C. Symbol for carbon. Use: Azo dye intermediate.

C. (carbon-14). The naturally occurring radioac-

cacodylic acid. (dimethylarsinic acid).

tive isotope of carbon used in chemical dating, tracer

(CH

)

AsOOH.

studies, etc.

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals;

odorless. Mp 200C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

C12-C14-tert-alkyl amines.

acetic acid; insoluble in ether.

CAS: 68955-53-3.

Derivation: By distilling a mixture of arsenic triox-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

ide and potassium acetate, and oxidizing the result-

skin contact. Low toxicity by inhalation. A severe

ing product with mercuric oxide.

skin irritant.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Herbicide, especially for control of Johnson

“C-22” [Haynes]. TM for a high-strength, nick-

grass on cotton; soil sterilant; chemical warfare;

el-based alloy with corrosion resistance to oxidizing

timber thinning.

or reducing medias, excellent resistance to localized

corrosion while maintaining ease of welding and

cactinomycin.

USAN for an antibiotic produced

fabrication.

from Streptomyces which is 10% dactinomycin and

Available forms: Sheet, plate, bars, rods, welding

90% of two forms of actinomycin C.

electrodes, and wire.

Use: Fabrication into all types of process equipment.

“Cadalyte” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of

compounds for cadmium electroplating.

CA. Abbreviation for cellulose acetate and corti-

sone acetate; also for controlled atmosphere.

cadaverine. (1,5-diaminopentane; pentamethy-

lenediamine). NH

(CH

)

. A ptomaine formed

3A. Abbreviation for tricalcium aluminate as used

in the decay of animal proteins after death, also

in cement.

made synthetically.

See cement, Portland.

Properties: Syrupy, colorless liquid; fuming; odor-

ous. Mp 9C, bp 178–179C. Soluble in water and

Ca. Symbol for calcium.

alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, absorbed by skin, a skin

CAB. Abbreviation for cellulose acetate butyrate.

and eye irritant.

Use: Preparation of high polymers, intermediate, bio-

“Cab-O-Sil” [Cabot]. TM for colloidal silica

logical research.

particles sintered together in chainlike formations.

Surface area ranges from 50 to 400 m

/g, depending

Cade oil. See juniper tar oil.

on grade.

Grade: Standard M-5, L-5, SD-20.

cadiene. See sesquiterpene.

Use: Thickening and emulsifying agent for oil–water

systems, drilling muds, cattle-feed supplements, tile

“Cadminate” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a turf

cleaners, disperson of oil slicks on seawater, plas-

fungicide containing 60% cadmium succinate and

tics, solar-heated ceiling tiles.

40% inert matter.

Hazard: See cadmium.

“Cab-O-Sperse” [Cabot]. TM for aqueous

See cadmium.

dispersions of pyrogenic silica for use in the paper

and textile industries.

cadmium.

cacao butter. (cocoa butter).

CAS: 7440-43-9. Cd. Metallic element of atomic

See theobroma oil.

number 48, group IIB of the periodic table. Aw

112.40. Valence 2. There are eight stable isotopes.

C acid. (2-naphthylamine-4,8-disulfonic acid). Properties: Soft, blue-white, malleable metal or

(NH)

(SO

. grayish-white powder. D 8.642, mp 320.9C, bp

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Slightly soluble 767C, refr index 1.13, Mohs hardness 2.0. Soluble in

in water. acids, especially nitric, and in ammonium nitrate

Derivation: Reduction of 2-nitronaphthalene-4,8-di- solution. Lowers melting point of certain alloys

sulfonic acid. The sodium salt is recrystallized from when used in low percentages. Tarnishes in moist

water. air. Corrosion resistance poor in industrial atmo-

208

209 CADMIUM CHLORIDE

spheres. Becomes brittle at 80C. Resistant to alka-

cadmium antimonide. A semiconductor used

lies. High neutron absorber. Combustible.

in thermoelectric devices.

Occurrence: A greenockite (cadmium sulfide) ore

Hazard: See cadmium and antimony.

containing zinc sulfide; also in lead and copper ores

containing zinc. Canada, central and western U.S.,

cadmium-base Babbitt. See Babbitt metal.

Peru, Australia, Mexico, Zaire.

Derivation: (1) Dust or fume from roasting zinc ores

cadmium borotungstate.

is collected, mixed with coal or coke and sodium or

(BW

)•18H

zinc chloride, and sintered. The cadmium fume is

Properties: Yellow, heavy crystals. Mp 75C. Solu-

collected in an electrostatic precipitator, leached,

ble in water. The solution is yellow to light brown.

fractionally precipitated, and distilled. (2) By direct

Grade: Technical.

distillation from cadmium-bearing zinc. (3) By re-

Hazard: See cadmium.

covery from electrolytic zinc process (approximate-

Use: Separating minerals.

ly 40%).

See cadmium.

Grade: Technical, powder, pure sticks, ingots, slabs,

high-purity crystals (<10 ppm impurities).

cadmium bromate. Cd(BrO

)

•H

Hazard: Flammable in powder form. Toxic by inha-

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D

lation of dust or fume. A carcinogen. Cadmium

3.758, mp (decomposes). Soluble in water; insolu-

plating of food and beverage containers has resulted

ble in alcohol.

in a number of outbreaks of gastroenteritis (food

Derivation: By adding cadmium sulfate to a solution

poisoning). Soluble compounds of cadmium are

of barium bromate.

highly toxic; however, ingestion usually induces a

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, dangerous in contact with

strong emetic action that minimizes the risk of fatal

organics. Highly toxic, irritant, oxidizer.

poisoning. Use as fungicide may be restricted. TLV:

Use: Analytical reagent.

(dust and soluble compounds) 0.05 mg/m

; (oxide

fume as Cd) ceiling 0.05 mg/m

cadmium bromide.

Use: Electrodeposited and dipped coatings on metals,

CAS: 7789-42-6. CdBr

or CdBr

•4H

bearing and low-melting alloys, brazing alloys, fire-

Properties: White to yellowish efflorescent crystal-

protection systems, nickel-cadmium storage batter-

line. Mp (anhydrous) 568C, bp 863C. Soluble in

ies, power transmission wire, TV phosphors, basis

water, acetone, alcohol, and acids.

of pigments used in ceramic glazes, machinery

Derivation: By heating cadmium in bromine vapor.

enamels, baking enamels, Weston-standard-cell

Grade: Technical, reagent.

control of atomic fission in nuclear reactors, fungi-

Hazard: See cadmium.

cide, photography and lithography, selenium rectifi-

Use: Photography, process engraving, lithography.

ers, electrodes for cadmium-vapor lamps and photo-

See cadmium.

electric cells.

cadmium carbonate.

CAS: 513-78-0. CdCO

cadmium acetate.

Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 4.258, de-

CAS: (2) 543-90-8. (1) Cd(OOCCH

)

•3H

O; (2)

composes at <500C. Soluble in dilute acids and in

Cd(OOCCH

)

concentrated solution of ammonium salts; insoluble

Properties: Colorless crystals. (1) d 2.01, loses water

in water.

at 130C; (2) d 2.341, mp 256C. Soluble in water and

Grade: Reagent.

alcohols.

Hazard: See cadmium.

Derivation: Interaction of acetic acid and cadmium

See cadmium.

oxide.

Hazard: See cadmium. (2) TLV: 0.05 mg(Cd)/m

cadmium chlorate. Cd(ClO

)

•2H

(Proposed: TWA 0.01 mg(Cd)/m

(dust), Suspected

Properties: Colorless, prismatic crystals. Hygro-

Human Carcinogen; 0.002 mg(Cd)/m

(respirable

scopic, d 2.28 (18C), mp 80C. Soluble in alcohol,

dust), Suspected Human Carcinogen)

water, and acetone.

Use: Ceramics (iridescent glazes), manufacture of

Grade: Technical.

acetates, assistant in dyeing and printing textiles,

Hazard: Dangerous in contact with organic mate-

electroplating baths, laboratory reagent.

rials.

See cadmium.

cadmium chloride.

CAS: 10108-64-2. (1) CdCl

; (2) CdCl

•2.5H

cadmium ammonium bromide. (ammo- Properties: Small, white, odorless crystals. D (1)

nium-cadmium bromide). CdBr

•4NH

Br. 4.05, (2) 3.327, mp (1) 568C, bp (1) 960C. Soluble in

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in alcohol water and acetone.

and water. Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on cadmium

Hazard: See cadmium. with subsequent crystallization.

See cadmium. Grade: Technical, reagent.

210CADMIUM CYANIDE

Use: Preparation of cadmium sulfide, analytical 388C, (␤) 404C; bp (␣) 796C. Soluble in water,

alcohol, ether, acetone, ammonia, and acids.

chemistry, photography, dyeing and calico printing,

Derivation: By the action of hydriodic acid on cad-

ingredient of electroplating baths, addition to tin-

mium oxide.

ning solution, manufacture of special mirrors, man-

Hazard: See cadmium.

ufacture of cadmium yellow.

Use: Photography, process engraving and lithogra-

phy, analytical chemistry, electroplating, lubricants,

cadmium cyanide. Cd(CN)

. Obtained as a

phosphors, nematocide.

white precipitate when potassium or sodium cya-

See cadmium.

nide is added to a concentrated solution of a cadmi-

um salt. A complex ion is formed when it is dis-

cadmium molybdate. CdMoO

solved in an excess of the precipitating agent, and a

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 5.347, mp approxi-

solution of this complex is used as an electrolyte for

mately 1250C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

electrodeposition of cadmium.

acids.

Hazard: See cadmium and cyanide.

Grade: Technical, crystals, 99.98% pure.

Use: Electroplating copper.

Hazard: See cadmium.

Use: Electronic and optical applications.

cadmium diethyldithiocarbamate.

See cadmium.

Cd[SC(S)N(C

)

]

Properties: White to cream-colored rods. D 1.39,

melting range 68–76C. Mostly soluble in benzene,

cadmium nitrate.

carbon disulfide, chloroform; insoluble in water and CAS: 10325-94-7. (1) Cd(NO

)

•4H

O; (2)

gasoline. Cd(NO

)

Hazard: See cadmium. Properties: White, amorphous pieces or hygroscopic

Use: Accelerator for butyl rubber. needles. (1) d 2.455, mp 59.5C, bp 132C; (2) mp

See cadmium. 350C. Soluble in water, ammonia, and alcohol.

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on cadmium or

cadmium oxide and crystallization.

cadmium fluoride.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

CAS: 7790-79-6. CdF

. Available as pure crystals,

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion hazard.

99.89%, d 6.6, mp approximately 1110C, soluble in

Use: Cadmium salts, photographic emulsions, color-

water and acids, insoluble in alkalies.

ing glass and porcelain, laboratory reagent, cadmi-

Hazard: See cadmium.

um salts.

Use: Electronic and optical applications, high-tem-

perature dry-film lubricants, starting material for

crystals for lasers, phosphors.

cadmium oxalate. Cd(COO)

•3H

See cadmium.

Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 3.32 (de-

hydrated), mp (decomposes at 340C). Soluble in

dilute acids, ammonium hydroxide; insoluble in al-

cadmium hydroxide. (cadmium hydrate).

cohol and water.

Cd(OH)

Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 4.79, mp

loses H

O at 300C. Soluble in ammonium hydroxide

cadmium oxide.

and in dilute acids; insoluble in water and alkalies;

CAS: 1306-19-0. CdO (forms 1 and 2).

absorbs carbon dioxide from air.

Properties: (1) Colorless, amorphous powder; d

Derivation: By the action of sodium hydroxide on a

6.95. (2) Brown or red crystals; d 8.15. Both decom-

cadmium-salt solution.

pose on heating at 900C. The crystals are soluble in

Grade: Technical, CP.

acids and alkalies; insoluble in water.

Hazard: See cadmium.

Derivation: Cadmium metal is distilled in a retort,

Use: Cadmium salts, cadmium plating, storage-bat-

the vapor reacted with air, and the oxide collected in

tery electrodes.

a baghouse.

See cadmium.

Hazard: Inhalation of vapor or fume may be fatal. A

carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: (fume as cadmium) ceil-

ing 0.05 mg/m

cadmium iodate. Cd(IO

)

Use: Cadmium plating baths, electrodes for storage

Properties: Fine, white powder. D 6.48; mp (decom-

batteries, cadmium salts, catalyst, ceramic glazes,

poses). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in nitric

phosphors, nematocide.

acid or ammonium hydroxide.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

cadmium pigment. A family of pigments

Use: Oxidizing agent.

based on cadmium sulfide or cadmium selenide,

used chiefly where high color retention is required.

cadmium iodide. CdI

. They are lightfast and have good alkali resistance.

Properties: White flakes or crystals; odorless. Be- Red shades are obtained with cadmium selenide,

comes yellow on exposure to air and light. Occurs in yellow with cadmium sulfide. Used in paints and

two allotropic forms. D (␣) 5.67, (␤) 5.30; mp (␣) high-gloss baking enamels, they are often extended

211 CAERULEIN

with barium sulfate and are then called cadmium

cadmium sulfide. (orange cadmium).

CAS: 1306-23-6. CdS.

lithopone.

Properties: Yellow or brown powder. D 4.82, mp

1750C (100 atm), sublimes (in nitrogen) 980C. In-

cadmium potassium iodide.

soluble in cold water; forms a colloid in hot water;

CdI

•2KI•2H

soluble in acids and ammonia. Can be polished like a

Properties: White powder, becomes yellowish with

metal. It is an n-type semiconductor.

age. Deliquescent. D 3.359; mp 76C (decomposes).

Derivation: (1) By passing hydrogen sulfide gas into

Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and acid.

a solution of a cadmium salt acidified with hydro-

Derivation: By combining cadmium iodide and po-

chloric acid. The precipitate is filtered and dried. (2)

tassium iodide in solution in proportion of their

Occurs naturally as greenockite.

combining weights, and subsequent crystallization.

Grade: Technical, NF, highpurity (single crystals).

Hazard: See cadmium.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA), highly toxic. See

Use: Analytical chemistry, medicine.

cadmium.

See cadmium.

Use: Pigments and inks, ceramic glazes, pyrotech-

nics, phosphors, fluorescent screens, scintillation

cadmium propionate. Cd(OOCC

)

. A solid

counters, rectifiers, photoconductor in xerography,

used in scintillation counters.

transistors, photovoltaic cells, solar cells, catalyst in

photodecomposition of hydrogen sulfide.

cadmium ricinoleate.

See cadmium pigment.

Cd[CH

(CH

)

OCH

CH:CH(CH

)

]

Properties: Odorless, fine, white powder derived

cadmium telluride.

from castor oil. Mp 104C, d 1.11.

CAS: 1306-25-8. CdTe.

Hazard: See cadmium.

Properties: Brownish-black, cubic crystals. Mp

Use: Solution used to stabilize polyvinyl chloride and

1090C, d 6.2 (25/4C). Oxidizes on prolonged expo-

copolymers against light and heat.

sure to moist air. Insoluble in water and mineral

See cadmium.

acids except nitric, in which it is soluble with de-

composition.

cadmium selenide. CdSe.

Derivation: Fusion of the elements, reaction of hy-

Properties: Red powder. D 5.81 (15/4C), mp

drogen telluride and cadmium chloride.

>1350C. Insoluble in water; stable at high tempera-

Grade: High purity crystals, 99.99+%.

ture.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.

Use: Red pigment, semiconductors, phosphors, pho-

Use: Semiconductors, phosphors.

toelectric cells.

cadmium tungstate. CdWO

cadmium selenide lithopone. See cadmium

Properties: White or yellow crystals or powder. Sol-

pigment.

uble in ammonium hydroxide, alkali cyanides; al-

most insoluble in water.

cadmium stearate.

Derivation: By the interaction of cadmium nitrate

Hazard: See cadmium.

and ammonium tungstate.

Use: As a lubricant and stabilizer in plastics.

Available forms: Single crystal rods, broken crystals

See cadmium.

(crackle).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.

cadmium succinate. Cd(OOCCH

)

Use: Fluorescent paint, X-ray screens, scintillation

Properties: A white powder. Slightly soluble in wa-

counters, catalyst, phosphors.

ter; insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: See cadmium.

“Cadox PS” [Akzo]. CAS: 94-17-7. TM

Use: Fungicide.

for a mixture of 50% bis(p-chlorobenzoyl)peroxide

See cadmium.

in silicone fluid.

Available forms: Paste.

cadmium sulfate.

Use: Curing agent for silicone rubbers.

CAS: 10124-36-4. (1) CdSO

; (2) 3CdSO

•8H

See p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide.

(3) CdSO

•4H

Properties: Colorless, odorless crystals. D (1) 4.69,

“Cadura” E Ester [Shell]. TM for glycidyl

(2) 3.09, (3) 3.05; mp (1) 1000C. Soluble in water;

ester of “Versatic” 911 Acid.

insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Irritant to skin.

Derivation: By the action of dilute sulfuric acid on

Use: Modifier for alkyd resins and thermosetting

cadmium or cadmium oxide.

acrylic systems, reactive diluent for epoxy resins.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA).

Use: Pigments, fluorescent screens, electrolyte in

caerulein.

Weston standard cell, electroplating. CAS: 17650-98-5. mf: C

See cadmium. Hazard: A poison.

212CAESIUM

caesium. See cesium. They are common and extremely effective catalysts.

Many zeolites occur naturally, but synthetic types

are tailor-made for special purposes and have partic-

4AF.

Abbreviation for tetracalcium aluminoferrate

ular catalytic functions.

as used in cement.

See zeolite.

See cement, Portland.

caffeine. (theine; methyltheobromine; 1,3,7-tri-

methylxanthine).

CAS: 58-08-2. C

•H

Properties: White, fleecy masses or long, flexible,

silky crystals; odorless; bitter taste. An alkaloid.

Loses water at 80C. Efflorescent in air. Mp 236.8C.

Soluble in chloroform; slightly soluble in water and

alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether. Solution neu-

“Cairox” [Carus]. TM for potassium perman-

tral to litmus.

ganate.

Derivation: By extraction of coffee beans, tea leaves,

or kola nuts; also synthetically. Much of the caffeine

cajeputene. (dipentene; dl-p-mentha-1,8-diene,

of commerce is a by-product of decaffeinated-cof-

inactive; limonene).

fee manufacture.

