-8. mf: C

448(4-(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)PHENYL)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)pyrimidine.

CAS: 61319-99-1. mf: C

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tact. A mild skin irritant.

(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl ethyl

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

O,O-dimethyl-S-2-(ethylsulfinyl)ethyl

CAS: 51308-53-3. mf: C

phosphorothioate. (oxydemetonmethyl).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(CH

P(O)SC

SOC

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Amber liquid. Bp 106C (0.01 mm Hg), d

1.28 (20/4C). Miscible with water.

s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl) o-

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor, use may be re-

ethyl-3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.

stricted.

CAS: 51308-61-3. mf: C

OS.

Use: Systemic insecticide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethyl ferrocenoate. (1,1

′

-ferrocenedicar-

boxylic acid dimethyl ester). (C

COOCH

)

Fe.

(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl heptyl-

Properties: Orange, crystalline solid. Mp 114–115C.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

See ferrocene.

CAS: 51308-60-2. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

N,N-dimethyl formamide. (DMF).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 68-12-2. HCON(CH

)

Properties: Water-white liquid. A dipolar aprotic

(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl hexyl

solvent. Bp 152.8C, fp −61C, refr index 1.4269

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

(25C), d 0.953–0.954 (15.6/15.6C), flash p 136F

CAS: 51308-58-8. mf: C

(57.7C), autoign temp 833F (445C). Miscible with

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

water and most organic solvents (except halogenat-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ed hydrocarbons). Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of methyl formate with di-

(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl methyl-

methylamine.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by skin absorp-

CAS: 51308-52-2. mf: C

tion. Strong irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 10 ppm.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Solvent for vinyl resins and acetylene, butadi-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ene, acid gases; polyacrylic fibers; catalyst in car-

boxylation reactions; organic synthesis; carrier for

s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl) o-

gases.

octyl-3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.

CAS: 51308-71-5. mf: C

OS.

dimethylfuran.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

❘

C(CH

)CHCH

❘

C(CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8900, bp 94C, flash

(4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl pentyl-

p 45F (7.2C). Insoluble in water.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

CAS: 51379-04-5. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethyl glycol phthalate.

(COOCH

OCH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.17, bp 230C. Com-

s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl) o-

bustible.

pentyl-3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.

Use: Solvent mix for cellulose esters, plasticizing

CAS: 51308-67-9. mf: C

OS.

mix for cellulose esters.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethylglyoxal. See diacetyl.

s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)methyl) o-

propyl-3-pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.

dimethylglyoxime. (butane dioxime).

CAS: 51308-62-4. mf: C

OS.

C(NOH)C(NOH)CH

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: White crystals or powder. Mp 242C.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water.

Use: Analytical chemistry, especially as a reagent for

nickel, biochemical research.

␣-(5-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1-phenyl-1h-

pyrazol-4-yl)-1-piperidinebutanol.

CAS: 296269-57-3. mf: C

O. 2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanol. (diisobutylcarbi-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. nol). [(CH

)

CHCH

]

449 1,1-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINE

Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.423 (21C), Hazard: Strong oxidant, fire risk in contact with

organic materials.

d 0.8121 (20C), fp (sets to a glass at approximately

Use: Oxidizing agent, polymerization agent.

−65C), bp 178C (750 mm Hg); insoluble in water,

soluble in alcohol and ether; flash p 162F (72.2C)

(TOC). Combustible.

dimethylhexynediol. (2,5-dimethyl-3-hexyne-

2,5-diol). (CH

)

CHOC≡CCOH(CH

)

Use: Surface-active agents, lubricant additives, rub-

Properties: White crystals. Mp 94–95C, bp

ber chemicals, flotation agents, antifoam agent.

205–206C, d 0.949 (20/20C). Soluble in water;

slightly soluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride,

2,6-dimethyl-4-heptanone. See diisobutyl

naphtha; very soluble in acetone, alcohol, and ethyl

ketone.

acetate.

Use: Wiredrawing lubricant, antifoaming agent, cou-

2,6-dimethyl-5-hepten-1-al.

pling agent in resin coatings, chemical intermediate.

(CH

)

C:CH(CH

)

CH(CH

)CHO.

Properties: Yellow liquid. Moderately stable but not

dimethylhexynol. (3,5-dimethyl-1-hexyne-3-

likely to cause discoloration. D 0.845–0.855 (25/

ol). HC≡CCOH(CH

)CH

CH(CH

)

25C), refr index 1.441–1.447 (20C), flash p 144F

Properties: Colorless liquid; camphorlike odor. Bp

(62.2C) (TCC). Soluble in two parts of 70% alcohol.

150–151C, sets to a glass approximately −68C, d

Combustible.

0.8545 (20/20C), slightly soluble in water, flash p

Use: Perfumery.

134F (56.6C) (TOC). Combustible.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

2,6-dimethylheptene-3.

Use: Stabilizer for chlorinated organic compounds,

(CH

)

CHCH:CHCH

CH(CH

)

. Mixed cis and

surface active agent, intermediate, solvent lubricant.

trans isomers.

Properties: Liquid. Distillation range 128–129C, d

0.722 (60/60F), refr index 1.412 (20C), flash p 70F

5,5-dimethylhydantoin. (DMH).

(21.1C) (TOC). CAS: 77-71-4. HNCONHCOC(CH

)

Grade: 95%. Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 178C. Solu-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. ble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: (1) From acetone, urea, and ammonium

carbonate; (2) from acetone, potassium cyanate and

2,5-dimethylhexadiene-1,5. (dimethyallyl).

hydrogen cyanide.

:C(CH

)CH

C(CH

):CH

Hazard: Central nervous system depressant.

Properties: Water-white liquid; hydrocarbon odor.

Use: Synthesis, preparation of water-soluble

D 0.740–0.760 (25/25C), refr index 1.426–1.429

polymers.

(25C), ASTM distillation 90% between 114–123C,

flash p 56F (13.3C). Soluble in hydrocarbons; insol-

uble in water.

dimethylhydantoin-formaldehyde polymer.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Properties: Light-colored, brittle resin containing

Use: Solvent.

0.3% max of formaldehyde. D 1.30, softening point

59–80C. Dissolves readily in cold and hot water,

2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide. methanol, ethylacetate, methyl ethyl ketone, chloro-

(CH

)

C(OOH)CH

C(OOH)(CH

)

. form, methylene chloride, and hot glycerol; insolu-

Properties: Fine powder, 90% peroxide. Mp ble in benzene, xylene, diethyl ether, trichloroethyl-

102–104C. Insoluble in hydrocarbons; slightly solu- ene, and carbon tetrachloride.

ble in water, soluble in alcohols. Use: Sizing, adhesives, blending agent, aerosol hair

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidizer. Store sprays.

away from organic materials.

Use: High-temperature catalyst for polyester premix

1,1-dimethylhydrazine.

compounds and silicone resins.

CAS: 57-14-7. (CH

)

NNH

. An unsymmetrical

compound.

dimethylhexanediol. (2,5-dimethylhexane-

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; ammo-

2,5-diol). (CH

)

COH(CH

)

COH(CH

)

nia-like odor. Fumes in air; evolves heat on contact

Properties: White crystals. Mp 88.5–89C, bp

with water. Fp −58C, bp 63C, d 0.782 (25C), flash p

204–215C, d 0.898 (20/20C). Soluble in water, ace-

approximately 5F (−15C), autoign temp 480F

tone, and alcohol; insoluble in benzene, carbon tet-

(249C). Soluble in water and alcohol.

rachloride, and kerosene. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of dimethylamine and chlo-

Use: Chemical intermediate.

ramine; (2) catalytic oxidation of dimethylamine

and ammonia.

2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-diperoxybenzoate. Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. A suspect-

ed human carcinogen; toxic by skin absorption. Cor-

Properties: Fine, white granules. Mp 114C. Insolu- rosive to skin. TLV: TWA 0.5 ppm; suspected hu-

ble in alcohols and hydrocarbons; soluble in acetone man carcinogen.

and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Use: Component of jet and rocket fuels, chemical

4509-(2,2-DIMETHYLHYDRAZINO)ACRIDINE

synthesis, stabilizer for organic peroxide fuel addi-

o,o-dimethyl malathion. See carbomethoxy

tives, absorbent for acid gases, photography, plant malathion.

growth control agent.

dimethyl maleate. CH

OOCCH:CHCOOCH

9-(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)acridine.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.153, bulk density

CAS: 28846-35-7. mf: C

9.62 lb/gal, bp 200.4C, flash p 235F (112C). Com-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bustible.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethyl malonate.

9-(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)acridine CAS: 108-59-8. CH

(COOCH

)

monohydrochloride. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 180–181C, fp

CAS: 1086-34-6. mf: C

•ClH. −62C, refr index 1.4140, flash p 194F (90C). Very

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

Use: Agricultural chemical. ether. Combustible.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

9-(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)acridine

mono(methyl sulfate).

dimethylmethane. See propane.

CAS: 28846-38-0. mf: C

•CH

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

5,5-dimethyl-2-((1-methylethyl)imino)-1,3-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dithiolan-4-one-o-((methylamino)

carbonyl)oxime.

dimethylhydroquinone. See hydroquinone

CAS: 71108-05-9. mf: C

dimethyl ether.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethylhydroxybenzene. See xylenol.

5,5-dimethyl-2-((1-methylethyl)imino)1,3-

dithiolan-4-one, o-((methyl((tri-

3,7-dimethyl-7-hydroxyoctenal. See hy-

chloromethyl)thio)amino)carbonyl)oxime.

droxycitronellal.

CAS: 71108-06-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethyl isophthalate. See “Morflex 1129”

Use: Agricultural chemical.

[Reilly].

3,5-dimethyl-n-(2-methylphenyl)-4-nitro-1h-

dimethylisopropanolamine.

pyrazole-1-acetamide.

(CH

)

NCH

CH(OH)CH

CAS: 302542-44-5. mf: C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8645 (25/20C),

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

bulk d 7.4 lb/gal (20C), bp 125.8C, miscible with

water, viscosity 1.51 cP (20C), vap press 9 mm Hg

3,5-dimethyl-n-(4-methylphenyl)-1h-

(20C), fp (sets to a glass at approximately −85C),

pyrazole-1-acetamide.

refr index 1.4189 (20C), flash p 95F (35C) (OC).

CAS: 302542-60-5. mf: C

Solubility of water in compound complete at 20C.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Use: Synthesis of methadone, other chemical synthe-

ses. Combining the properties of tertiary amine and

3,5-dimethyl-n-(2-methylphenyl)-1h-

secondary alcohol.

pyrazole-1-acetamide.

CAS: 173381-90-3. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

4,4-dimethyl-1-isopropyl-2-nonyl-2-

imidazoline.

CAS: 74038-78-1. mf: C

3,5-dimethyl-n-(3-methylphenyl)-1h-

Hazard: A poison.

pyrazole-1-acetamide.

CAS: 302542-50-3. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

dimethyl itaconate.

C(COOCH

)CH

(COOCH

Properties: White crystals; slight odor. Mp 36C, bp

o,o-dimethyl s-((5-(methylthio)-1,3,4-

91.5C (10 mm Hg), d 1.27 (24C), refr index 1.441

thiadiazol-2-yl)methyl)

(20C). Slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

phosphorodithioate.

Use: Polymers and copolymers, plasticizers, inter-

CAS: 38090-92-5. mf: C

mediate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethylketol. See acetylmethylcarbinol.

(4,4-dimethyl-5-((((methyl((trichloro-

methyl)thio)amino)carbonyl)

dimethylketone. See acetone. oxy)imino)-1,3-dithiolan-2-ylidene)

451 DIMETHYLOLETHYLENE UREA

propanedinitrile. Hazard: Flammable. Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 71108-21-9. mf: C

Use: Production of methylene blue, vulcanization

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

accelerator.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3,6-dimethyl-3,6-octanediol.

2,6-dimethylmorpholine.

(CH

)COH(CH

)

COH(CH

CAS: 141-91-3.

Properties: White, waxy solid. Mp 44C, bp

241–242C, d 0.919 (20/20C). Soluble in water, ace-

tone, alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride.

❘

CH(CH

)CH

NHCH

❘

CH(CH

Use: Nonfoaming, surface-active agent; chemical in-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.99346, bp 146.6C, fp −85C,

termediate.

bulk d 7.8 lb/gal, flash p 112F (44.4C). Soluble in

water. Combustible.

dimethyloctanoic acid. See isodecanoic

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

acid.

Use: Corrosive inhibitors, stabilizers for chlorinated

solvents, rubless floor polishes, rubber accelerators,

3,6-dimethyl-3-octanol.

germicides, and textile finishing agents.

)CHCH

(CH

)

COHCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet odor. D 0.8366

2-(2,6-dimethyl-4-morpholinothio)benzo-

(20/20C), refr index 1.4370 (20C), bp 202–203C, fp

thiazole. C

−67.5C. Combustible.

Properties: Cream to light-yellow powder. Mp 88C,

Use: Perfumery (floral odors), flavoring.

d 1.26 (25C).

Use: Delayed-action vulcanization accelerator.

3,7-dimethyl-1-octanol. (tetrahydrogeraniol).

(CH

)

CH(CH

)

CH(CH

)CH

OH.

1,2-dimethyl-3-(2-naphthalenyl)(2r,3s)-rel-3-

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet odor. Refr index

pyrrolidinol drochloride.

1.4350–1.4450 (20C), d 0.826–0.842 (25C). Solu-

CAS: 302959-32-6. mf: C

NO•ClH.

ble in mineral oil and in propylene glycol; insoluble

Hazard: A poison.

in glycerol. Combustible.

Grade: FCC.

2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone.

Use: Flavoring agent, perfumery.

CAS: 2197-57-1. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

3,7-dimethyl-3-octanol. See tetrahydrolina-

lool.

dimethyl-␣-naphthylamine. C

N(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.045, bp 275C. Sol-

2,6-dimethyl-1,5,7-octatriene. See ocimene.

uble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Action of methyl sulfate on ␣-naphthyl-

2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene. See allooci-

amine.

mene.

Grade: CP, analytical.

Use: Determination of nitrates.

3,7-dimethyl-6-octenal. See citronellal.

dimethyl-␤-naphthylamine. C

N(CH

)

3,7-dimethyl-6(or 7)-octen-1-ol. See citro-

Properties: Crystalline solid. D 1.039 (70/70C), mp

nellol.

46C, bp 305C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu-

ble in water.

n,n-dimethyl-n-octyl-1-octanaminium

Derivation: Interaction of dimethylamine and ␤-

chloride.

naphthol.

CAS: 5538-94-3. mf: C

N•Cl.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

dimethylnitrobenzene. See nitroxylene.

dimethyloctynediol. (3,6-dimethyl-4-octyne-

O,O-dimethyl-O-p-nitrophenyl

3,6-diol). C

(CH

)COHC

CCOH(CH

phosphorothioate. See methyl parathion.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 55–56C, bp 222C, d

0.923 (solid 20C), 0.908 (liquid 60C). Moderately

dimethylnitrosamine. See N-nitrosodimethy-

soluble in water; slightly soluble in kerosene; very

lamine.

soluble in acetone, alcohol, benzene, and carbon

tetrachloride. Combustible.

N,N-dimethyl-p-nitrosoaniline. (p-nitrosodi-

Use: Surface-active agent, intermediate.

methylaniline).

CAS: 138-89-6. (CH

)

NO.

dimethylolethylene urea.

Properties: Green leaflets. Mp 93C. Soluble in alco-

hol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Nitrous acid and N-dimethylaniline. OC

❘

N(CH

OH)CH

❘

N(CH

OH).

452DIMETHYLOLPROPIONIC ACID

Use: Wrinkle-resistant textile finishes.

2,4-dimethylpentanone-3. See diisopropyl

ketone.

dimethylolpropionic acid. (DMPA; 2,2-

␣,␣-dimethylphenethyl acetate. (dimethyl-

bis(hydroxymethyl)propionic acid).

benzylcarbinyl acetate).

C(CH

OH)

COOH.

C(CH

)

OOCCH

Properties: Off-white, crystalline solid. Mp

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral, fruity odor. Refr

192–194C. Soluble in water and methanol; slightly

index 1.4910–1.4950 (20C) in supercooled liquid

soluble in acetone; insoluble in benzene.

form, d 0.995–1.002 in supercooled liquid form, mp

Use: Water-soluble alkyd resins, textile finishing,

29–30C. Solidifies at room temperature. Soluble in

cosmetics, plasticizers.

mineral oil; insoluble in glycerol. Combustible.

Grade: FCC.

dimethylolurea. (DMU; 1,3-bishydroxyme-

Use: Flavoring agent.

thylurea).

dimethylphenol. See xylenol.

dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine. See p-ami-

nodimethylaniline.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 126C (technical

n-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)maleimide. See n-

85–90C), d 1.34 (20C), slight formaldehyde odor.

2,3-xylylmaleimide.

Soluble in water and methanol; insoluble in ether.

Capable of polymerization.

n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-n-(methoxyacetyl)-

Derivation: Combination of urea and formaldehyde

alanine methyl ester. See metalaxyl.

in the presence of salts or alkaline catalysts.

Hazard: Irritant to skin.

n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-n-methoxyalanine

Use: First stage of urea formaldehyde resins; impreg-

methyl ester.

nating wood to increase hardness and fire resistance

CAS: 123298-28-2. mf: C

and to form self-binding laminations for plywood

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

manufacture; permanent-press fabrics.

tion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-oxo-3-(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-

(trifluoromethyl) ethoxy)-1-

1-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-3-(4-(2-

propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid,

methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl)-1-

cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1r-

propanone.

(1-␣(s*),3-␣(z)))-.

CAS: 302561-65-5. mf: C

•ClH.

CAS: 101007-06-1.

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

icity by ingestion.

2,3-dimethyl-1-phenyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

See antipyrine.

2,3-dimethylpentaldehyde.

dimethyl phosphite. (CH

P(O)H.

CH(CH

)CH(CH

)CHO. A branched-

Properties: Mobile, colorless liquid; mild odor. D

chain heptanal.

1.200 (20/4C), refr index 1.400 (25C), bp 72–73C

Properties: Liquid. D 0.8293, bp 140.5C, fp −110C,

(25 m/ H/), flash p 205F (96C). Soluble in water;

bulk density 6.91 lb/gal (20C), flash p 94F (34.4C).

miscible with most common organic solvents. Com-

Slightly soluble in water.

bustible.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Use: Lubricant additive, intermediate, adhesive.

Use: Intermediate.

O,O-dimethyl phosphorochloridothioate.

2,4-dimethylpentane.

(methyl PCT).

(CH

)

CHCH

CH(CH

)

CAS: 2524-03-0. (CH

P(S)Cl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.6684 (25C), bp

Properties: Colorless to light-amber liquid. Bp

80.5C, refr index 1.382 (20C), flash p 10F (−12.1C),

66–67C (16 mm Hg) d 1.320 (25C), refr index

fp −119C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

1.4795 (25C). Soluble in alcohol, benzene, acetone,

Grade: 95%, 99%, research, 99.7 mole %.

carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethyl acetate;

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire hazard.

slightly soluble in hexane; insoluble in water.

Use: Organic synthesis. Note: Other isomers (2,2-;

Grade: 96–100% purity.

2,3-; 3,3-) of closely similar properties are available.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous

membranes; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be

2,4-dimethylpentanol-3. See diisopropylcar- restricted.

binol. Use: Intermediate for insecticides, pesticides, fungi-

453 DIMETHYLSILICONE

cides, oil and gasoline additives, plasticizers, corro-

1,1-dimethylpropynylamine. See 2-methyl-

sive inhibitors, flame-retardants, flotation agents. 3-butyn-2-amine.

3,6-dimethylpyrazine-2-thiol.

dimethyl phthalate.

CAS: 5788-49-8.

CAS: 131-11-3. C

(COOCH

)

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Refr index 1.5138

(25C), heat of combustion 5769 cal/g, d 1.189 (25/

dimethylpyridine. See 2,6-lutidine.

25C), bp 282C, flash p 300F (149C), bulk density

9.93 lb/gal (68F), vap press <0.1 mm Hg (20C),

autoign temp 1032F (555C). Miscible with alcohol

2,6-dimethyl-3,5-pyridine dicarboxylic acid,

and ether; insoluble in water and paraffinic hydro-

dimethylester.

carbons; slightly soluble in mineral oil. Combus-

CAS: 182620-63-9. mf: C

tible.

Hazard: A poison.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and mucous membranes, not

2,5-dimethylpyrrole.

absorbed by skin. TLV: 5 mg/m

CAS: 625-84-3. mf: C

Use: Plasticizer for nitrocellulose and cellulose ace-

Properties: Colorless to yellow oily liquid. D:

tate, resins, rubber, and in solid rocket propellants;

0.935−0.945 @ 20°/4°, refr index: 1.503-1.506, bp:

lacquers; plastics; rubber; coating agents; safety

165° @ 760 mm. Very sol in alc, and ether; very sltly

glass; molding powders; insect repellent.

sol in water.

Use: Food additive.

N,N

′

-dimethylpiperazine. (1,4-dimethylpi-

perazine). (CH

)

n,n-dimethyl-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propion-

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid. D 0.8565 (20/

amide.

4C), bp 131C, fp −1C, flash p 176F (80C) (TOC).

