D
D. Symbol for deuterium. Dakin reaction. Replacement of the aldehyde
or acetyl groups in phenolic aldehydes or ketones by
a hydroxyl group by means of hydrogen peroxide.
D. (D-) Prefix indicating the right-handed enantio-
mer of an optical isomer. Usually printed as a small
capital letter.
Dakin’s solution. An aqueous solution contain-
See L; glyceraldehyde; asymmetry; enantiomer.
ing 0.5% sodium hypochlorite, used as an antiseptic,
especially for wound treatment.
d-. (d-). Prefix indicating that a substance is dex-
trorotatory. A plus sign (+) is now preferred.
Dakin-West reaction. Reaction of ␣-amino
acids with acetic anhydride in the presence of base to
give ␣-acetamido ketones. The reaction occurs via
2,4-D. (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid).
the intermediate azlactone.
CAS: 94-75-7. Cl
2
C
6
H
3
OCH
2
COOH.
Properties: White to yellow crystalline powder. Sta-
ble, mp 138C, bp 160C (0.4 mm Hg). Difficultly “Dalamar” [Du Pont].
TM for an azo yellow
soluble in water or oils; soluble in alcohols. pigment.
Derivation: Reaction of 2,4-dichlorophenol and
chloroacetic acid in aqueous sodium hydroxide.
dalapon.
Available forms: Sodium salt (60–85% acid), amine
CAS: 75-99-0. CH
3
CCl
2
COOH. Generic name for
salts (10–60% acid), esters (10–45% acid). These
2,2-dichloropropionic acid. The sodium salt (sodi-
forms are dispersible in water or oils (esters) and can
um 2,2-dichloropropionate) is commonly used.
be applied as sprays.
Properties: (free acid) Liquid. Bp 185–190C (760
Grade: Technical.
mm Hg), 90–92C (14 mm Hg), d 1.389 (22.8 4C).
Hazard: Irritant. Use may be restricted. TLV: 10 mg/
Very soluble in water and alcohol; soluble in ether.
m
3
.
(sodium salt): Crystals; salty taste. Decomposes
Use: Selective weed killer and defoliant, fruit drop
174–176C. Corrosive to iron. Soluble in water;
control.
aqueous solutions hydrolyze above 70C.
Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 1
DAA. Abbreviation for diacetone acrylamide. ppm.
Use: Herbicide.
DACE. See S,N-diacetylcysteine monoethyl
ester.
“Dalpad” [Dow]. TM for a coalescing agent, a
stable, low-odor, low-temperature film-forming aid
for polyvinyl acetate and acrylic latex paints.
“Dacron” [Du Pont]. TM for a polyester fiber
made from polyethylene terephthalate. Available as
filament yarn, staple, tow, and fiberfill.
dalton. A unit of mass equal to 1/12 the mass of
Properties: D 1.38, mp 250C, tensile strength (psi) the
12
O.
4–5 g/denier (about 50–60 thousand psi), break See atomic weight.
elongation 10–36%, moisture regain 0.4%, high
elastic recovery, good insect resistance. Difficult to
Dalton, John. (1766–1844). The first theorist
ignite; self-extinguishing. Soluble in m-cresol (hot),
since the Greek philosopher Democritus to conceive
trifluoroacetic acid, and o-chlorophenol.
of matter in terms of small particles. The founder of
Derivation: Reaction of dimethyl terephthalate and
the atomic theory on which all succeeding chemical
ethylene glycol. The resulting polymer is melt-ex-
investigation has been based (1807). His essential
truded through a spinnerette and stretched.
concept of the indivisibility of the atom was not
Use: Textile fabrics and suitings, often combined
called into question until 1910 when radioactive
with wool and other fibers; cordage; fire hose.
decay was established by Rutherford. Dalton’s theo-
See dimethyl terephthalate; terephthalic acid.