CAS: 138-86-3. C

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

Properties: Bp 178C, flash p 109F (42C), refr index

Grade: Technical, USP, FCC.

1.4739 (20C), d 0.840.

Hazard: One grain or more is toxic, 200 micrograms

per mL has been found to inhibit activity of the

enzyme DNA polymerase. Use in soft drinks not to

Cake alum. See aluminum sulfate.

exceed 0.02%.

Use: Beverages, medicine.

calabarine. See physostigmine.

cage compound. See inclusion complex; Caladryl. Proprietary name for diphenhydra-

clathrate compound. mine, camphor, and calamine.

Use: Dermatological.

cage mill. (bar disintegrator, squirrel-cage di-

calamine. (1) A hydrated zinc silicate containing

sintegrator). A comminuting device that may con-

67.5% zinc oxide; d 3.5, Mohs hardness 4.5 to 5.

sist of two rotating structures similar to water

Pyroelectric. Occurs in U.S. and Europe. Source of

wheels, one fitting inside the other. They are provid-

metallic zinc. (2) Zinc oxide with low percentage of

ed with horizontal crossbars or breaker plates. The

ferric oxide; zinc oxide must be 98%. Soluble in

assembly is covered with a close-fitting housing.

mineral acids, insoluble in water. Pharmaceutical

The two wheels or cages rotate at high speed in

preparation (USP).

opposite directions on a horizontal axis. The materi-

al to be reduced is fed into the smaller cage from a

hopper. It is ejected at speeds up to 12,000 ft/min

calamus oil.

and is fragmented by contact with the bars. As the Properties: Yellow to brownish-yellow essential oil.

pieces are thrown back and forth within the cages, D 0.959–0.970 (15C), refr index 1.503–1.510, sa-

they are disintegrated further by mutual impact. ponification value 6–20. Slightly soluble in water.

Some types of cage mills have only a single cage, but Derivation: By steam distillation of calamus, the

others have more than two. They are used for size stem or root of the sweet flag. Chief known constitu-

reduction of niter cake, fertilizers, coal, and other ents are asarone (see 2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-propenyl-

friable materials. Particle size can be varied by ad- benzene) and eugenol.

justing the space between the crossbars. Use: Perfumery, flavoring agent.

calandria. The heating unit of a vacuum-evapo-

cage zeolite. (sodalite). A structure of sodium

rating system.

aluminosilicates often arranged in combined tet-

rahedra at the intersections of which are sodium

atoms, with oxygen atoms at the midpoints. Such

“Calan” SR [Searle]. TM for verapamil hy-

sodalite units often combine to form supercages. drochloride in sustained-release oral caplet form.

213 CALCIUM 45

Use: Drug. Use: Phosphor. Iceland spar is used in optical instru-

ments.

“Calan” Tablets [Searle]. TM for verapamil

calcitonin. A thyroid hormone controlling the

hydrochloride in tablet form.

proportion of calcium in circulating blood. May be

Use: Drug.

used in calcium balance control and possibly also in

the treatment of bone fractures, hypervitaminosis,

calaverite. AuTe

. One of the gold telluride

and other calcium-related diseases. It is obtained in

group of minerals. Corresponds to the same general

purified form from pig thyroid; has been made syn-

formula as sylvanite and krennerite. Pale bronze-

thetically.

yellow color or tin-white, tarnishing to bronze-yel-

low on exposure. Metallic luster. Contains 40–43%

calcium.

gold, 1–3% silver; d 9.0; Mohs hardness 2.5.

CAS: 7440-70-2. Ca. Alkaline-earth element of

Occurrence: U.S. (California, Colorado), Australia,

atomic number 20, group IIA of the periodic table.

Canada.

Aw 40.08. Valence 2. Six stable isotopes.

Use: Important source of gold.

Properties: Moderately soft, silver-white, crystal-

line metal. D 1.57, mp 845C, sublimes above mp in

“Calcene” [PPG]. TM for a specially prepared

vacuum, bp 1480C, Brinell hardness 17. Oxidizes in

precipitated calcium carbonate for use in com-

air to form adherent protective film. Can be ma-

pounding rubber, paints, and plastics. The particles

chined, extruded, or drawn. Soluble in acid. Decom-

of grade TM are coated with stearic acid to aid in

poses water to liberate hydrogen.

dispersion. Grade NC is not coated.

Derivation: Electrolysis of fused calcium chloride,

by thermal process under high vacuum from lime

calciferol. See ergocalciferol.

reduced with aluminum. Does not occur free in na-

ture.

calcimine. (kalsomine). Essentially chalk and

Available forms: Crowns, nodules, ingots, crystals

glue in powdered form ready to mix with water.

up to 99.9% pure.

Used as temporary decoration for interior plaster

Hazard: Evolves hydrogen with moisture. Flamma-

walls. Will not withstand washing.

ble in finely divided state. Fire and explosion hazard

when heated or on contact with strong oxidizing

calcination. Heating of a solid to a temperature

agents.

below its melting point to bring about a state of

Use: Alloying agent for aluminum, copper, and lead;

thermal decomposition or a phase transition other

reducing agent for beryllium; deoxidizer for alloys.

than melting. Included are the following types of

Dehydrating oils. Decarburizaton and desulfuriza-

reactions: (1) thermal dissociation, including de-

tion of iron and its alloys, getter in vacuum tubes.

structive distillation of organic compounds, e.g.,

Separation of nitrogen from argon. Reducing agent

concentration of aluminum by heating of bauxite;

in preparation of chromium metal powder, thorium,

(2) polymorphic phase transitions, e.g., conversion

zirconium, and uranium. Fertilizer ingredient.

of anatase to rutile form of TiO

; (3) thermal recrys-

Note: Calcium is an essential component of bones,

tallization, e.g., devitrification of glass. Calcination

teeth, shells, and plant structures. It occurs in milk in

is often used in the beneficiation of ores.

trace amounts and is necessary in animal and human

See destructive distillation; pyrolysis.

nutrition. Vitamin D aids in the deposition of calci-

um in bones.

calcine. Radioactive waste prepared for disposal

in the form of granular powder made by drying

calcium 45. Radioactive calcium of mass num-

liquid wastes at high temperature (approximately

ber 45.

800C).

Properties: Half-life 164 days; emits ␤-radiation.

Derivation: By reactor irradiation of calcium car-

calcined. Processed by burning or incinerating.

bonate, by neutron bombardment of scandium, or as

Examples are chalk converted to lime and zinc sul-

a by-product of the irradiation of calcium nitrate for

fide converted to zinc oxide.

the preparation of

Available forms: Calcium chloride in hydrochloric

calcite. CaCO

. The most common form of natu- acid solution and solid calcium carbonate.

ral calcium carbonate. Dogtooth spar, Iceland spar, Hazard: Dangerous radiation hazard, MPC in air 3 ×

nailhead spar, and satin spar are varieties of calcite. 10

−8

␮Ci/mL. This isotope is a bone seeker and may

Essential ingredient of limestone, marble, and chalk. cause damage to the blood-forming organs.

Properties: Colorless, white, and various-colored Use: Research aid for studying water purification,

crystals; vitreous to earthy luster; good cleavage in calcium exchange in clays, detergency, surface wet-

three directions. D 2.72, Mohs hardness 2. May ting and other surface phenomena, calcium uptake

contain small amounts of magnesium, iron, manga- and deposition in bone, soil characteristics as related

nese, and zinc. Reacts with acids to evolve carbon to soil utilization of fertilizer and crop yield, diffu-

dioxide. sion of calcium in glass, etc.

214CALCIUM ABIETATE

calcium abietate. (C

)

Ca. Product of the cially of aluminous cement. Fused calcium alumi-

action of lime on rosin or resin acids. nate (a glass) can be used for infrared transmission

See calcium resinate. and detection. Noncombustible.

calcium aluminum hydride. See aluminum

calcium acetate. (vinegar salts; gray acetate;

lime acetate; calcium diacetate). calcium hydride.

Ca(CH

COO)

•H

Properties: Brown, gray, or white (when pure) pow-

calcium aluminum silicate. See aluminum

der, amorphous or crystalline; slightly bitter taste,

calcium silicate.

slight odor of acetic acid; decomposes on heating.

Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Com-

calcium ammonium nitrate. A uniform

bustible.

mixture of approximately 60% ammonium nitrate

Derivation: Action of pyroligneous acid on calcium

and 40% limestone and/or dolomite. A fertilizer

hydroxide; the solution, on being filtered and evapo-

containing approximately 20% N.

rated to dryness, yields gray acetate of lime.

Hazard: Oxidizer, fire risk in contact with organic

Grade: Technical (80% basis), reagent, CP, pure,

materials.

brown, gray, FCC.

Use: Manufacture of acetone, acetic acid, acetates,

calcium arsenate. (tricalcium orthoarsenate).

mordant in dyeing and printing of textiles, stabilizer

(AsO

)

in resins, additive to calcium soap lubricants, food

Properties: White powder. Slightly soluble in water;

additive (as antimold agent in bakery goods, sausage

soluble in dilute acids. Decomposes on heating.

casings), corrosion inhibitor.

Derivation: Interaction of calcium chloride and sodi-

um arsenate.

calcium acetylsalicylate. (aspirin, soluble).

Grade: Technical, CP.

(CH

COOC

COO)

•2H

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 0.2

Properties: White powder. Aqueous solutions are

mg/m

(arsenic).

unstable. Soluble in water.

Use: Insecticide, germicide.

Derivation: (1) Action of acetylsalicylic acid upon

calcium carbonate in the presence of a small amount

calcium arsenite. CaAsO

of water; (2) by passing carbon dioxide into an

Properties: White, granular powder. Insoluble in

aqueous solution of calcium carbonate and acetyl-

water; soluble in acids.

salicylic acid.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Medicine (antipyretic).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

Use: Germicide, insecticide.

calcium acid sulfite. See calcium hydrogen

sulfite.

calcium arsonate (1:1).

CAS: 52740-16-6. mf: AsH

•Ca.

calcium acrylate. (H

C:CHCOO)

Ca. Hazard: A confirmed human carcinogen

Properties: Free-flowing, white powder. Soluble in

water; deliquescent. Solution polymerizes to form

calcium ascorbate. Ca(C

)

•2H

hydrophilic resin.

Properties: A white to slightly yellow crystalline

Use: Ion-exchange clay-soil stabilizer, binder, and

powder; odorless. Soluble in water; slightly soluble

sealer (laboratory scale only).

in alcohol; insoluble in ether. The pH of a 10%

solution is between 6.8 and 7.4.

Grade: FCC.

calcium alginate.

Use: Food preservative.

Properties: White or cream-colored powder or fila-

ments, grains, or granules; slight odor and taste.

calcium biphosphate. See calcium phos-

Insoluble in water and acids; soluble in alkaline

phate, monobasic.

solution.

Grade: FCC.

Hazard: Flammable but self-extinguishing.

calcium bisulfide. See calcium hydrosulfide.

Use: Pharmaceutical products; food additive; thick-

ening agent and stabilizer in ice cream, cheese prod-

calcium bisulfite. See calcium hydrogen sul-

ucts, canned fruits, and sausage casings; synthetic

fite.

fibers.

See algin; alginic acid.

calcium borate. CaB

Properties: White powder. Soluble in dilute acids;

partially soluble in water.

calcium aluminate. (tricalcium aluminate).

Use: Fire-retardant compositions, antifreeze com-

3CaO•Al

pounds, metallurgical flux, porcelain.

Properties: Crystals or powder. D 3.038 (25C), mp

(decomposes at 1535C). Soluble in acids. A refrac-

tory and an important ingredient of cements, espe-

calcium bromate. Ca(BrO

)

•H

215 CALCIUM CHLORITE

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.329, extender in rubber, plastics, paints; opacifying agent

in paper; fortification of bread; putty; tooth pow-

loses its water at 180C. Very soluble in water.

ders; antacid; whitewash; Portland cement; sulfur

Grade: FCC.

dioxide removal from stack gases; metallurgical

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, fire risk in contact with

flux; analytical chemistry; carbon dioxide genera-

organic materials.

tion (laboratory).

Use: Maturing agent, dough conditioner.

See chalk, calcite, marble, limestone, whiting. Note:

Calcium carbonate is a major cause of boiler scale

calcium bromide.

when hard water is used in heating systems.

CAS: 7789-41-5. (1) CaBr

•6H

O; (2) CaBr

Properties: White powder or crystals; odorless;

calcium caseinate.

sharp saline taste. (1) D 2.295 (25C), mp 38C, bp

Properties: White or slightly yellow powder; nearly

149C (decomposes); (2) d 3.353 (25C), mp 730C

odorless. Insoluble in cold water; forms a milky

(slight decomposition), bp 806–812C, very deli-

solution when suspended in water, stirred, and

quescent. Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

heated.

and acetone.

Use: Medicine, special foods.

Derivation: By the action of hydrobromic acid on

See casein.

calcium oxide, carbonate, or hydroxide and subse-

quent crystallization.

Grade: Technical, CP.

calcium chlorate.

Use: Photography, medicine, dehydrating agent,

CAS: 10137-74-3. Ca(ClO

)

•2H

food preservative, road treatment, freezing mix-

Properties: White to yellowish crystals. Keep well

tures, sizing compounds, wood preservative, fire

stoppered. Melts when rapidly heated at 100C, mp

retardant.

(anhydrous) 340C, hygroscopic, d 2.711. Soluble in

water and alcohol.

Derivation: By the action of chlorine on hot calcium

calcium carbide.

hydroxide slurry.

CAS: 75-20-7. CaC

Hazard: Oxidizer, dangerous fire risk, forms explo-

Properties: Grayish-black, irregular, hard solid;

sive mixtures with combustible materials.

garlic-like odor. Must be kept dry. D 2.22, mp ap-

Use: Photography, pyrotechnics, dusting powder to

proximately 2300C. Decomposes in water with for-

kill poison ivy, herbicide.

mation of acetylene and calcium hydroxide and evo-

lution of heat.

Derivation: Interaction of pulverized limestone or

calcium chloride.

quicklime with crushed coke or anthracite in an

CAS: 10043-52-4. (1) CaCl

; (2) CaCl

•H

O; (3)

electric furnace.

CaCl

•2H

O; (4) CaCl

•6H

Grade: Technical, lumps, powder.

Properties: White, deliquescent crystals, granules,

Hazard: Forms flammable and explosive gas and

lumps, or flakes. (1) D 2.15 (25C), mp 772C, bp

corrosive solid with moisture.

alone 1600C; (2) mp 260C; (3) USP grade, d 0.835

Use: Generation of acetylene gas for welding, chloro-

(25C); (4) d 1.71 (25C), bp loses 4H

O at 30C and

ethylenes, vinyl acetate monomer, acetylene chemi-

O at 200C. All forms soluble in water and alco-

cals, reducing agent.

hol. Water solution is neutral or slightly alkaline.

Derivation: (1) Action of hydrochloric acid on calci-

um carbonate and subsequent crystallization. (2)

calcium carbonate.

Commercially obtained as a by-product in the Sol-

CAS: 1317-65-3. CaCO

vay soda and other processes. (3) Recovery from

Properties: White powder or colorless crystals;

brines.

odorless; tasteless. D 2.7–2.95, decomposes at

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC, USP (dihydrate), vari-

825C. Very slightly soluble in water (a few ppm);

ous forms and purities, solution.

soluble in acids with evolution of carbon dioxide.

Use: De-icing and dust control of roads; drilling

Noncombustible.

muds; dust proofing; freeze proofing and thawing

Occurrence: Calcium carbonate is one of the most

coal, coke, stone, sand, ore; concrete conditioning;

stable, common, and widely dispersed materials. It

paper and pulp industry; fungicides; refrigeration

occurs in nature as aragonite, oyster shells, calcite,

brines; drying and desiccating agent; sequestrant in

chalk, limestone, marble, marl, and travertine, espe-

foods; firming agent in tomato canning; tire weight-

cially in Indiana (structural limestone), Vermont

ing; pharmaceuticals; electrolytic cells. The hexahy-

(marble), Italy (travertine), and England (chalk).

drate (4) has been evaluated for solar-heat storage.

Derivation: (1) Mined from natural surface deposits.

(2) Precipitated (synthetic) by reaction of calcium

chloride and sodium carbonate in water solution or

calcium chlorite.

by passing carbon dioxide through a suspension of CAS: 14674-72-7. Ca(ClO

)

hydrated lime (Ca(OH)

) in water. Properties: White crystals. D 2.71. Decomposes in

Hazard: A nuisance particulate dust. TLV: 10 mg/ water.

. Hazard: Strong oxidizer, fire risk in contact with

Use: Source of lime; neutralizing agent, filler, and organic materials.

216CALCIUM CHROMATE

calcium chromate. Use: Nonnutritive sweetener.

CAS: 13765-19-0. CaCrO

; CaCrO

•2H

See cyclamate.

Properties: Bright-yellow powder. Hydrate loses

water at 200C. Anhydrous: d 2.89. Soluble in dilute

calcium cyclamate dihydrate.

acids; slightly soluble in water.

CAS: 5897-16-5. mf: C

•Ca•2H

Hazard: TLV: 0.001 mg(Cr)/m

; suspected human

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

carcinogen.

Use: Pigment, corrosion inhibitor, oxidizing agent,

calcium dehydroacetate. (C

)

depolarizer for batteries, coating for light metal

Properties: White to cream powder. Almost insolu-

alloys.

ble in water and organic solvents.

Grade: 96% min.

calcium citrate. (lime citrate; tricalcium ci-

Use: Fungicide.

trate). Ca

)

•4H

See dehydroacetic acid.

Properties: White powder; odorless. Loses most of

its water at 100C and all of it at 120C. Almost

calcium diacetate. See calcium acetate.

insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Grade: Reagent, technical, FCC.

calcium dichromate. CaCr

•3H

O (or

Use: Dietary supplement, sequestrant, buffer, and

•4H

O).

firming agent in foods.

Properties: Brownish-red crystals. Deliquescent, d

(4.5H

O variety) 2.136. Soluble in water.

calcium cyanamide. (lime nitrogen; calcium

Grade: Technical, CP.

carbimide).