CAS: 22041-39-0. mf: C

Combustible.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Curing agent for polyurethane foams, interme-

diate for cationic surface-active agents. Note: Two

2,9-dimethylquinacridone.

other isomers are available, cis-2,5- and trans-2,5-;

CAS: 980-26-7. mf: C

neither is flammable, but both are combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

icity by ingestion.

2,6-dimethylpiperidine. (2,6-lupetidine).

(CH

)

NH.

2,7-dimethylquinoline. (CH

)

Properties: Liquid. Bp 127.9C, d 0.8199 (20/20C),

Properties: Liquid. Fp approximately −40C, distilla-

refr index 1.4383 (20C). Miscible with water at 20C.

tion range 140–150C (20 mm Hg). Soluble in ben-

Combustible.

zene and diethyl ether. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

Use: Organic synthesis, dye intermediate.

o,o

′

-dimethyl s,s

′

-2,3-quinoxalinediyl

1,1-dimethylpiperidinium chloride. See

thiocarbonate. See 2,3-

mepiquat chloride.

bis(carbomethoxymercapto)quinoxaline.

dimethylpolysiloxane. A liquid defoaming

dimethyl resorcinol. See resorcinol dimethyl

agent, refr index 1.40, viscosity 300 centistokes.

ether.

Hazard: Use in foods limited to 10 ppm (0 ppm in

milk).

dimethyl sebacate. [(CH

)

COOCH

]

Properties: Liquid, water-white. D 0.9896 (20/20C),

dimethyl-POPOP. See 1,4-bis[2-(4-methyl-5-

mp 24.5C, flash p 293F (145C), bp approximately

phenyloxazolyl)]benzene.

294C, refr index 1.4376 (20C). Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

2,2-dimethylpropane. See neopentane.

Use: Solvent or plasticizer for nitrocellulose, vinyl

resins; intermediate.

2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediol. See neopen-

tyl glycol.

dimethylsilicone. General term for a family of

silicones of composition [(CH

)

SiO]

, the more vol-

2,10-dimethyl-6-(2-propenyloxy)-4,8-dioxa- atile materials formed on hydrolysis of dimethyldi-

3,9-dithia-2,10-diazaundecanedioic acid, chlorosilane. Colorless oils with boiling point rang-

di-1-naphthalenyl ester, 3,9-dioxide. ing from 134C (for x

3) to 188C (20 mm Hg) (for x

CAS: 81862-18-2. mf: C

9).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use: Transformer liquid, brake fluids.

Use: Agricultural chemical. See polydimethylsiloxane.

454DIMETHYL SULFATE

dimethyl sulfate. (methyl sulfate). approved by FDA for humans, but must comply

CAS: 77-78-1. (CH

)

. with FDA regulations.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Soluble in alcohol, Use: Solvent for polymerization and cyanide reac-

ether, and water. D 1.3516, fp −26.8C, bp 188C tions; analytical reagent; spinning polyacrylonitrile

(decomposes), flash p 182F (83.3C) (CC). Combus- and other synthetic fibers; industrial cleaners, pesti-

tible. cides, paint stripping; hydraulic fluids; preservation

Derivation: By adding fuming sulfuric acid to meth- of cells at low temperatures; diffusion of drugs, etc.,

anol and distilling in vacuo. into blood stream by topical application; medicine

Grade: Technical. (antiinflammatory); veterinary medicine; plant pa-

Hazard: Strong irritant, absorbed by skin, a carcino- thology and nutrition; pharmaceutical products;

gen, induces tumors in animals, protective clothing metal-complexing agent.

required. TLV: TWA 0.1 ppm; animal carcinogen.

Use: Methylating agent for amines and phenols,

dimethyl terephthalate. (DMT).

polyurethane-based adhesives.

CAS: 120-61-6. C

(COOCH

)

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 140C, sublimes

above 300C. Insoluble in water; soluble in ether and

dimethyl sulfide. (methyl sulfide).

hot alcohol.

CAS: 75-18-3. (CH

)

Derivation: Oxidation of p-xylene or mixed xylene

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; disagreeable

isomers with concurrent esterification.

odor. D 0.845 (20C), fp −83C, bp 37.5C, evolves

Use: Polyester resins for film and fiber production,

sulfur dioxide when heated, autoign temp 403F

especially polyethylene terephthalate; intermediate.

(206C), flash p 0F (−17.7C). Soluble in alcohol and

ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: (1) From kraft pulping black liquor by

dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachloroterephthalate.

heating with inorganic sulfur compounds; (2) by

(COOCH

)

interaction of a solution of potassium sulfide and

Properties: Crystals. Mp 156C. Insoluble in water;

methyl chloride in methanol.

slightly soluble in acetone and benzene.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, moderate

Use: Herbicide.

explosion risk. Flammable limits in air 2.2–19.7%.

Use: Gas odorant, solvent for many inorganic sub-

1,3-dimethyl-2-tetradecyl-2-thiopseudourea

stances, catalyst impregnator.

hydriodide.

CAS: 5339-43-5. mf: C

S•HI.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

2,4-dimethylsulfolane. C

Properties: Slightly yellow liquid. Bp 280C, d 1.13,

flash p 290F (143C), refr index 1.47. Slightly solu-

2,2-dimethyl-3-(2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-1-

ble in water; partially soluble in alkanes and alkenes;

propenyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid,

miscible with most aromatics.

(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl ester, (1-␣,3-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

␤(e))-(+−)-.

Use: Solvent extraction (liquid-liquid and vapor-

CAS: 73176-66-6. mf: C

liquid).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dimethylsulfone. (methylsulfone; methylsul-

3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-1,3,5(2H)thia-

fonylmethane). C

diazine-2-thione.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 110C, bp 237C.

CAS: 533-74-4. C

Soluble in water, alcohol, and acetone.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 100C, d 1.30 (20C). Slight-

Derivation: Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide.

ly soluble in water and alcohol; soluble in acetone.

Use: Solvent.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Herbicide, nematocide, preservative for adhe-

dimethyl sulfoxide. (methyl sulfoxide;

sives and proteinaceous additives, fungicide.

DMSO).

See “Crag.”

CAS: 67-68-5. (CH

)

SO.

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic liquid; nearly

3,4-dimethyl-2,5-thiomorpholinedione, 2-(o-

odorless; slightly bitter taste. Bp 189C, mp 18.5C, d

((methyl((trichloromethyl)thio)amino)

1.10 (20/20C), specific heat 0.7 cal/g K, flash p 203F

carbonyl)oxime).

(95C) (OC), dielectric constant 48.9 (20C).

CAS: 66637-35-2. mf: C

E2xtremely powerful aprotic solvent. Soluble in wa-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ter, alcohol, benzene, acetone, chloroform. Com-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bustible.

Derivation: Oxidation of dimethyl sulfide with ni-

trogen tetroxide under anhydrous conditions; sul-

dimethyltin bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate).

fide waste liquors. See bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)

Hazard: Readily penetrates skin and other tissues; dimethylstannane.

455 DINERIC

dimethyl-tin bis(isooctylthioglycollate). 68–71C, bp 200C (13 mm Hg). Soluble in water and

most organic solvents.

See bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

dimethylstannane.

Use: Insecticide.

dimethyltin dibromide.

CAS: 2767-47-7. mf: C

Sn.

“Dimezone S” [James Robinson]. TM for a

Properties: Colorless or white crystals. Mp: 76°, bp:

line of photographic chemicals.

208−213°. Sol in water and org solvs.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

dimolybdenum trioxide. See molybdenum

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

sesquioxide.

dimethyltin dichloride.

dimpylate. See “Diazinon.”

CAS: 753-73-1. (CH

)

SnCl

Properties: White crystals. Mp 106–108C. Soluble

Dimroth rearrangement. Rearrangement of

in water, alcohol, and hydrocarbons.

N-alkylated or arylated iminoheterocycles to the

Hazard: Toxic material by skin absorption. TLV: 0.1

corresponding alkylamino or arylamino hetero-

mg(Sn)/m

cycles.

Use: Electroluminescence, PVC stabilizer, catalyst.

dimyristylamine. (ditetradecylamine).

dimethyltin difluoride. See difluorodime-

)

NH.

thylstannane.

Properties: Solid. Mp 52C, d 0.89. Almost insoluble

in water.

dimethyltin oxide.

Use: Intermediate.

CAS: 2273-45-2. (CH

)

SnO.

Properties: White powder. 98.5% Min purity.

dimyristyl ether. (ditetradecyl ether).

Hazard: Toxic material by skin absorption. TLV: 0.1

)

mg(Sn)/m

Properties: Liquid. Mp 38–40C, bp 238–248C (4

Use: Intermediate, PVC stabilizer.

mm Hg) d 0.8127 (45/4C). Combustible.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

dimethyl-o-toluidine. See n,n-dimethyl-o-to-

Use: Electrical insulators, water repellents, lubri-

luidine.

cants in plastic molding, antistatic substances,

chemical intermediates.

dimethyl-p-toluidine. See n,n,4-trimethylani-

line.

dimyristyl sulfide. (ditetradecyl sulfide, di-

myristyl thioether). (C

)

n,n-dimethyl-o-toluidine.

Properties: Solid. Mp 49–50C, bp (decomposes), d

CAS: 609-72-3. mf: C

0.8258 (50/4C).

Properties: A liquid. Bp: 184.8°.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis (formation of sulfonium

compounds).

o,o-dimethyl (2,2,2-trichloro-1-

(chloroacetoxy)ethyl)phosphonate.

N,N

′

-di-␤-2-naphthyl-m-phenylenediamine.

CAS: 74940-61-7. mf: C

(NHC

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 191C. Sparingly

Use: Agricultural chemical.

soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water and ether.

Derivation: By heating m-phenylenediamine with ␤-

N,N

′

-dimethylurea. (DMU; sym-dimethylu-

naphthol and extraction with alcohol.

rea; 1,3-dimethylurea).

Use: Organic synthesis.

CAS: 96-31-1. (CH

NH)

CO.

Properties: Colorless prisms. D 1.14, mp 106C, bp

270C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

N,N

′

-di-␤-naphthyl-p-phenylenediamine.

ether.

(sym-di-␤-naphthyl-p-phenylamine; DNPD).

Use: Intermediate in synthesis of drugs.

(NHC

)

Properties: Gray powder. D 1.25, set point 225C

(min), purity 98% (min). Insoluble in water; slightly

1,3-dimethylxanthine. See theophylline.

soluble in acetone and chlorobenzene.

Use: Antioxidant, stabilizer, polymerization inhibi-

3,7-dimethylxanthine. See theobromine.

tor, intermediate in organic synthesis.

dimetilan. Generic name for 1-dimethylcarba-

moyl-5-methyl-3-pyrazolyl dimethylcarbamate.

dineric. Solution of two immiscible solvents with

Properties: Colorless to red-brown solid. Mp a single solute soluble in each.

456DINERIC INTERFACE

dineric interface. (liquid-liquid interface). nitric acid is a high explosive. Mixture with tetrani-

Boundary surface between two immiscible liquids. tromethane is a high explosive very sensitive to

sparks.

See o-dinitrobenzene and p-dinitrobenzene.

dinitolmide. See zoalene.

o-dinitrobenzene. (1,2-dinitrobenzene).

dinitraniline orange. (permanent orange). A

CAS: 528-29-0. C

pigment made from dinitroaniline and ␤-naphthol. It

Properties: Colorless needles or plates from alcohol.

is a reddish shade of orange that has excellent light-

Mw 168.12, mp 118C, bp 319C, flash p 302F (CC),

fastness.

d 1.571 (0C/4C), vap d 5.79. Soluble in EtOH and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CHCl

; slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: A suspected carcinogen and poison by inha-

dinitroaminophenol. See picramic acid.

lation and ingestion. TWA 0.15 ppm (skin). Com-

bustible. A severe explosion hazard when shocked

2,4-dinitroaniline. (2,4-dinitraniline).

or exposed to heat or flame.

CAS: 97-02-9. C

(NO

)

Use: In bursting charges and to fill artillery shells.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Slightly soluble in alco-

See n-dinitrobenzene and p-dinitrobenzene.

hol; insoluble in water. D 1.615, mp 188F, flash p

435F (223C). Combustible.

p-dinitrobenzene.

Derivation: Nitration of p-nitroaniline with hot

CAS: 100-25-4. C

mixed acid.

Properties: White crystals, needles or prisms from

Grade: Technical, pure.

alcohol. Mw 168.12, mp 173C, bp 299C. Volatile

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

with steam.

irritant.

Hazard: A suspected carcinogen and poison by in-

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments, toner pigment in

gestion. TWA 0.15 ppm (skin). Mixture with nitric

printing inks, corrosion inhibitor.

acid is a high explosive.

See n-dinitrobenzene and o-dinitrobenzene.

2,4-dinitroanisole. (2,4-dintriophenyl methyl

ether). CH

(NO)

1,2-dinitrobenzene. See o-dinitrobenzene.

Properties: Colorless to yellow, monoclinic needles

from water or alcohol. Mp 88C, d 1.341 (20/4C),

1,3-dinitrobenzene. See m-dinitrobenzene.

sublimes. Slightly soluble in hot water; soluble in

alcohol and ether.

2,4-dinitrobenzene. See m-dinitrobenzene.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Ovicide, effective against moths, furniture and

2,4-dinitrobenzenethiol.

carpet beetles, cockroaches, and body lice.

CAS: 2218-96-4. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

3,5-dinitrobenzamide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

5,7-dinitro-1,2,3-benzoxadiazole. See dia-

dinitrobenzene.

zodinitrophenol.

CAS: o- 528-29-0; m- 99-65-0; p- 100-25-4.

(NO

)

. m-, o-, and p- isomers.

3,5-dinitrobenzoyl chloride.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D m- 1.546, o- 1.565, p-

2NO

(

COCl).

1.6; mp m- 89.9C, o- 117.9C, p- 172–173C; bp m-

302.8C, o- 319C, p- 299C. Soluble in chloroform

and ethyl acetate; sparingly soluble in benzene;

slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: Nitration of nitrobenzene with hot

mixed acid.

Hazard: o-isomer explodes when shocked or heated.

Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, absorbed by skin.

TLV: 0.15 ppm (skin).

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 66–68C, bp 196C

Use: Organic synthesis, dyes, camphor substitute in

(12 mm Hg). Decomposed by water and alcohol.

cellulose nitrate.

Hazard: An irritant.

Use: Reagent for amino acids and presence of alco-

m-dinitrobenzene. (1,3-dinitrobenzene; 2,4- hols in acetals and ketals.

dinitrobenzene).

CAS: 99-65-0. C

. 2-(2,4-dinitrobenzyl)pyridine.

Properties: Yellowish crystals from alcohol. Mw C

NCH

(NO

)

. Behaves photochromi-

168.12, mp 89C, bp 291C. cally.

Hazard: A suspected carcinogen. A human poison Use: To make plastics sensitive to light.

by ingestion. TLV: TWA 0.15 ppm. Mixture with See photochromism.

457 DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE

2,4-dinitro-6-sec-butylphenol. (2-sec-butyl- dinitrogen trioxide. See nitrogen trioxide;

4,6-dinitrophenol; dinoseb; DNBP). nitrogen oxides; NO

CAS: 88-85-7. CH

)CHC

(NO

)

OH. A

plant growth regulator.

dinitroglycol. See diethylene glycol dinitrate.

Properties: Reddish-brown liquid. Slightly soluble

in water; soluble in alcohol and other organic sol-

2,4-dinitro-4-hydroxydiphenylamine.

vents. Forms salts with metals and organic bases.

(NO

)

NHC

OH.

Hazard: Possible fire risk. Absorbed by skin, strong

Properties: Yellow solid. Mp 190C. Insoluble in

irritant.

water.

Use: Insecticide and ovicide, but must be used in the

Derivation: Condensation of 2,4-dinitro-1-chloro-

dormant growth season or as a salt to reduce toxicity.

benzene and p-aminophenol.

Herbicide for preemergence treatment, increases

yield of corn 5–10%.

dinitro(1-methylheptyl)phenyl crotonate.

dinitrochlorbenzene. See 1-chloro-2,4-dini-

See dinocap.

trobenzene.

4,6-dinitro-2-methylphenol. See 4,6-dini-

4,6-dinitro-o-cresol. (dinitro-o-cresol; 4,6-di-

tro-o-cresol.

nitro-2-methylphenol).

CAS: 534-52-1. CH

(NO

)

OH.

dinitronaphthalene. C

(NO

)

. Isomers: (1)

Properties: Yellow solid. Mp 85.8C. Slightly solu-

1,5-; (2) 1,8-.

ble in water; soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether.

Properties: (1) Yellowish-white needles; (2) yellow-

Hazard: Toxic, absorbed by skin, use may be re-

ish-white, thick, crystalline tablets; mp (1) 217C; (2)

stricted. TLV: 0.2 mg/m

172C); (1) sparingly soluble in pyridine; (2) soluble

Use: Dormant ovicidal spray for fruit trees (highly

in pyridine; bp (1) sublimes; (2) decomposes.

phytotoxic and cannot be used successfully on ac-

Derivation: By dissolving ␣-nitronaphthalene in sul-

tively growing plants), herbicide, insecticide.

furic acid and adding nitric acid.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

2,6-dinitro-p-cresol. (DNPC).

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk.

(NO

)

OH.

Use: Dyes, especially sulfur colors; intermediates.

Properties: Light-yellow, crystalline solid.

Grade: Presscake (36–43% active 2,6-DNCP).

2,4-dinitro-1-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid.

Use: Parent compound for intermediates, dyes, and

(flavianic acid). C

pharmaceuticals.

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 151C. Very soluble

in water.

4,6-dinitro-o-cresol barium derivative.

Use: Intermediate, precipitant for organic bases, re-

CAS: 63989-83-3.

agent for amino acids.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

dinitrophenol. C

OH(NO

)

dinitrocyclohexylphenol. (2-cyclohexyl-4,6-

CAS: 25550-58-7. Commercial product is usually a

dinitrophenol; dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol;

mixture of 2,3-, 2,4-, and 2,6-isomers.

DNOCHP).

Properties: Yellow crystals, (2,3) d 1.681, mp 144C;

CAS: 131-89-5. C

(NO

)

OH.

(2,4) d 1.683, mp 114–115C; (2,6) mp 63C. Soluble

Properties: Crystalline solid.

in alcohol, ether, benzene, and chloroform; slightly

Use: Control of mites on citrus fruits.

soluble in water.

Derivation: (1) By heating phenol with dilute sulfu-

ric acid, cooling the product, and then nitrating,

3,5-dinitro-n

-dipropylsulfanilamide.

keeping the temperature approximately 50C; (2) by

See oryzalin.

nitration with mixed acid with careful temperature

control.

2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. (1-fluoro-2,4-dini-

Method of purification: Crystallization.

trobenzene; DNFB). C

F(NO

)

Hazard: Severe explosion hazard when dry. Ab-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 26C; bp 137C. Soluble in

sorbed by skin; dust inhalation may be fatal.

ether, benzene, propylene glycol.

Use: Dyes, especially sulfur colors; picric acid, pi-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, mutagenic, and carcino-

cramic acid, preservation of lumber, manufacture of

genic.

the photographic developer diaminophenol hydro-

Use: Alkylating agent, reagent in elucidating amino

chloride, explosives manufacture; indicator, reagent

acid sequence in proteins.

for potassium and ammonium ions.

dinitrogen tetroxide. See nitrogen dioxide;

nitrogen oxides; NO

. dinitrophenylhydrazine. (NO

)

NHNH

458DINITROPHENYLMETHANE

Derivation: Nitration of nitrotoluene with mixed

acid.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Hazard: Absorbed by skin.

Use: Organic synthesis, toluidines, dyes, explosives.

dinker. A machine for cutting forms from flat

Properties: Red, crystalline powder. Mp about

sheets of plastic, rubber, metal, paper, etc., by im-

200C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol; soluble

pact of a metal die.

in moderately dilute inorganic acids; readily soluble

in diglyme.

dinocap. Generic name for 2-(2-methylheptyl)-

Hazard: Severe explosion and fire risk.

4,6-dinitrophenyl crotonate.

Use: Explosive; reagent for aldehydes and ketones.

CH:CHCOOC

(NO

)

CH(CH

Properties: Brown liquid. Bp 138–140C (0.05 mm

dinitrophenylmethane. See dinitrotoluene.

Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic

solvents.

2,4-dinitrophenyl methyl ether. See 2,4-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

dinitroanisole.

irritant.

Use: Acaricide, fungicide.

3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid.

(OH)(NO

)

COOH.

dinonyl adipate. Ester of nonyl alcohol.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 174C. Slightly sol-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 201–210C (1 mm

uble in water; soluble in alcohol and benzene.

Hg), d 0.926 (25C), refr index 1.4523 (20C), viscos-

Derivation: Nitration of salicylic acid.

ity 14.9 centistokes (100F). Combustible.

Use: Determination of glucose.

Use: Plasticizer where special low-temperature prop-

erties are desired.

dinitrosopentamethylenetetramine.

(DNPT). (NO)

. A bicyclic compound.

dinonyl carbonate. (C

)

Properties: Light-cream-colored powder. Decom-

Properties: Ester of nonyl alcohol, colorless liquid.

poses in air at 190–200C. Soluble in dimethyl form-

Bp 135–140C (0.3 mm Hg), d 0.894 (25C), refr

amide; somewhat soluble in pyridine, methyl ethyl

index 1.4427 (20C).

ketone, and acetonitrile. Combustible.