ries relating to pressures of gases and atomic combi-
nations led to the basic generalizations stated in the
dactimicin sulfate. law of multiple proportions, the law of constant
CAS: 73245-91-7. mf: C
18
H
36
N
6
O
6
•2H
2
O
4
S•H
2
O. composition, and the law of conservation of matter.
Hazard: A poison. See Priestley, Joseph; chemical laws.
dactinomycin. (USAN for actinomycin D). Dalton’s law of partial pressures. In any
C
62
H
86
N
12
O
16
. An antibiotic produced from Strepto-
mixture of gases each constituent exerts its pressure
myces. Used in medicine. independently as if the other constituents were ab-
367
368“DAMA”
sent, and the solubility of mixed gases in liquid is
Darcy’s law. The volumetric rate of flow of
proportional to the partial pressure of each. water through a sand filter bed is directly propor-
tional to the cross-sectional area of the bed and the
pressure difference across the bed, and inversely
“DAMA” [Albemarle]. TM for fatty dialkyl
proportional to the thickness of the bed.
methylamines.
“Darex” [Grace]. TM for styrene-butadiene
dammar. A group of tree-derived resins soluble
latexes and related vehicles.
in hydrocarbon and chlorinated hydrocarbon sol-
Use: Textile coatings, rug backings, saturants, shoe
vents, partially soluble in alcohols, insoluble in wa-
products, coatings, paints, and adhesives.
ter. Used in colorless and overprint varnishes, cellu-
losic lacquers, alkyd baking enamels, and paper and
“Dariloid” [Kelco]. TM for sodium alginate
textile coatings.
blends.
dandy roll. A light roller covered with wire
“Dariloid KB” [Kelco]. TM for propylene
cloth that rides on the formed sheet near the dry end
glycol alginate blends.
of the fourdrinier wire. Its purpose is to provide a
closer finish to the sheet as well as to impress a
“Darling Ladies” [Fu-E Life]. TM for five
screen pattern on the upper surface of the sheet
supplements including collagen, herbs, vitamins,
similar to that made by the wire on the under surface.
minerals and calcium.
Paper so marked is called “wove” in the trade. The
dandy roll may also impress a pattern of parallel
dark reactions. See carbon fixation reac-
lines, in which case the paper is called “laid.” It is
tions.
also used to apply watermarks.
Darzens condensation. Formation of ␣- and
dansyl. 1-dimethylaminonaphthalene-5-sulfo-
-epoxy esters (glycidic esters) by the condensation
nyl, derivatives of N-terminal amino acid residues.
of aldehydes or ketones with esters of ␣-haloacids;
the corresponding thermally unstable glycidic acids
dansyl chloride. (5-dimethylamino-1-napthal-
yield aldehydes or ketones on decarboxylation.
enesulfonyl chloride;
dimethlaminonaphthalenesulfonyl chloride)
Darzens-Nenitzescu synthesis of ketones.
Properties: Mw 269.8, mp 69–71C.
Acylation of olefins with acid chlorides or anhy-
drides catalyzed by Lewis acids. When performed in
danthron. See 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone.
the presence of a saturated hydrocarbon, the product
is the saturated ketone.
DAP. (1) Abbreviation for diallyl phthalate. (2)
Abbreviation for diammonium phosphate.
Darzens synthesis of tetralin derivatives.
See ammonium phosphate, dibasic.
Cyclization of compounds such as ␣-benzyl-␣-
allylacetic acid by moderate heating in concentrated
“Dapon” [FMC]. TM for a series of diallyl
sulfuric acid to yield tetralin derivatives.
phthalate resins. Used for molding compounds, pre-
pregs, and coatings.
DAS. Abbreviation for 4,4
′
-diamino-2,2
′
-stilben-
edisulfonic acid.
dapsone (USAN and USP name). (4,4
′
-
sulfonyldianiline).
data warehouse. A collection of databases,
CAS: 80-08-0. C
12
H
12
N
2
O
2
S
data tables, and mechanisms to access the data on a
Properties: Crystals. Mp 176C, vap d 8.3. Nearly
single subject.
insoluble in water; soluble in acetone and alcohol.