Use: Corrosion inhibitor, catalyst, manufacture of

CAS: 156-62-7. CaCN

chromium compounds.

Properties: Colorless crystals or powder. D 1.083,

mp 1300C, sublimes above 1150C. Decomposes in

calcium dihydrogen sulfite. See calcium

water, liberating ammonia and acetylene.

hydrogen sulfite.

Derivation: Calcium carbide powder is heated in an

electric oven into which nitrogen is passed (24–26

calcium dioxide. See calcium peroxide.

hours). Any uncombined calcium carbide is leached

out after removal.

calcium disodium edetate. (USAN) (calci-

Grade: Fertilizer, 21% N, industrial.

um disodium EDTA; edathamil calcium disodi-

Hazard: Fire risk with moisture or combined with

um; calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraace-

calcium carbide. A skin irritant. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

tate). CaNa

•xH

O. For other variations

Use: Fertilizer, nitrogen products, pesticide, harden-

of the name, see ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

ing iron and steel.

The calcium disodium salt is a mixture of the dihy-

drate and trihydrate.

calcium cyanide.

Properties: White, odorless powder or flakes; slight-

CAS: 592-01-8. Ca(CN)

ly hygroscopic; faint saline taste. Stable in air. Solu-

Properties: Colorless crystals or white powder,

ble in water; insoluble in organic solvents. It acts as a

gray-black (technical). Decomposes in moist air li-

chelating agent for heavy metals.

berating hydrogen cyanide. Decomposes above

Grade: USP, FCC.

350C. Soluble in water and very weak acid with

Use: Medicine (antidote in heavy-metal poisoning),

evolution of hydrogen cyanide.

in foods to “complex” trace heavy metals, as a pre-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

servative, and to retain color and flavor; antigushing

TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

agent in fermented malt beverages. (For restrictions

Use: Rodenticide; fumigant for greenhouses, flour

on food uses, see FDA regulations.)

mills, grain, seed, citrus trees under tents for control

of scale insects; leaching of gold and silver ores;

calcium distearate. See calcium stearate.

manufacture of other cyanides.

calcium ethylhexoate. See soap (2).

calcium cyclamate. (calcium cyclohexylsul-

calcium ferrocyanide. Ca

Fe(CN)

•12H

famate; calcium cyclohexanesulfamate).

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.68, decomposes on

CAS: 139-06-0. (C

NHSO

)

Ca•2H

heating. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Properties: White crystals or powder; nearly

Use: Removal of metallic impurities in the manufac-

odorless; very sweet taste. Freely soluble in water

ture of citric, tartaric, and other acids.

(solutions are neutral to litmus); almost insoluble in

alcohol, benzene, chloroform, and ether; pH (10%

solution) 5.5–7.5. Sweetening power approximately

calcium fluoride.

30 times that of sucrose. CAS: 7789-75-5. CaF

Grade: NF, FCC. Properties: White powder occurring in nature as

Hazard: Not permitted for use in foods and soft fluorite (pure form) or fluorspar (mineral). Mp

drinks, because of suspected carcinogenicity. 1402C, bp approximately 2500C, d 3.18, Mohs

217 CALCIUM HYDROXIDE

hardness 4. Reacts with hot, concentrated sulfuric Grade: Technical.

acid to liberate hydrogen fluoride. Insoluble in wa- Use: Source of glycolic acid and of the glycolic acid

ter; soluble in ammonium salts. radical in chemical synthesis.

Derivation: (1) By powdering pure fluorite or fluors-

par; (2) by the interaction of soluble calcium salt and

calcium hexametaphosphate.

sodium fluoride.

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

Grade: See fluorspar.

Use: Food additive.

Hazard: An irritant. TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/m

Use: See fluorspar. Single pure (99.93%) crystals of

calcium hexasilicofluorate. See calcium sil-

calcium fluoride are also produced for use in spec-

icofluoride.

troscopy, electronics, lasers, and high-temperature

dry-film lubricants.

calcium hydrate. See calcium hydroxide.

calcium fluorophosphate. (fluoroapatite;

calcium hydride.

FAP). CaPO

F. A laser crystal, said to have the

CAS: 7789-78-8. CaH

lowest energy threshold of any room-temperature

Properties: Grayish-white lumps or crystals. Forms

crystal.

calcium hydroxide in moist air and evolves hydro-

gen. D 1.7, decomposes at 675C. Decomposed by

calcium fluosilicate. See calcium silico-

water, organic acids, and lower alcohols.

fluoride.

Grade: Technical, 94% pure.

Hazard: Evolves highly flammable hydrogen when

calcium formate. Ca(OOCH)

wet; solid product is slaked lime. Irritating to skin.

Properties: White powder. Mp >300C, d 2.015. Sol-

Use: Reducing agent, drying agent, analytical re-

uble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

agent in organic chemistry, easily portable source of

Use: Briquet binder, drilling fluids, lubricants,

hydrogen, cleaner for blocked-up oil wells.

chrome tanning.

calcium hydrogen phosphate.

calcium 4-(␤-D-galactosido)-D-gluconate.

CAS: 7789-77-7. mf: CaHPO

See calcium lactobionate.

Properties: White crystals. Mp: 36°. Slowly sol in

water.

calcium gluconate. Use: Food additive.

CAS: 299-28-5. Ca(C

)

•H

Properties: White fluffy powder or granules;

calcium hydrogen sulfite. (calcium bisul-

odorless; practically tasteless. Stable in air. Loses

fite; calcium dihydrogen sulfite; calcium acid

water at 120C. Soluble in hot water; less soluble in

sulfite). Ca(HSO

)

. A solution of calcium sulfite in

cold water; insoluble in alcohol, acetic acid, and

aqueous sulfur dioxide.

other organic solvents; specific rotation (20/D) ap-

Properties: Yellowish liquid; strong sulfur dioxide

proximately +6 degrees. Solution neutral to litmus.

odor. D 1.06. Corrosive to metals.

Derivation: Neutralization of gluconic acid with

Derivation: Action of sulfur dioxide on calcium hy-

lime or calcium carbonate.

droxide (solution).

Grade: Technical, USP, FCC, special for ampules.

Hazard: Irritating and corrosive to skin and tissue.

Use: Food additive, buffer and sequestering agent,

Use: Antichlor in bleaching textiles, paper pulp (dis-

vitamin tablets.

solving lignin) preservative, bleaching sponges, hy-

droxylamine salts, germicide, disinfectant.

calcium glutamate. Similar to sodium gluta-

mate.

calcium hydrosulfide. (calcium bisulfide;

calcium sulfhydrate). Ca(HS)

•6H

calcium glycerophosphate. (calcium glycer- Properties: Colorless, transparent crystals. Soluble

inophosphate). CaC

. in alcohol and water. Decomposes in air (15–18C).

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless; al- Use: Leather industry.

most tasteless. Slightly hygroscopic; decomposes

above 170C. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in

calcium hydroxide. (calcium hydrate; hyd-

alcohol.

rated lime; caustic lime; slaked lime).

Derivation: By esterification of phosphoric acid

CAS: 1305-62-0. Ca(OH)

with glycerol and conversion of glycerophosphoric

Properties: Soft, white, crystalline powder; alkaline,

acid to the calcium salt.

slightly bitter taste. D 2.34, loses its water at 580C,

Grade: Technical, pure, FCC.

pH of water solution (25C) 12.4. Slightly soluble in

Use: Stabilizer for plastics, nutrient and dietary sup-

water; soluble in glycerol, syrup, and acids; insolu-

plement.

ble in alcohol. Absorbs carbon dioxide from air.

Derivation: Action of water on calcium oxide.

calcium glycolate. (CH

OHCOO)

Ca. Impurities: Calcium carbonate, magnesium salts,

Properties: White solid. iron.

218CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Grade: Technical, chemical lime (insoluble matter

calcium lactate.

less than 2%, magnesium less than 3%), building

CAS: 814-80-2. mf: C

CaO

•xH

lime, USP, CP, FCC.

Properties: White crystalline powder with up to 5

Hazard: Skin irritant, avoid inhalation. TLV: 5 mg/

O. Sol in water; insol in alc.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Mortar, plasters, cements, calcium salts, causti-

Use: Food additive.

cizing soda, depilatory, unhairing of hides, white-

wash, soil conditioner, ammonia recovery in gas

calcium lactobionate.

manufacture, disinfectant, water softening, purifica-

CAS: 5001-51-4. mf: C

CaO

tion of sugar juices, accelerator for low-grade rubber

Properties: White powder. Mp: 120° (decomp). Sol

compounds, petrochemicals, food additive as buffer

in water; insol in alc, ether.

and neutralizing agent, shell-forming agent

Use: Food additive.

(poultry).

calcium lignosulfonate.

CAS: 8061-52-7.

calcium hypochlorite. (calcium oxychlo-

Properties: Brown, amorphous polymer obtained

ride).

from the spent sulfite pulping liquor of wood. Sol in

CAS: 7778-54-3. Ca(OCl)

water.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 2.35, decom-

Use: Dispersing agent for pesticides; food additive.

poses at 100C. Decomposes in water and alcohol;

not hygroscopic. Practically clear in water solution.

calcium metasilicate. (calcium silicate).

Stable chlorine carrier. An oxidizer.

CAS: 1344-95-2. CaSiO

Derivation: Chlorination of a slurry of lime and

Properties: White powder. D 2.9. Insoluble in water.

caustic soda with subsequent precipitation of calci-

Hazard: Irritating dust. TLV: 10 mg/m

. Use in foods

um hypochlorite dihydrate, dried under vacuum.

restricted to 5% in baking powder, 2% in table salt.

Grade: Commercial (70%), high purity (99.2%

Use: Absorbent, antacid, filler for paper and paper

available chlorine as calcium hypochlorite).

coatings, cosmetics, food additive (anticaking

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

agent), manufacture of glass and Portland cement.

materials.

See dicalcium silicate.

Use: Algicide, bactericide, deodorant, potable-water

purification, disinfectant for swimming pools, fun-

calcium molybdate.

gicide, bleaching agent (paper, textiles).

CAS: 7789-82-4. CaMoO

See lime, chlorinated.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp approxi-

mately 1250C, d 4.35. Soluble in mineral acids;

calcium hypophosphite. Ca(H

)

insoluble in alcohol, ether, or water. Noncombust-

Properties: White powder. Evolves phosphine at

ible.

300C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Fusion of calcium oxide and a molybde-

Use: Medicine, corrosion inhibitor.

num ore.

Grade: Technical, single crystals, 99.97%.

calcium iodate. Ca(IO

)

Use: Molybdic acid, alloying agent in production of

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless. D

iron and steel, crystals in optical and electronic ap-

4.5 (15C), decomposes at 540C. Soluble in water

plications, phosphors.

and nitric acid; insoluble in alcohol. Oxidizer.

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC.

calcium naphthenate.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Properties: Sticky, tenacious mass. Insoluble in wa-

Use: Deodorant, mouth washes, food additive, dough

ter; soluble in ethyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride,

conditioner (up to 0.0075 part per 100 of flour used).

gasoline, benzene, and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Precipitation from aqueous solutions of

calcium iodide. CaI

•6H

calcium salts and sodium naphthenate.

Properties: Yellowish-white crystals, deliquescent,

Use: Waterproofing compositions, adhesives, driers,

decomposes in air by absorption of carbon dioxide.

wood fillers, grafting waxes, cements, varnishes,

D 2.55 (anhydrous 4.0 at 25C), loses 6H

O at 42C,

color lakes.

mp 783C, bp approximately 1100C. Soluble in wa-

See soap (2).

ter, ethanol, and pentanol.

Derivation: Action of hydriodic acid on calcium

calcium nitrate. (lime nitrate; nitrocalcite;

carbonate.

lime saltpeter; Norwegian saltpeter).

Use: Photography, medicine.

CAS: 10124-37-5. (1) Ca(NO

)

•4H

O; (2)

Ca(NO

)

calcium iodobehenate. Ca(OOCC

. Properties: White, deliquescent mass. D (1) 1.82, (2)

Properties: White, odorless powder. Insoluble in 2.36; mp (1) 42C, (2) 561C. Soluble in water, alco-

alcohol; slightly soluble in cold water. hol, and acetone.

Use: Medicine and pharmaceuticals. Grade: Technical, pure, CP, reagent.

219 CALCIUM PERBORATE

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, dangerous fire risk in con- Hazard: Evolves heat on exposure to water. Danger-

ous near organic materials. Strong irritant. TLV: 2

tact with organic materials, may explode if shocked

mg/m

or heated.

Use: Refractory, flux in steel manufacture, pulp and

Use: Pyrotechnics, explosives, matches, fertilizers,

paper, manufacture of calcium carbide, sulfur diox-

other nitrates, source of

C by nuclear irradiation.

ide removal from stack gases, sewage treatment

(phosphate removal, pH control), poultry feeds,

calcium nitride. Ca

neutralization of acid waste effluents, insecticides

Properties: Brown crystals. D 2.63 (17C), mp

and fungicides, dehairing of hides, sugar refining,

1195C. Soluble in water with evolution of ammonia

food additive, glass manufacture, sodium carbonate

(irritating gas), soluble in dilute acids, insoluble in

by Solvay process, carbon dioxide absorbent. Note:

absolute alcohol.

Like other high-melting solids (tungsten, zirconia,

carbon), lime (CaO) becomes incandescent when

calcium nitrite. Ca(NO

)

•H

heated to near its mp (2500C). Of both historical and

Properties: Colorless or yellowish crystals, hygro-

etymological interest is the use of lime as an illumi-

scopic. D 2.23 (34C) (anhydrous), mp loses its water

nant in stage lighting for some years before the

at 100C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al-

advent of electricity (1850–1880). Invented in 1816,

cohol.

this technique involved an oxyhydrogen flame imp-

Grade: Technical.

inging on a cylinder of lime, causing it to emit a

Use: Corrosion inhibitor in lubricants and steel- rein-

brilliant white light that was concentrated to a beam

forced concrete.

by a lens. The light was powerful enough to spotlight

actors or simulate sunshine. It became known in

calcium novobiocin. See novobiocin.

theatrical circles as limelight and was the origin of

the familiar phrase “in the limelight.”

calcium octoate. See soap (2).

See lime.

calcium oleate. (oleic acid calcium salt).

Ca(C

)

calcium oxychloride. See calcium hypo-

Properties: Yellowish crystals. Soluble in benzene

chlorite.

and chloroform; almost insoluble in water, alcohol,

and acetone; decomposes at approximately 140C.

calcium palmitate. Ca(C

)

Use: Grease-thickening agent, emulsifying agent,

Properties: White or pale yellow powder produced

waterproofing concrete.

by reacting a soluble palmitate with a soluble calci-

um salt. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alco-

calcium orthophosphate. See calcium phos-

hol or ether. Combustible.

phate, tribasic.

Use: Waterproofing agent, thickener for lubricating

oils, manufacture of solidified oils. Available only

calcium orthotungstate. See calcium tungs-

as technical grade.

tate.

See soap (2).

calcium oxalate. CaC

calcium pantothenate. (C

)

Ca. The

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.2. Solu-

calcium salt of pantothenic acid, available in both

ble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids; insoluble

the dextro and racemic form. Only the dextro form

in acetic acid and water.

has vitamin activity.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Properties: (Both forms identical) white, slightly

Hazard: An irritant.

hygroscopic powder; odorless; sweetish taste. Mp

Use: Making oxalic acid and organic oxalates, glazes,

170–172C; decomposes at 195–196C; specific rota-

rare-earth-metal separations.

tion (5% aqueous solution) +28.2 (25C). Stable in

air. Solutions have a pH of 7–9. Soluble in water and

calcium oxide. (lime; quicklime; burnt lime;

glycerol; insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, and

calx; unslaked lime; fluxing lime).

ether.

CAS: 1305-78-8. CaO.

Source: Same as pantothenic acid.

Properties: White or grayish-white hard lumps;

Grade: USP (both forms), FCC.

sometimes with a yellowish or brownish tint due to

Use: Medicine, animal feeds, dietary supplement.

iron; odorless. Crumbles on exposure to moist air, d

See pantothenic acid.

3.40, mp 2570C, bp 2850C. Soluble in acid; reacts

with water to form calcium hydroxide with evolu-

calcium pectate. A material developed in

tion of heat.

plants, such as beans, peas, potatoes, which enables

Derivation: Calcium carbonate (limestone) is roast-

them to seal off fungus-infected areas.

ed in kilns until all the carbon dioxide is driven off.

See pectic acid; pectin.

Impurities: Calcium carbonate; magnesium, iron,

and aluminum oxides.

Grade: Technical, refractory, agricultural, FCC.

calcium perborate. Ca(BO

)

•7H

220CALCIUM PERCHLORATE

Properties: Gray-white lumps or powder. Soluble in Grade: USP, FCC, dentrifice grade, feed grade, 18.5

acids, and in water with evolution of oxygen. or 21% P.

Use: Medicine, bleach, tooth powders. Use: Animal-feed supplement, food supplement,

dentrifrice, medicine, glass, fertilizer, stabilizer for

plastics, dough conditioner, yeast food.

calcium perchlorate. Ca(ClO

)

Properties: White crystals. D 2.651, decomposes at

270C. Soluble in water and alcohol.

calcium phosphate, monobasic. (calcium

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, dangerous fire risk in con- biphosphate; acid calcium phosphate; calcium

tact with organic materials. phosphate primary; monocalcium phosphate).

CaH

(PO

)

•H

Properties: Colorless, pearly scales or powder; deli-

calcium permanganate.

quescent in air. Loses water at 100C, decomposes at

CAS: 10118-76-0. Ca(MnO

)

•4H

200C, d 2.20. Soluble in water and acids. Aqueous

Properties: Violet, deliquescent crystals. D 2.4. Sol-

solutions are acid. Nonflammable.

uble in water and ammonia; decomposed by alcohol.

Derivation: By dissolving either dicalcium or trical-

Grade: Technical, pure.

cium phosphate in phosphoric acid and allowing the

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(Mn)/m

. Strong oxidizer, dan-

solution to evaporate spontaneously.

gerous fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Grade: FCC, ceramic, anhydrous, hydrated.