Hazard: Combustible.

Hazard: May explode at 200C (390F).

Use: Blowing agent for rubber and plastics.

dinonyl ether. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 148–153C (5 mm

2,4-dinitrosoresorcinol.

Hg), d 0.817 (25C), refr index 1.4405 (20C). Can be

(OH)

(NO)

•H

made from nonyl alcohol plus nonyl halide by the

Properties: Light-brown powder. Mp 162–163C.

Williamson synthesis. Combustible.

Decomposes, sometimes violently; soluble in water

and most organic solvents.

dinonyl maleate.

Grade: Technical (13.7% N).

OOCCH:CHCOOC

. Ester of nonyl al-

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked or

cohol.

heated. An irritant.

Properties: Colorless liquid, bp 157–167C (0.1 mm

Use: Chelation of heavy metals, cross-linking agent,

Hg), d 0.941 (25C), refr index 1.4586 (20C), viscos-

blasting caps and explosive primers.

ity 6900 centistokes (−40F), 17.47 centistokes

(100F), 3.50 centistokes (210F). Combustible.

3,5-dinitro-o-toluamide. See zoalene.

dinonylphenol. (C

)

OH.

dinitrotoluenes. (dinitrophenylmethane; me-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Insoluble in water; sol-

thyldinitrobenzene).

uble in common organic solvents. Combustible.

CAS: 25321-14-6. C

Hazard: See phenol.

Properties: Mw: 182.15

Use: Solvent.

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen and poison. TWA

0.2 mg/m

(skin); animal carcinogen. Flammable.

dinonyl phthalate. (DNP). C

(COOC

2,4-dinitrotoluene. (DNT). Ester of nonyl alcohol.

CAS: 121-14-2. C

(NO

)

. (1) 2,4-; (2) 3,4-; Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 205–220C (1 mm

(3) 3,5-. Hg), d 0.979 (25C), refr index 1.4871 (20C), viscos-

Properties: Yellow crystals. D (1) 1.3208; (2) 1.32; ity 55.3 centistokes (37.7C), flash p 420F (215C).

(3) 1.277; mp (1) 70.5C; (2) 61C; (3) 92.3C. Soluble Combustible.

in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in water. A Use: General-purpose, low-volatility plasticizer for

commercial grade, consisting of a mixture of the vinyl resins; pure grade as stationary liquid phase in

three isomers, is an oily liquid. Combustible. chromatography.

459 DIOCTYLSODIUM SULFOSUCCINATE

dinoseb. Legal label name (air) for 2,4-dinitro- Hazard: A severe skin and eye irritant.

6-sec-butylphenol.

dioctyl ether. (C

)

DIOA. Abbreviation for diisooctyl adipate. Properties: Liquid. Fp −7C, bp 291.7C, d 0.805 (17/

4C) refr index 1.4329 (24C). Combustible.

dioctadecylamine. See distearylamine. Grade: 95% (min) purity.

Use: Electrical insulator, water repellent, mold lubri-

2,6-dioctadecyl-p-cresol. See 2,6-distearyl-p- cant, antistatic agent, intermediate.

cresol.

dioctyl(ethylenedioxybis(carbonylmethylthio))

dioctadecyl ether.

See distearyl ether. stannane. See di-n-octyltin ethyleneglycol

dithioglycolate.

dioctadecyl sulfide. See distearyl sulfide.

dioctyl fumarate. See di(2-ethylhexyl) fuma-

rate.

3,3

′

-dioctadecyl thiodipropionate. See dis-

tearyl thiodipropionate.

dioctyl hexahydrophthalate. See di(2-eth-

ylhexyl) hexahydrophthalate.

dioctyl adipate. See di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate.

dioctylmethylamine. See n-methyl-n-octyl-1-

dioctylamine. See di-(2-ethylhexyl)amine.

octanamine.

dioctylaminoethanol. See di(2-ethylhex-

dioctyloxostannane.

yl)ethanolamine.

CAS: 870-08-6. mf: C

OSn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

dioctyl azelate. See di(2-ethylhexyl) azelate.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dioctyl chlorophosphate. (dioctyl phospho-

N,N

′

-di-n-octyl-p-phenylenediamine.

rochloridate). (C

P(O)Cl.

(NHC

)

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 0.991 (25C), refr

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp approximately

index 1.445 (25C). Decomposes on distillation. Sol-

390C, d 0.912 (15C), pour p −4C, flash p (Pensky-

uble in common inert organic solvents; insoluble in

Martin) 395F (201C) refr index 1.5129 (20C). Com-

water. Combustible.

pletely miscible with methanol, pentane, and ben-

Use: Intermediate, insecticide.

zene; vap press (absolute) 0.33 mm Hg (150C).

Combustible.

di(n-octyl-n-decyl) adipate. (DNODA).

Use: Antioxidant, antiozonant for gasoline, mercap-

Properties: Clear, oily liquid. D 0.912–0.920 (25/

tans, synthetic rubber.

25C); refr index 1.443–1.447 (25C). Combustible.

Use: Low-temperature plasticizer.

dioctyl phosphite. (dioctyl phosphonate).

P(O)H.

di(n-octyl-n-decyl) phthalate. (DNODP).

Properties: Water-white liquid. Bp 150–155C (2–3

Properties: Clear, oily liquid; slight odor. Acidity (as

mm Hg), d 0.929 (25C), refr index 1.4418 (25C).

phthalic acid) 0.01% max, d 0.968–0.977 (25/25C),

Soluble in common organic solvents. Combustible.

crystallizing point −30C, bp 232–267C (4 mm Hg),

Use: Solvent, antioxidant, intermediate.

flash p 426F (219C). Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and other

dioctylphosphoric acid. See di(2-ethylhex-

vinyls.

yl)phosphoric acid.

dioctyldi(lauroyloxy)stannane.

dioctyl phosphorochloridate. See dioctyl

CAS: 3648-18-8. mf: C

Sn.

chlorophosphate.

Hazard: Mildly toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dioctyl phthalate. See di(2-ethylhexyl)

phthalate.

di-n-octyldiphenylamine.

NHC

di(2-octyl) phthalate. See dicapryl phthalate.

Properties: Light-tan powder. D 0.99, mp 80–90C.

Soluble in benzene, gasoline, acetone, and ethylene

dichloride; insoluble in water.

dioctyl sebacate. See di(2-ethylhexyl) seba-

Use: Antioxidant for petroleum-based and synthetic cate.

lubricants and plastics.

dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate. (di(2-ethyl-

dioctyldiphenyltin. hexyl)sodium sulfosuccinate; sodium dioctyl

CAS: 103270-64-0. mf: C

Sn. sulfosuccinate).

460DIOCTYLSTANNYLENE MALEATE

CAS: 577-11-7.

di(n-octyl)tin-S,S

′

-bis-(isooctylmercapto-

OOCCH

CH(SO

Na)COOC

. An anionic acetate).

surface-active agent. CAS: 26401-97-8. A heat stabilizer for PVC food-

Properties: White, waxlike solid; characteristic packaging materials, especially for clear plastic bot-

odor. Soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, tles. Approved by FDA for all foods except malt

glycerol, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, xylene. Sa- beverages, carbonated soft drinks, milk, and other

ponification value 240–253; stable in acid and neu- dairy products.

tral solutions; hydrolyzes in alkaline solutions.

Derivation: By esterification of maleic anhydride

di-n-octyltin bis(laurylthioglycolate).

with 2-ethylhexyl alcohol followed by addition of

CAS: 69226-43-3. mf: C

Sn.

sodium bisulfite.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

Hazard: Use in food products restricted.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Grade: NF, FCC.

Use: Food additive (processing aid in sugar industry,

dioctyltin bis(monolauryl maleate). See

stabilizer for hydrophilic colloids), wetting agent,

di-(n-octyl)tin bis-o,o

′

-(monolauryl maleate).

dispersant, emulsifier.

di-(n-octyl)tin bis-o,o

′

-(monolauryl

dioctylstannylene maleate. See dioctyltin

maleate).

maleate.

CAS: 7324-77-8. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

dioctyl succinate. See di(2-ethylhexyl) succi-

nate.

di-n-octyltindichloride.

CAS: 3542-36-7. mf: C

Sn.

dioctyl sulfide. (dioctyl thioether). (C

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

Properties: Liquid. Mp 0.5C, bp 180C (10 mm Hg),

; STEL 0.2 mg/m

(skin)

d 0.8419 (17/17C), refr index 1.4606 (20C). Com-

bustible.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

di-n-octyltin dilaurate. See dioctyl-

Use: Organic synthesis (formation of sulfonium

di(lauroyloxy)stannane.

compounds).

di-n-octyltin dimonobutylmaleate. See

dioctylthioacetoxystannane.

bis(butoxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

CAS: 15535-79-2. mf: C

SSn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

di-n-octyltin ethyleneglycol dithioglycolate.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 69226-44-4. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

dioctyl thioether. See dioctyl sulfide.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dioctyl thiopropionate. See 3,3

′

-(2-ethylhex-

dioctyltin maleate.

yl) thiodipropionate.

CAS: 16091-18-2. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

dioctylthioxostannane.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 3572-47-2. mf: C

SSn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

di-n-octyltin mercaptide.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 58229-88-2.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

di-n-octyltin bis(butyl maleate). See

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bis(butoxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl maleate).

dioctyltin oxide. See dioctyloxostannane.

CAS: 10039-33-5. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

di-n-octyltin sulfide. See dioctylthioxostan-

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

nane.

di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl) mercapto-

dioctyltin thioglycolate. See dioctylthioace-

acetate.

toxystannane.

CAS: 15571-58-1. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

“Diofan” [BASF]. TM for dispersions of vinyl-

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

idene copolymers for paper coating.

dioctyltinbis(isooctyl maleate). See

bis(isooctyloxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

diol. Synonym for glycol or dihydric alcohol.

461 DIOXOPURINE

diolefin. (diene; alkadiene). An aliphatic com- 1.257 (26C). Insoluble in water; soluble in hexane.

pound (olefin) containing two double bonds, e.g., The technical material is a mixture of cis and trans

butadiene. isomers.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin

absorption; cholinesterase inhibitor; use may be re-

DIOP. Abbreviation for diisooctyl phthalate.

stricted. TLV: TWA 0.2 mg/m

; not classifiable as a

human carcinogen

DIOS. Abbreviation for diisooctyl sebacate.

Use: Insecticide, miticide.

dioxacarb. (O-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-phenyl-N-

methylcarbamate).

2,2-dioxide. See propane sultone.

CAS: 6988-21-2.

Properties: Mp 114–15C, vap press 0.3 mm Hg

dioxin. The commonly accepted, though chemi-

(20C). Soluble in water to 0.6%.

cally imprecise, name for the compound 2,3,7,8-tet-

Use: Control cockroaches and stored-product pests.

rachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), which is only

one of more than 70 members of the family of chlori-

1,4-dioxacyclotridecane-5,13-dione. See

nated dioxins. It was found to be a contaminant of

ethylene azelate.

the herbicide 2,4,5-T (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid)

some ten years after the latter was approved for use;

1,5,2,4-dioxadithiepane-2,2,4,4-tetraoxide.

it was then banned by FDA for most purposes. Syn-

CAS: 99591-73-8. mf: C

thesized in 1957, dioxin is a white, crystalline solid

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

in pure form. It was present as a contaminant in

defoliants used in Vietnam (Agent Orange), and its

1,4-dioxane. (diethylene ether; 1,4-diethylene

toxicity was widely publicized. Though it is un-

dioxide; diethylene oxide; dioxyethylene ether;

doubtedly harmful to humans, no deaths have oc-

dioxane).

curred. It is a carcinogen, teratogen, and mutagen.

CAS: 123-91-1.

Its toxicity to laboratory animals varies widely with

the species; it is lethally toxic to guinea pigs, but

hamsters appear relatively unaffected. Where soil

contamination occurs, the concentration is no great-

er than several parts per million at most. Wastes

contaminated with dioxin must be disposed of in

officially approved landfills. Human toxicology is

Properties: Colorless liquid; ethereal odor. Bp

under continuing investigation.

101.3C, fp 10–12C, d 1.0356 (20/20C), 8.61 lb/gal

(20C), refr index 1.4221 (20C), flash p 65F (18.3C)

(ASTM OC), autoign temp 356F (180C). Stable.

“Dioxitol” [Shell]. TM for diethylene glycol

Miscible with water and most organic solvents.

monoethyl ether, bp 202C, d 0.990 (20/20C).

Derivation: (1) From ethylene glycol by treatment

with acid; (2) from ␤,␤-dichloroethyl ether by treat-

3,5-dioxo-1,2-diphenyl-4-n-

ment with alkali.

butylpyrazolidine. See phenylbutazone.

Grade: Reagent, technical, spectrophotometric,

scintillation.

1,3-dioxolane. (ethylene glycol formal).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, may form

CAS: 646-06-0.

explosive peroxides. Toxic by inhalation, absorbed

by skin, a carcinogen. TLV: (technical grade) TWA

25 ppm; animal carcinogen.

❘

. A cyclic acetal.

Use: Solvent for cellulosics and wide range of organ-

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.065, bp 74C,

ic products; lacquers; paints; varnishes; paint and

flash p 35F (1.67C) (OC), vap press 70 mm Hg

varnish removers; wetting and dispersing agent in

(20C) bulk density 8.2 lb/gal (20C). Soluble in wa-

textile processing, dye baths, and stain and printing

ter; stable under neutral or slightly alkaline condi-

compositions; cleaning and detergent preparations;

tions.

cements; cosmetics; deodorants; fumigants; emul-

Derivation: Reaction of formaldehyde with ethylene

sions; polishing compositions; stabilizer for chlori-

glycol.

nated solvents; scintillation counters.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

inhalation and ingestion.

4,9-dioxadodecane-1,12-diamine. See 1,4-

Use: Low-boiling solvent and extractant for oils, fats,

bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane.

waxes, dyes, and cellulose derivatives.

dioxathion. (“Delnav”; p-dioxane-2,3-diylethyl

dioxolone-2. See ethylene carbonate.

phosphorodithioate).

CAS: 78-34-2. C

[SPS(OC

)

]

Properties: Viscous, brown liquid. Fp −20C, bulk d

dioxopurine. See xanthine.

462DIOXYANTHRAQUINONE

dioxyanthraquinone. See dihydroxyanthra- dipentene dioxide. (limonene dioxide).

quinone. CAS: 96-08-2. C

Properties: Liquid. D 1.0287 (20C), bp 242C, fp

−100C. Soluble in water.

dioxybenzene. See dihydroxybenzene.

Use: Intermediate for plasticizers, epoxy resins;

pharmaceuticals.

1,1

′

-(dioxy)dimethylcyclohexanol.

CAS: 49796-88-5. mf: C

dipentene glycol. See terpin hydrate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

dipentene monoxide. (limonene monoxide).

dioxyethylene ether. See 1,4-dioxane.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.929 (20C), fp −6C, bp 75C,

DIOZ. Abbreviation for diisoctyl azelate.

flash p 152F (66C). Combustible.

Use: Organic intermediate, epoxy resins.

DIPA. Abbreviation for diisopropanolamine.

“Dipentite” [Occidental]. TM for diphenyl-

dipalmitylamine. (dihexadecylamine).

pentaerythritol diphosphite.

)

NH.

Properties: Solid. Mp 65C, d 0.83. Slightly soluble

di-n-pentylamine. See di-n-amylamine.

in water.

Use: Intermediate.

2,5-di(tert-pentyl)hydroquinone. See 2,5-

di(tert-amyl)hydroquinone.

dipentaerythritol.

(CH

OH)

CCH

OCH

C(CH

OH)

. Occurs in

dipentyloxostannane.

technical pentaerythritol, an off-white, free-flowing

CAS: 2273-46-3. mf: C

OSn.

powder. The molecule contains six primary hydrox-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. An eye and severe

yl groups, all esterifiable. Mp 212–220C, d 1.33 (25/

skin irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

4C).

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Use: Paints and coatings.

dipentyltin dichloride.

CAS: 1118-42-9. mf: C

Sn.

dipentamethylenethiuram tetrasulfide.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

❘

(CH

)

❘

NCS]

Properties: Light-gray powder. D 1.53, mp 110C

dipentyltin oxide. See dipentyloxostannane.

min. Soluble in chloroform, benzene, acetone; insol-

uble in water.

diphacinone. Generic name for 2-diphenylace-

Use: Ultraaccelerator for rubber.

tyl-1,3-indandione.

Use: Rodenticide.

dipentene. (cinene; limonene, inactive; dl-p-

See diphenadione.

mentha-1,8-diene; cajeputene).

CAS: 138-86-3. C

. Commercial form is high in

diphemanil methyl sulfate. (4-diphenylme-

dipentene content, but also contains other terpenes

thylene-1,1-dimethylpiperidinium methyl sul-

and related compounds in varying amounts.

fate).

Properties: Colorless liquid; lemonlike odor. D

0.847 (15.5/15.5C), bp 175–176C, refr index 1.473

)

❘

N(CH

)

•

❘

(20C), flash p 113F (45C) (CC), fp −97C, wt/gal

Properties: White, crystalline solid; faint character-

7.15 lb (15.5C), autoign temp 458F (236C). Misci-

istic odor; bitter taste. Mp 189–196C. Very slightly

ble with alcohol; insoluble in water.

soluble in ether; slightly soluble in alcohol, chloro-

Derivation: (1) From various essential oils; (2) by

form, and water; stable to heat and light; somewhat

close fractionation of wood turpentine; (3) by-prod-

hygroscopic; pH (1% solution) 4.0–6.0.

uct in making synthetic camphor.

Grade: NF.

Grade: Steam-distilled, destructively distilled.

Use: Medicine (anticholinergic).

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.

Use: Solvent for oleoresinous products, rosin, ester

gum, alkyd resins, waxes, metallic soap driers, rub-

diphenadione. (2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indan-

ber, etc.; rubber compounding and reclaiming; dis- dione; diphacinone).

persing agent for oils, resins, resin-oil combinations, CAS: 82-66-6. C

pigments, and driers; paints, enamels, lacquers, and Properties: Yellow, odorless crystals or crystalline

varnishes; general wetting and dispersing agent; powder. Mp 145–147C. Practically insoluble in wa-

printing inks; perfumes; flavors; floor waxes and ter; soluble in acetone and acetic acid.

furniture polishes; synthetic resins, polyterpenes. Hazard: Prevents blood clotting.

463 9,10-DIPHENYLANTHRACENE

Use: Medicine (anticoagulant), rodenticide. limes), mp 147.8–148.2C. Soluble in hot water, al-

cohol, ether, chloroform.

diphenamid.

CAS: 957-51-7. Generic name for N,N-dimethyl-

diphenylacetonitrile. (diphenatrile).

2,2-diphenylacetamide. (C

)

CHCON(CH

)

CHCN.

Properties: White solid. Mp 134.5–135.5C. Soluble

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. Mp

in water, acetone, dimethyl formamide, and phenyl

73–73.5C. Insoluble in water; very soluble in al-

“Cellosolve.”

cohol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Preparation of diphenylacetic acid, synthesis of

Use: Herbicide, plant growth regulator.

antispasmodics, herbicide.

diphenatrile. See diphenylacetonitrile.

diphenylacetylene. See tolan.

diphenhydramine hydrochloride. [(2-ben-

2-diphenylacetyl-1,3-indandione. See di-

zhydryloxy)-N,N-dimethylethylamine hydrochlo-

phenadione.

ride]. (C

)

CHOCH

N(CH

)

•HCl.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless;

diphenylamine. (DPA; N-phenylaniline).

darkens slowly on exposure to light. Mp 166–170C.

CAS: 122-39-4. (C

)

NH.

Solutions practically neutral to litmus paper; soluble

Properties: Colorless to grayish crystals. D 1.159,

in water, alcohol, and chloroform; very slightly sol-

mp 52.85C, bp 302C, flash p 307F (152.7C), autoign

uble in benzene and ether.

temp 1173F (633C). Soluble in carbon disulfide,

Grade: USP.

benzene, alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic. Prescription only; do not use with

Combustible.

alcohol or other central nervous system depressants.

Derivation: By heating equal formula weights of

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

aniline and aniline hydrochloride in an autoclave.

The product is boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid

diphenic acid. (2,2

′

-biphenyldicarboxylic

to remove the unaltered aniline, and the residue is

acid). HOOCC

COOH.

distilled.

Properties: White needles. Mp 228–229C. Soluble

Grade: Technical, refined, flake, and fused.

in hot water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

;

Use: Synthesis of dyes, detergents, pharmaceuticals.

not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Use: Rubber antioxidants and accelerators, solid

rocket propellants, pesticides, dyes, pharmaceuti-

diphenolic acid. See 4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphen-

cals, veterinary medicine, storage preservation of

yl)pentanoic acid.

apples, stabilizer for nitrocellulose, analytical

chemistry.

diphenprofos. See o-(4-((4-chlorophe-

nyl)thio)phenyl) o-ethyl s-propyl.

diphenylamine chloroarsine. (adamsite;

phenarsazine chloride; DM).

diphenyl. (biphenyl).