Hazard: A poison.
dating chemical. See chemical dating.
Use: Used in leprosy treatment and veterinary medi-
cine.
dative bond. See coordinate bond.
“Daran” [Grace]. TM for polyvinylidene chlo-
daturic acid. See n-heptadecanoic acid.
ride latexes used in packaging materials.
Use: Barrier coatings for packaging papers, paper-
daughter element. The element formed when
boards, plastic films, and specialty saturants.
another element undergoes radioactive decay. The
latter is called the parent. The daughter may or may
not be radioactive.
“Daratax” [Grace]. TM for specialty vinyl ac-
etate acrylic copolymers.
Available forms: Latex emulsions.
daunomycin. (daunorubicin).
Use: For paint, coating, adhesive, textile, and indus- CAS: 20830-81-3. C
27
H
29
NO
10
. An antibiotic.
trial applications. Properties: Reddish needles. Bp (decomposes)
369 DDT
190C. Soluble in water and methyl alcohol; insolu-
DCO. Abbreviation for dehydrated castor oil.
ble in chloroform and benzene. See castor oil, dehydrated.
Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA).
DCP. Abbreviation for dicapryl phthalate.
Davy, Sir Humphry. (1778–1829). Born in
Cornwall, Davy was the first to isolate the alkali
DCPA. Abbreviation for dimethyl-2,3,5,6-tetra-
metals and recognize the identity of chemical and
chloroterephthalate.
electrical energy. A pioneer in the science of electro-
chemistry, he carried out basic studies of electroly-
DCPC. Abbreviation for dichlorophenyl methyl
sis of salts and water, and his application of electric-
carbinol.
ity to the decomposition of molten caustic potash led
See di(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol.
to the isolation of metallic potassium.
DDB. Abbreviation for dodecylbenzene.
“Daxad” [Grace]. TM for anionic, polymer-
type dispersing agents. Supplied as light-colored
DDBSA. Abbreviation for dodecylbenzenesul-
powders or aqueous solutions. Effective dispersant
fonic acid.
for aqueous suspensions of insoluble dyestuffs,
See sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate.
polymers, clays, tanning agents, and pigments.
Use: Manufacture of dyestuff pastes, textile back-
DDD. Abbreviation for dichlorodiphenyl-
ings, latex paints and paper coatings, retanning and
dichloroethane.
bleaching of leather, dye resist in leather dyeing,
See TDE.
disperson of pitch in paper manufacture, prefloc
prevention in the manufacture of synthetic rubber.
DDDA. Abbreviation for dodecanedioic acid.
“Daypro” [Searle]. TM for oxaprozin.
DDDM. Abbreviation for 2,2
′
-dihydroxy-5,5
′
-di-
Use: Drug.
chlorodiphenylmethane.
See dichlorophene.
“Dazzle” [Velocity]. TM for a dishwasher sta-
ble rinse agent not compatible with strong oxidizing
DDE. Abbreviation for dichlorodiphenyl-
agents.
dichloroethylene, (ClC
6
H
4
)
2
C:CCl
2
. It is a degrada-
tion product of DDT found as an impurity in DDT
Db. Symbol for dubnium.
residues.
2,4-DB. Abbreviation for 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-
2,4
′
-DDE. See 1,1-dichloro-2-(o-chlorophenyl)-
butyric acid.
2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene.
DBC. Abbreviation for 1,4-dichlorobutane.
DDFC. See gemicitabine.
DBCP. Abbreviation for 1,2-dibromo-3-chloro-
DDH. Abbreviation for dichlorodimethylhydan-
propane.
toin.
DBM. Abbreviation for dibutyl maleate.
DDM. (1) Abbreviation for diaminodiphenyl-
methane. (2) Abbreviation for n-dodecylmercaptan.