Use: Textile industry, sterilizing water, dentistry, dis-

Use: Baking powders, fertilizers, mineral supple-

infectant, deodorizer, an additive (with hydrogen

ment, stabilizer for plastics, to control pH in malt,

peroxide) in liquid rocket propellants, in binders for

glass manufacture, buffer in foods, firming agent.

welding electrode coatings.

See superphosphate.

calcium peroxide. (calcium superoxide; cal-

calcium phosphate, precipitated. See cal-

cium dioxide).

cium phosphate, tribasic.

CAS: 1305-79-9. CaO

Properties: White or yellowish powder; odorless;

almost tasteless. Decomposes at approximately

calcium phosphate, primary. See calcium

200C. Almost insoluble in water; soluble in acids phosphate, monobasic.

with formation of hydrogen peroxide. Available

oxygen 22.2% (min 13.3% in technical grade).

calcium phosphate, secondary. See calci-

Derivation: Interaction of solution of a calcium salt

um phosphate, dibasic.

and sodium peroxide with subsequent crystalliza-

tion.

calcium phosphate, tertiary. See calcium

Grade: 60–75%, FCC.

phosphate, tribasic.

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent. Dangerous fire risk

in contact with organic materials. Irritating in con-

calcium phosphate, tribasic. (calcium or-

centrated form.

thophosphate; tricalcium phosphate; precipitated

Use: Seed disinfectant, dentrifices, dough condition-

calcium phosphate; tricalcium orthophosphate;

ers, antiseptic, bleaching of oils, modification of

tertiary calcium phosphate). Ca

(PO

)

. True

starches, high-temperature oxidation.

(PO

)

can be prepared thermally but is rare. Pre-

cipitated “tricalcium phosphate” is a hydroxyapatite

calcium phenylate. (calcium phenoxide; cal-

with the approximate formula Ca

OH(PO

)

cium phenate). Ca(OC

)

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless; tas-

Properties: Finely divided red crystals. Slightly sol-

teless. D 3.18, mp 1670C, refr index 1.63. Soluble in

uble in water and alcohol.

acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, and acetic acid.

Use: Lubricating-oil detergent, emulsifier.

Nonflammable.

Derivation: (1) Phosphate rock, apatite, and phos-

calcium phosphate. See calcium phosphate,

phorite; (2) by the interaction of soluble of calcium

dibasic; calcium phosphate monobasic; calcium

chloride and sodium triphosphate with excess of

phosphate tribasic.

ammonia; (3) by interaction of hydrated lime and

phosphoric acid.

calcium phosphate, dibasic. (dicalcium or- Grade: Granular, technical, CP, NF, pure precipitat-

thophosphate; bicalcium phosphate; secondary ed, FCC.

calcium phosphate). CaHPO

•2H

O and CaHPO

. Use: Ceramics, calcium acid phosphate, phosphorus

Properties: White, crystalline powder; tasteless; and phosphoric acid, polishing powder, cattle foods,

odorless. (Hydrate) d 2.306, loses its water at 109C. clarifying sugar syrups, medicine, mordant (dyeing

Soluble in dilute hydrochloric, nitric, and acetic textiles with Turkey red), fertilizers, dentifrices, sta-

acids; insoluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. bilizer for plastics, in meat tenderizers, in foods as

Nonflammable. anticaking agent, buffer, nutrient supplement, re-

Derivation: Interaction of fluorine-free phosphoric moval of

Sr from milk.

acid with milk of lime. See bone ash.

221 CALCIUM SILICOFLUORIDE

calcium phosphide. (photophor). ble in dilute hydrochloric and nitric acids; insoluble

CAS: 1305-99-3. Ca

(or Ca

). in water.

Properties: Red-brown crystals or gray granular Grade: FCC.

masses. D 2.51 (15C), mp approximately 160.C, Use: Polishing agent in dentrifices, mild abrasive for

insoluble in alcohol and ether. metal polishing, nutrient and dietary supplement.

Derivation: By heating calcium phosphate with alu-

minum or carbon, by passing phosphorus vapors

calcium resinate.

over metallic calcium.

CAS: 9007-13-0.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Yellowish-white, amorphous powder or

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk; decomposed by water

lumps; rosin odor. Insoluble in water; soluble in

to phosphine, which is highly toxic and flammable.

acid, amyl acetate, butyl acetate, ether, amyl al-

See phosphine.

cohol.

Use: Signal fires, torpedoes, pyrotechnics, rodenti-

Derivation: By boiling calcium hydroxide with rosin

cide.

and filtering; fusion of hydrated lime and melted

rosin.

Grade: Technical, fused.

calcium phosphite. (dicalcium orthophos-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, spontane-

phite). CaHPO

•2H

ous heating.

Properties: White powd.r, loses its water at

Use: Waterproofing; manufacturing paint driers, por-

200–300C (decomposes), forming phosphine.

celains, perfumes, cosmetics, enamels; coating for

Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

fabrics, wood, paper; tanning leather.

Use: Catalyst for polymerization reactions.

See soap (2).

calcium phytate. (hexacalcium phytate).

calcium ricinoleate.

(CaPO

)

Ca[CH

(CH

)

OCH

CHCH(CH

)

]

Properties: Free-flowing, white powder. Slightly

Properties: White powder; slight odor of fatty acids.

soluble in water. The pH of saturated solution is

Mp 84C, d 1.04. Combustible.

neutral.

Derivation: Derived from castor oil.

Derivation: Corn steep liquor.

Use: Sequestering agent to remove excess metals

from wine and vinegar, source of calcium in phar-

calcium d-saccharate. CaC

•4H

maceuticals and nutrition, source of phytic acid and

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless; tas-

its salts.

teless. Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in

calcium gluconate solution.

Derivation: Oxidation of d-gluconic acid and neu-

calcium plumbate. Ca

PbO

tralization with lime.

Properties: Orange to brown crystalline powder. De-

Use: Plasticizer for cement, mortar, etc.

composed by hot water or carbon dioxide, d 5.71.

Soluble in acids (decomposes); insoluble in cold

water.

calcium saccharin.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

mf: C

CaN

•3.5H

Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: White crystalline powder; faint aromatic

Use: Oxidizing agent, pyrotechnics and safety

odor. Sol in water.

matches, glass, storage batteries.

Use: Food additive.

calcium polysilicate. CaO•12SiO

. A powder

calcium selenate. CaSeO

used as an anticaking agent.

Properties: A powder. D 2.7 (dihydrate). Water sol-

uble.

Use: General pesticide.

calcium propionate. Ca(OOCCH

)

. Oc-

curs also with one water. White powder, soluble in

water, slightly soluble in alcohol.

calcium silicate. See calcium metasilicate;

Grade: FCC.

wollastonite; Portland cement.

Use: Mold-inhibiting additive in bread, other foods,

tobacco, pharmaceuticals, medicine (antifungal

calcium silicide. CaSi

agent).

Properties: Solid. D 2.5. Insoluble in cold water;

decomposes in hot water; soluble in acids and al-

calcium propyl arsenate. C

AsO

Ca.

kalies.

Properties: Crystals. Soluble in water.

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously in

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

air.

Use: Preemergence control of crabgrass.

calcium silicofluoride. (calcium hexafluoro-

calcium pyrophosphate. Ca

. silicate). CaSiF

Properties: White powder. D 3.09, mp 1230C. Solu- Properties: (Dihydrate) Finely divided solid. D 2.25.

222CALCIUM-SILICON ALLOY

Insoluble in cold water and acetone; decomposed by hydrated form as gypsum (plaster of Paris, the hem-

hot water. ihydrate CaSO

•0.5H

O).

Hazard: Toxic to experimental animals. Properties: (Pure anhydrous) White, odorless pow-

Use: Flotation agent, insecticide, rubber compound- der or crystals. D 2.964, mp 1450C. Slightly soluble

ing, ceramic glazes. in water. (Dihydrate, pure precipitated) D 2.32, loses

1.5 waters at 128C, becomes anhydrous at 163C.

Noncombustible. Neither the anhydrous nor the di-

calcium-silicon alloy. Contains 30% calcium.

hydrate form can set with water.

Hazard: Flammable, may ignite spontaneously in

Derivation: From natural sources and as a by-prod-

air.

uct in many chemical operations.

Grade: Technical, pure precipitated (as the dihy-

calcium sorbate. Ca(OOCC

)

drate), FCC.

Use: Chemical preservative in foods.

Hazard: TLV: (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/m

total dust (when toxic impurities are not present,

calcium stannate. CaSnO

•3H

e.g., quartz <1%).

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Insoluble in

Use: Portland-cement retarder; tile and plaster;

water; dehydrates at approximately 350C.

source of sulfur and sulfuric acid; polishing pow-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 2

ders; paints (white pigment, filler, drier); paper (size

mg/m

filler, surface coating); dyeing and calico printing;

Use: Additive to ceramic capacitors, production of

metallurgy (reduction of zinc minerals); drying in-

ceramic colors.

dustrial gases, solids, and many organic liquids; in

granulated form as soil conditioner; quick-setting

calcium stearate. (calcium distearate; octade-

cements, molds, and surgical casts; wallboard; food

canoic acid, calcium salt).

additive; desiccant.

CAS: 1592-23-0. Ca(C

)

. Variable propor-

tions of calcium stearate and calcium palmitate.

calcium sulfhydrate. See calcium hydrosul-

Properties: White powder; slight characteristic odor.

fide.

Mp 179C. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in hot

alcohol. Decomposed by many acids and alkalies.

calcium sulfide. CaS.

Derivation: Interaction of sodium stearate and calci-

Properties: Yellow to light-gray powder; odor of

um chloride, then filtration.

hydrogen sulfide in moist air; unpleasant alkaline

Grade: Technical, FCC.

taste. D 2.6. Gradually decomposes in moist air or in

Hazard: A nuisance dust. TWA 10 mg/m

, total dust.

weak acids; decomposed by acids. Slightly soluble

Use: Water repellent, flatting agent in paints, lubri-

in water with partial decomposition; insoluble in

cant in making tablets, emulsions, cements, wax

alcohol.

crayons, stabilizer for vinyl resins, food additive,

Derivation: Strong heating of pulverized calcium

mold-release agent, cosmetics.

sulfate and charcoal.

Hazard: Irritating to skin and mucous membranes.

calcium stearoyl lactate.

Use: Luminous paint, depilatory, preparation of arse-

Properties: Cream-colored powder; caramel odor.

nic-free hydrogen sulfide, lubricant additive, ore

Sltly sol in hot water.

dressing and flotation agent, phosphors.

Use: Food additive.

calcium sulfite. CaSO

•2H

calcium stearyl lactylate. C

CaO

Properties: White powder. Loses its water at 100C.

Properties: Finely divided, nonhygroscopic solid.

Soluble in sulfurous acid; slightly soluble in water.

Almost insoluble in water.

Derivation: Action of sulfurous acid on calcium car-

Use: Food additive (flour mixing, egg whites, etc.).

bonate.

Use: Textiles (antichlor), disinfectant in sugar indus-

calcium strontium sulfide. CaSrS

try, brewing, biological cleansing, food preservative

CaS•SrS.

and discoloration retarder, paper manufacture.

Use: Phosphorescent pigment; a phosphor.

calcium sulfocyanate. See calcium thiocya-

calcium sulfamate. Ca(SO

)

•4H

nate.

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water. Aque-

ous solution is stable on boiling. Nonflammable.

calcium superoxide. See calcium peroxide.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Flame-proofing agent for textiles and certain

calcium tannate.

grades of paper.

Properties: Yellowish-gray powder. Soluble in di-

lute acids; slightly soluble in water.

Use: Pharmaceuticals, adhesives.

calcium sulfate.

CAS: 10101-41-4. CaSO

or CaSO

•2H

Oor

CaSO

•0.5H

O. Occurs in nature as anhydrite and in calcium tartrate. CaC

•4H

223 “CALGON”

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in dilute acids; water, alkalies; slightly soluble in acids; soluble in

slightly soluble in water or alcohol. hydrofluoric acid. Noncombustible.

Derivation: Interaction of calcium salt and crude Use: Electrical resistor ceramics, glaze opacifier.

cream of tartar.

Grade: Technical, CP.

“Calcocid” [Cytec]. TM for a series of acid

Use: Tartaric acid, food preservative, antacid.

dyestuffs used in the dyeing of wool and worsted

goods, natural silk and jute; and in coloring diversi-

fied materials.

calcium thiocyanate. (calcium sulfocyanate).

Ca(SCN)

•3H

“Calcofast” [Cytec]. TM for a series of metal-

Properties: White, hygroscopic crystals. Soluble in

lized dyes containing chemically combined chromi-

water and alcohol.

um used for dyeing wool. They can also be applied

Use: Solvent for cellulose and polyacrylate, acryloni-

to leather, nylon, etc.

trile polymers; stiffening and swelling of textiles.

“Calcofluor” [Cytec]. TM for a series of di-

calcium thioglycollate. CaCH

COOC•3H

rect-dyeing dyes that possess fluorescent properties.

Properties: White powder. Loses water at 100C.

Used for dyeing cotton, linen, viscose, acetate, ny-

Decomposes at 250C. Slightly soluble in water; in-

lon, wool, and certain synthetics. Used also in soaps

soluble in alcohol.

as a brightener for textiles.

Use: Depilatories and hair-waving preparations.

caldopentamine. See tetrapropylenepenta-

calcium titanate. CaTiO

mine.

Properties: Powder. D 3.98, mp 1800C.

Use: Electronics.

caldron process. Procedure for the recovery of

silver in which a slurry of ore in a copper vessel is

calcium trisodium pentetate (USAN). [trir-

agitated with salt.

isodium[(carboxymethyl)imino]bis

(ethylenenitrolo)tetraacetate]. CaNa

calender. A machine in which material is passed

A chelating agent, antidote for lead poisoning.

between heated steel rolls for any of several pur-

poses: (1) to convert it into a sheet of uniform

calcium tungstate. (calcium orthotungstate;

thickness; (2) to cause it to impregnate a textile

calcium wolframate normal). CaWO

fabric; or (3) to increase its surface gloss and

Properties: White crystals. D 6.062. Soluble in am-

hardness. Calenders (i.e., cylinders) are composed

monium chloride; insoluble in water; decomposed

of from three to as many as 10 or 12 hollow cast-iron

by hot acids.

rolls up to 84 in. in width, set vertically in a frame.

Derivation: (1) Interaction of calcium chloride and

The standard rubber or plastics calender has three

sodium tungstate. (2) Occurs in nature as scheelite,

steam-heated rolls that turn in opposing directions,

in Nevada, California, Arizona, Utah, Colorado,

either at the same speed or different speeds. When

New Zealand, Europe.

moving at the same speed they deliver the mixture

Method of purification: A slurry of powdered

fed between the top and center rolls in a smooth

scheelite is treated with soda ash to form the soluble

sheet that can be as thin as 0.005 inches, from be-

sodium tungstate. Insoluble impurities are filtered

tween the center and bottom rolls. If fabric impreg-

off, and calcium tungstate is precipitated with lime.

nation is desired, the center roll runs faster than the

Use: Luminous paints, fluorescent lamps, photogra-

other two, thus pressing the soft and tacky mixture,

phy, medicine (radiopaque agent).

called friction, into the textile material (tire car-

Note: Synthetic crystals are available for use as scin-

casses, electrical tape, etc.). In paper manufacturing

tillation counters and possible application in lasers.

a high-speed calender “stack” imparts a smooth fin-

ish to the sheet as it leaves the drying unit. Smaller

calcium undecylenate.

calenders are used to apply coating compositions.

[CH

CH(CH

)

COO]

Ca.

Laboratory sizes of all types are available.

Properties: A fine, white powde. Mp 155C. Of limit-

See supercalender.

ed solubility.

Use: Bacteriostat and fungistat in cosmetics and

“Calgon” [Nalco]. TM for a sodium phosphate

pharmaceuticals.

glass cleaner (commonly called sodium hexameta-

phosphate). It has a molecular ratio of 1:1

calcium zirconate. CaZrO

O:P

, with a guaranteed min of 67% P

Properties: Solid. Mp 2550C, d 4.78. Soluble in

Several specialized compositions are available.

nitric and other acids. Noncombustible.

Derivation: From food-grade phosphoric acid and

commercial soda ash by a thermal process.

calcium zirconium silicate. CaZrSiO

or Available forms: Powder, agglomerated particles,

CaOZrO

SiO

. and broken glassy plates, either pure or adjusted

Properties: White solid. Mp 1593C. Insoluble in with mild alkalies.

224“CALGOSIL”

Properties: Miscible with water but insoluble in or- amount of heat required to raise 1 kg of water 1C

(equal to 4184 × 10

ergs). In the latter case, the word

ganic solvents. It possesses sequestering, dispers-

Calorie should be capitalized when used alone, or

ing, and deflocculating properties and precipitates

the abbreviation kcal may be used. Kilogram calo-

proteins. In very low concentration, it inhibits corro-

ries are used in connection with foods and bev-

sion of steel and prevents the precipitation of slight-

erages.

ly soluble, scale-forming compounds such as calci-

um carbonate and calcium sulfate.

Use: Softening water without precipitate formation,

calorific value. The number of heat units ob-

as in dyeing, laundering, textile processing, and tained by the complete combustion of unit mass of a

washing operations; corrosion inhibitor in deicing fuel or other material.

salt preparations; frozen desserts; pretanning hides

in the manufacture of leather; dispersing clays and

calorimeter. Device for determining heat evolu-

pigments; threshold treatment for scale; and corro-

tion or absorption in a chemical reaction.

sion prevention.

calorizing. The process by which steel is coated

“Calgosil” [Nalco]. TM for a metaphosphate

with aluminum by heating it in aluminum powder.

silicate compound, used to provide corrosion reduc-

The aluminum forms an alloy with the steel surface

tion in low-hardness waters.

and produces a thin, tightly adherent coating.

See cementation.

caliche. See sodium nitrate.

calotropagenin.