CAS: 578-94-9. C

(AsCl)(NH)C

CAS: 92-52-4. C

. Several crystalline forms

Properties: Canary-yellow crystals. Sublimes readi-

are known.

ly, d 1.65, mp 195C, bp 410C (decomposes). Insolu-

ble in water; soluble in benzene, xylene, carbon

tetrachloride.

Derivation: By heating diphenylamine with arsenic

trichloride.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, strong

Properties: White scales; pleasant odor. D approxi-

irritant.

mately 1, mp 70C, bp 256C, flash p 235F (112.7C).

Use: Military poison gas, wood treating.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: (1) By slowly passing benzene through a

diphenylaminochloroarsine.

red-hot iron tube; (2) by heating bromobenzene and

CAS: 16758-26-2. mf: C

AsClN.

sodium with subsequent distillation.

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation. Human system-

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.2 ppm.

ic effects. A mild eye irritant.

Use: Organic synthesis, heat-transfer agent, fungistat

in packaging of citrus fruit, plant disease control,

manufacture of benzidine, dyeing assistant for poly-

9,10-diphenylanthracene. C

)

esters.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 248–250C. Insoluble in

See chloridiphenyl.

water and alcohol; slightly soluble in toluene.

Grade: Purified.

diphenylacetic acid. (C

)

CHCOOH. Use: Primary fluor or wavelength shifter in soluble

Properties: Colorless, crystals; odorless. Bp (sub- scintillators.

4641,2-DIPHENYLBENZENE

1,2-diphenylbenzene. See o-terphenyl. mp 78C, d 1.1215 (87/4C). Soluble in acetone, hot

alcohol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, glacial

1,4-diphenylbenzene. See p-terphenyl. acetic acid, and other organic solvents; insoluble in

water.

Grade: Technical.

m-diphenylbenzene. See m-terphenyl.

Use: Plasticizer and solvent, synthesis of polycarbo-

nate resins.

diphenylbenzidine. C

HNC

NHC

Properties: White powder. Mp 242C.Insoluble in

water; slightly soluble in alcohol and acetone; solu-

diphenyl, chlorinated. See chlorodiphenyl.

ble in boiling toluene, sensitive to light.

Derivation: Diphenylamine and fuming sulfuric

diphenylchloroarsine.

acid.

CAS: 712-48-1. (C

)

AsCl.

Hazard: May be carcinogenic; see benzidine.

Properties: Colorless crystals or dark-brown liquid

Use: Determination of zinc and nitrites.

that slowly becomes semisolid. D 1.363 (40C) (sol-

id), or 1.356 (45C) (liquid), bp 333C (in CO

atm),

2,7-diphenylbenzo(lmn)(3,8)phenanthroline-

mp 41C. Decomposed by water (slowly). Soluble in

1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

carbon tetrachloride, chloropicrin, phenyldichlo-

CAS: 24259-89-0. mf: C

roarsine; almost insoluble in water.

Hazard: A poison.

Derivation: Benzene and arsenic trichloride are

heated in presence of aluminum chloride.

2,5-diphenyl-p-benzoquinone.

Hazard: A poison. Toxic by inhalation, strong irri-

tant to tissue.

Properties: Greenish-yellow solid. Mp 210–214C.

Use: Military poison gas.

Slightly soluble in styrene, benzene, acetone, and

ethyl acetate.

diphenyldecyl phosphite. (C

POC

Use: Polymerization inhibitor.

Properties: Nearly water-white liquid. D 1.023 (25/

15.5C), mp 18C, refr index 1.5160 (25C). Combus-

diphenylbis(phenylthio)stannane. See di-

tible.

phenylbis(phenylthio)tin.

Use: Chemical intermediate, stabilizer for polyvinyl

and polyolefin resins.

diphenylbis(phenylthio)tin.

CAS: 1103-05-5. mf: C

Sn.

2,4

′

-diphenyldiamine. (2,4

′

-biphenyldiamine;

Properties: White solid from EtOH. Mp: 65−66°. Sol

2,4

′

-diaminodiphenyl). C

in org solvs.

Properties: Crystalline needles. Mp 45C, bp 360C.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Slightly soluble in alcohol and ether.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Derivation: Reduction of azobenzene with tin and

hydrochloric acid.

diphenylbromoarsine. (C

)

AsBr.

Use: Azo-dye manufacture, tungsten determination.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 54–56C.

Derivation: (1) By heating hydrobromic acid and

diphenyldichlorosilane.

diphenylarsenious oxide together for approximately

CAS: 80-10-4. (C

)

SiCl

4 h at 115–120C; (2) by action of arsenic tribromide

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 305C, fp −22C, d

on triphenyl arsine at 300–350C.

1.19 (20C), refr index 1.5773 (25C), flash p 288F

Hazard: Strong irritant. A poison.

(142C)(COC). Readily hydrolyzed by moisture with

liberation of hydrogen chloride. Combustible.

1,3-diphenyl-2-buten-1-one. See dypnone.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of powdered silicon and

chlorobenzene in the presence of copper powder as

diphenylcarbazide. (C

NHNH)

CO.

catalyst; (2) reaction of phenylmagnesium chloride

Properties: White crystals or flakes. Mp 173C, de-

with silicon tetrachloride.

composes in light. Insoluble in water; soluble in

Grade: Technical.

alcohol and acetone.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Derivation: Phenylhydrazine and urea.

Use: Intermediate for silicone lubricants.

Use: Determination of chromium and other metals,

indicator for iron.

diphenyldi-n-dodecylsilane.

)

Si(C

)

diphenylcarbinol. See benzhydrol.

Properties: Colorless oil.

Derivation: Reaction of didodecyldichlorosilane

diphenyl carbonate.

with phenyllithium.

CAS: 102-09-0. (C

Use: High-temperature lubricant.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Can be halogen-

ated and nitrated in characteristic manner. Readily

undergoes hydrolysis and ammonolysis. Bp 302C,

diphenyldiimide. See azobenzene.

465 DIPHENYLMETHYL BROMIDE

diphenyldimethoxysilane. (C

)

Si(OCH

)

. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Basic rubber accelerator, primary standard for

Properties: Liquid. D 1.080 (25C), bp 191C (53 mm

acids.

Hg), refr index 1.5404 (25C). Soluble in acetone,

benzene, methyl alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Treatment of powders, glass, paper, and fabrics.

1,6-diphenylhexatriene. (DPH).

HC:CHCH:CHCCH:CHC

diphenyleneimine. See carbazole.

Use: Wavelength shifter in scintillation-counting so-

lutions.

␣-diphenylenemethane. See fluorene.

diphenyl isodecyl phosphite. See isodecyl

diphenylene oxide. (dibenzofuran).

diphenyl phosphite.

CAS: 132-64-9. C

O (tricyclic).

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 87C, bp 288C.

diphenyl isophthalate. (DPIP).

Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol, ether,

OOCC

COOC

and benzene.

Use: Manufacture of polybenzimidazoles, high-tem-

Derivation: From coal tar.

perature-resistant polymers.

Use: Insecticide.

diphenyl ketone. See benzophenone.

uns-diphenylethane. (1,1-diphenylethane).

)

CHCH

diphenylmethane. (benzylbenzene).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 286C, d 1.004

)

(20C), fp −21.5C, flash p 264F (129C). Soluble in

chloroform, ether, carbon dilsulfide. Combustible.

Derivation: Action of acetaldehyde on benzene in

presence of concentrated sulfuric acid.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, organic synthesis.

Properties: Long, colorless needles. D 1.0056, mp

sym-diphenylethane. (bibenzyl; dibenzyl;

26.5C, bp 264.7C, flash p 266F (130C). Soluble in

1,2-diphenylethane). C

alcohol, chloroform, hexane, benzene, ether; insolu-

Properties: White, crystalline needles or small

ble in liquid ammonia. Combustible.

plates. D 0.9782, bp 284C, mp 52C. Soluble in

Derivation: Condensation of benzyl chloride or

alcohol, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide; insolu-

methylene chloride and benzene in presence of alu-

ble in water.

minum chloride.

Derivation: (1) By treating benzyl chloride with me-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

tallic sodium; (2) by action of benzyl chloride on

Use: Organic synthesis, dyes, perfumery.

benzylmagnesium chloride.

Use: Organic synthesis.

diphenylmethane-4,4

′

-diisocyanate. (MDI;

methylene-di-p-phenylene isocyanate; meth-

1,2-diphenylethanedione monoxime. See

ylene(bisphenyl isocyanate)).

␣-benzil monoxime.

CAS: 101-68-8. CH

NCO)

Properties: Light-yellow, fused solid. Solidification

diphenyl ether. See diphenyl oxide.

point 37C, d 1.197 (70C). Soluble in acetone, ben-

zene, kerosene, and nitrobenzene. Combustible.

diphenylethylene. See stilbene.

Derivation: p,p

′

-Diaminodiphenylmethane and

phosgene.

N,N-diphenylethylenediamine. (ethyldiphe-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of fumes; strong irri-

nyldiamine). C

NHCH

NHC

tant. TLV: 0.005 ppm.

Properties: Cream-colored solid. D 1.14, softening

Use: Preparation of polyurethane resin and spandex

point 64C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone,

fibers; bonding rubber to rayon and nylon.

ethylene dichloride, benzene, and gasoline.

Use: Antioxidant in rubber compounding.

diphenyl methanephosphonate. See metha-

nephosphonic acid, diphenyl ester.

diphenylglycolic acid. See benzilic acid.

diphenylmethanol. See benzhydrol.

N,N

′

-diphenylguanidine. (DPG; melaniline).

CAS: 102-06-7. HN:C(NHC

)

Properties: White powder; bitter taste; slight odor. D

diphenylmethyl bromide. (benzhydryl bro-

1.13, mp 147C, decomposes above 170C. Soluble in mide). BrCH(C

)

ethanol, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, hot ben- Properties: Solid. Mp 45C, bp 193C (26 mm Hg).

zene, and toluene; slightly soluble in water. Decomposes in hot water; soluble in alcohol; very

Derivation: Treatment of aniline with cyanogen soluble in benzene.

chloride. Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

466DIPHENYLMETHYLCHLOROSILANE

Use: Organic synthesis. Derivation: By heating resorcinol with aniline in

presence of calcium chloride and zinc chloride.

Use: Organic synthesis.

diphenylmethylchlorosilane.

)

(CH

)SiCl.

N,N

′

-diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.107 (25C), bp

(DPPD).

295C, flash p 135F (57.2C). Combustible.

CAS: 74-31-7. (C

NH)

Derivation: Grignard reaction of diphenyldichloro-

Properties: Gray powder. D 1.28, mp 145–152C,

silane with methylmagnesium chloride.

purity 9.2% (min). Insoluble in water; soluble in

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

acetone, benzene, monochlorobenzene, and isopro-

Use: Intermediate, end stopper for silicone oils.

pyl acetate. Combustible.

Use: Flex-resistant antioxidant in rubbers; stabilizer;

diphenylnaphthylenediamine.

polymerization inhibitor; retards copper degrada-

(NHC

)

tion; intermediate for dyes, drugs, plastics, and de-

Properties: Silvery, crystalline plates. Mp 164C.

tergents.

Slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

Derivation: By heating 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene

diphenyl phosphite. (C

PHO.

with aniline and aniline hydrochloride.

Properties: Clear, straw-colored liquid. Mp 12C,

Use: Organic synthesis.

refr index 1.557 (25C), d 1.221 (25/15C), flash p

350F (176C). Combustible.

diphenylnitrosamine. See p-nitrosodipheny-

Use: Synthesis of organophosphorus compounds.

lamine.

diphenyl phthalate. C

(COOC

)

diphenylolpropane disodium salt. See

Properties: Yellow-white powder. Mp 68–70C, d

Bisphenol A disodium salt.

1.28 (20C), flash p 435F (224C), bp 405C, bulk d

10.68 lb/gal, refr index 1.572 (74C). Combustible.

2,5-diphenyloxazole. (DPO).

Use: Plasticizer for ethylcellulose, nitrocellulose,

and various polymers.

❘

Properties: White, fluffy solid. Mp 70–72C.

diphenyl-4-piperidylmethane.

Grade: Scintillation.

)

H)CH.

Use: Primary fluor used in scintillation counters or as

Properties: White solid. Fp 99.7C min. Difficultly

wavelength shifters.

soluble in water; readily soluble in dilute acids;

moderately soluble in organic solvents.

diphenyl oxide. (phenyl ether; diphenyl

Use: Intermediate.

ether).

CAS: 101-84-8. (C

)

1,3-diphenyl-1,3-propanedione. See diben-

Properties: Colorless crystals or liquid, geranium-

zoylmethane.

like odor. D 1.072–1.075, mp 27C, bp 259C, flash p

239F (115C), autoign temp 1144F (618C). Soluble

N,N

′

-diphenylpropylenediamine.

in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Combus-

NHCH

CH(CH

)NHC

tible.

Properties: Clear, deep-reddish-brown, thick liquid.

Derivation: Reaction of bromobenzene and sodium

D 1.07, stable in storage. Insoluble in water; soluble

phenate heated under pressure.

in acetone, ethylene dichloride, benzene, and gaso-

Grade: Technical, perfume, industrial.

line; readily disperses. Combustible.

Hazard: TLV: TWA 1 ppm; STEL 2 ppm (vapor).

Use: Antioxidant for rubber latexes.

Toxic by inhalation of vapor.

Use: Perfumery, particularly soaps; heat-transfer me-

diphenylpropylphosphine. See propyldiphe-

dium resins for laminated electrical insulation;

nylphosphine.

chemical intermediate for such reactions as haloge-

nation, acylation, alkylation, etc.

diphenyl-4-pyridylcarbinol.

)

N)COH.

diphenylpentaerythritol diphosphite.

Properties: White solid. Mp 236–241C. Very weak

OP(OCH

)

C(CH

POC

(spiro).

base. Slightly soluble in most organic solvents; solu-

Properties: White powder. Bp 190–200C (0.1 mm

ble in hot glacial acetic acid.

Hg).

Use: Intermediate.

Use: Stabilizer for resins.

diphenyl-4-pyridylmethane.

N,N

′

-diphenyl-m-phenylenediamine. (C

)

N)CH.

(NHC

)

. Properties: White to pale-yellow, crystalline solid.

Properties: Crystalline needles. Mp 95C. Soluble in Bp 234C, fp 123C min. Moderately soluble in com-

hot alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible. mon organic solvents.

467 DIPOTASSIUM ORTHOPHOSPHATE

Use: Intermediate. Properties: D 1.20 (20C), refr index 1.582–1.590

(60C), boiling range 250–285C (5 mm Hg), flash p

diphenylstannane. 225F. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 1011-95-6. mf: C

Sn. Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: Yellow powder; air and light sensitive

crystals from pet ether/CH

. Mp: 226°. Insol in

diphosgene. Legal label name (air) for trichloro-

water.

methyl chloroformate.

Hazard: A poison. Ignites on contact with fuming

nitric acid. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/

diphosphopyridine nucleotide. See nicotin-

(skin).

amide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

diphosphoric acid. See pyrophosphoric acid.

diphenylsilanediol. (C

)

Si(OH)

Properties: White solid. Mp 130–150.

dipicrylamine. See hexanitrodiphenylamine.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of diphenyldichlorosilane.

Use: Silicone chemical.

dipicryl sulfide. Legal label name (air) for hex-

anitrodiphenyl sulfide.

p,p

′

-diphenylstilbene.

CH:CHC

1,3-di-4-piperidylpropane. (4-di-pip).

Properties: Crystals. Mp 308–310C.

(HNC

)CH

NH.

Use: In purified form as fluor in plastic scintillators.

Properties: Solid. Fp 67C, bp 329C. Soluble in wa-

ter. A stable, high-boiling, strong organic base.

diphenylsulfone. C

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 128C, bp

376C. Soluble in benzene and hot alcohol; insoluble

diploid. A full set of genetic material consisting

in water.

of paired chromosomes, one from each parental set.

Derivation: Reaction of benzene with sulfuric acid.

Most animal cells, except the gametes, have a dip-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

loid set of chromosomes. The diploid human ge-

Use: Larvicide and ovicide.

nome has 46 chromosomes.

See haploid.

N,N-diphenylthiourea. See thiocarbanilide.

diploid life cycle. Occurs when the only multi-

diphenyltin. See diphenylstannane.

cellular stage in an organism’s life cycle is diploid.

diphenyltin dibromide. See dibromodiphe-

dip oil. Tar acid oil with about 25% tar acids.

nylstannane.

Use: An insecticide for animals.

diphenyltin dichloride.

dipole, electric. An assemblage of atoms or

CAS: 1135-99-5. mf: C

Sn.

subatomic particles having equal electric charges of

Properties: Colorless crystals from pet ether. De-

opposite sign separated by a finite distance; for in-

comp by water. Mp: 42°, bp: 333−337° (decomp).

stance, the hydrogen and chlorine atoms of a hydro-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

gen chloride molecule.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

See polar.

Use: Agricultural chemical; drug.

dipole moment, electric. In many molecules,

diphenyltin oxide polymer.

the atoms and their electrons and nuclei are so ar-

CAS: 31671-16-6. mf: (C

OSn)

ranged that one part of the molecule has a positive

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

electrical charge while the other part is negatively

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

charged. Such a molecule, therefore, becomes a

small electric dipole. Electric fields cause the mole-

1,3-diphenyltriazene. See diazoaminoben-

cule to turn in one direction or another, depending on

zene.

the orientation of the field. The dipole moment (␮)is

the distance between the charge centers multiplied

diphenylurea. (carbanilide).

by the quantity of charge in electrostatic units.

(NHC

)CO(NHC

See polar.

Properties: Colorless prisms. Soluble in alcohol and

ether; very slightly soluble in water. D 1.239, mp

dipotassium dimagnesium trisulfate. See

235C, bp 260C.

magnesium potassium sulfate.

Use: Organic synthesis.

diphenyl-o-xenyl phosphate. dipotassium orthophosphate. See potassi-

O)PO. um phosphate, dibasic.

468DIPPEL’S OIL

Dippel’s oil. (bone oil). Dark-brown oil ob- Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.950 (25/4C), bp

tained from distillation of bones. Contains pyridine 189C, 74.5C (10 mm Hg), fp −80C, viscosity 3.5 cP

and substituted pyridines. (25C), refr index 1.419 (25C), flash p 185F (85C)

Use: To denature alcohol. (OC). Completely miscible with water, VM&P

naphtha, acetone, ethanol, benzene, carbon tetra-

chloride, ether, methanol, monochlorobenzene, and

dipropargyl. (bipropargyl; 1,5-hexadiyne).

petroleum ether. Combustible.

HC:CCH

C:CH.

Hazard: Toxic. Absorbed by skin. TLV: 100 ppm.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.805, bp 85C, fp

Use: Solvent, hydraulic brake fluids.

−6.0C. Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

Hazard: Moderate fire and explosion risk when ex-

posed to heat.

dipropylene glycol monosalicylate. (dipro-

pylene glycol monoester; salicylic acid dipro-

di-2-propenylamine. See diallylamine.

pylene glycol monoester).

(COOC

OH)OC

OH.

di-n-propylamine.

Properties: Light-colored oil; fragrant odor. D 1.16

CAS: 142-84-7. (C

)

NH.

(40C), refr index approximately 1.52. Soluble in

Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Fp

alcohol, insoluble in water.

−63C, d 0.741 (20C), bp 109C,, bulk density 6.1 lb/

Use: UV light—screening agents, protective coat-

gal, flash p 63F (17.2C) (TOC). Soluble in water.

ings, plasticizers.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Skin irri-

tant.

dipropylenetriamine. See 3,3

′

-iminobispro-

Use: Intermediate.

pylamine.

2-(r,s)-(di-n-propylamino)-6-(4-methoxy-

dipropyl ketone. (butyrone; 4-heptanone).

phenylsulfonylmethyl)-1,2,3,4-tetra-

CAS: 123-19-3. (CH

)

CO.

hydronaphthalene.

Properties: Stable, colorless liquid; pleasant odor.

CAS: 175442-95-2. mf: C

Bp 143.7C, fp −32.1C, d 0.8162 (20/20C), bulk d

Hazard: A poison.

6.79 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4068 (20C), surface

tension 25.2 dynes/cm (25C) viscosity 0.0074 cP

dipropylene glycol. (2,2

′

-dihydroxydopropyl

(20C), vap press 5.2 mm Hg (20C), flash p 120F

ether).

(40C) (CC). Insoluble in water; miscible with many

CAS: 110-98-5.

organic solvents.

Properties: Colorless, slightly viscous liquid. D

Grade: Technical.

1.0252 (20/20C), bp 233C, vap press 0.01 mm Hg

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic by inhalation, skin

(20C), flash p 280F (137.7C) (OC), bulk d 8.5 lb/gal

irritant. TLV: 50 ppm.

(20C), coefficient of expansion 0.00073 K

−1

(20C),

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, raw and blown oils,

viscosity 1.07 cP (20C). Soluble in toluene and wa-

resins, and polymers; lacquers; flavoring.

ter. Combustible.

Grade: Technical.

dipropylmethane. See n-heptane.

Use: Polyester and alkyd resins, reinforced plastics,

plasticizers, solvent.

dipropyloxostannane.

dipropylene glycol dibenzoate. (Benzoflex;

CAS: 7664-98-4. mf: C

OSn.