DBMC. Abbreviation for 4,6-di-tert-butyl-m-
cresol.
DDNP. Abbreviation for diazodinitrophenol.
DBP. Abbreviation for dibutyl phthalate.
DDP. Abbreviation for dodecyl phthalte.
DBPP. See dibutylphenyl phosphate.
DDQ. See 2,3-dichloro-5,6-dicyanobenzoqui-
none.
DBS. Abbreviation for dibutyl sebacate.
DDS. Abbreviation for diaminodiphenylsulfone.
D&C. Product certified for use in drugs and
cosmetics.
DDT. (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; dico-
phane; chlorophenothane; 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-
DCA. Abbreviation for deoxycorticosterone ace-
bis(chlorophenyl)ethane).
tate.
CAS: 50-29-3. (ClC
6
H
4
)
2
CHCCl
3
.
DCCD. See n,n
′
-methanetetrayl biscyclohexa-
namine.
DCHP. Abbreviation for dicyclohexyl phthalate.
370DDVP
Properties: Colorless crystals or white to slightly
DEAE-cellulose. (diethylaminoethyl cellu-
off-white powder; odorless or with slight aromatic lose). A cellulose ether containing the group
odor. Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, ether, (C
2
H
5
)
2
NCH
2
CH
2
bound to the cellulose in an ether
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene, dioxane, linkage. An anionic ion-exchange material.
and pyridine. Not compatible with alkaline mate-
Use: Chromatography.
rials.
Derivation: Condensing chloral or chloral hydrate
DEAE-dextran. A diethylaminoethyl ether of
with chlorobenzene in presence of sulfuric acid.
dextran, an electropositively charged polymer.
Grade: Technical, purified, aerosol, USP, as chloro-
phenothane.
deamination. The enzymatic removal of amino
Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin
groups from biomolecules, such as amino acids or
absorption, especially in solution. Lethal dosage for
nucleotides.
humans estimated to be 500 mg/kg of body weight
(solid material). Since DDT is not biodegradable
deanol. See 2-dimethylaminoethanol.
and is ecologically damaging, its agricultural use in
the U.S. was prohibited in 1973 (though its manu-
deblooming agent. A substance added to min-
facturing for export is permitted). A confirmed hu-
eral oils to mask fluorescence. Nitronaphthalene and
man carcinogen. DDT can be used for a few special-
yellow coal tar dyes are among such products.
ized purposes, e.g., to combat the tussock moth.
TLV: 1 mg/m
3
. FDA tolerance: 5 ppm in foods.
Debye characteristic temperature. A pa-
Use: Insecticide for tobacco and cotton, pesticide
rameter relating to the lattice specific heat of a solid.
(tussock moth).
The temperature at which the specific heat of a
simple specific cubic crystal equals 5.67 calories per
DDVP. Abbreviation for dimethyl dichlorovinyl
degree per mole.
phosphate.
See dichlorovos.
Debye-Huckel theory. A theory advanced in
1923 for quantitatively predicting the deviations
DE. Abbreviation for dextrose equivalent.
from ideality of dilute electrolytic solutions. It in-
volves the assumption that every ion in a solution is
DEA. Abbreviation for diethanolamine, also ab-
surrounded by an ion atmosphere of opposite
breviation for Drug Enforcement Administration, a
charge. Results deduced from this theory have been
government agency that replaced the Bureau of Nar-
verified for dilute solutions of strong electrolytes,
cotics.
and it provides a means of extrapolating the thermo-
dynamic properties of electrolytic solutions to infi-
nite dilution.
DEAC. Abbreviation for diethylaluminum chlo-
ride.