“Califlux” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for CAS: 24211-64-1. mf: C

a series of oils composed principally of nitrogen Hazard: A poison.

bases and acidaffins. Used in plasticizers, in extend- Source: Natural product.

ers, and as reclaiming agents for dark-colored com-

pounds.

calsintering. A method for recovering alumina

from fly ash developed in 1978 by Oak Ridge Na-

californium. Cf. A synthetic radioactive element tional Laboratories. The essential steps are pelletiz-

of the actinide group with atomic number 98 and aw ing and sintering a mixture of fly ash and lime (from

252. It has several isotopes, two of which (

252

Cf and either limestone or gypsum) at 1000–1200C for 20

249

Cf) are available in milligram amounts. The pure min. The product is ground to 40 mesh and leached

metal has not yet been obtained. Several compounds with dilute sulfuric acid. The leached solution is

are known: trioxide, trifluoride, trichloride, and ses- then solvent extracted, crystallized, and calcined to

quioxide. The 252 isotope has potential uses in neu- alumina, which then can be converted to aluminum

tron-activation analysis for continuous materials by standard methods. The high recovery of alumina

testing, mineral prospecting, oil-well logging, etc. suggests that fly ash is a viable alternative raw mate-

Biologically, it is a bone-seeking element and has rial for aluminum.

specialized applications in medicine.

calspar. See calcite.

“Calo-Clor” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a mer-

curial turf fungicide containing 73% mercury in

calutron. A type of electromagnetic separator

chemical combination (principally mercuric and

used for radioisotope purification.

mercurous chlorides).

See electromagnetic separation.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion or inhalation.

Calvin cycle. The cyclic pathway used by plants

“Calocure” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a mercu-

to fix carbon dioxide and produce triose phosphates.

rial turf fungicide having a mercury content of 36%,

Named after Melvin Calvin, an early worker in the

mainly mercuric and mercurous chlorides.

field.

Hazard: A poison. See mercury.

See mercury.

Calvin, Melvin. (1911–1997). An American

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

“Calogran” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for turf fun-

1961. Much of his work involved the study of photo-

gicide composed of extremely finely divided form

synthesis, biophysics, and application of physics

of mercurous chloride. Contains 85% mercury (in-

and chemistry of molecules to some of the basic

soluble in water).

problems of biology. His doctorate was from the

Hazard: A poison. See mercury.

University of Minnesota. He did postgraduate work

See mercury.

in England and at Northwestern University and the

University of Notre Dame.

calomel. See mercurous chloride.

“Cambrelle” [ICI]. TM for a nonwoven, meld-

calorie. (1) The amount of heat needed to raise 1 g ed fabric used for carpet backing, road reinforce-

of water 1C at 1 atm. (2) A kilogram calorie is the ment, upholstery, interlinings, tablecloths, and other

225 CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR MASS

household applications. It is said to be composed of Use: Medicine (internal and external), plasticizer for

two different polymers, one lying within the other. cellulose nitrate, other explosives and lacquers, in-

Upon heating to the melting point of the external secticides, moth and mildew proofings, tooth pow-

polymer, the fibers soften and unite to form a fabric. ders, flavoring, embalming, pyrotechnics, interme-

The term melded refers to this type of fusion.

diate. Note: A liquid form (camphor oil) is produced

See nonwoven fabric.

almost exclusively in Taiwan and was formerly used

in the manufacture of sassafras oil; the available

cAMP. Biochemical designation for cyclic aden-

supply is used chiefly as a fragrance or flavoring

osine-3

′

-monophosphate, an activator of hor-

material and to some extent as a pharmaceutical

mones and initiator of prostaglandin synthesis.

product.

Campbell synthesis. Ketoxime plus aryl Gri-

camphor bromate. (␣-bromo-1-camphor;

gnard reagent yields arylated ethylenimine.

brominated camphor). C

BrO.

Properties: Colorless crystals; slight camphor odor

2-camphanol. See borneol.

and taste. Also available as powder. Discolors in

light and should be stored in cool, dark place. Mp

2-camphanone. See camphor.

76C, bp 274C, d 1.449. Soluble in alcohol, ether,

chloroform, and oils; insoluble in water.

camphene.

Derivation: By heating camphor with bromine.

CAS: 79-92-5. C

. A terpene.

Use: Medicine, manufacture of camphor derivatives.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 48–52C, bp

159–162C. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble in alco-

camphoric acid. C

(COOH)

hol; insoluble in water.

Properties: Colorless, odorless needles or scales. D

Derivation: (1) By heating pinene hydrochloride

1.0–1.86 (20/4C), mp 186–188C. Soluble in alco-

with alkalies, aniline, or alkali salts such as sodium

hol, ether, fatty oils, chloroform. Partially soluble in

acetate. (2) A constituent of certain essential oils.

water.

Grade: Technical (mp 46C).

Derivation: By oxidizing camphor with nitric acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Pharmaceuticals, medicine.

Use: Manufacture of synthetic camphor, camphor

substitute.

camphor, Malayan. See borneol.

camphor. (gum camphor; 2-camphanone).

CAS: 76-22-2. C

O. A ketone occurring natural-

dl-camphoroquinone. (2,3-bornanedione).

ly in the wood of the camphor tree (Cinnamomum

Properties: Mw 166.22, mp 198–200.

camphora).

Use: Synthetic intermediate.

camphor peppermint. See menthol.

Campillit. See cyanogen bromide.

Camp’s quinoline synthesis. Formation of

hydroxyquinolines from o-acylaminoacetophe-

nones in alcoholic sodium hydroxide. The relative

Properties: Colorless or white crystals, granules, or

proportions of the isomeric products are mainly de-

easily broken masses; penetrating aromatic odor. D

termined by the acyl residue on the amino nitrogen.

0.99, mp 174–179C, sublimes slowly at room tem-

perature, flash p 150F (65.5C) (CC), autoign temp

Canada balsam. See balsam.

871F (466C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, solvent

naphtha, and fixed and volatile oils. Combustible.

Canadian Society for Mass Spectrometry.

Derivation: Steam distillation of camphor-tree wood (CSMS). The Canadian Society for Mass Spec-

and crystallization. This product is called natural trometry is a society dedicated to the promotion of

camphor and is dextrorotatory. Synthetic camphor, mass spectrometry. There are over 120 CSMS mem-

most of which is optically inactive, may be made bers involved in mass spectrometric research and

from pinene, which is converted into camphene; by development in university, industrial and govern-

treatment with acetic acid and nitrobenzene it be- mental laboratories. The CSMS publishes a newslet-

comes camphor, turpentine oil is also used. ter every six months and hosts the Tandem Mass

Grade: Technical (synthetic, mp 163–168C), USP Spectrometry Workshop in Lake Louise, Alberta. It

(mp 174–179C). can be reached at L/C 2201C Banting Building,

Hazard: Evolves flammable and explosive vapors Tunny’s Pasture, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A

when heated. TLV: (synthetic) 2 ppm. 0L2. Website: http://www.csms.inter.ab.ca

226CANANGA OIL

cananga oil. An essential oil similar in odor to cannel coal. A variety of bituminous or subbitu-

ylangylang oil, strongly levorotatory. Used for flo-

minous coal of uniform and compact fine-grained

ral odors in perfumery and as flavoring agent.

texture. Dark gray to black; has a greasy luster. It is

noncaking, yields a high percentage of volatile mat-

canavanine.

ter, and burns with a luminous, smoky flame.

CNHNHOCH

CHNH

COOH. A non-

(ASTM definition, ASTM D493-39.) Combustible.

protein amino acid obtained from jackbean meal. It

Hazard: Explosion risk in form of dust.

is found naturally in the l(+) form.

Properties: Crystals from dilute alcohol. Sulfate:

Cannizzaro reaction. Base catalyzed dismuta-

crystals from dilute alcohol, mp 172C (decom-

tion of aromatic aldehydes or aliphatic aldehydes

poses). Soluble in water; nearly insoluble in alcohol.

with no ␣-hydrogen into the corresponding acids

Use: Biochemical research.

and alcohols. When the aldehydes are not identical,

the reaction is called the “crossed Cannizzaro reac-

candelilla wax.

tion.”

Properties: Yellowish-brown, opaque to translucent

solid. D 0.983, mp 67–68C, saponification value 65,

Cannizzaro, Stanislao. (1826–1910). Born in

iodine number 37, refr index 1.4555. Soluble in

Italy, he extended the research of Avogadro on the

chloroform, turpentine, carbon tetrachloride, tri-

molecular concentration of gases and thus was able

chloroethylene, toluene, hot petroleum ether, and

to prove the distinction between atoms and mole-

alkalies; insoluble in water. Combustible.

cules. His investigations of atomic weights helped to

Occurrence: Mexico, Texas.

make possible the discovery of the periodic law by

Grade: Crude, refined, powdered.

Mendeleyev. His research in organic chemistry led

Use: Leather dressing, polishes, cements, varnishes,

to the establishment of the Cannizzaro reaction in-

candles, electric insulating composition, sealing

volving the oxidation reduction of an aldehyde in the

wax, waterproofing and insect-proofing containers,

presence of concentrated alkali.

paint removers, dentistry, paper sizes, stiffener for

soft waxes.

canola. (rapeseed; colza oil).

Properties: Yellow-brown liquid. D 0.913–0.917,

candicidin (USAN). An antifungal antibiotic

mp 17–22. The oil obtained from rapeseed.

produced by Streptomyces griseus.

canonical form. The basic or general form.

candida lipolytica.

Properties: Derived from Candida lipolytica Fam.

canthaxanthin. C

. A carotenoid colorant

Cryptococcaceae.

occurring in many natural products, it has been iso-

Use: Food additive.

lated from a variety of edible mushrooms. It has also

been synthesized. The trans form is a violet, crystal-

candidate gene. A gene located in a chromo-

line solid that is soluble in chloroform and various

some region suspected of being involved in a dis-

oils. It is a permissible colorant for foods, drugs, etc.

ease.

It is used to produce artifical tanning of the skin but

See positional cloning; protein.

is not approved for this use.

Hazard: Oral intake may cause loss of night vision.

candidia guilliermondii.

Properties: Derived from Candidia guilliermondii

“CAO-1 and CAO-3” [Aqualon]. TM for

Fam. Cryptococcaceae.

technical and food-grade BHT (butylated hydroxy-

Use: Food additive.

toluene), also known as 2,6-di-tertiary butyl para

cresol.

candidin. An antifungal antibiotic produced by

Streptomyces viridoflavus.

“CAO-5” [Aqualon]. TM for the hindered

phenolic antioxidant 2,2

′

-methylene-bis(4-methyl-

canescegenin. See nigrescigenin. 6-tertiary-6-butyl phenol).

Caoutchouc. See rubber.

cane sugar. See sucrose.

CAP. Abbreviation for catabolite gene activator

cannabis. (marijuana).

protein.

CAS: 8063-14-7. Its principle, tetrahydrocannabi-

nol, can be made synthetically.

CAP. Abbreviation for chloramphenicol.

Derivation: Dried flowering tops of pistillate plants

of Cannabis sativa.

Source: Iran, India; cultivated in Mexico and Europe.

cap. All eukaryotes have at the 5

′

end of their

Hazard: A mild hallucinogen. Sale is illegal in U.S. messages a structure called a “cap”, consisting of a

Use: Medicine, ophthalmology (treatment of glau- 7-methylguanosine in 5

′

-5

′

triphosphate linkage

coma). with the first nucleotide of the mRNA. It is added

227 CAPROLACTONE

post-transcriptionally, and is not encoded in the

caproic acid. (hexanoic acid; hexylic acid;

DNA. hexoic acid).

CAS: 142-62-1. CH

(CH

)

COOH. Present in milk

fats to extent of approximately 2%.

capillarity. The attraction between molecules,

Properties: Oily, colorless or slightly yellow liquid;

similar to surface tension, which results in the rise of

odor of Limburger cheese. D 0.9276 (20/4C), fp

a liquid in small tubes or fibers or in the wetting of a

−4.0C, bp 205C, refr index 1.4168 (20C), wt/gal

solid by a liquid. It also accounts for the rise of sap in

7.7lb, viscosity 0.031 cP (20C), flash p 215F (101C

plant fibers and of blood in capillary (hair-like)

OC). Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in

vessels.

water. Combustible.

Derivation: From crude fermentation of butyric acid,

capillary array. Gel-filled silica capillaries

fractional distillation of natural fatty acids.

used to separate fragments for DNA sequencing.

Grade: Technical, reagent to 99.8%, FCC.

The small diameter of the capillaries permit the

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

application of higher electric fields, providing high

Use: Analytical chemistry, flavors, manufacture of

speed, high throughput separations that are signifi-

rubber chemicals, varnish driers, resins, and phar-

cantly faster than traditional slab gels.

maceuticals.

capillator. An instrument for colorimetrically

caproic aldehyde. See n-hexaldehyde.

comparing pH values in capillary tubes.

l-capnoidine.

caprolactam. (aminocaproic lactam; 2-oxo-

CAS: 485-50-7. mf: C

hexamethyleneimine).

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 105-60-2.

Source: Natural product.

“Capoten” [Bristol-Myers]. TM for captopril.

“Capow” [Kenrich]. TM for a series of pow-

dered forms of coupling agents based on titanium,

Properties: White flakes or fused. Mp 68–69C; bp

zirconium, or aluminum.

180C (50 mm Hg); d (70% solution) 1.05; refr index

1.4935 (40C); 1.4965 (31C), heat of fusion 29 cal/g,

“Capracyl” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

heat of vaporization 116 cal/g; viscosity 9 cP 78C;

neutral-dyeing, premetalized acid colors that pro-

vap press 3 mm Hg 100C, 50 mm Hg 180C. Soluble

duce the highest possible degree of lightfastness on

in water, chlorinated solvents, petroleum distillate,

nylon. Also suitable for dyeing wool, particularly in

and cyclohexene.

blends with cellulosic fibers.

Derivation: (1) Catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane

to cyclohexanol, reacting with peracetic acid to form

capraldehyde. See n-decanal.

caprolactone, and further reaction with ammonia;

(2) catalytic hydrogenation of phenol to cyclohexa-

none, reaction with ammonia to cyclohexanone ox-

“Capran” [General Electric]. TM for trans-

ime with Beckmann rearrangement with sulfuric

parent nylon 6 thermoplastic film used for food

acid catalyst; (3) catalytic oxidation of cyclohexane

packaging.

to cyclohexanone, reaction with hydroxylamine sul-

fate and ammonia to cyclohexanone oxime followed

capreomycin (USAN). Antibiotic produced

by sulfuric acid—catalyzed Beckmann rearrange-

by Streptomyces capreolus. Used in medicine.

ment; (4) UV-catalyzed reaction of cyclohexane

with nitrosyl chloride to cyclohexanone oxime hy-

capric acid. (decanoic acid; decoic acid; de-

drochloride, followed by Beckmann rearrangement.

cylic acid).

Method (1) was never used commercially. Method

CAS: 334-48-5. CH

(CH

)

COOH. Occurs as a

(3) has been modified to minimize formation of by-

glyceride in natural oils.

product ammonium sulfate.

Properties: White crystals, unpleasant odor. D

Available forms: Flake, molten.

0.8858 (40C), bp 270C, 172.6C (30 mm Hg), mp

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: (vapor) 5 ppm,

31.5C, refr index 1.4288 (40C), acid number

(dust) 1 mg/m

308–315. Soluble in most organic solvents and di-

Use: Manufacture of synthetic fibers (especially ny-

lute nitric acid; insoluble in water. Combustible.

lon 6), plastics, bristles, film, coatings; synthetic

Derivation: Fractional distillation of coconut-oil fat-

leather, plasticizers and paint vehicles, cross-linking

ty acids.

agent for polyurethanes, synthesis of amino acid

Grade: Technical, 90%, FCC.

lysine.

Use: Esters for perfumes and fruit flavors, base for

wetting agents, intermediates, plasticizer, resins, in-

termediate for food-grade additives.

caprolactone.

228“CAPROLAN”

Derivation: Reaction product of peracetic acid and inhalation of dust or spray mist. TLV: 5 mg/m

cyclohexanone, an intermediate product in the man- Avoid contamination of feed and foodstuffs.

ufacture of caprolactam. Use: Seed treatment; fungicide in paints, plastics,

Use: Intermediate in adhesives, urethane coatings,

leather, fabrics; fruit preservation; bacteriostat.

and elastomers; solvent; diluent for epoxy resins;

synthetic fibers; organic synthesis.

captopril. (2,d-methyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-l-

proline). An orally active hypertensive drug. Its use

“Caprolan” [General Electric]. TM for a

is limited by FDA. Said to be free from usual side

polyamide fiber made from polymerized caprolac-

effects of commonly used hypertensive drugs.

tam. Has excellent dyeability and a wide variety of

end uses, maintains a superior level of dimensional

capture. The process in which an atomic or nu-

stability after heat setting, and has outstanding me-

clear system acquires an additional particle, e.g., the

chanical qualities.

capture of electrons by positive ions or capture of

See caprolactam; nylon.

electrons or neutrons by nuclei.

See cross-section (1); neutron; fission.

“Capron” [General Electric]. TM for type

of nylon 6 resin.

caramel. (1) A sugar-based food colorant made

Use: Injection or blow molding, compounding extru-

from liquid corn syrup by heating in the presence of

sion, and film production.

catalysts to approximately 250F (121C) for several

hours, cooling to 200F (93C), and filtering. The

capryl compounds. The term approximately

brown color results from either Maillard reactions,

capryl is generally but erroneously used in the trade

true caramelization, or oxidative reactions. Cara-

to refer to octyl compounds. Thus, the definition of

mels are colloidal in nature, the particles being held

capryl and caprylic compounds will be found under

in solution by either positive or negative electric

the corresponding octyl entry, e.g., for capryl alco-

charges.

hol. See sec-n-octyl alcohol; for caprylic halides, see

See caramelization; browning reaction.

corresponding octyl halide; for caprylic acid see

(2) A low-enriched uranium reactor fuel containing

octanoic acid.

6.8%

235

U (approximately 10 times as much as natu-

ral uranium). It has sufficient neutron density to

caprylyl peroxide. Legal label name for octyl

yield plutonium.

peroxide.

caramelization. A type of nonenzymic brown-

capsanthin.

ing reaction occurring during exposure of food prod-

CAS: 465-42-9. mf: C

ucts to heat when the products contain no nitrogen

Hazard: A poison by skin contact.

compounds, e.g., sugars.