3,3

′

-oxydyl-1-propanol dibenzoate).

Properties: Polymeric powder.

CAS: 94-51-9. C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. An eye and severe

Properties: Light-colored liquid. D 1.1271 (20/

skin irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

20C), bulk d 9.4 lb/gal (20C), bp 250C (10 mm Hg),

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

mp 200C, viscosity 227 cP (20C). Insoluble in wa-

ter. Combustible.

dipropyl phthalate. C

(COOC

)

Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.071 (25C), refr

index 1.494 (25C), bp 129–132C (1 mm Hg). Solu-

dipropylene glycol dimethyl ether.

bility in water 0.015% by weight. Combustible.

CAS: 111109-77-4. mf: C

Use: Plasticizer.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

di-n-propyltin bismethanesulfonate.

dipropylene glycol dipelargonate.

CAS: 73927-87-4. mf: C

Sn.

[CH

(CH

)

COOCH(CH

)CH

]

O. A synthetic

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

lubricant.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether.

(dipropylene glycol methyl ether). dipropyltin dichloride. See dichlorodipro-

CAS: 34590-94-8. CH

OH. pylstannane.

469 DISEASE-ASSOCIATED GENES

diprotic acid. An acid having two dissociable directed mutagenesis. Alteration of DNA at a

protons, for example, H

or oxalic acid. specific site and its reinsertion into an organism to

study any effects of the change.

“Dipterex” [Bayer]. TM for trichlorfon.

directed sequencing. Successively sequenc-

ing DNA from adjacent stretches of chromosome.

␣,␣

′

-dipyridyl. (2,2

′

-bipyridine).

CAS: 366-18-7. (C

direct scarlet. See C.I. direct red 23.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 69–70C, bp

272–273C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in al-

diresorcinol. (tetrahydroxydiphenyl).

cohol, ether, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether.

(OH)

Grade: Reagent.

Properties: White to slightly yellowish, crystalline

Use: Reagent for iron determination.

powder. Mp 310C. Slightly soluble in cold water.

Derivation: By fusing resorcinol and phenol with

2,2-dipyridylamine. (C

NH.

caustic soda.

Properties: Solid. Fp 92.3C (min), bp 222C (50 mm

Use: Organic synthesis.

Hg). Very slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: From 2-aminopyridine.

diresorcinolphthalein. See fluorescein.

Use: Intermediate.

disaccharide. A carbohydrate consisting of two

dipyridylethyl sulfide. [C

N(CH

)

]

covalently joined monosaccharide units. Sucrose,

Properties: Liquid. D 1.113 (25C), refr index 1.5841

for example, is composed of glucose and fructose.

(20C), mp 1.5C. Soluble in water and common or-

ganic solvents. Combustible.

N,N

′

-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminopropane.

Grade: Technical (95% purity).

(N,N

′

-disalicylidenepropylenediamine; disali-

Use: Synthesis of pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs, rubber

cylalaminopropane; disalicylalpropylenediimine).

chemicals, flotation agents, insecticides, fungicides,

HOC

CH:NCH

CH(CH

)N:CHC

OH.

plasticizers, textile assistants, herbicides, oil addi-

Properties: (80% active compound) Liquid. D 1.08

tives, rust preventives, and pickling inhibitors.

(15.5/15.5C), bulk d 9.0 lb/gal, pour p 0F (−17.7C),

flash p approximately 70F (21C) (TOC), viscosity

2,2

′

-dipyridyl ketone hydrazone.

25 cs (37.7C), insoluble in water; miscible with

CAS: 2215-33-0. mf: C

benzene and xylene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

tact. A mild eye irritant.

Use: Metal deactivator in motor fuels.

diquat. (6,7-dihydrodipyrido(1,2-a:2

′

“Discaloy” [Westinghouse]. TM for an aus-

c)pyrazidinium salt; 1,1

′

-ethylene-2,2

′

-dipyridini-

tenitic iron-base alloy containing nickel, chromium,

um dibromide).

and relatively small proportions of molybdenum,

CAS: 2768-72-9. (C

NCH

−

)

titanium, silicon, and manganese. This alloy is pre-

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 335C. Soluble in

cipitation-hardened and was developed primarily to

water.

meet the need for improved gas-turbine disks, one of

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TLV: total dust 0.5 mg/

the most critical components of jet engines.

; respirable dust 0.1 mg/m

Use: Herbicide and plant growth regulator, sugarcane

discharging agent. A substance capable of de-

flowering suppressant.

stroying a dye or mordant present within the fibers

of a fabric. There are various methods of utilizing

this property so that it is possible to produce a color-

direct bordeaux. See C.I. direct red 13,

less figure upon a colored ground, or a colored figure

disodium salt.

upon a different-colored ground. Some examples

are titanous sulfate, sodium hydrosulfide, zinc form-

direct black 32. See C.I. direct black 32,

aldehyde sulfoxylate.

trisodium salt.

See stripping (2).

direct brown 2. See C.I. direct brown 2.

Dische reaction. The reaction between the

Dische reagent (diphenylamine, acetic acid, and sul-

direct dye. See dye, direct.

furic acid) and 2-deoxypentoses, resulting in the

development of a characteristic blue color.

directed evolution. A laboratory process used

on isolated molecules or microbes to cause muta-

disease-associated genes. Alleles carrying

tions and identify subsequent adaptations to novel particular DNA sequences associated with the pres-

environments. ence of disease.

470DISILANYL

disilanyl. See silane. disodium dibutyl-o-phenylphenol-

disulfonate.

Properties: Light-brown paste. Soluble in alcohol,

disiloxane. See siloxane.

acetone, dibutyl tartrate, ethylene glycol.

Use: Wetting, penetrating, and spreading agent used

disinfectant. A substance used on inanimate ob-

in kier boiling; scouring and dyeing textiles; indus-

jects that destroy harmful microorganisms or inhibit

trial cleaners; deodorant preparations; insecticidal

their activity. Disinfectants are either complete or

formulations; metal cleaning; stabilizer and wetting

incomplete. Complete disinfectants destroy spores

agent for latex used to treat cord or other fabrics.

as well as vegetative forms of microorganisms; in-

complete disinfectants destroy vegetative forms of

disodium dihydrogen pyrophosphate. See

the organism, but do not injure spores. Some repre-

sodium pyrophosphate, acid.

sentative disinfectants are (1) mercury compounds

(mercuric chloride, phenylmercuric borate); (2)

disodium 1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-

halogens and halogen compounds (chlorine, iodine,

disulfonate. (4,5-dihydroxy-m-benzenedisul-

fluorine, bromine, calcium and sodium hypochlor-

fonic acid disodium salt, sodium catechol disul-

ite); (3) phenols, including cresol from coal tar, o-

fonate). C

(OH)

(SO

Na)

phenylphenol; (4) synthetic detergents (anionic,

Properties: Nonhygroscopic crystals. Freely soluble

such as sodium alkylbenzene sulfonates, and cation-

in water. Produces water-soluble colored com-

ic, such as quaternary ammonium compounds); (5)

pounds with metal salts.

alcohols of low molecular weight, except methanol;

Use: Colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, tita-

(6) natural products (pine oil); (7) gases (sulfur diox-

nium, molybdenum.

ide, formaldehyde, ethylene oxide). Heat and elec-

tromagnetic waves are used as disinfectants. A num-

disodium S,S

′

-(2-dimethylamino-1,3-

ber of compounds (mercurous and mercuric

propanediyl)bis(thiosulfate).

chlorides, copper sulfate and carbonate, and a mix-

CAS: 52207-48-4. mf: C

•2Na.

ture of zinc oxide and zinc hydroxide) have been

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

employed as seed disinfectants. Effectiveness of

disinfectants is rated by the phenol coefficient.

disodium diphosphate. See sodium pyro-

See antiseptic.

phosphate, acid.

disk. (disc). A small thin circular section or plate-

disodium EDTA. (ethylenediaminetetraacetic

let of a material, especially of a biological specimen.

acid disodium salt.)

Disk is the spelling preferred by scientists.

CAS: 139-33-3. C

.2H

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Freely solu-

dislocation. Any variation from perfect order and

ble in water. Bulk density 6.5 lb/gal; pH (5% solu-

symmetry in a crystalline lattice. In some cases the

tion) between 4 and 6.

imperfection is due to missing atoms, resulting in

Grade: USP, FCC.

“holes” or vacancies in the lattice, or one or more

Use: Food preservative, chelating and sequestering

atoms of another element may be present, effecting

agent.

important changes in the conductivity, hardness,

and other properties of the crystals. Disordered ar-

disodium endothal. See endothal.

rangement of the planes of atoms (dislocations) may

also occur.

disodium ethylenebisdithiocarbamate.

See impurity; semiconductor; hole.

See nabam.

disodium acetarsenate. (aricyl).

disodium guanylate. See sodium guanylate.

NaOOCCH

As(OH)O(ONa)•2H

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

disodium hydrogen phosphate. See sodi-

water.

um phosphate, dibasic.

Derivation: By reacting sodium arsenite with sodi-

um monochloracetate.

disodium inosinate. See sodium inosinate.

disodium bisethylphenyltriaminotriazine

disodium methylarsonate. (DMA; disodium

stilbenedisulfonate.

methanearsonate; methanearsonic acid disodium

CAS: 24565-13-7. mf: C

•2Na.

salt).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. Low tox-

CAS: 144-21-8. CH

AsO(ONa)

, sometimes with

icity by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless, crystalline solid. Hygroscop-

2,7-disodiumdibromo-4-hydroxymercuri- ic. Mp >355C (hexahydrate mp 132–139C). Soluble

fluorescein. See merbromin. in water and methanol.

471 DISSOCIATION

Derivation: Reaction of methyl chloride with sodi- (carbon black in rubber). Some types, such as milk

um arsenate.

and rubber latex, are stabilized by a protective col-

Grade: 55–65% powder concentration; 31.5%

loid that prevents agglomeration of the dispersed

blend.

particles by an abherent coating. Solid-in-liquid col-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

loidal dispersions (loosely called solutions) can be

Use: Pharmaceuticals, herbicide (crabgrass killer).

precipitated by adding electrolytes that neutralize

the electrical charges on the particles. Larger parti-

disodium orthophosphate. See sodium

cles will gradually coalesce and either rise to the top

phosphate, dibasic.

or settle out, depending upon their specific gravity.

See suspension; colloid chemistry. (2) In the field of

disodiumphenyl phosphate. C

. optics, dispersion denotes the retardation of a light

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water; insolu- ray, usually resulting in a change of direction as it

ble in acetone and ether. passes into or out of a substance, to an extent de-

Use: Reagent for milk pasteurization. pending on the frequency. Dispersion is a critically

important property of optical glass.

See refraction.

disodium phosphate. See sodium phosphate,

dibasic.

“Dispersite” [Uniroyal]. TM for water disper-

sions of natural, synthetic, and reclaimed rubbers

disodium pyrophosphate. See sodium pyro-

and resins.

phosphate, acid.

Use: Adhesives for textiles, paper, shoes, leather,

tapes; coatings for metal, paper, fabrics, carpets;

disodium tartrate. See sodium tartrate.

protective (strippable) for saturating paper, felt,

book covers, tape, jute pads; for dipping tire cords.

dispersal. The scattering of organisms of a spe-

Can be applied by spraying, spreading, impregna-

cies, often following a major reproductive event.

tion, saturation.

Spores and larvae are commonly dispersed into the

environment. Pollen or gametes may also be dis-

“Disperson” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

persed, but in this case the intent is to target another

for wettable grades of zinc, calcium, and other me-

individual so that reproduction may occur.

tallic stearates.

Use: Where easy dispersion in water is desired.

disperse dye. See dye, disperse.

“Disperson OS” [ICI]. TM for an oil-soluble

disperse phase. See phase (2); colloid chem-

emulsifying agent composed of an 8% solution of a

istry.

polyethenoxy compound in isopropanol. Designed

especially for dispersion of oil spills in seawater.

dispersing agent. A surface-active agent added

Claimed to be biodegradable and to have low toxici-

to a suspending medium to promote uniform and

ty for fish and other marine organisms. Amount

maximum separation of extremely fine solid parti-

needed said to be from 20 to 25% of the oil volume.

cles, often of colloidal size. True dispersing agents

are polymeric electrolytes (condensed sodium sili-

displacement. Chemical change in which one

cates, polyphosphates, lignin derivatives); in non-

element enters a compound in place of another, the

aqueous media sterols, lecithin and fatty acids are

latter being set free.

effective.

Use: Wet-grinding of pigments and sulfur; prepara-

displacement series. See activity series.

tion of ceramic glazes, oil-well drilling muds, insec-

ticidal mixtures, carbon black in rubber, and water-

disposal, waste. See waste control; chemical

insoluble dyes.

waste; radioactive waste.

See emulsion; detergent.

disproportionation. A chemical reaction in

dispersion. (1) A two-phase system where one

which a single compound serves as both oxidizing

phase consists of finely divided particles (often in

and reducing agent and is thereby converted into a

the colloidal size range) distributed throughout a

more oxidized and a more reduced derivative. Thus,

bulk substance, the particles being the disperse or

a hypochlorite upon appropriate heating yields a

internal phase, and the bulk substance the continu-

chlorate and a chloride, and an ethyl radical formed

ous or external phase. Under natural conditions, the

as an intermediate is converted into ethane and eth-

distribution is seldom uniform; but under controlled

ylene.

conditions, the uniformity can be increased by addi-

See transalkylation.

tion of wetting or dispersing agents (surfactants)

such as a fatty acid. The various possible systems

are: gas-liquid (foam), solid-gas (aerosol), gas-solid

dissociation. The process by which a chemical

(foamed plastic), liquid-gas (fog), liquid-liquid combination breaks up into simpler constituents as a

(emulsions), solid-liquid (paint), and solid-solid result of either (1) added energy, as in the case of

472DISSOCIATION CONSTANT

gaseous molecules dissociated by heat, or (2) the

distearyl sulfide. (dioctadecyl sulfide; distea-

effect of a solvent on a dissolved polar compound ryl thioether). (C

)

(electrolytic dissociation), e.g., water on hydrogen Properties: Solid. Mp 68–69C, bp (decomposes), d

chloride. It may occur in the gaseous, solid, or liquid 0.8148 (70/4C).

state, or in solution. All electrolytes dissociate to a

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

greater or less extent in polar solvents. The degree of

Use: Organic synthesis (formation of sulfonium

dissociation can be used to determine the equilibri-

compounds).

um constant for dissociation, an important factor in

ascertaining the extent of a chemical process.

distearyl thiodipropionate. (e,e’-dioctadecyl

See ionization.

thiodipropionate; thiodipropionic acid distearyl

ester). (C

OOCCH

)

dissociation constant. An equilibrium con-

Properties: White flakes. Mp 58–62C. Insoluble in

stant for the dissociation of one species into two.

water; very soluble in benzene and olefin polymers.

Examples would be the dissociation of a complex of

Resistant to heat and hydrolysis.

two or more biomolecules into its components, for

Use: Antioxidant, plasticizer, softening agent.

instance, dissociation of a substrate from an enzyme,

described as a Kd; an acid dissociating into its conju-

distearyl thioether. See distearyl sulfide.

gate base and a proton, described as a Ka; the disso-

ciation of water into protons and hydroxide ions,

described as a Kw; or a base dissociating into its

distillate. Any product of distillation, especially

conjugate acid and a hydroxide ion, described as a

of petroleum.

Kb.

distillation. A separation process in which a liq-

dissolution. Molecular dispersion of a solid in a

uid is converted to vapor and the vapor then con-

liquid.

densed to a liquid. The latter is referred to as the

distillate, while the liquid material being vaporized

dissolved oxygen (DO). One of the most im-

is the charge or distilland. Distillation is thus a com-

portant indicators of the condition of a water supply

bination of evaporation, or vaporization, and con-

for biological, chemical, and sanitary investigations.

densation. A simple example is the condensation of

Adequate dissolved oxygen is necessary for the life

steam from a tea kettle on a cold surface. The usual

of fish and other aquatic organisms, and is an indica-

purpose of distillation is purification or separation of

tor of corrosivity of water, photosynthetic activity,

the components of a mixture. This is possible be-

septicity, etc.

cause the composition of the vapor is usually differ-

See biochemical oxygen demand.

ent from that of the liquid mixture from which it is

obtained. Alcohol has been so purified for genera-

dissymmetry. Lack of symmetry.

tions to separate it from water, fusel oil, and alde-

hydes produced in the fermentation process. Gaso-

distearylamine. (dioctadecylamine).

line, kerosene, fuel oil, and lubricating oil are

)

NH.

produced from petroleum by distillation. It is the key

Properties: Solid. D 0.85, mp 69C. Almost insoluble

operation in removing salt from seawater.

in water.

Use: Chemical analysis, in laboratory research, and

Use: Intermediate.

for manufacture of many chemical products.

See destructive distillation; batch distillation; extrac-

tive distillation; rectification; dephlegmation; flash

2,6-distearyl-p-cresol. (2,6-dioctadecyl-p-cre-

distillation; continuous distillation; simple distilla-

sol). (C

)

OH.

tion; reflux; fractional distillation; azeotropic distil-

Properties: A viscous, pale-yellow liquid. Refr in-

lation; vacuum distillation; molecular distillation;

dex 1.4825–1.4855 (25C). Soluble in most nonpolar

hydrodistillation.

solvents. Combustible.

Use: Antioxidant, heat stabilizer for polypropylene.

disulfide bridge. A covalent cross link between

distearyldimethylammonium chloride.

two polypeptide chains formed by a cystine residue

See “Arosurf TA100” [Crompton & Know-

(two Cys residues oxidized together).

les].

disulfiram. See tetraethylthiuram disulfide.

distearyl ether. (dioctadecyl ether).

)

Properties: Solid. Mp 58–60C, bp (decomposes).

3,5-disulfobenzoic acid. C

(HSO

)

COOH.

Grade: 95% (min) purity. Properties: White powder. Soluble in water.

Use: Electrical insulators, water repellents, lubri- Grade: CP.

cants in plastic molding and processing, antistatic Use: Intermediate for detergents, dyes, and pharma-

agent, intermediate. ceuticals.

473 4,4

′

-DITHIODIMORPHOLINE

disulfoton. (Di-Syston; O,O-diethyl S-[2-(e- Properties: Crystals. Mp 174C. Soluble in hot water;

thylthio)ethyl]phosphorodithioate). slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

CAS: 298-04-4. (C

P(S)SCH

SCH

. Derivation: Interaction of dichloroethyl sulfide and

Properties: Pure compound: yellow liquid; technical

methyliodide.

compound: brown liquid. Bp 108C (0.01 mm Hg), d

1.144 (20C). Insoluble in water.

dithianone. C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, cholines-

Properties: Brownish solid. Mp 220C. Insoluble in

terase inhibitor, absorbed by skin, use may be re-

water; soluble in acetone, chloroform, dioxane.

stricted. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Systemic insecticide, acaricide.

Use: Fungicide.

disulfur decafluoride. See sulfur pentachlo- (((((1,4-dithian-2-ylideneamino)oxy)

ride. carbonyl)methylamino)thio)

methylcarbamic acid, (1-

methylethylidene)di-4,1-phenylene ester.

disulfuryl chloride. See pyrosulfuryl chlo-

CAS: 87767-48-4. mf: C

ride.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

“Di-Syston” [Bayer]. TM for disulfoton.

See disulfoton.

␤-␤

′

-dithiobisalanine. See cystine.

diterpenoid. Compound of four 2-methylbutane

2,2

′

-dithiobis(benzothiazole). (benzothiazo-

units, arranged according to the isoprene rule, with

lyl disulfide; benzothiazyl disulfide; 2-mercapto-

additional functionality such as ethylenic unsatura-

benzothiazyl disulfide; MBTS).

tion and carboxyl, phenol, and alcohol groups.

CAS: 120-78-5. (C

SCN)

Properties: Pale-yellow, free-flowing; odorless

ditetradecylamine. See dimyristylamine.

powder. D 1.54, mp 168C. Insoluble in water; spar-

ingly soluble in organic solvents.

ditetradecyl ether. See dimyristyl ether.

Use: Primary accelerator in natural and nitrile rubber

and SBR, plasticizer and vulcanization retarder in

ditetradecyl sulfide. See dimyristyl sulfide.

neoprene type G, cure modifier in neoprene type W,

oxidation cure activator in butyl. For extruded and

“Dithane” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for agricul-

molded goods, tires and tubes, wire and cable,

tural fungicides based on salts of ethylene bisdithio-

sponge.

carbamate. Supplied in zinc, manganese, and sodi-

um forms as wettable powder or liquid

2,4-dithiobiuret. C

concentration.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Bulk d 1.52, decom-

poses 181C. Partially soluble in boiling water, ace-

1,4-dithiacycloheptyliden-6-iminyl n-

tone, and “Cellosolve.”

methyl-carbamate.

Derivation: Reaction of dicyandiamide and hydro-

CAS: 24031-96-7. mf: C

gen sulfide.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, causes

Use: Agricultural chemical.

respiratory paralysis.

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of insecticides,

dithiadenoxide.

synthetic resins; plasticizer, rubber accelerator.