Debye, Peter J. M. (1884–1966). A Dutch
chemist and physicist who received the Nobel Prize
deacetylandromedotoxin. See grayanotoxin
in 1936 for his pioneer studies of molecular structure
iii.
by X-ray diffraction methods. The interference pat-
terns are still called Debye-Sherrer rings. He also
deacetylanhydroandromedotoxin. See
made outstanding contributions to knowledge of
grayanotoxin ii.
polar molecules and to fundamental electrochemical
theory.
deacetyllyoniatoxin.
See Debye-Huckel theory.
CAS: 28894-74-8. mf: C
20
H
32
O
6
.
Hazard: A poison.
DEC. Abbreviation for -diethylaminoethyl
chloride hydrochloride.
Deacon process. A method of converting hy-
drogen chloride to chlorine by oxidation of hydro-
decaborane.
gen chloride with oxygen at 400–500C over a cop-
CAS: 17702-41-9. B
10
H
14
.
per-salt catalyst, 2HCl + O → Cl
2
+H
2
O. It is a
Properties: Colorless crystals. Stable indefinitely at
means of producing chlorine without caustic and of
room temperature; decomposes slowly into boron
utilizing the large amounts of by-product hydrogen
and hydrogen at 300C. D 0.94 (25/4C), d 0.78
chloride from the chlorination of organic com-
(100C), mp 99.7C, bp 213C. Slightly soluble in cold
pounds. When conducted in the presence of an or-
water; hydrolyzes in hot water; soluble in benzene,
ganic compound that reacts with the chlorine
hexane, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, toluene.
formed, it is known as oxychlorination, e.g.,
Derivation: By-product of the pyrolysis of diborane.
CH
2
==CH
2
+ 2HCl + O → CH
2
ClCH
2
Cl + H
2
O.
Grade: Technical 95%, high purity 99%.
Hazard: May explode in contact with heat or flame
DEAE. Abbreviation for diethylaminoethyl. or with oxygenated and halogenated solvents. Ig-
371 DECAY
nites in contact with oxygen. Absorbed by skin. fatty odor. D 0.831–0.838 (15C), refr index
TLV: 0.05 ppm. 1.427–1.431 (20C). Soluble in 80% alcohol, fixed
Use: Catalyst, corrosion inhibitor, fuel additive, sta- oils, volatile oils, mineral oil; insoluble in water and
bilizer, rayon delustrant, mothproofing agent, dye-
glycerol. Combustible.
stripping agent, reducing agent, fluxing agent, oxy-
Derivation: Occurs in lemon grass, citronella, or-
gen scavenger, propellant.
ange, and many other oils. Synthetically by oxida-
tion of the corresponding alcohol or reduction of the
acid.
decachlorooctahydro-1,2,4-metheno-2H-
Grade: Technical, FCC.
cyclobuta[cd]-pentalen-2-one. See
Use: Perfumery, flavoring.
kepone.
decafentin.
n-decane. (decyl hydride).
CAS: 15652-38-7. mf: C
28
H
36
P•C
18
H
15
BrClSn.
CAS: 124-18-5. CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
CH
3
.
Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7298, bp 174C, fp
by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m
3
; STEL 0.2
−30C, refr index 1.4114 (20C), flash p 111F (44C)
mg(Sn)/m
3
(skin).
(CC), autoign temp 482F (250C). Soluble in alco-
Use: A pesticide.
hol; insoluble in water. Combustible.
Grade: Technical, 95%, 99%, research.
decaglycerol. See polyglycerol.
Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Narcotic.
Use: Organic synthesis, solvent, standardized hydro-
decahydronaphthalene.
carbon, jet-fuel research.
CAS: 91-17-8. C
10
H
18
. cis and trans forms are
known.
decanedioic acid. See sebacic acid.
Properties: Colorless liquid; aromatic odor. cis:d
0.8927 (20/4C), fp −43.2C, bp 194.6C, refr index
decanoic acid. See capric acid.
1.48113 (20C). trans: d 0.8700 (20/4C), fp −31.5C,
bp 185.5C, refr index 1.46968 (20C). Flash p 136F
1-decanol. (n-decyl alcohol; alcohol C-10).