See browning reaction.

capsid. The protein coat of a virus particle.

caraway oil.

cap site. (a) In eukaryotes, the cap site is the

Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 0.900–0.910. Insol-

position in the gene at which transcription starts, and

uble in water; soluble in alcohol. The oil obtained

really should be called the “transcription initiation

from the caraway seed. The chief components are

site”. The first nucleotide is transcribed from this

carvone and d-limonene.

site to start the nascent RNA chain. That nucleotide

Use: Medicinels and food flavoring.

becomes the 5

′

end of the chain, and thus the nucleo-

tide to which the cap structure is attached.

carbamate. A compound based on carbamic acid

(b) In bacteria, the CAP site (note the capital letters)

(NH

COOH), which is used only in the form of its

is a site on the DNA to which a protein factor (the

numerous derivatives and salts.

Catabolite Activated Protein) binds.

carbamic acid, ester with salicylaldehyde

captafol. See cis-n-[1,1,2,2-(tetrachloroe-

dimethyl acetal. See salicylaldehyde di-

thyl)thio]-4-cyclohexene-1,2-dicarboximide.

methyl acetal carbamate.

captan. (N-trichloromethylmercapto-tetrahydro-

carbamide. See urea.

phthalimide).

CAS: 133-06-2. C

carbamide peroxide. See urea peroxide.

Properties: White to cream powder. Mp 158–164C,

d 1.5. Practically insoluble in water; partially solu-

ble in acetone, benzene, and toluene, slightly soluble

carbamide phosphoric acid. (urea phos-

in ethylene dichloride and chloroform. phoric acid). CO(NH

)

•H

Derivation: Reaction product of tetrahydrophtha- Properties: White, rhombic crystals. Very soluble in

lamide and trichloromethylmercaptan. water and alcohol.

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. An irritant. Avoid Hazard: Evolves toxic fumes when heated.

229 CARBIDE

Use: Catalyst for acid-setting resins, flame-proofing rivatives where the carbon is multiple bonded to

compositions, cleaning compounds, acidulant. oxygen or nitrogen are stable compounds (carbon

monoxide); most are highly reactive units known

carbamidine. See guanidine. only as reaction intermediates. Carbenes, carboni-

um ions, carbanions, and free radicals are the four

carbamite. See sym-diethyldiphenylurea. most important classes of organic reaction interme-

diates containing carbon in an unstable valence

state. A typical synthesis involving a carbene is that

carbamylguanidine sulfate. See guanylurea

of cyclopropanes by the addition of carbenes to

sulfate.

olefins.

carbamylhydrazine hydrochloride. See

carbenoid. Class of materials precipitated when

semicarbazide hydrochloride.

certain crude oils or bitumens are dissolved in

naptha.

carbamylurea. See biuret.

2-carbethoxycyclohexanone.

carbanil. See phenyl isocyanate.

COOC

Properties: Colorless liquid with a characteristic es-

carbanilide. See diphenylurea.

ter odor. Bp 106–107C (11 mm Hg), d 1.074 (25C),

refr index 1.4750 (17.5C). Soluble in dilute alkali;

carbanion. A negatively charged organic ion,

insoluble in water. Combustible.

such as H

−

or RC

−

, having one more electron than

Use: Intermediate.

the corresponding free radical. Carbanions are

short-lived but important intermediates in base-cat-

2-carbethoxycyclopentanone. (ethyl cyclo-

alyzed polymerization and alkylation reactions.

pentanone-2-carboxylate; ethyl-2-oxocyclopenta-

See carbonium ion; carbene; free radical.

necarboxylate). OC

COOC

Properties: Colorless liquid with characteristic ester

carbaryl. (“Sevin”; generic name for 1-naph-

odor. Bp 122–124C (25 mm Hg), flash p 191F

thyl-N-methylcarbamate).

(88.3C), refr index 1.451 (25C), d 1.0976 (0C).

CAS: 63-25-2. C

OOCNHCH

Soluble in equimolar amounts of dilute alcohol;

Properties: Solid. Mp 142C, d 1.23. Insoluble in

insoluble in water. Combustible.

water.

Hazard: Vapors are toxic, as is skin contact.

Derivation: Synthesized directly from 1-naphthol

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

and methyl isocyanate or from naphthyl chlorofor-

mate (1-naphthol and phosgene) plus methylamine.

␤-carbethoxyethyltriethoxysilane.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

OOC(CH

)

Si(OC

)

absorption; irritant. A reversible cholinesterase in-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 246C. Combustible.

hibitor. Use may be restricted. TLV: 5 mg/m

Hazard: An irritant.

Use: Insecticide.

Use: Intermediate.

carbazide. See carbodihydrazide.

N-carbethoxypiperazine. C

Properties: Colorless, somewhat viscous liquid;

carbazole. (dibenzopyrrole; diphenylenimine).

slight odor. Bp 116–117C (12 mm Hg), 237C, refr

CAS: 86-74-8. (C

)

NH (tricyclic).

index 1.4756 (25C). Miscible with water and com-

Properties: White crystals with characteristic odor.

mon organic solvents.

Mp 244–246C, bp 352–354C. Partially soluble in

Use: Intermediate.

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: (1) From crude anthracene cake by se-

lective solution of the phenanthrene with crude sol-

␤-carbethoxypropylmethyldiethoxysilane.

vent naphtha, removal of the anthracene by conver- C

OOC(C

)CH

Si(OC

)

sion into a sulfonic derivative, and extraction by Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 228C. Combustible.

means of water. (2) Synthetically from o-aminobi- Hazard: An irritant.

phenyl. Use: Intermediate.

Grade: Technical, 97%.

Use: Manufacture of dyes, reagents, explosives, in-

carbide. A binary solid compound of carbon and

secticides, lubricants, rubber antioxidants; odor in-

another element. The most familiar carbides are

hibitor in detergents, UV sensitizer for photographic

those of calcium, tungsten, silicon, boron, and iron

plates.

(cementite). Two factors have an important bearing

on the properties of carbides: (1) the difference in

carbazotic acid. See picric acid.

electronegativity between carbon and the second

element, and (2) whether the second element is a

carbene. (methylene). An organic radical con- transition metal. Saltlike carbides of alkali metals

taining divalent carbon. Some divalent-carbon de- are obtained by reaction with acetylene. Those ob-

230CARBIDE, CEMENTED

tained from silver, copper, and mercury salts are Properties: Mw 223.23, mp 82–84C, optical rotation

explosive. −14.2 degrees (23C).

See acetylide; carbide, refractory; carbide, cemented. Grade: 98+% pure.

Carbocaine. Proprietary name for mepivacaine

carbide, cemented. A powdered form of re-

hydrochloride.

fractory carbide united by compression with a bond-

Use: Local anesthetic in dentistry..

ing material (usually iron, nickel, or cobalt), fol-

lowed by sintering. Tungsten carbide is bonded with

carbocalcitonin.

cobalt at 1400C; from 3 to 25% of cobalt is used,

CAS: 60731-46-6. mf: C

148

244

depending on the properties desired. Used chiefly in

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

metal-cutting tools that are hard enough to permit

cutting speeds in rock or metal up to 100 times that

carbocation. A positively charged ion whose

obtained with alloy steel tools.

charge resides at least partially on a carbon atom or

group of carbon atoms.

carbide, refractory. A carbide characterized

See carbonium ion.

by great hardness, thermal stability, high melting

point, and chemical resistance. Decomposed by fu-

carbocoal. A fuel, obtained by distilling a mix of

sion with alkali and attacked by mixtures of nitric

coal pitch and residue, which produces dark-gray

and hydrofluoric acids. The best-known refractory

briquettes.

carbides are those of silicon, boron, tungsten, and

tantalum. Used as abrasives, furnace linings, and in

carbocyclic. Any organic compound whose

other high-temperature applications. Some types are

skeleton is in the form of a closed ring of carbon

bonded.

atoms. This includes both alicyclic and aromatic

structures.

carbinol. (1) Synonym for methanol, CH

OH; (2)

any compound of similar structure retaining the

carbodihydrazide. (carbazide). CO(NHNH

)

COH radical and in which hydrocarbon radicals may

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 154C, d 1.1616

be substituted for the hydrogen originally attached

(−5C). Very soluble in water and alcohol.

to the carbon. Thus, isopropanol, (CH

)

O, and

Use: Organic intermediate and photographic chem-

benzyl alcohol, C

OH, may be named dime-

ical.

thylcarbinol and phenylcarbinol, respectively.

carbodiimide. See cyanamide (1).

carbinoxamine maleate. (2-[p-chloro-␣-(2-

dimethylaminoethoxy)-benzyl]pyridinemaleate).

-carbodithioic. Suffix for an organic acid in

ClC

CH(C

N)OCH

N(CH

)

•C

which sulfur replaces both oxygen atoms of the

Properties: White crystalline powder; odorless; bit-

carboxyl.

ter. Mp 116–121C, pH (1% solution) 4.6–5.1. Very

soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol and chlo-

carbofuran. See “Furadan.”

roform; very slightly soluble in ether.

Grade: NF.

carbohydrase. An enzyme whose catalytic ac-

Use: Medicine.

tivity is directed toward the breaking down of com-

plex carbohydrates to simpler units. Illustrations are

“Carbitol” [Dow]. TM for a group of mono-

amylase, invertase, maltase.

and dialkyl ethers of diethylene glycol and their

derivatives, specialized solvents with a wide variety

carbohydrase, aspergillus.

of properties and uses. Specific types are as follows:

Properties: From fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae

butyl “Carbitol”.

var. Tan amorphous powder or liquid. Sol in water.

See diethylene glycol monobutyl ether.

Use: Food additive.

butyl “Carbitol” acetate. See diethylene glycol

monobutyl ether acetate.

carbohydrase and cellilase.

“Carbitol” acetate. See diethylene glycol mo-

Properties: Derived from Aspergillus niger.

noethyl ether acetate.

Use: Food additive.

N-hexyl “Carbitol”. See diethylene glycol mo-

nohexyl ether.

carbohydrase and protease, mixed.

methyl “Carbitol”. See diethylene glycol mo-

Properties: From controlled fermentation of Bacil-

nomethyl ether.

lus licheniformus var. Brown amorphous powders

or liquid. Sol in water; insol in alc, chloroform,

carbitol acrylate. See ethylcarbitol acrylate.

ether.

Use: Food additive.

carbobenzyloxy-l-alanine.

CH(NHCO

)CO

H. carbohydrase, rhizopus.

231 CARBON

Properties: Derived from Rhizopus oryzae.

carbometer. Device for measuring the quality of

Use: Food additive. carbon in steel by determining the magnetic charac-

teristics of a standard-size sample as cast at the

furnace.

carbohydrate. A compound of carbon, hydro-

gen, and oxygen that contains the saccharose unit or

carbomethoxy malathion.

its first reaction product and in which the ratio

CAS: 3700-89-8. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human sys-

temic effects. A severe skin and eye irritant.

3-carbomethoxy-1-methyl-4-piperidone

of hydrogen to oxygen is the same as in water. Carbo-

hydrochloride. C

•HCl.

hydrates are the most abundant class of organic com-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 165C. Solu-

pounds, constituting three-fourths of the dry weight of

ble in water, alcohols; insoluble in ether, hydro-

all vegetation. They are also widely distributed in

carbons.

animals and lower forms of life. They comprise: (1)

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

monosaccharides, simple sugars such as fructose (lev-

ulose) and its isomer glucose (dextrose), both having

the formula C

; (2) disaccharides, sucrose

2-carbomethoxy-1-methylvinyl dimethyl

), maltose, cellobiose, and lactose; and (3)

phosphate. The ␤-isomer is also a pesticide.

polysaccharides (high polymeric substances). The last

See mevinphos for the ␣-isomer.

group includes all starch and cellulose families, as well

as pectin, the seaweed products agar and carrageenan,

carbomycin.

and natural gums. The simple sugars are crystalline

CAS: 4564-87-8. C

. An antibiotic isolated

and water soluble, with a sweet taste; starches are

from products of Streptomyces halstedii when

water soluble, tasteless, and amorphous; cellulose is

grown in suitable media by the deep-culture method.

insoluble in water and organic solvents and is only

It inhibits growth of certain Gram-positive bacteria

partially crystalline. Galactose, sorbose, xylose, arabi-

such as staphylococci, pneumococci, and hemolytic

nose, and mannose are constituents of more complex

streptococci. Mp 214C.

sugars. The natural gums are water soluble plant prod-

ucts composed of monosaccharide units joined by gly-

carbon.

cosidic bonds (arabic, tragacanth). Carbohydrates are

CAS: 7440-44-0. C. A nonmetallic element, atomic

an important natural source of ethanol now in exten-

number 6, aw 12.011, group IVA of the periodic

sive use in gasohol and other energy applications.

table, normal valence 4, but divalent forms are

See energy sources; gasohol; fermentation.

known (carbenes). Carbon has two stable and four

radioactive isotopes. The

C isotope, which com-

Carbohydrogen. See oil gas.

prises 99% of the element, is the standard to which

atomic weights of all other elements are referred

(i.e.,

12.00 exactly). One mole of carbon atoms

carboid. An asphaltic material insoluble in tri-

(6.02 × 10

) is contained in 12 g of

C. Carbon has

chlorethylene.

two crystalline allotropes (diamond and graphite)

and several amorphous allotropes (coal, coke, car-

“Carbolac” [Cabot]. TM for high-color chan-

bon black, charcoal). Carbon is present in all organic

nel blacks, used for paint, varnish, and lacquer.

and in a few inorganic compounds (carbon oxides,

carbon disulfide, and metallic carbonates such as

carbolated camphor. See phenol, campho-

calcium carbonate). It is the active element in photo-

rated.

synthesis and thus occurs in all plant and animal life.

The radioisotope

C is used in tracer research and

chemical dating. Carbon is a strong reducing agent

carbolfuchsin. (Ziehl’s stain). A staining solu-

and is used as such in purifying metals. It is one of

tion of fuchsin in alcohol and aqueous phenol used

the few elements capable of forming four covalent

in the study of microorganisms.

bonds. Its strong electrical conductivity is used to

advantage in electrodes and other electrical devices.

carbolic acid. Legal label name for phenol.

Its presence in small proportions in steel has a pro-

nounced effect on the properties of the metal. Car-

carbolic oil. (middle oil). The fraction, having

bon forms binary compounds called carbides with

a boiling range of about 190–250C, obtained from

many metals and some nonmetals. A few com-

distillation of coal tar and containing naphthalene,

pounds are known that contain divalent carbon (car-

phenol, and cresols.

benes or methylenes).

Since its major properties and uses vary widely with

carbomer. A polymer composed of acrylic acid its form, the following entries should be consulted:

cross-linked with allyl sucrose. diamond, graphite, activated carbon, carbon black,

232CARBON-11

industrial carbon, charcoal, wood, coke, steel, car- (calcium carbonate) and that with an aliphatic or

bon cycle. aromatic compound forms an ester, e.g., diethyl

carbonate, diphenyl carbonate. The latter are liquids

used as solvents and in synthesizing polycarbonate

carbon-11. (

C). A short-lived radioactive iso-

tope of carbon that emits positrons, which in turn resins.

become a source of ␥-rays when they collide with an See carbonic acid.

electron within the body. It is used experimentally in

nuclear medicine for labeling pharmaceuticals.

carbonate hardness of water. Hardness as

a result of the introduction of carbonate, bicarbonate

carbon-13. (

C). A stable, nonradioactive car- of calcium, and magnesium.

bon isotope used for special analytical research.

Commercially available in gram quantities.

carbonate mineral. A mineral in which the

basic building block is a carbon atom linked to three

carbon-14. (

C; radiocarbon). Naturally occur- oxygen atoms. Calcite, aragonite, and dolomite are

ring, radioactive carbon isotope of mass number 14, the most abundant examples found in sediments and

a special case of radioactivity induced by cosmic sedimentary rocks.

rays in the upper atmosphere. Neutrons produced by

cosmic radiation impact nitrogen atoms to yield

carbonate rock. A sedimentary rock that con-

and a proton. Half-life 5580 years; ␤-radiation. Can

sists primarily of carbonate minerals. The dominant

be made by reactor irradiation of calcium nitrate.

mineral is nearly always either calcite, in which case

Use: Radiation source in thickness gauges and other

the rock is limestone, or dolomite, in which case the

instruments, elucidation of mechanisms in organic

rock is dolomite.

chemistry, metallurgy, and biochemical reactions,

radiocarbon dating in geology and archaeometry.

carbonate sediment. Unconsolidated sedi-

See chemical dating; archaeometry.

ment that consists primarily of carbonate minerals,

usually aragonite or calcite.

Carbona. An obsolete proprietary mixture of pe-

troleum ether (bp 70–72C) and carbon tetrachloride.

carbonation. (1) Saturation of a liquid with car-

Use: Cleaning fluid.

bon dioxide. (2) Production of a carbonate by means

of carbon dioxide. (3) Removal of excess lime in

carbon, activated. (active carbon; activated

sugar refining by carbon dioxide.

charcoal). An amorphous form of carbon character-

ized by high adsorptivity for many gases, vapors,

carbon atom. (1) Primary: a carbon atom hav-

and colloidal solids. The carbon is obtained by the

ing not more than one other carbon directly attached

destructive distillation of wood, nutshells, animal

to it. (2) Secondary: a carbon atom having two other

bones, or other carbonaceous material. It is “activa-

carbon atoms directly attached to it. (3) Tertiary: a

ted” by heating to 800–900C with steam or carbon

carbon atom that is joined to three other carbon

dioxide, which results in a porous internal structure

atoms. (4) Quatenrary: a carbon atom having four

(honeycomb-like). The internal surface area of acti-

other carbon atoms directly attached to it.

vated carbon averages approximately 10,000 square

feet per gram. The density is from 0.08 to 0.5. It is

carbon bisulfide. See carbon disulfide.

not effective in removing ethylene.

Grade: Technical, USP, as activated charcoal.

carbon black.