CAS: 153049-45-7. mf: C

NOS

•C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

dithiocarbamic acid. (aminodithioformic

acid). NH

dithiadenoxid hydrogen maleate. See di-

Properties: Colorless needles. Soluble in alcohol.

thiadenoxide.

Use: The metal salts of the acid are important as

strong (ultra) rubber accelerators, as are the thiuram

1,4-dithiane. (diethylene disulfide).

disulfide derivatives. Seed disinfectant.

See thiuram; selenium diethyldithiocarbamate; zinc

❘

SCH

❘

dibutyldithiocarbamate; zinc diethyldithiocarba-

Properties: White crystals. Bp 115.6C (60 mm Hg),

mate; ziram.

mp 108C. Volatile in steam. Soluble in alcohol and

ether; slightly soluble in water.

2,2

′

-dithiodibenzoic acid. (C

COOH)

Derivation: Interaction of dichloroethyl sulfide with

Properties: Tan to gray powder. Mp 280C (min).

sodium or potassium sulfide.

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals.

Use: Organic synthesis.

4,4

′

-dithiodimorpholine.

dithiane methiodide.

•CH

I. CAS: 103-34-4. C

ONSSNOC

4741,2-DITHIOGLYCEROL

Properties: Gray to tan powder. Mp 122C min, d such as chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene,

1.36 (25C). and dioxane. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, irritant to

absorption. skin and eyes.

Use: Rubber accelerator, fungicide. Use: Surface coatings, textile processing, stabilizers

of polyesters and urethanes, scavenger compounds

for materials sensitive to active hydrogen.

1,2-dithioglycerol. See 2,3-dimercaptopro-

panol.

N,N-di-o-tolylethylenediamine.

NHCH

NHC

1,3-dithiolane-2,4-dione, 5,5-dimethyl-, 2-

Properties: Light-brown to purple granular solid. D

(dimethyhydrazone), 4-(o-((methyl-

1.13, softens at approximately 57C. Insoluble in

ethyl((trichloromethyl)thio)amino)

water; soluble in acetone, ethylene dichloride, ben-

carbonyl)oxime).

zene, and gasoline.

CAS: 71108-14-0. mf: C

Use: Antioxidant for light-colored rubber goods.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

di-o-tolylguanidine. (DOTG Accelerator).

CAS: 97-39-2. (CH

NH)

CNH.

1,3-dithiolan-4-one, 5,5-dimethyl-2-(1,1-

Properties: White powder. D 1.10, mp 179C. Non-

(dimethylethyl)imino)-, o-

hygroscopic; very slightly soluble in water; soluble

((methylamino)carbonyl) oxime.

in warm alcohol, from which it crystallizes on cool-

CAS: 71108-08-2. mf: C

ingl.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Derivation: Desulfurization of di-o-tolylthiourea

Use: Agricultural chemical.

with a lead compound in the presence of ammonia.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

o-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)phenyl

Use: Basic rubber accelerator.

dimethylcarbamate.

CAS: 21709-44-4. mf: C

2,7-di-p-tolylnaphthylenediamine.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(NHC

)

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Fine needles. Mp 237C. Sparingly solu-

ble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

6,8-dithiooctanoic acid. See dl-␣-lipoic

Derivation: By heating 2,7-dihydroxynaphthalene

acid.

with p-toluidine and p-toluidine hydrochloride.

dithiooxamide. (rubeanic acid).

1,3-di-p-tolylphenylenediamine.

SC(NH

)C(NH

)S.

(NHC

)

Properties: Stable, orange-red powder. Decomposes

Properties: Long needles. Mp 137C. Soluble in alco-

at 140C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone and

hol and ether; insoluble in water.

chloroform. Forms highly colored stable complexes

Derivation: By heating resorcinol and p-toluidine in

with many metal ions; can form a series of N,N

′

presence of zinc chloride.

derivatives.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

di-o-tolythiourea. (DOTT). SC(NHC

)

Properties: Colorless, crystalline leaflets; pungent

dithiothreitol. (Cleland’s reagent).

odor. Mp 144–148C. Not hygroscopic; soluble in

Properties: Solid. Mp 42–43.5C, 99% pure.

alcohol, ether, and benzene; insoluble in water.

Available forms: 1-, 5-, 25-g quantities.

Derivation: By the interaction of o-toluidine and

Use: Reducing agent for proteins and enzymes, bio-

carbon disulfide.

chemical research.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Metal-pickling inhibitor.

dithymol diiodide. See thymol iodide.

ditridecyl phthalate. (DTDP; Jayflex).

1,4-di-p-toluidinoanthraquinone. (FD&C

CAS: 119-06-2. C

(COOC

)

Green No. 6). C

(NHC

)

Use: Plasticizer.

Properties: Solid. Mp 213C.

Use: Dye, approved for restricted use in drugs and

ditridecyl thiodipropionate. (3,3

′

-tetrame-

cosmetics.

thylnonyl thiodipropionate; thiodipropionic acid

ditridecyl ester). (C

OOCCH

)

di-o-tolylcarbodiimide. Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.932 (25C). Insolu-

(CH

N:C:NC

(CH

). ble in water; soluble in most organic solvents. Com-

Properties: Yellow to red-brown liquid; faint acrid bustible.

odor. D 1.063 (25/4C), bp 140C (0.9 mm Hg), refr Use: Stabilizer, plasticizer, and softening agent for

index 1.6248 (20C). Soluble in organic solvents plastics; lubricant additive.

475 “DLC”

diuretic. A drug that promotes water elimination Derivation: Interaction of dichlorodiethyl sulfide

from the body via kidney function. and an alcoholic solution of potassium hydroxide.

Grade: Technical.

diuron. (3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylu-

rea).

divinyl sulfone. CH

:CHSO

CH:CH

CAS: 330-54-1. C

NHCON(CH

)

Properties: Liquid. D 1.1788 (20/20C), bp 234C, fp

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 159C, vap

−26C, soluble in water, flash p 255F (124C). Com-

press 2 × 10

−7

mm Hg (30C). Very low solubility in

bustible.

hydrocarbon solvents; approximately 42 ppm at

Use: Monomer used in manufacture of polymers with

25C in distilled water. Stable toward oxidation and

diols, urea, and malonic esters; shrinkage control

moisture; decomposes at 180C.

agent (textiles).

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 10 mg/m

Use: Preemergence herbicide, sugarcane flowering

divinyltin dichloride.

suppressant.

CAS: 7532-85-6. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

divalent carbon. See carbene.

by inhalation. A severe eye irritant.

divanadyl tetrachloride. See vanadyl chlo-

dixanthogen.

ride.

CAS: 502-55-6. (C

OC==S)

Properties: Yellow crystals; strong odor. Mp 30C.

divinylacetylene. H

C:CHC:CCH:CH

. Trimer

Insoluble in water; soluble in benzene and ether.

of acetylene formed by passing it into a hydrochloric

Use: Herbicide, insecticide, parasiticide.

acid solution containing a metallic catalyst.

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of neoprene.

di-o-xenylphenyl phosphate.

O)PO.

divinylbenzene. (DVB; vinylstyrene).

Properties: Liquid. D 1.20 (60C), refr index 1.603–5

CAS: 1321-74-0. C

(CH:CH

)

. Exists as o-, m-

(60C), boiling range 285–330C (5 mm Hg), flash p

and p-isomers. The commercial form contains the

250F (121C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

three isomeric forms together with ethylvinylben-

Use: Plasticizer.

zene and diethylbenzene.

Properties: (Pure m-isomer) Water-white liquid,

di-p-xylylene. (−CH

−)

easily polymerized. Bp 199.5C, fp −66.90C, d

Properties: Stable, white crystals. Mp 280C.

0.9289 (20C), viscosity 1.09 cP (20C), refr index

Derivation: Pyrolysis of p-xylene at 398C in pres-

1.5772 (20C), flash p 165F (73.9C). (Divinylben-

ence of steam. An organic quench (benzene or tolu-

zene 55%) Pale-straw-colored liquid. Fp −87C, bp

ene) gives the dimer in yields of 10–15%.

195C, d 0.918 (25/25C). Insoluble in water; soluble

Use: Parylene resins.

in methanol and ether. Combustible.

Grade: 50–60%, 20–25%.

dixylylethane. (DXE). [C

(CH

)

]

HCCH

Hazard: Velocity of polymerization involves an ex-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 315C, pour p −34C,

plosion risk. If uninhibited, store at <90F (32.3C).

flash p 323F (162C), d 0.97.

Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 10 ppm.

Use: Dielectric fluid, heat-transfer medium, solvent,

Use: Polymerization monomer for special synthetic

chemical intermediate.

rubbers, drying oils, ion-exchange resins, casting

resins, and polyesters. Note: Should contain inhibi-

DKP. Abbreviation for dipotassium phosphate.

tor when stored or shipped.

See potassium phosphate, dibasic.

divinyl ether. Legal label name for vinyl ether.

DL (DL). A prefix indicating that a compound

contains equal parts of

D and L stereoisomers. Small

divinyl oxide. See vinyl ether.

capitals are often used to indicate the right- and left-

handed structure of such molecules; they do not

3,9-divinylspirobi-m-dioxane. (3,9-divinyl-

indicate rotation.

2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiroundecane).

See dl; racemic substance.

[CH

:CHCH(OCH

)

]

C. Bicyclic.

Properties: Liquid. Mp 42C, 120C (2 mm Hg), d

dl. (dl). A prefix denoting a crystal that rotates the

1.251 (20/20C), flash p 290F (143C) (COC). Slight-

plane of polarized light equally to both left and right,

ly soluble in water. Combustible.

resulting in optical inactivity. The symbol n˜ is pref-

Use: Intermediate and monomer.

erably used.

divinyl sulfide. (CH

:CH)

Properties: Mobile liquid; unpleasant odor. Poly-

“DLC” [Natrochem]. TM for dry liquid con-

merizes readily. D 0.9174 (15C), bp 85–86C. Com- centrate. Designates any of hundreds of oils and

bustible. resins which have been partitioned that inert carrier

476DM

to yield a free-flowing powder, 65% to 75% active

DNA. Abbreviation for deoxyribonucleic acid.

powder.

Use: Activators, plasticizers, polymers, waxes, res-

DNA bank. A service that stores DNA extracted

ins, tackifiers, processing aids.

from blood samples or other human tissue.

DM. See diphenylamine chloroarsine.

DNA chimera. A DNA containing genetic in-

formation derived from two different DNA mole-

D2M. Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether.

cules.

Use: Anhydrous reaction medium for organometallic

syntheses.

DNA cloning. The production of large numbers

of identical DNA molecules or cells from a single

DMA. Abbreviation for dimethylamine or disodi-

ancestral DNA molecule, nucleus or cell.

um methyl arsonate.

DNA library. A random collection of cloned

DMAC. Abbreviation for dimethyl acetamide.

DNA fragments designed to include all or most of

the genome of a given organism; also called a ge-

DMAPMA. Abbreviation of dimethylaminopro- nomic library.

pylmethacryl amide.

DNA ligase. An enzyme that creates a phospho-

DMB. Abbreviation for dimethoxybenzene.

diester bond between the 3

′

end of one DNA seg-

See hydroquinone dimethyl ether.

ment and the 5

′

end of another.

DMC. (1) Abbreviation for dichlorophenylme-

DNA polymerase. An enzyme that catalyzes

thylcarbinol.

template-dependent synthesis of DNA from its

See di(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol. (2) Abbreviation for

dNTP precursors.

␤-dimethylaminoethyl chloride hydrochloride.

DNA probe. See probe.

DMDT. Abbreviation for dimethoxy-

diphenyltrichloroethane.

DNA repair genes. Genes encoding proteins

See methoxychlor.

that correct errors in DNA sequencing.

DMF. Abbreviation for dimethyl formamide.

DNA replicase system. The entire complex of

enzymes and specialized proteins required in bio-

DMH. Abbreviation for dimethylhydantoin.

logical DNA replication.

DMHF. Abbreviation for dimethylhydantoinfor-

DNA replication. The use of existing DNA as a

maldehyde.

template for the synthesis of new DNA strands. In

See methyloldimethylhydantoin.

humans and other eukaryotes, replication occurs in

the cell nucleus.

DMN. See N-nitrosodimethylamine.

DNase. Deoxyribonuclease, a class of enzymes

DMNA. See N-nitrosodimethylamine.

that digest DNA. The most common is DNase I, an

endonuclease that digests both single and double-

stranded DNA.

“DMP” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for dimethy-

laminomethyl-substituted phenols.

Use: Chemical intermediate, curing agents for epoxy

DNA sequence. The relative order of base pairs,

resins, antioxidants.

whether in a DNA fragment, gene, chromosome, or

an entire genome.

See base sequence analysis.

DMPA. See O-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-O-methyl

isopropylphosphoramidothioate, dimethylol pro-

pionic acid.

DNA supercoiling. The coiling of DNA upon

itself into a more condensed structure.

DMPC. Abbreviation for 1-dimethylamino-3-

propyl chloride.

DNA transposition. The movement of a gene

or set of genes from one site in the genome to an-

other.

DMSO. Abbreviation for dimethyl sulfoxide.

DNBP. Abbreviation for dinitro-o-sec-butyl-

DMT. Abbreviation for dimethyl terephthalate.

phenol.

DMU. Abbreviation for dimethylurea and dime-

thylolurea.

DNC. Abbreviation for dinitrocresol.

477

trans

-2-DODECEN-1-AL

DNFB. See 2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene. paper-coating machine, it efficiently levels off the

coating suspension across the full width of the web.

DNOC. Abbreviation for 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol.

doctor treatment. A method of improving or

DNOCHP. Abbreviation for dinitro-o-cyclohex- “sweetening” the odor of gasoline, petroleum sol-

ylphenol. vents, or kerosene. A doctor solution of sodium

plumbite, Na

PbO

, is made by dissolving litharge in

sodium hydroxide solution; the feed to be sweetened

DNODA. Abbreviation for di(n-octyl,n-decyl)

is passed through the doctor solution. The action of

adipate.

the sodium plumbite and the lead sulfide formed

from it, in conjunction with free sulfur (either natu-

DNODP. Abbreviation for di(n-octyl,n-decyl)

rally present or added), converts the malodorous

phthalate.

mercaptans to the pleasanter disulfides.

DNP. Abbreviation for dinonyl phthalate.

dodecacarbonium chloride. C

ClN

Properties: Crystalline solid; acidic taste. Mp 145C.

DNPC. See 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol.

Insoluble in benzene and acetone; soluble in water

and alcohol.

DNPD. Abbreviation for N,N

′

-di-␤-naphthyl-p-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

phenylenediamine.

Use: Biocide, disinfectant.

DNPT. Abbreviation for dinitroso-

dodecahydrosqualane. See squalane.

pentamethylenetetramine.

dodecamethylpentasiloxane. C

DNT. Abbreviation for dinitrotoluene.

Properties: Inert, colorless liquid. Fp about −75C, bp

230C, refr index 1.40. Soluble in benzene and low-

DO. Abbreviation for dissolved oxygen.

molecular weight hydrocarbons. Little change in

viscosity with temperature.

DOA. Abbreviation for dioctyl adipate.

Use: Silicone fluids, antifoam agent in lubricating

See di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate.

oils.

DOC. Abbreviation for dichromate oxygen con-

dodecanal. See lauryl aldehyde.

sumed.

See oxygen consumed.

n-dodecane. (dihexyl).

CAS: 112-40-3. CH

(CH

)

n-docosane. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.749 (20/4C), fp

Properties: Solid. Mp 45.7C, bp 230C (15 mm Hg),

−10C, bp 213C, refr index 1.4221 (20C), flash p

d 0.778 (45/5C), refr index 1.4400 (45C). Combus-

160F (71.1C), autoign temp 400F. Soluble in alco-

tible.

hol, acetone, ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

Grade: 95%, 99%, 99.7 mole %.

Use: Organic synthesis, calibration, temperature-

Use: Solvent, organic synthesis, distillation chaser,

sensing devices.

jet fuel research.

docosanoic acid. See behenic acid.

1,12-dodecanedioic acid.

HOOCC

COOH. A 12-carbon, straight-

1-docosanol. See behenyl alcohol.

chain, saturated aliphatic dibasic acid.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp

cis-13-docosenoic acid. See erucic acid.

130–132C. Soluble in hot toluene, alcohols, hot ace-

tic acid; slightly soluble in hot water.

doctor knife. A metal straightedge (or equiva-

Use: Intermediate for plasticizers, lubricants, adhe-

lent) that detaches adhering product from a rotating

sives, polyesters, etc.

drum or roll, or removes excess coating from a web.

No cutting is involved.

dodecanoic acid. See lauric acid.

Use: To scrape dried films, such as soap flakes, from

drum dryers; to remove ink from printing rolls; clean

n-dodecanol. See lauryl alcohol.

residual paper stock from rolls and to provide a

crimped paper for toweling, etc.; and to remove soft

or sticky rubber and adhesive compositions from

trans-2-dodecen-1-al. mf: C

mixing rolls. An interesting application is the so- Properties: Slightly yellow liquid; fatty, citruslike

called air doctor (air knife); it is actually a stream of odor. D: 0.839−0.049, refr index: 1.462. Sol in alc,

air delivered by a turbine blower through a tube with fixed oils; insol in water.

a discharge slot. Located at the take-off end of a Use: Food additive.

478DODECENE

dodecene. C

. Many possible isomers. dodecylbenzene. (detergent alkylate).

See 1-dodecene; tetrapropylene; sodium dodecylben-

. A commercial blend of isomeric, pre-

zenesulfonate.

dominantly monoalkyl benzenes. The side chains

are saturated, averaging 12 carbon atoms. Flash p

285F (140C). Combustible.

1-dodecene. (␣-dodecylene; tetrapropylene).

Derivation: Alkylation of benzene with isomeric

CAS: 6842-15-5. H

C:CH(CH

)

dodecenes, obtained usually by polymerization of

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7600 (20/4C), fp

propylene.

−33.6C, bp 213C, refr index 1.4327 (20C). Soluble

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

in alcohol, acetone, ether, petroleum, coal tar sol-

Use: Detergents of ABS or LAS type.

vents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Linear (normal) dodecylbenzene is called sodium

Hazard: Irritant and narcotic in high concentration.

dodecylbenzenesulfonate. See tetrapropylene;

Use: Flavors, perfumes, medicine, oils, dyes, resins.

sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.

(e)-9-dodecenol acetate.

dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid. (DDBSA).

CAS: 35148-19-7. mf: C

See sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

Source: Natural product.

dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid

triethanolamine salt. See triethanolamine

dodecenylsuccinic acid.

dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

HOOCCH(C

)CH

COOH.

Properties: Extremely viscous liquid. Practically in-

dodecylbenzyl mercaptan.

soluble in water; miscible with oil. Combustible.

SH. Offered as branched-chain

Use: Synthesis, corrosion inhibitor in oils, water-

isomers.

proofing.

Properties: Light-yellow oil; unpleasant odor. Bp

approximately 150C (0.5 mm Hg). Soluble in ace-

dodecenylsuccinic anhydride. (DDS).

tone, benzene, and heptane; insoluble in water and

CAS: 25377-73-5.

alcohol. Combustible.

Hazard: Irritant.

❘

HCOOOC

❘

. The normal and at least two

Use: Polymerization modifier, intermediate, metal-

branched-chain dodecenyls are used commercially.

cleaning and polishing compounds.

The following properties are those of a branched-chain

See -thiol.

compound.

Properties: Light-yellow, clear, viscous oil. Bp

n-dodecyl bromide. See lauryl bromide.

180–182C (5 mm Hg), d 1.002 (25C), flash p 352F

(177C) (COC), viscosity 400 cP (20C), 15.5 cP

6-dodecyl-1,2-dihydro-2,2,4-trimethyl-

(70C). Combustible.

quinoline. C

N(CH

)

Use: Alkyd, epoxy and other resins; anticorrosive

Properties: Dark viscous liquid. D 0.93 (45C). Com-

agents; plasticizers; wetting agents for bituminous

bustible.

compounds.

Use: Rubber antioxidant (flex-cracking).

dodecyl acetate. (acetate C-12; lauryl ace-

dodecyldimethyl(2-phenoxyethyl)ammonium

tate).

bromide. See domiphen bromide.

CAS: 112-66-3. C

OOCCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. D

n-dodecylguanidine acetate. See dodine.

0.860–0.862, refr index 1.430–1.433, bp

150.5–151.5C. Soluble in three volumes of 80%

n-dodecyl mercaptan. (DDM). C

SH.

alcohol. Combustible.

Many isomers of dodecyl mercaptan are possible,

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

and a variety of these occur in the technical material

known as tert-dodecyl mercaptan, or lauryl mercap-

n-dodecyl alcohol. See lauryl alcohol.

tan, or simply dodecyl mercaptan.

See lauryl mercaptan.

dodecyl aldehyde. See lauryl aldehyde.

Properties: (n-isomer) Colorless liquid. Bp 143C,

refr index 1.4589, flash p 262F (127C). Soluble in

ether and alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

dodecylaniline. C

(probably the p-

See -thiol.

isomer).

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.907–0.912 (25/

25C), bp 340–350C. Oil-soluble aromatic amine;

4-dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone.

insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents. C

(OH)C(O)C

Combustible. Properties: Pale-yellow flakes. Setting point 43C.

Hazard: See aniline. Soluble in polar and nonpolar organic solvents.