(57.7C) (CC), autoign temp 482F (250C). Insoluble
CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
CH
2
OH.
in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.
Properties: Colorless, water-white liquid; sweet
Derivation: By treatment of naphthalene in a fused
odor. D 0.829, bp 232.9C, mp 6C, flash p 180F (OC)
state (above 100C) with hydrogen in the presence of
(82.2C); refr index 1.4372 (20C). Insoluble in water
a copper or nickel catalyst.
(25C); soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.
Grade: Technical.
Derivation: Reduction of coconut-oil fatty acids,
Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Irritant to eyes and skin.
from C
9
olefin and synthesis gas, by the Oxo process.
Use: Solvent for oils, fats, waxes, resins, rubber, etc.
Grade: Technical, high purity.
Substitute for turpentine; cleaning machinery; stain-
Use: Plasticizers, detergents, synthetic lubricants,
remover; shoe creams; floor waxes; cleaning fluids;
solvents, perfumes, flavorings, antifoam agent.
lubricants; motor-fuel additive.
decanoyl chloride. (sometimes called ca-
⌬-decalactone. Artificial flavoring for marga-
proyl chloride). CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
COCl. Available in bot-
rine. Approved by FDA.
tles, carboys, and drums. Intermediate, polymeriza-
tion initiator.
“Decalin” [Du Pont]. TM for decahydrona-
phthalene.
decanoyl peroxide.
CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
C(O)OOC(O)(CH
2
)
8
CH
3
.
decamethrin. (1R-(1-␣(S*),3-␣))-cyano(3-phe-
Properties: Soft, white granules. Mp 38–42C (de-
noxyphenyl)methyl-3-(2,2-dibromovinyl)-2,2-
composes). Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble
dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate).
in ether and benzene.
CAS: 52918-63-5.
Hazard: Strong oxidizer, fire risk in contact with
Use: Insecticide.
organic materials.
Use: Polymerization catalyst.
decamethyltetrasiloxane. C
10
H
30
O
3
Si
4
.
Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 195C, fp −70C, d
decarboxylase. One of a group of enzymes in the
0.853, refr index 1.34. Soluble in light hydrocarbons
living cell that removes carbon dioxide from various
and benzene; slightly soluble in alcohol. Stable over
carboxylic acids without oxidation.
wide temperature range.
Use: Silicone oils, antifoam agent in lubricating oils.
decay. Spontaneous disintegration of an unstable
n-decanal. (capraldehyde; capric aldehyde; n- atomic nucleus (e.g., uranium, radium), with emis-
decyl aldehyde; aldehyde C-10). sion of ␣, , and ␥ radiation, and eventual formation
CH
3
(CH
2
)
8
CHO. of another element of lower atomic weight.
Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid; floral- See radioactivity; half-life.
372
cis
-4-DECENAL
cis-4-decenal. ally synonymous with pyrolysis and destructive dis-
CAS: 21662-09-9. mf: C
10
H
18
O. tillation.
Properties: Colorless to sltly yellow liquid; fatty, See degradation; pyrolysis; destructive distillation.
orangelike odor. D: 0.847, refr index: 1.442−1.444.
Sol in alc, fixed oils; insol in water.
decontamination. Removal of radioactive poi-
Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.
sons from skin, clothing, equipment, etc. Skin can
A skin irritant.
often be decontaminated by washing with soap and
Use: Food additive.
water; application of titanium dioxide paste or a
saturated solution of potassium permanganate fol-
1-decene. See decylene.
lowed by a rinse of 5% sodium bisulfite is approved
procedure. Contaminated clothing should not be
decision theory. A branch of applied mathe-
sent to commercial laundries or burned in open in-
matics based on probability theory and concerned
cinerators. Water, steam, and detergents are effec-
with choice in a nondeterministic environment.
tive on painted or metal surfaces.
deck. The platen of a compression molding press.
decoquinate.