Hazard: Flammable. Toxic by inhalation of dust.

CAS: 1333-86-4. A finely divided form of carbon,

Use: Decolorizing of sugar, water and air purifica-

practically all of which is made by burning vapor-

tion, solvent recovery, waste treatment, removal of

ized heavy-oil fractions in a furnace with 50% of the

sulfur dioxide from stack gases and “clean” rooms,

air required for complete combustion (partial oxida-

deodorant, removal of jet fumes from airports, cata-

tion). This type is also called furnace black. Carbon

lyst for natural-gas purification, brewing, chromium

black can also be made from methane or natural gas

electroplating, air- conditioning.

by cracking (thermal black) or direct combustion

(channel black), but these methods are virtually ob-

carbonado. See diamond, industrial.

solete. All types are characterized by extremely fine

particle size, which accounts for their reinforcing

-carbonal. A suffix that indicates the presence of

and pigmenting effectiveness.

the −CHO group.

Grade: (Furnace black) conducting (CF), fine (FF),

high modulus (HMF), high elongation (HEF), rein-

carbon, amorphous. See carbon, activated;

forcing (RF), semireinforcing (SRF), high abrasion

carbon black.

(HAF), super abrasion (SAF), fast extruding (FEF),

general purpose (GPF), intermediate super abrasion

carbonate. A compound resulting from the reac- (ISAF), channel replacement (CRF), easy-process-

tion of either a metal or an organic compound with ing furnace black (EPF).

carbonic acid. The reaction with a metal yields a salt Hazard: TLV: 3.5 mg/m

233 CARBON DIOXIDE

Use: Tire treads, belt covers, and other abrasion-re- replaced by the sequence

N→

C+O→

sistant rubber products; plastics as reinforcing This has maintained the constant ratio of carbon

agent, opacifier, electrical conductor, UV-light ab- isomers during the ages, however, burning of fossil

sorber; colorant for printing inks; carbon paper; fuels since the Industrial Revolution has lowered

typewriter ribbons; paint pigment; nucleating agent somewhat the fraction of carbon-14 in the atmo-

in weather modification; expanders in battery sphere during the last few centuries, which does not

plates; solar-energy absorber (see note). affect measurements on older objects. The sample to

Note: A suspension of finely divided carbon particles be tested must be carefully prepared to prevent con-

in compressed air has been researched as a solar- tamination by younger carbon. The radiocarbon

energy absorber. The heat is absorbed until the parti- technique was discovered by Willard F. Libby

cles vaporize, yielding energy that can be used di- (1908–1980), who won a Nobel Prize (1960), and

rectly or for power production. The suspension is has been applied with great success in the fields of

placed in a transparent container located in a solar archaeology, geology, geochemistry, and geophy-

concentrator. sics. Its accuracy has been checked and verified by

use of tree-ring counts (dendrochronology) and with

the known ages of objects from ancient cultures,

carbon-black oil. A heavy refinery fraction

such as Egyptian and Chinese. The former shows

similar to fuel oil, used as a feedstock for furnace

that for the 2400–6000-year age of bristlecone-pine

black.

tree rings, 5200

C years equal 6000 calendar years.

carbon, combined. A metallurgical term for

carbon that has combined chemically with iron to

carbon dichloride. See perchloroethylene.

form cementite, as distinct from graphitic carbon in

iron or steel.

carbon dioxide.

See ferrite.

CAS: 124-38-9. CO

Properties: (1) Gas: colorless; odorless. D 1.97 g/L

carbon cycle. (1) The progress of carbon from

(0C, 1 atm), d 1.53 (air

1.00). (2) Liquid: volatile,

air (carbon dioxide) to plants by photosynthesis

colorless; odorless. D 1.101 (−37C), sp volume 8.76

(sugar and starches), then through the metabolism of

cu ft/lb (70F). (3) Solid (dry ice): white, snowlike

animals to decomposition products that ultimately

flakes or cubes. D 1.56 (−79C), mp −78.5C (sub-

return it to the atmosphere in the form of carbon

limes). All forms are noncombustible. Miscible with

dioxide. (2) One of the processes by which the sun

water (1.7 volumes per volume at 0C and 0.76 vol-

and other self-luminous astronomical bodies are

ume per volume at 25C and 760 mm Hg partial

thought to derive their energy. The net process is the

pressure of CO

). Also miscible with hydrocarbons

combination (fusion) of four hydrogen atoms to

and most organic liquids. An asphyxiant gas in con-

form helium. The carbon cycle involves successive

centrations of 10% or more; low concentrations

additions of hydrogen atoms, followed by ␤ decay,

(1–3%) increase lung ventilation and are used ad-

to an initial carbon-12 atom until a final step is

mixed with oxygen in resuscitation equipment.

reached in which the new nucleus breaks down to a

Derivation: (1) Gas: for industrial use, carbon diox-

helium atom and regenerated carbon-12. The carbon

ide is recovered from synthesis gas in ammonia

thus functions as a catalyst for the process. At the

production, substitute-natural gas production,

temperatures prevailing in the sun, all atoms are

cracking of hydrocarbons, and natural springs or

stripped of their electrons and the reaction is be-

wells. For laboratory purposes it is obtained by the

tween the nuclei of the atoms (thermonuclear reac-

action of an acid on a carbonate. It is also a by-

tion). Symbolically the set of reactions is written

product of the fermentation of carbohydrates and an

H →

N →

C+e;

C+

H →

N+

H →

end product of combustion and respiration. Air con-

O→

N+e,

N→

C+

He.

tains 0.033% of carbon dioxide (see greenhouse

See fusion.

effect). (2) Liquid: by compressing and cooling the

gas to approximately −37C. (3) Solid (dry ice): by

carbon dating. Radiocarbon dating is a method expanding the liquid to vapor and snow in presses

of determining quite accurately the age of a carbon- that compact the product into blocks. The vapor is

bearing material derived from living plants or ani- recycled.

mals within the last 70,000 years. It is based on Grade: Technical, USP, commercial and welding,

determining the ratio of carbon-14 in the material to 99.5%, bone dry (99.95%).

that in a modern reference sample by measuring the Hazard: Solid damaging to skin and tissue; keep

radioactivity of the carbon-14 in the material. Since away from mouth and eyes. TLV: 5000 ppm (gas).

the half-life of carbon-14 is 5730 n˜30 years and the Use: Refrigeration, carbonated beverages, aerosol

living precursor utilized carbon dioxide from the propellant, chemical intermediate (carbonates, syn-

atmosphere or some other part of the earth’s dynam- thetic fibers, p-xylene, etc.), low-temperature test-

ic carbon reservoir, a process that ceased when the ing, fire extinguishing, inert atmospheres, municipal

original plant or animal died, the amount of carbon- water treatment, medicine, enrichment of air in

14 now present gives directly the age of the material. greenhouses, fracturing and acidizing of oil wells,

The carbon-14 in the reservoir is constantly being mining (Cardox method), miscible pressure source,

234CARBON DISULFIDE

hardening of foundry molds and cores, shielding gas in the form of tiny flakes distributed throughout the

mass. The tendency of graphitic carbon is to weaken

for welding, cloud seeding, moderator in some types

the metal, whereas combined carbon, up to the limit

of nuclear reactors, immobilization for humane ani-

of approximately 0.90%, strengthens it.

mal killing, special lasers, blowing agent, as demul-

See pearlite; cementite; ferrite.

sifier in tertiary oil recovery, possible source of

methane, (liquid) carrier for powdered-coal slurry.

Note: Carbon dioxide is the source of the carbon

carbon hexachloride. See hexachloroethane.

utilized by plants to form organic compounds in the

photosynthetic reaction catalyzed by chlorophyll.

carbonic acid. H

See photosynthesis; carbon cycle (1).

carbon disulfide. (carbon bisulfide).

CAS: 75-15-0. CS

Properties: Clear, colorless, or faintly yellow liquid;

A weak acid formed by reaction of carbon dioxide

almost odorless when pure; usually strong, disagree-

with water. Both organic and inorganic carbonates are

able odor. D 1.260 at 25/25C, bp 46.3C, fp −111C,

formed from it by reaction with organic compounds or

wt/gal 10.48 lb (25C), refr index 1.6232 (25C), flash

metals, respectively. Thus inorganic carbonates

p −22F (−30C), autoign temp 212F (100C). Soluble

(CaCO

,Na

, etc.) are salts of carbonic

in alcohol, benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in

acid, and organic carbonates are esters of carbonic

water. Classed as an inorganic compound.

acid.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of natural gas or petroleum

fractions with sulfur. (2) From natural gas and hy-

drogen sulfide at very high temperature (plasma

carbonic anhydrase. An enzyme in red blood

process). (3) By heating sulfur and charcoal and

cells that catalyzes the production of carbon dioxide

condensing the carbon disulfide vapors.

and water from carbonic acid.

Method of purification: Distillation.

Use: Biochemical research.

Impurities: Sulfur compounds.

Grade: 99.9%, spectrophotometric.

carbon, industrial. Any form of pure carbon

Hazard: A poison. Toxic by skin absorption. TLV:

used for industrial purposes, exclusive of fuel. Coke

10 ppm. Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

is one of the most important. Besides its use (com-

plosion risk, can be ignited by friction. Explosive

bined with coal tar pitch) for refractories, furnace

limits in air 1–50%.

linings, electrodes, fibers, etc., it has tremendous

Use: Viscose rayon, cellophane, manufacture of car-

volume consumption for reduction of iron in blast

bon tetrachloride and flotation agents, solvent.

furnaces (see coke). Graphite in its many applica-

tions is another form; activated carbon for decoloriz-

carbon, divalent. See carbene.

ing and solvent recovery, carbon black for rubber

and printing inks, industrial diamonds as abrasives

Carbone primary cell. This device uses a

and drilling bits, compressed carbon for electrodes

porous, cup-shaped carbon element as the positive

and other electrical uses, and carbon fibers and

electrode and a zinc ring as the negative. The elec-

whiskers are all included in this term.

trolyte is a caustic-soda solution with a special min-

eral oil floating on its surface. The oil prevents

evaporation of the electrolyte.

carbonium ion. A positively charged organic

ion, such as H

, etc., having one less

carbon fiber. See graphite fiber.

electron than the corresponding free radical and

acting in subsequent chemical reactions as though

carbon fixation reactions. (dark reactions).

the positive charge were localized on the carbon

The light-independent enzymatic reactions involved

atom. Such ions can exist only when corresponding

in the synthesis of glucose from CO2, ATP, and

negative ions are also present. An electron-deficient

NADPH.

carbon atom is extremely reactive and has only a

transitory existence in most cases, but many organic

carbon fluoride. (CF)

F. A solid, noncon-

rearrangement and replacement reactions are effec-

ductive material formed on carbon anodes during

tively explained in terms of a carbonium-ion inter-

electrolysis of molten potassium fluoride–hydrogen

mediate, including acid-catalyzed polymerization

fluoride mixtures to yield elemental fluoride. C

Fis

of propylene and other olefins. In this case, propyl-

unstable above 60C, (CF)

forms only at high tem-

ene and hydrogen ion form a carbonium ion as

peratures.

follows:

C−HC==CH

→ H

C−HC

−CH

carbon, graphitic. A metallurgical term refer- The latter then combines with another molecule of

ring to practically pure carbon that forms in pig iron HC

−HC==CH

to start chain growth. The difference

during cooling because the absorbing power of iron between a carbonium ion, a free radical, and a carb-

for carbon decreases as its temperature falls. It exists anion may be illustrated as follows:

235 CARBON TETRACHLORIDE

carbon oxychloride. See phosgene.

carbon oxycyanide. See carbonyl cyanide.

carbon oxyfluoride. See carbonyl fluoride.

carbon oxysulfide. See carbonyl sulfide.

carbonium salt. Alkyl halide in which three

hydrogen atoms in the methyl group have been re-

carbon ratio. (1) Fixed carbon percentage coal.

placed by aryl radicals. It acts as an electrolyte when

(2) Ratio of isotopes

Cto

dissolved.

carbon steel. See steel.

carbonization. See destructive distillation.

carbon suboxide. C

. Molecular structure:

carbon monoxide.

O==C==C==C==O.

CAS: 630-08-0. CO. Discovered by Priestly in

Properties: Colorless gas or liquid; strong, pungent

America in 1799.

odor. Bp 7C, fp −110C, refr index 1.45, d 1.12.

Properties: Colorless gas or liquid; practically

Forms malonic acid with water. Polymerizes on

odorless. Burns with a violet flame. D 0.96716 (air

storage, even under pressure of 7 atm.

1.0), bp −190C, fp −207C, sp vol 13.8 cu ft/lb

Derivation: From malonic acid by destructive distil-

(21.1C), autoign temp (liquid) 1128F (609C).

lation.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

Hazard: Explosive limits in air 6–30%. Strong irri-

benzene. Classed as an inorganic compound.

tant to eyes and mucous membranes, cause lachry-

Derivation: (1) Made almost pure by placing a mix-

mation and impaired breathing.

ture of oxygen and carbon dioxide in contact with

Use: Dyeing auxiliary, chemical intermediate.

incandescent graphite, coke, or anthracite. (2) Ac-

tion of steam on hot coke or coal (water gas) or on

carbon tetrabromide. (tetrabromomethane).

natural gas (synthesis gas). In the latter case, carbon

CAS: 558-13-4. CBr

. A brominated hydrocarbon.

dioxide is removed by absorption in amine solution,

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.42, mp 90.1C, bp

and the hydrogen and carbon monoxide separated in

189.5C. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,

a low-temperature unit. (3) By-product in chemical

and chloroform. Noncombustible.

reactions. (4) Combustion of organic compound

Hazard: A poison; narcotic in high concentration.

with limited amount of oxygen, as in automobile

TLV: 0.1 ppm.

cylinders. (5) Dehydration of formic acid.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Grade: Commercial (98%), CP (99.5%).

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

carbon tetrachloride. (tetrachloromethane;

plosion risk. Flammable limits in air 12–75% by

perchloromethane).

volume. Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 25 ppm. Note:

CAS: 56-23-5. CCl

. A chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Carbon monoxide has an affinity for blood hemo-

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweetish, distinctive

globin over 200 times that of oxygen. A major air

odor. Vapor 5.3 times heavier than air, d 1.585 (25/

pollutant.

4C), bp 76.74C, fp −23.0C, refr index 1.4607 (20C),

Use: Organic synthesis (methanol, ethylene, isocya-

vap press 91.3 mm Hg (20C), wt/gal 13.22 lb (25C),

nates, aldehydes, acrylates, phosgene), fuels (gas-

flash p none. Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloro-

eous), metallurgy (special steels, reducing oxides,

form, benzene, solvent naphtha, and most of the

nickel refining), zinc white pigments.

fixed and volatile oils; insoluble in water. Noncom-

bustible.

carbon nanotubes. Carbon atoms formed into

Derivation: (1) Interaction of carbon disulfide and

extended hollow tubes instead of closed, hollow

chlorine in the presence of iron; (2) chlorination of

spheres as in fullerenes. They also form as a series of

methane or higher hydrocarbons at 250–400C.

nested, concentric tubes. Can be used as nanometer-

Method of purification: Treatment with caustic al-

scale syringe needles for injecting molecules into

kali solution to remove sulfur chloride, followed by

cells and as nanoscale probes for making fine-scale

rectification.

measurements.

Grade: Technical, CP, electronic.

Use: Drug delivery, chemical reactors, electronic de-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

vices.

absorption. Do not use to extinguish fire. Narcotic.

See nanophase carbon materials.

A carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: 5 ppm. Decomposes to

phosgene at high temperatures.

carbon nitride. (C

Use: Refrigerants. Metal degreasing, agricultural fu-

Properties: Mw 22.02, d 0.87, mp −34.4, bp −20.5.

migant, chlorinating organic compounds, produc-

tion of semiconductors, solvent (fats, oils, rubber,

carbon oxybromide. See bromophosgene. etc.).

236CARBON TETRAFLUORIDE

Note: Not permitted in products intended for home they decompose to release carbon monoxide when

use. absorbed by the body, e.g., nickel carbonyl. Several

metal carbonyls have antiknock properties. The car-

bonyl group is also found in combination with non-

carbon tetrafluoride. See tetrafluoro-

metals, as in phosgene (carbonyl chloride); these

methane.

compounds are also poisonous.

carbon trichloride. See hexachloroethane.

carbonyl sulfide. (carbon oxysulfide).

CAS: 463-58-1. COS.

carbonyl. A compound of carbon monoxide with

Properties: Colorless gas with typical sulfide odor

a metal, as in Co(CO)

except when pure. D gas 2.1 (air

1), fp −138.8C, bp

−50.2C (1 atm). Soluble in water and alcohol.

N,N

′

-carbonylbis(4-methoxymetanilic

Derivation: Hydrolysis of ammonium or potassium

acid)disodium salt. (sodium methoxymeta-

thiocyanate.

nilate urea). [C

(OCH

)(SO

Na)NH]

CO.

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentrations. Flamma-

Properties: Gray paste, solids approximately 70%.

ble, explosive limits in air 12–28.5%.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Intermediate.

carbophenothion. (generic name for S-[¢(p-

chlorophenyl)thiomethyl]-O,O-diethyl phosphoro-

carbonyl bromide. See bromophosgene.

dithioate; O-O-diethyl-S-(p-chlorophenylthiome-

thyl) phosphorodithioate).

carbonyl chloride. See phosgene.

P(S)SCH

S(C

)Cl.

Properties: Amber liquid. Bp 82C (0.1 mm Hg), d

carbonyl cyanide. (carbon oxycyanide).

1.29 (20C). Essentially insoluble in water; miscible

CO(CN)

with common solvents.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Unstable in the pres-

Hazard: Use may be restricted. A cholinesterase

ence of water. Bp −83C, d 1.139 (−114C), mp 114C.

inhibitor.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

Use: Insecticide, acaricide.