Use: Intermediate. Use: UV light inhibitor in plastics.

479 DONOR

dodecylphenol. DOF. See di(2-ethylhexyl) fumarate.

CAS: 27193-86-8. C

OH. A mix of

isomers.

␤-dolabrin.

Properties: Straw-colored liquid; phenolic odor. D

CAS: 4570-11-0.

0.94 (20/20C), flash p 325F (162.7C), boiling range

Properties: A minor component of Thujopsis dola-

310–335C. Soluble in water. Combustible.

brata SIEB. et ZUCC. var. hondai MAKINO mf:

Hazard: See phenol.

Use: Solvent, intermediate for surface-active agents,

Hazard: A poison.

oil additives, resins, fungicides, bactericides, dyes,

pharmaceuticals, adhesives, rubber chemicals.

Dollo’s law. The rule that any substantial evolu-

tionary change is virtually irreversible because ge-

dodecyltrichlorosilane.

netic changes are not likely to be reversed in an order

CAS: 4484-72-4. C

SiCl

exactly opposite to the order in which they originally

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. Bp 288C, d

developed.

1.026 (25/25C), refr index 1.4521 (25C). Readily

hydrolyzed with liberation of hydrogen chloride.

dolomite. CaMg(CO

)

. A carbonate of calcium

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

and magnesium.

chloride and dodecylmagnesium chloride.

Properties: Color gray, pink, white; vitreous luster.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

D 2.85, Mohs hardness 3.5–4; good cleavage in

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

three directions. Similar to calcite but less soluble in

acids (reacts with acid when powdered or with hot

dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride.

acid). Noncombustible.

N(CH

)

Cl.

Use: Refractory for furnaces; manufacture of magne-

Properties: White liquid. Surface tension 0.1% in

sium compounds and magnesium metals; as build-

water, 33 dynes/cm (25C). Soluble in water and

ing material; in fertilizers; stock feeds; papermak-

alcohol.

ing; ceramics; mineral wool; removal of sulfur

Use: Germicides, fungicides, textile fiber softeners,

dioxide from stack gases.

cationic emulsifiers, flotation reagents, mildew

proofing.

dolphin oil. See porpoise oil.

dodine. (N-dodecylguanidine acetate).

DOM. A hallucinogenic drug.

CAS: 2439-10-3.

Use: Restricted by FDA.

NHC(:NH)NH

•CH

COOH.

See di(2-ethylhexyl) maleate.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 136C. Soluble in hot water

and alcohol.

domain. A distinct structural unit of a polypep-

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin at >50%

tide. Domains may have separate functions and

concentration.

some are known to fold as independent, compact

Use: Fungicide.

units, such as the Fc and Fab regions of an antibody

molecule.

DOE. Abbreviation for the U.S. Department of

Energy.

dominant. An allele that is almost always ex-

pressed, even if only one copy is present.

Doebner-Miller reaction (Beyer method

See gene; genome.

for quinolines). Synthesis of quinolines from

primary aromatic amines and ␣,␤-unsaturated car-

domiphen bromide. (dodecyldimethyl[2-phe-

bonyl compounds in acid catalysis. The carbonyl

noxyethyl]-ammonium bromide).

compounds may be prepared in situ from two mole-

N(C

)(CH

)

Br. A quaternary ammo-

cules of aldehyde or an aldehyde and methyl ketone.

nium salt.

The latter is known as the Beyer method.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 112C. Soluble in water and

organic solvents.

Doebner reaction. Formation of substituted

Use: Medicine (antiinfective).

cinchoninic acids from aromatic amines on heating

with aldehydes and pyruvic acid.

Donnan hydrolysis. When a neutral salt in

water exchanges its cation for hydrogen ions from

Doering-LaFlamme allene synthesis.

the water to make the latter alkaline.

Treatment of an olefin with bromoform in the

presence of an alkoxide and reaction of the 1,1-di-

bromocyclopropane with an active metal to produce

donor. An atom that furnishes a pair of electrons

an allene in which a carbon atom is inserted between to form a covalent bond or linkage with another

the carbon atoms of the original olefinic double atom, called the acceptor.

bond. See bond, chemical; Lewis electron theory.

480DOP

DOP. Abbreviation for dioctyl phthalate. centration of the target molecule in the sample. Stan-

See di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. dards provide a means of calibrating the results.

DOTC. See di-n-octyltindichloride.

L-dopa. See L-dihydroxyphenylalanine.

DOTG. Abbreviation for di-o-tolylguanidine.

dope. (1) Sizing formulation consisting of solu-

tions of nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, or other

dotriacontane. (dicetyl). CH

(CH

)

cellulose derivations applied to crepe yard to set the

Properties: Crystals. D 0.823, bp 310C, mp 70C.

twist and assist creping, and to leather to form a

Use: Research.

high-gloss finish. (2) A combustible, such as wood

pulp, starch, sulfur, etc., used in “straight” dyna-

mites. (3) A trace impurity introduced into ultrapure

DOTT. Abbreviation for di-o-tolylthiourea.

crystals to obtain desired physical properties, espe-

cially electrical properties. Examples: erbium oxide

double bond. See unsaturation.

doped with thulium for use as laser crystals; germa-

nium or silicon doped with boron or arsenic for use

double decomposition. (double displace-

as semiconductors.

ment, double replacement, metathesis). Reaction

of two compounds to form two new compounds.

Doppler effect. A shift toward longer or shorter

wavelengths for waves reaching an observer when

double displacement. See double decompo-

the source of the waves is moving away from or

sition.

toward the observer.

double helix. The natural coiled conformation

dormancy. A period of suspended growth and

of two complementary, antiparallel DNA chains by

metabolic activity. Many plants, seeds, spores, and

the formation of A-T and G-C base pairs.

some invertebrates become dormant during unfa-

vorable conditions.

double layer, electric. See electric double

layer.

dormant oil. (refined mineral oil).

Properties: Viscosity 90–150 s (Saybolt 100F). Un-

double membrane. In mitochondria and plas-

solfonable residue of 50–70%.

tids, there is a two-layered membrane which sur-

Use: As insecticide.

rounds the organelle. This is believed to be the result

of endosymbiosis, with the outer membrane coming

dormant spray. Agricultural insecticidal spray

from the eukaryotic cell, and the inner membrane

applied during winter or early spring when plant is

belonging to the original prokaryote, which was

dormant.

“swallowed”.

dosimetry, radiation Measurement of the double replacement. See double decomposi-

amount of radiation delivered to the body of an tion.

individual. The permissible dose is the quantity of

radiation that may be received by an individual over

double salt. A hydrated compound resulting

a given period with no detectable harmful effects.

from crystallization of a mixture of ions in aqueous

For X- or ␥-ray exposure the permissible dose is 0.3

solution. Common examples are the alums, made by

roentgen/week, measured in air. All workers with

crystallizing from solution either potassium or am-

radioactive materials are expected to wear some

monium sulfate and aluminum sulfate; Rochelle salt

device for detecting incident radiation. A dosimeter

(potassium sodium tartrate), made from a water so-

based on fiber optics has been developed for possi-

lution of potassium acid tartrate treated with sodium

ble application in radiation therapy.

carbonate; and Mohr’s salt (ferrous ammonium sul-

See rad; rem.

fate), crystallized from mixed solutions of ferrous

sulfate and ammonium sulfate.

See nickel ammonium sulfate.

DOT. Abbreviation for Department of Transpor-

tation, the agency responsible for the shipping regu-

lations for hazardous products in the U.S.

doublet. A quantum state of a system with a spin

of 1/2.

dot blot. A technique for measuring the amount

of one specific DNA or RNA in a complex mixture.

“Doverphos” [Ashland]. TM for tris(nonyl-

The samples are spotted onto a hybridization mem- phenyl)phosphite.

brane (such as nitrocellulose or activated nylon, CAS: 58968-53-9.

etc.), fixed and hybridized with a radioactive probe. Available forms: Liquid.

The extent of labeling (as determined by autoradiog- Use: In rubber, vinyl stabilizers, and various poly-

raphy and densitometry) is proportional to the con- mers as an antioxidant.

481 “DRAPEX”

“Dowanol” [Dow]. TM for a series of glycol “Dowtherm” [Dow]. TM for a group of liquid

monoethers. heat-transfer media.

Use: Solvents, intermediates for plasticizers, bacteri-

cidal agents, and fixatives for soap and perfumes.

DOZ. Abbreviation for dioctyl azelate.

See di(2-ethylhexyl) azelate.

“Dowclene” [Dow]. TM for a series of solvents

for specialized cleaning. A stabilized emulsion of

DP. Abbreviation for degree of polymerization.

caustic soda, a detergent, and a sequestering agent.

DPA. Abbreviation for diphenylamine, also for

EC: A colorless liquid, fp −56.6, bp 77–122C, d

diphenolic acid.

1.381. WR: Inhibited 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

DPG. Abbreviation for diphenylguanidine.

“Dow Corning” [Dow Corning]. TM for a

wide range of silicone and polysiloxane products

DPH. Abbreviation for 1,6-diphenylhexatriene.

including emulsions, lubricants, greases, mold-re-

lease agents, laminating polymers, electrical var-

nishes, and heat-resistant coatings.

DPIP. See diphenyl isophthalate.

“Dowetch” [Dow]. TM for magnesium pho- DPN. Abbreviation for diphosphopyridine dinu-

toengraving sheet, plate, and extruded tube. Also cleotide.

applied to chemicals used in the one-step engraving See nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.

process.

DPO. Abbreviation for 2,5-diphenyloxazole.

“Dowex” [Dow]. TM for a series of synthetic

ion-exchange resins made from styrene-divinylben-

DPPD. Abbreviation for N,N

′

-diphenyl-p-phe-

zene copolymers having a large number of ionizable

nylenediamine.

or functional groups attached to this hydrocarbon

matrix. These functional groups determine the

Dragendorf’s reagent. (Kraut’s reagent; po-

chemical behavior and types of ion-exchange resin.

tassium iodobismuthate).

The strong-acid cation resins are capable of ex-

Use: Testing alkaloids.

changing cations, for example, sodium for calcium

and magnesium, as in softening water. The strong-

Dragonic acid. See anisic acid.

base anion resins are capable of exchanging anions.

dragon’s blood.

“Dowfax 9N” [Dow]. TM for a series of no-

Properties: Deep-red, amorphous lumps. Mp 120C.

nylphenolethylene oxide adducts.

Soluble in alcohol, ether, and volatile and fixed oils;

Use: Surfactants; textiles, pulp and paper, leather,

insoluble in water.

latex paint.

Chief constituents: dracoalban, dracoresene, draco-

nine, and esters.

“Dowflake” [Dow]. TM for calcium chloride,

Derivation: The resin from the surface of the fruit of

77–80%, in a special flake form.

several species of Daemonoraps; habitat is Indone-

sia and Borneo.

“Dowfrost” [Dow]. TM for a heat-transfer me-

Use: Pigment for coloring paints, polishes, lacquers,

dium consisting of inhibited propylene glycol.

etc.; photoengraving, to protect zinc plates from

Use: Immersion freezing of poultry and other foods.

acid.

“Dowfume” [Dow]. TM for a series of propri-

draft sequence. The sequence generated by the

etary products used as fumigants and pesticides.

HGP as of June 2000 that, while incomplete, offers a

virtual road map to an estimated 95% of all human

“Dowlex” [Dow]. TM for a hybrid polyethyl- genes. Draft sequence data are mostly in the form of

ene of both low and high density, i.e., it has both 10,000 base pair-sized fragments whose approxi-

linear and branched molecular structure. It can be mate chromosomal locations are known.

used for both containers and bags. Forms available See sequencing; finished DNA sequence; working

are film, injection molding, and extrusion. draft DNA sequence.

“Dowmetal” [Dow]. TM for magnesium alloys dram. Unit of weight used in pharmacy, equiva-

containing more than 85% magnesium. lent to 0.125 ounce, 60 grains, or 3.888 grams.

downcomer. A pipe or flue that conveys gases, Dramamine. See dimenhydrinate.

vapors, or condensate downward in blast furnaces,

distillation towers, refineries, etc.

“Drapex” [Crompton & Knowles].

CAS: 8013-07-8. TM for an epoxidized soybean-oil

downstream. See upstream/downstream. vinyl plasticizer.

482DRAW

Use: For food packaging. Note: The spelling dryer refers to equipment used for

drying (of paper, textiles, food products, etc.).

draw. In metalworking technology, to gradually

reduce the diameter of a metal rod or plastic cylinder

“Drierite” [Drierite]. TM for a special form of

by pulling it through perforations of successively anhydrous calcium sulfate having a highly porous

diminishing size in a series of plates. Wire and vari- granular structure and a high affinity for water. Ab-

ous specialty filaments are made in this way; they sorbs water vapor both by hydration and by capillary

may be either cold-drawn (without preheating) or action.

hot-drawn (heated to softening point). Dies made of Grade: Regular, indicating (turns blue to red in use),

low-grade diamonds are often used for precision “Du-Cal” (for drying air and gases).

work. An analogous method is used in sheet-metal Use: Drying of solids, liquids, gases.

forming.

drilling fluid. (drilling mud). A suspension of

drazoxolon. (3-methyl-4-(o-chlorophenylhy- barytes and bentonite or attapulgite clay in either

drazono)-5-isoxazolone). water or a petroleum oil. When circulated through

CAS: 5707-69-7. C

ClN

. oil-well drilling pipes, it acts as a coolant and lubri-

Properties: Yellowish crystals. Mp 167C. Insoluble cant and keeps the hole free from bore cuttings. To

in water, acids, and straight-chain hydrocarbons; be effective, it must have a specific gravity of at least

partially soluble in chloroform, alkalies, ketones, 2.0 and should be thixotropic, with appreciable gel

and aromatic solvents. strength. Lignosulfonates are used as thinners in the

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. water-based type. Oil-based muds require thicken-

Use: Antifungal agent. ing additives such as blown asphalt and metallic

soaps of tall oil and rosin acids.

“Dresinate” [Aqualon]. TM for liquid, paste,

and powder forms of sodium and potassium soaps of

“Drinox” [Morton]. TM for a series of insecti-

rosins and modified rosins used as emulsifiers, de- cides. H-34: A liquid containing 24.5% heptachlor.

tergents, and dispersants in soluble oils, cleaning PX: A planter-box seed treatment containing 25%

compounds, and other compositions. heptachlor.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption.

drevogenin a.

Use: Seed treatment.

CAS: 10163-83-4. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

“Driocel” [Engelhard]. TM for a solid, granu-

lar desiccant for drying process liquids and gases.

Manufactured from a selected grade of natural baux-

“Drewmulse” [Drew]. TM for a series of glyc-

ite, reduced to the required particle size, and ther-

erol and glycol esters, and sorbitan and polyoxye-

mally activated to its maximum absorbing activity.

thylene sorbitan esters of fatty acids.

Mesh grades 4/8, 4/10, 8/14.

Use: Emulsifiers and opacifiers.

“Dri-Pax” [Wyeth-Ayerst]. TM for a group of

“Drewplast” [Stepan]. TM for glyceryl and

silica-gel products used in packaging pharmaceuti-

polyglyceryl fatty acid esters.

cals and similar products. Extends shelf life and

Use: Slip additives for PVC and polyolefin resin

deodorizes products having unpleasant odors.

films, antistatic and antifogging agent for clear plas-

tic wraps, and as internal lubricants.

dross. See slag.

“Dricoid” [Kelco]. TM for xanthan gum blends

made by galactomannan interaction.

“Drucomine” 9650 [Drew]. TM for a cation-

ic fatty amino amide.

Use: Softener and finisher.

drier. A substance used to accelerate the drying of

paints, varnishes, printing inks, and the like by cata-

lyzing the oxidation of drying oils or synthetic resin

drug. (1) A substance that acts on the central

varnishes such as alkyds. The usual driers are salts of nervous system, e.g., a narcotic, hallucinogen, bar-

metals with a valence of two or greater, and unsatu- biturate, or psychotropic drug; (2) A substance that

rated organic acids. The approximate order of effec- kills or inactivates disease-causing infectious organ-

tiveness of the more common metals is cobalt, mag- isms; (3) A substance that affects the activity of a

nesium, cerium, lead, chromium, iron, nickel, specific bodily organ or function; (4) According to

uranium, and zinc. These are usually prepared as the the FDA, a drug is a substance “intended for use in

linoleates, naphthenates, and resinates of the metals. the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, treatment or preven-

Paste driers are commonly the metal salts (acetates, tion of disease, or to affect the structure or function

borates, or oxalates) dispersed in a dry oil. of the body.” Under this definition, high-potency

See soap (2). preparations of vitamins A and D are classified as

483 DSMA

drugs, though other vitamins are not; antiperspirants (2) Removal of 90–95% of the water from a materi-

and suntan lotions are also considered to be drugs. al, usually by exposure to heat. Industrial drying is

The Drug Enforcement Administration is the federal performed by both continuous and batch methods.

The type of equipment and the temperatures used

agency responsible for supervision and control of

depend on the physical state of the material, i.e.,

the manufacture and use of drugs, especially those in

whether liquid (solution or slurry), semiliquid

class (1). The term ethical drug is equivalent to

(paste), solid units, or sheet. Continuous drying: The

prescription drug i.e., a drug sold only on a physi-

rotating-drum dryer is used for flaked or powdered

cian’s prescription. See pharmaceutical; see

products (soap flakes); a heated metal drum revolves

Appendix II for history of the industry.

slowly in contact with a solution of the material, the

dry product being removed with a doctor knife. In

“Drupene” [Drew]. TM for nonionic ethoxy-

paper manufacturing, drying is performed by a bat-

lated fatty alcohols, available as liquid or paste.

tery of staggered, steam-heated, revolving drums

Use: Detergents and penetrants.

located at the dry end of the fourdrinier machine, the

paper passing around the drums at high speed; the

“Drustate” [Drew]. TM for a series of cationic

moisture content is thus reduced from 60% to about

fatty amino amide condensates, alkyl sulfates.

5%. In spray drying, milk, egg white, and other

Use: Antistatic agents.

liquid food products are passed through an atomiz-

ing device into a stream of hot air. In tunnel drying,

dry cell. (Lechanche cell). A primary battery

the product travels on a conveyor belt through a

having a zinc anode, a carbon (graphite) cathode

heated chamber of considerable length. Batch dry-

surrounded by manganese dioxide, and a paste con-

ing: Steam-jacketed pans are used if the material is

taining ammonium chloride as electrolyte. Such bat-

in paste or slurry form, or in removable trays placed

teries are not reversible and therefore have a limited

in an oven, if in solid units (fruits, vegetables, meats,

operating life. Their chief use is in flashlights and

etc.). The revolving-tube dryer, used for granular

similar devices requiring low voltage.

solids and coarse powders, is a long, horizontal

See battery.

cylinder in which a current of warm air runs counter

to the movement of the material. Freeze-drying is a

dry chemical. A mixture of inorganic sub-

specialized technique utilizing high vacuum and

stances containing sodium bicarbonate (or, fre-

low temperatures. See dehydration; evapora-

quently, potassium bicarbonate) with small percent-

tion; freeze-drying.

ages of added ingredients to render it free-flowing

and water repellent.

Use: Fire extinguisher on fires in electric equipment,

drying oil. An organic liquid that, when applied

oils, greases, gasoline, paints, and flammable gases.

as a thin film, readily absorbs oxygen from the air

and polymerizes to form a relatively tough, elastic

dry deposition. Deposition of materials from

film. The oxidation is catalyzed by such metals as

the atmosphere without the aid of rain or snow, e.g.,

cobalt and manganese. Drying oils are usually natu-

particulates in the range of 2.5 microns as well as

ral products such as linseed, tung, perilla, soybean,

pollutant gases (SO

,NO

fish, and dehydrated castor oils, but are also pre-

See acid precipitation.

pared by combination of natural oils or their fatty

acids with various synthetic resins. The drying abili-

dryer. Any of numerous types of equipment used

ty is due to the presence of unsaturated fatty acids,

in the chemical industries to remove water from a

especially linoleic and linolenic, usually in the form

product during processing. Space does not permit

of glycerides. The degree of unsaturation of an oil,

description of even a few of the great variety and

and hence its drying ability, is expressed by its io-

multiplicity of choices available. The major types

dine number. The drying oils have the greatest ca-

include the following:

pacity for iodine, and the nondrying oils the least.

See drier.

belt fluid-bed screw

centrifugal freeze spray

convection pan tubular

“Dryspersion” [Kenrich]. TM for dry disper-

conveyor rotary drum tunnel

sion of rubber compounding chemicals in powder

flash rotary tray truck tray

form. Deagglomerated and treated with nonstaining

rotary vacuum vibrating

oil.

Use: Rubber compounding.

See drying.

dry ice. See carbon dioxide.

DSC. See differential scanning calorimetry.

drying. (1) Polymerization of the glycerides of

unsaturated vegetable oils induced by exposure to

DSMA. (disodium methanearsonate).

air or oxygen. CAS: 144-21-8.

See drying oil; drier. Use: Herbicide.

484DSP

DSP. Abbreviation for disodium phosphate. value at room temperature is 6.2 cal/g K. A few

See sodium phosphate dibasic. elements, notably boron, carbon, and silicon, obey

the law only at high temperatures.

D-stoff See phosgene.