CAS: 18507-89-6. mf: C
24
H
35
NO
5
.
deckle. A strip or bar placed along the sides of a Properties: Crystals. Mp: 86−87°.
fourdrinier wire to equalize the flow of the pulp Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.
slurry and give the sheet a straight edge. When a
ragged or “deckle” edge is desired on certain spe-
decortication. Removal of the hard coating (cor-
cialty papers the strip is removed.
tex) from certain vegetables, nuts, fruits, etc., by
either mechanical or manual means.
See hydraulic barking.
“Declomycin” [Cytec]. TM for dimethylchlor-
tetracycline hydrochloride.
decyl acetate. (acetate C-10).
CH
3
(CH
2
)
9
OOCCH
3
.
decoction. Pharmaceutical term for a liquid pro-
Properties: Liquid; floral orange-rose odor. Bp
duced by boiling one or more drugs in water and
187–190C, d 0.862–0.864, refr index 1.426. Soluble
filtering.
in 80% alcohol, ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid;
insoluble in water. Combustible.
decoic acid. See capric acid.
Grade: Technical.
Use: Perfumery.
decolorizing agent. Any material that removes
color by a physical or chemical reaction. Charcoals,
n-decyl alcohol. See 1-decanol.
blacks, clays, earths, or other materials of highly
adsorbent character used to remove undesirable col-
n-decyl aldehyde. See n-decanal.
or, as from sugar, vegetable and animal fats and oils,
etc. Also refers to bleaches involving a chemical
n-decylamine. CH
3
(CH
2
)
9
NH
2
.
reaction for removing color.
Properties: Water-white liquid; amine odor. Boiling
range 215–221C, d 0.797 (20/20C), refr index 1.437
decomposition. A fundamental type of chemical
(20C), flash p 210F (99C). Combustible.
change. In simple decomposition, one substance
Hazard: An irritant.
breaks down into two simpler substances, e.g., water
yields hydrogen and oxygen. In double decomposi-
decyl carbinol. See 1-undecanol.
tion, two compounds break down and recombine to
form two different compounds, e.g., 2HCl + CaCO
3
decylene. (1-decene). C
10
H
20
or
→ CaCl
2
+H
2
CO
3
. In some cases, heat is absorbed,
H
2
C:CH(CH
2
)
7
CH
3
.
and in others it is evolved. Decomposition may oc-
Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7396 (20/4C), bp
cur as a result of (1) reaction at room temperature
172C, fp −66.3C, refr index 1.4220 (20C), flash p
(NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H
2
O), (2) heating in air (C +
130F (55C), autoign temp 455F (235C). Soluble in
H
2
O → CO + H
2
), (3) electrolysis (inorganic com-
alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.
pounds), (NaCl
aq
+e→ Na
+
+Cl
−
), (4) bacterial or
Grade: Technical, high purity.
enzymic action (fermentation, C
6
H
12
O
6
→ 2C
2
H
5
OH
Use: Organic synthesis of flavors, perfumes, pharma-
+ 2CO
2
), (5) radiation (photodecomposition), as in
ceuticals, dyes, oils, resins.
the breakdown of chlorofluorocarbons in the upper
atmosphere and of biodegradable polymers exposed
decyl-hydride. See n-decane.
to sunlight (6) heating in absence of air (thermal
decomposition), in which carbonaceous raw materi-
decylic acid. See capric acid.
als such as coal and natural gas are converted into
carbon and volatile organic compounds without un-
dergoing combustion (coal → coke, coal, tar and
decyl mercaptan. C
10
H
21
SH.
coal gas). The term thermal decomposition is virtu- Properties: Liquid; strong odor. Fp −26C, bp 114C
373 DEHAIRING
(13 mm Hg), d 0.8410 (20/4C), refr index 1.4536
degenerate code. A code in which a single
element in one language is specified by more than
(20C). Combustible.
one element </