Dumas method. Condensation of nitrogenous

DTA. See differential thermal analysis.

organic compounds with copper oxide in a stream of

carbon dioxide, collection of the elementary nitro-

DTBP. Abbreviation for di-tert-butyl peroxide.

gen over aqueous potassium hydroxide, and volu-

metric estimation in an azotometer. Any nitrogen

DTBT. See bis(trifluoroacetoxy)dibutyltin.

oxides formed are reduced by passage over a red-hot

copper spiral.

DTDP. Abbreviation for ditridecyl phthalate.

dumortierite. 8Al

•6SiO

•B

•H

O (per-

dubnium. Db. A transfermium element. Atomic

haps). A natural basic aluminum silicate, bright

number 105. Very short half-life.

smalt-blue to greenish-blue in color, vitreous luster,

d 3.26–3.36, Mohs hardness 7.

“Duclean” [Du Pont]. TM for acids contain-

Occurrence: U.S. (New York, Arizona, Nevada),

ing pickling inhibitors.

France, Norway.

Use: Pickling iron and steel. No. 1: sulfuric acid, 60

Use: Spark-plug porcelain, special refractories.

degrees Be´, d 1.706, fp −10.8C. No. 2: hydrochloric

acid technical, d 1.142, fp 40C.

“Duo 1 Cleaner” [General Graphics].

Hazard: Corrosive liquids.

TM for a cleaning liquid.

Use: Cleaning compound for printing presses.

Duff reaction. The ortho-formylation of phe-

nols or para-formylation of aromatic amines with

“Duon” [Phillips]. TM for engineered non-

hexamethylenetetramine in the presence of an acidic

woven fabric.

catalyst.

Use: Automotive, consumer, home furnishings, and

industrial applications.

Duhring’s rule. Relates the vapor pressure of

similar substances at different temperatures. A

straight or nearly straight line results if the tempera-

“Duo-Sol” process. A proprietary process for

ture at which a liquid exerts a particular pressure is

refining lubricating oils by extraction with a solvent

plotted on a graph against the temperature at which

consisting of liquid propane and a cresol base.

some similar reference liquid exerts the same vapor

pressure. Water is most frequently used as a refer-

“Duponol” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of

ence liquid since its vapor pressure at various tem-

surface-active agents based on lauryl sulfate. These

peratures is well known.

have detergent, emulsifying, dispersing, and wetting

properties and are used in the textile, paper, leather,

dulcin. (4-ethoxyphenylurea).

cosmetic, and electroplating industries; in dental

CAS: 150-69-6. H

NOCNHC

. This sub-

and medical preparations, and in agricultural

stance should not be confused with dulcitol.

products.

Properties: White, needle-like crystals or powder;

taste approximately 200 times as sweet as sugar. Mp

“Duracool” [Nalco]. TM for metalworking

173–174C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; moderately

coolants and corrosion preventatives.

soluble in hot water.

Use: In the machining industry.

Derivation: From p-aminophenol.

Use: Artificial sweetening agent, prohibited by FDA

“Duradene” [Firestone]. TM for a stere-

for use in foods.

oregular copolymer of butadiene and styrene with

exceptional purity, soluble in aromatics and ali-

dulcitol. (dulcite; dulcose). C

(OH)

. A sugar.

phatics.

Properties: White crystalline powder; slightly sweet

Use: Rubber products having superior abrasion resis-

taste. D 1.466, mp 188.5C. Soluble in hot water;

tance, good wet-skin resistance, flex-cracking resis-

slightly soluble in cold water; very slightly soluble

tance, and good resilience. Automotive tire treads,

in alcohol.

belt conveyors, shoe soles, and resilient products.

Derivation: By hydrogenation of lactose; occurs nat-

urally in Melampyrum nemorosum.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

duralumin. A high-strength aluminum alloy,

Use: Bacteriology, medicine.

containing 4% copper, 0.5% magnesium,

0.25–1.0% manganese, and low percentages of iron

Dulong and Petit’s law. The atomic heat and silicon. Resistant to corrosion by acids and sea-

capacity (atomic weight times specific heat) of ele- water.

mentary substances is a constant whose average Use: Aircraft parts, railroad cars, boats, machinery.

485 DUST, INDUSTRIAL

“Duranickel” 301 [Inco]. TM for an alloy of “Durfax EOM” [PPG]. (ethoxylated glycer-

94% nickel and 4.5% aluminum. yl monostearate). TM for emulsifier and dough

conditioner.

Use: In bakery applications and in personal care

“Duraphos” [FMC]. TM for a complex sodi-

products.

um-calcium-aluminum polyphosphate containing

67% phosphate.

“Durite” [Borden]. TM for a series of phenol-

Use: Slow-dissolving glassy phosphate.

formaldehyde resins used in the manufacture of

grinding wheels, brake linings, clutch facings, lamp-

“Duraplex” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for drying

base cements.

and nondrying oil-modified alkyd resins derived

from phthalic anhydride, polyhydric alcohols, and

“Durobrite” [Du Pont]. TM for zinc cyanide

vegetable oils. Air drying, baking, and nondrying

plating brightening agents; amber liquids.

grades, in solvent solution or viscous 100% resins.

Produce tough, glossy, light-colored coatings with

Durometer hardness. See hardness.

excellent durability.

Use: Primers, lacquers, and enamels; metal decorat-

“Duron Microwax” [Astor]. TM for micro-

ing; automotive coatings; furniture finishes; archi-

crystalline wax additive.

tectural enamels;, inks.

Available forms: Prills, slab, or pellets.

Use: In nonskid floor polish, mold release, hot melt,

“Durazone 37” [Uniroyal]. TM for 2,4,6-

coatings, printing ink, corrosion protection, and

tris-(-N-1,4-dimethylpentyl-p-phenylenediamino)-

metal-cutting fluids.

1,3,5-triazine.

Use: A nonstaining and nondiscoloring antiozonant

“Dursban” [Dow]. (chlorpyrifos).

for static and dynamic applications used in natural

CAS: 2921-88-2. TM for insecticides containing

and synthetic rubbers.

O,O-diethyl-O-3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl phospho-

rothioate. C

PS.

“Durcupan” [Fluka]. TM for embedding me-

Hazard: Toxic. Use may be restricted. TLV: 0.2 mg/

dium for electron microscopy including water solu-

; toxic by skin absorption.

ble and “Araldite” embedding agents.

Use: Control of chinch bugs in Gulf Coast states, tick

control on cattle and sheep in Australia.

durene. (sym-1,2,4,5-tetramethylbenzene).

(CH

)

“Dustac” [Georgia Pacific]. TM for lignin.

Available forms: Liquid and dry grades.

Use: As a dust suppressant, binder, emulsifier, vis-

cosity reducer, sequestering agent, dispersant, and

flotation aid.

“Dust-Ban” [Nalco]. TM for chemical pro-

Properties: Colorless crystals; camphorlike odor. D

gram.

0.838, mp 77C, bp 196–197C, flash p 165F (74C)

Use: In suppression of mining and road dust.

(COC). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene; in-

soluble in water; sublimes and is volatile with steam.

dust, industrial. Finely divided solid particles

Combustible.

that may have damaging effects on personnel by

Derivation: By heating o-xylene and methyl chlo-

inhalation, or that constitute a fire hazard. They are

ride in presence of aluminum chloride. Occurs in

air suspensions of particles 10 microns or less in

coal tar.

diameter, though sizes up to 50 microns may be

Use: Organic synthesis, plasticizers, polymers,

present. Such dusts include (1) metallic particles of

fibers.

all types, some being more harmful than others; (2)

silica, mica, talc, quartz, graphite, clays, calcium

“Durethan” [Bayer]. TM for injection mold-

carbonate, asbestos; (3) organic materials such as

ing and extrusion-grade thermoplastic polyamide

chemicals, pesticides, flour or other cereals, cellu-

resins.

lose, coal, etc. The size range of mineral dust most

Use: For automotive components, electric compo-

damaging to the lungs is between 0.5 and 2 microns.

nents, and furniture

Silicosis is caused by chronic exposure to uncom-

bined silica (quartz, cristobalite) in mines and quar-

“Durez” [Occidental]. TM for synthetic res- ries. Bag houses, dust collectors, or electrostatic

ins, plastics, molding compositions, phenolformal- precipitators can be used for dust control.

dehyde resins, furfuryl alcohol resins, polyester res- Hazard: Dust suspensions in enclosed industrial ar-

ins, and polyurethane resins. eas are a serious fire hazard regardless of the chemi-

Use: Industrial chemicals; curing agents, rubber ac- cal nature of the dust; an explosion may be initiated

celerators, plasticizers, and binders. by static sparks or any open flame. Threshold Limit

486DUSTING AGENT

Values (TLV) for industrial dusts are given by the

“Dycril” [Du Pont]. TM for a photosensitive

plastic bonded to steel, aluminum, or “Cronar” base

ACGIH.

supports. Exposure to a UV light source renders

See Threshold Limit Value; American Conference of

exposed areas insoluble to a subsequent mild alka-

Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

line washout solution, so that a relief image of the

exposed pattern remains. The depth of image is

dusting agent. A powdery solid used as an

dependent on the thickness of the photosensitive

abherent and mold-release agent in the plastics and

plastic layer. There are eight types available.

rubber industries. Typical materials in general use

Use: Printing plates.

are talc (soapstone), mica, slate, flour, and clay.

Graphite and mica have a flat, crystalline structure

“Dycron” [Dynamit Nobel].

which causes them to act as lubricants, and thus are

CAS: 1344-28-1. TM for aluminum oxide.

especially effective in preventing sheets or slabs of

hot solid mix from sticking together when stacked.

dye, azo. See azo dye.

See antiblock agent.

dye, azoic. See azoic dye.

Dutch oil. See ethylene dichloride.

dye, certified. See food color; FD&C color.

Dutch process. Process for making white lead.

See lead carbonate, basic.

dye, direct. A water-soluble dye taken up direct-

ly by fibers from an aqueous solution containing an

“Dutrex” [Shell]. TM for a series of aromatic

electrolyte, presumably due to selective adsorption.

hydrocarbon concentrates derived from petroleum.

Usually applied to cellulosic fibers. Dyeing assis-

Properties: Colors ranging from light amber to

tants such as sodium chloride or sodium sulfate are

black; odor slight to none; very low volatilities.

used to obtain a high concentration of dye on the

Viscosity 3–10,000 cP at 210F, d approximately 1.0,

fibers.

Hazard: Flammable.

See dye, synthetic.

Use: Rubber processing and extending oils, plasticiz-

er extenders for polyvinyl chloride, resin solvents,

dye, disperse. A dye in any of three clearly

tackifier for nitrile-butadiene rubber.

defined chemical classes: (1) nitroarylamine; (2)

azo; and (3) anthraquinone; almost all contain amino

Dutt-Wormall reaction. Preparation of dia-

or substituted amino groups but no solubilizing sul-

zoaminosulfinates by reaction of diazonium salts

fonic acid groups. They are water-insoluble dyes

with aryl- or alkylsulfonamides followed by alka-

introduced as a dispersion or colloidal suspension in

line hydrolysis to the corresponding sulfinic acid of

water and are absorbed by the fiber, after which they

the sulfonamide and the azide.

may remain untreated or be after-treated (diazo-

tized) to produce the final color. Their use is primari-

Du Vigneaud, Vincent (1901–1978). An

ly for cellulose acetate, nylon, polyester, and other

American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for

synthetic fibers, and for thermoplastics.

chemistry in 1955. His work involved the study of

the metabolism of biologically significant sulfur

dye, fiber-reactive. A synthetic dye containing

compounds which led to the finding of transmethy-

reactive groups capable of forming covalent link-

lation in mammalian metabolism. He isolated and

ages with certain portions of the molecules of natu-

proved the structure of the vitamin biotin, and syn-

ral or synthetic fibers, e.g., covalently bound azo dye

thesized penicillin, oxytocin, and the vasopressin

on cellulose. Such dyes were not produced until

hormone of the posterior pituitary. His education

1953, when cholortriazinyl dyes were introduced.

was at Rochester, Yale, St. Louis, and George

Since then, hundreds of fiber-reactive dyes for cellu-

Washington Universities.

lose have been patented.

DVB. Abbreviation for divinylbenzene.

dyeing assistant. Any material added to a dye

bath to promote or control dyeing. The action of

DXE. See dixylylethane.

assistants differs with the classes of dyes, but in most

cases they aid in level deposition of the dye by either

Dy. Symbol for dysprosium.

delaying its absorption, increasing its solubility, or

assisting the dye solution to penetrate the material.

Examples: sodium sulfate decahydrate, pine oils,

dyclonine hydrochloride. (4

′

-butoxy-3-pi-

alkylaryl sulfonates.

peridinopropiophenone hydrochloride).

•HCl.

dye intermediate. See azo-dye intermediate.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 175–176C. Soluble in wa-

ter, alcohol, acetone, phenol.

Grade: ND.

dye, metal. An organic dye suitable for use with

Use: Medicine (topical anesthetic). a metal such as aluminum or steel. Alizarin Cyanin

487 DYNAMITE

RR, Alizarin Green sulfur, Nigrosine 2Y, and Naph- cally in the Colour Index, a British publication.

thalene Blue RS are used for this purpose.

See colorant; pigment.

dye, vat. See vat dye.

dye, natural. An organic colorant obtained

from an animal or plant source. Few of these are now

in major use. Among the best-known are madder,

“Dyflor” [Dynamit Nobel]. TM for polyvi-

cochineal, logwood, and indigo. The distinction be-

nylidene fluoride.

tween natural dyes and natural pigments is often

Use: For a barrier layer material to prevent fuel per-

arbitrary.

meation.

See colorant; pigment.

dyfonate. (fonofos).

dye retarding agent. An additive to dye baths

CAS: 944-22-9. C

SPS(C

to prevent, by decreasing absorption of the dyes, the

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV: 0.1 mg/m

rapid exhaustion of the bath. Examples: sodium lau-

toxic by skin absorption.

ryl sulfate, sulfonated oils.

Use: Soil insecticide.

dye, solvent. Any of several organosoluble dyes “Dylox” [Bayer]. TM for trichlorfon.

used in plastics, printing inks, cosmetics, etc., as

well as for polyester and other synthetic fibers. They

“Dylux” [Du Pont]. TM for a photosensitive

are chemically related to disperse dyes. The solvents

paper free from silver compounds and coated with

used are such chlorinated hydrocarbons as 1,1,1-tri-

organic dyes that are activated by UV radiation.

chloroethane, trichloroethylene, and perchloroethy-

Gives good continuous tones and high resolution.

lene. Use of solvent dyes avoids the necessity of

Used in lithography, photoproofing, and informa-

fine-grinding and gives ideal dispersion. (The term

tion-handling systems. Permits instantaneous, direct

solvent dye is somewhat misleading, as it would

recording without processing.

apply equally well to dyes that are soluble in water.)

“Dynacerin 660” [Huls America]. TM for

a liquid wax ester similar to jojoba oil.

dyestuffs Synonym for dyes, the chemicals used

in dyeing that impart color.

“Dynacoll” [Huls America]. TM for a poly-

See dye entries.

ester for reactive hot melts.

dye, synthetic. An organic colorant derived

“Dynacool” [Nalco]. TM for cooling-water

from coal tar– and petroleum-based intermediates

dispersants.

and applied by a variety of methods to impart bright,

Properties: Liquid.

permanent colors to textile fibers. Organic dyes

Use: For prevention of fouling, scale, and microbio-

were first synthesized by Perkin in England (1856)

logical deposits.

and were later developed by Hofmann in Germany.

Some, called fugitive, are unstable to sunlight, heat,

dynad. Group of atoms in which every atom is

and acids or bases; others, called fast, are not. Direct

combined with neighboring atoms by forces stron-

(or substantive) dyes can be used effectively without

ger than those that join the atom to atoms belonging

“assistants”; indirect dyes require either chemical

to other groups.

reduction (vat type) or a third substance (mordant),

usually a metal salt or tannic acid, to bind the dye to

“Dynaflex” [Pecora]. TM for flexible polyure-

the fiber. A noteworthy development is the fiber-

thane security sealant.

reactive group, wherein the dye reacts chemically

with cellulose. Dyes may be either acidic or basic,

“Dynaflock” [Huls America].

and their effectiveness on a given fiber depends on

CAS: 11138-49-1. TM for sodium aluminate.

this factor. Some types are soluble in water; others

are not, but can be made so by specific chemical

treatment. The central problem is the affinity of a

dynamite. An industrial explosive detonated by

dye for a fiber, and this involves both the chemical blasting caps. The principal explosive ingredient is

nature and the physical state of the dye, i.e., whether nitroglycerin (straight dynamite) or especially sen-

acidic or basic and whether colloidal, molecular, or sitized ammonium nitrate (ammonia gelatin dyna-

ionic. Neither colloidal particles nor dissociated mite) dispersed in carbonaceous materials. Diethyl-

ions are accepted by a fiber; the dye must be in ene glycol dinitrate, which is also explosive, is often

molecular dispersion to be effective. Further details added as a freezing point depressant. A dope such as

will be found in the following entries: acetate dye, wood pulp and an antacid such as calcium carbonate

anthraquinone dye, acid dye, azo dye, alizarin, ani- are also essential.

line, fiber-reactive dye, eosin, intermediate, resist, Hazard: Moderately sensitive to shock or heat, dyna-

stilbene dye, sulfide dye. The chemical classes of mite is a rather serious explosion hazard, also may

coloring matters and their arrangement according to ignite or explode as a result of contact with powerful

chemical structures have been designated numeri- oxidizing agents. Note: Use of dynamite is decreas-

488“DYNAPOL”

ing; it may be entirely replaced by safer and more Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 88.6C (in its water

of crystallization). Soluble in water.

efficient explosives.

Derivation: Treatment of oxides, carbonates, or hy-

See explosive, high.

droxide with nitric acid.

Grade: Up to 99.9% pure.

“Dynapol” [Degussa]. TM for hot-melt adhe-

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, may ignite organic

sives.

materials.

Use: Bonding or laminating of fabrics, films, foils, or

leather.

dysprosium oxide. (dysprosia). Dy

Properties: White powder. Much more magnetic

“Dynasan” [Degussa]. TM for fatty acid es-

than ferric oxide; slightly hygroscopic, absorbing

ters.

moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. D 7.81

See “Witepsol.”

(27/4C), mp 2340C. Soluble in acids and alcohol.

Derivation: Ignition of hydroxides and oxyacids

dyphylline. [7-(2,3-dihydroxypro-

(carbonates, oxalates, sulfates, etc.).

pyl)theophylline; hyphylline].

Use: With nickel, in cermets used as nuclear reactor

CAS: 479-18-5. C

control rods that do not require watercooling.

Properties: Crystals; bitter taste. Mp 158C. Soluble

in water, alcohol, and chloroform.

dysprosium salts. Salts available commercial-

Use: Medicine.

ly are the chloride DyCl

•xH

O, fluoride

DyF

•2H

O, arsenide, antimonide, and phosphide.

dypnone. (phenyl ␤-methylstyryl ketone; 1,3-

Use: The last three are used as high-purity binary

diphenyl-2-butene-1-one).

semiconductors.

CAS: 1322-90-3. C

COCHC(CH

Properties: Stable, light-colored liquid; mild, fruity

dysprosium sulfate. Dy

(SO

)

•8H

odor. Bp 340C, d 1.093 (20/20C), fp (sets to a glass

Properties: Brilliant-yellow crystals. Stable at 110C

approximately −30C), flash p 350F (176C). Insolu-

and completely dehydrated at 360C. Soluble in

ble in water. Combustible.

water.

Use: Softening agent, plasticizer, and perfume base.

Derivation: Dissolving the hydroxide, carbonate, or

High absorption of UV light, low water solubility,

oxide in dilute sulfuric acid.

low evaporation rate, and good solvent action make

Use: Atomic-weight determination.

it useful in light-stable coatings and sunscreen prep-

arations.

dystetic mixture. A mix of two or more sub-

stances that has the highest possible melting point of

dysprosia. See dysprosium oxide.

all mixtures of these substances.

dysprosium. Dy. Rare-earth or lanthanide ele-

“Dytek” [Du Pont]. (2-methylpentamethy-

ment having atomic number 66; aw 162.50; valence

lene diamine).

of 3; six stable isotopes.

CAS: 15520-10-2. TM for corrosive urethanes,

Properties: Noncorroding metal. Does not react with

epoxies, polyamide fibers, films, resins, corrosion

moist air to form hydroxide. Mp 1407C, bp 2330C, d

inhibitors, wet-strength resins.

8.54. Reacts slowly with water and halogen gases;

soluble in dilute acids. High cross section for ther-

mal neutrons.

“Dytol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for aliphatic

Derivation: Reduction of the fluoride with calcium.

primary alcohols derived from natural fats and oils

Available forms: High-purity lumps, ingots, sponge,

to C

powder.

Use: Additives for cosmetic creams, polymerization

Use: Measurement of neutron flux, reactor fuels,

regulators for elastomers and plastics, detergents

fluorescence activator in phosphors.

and viscosity-index improvers for lubricating oils,

See rare earth.

finishing and softening agents for textiles, prepara-

tion of quaternary ammonium compounds, surfac-

dysprosium nitrate. Dy(NO

)

•5H

O. tants, water evaporation control, and antifoam.