Use: Organic synthesis.

carborane. A crystalline compound composed

1,1

′

-carbonyldiimidazole. (N,N-carbonyldi-

of boron, carbon, and hydrogen. It can be synthe-

imidazole; 1,1

′

-carbonylbis-1H-imidazole).

sized in various ways, chiefly by the reaction of a

O. Should be handled in absence of atmo-

borane (penta- or deca-) with acetylene, either at

spheric moisture to avoid release of carbon dioxide.

high temperature in the gas phase or in the presence

Properties: Off-white powder or crystals. Mw

of a Lewis base. Alkylated derivatives have been

162.15, mp 118–120C.

prepared. Carboranes have different structural and

Use: Enzyme cross-linking agent, condensing agent

chemical characteristics and should not be confused

for nucleoside triphosphate synthesis.

with hydrocarbon derivatives of boron hydrides.

The predominant structures are the cage type, the

carbonyl fluoride. (fluoroformyl fluoride;

nest type, and the web type, these terms being de-

carbon oxyfluoride).

scriptive of the arrangement of atoms in the crystals.

CAS: 353-50-4. COF

Active research on carborane chemistry has been

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic gas. Unstable in

conducted under sponsorship of the U.S. Office of

the presence of water. Bp −83C, d 1.139 (−114C), fp

Naval Research.

−114C. Min purity 97 mole %. Nonflammable.

Derivation: Action of silver fluoride on carbon mon-

m-carboranedimethanol.

oxide.

CAS: 23924-78-9. mf: C

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. A moderate eye

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant to skin.

irritant.

TLV: 2 ppm.

Use: Organic synthesis.

o-carboranedimethanol.

CAS: 19610-37-8. mf: C

carbonyl group. The divalent group ==C==O,

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

which occurs in a wide range of chemical com-

tion. A moderate eye irritant.

pounds. It is present in aldehydes, ketones, organic

acids, and sugars and in the carboxyl group, i.e.,

“Carborundum” [Carborundum]. TM for

abrasives and refractories of silicon carbide, fused

alumina, and other materials.

Properties: For silicon carbide, crystalline form

ranges from small to massive crystals in the hexago-

In combination with transition metals, it forms coor- nal system, the crystals varying from transparent to

dination compounds that are highly toxic, because opaque, with colors from pale green to deep blue or

237 CARBOXYMETHOXYLAMINE

black; hardness Mohs 9.17; d 3.06–3.20. Noncom- Use: Reagent used for the colorimetric determination

of zinc and copper.

bustible, not affected by acids, slowly oxidizes at

temperatures above 1000C, good heat dissipator,

highly refractory.

carboxylase. A decarboxylase enzyme, found in

Use: Abrasive grains and powders for cutting, grind-

plant tissues that acts on pyruvic acid, producing

ing, and polishing; valve-grinding compounds;

acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide.

grinding wheels; coated abrasive products; antislip

Use: Biochemical research.

tiles and treads; refractory grains.

carboxyl group. The chemical group character-

carbosand. Fine sand that has been treated with

istic of carboxylic acids which include fatty acids

an organic solution and roasted to produce a material

and amino acids. It usually occupies the terminal

that can be sprayed onto oil slicks to aid in sinking or

position in the molecule and is capable of assuming

dispersing them.

a negative charge, which makes the end of the mole-

cule water soluble. Though it is customarily shown

“Carboset” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM for wa-

as either COOH or CO

H, the structure of the group

ter-soluble acrylic thermoset and thermoplastic

products.

Use: Protective metal coatings, paints, ceramics, ad-

hesives, textiles, paper, leather, and cosmetics.

-carbothioic. A suffix denoting an organic acid

Thus it is composed of a carbonyl group and a hydrox-

in which an atom of sulfur replaces an atom of

yl group bonded to a carbon atom. The carbon-oxygen

oxygen.

unsaturation within the carboxyl group is of a different

order from the carbon-to-carbon unsaturation in the

-carbothionic. A suffix of organic acids in which

alkyl chain in unsaturated fatty acids. For this reason,

the oxygen of the CO group has been replaced by

fatty acids in which no double bond is present except

sulfur.

that in the carboxyl group are called saturated.

See fatty acid.

“Carbowax” [Dow]. TM for polyethylene gly-

cols and methoxypolyethylene glycols.

carboxylic acid. Any of a broad array of organ-

Grade: Available in various numbered grades, i.e.,

ic acids comprised chiefly of alkyl (hydrocarbon)

200, 400, 1000, 4000, 6000. Usually designated by

groups (CH

,CH

), usually in a straight chain (ali-

approximate molecular weight of polymer.

phatic), terminating in a carboxyl group (COOH).

Use: Water-soluble lubricants; solvents for dyes, res-

Exceptions to this structure are formic acid

ins, proteins; plasticizers for casein and gelatin com-

(HCOOH) and oxalic acid (HOOCCOOH). The

positions, glues, zein, cork, and special printing

number of carbon atoms ranges from one (formic) to

inks; solvent and ointment bases for cosmetics and

26 (cerotic), the carbon of the terminal group being

pharmaceuticals; intermediates for nonionic surfac-

counted as part of the chain. Carboxylic acids in-

tants and alkyd resins.

clude the large and important class of fatty acids and

may be either saturated or unsaturated. A few con-

carboxamide hydrochloride.

tain halogen atoms (chloracetic). There are also

CAS: 158681-13-1. mf: C

O•ClH.

some natural aromatic carboxylic acids (benzoic,

Hazard: A poison.

salicylic), as well as alicyclic types (abietic, chaul-

moogric).

carboxamidoacetamide. See malonamide.

See amino acid.

carboxybenzene. See benzoic acid.

carboxylic acid hydrochloride.

CAS: 164150-85-0. mf: C

•ClH.

1-carboxyethane-2-phosphonic acid. See

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

3-phosphonopropanoic acid.

2-carboxyethyl acrylate. See hydracrylic

carboxymethoxylamine hemihydrochloride.

acid, acrylate.

NOCH

•HCl. Demonstrates anticon-

vulsant activity by inhibiting glutamic acid decar-

6-(2-carboxyethylthio)purine.

boxylase and ␥-aminobutyric-␣-ketoglutaric ami-

CAS: 608-10-6. mf: C

notransaminase, increasing the brain ␥-

Hazard: A poison.

aminobutyric acid concentrations. Increases the

sugar content of sugarcane, sugar beets, and sorg-

2-carboxy-2

′

-hydroxy-5

′

-sulfoformazyl- hum. Forms digitoxin derivatives.

benzene. (o-[␣-(2-hydroxy-5-sulfophenyl)- Properties: Off-white crystals. Mw 218.59, mp

azobenzylidene]-hydrazino benzoic acid). 156C (decomposes), hygroscopic.

(OH)N:NC(C

):NNC

COOH. Grade: 98% research.

238CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE

carboxymethylcellulose. (CMC; sodium car- carboxypeptidase. A proteolytic enzyme found

boxymethylcellulose; CM cellulose). in the pancreas that catalyzes the hydrolysis of na-

CAS: 9004-32-4. A semisynthetic, water-soluble tive food proteins. It acts on polypeptides, producing

polymer in which CH

COOH groups are substituted

simpler peptides and amino acids.

on the glucose units of the cellulose chain through an

Use: Biochemical research.

ether linkage. Mw ranges from 21,000 to 500,000.

Since the reaction occurs in an alkaline medium, the

(o-carboxyphenyl)hydroxymercury. See

product is the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid

o-hydroxymercuriobenzoic acid.

R−O−CH

COONa.

Properties: Colorless, odorless, nontoxic, water-sol-

(p-carboxyphenyl)hydroxymercury. See

uble powder or granules. D 1.59, refr index 1.51,

p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid.

tensile strength 8000–15,000 psi, pH (1% solution)

6.5–8.0, stable in pH range 2–10. Viscosity of 1%

carboxyplast. A high molecular weight synthet-

solution varies from 5 to 2000 cP, depending on the

ic polymer in which the principal chain contains

extent of etherification. Insoluble in organic liquids.

only carbon and oxygen.

Reacts with heavy-metal salts to form films that are

insoluble in water, transparent, relatively tough, and

4-carboxyresorcinol. See ␤-resorcylic acid.

unaffected by organic materials. Many of its colloi-

dal properties are superior to those of natural hydro-

6-carboxyuracil. See orotic acid.

philic colloids. It also has thixotropic properties and

functions as a polyelectrolyte.

carburet of sulfur. See carbon disulfide.

Derivation: By reaction of alkali cellulose and sodi-

um chloroacetate.

carburetted hydrogen. See ethylene.

Grade: Crude, technical (approximately 75% pure),

high viscosity, low viscosity, semirefined, refined

carbylamine. (isocyanide; isonitrile).

(99.5+% pure), USP, FCC.

N≡C−C

An unpleasantly odored compound con-

Use: Detergents; soaps; food products (dietetic foods

taining the radical N≡C.

and ice cream), where it acts as water binder, thick-

ener, suspending agent, and emulsion stabilizer; tex-

carbylic acid. A general designation for carbox-

tile manufacturing (sizing); coating paper and pa-

ylic, carbaazylic, or carboxazylic.

perboard to lower porosity; drilling muds; emulsion

paints; protective colloid; pharmaceuticals; cosmet-

carcinogen. Any substance that causes the devel-

ics.

opment of cancerous growths in living tissue. Such

See cellulose, modified.

substances are usually grouped in two classifica-

tions: (1) those that are known to induce cancer in

carboxymethylmercaptosuccinic acid.

humans or animals, either by operational exposure

HOOCCH

SCH(COOH)CH

(COOH).

in industry or by ingestion in feedstuffs, e.g., asbes-

Properties: White powder. Melting range

tos particulates, nickel carbonyl, trichloroethylene,

135–138C. Water solublility of 137 g/100 g (25C);

benzidine and compounds, vinyl monomer, benzo-

ethanol solublility of 76 g/100 g (25C).

pyrene, aflatoxin, chloromethyl ether, ␤-naphthyl-

Use: Heavy-metal chelator and deactivator.

amine, as well as anthracene, phenanthrene, chry-

sene, and other polynuclear hydrocarbons of coal tar

carboxyl-terminal residue. The amino acid

origin; (2) experimental carcinogens that have been

residue in a polypeptide chain with a free a-carboxyl

found to cause cancer in animals under experimental

group.

conditions, namely, by external applications, feed-

ing, or injection of the substance. Among these are

carboxymethylpyridinium chloride

dimethyl sulfate, cyclamate compounds, ethylenei-

hydrazide. See Girard’s reagent.

mine, and 4-dimethylaminoazobenzene. The Dela-

ny amendment to the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act

1-carboxymethyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium

forbids the use in human foods of any substance

iodide methyl ester.

falling in this group. The substances mentioned

CAS: 22041-28-7. mf: C

•I.

above by no means comprise a complete list of

Hazard: A poison.

carcinogens. There are approximately 3500 known

and suspected carcinogenic compounds, and new

carboxymethyltrimethylammonium

ones are constantly being discovered.

chloride hydrazide. See Girard’s reagent.

cardamom oil.

␣-(3-carboxy-1-oxosulfopropyl)-␻-hydroxy- Properties: Colorless or pale-yellow essential oil;

poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), C10-C16 alkyl strongly aromatic, camphoraceous odor and taste.

ethers, disodium salts. Strongly dextrorotatory.

CAS: 68815-56-5. Use: Flavoring for foods, confectionery, liqueurs,

Hazard: A severe skin irritant. pharmaceuticals.

239 CARNOT CYCLE

cardanolide. A fully saturated system of digital- carmine. An aluminum lake of the pigment from

cochineal. Bright-red pieces; easily powdered; solu-

oid lactones in which the configuration at C

is the

ble in alkali solution, borax; insoluble in dilute

same as in cholesterol.

acids; slightly soluble in hot water.

Grade: Technical.

“Cardio-Green” [BD]. TM for indocyanine

Use: Dyes, inks, indicator in chemical analysis, col-

green, a diagnostic dye used in medicine.

oring food materials, medicines, etc.

“CARDIPOL” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for an

carminic acid. C

. The essential constit-

oxidized hydrocarbon wax.

uent of carmine. A tricyclic compound.

Properties: Dark, purplish-brown mass or bright-red

“CARDIS” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for an ox-

powder. Mp (decomposes at 136C), pH 4.8 (yel-

idized hydrocarbon wax.

low), pH 6.2 (violet). Soluble in water, alcohol,

concentrated sulfuric acid; insoluble in ether, ben-

“Cardosol” Brand Resin [3M]. TM for a

zene, chloroform. Combustible.

water-soluble ketone formaldehyde condensate that

Derivation: By extraction from the insects Coccus

can be gelled and cured by alkali or heat.

cacti (cochineal).

Use: Water-resistant adhesives for box board, coat-

Use: Stain in microscopy, indicator in analytical

ings, and glass fibers and as a ceramic binder.

chemistry, coloring proprietary medicines, pigment

for fine oil colors, color photography, dyeing.

carene. See (+)car-3-ene.

carnallite. KCl•MgCl

•6H

O or KMgCl

•6H

Properties: A natural hydrated double chloride of

(+)car-3-ene.

potassium and magnesium, white, brownish, and

CAS: 74806-04-5. mf: C

reddish; streak white; shining, greasy luster; strong-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

ly phosphorescent; bitter taste. Deliquescent, d 1.62,

A mild skin and eye irritant.

Mohs hardness 1.

Occurrence: West Germany, Alsace, New Mexico.

⌬-3-carene. 3,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[4.1.0]-hept-

Use: A commercial source of manufactured potash

3-ene.

salts.

CAS: 13466-78-9. C

. A terpene hydrocarbon

with both a 6-member and a 3-member ring.

carnauba wax. (Brazil wax). The hardest and

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid. D 0.8668 (15C),

most expensive commercial wax.

bp 170C, refr index 1.4723 (20C). Stable to approxi-

Properties: Hard solid in form of yellow to greenish-

mately 250C, resinifies with oxygen. Insoluble in

brown lumps; slight odor. D 0.995 (15/15C), mp

water; miscible with organic solutions. Combus-

84–86C, acid number 2–9, iodine number 13.5. Sol-

tible.

uble in ether, boiling alcohol, and alkalies; insoluble

Derivation: From wood turpentine.

in water. Combustible.

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

Derivation: Exudation from leaves of the wax palm

Copernica cerifera (Brazil).

carfentrazone-ethyl.

Grade: By numbers and sources; crude and refined;

CAS: 128639-02-1. mf: C

powdered; FCC.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Use: Shoe polishes, leather finishes, varnishes, elec-

tric insulating compositions, furniture and floor pol-

Carinthiam process. A procedure for reduc-

ishes, carbon paper, waterproofing, to prevent sun-

tion of lead ores; a small charge is roasted slowly at a

checking of rubber and plastic products,

low temperature, the lead being collected outside the

confectionery, cosmetics.

furnace by means of an inclined hearth.

carnosine. (␤-alanylhistidine; ignotine).

Carius (wet combustion) method. Decom-

. An amino acid occurring in the muscle of

position of organic compounds containing halogen

many animals and humans. Occurs naturally in the

or sulfur in a sealed tube in the presence of red,

L(+)form.

fuming nitric acid at 250–300C in such a manner

Properties: Mp 245–250C (decomposes). Soluble in

that halogen is converted to ionic halide and sulfur to

water. Nitrate: crystals. Mp 222C (decomposes).

sulfate.

Soluble in water. Hydrochloride: crystals. Mp 245C

(decomposes). Soluble in water.

D(−)carnosine:

Carius tube. (bomb tube). A hard, glass thick-

crystals, mp 260C.

walled tube, sealed at one end, that is approximately

Use: Biochemical research.

40 cm long.

Carnot cycle. An ideal closed cycle of revers-

“Carmethose” [Novartis]. TM for sodium ible changes with which the performance of heat

carboxymethylcellulose. engines may be compared. It consists of four revers-

240CARNOTITE

ible operations: isothermal and adiabatic expansions

carotene. (provitamin A). C

. A precursor of

vitamin A occurring naturally in plants. It consists of

followed by isothermal and adiabatic compressions.

three isomers, approximately 15% ␣, 85% ␤, and

0.1% ␥. Carotene is a member of a large class of

carnotite. K

(UO

)

(VO

)

•3H

O. A natural hyd-

pigments called carotenoids. It has the same basic

rated vanadate of uranium and potassium usually

molecular structure as vitamin A and is transformed

found in sandstones and other sedimentary rocks.

to the vitamin in the liver.

Properties: Bright lemon-yellow, dull or earthy lus-

Properties: Ruby-red crystals, easily oxidized on

ter (pearly or silky when coarsely crystalline). Solu-

contact with air. Mp (␣) 188C, (␤) 184C, (␥) 178C.

ble in acids. Radioactive. Usually occurs as a pow-

Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; solu-

der or in fine-grained aggregates.

ble in chloroform, carbon disulfide, ether, and ben-

Occurrence: Colorado, Utah, Arizona, New Mexi-

zene.

co, South Dakota, Australia, Zaire, the former

Source: Orange-yellow pigment in plants, algae, and

U.S.S.R..

some marine animals, especially in leaves, vegeta-

Hazard: A radioactive poison.

tion, and root crops, in trace concentrations. Notably

Use: Ore of uranium, source of radium.

present in butter and carrots.

Derivation: By extraction from carrots and palm oil;

Carnot’s reagent. A reagent for the determina-

concentration by a chromatographic process from

tion of potassium, an alcoholic solution of sodium

alfalfa. ␤-Carotene is also made by a microbial fer-

bismuth thiosulfate made from sodium thiosulfate

mentation process from corn and soybean oil.

and bismuth subnitrate.

Grade: According to USP, units of vitamin A, sold as

pure crystals, as solutions in various oils, as colloi-

Carnot theorems. (1) No heat engine working

dal dispersions. Also FCC.

between two temperatures can have a greater effi-

Use: Pharmaceuticals, coloring margarine and butter,

ciency than a reversible engine working between

feed and food additive.

those temperatures. (2) The efficiency of any revers-

ible heat engine working between two temperatures

␤-carotene. (C

is independent of the nature of the engine and of the

Properties: Red, shining crystals. Mw 536.44, mp

working substances and depends only on the tem-

181. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

peratures.

Occurrence: In vegetables.

Use: Food additive.

carob-seed gum. (locust-bean gum). A poly-

saccharide plant mucilage that is essentially galacto-

carotene cochineal.

mannan (carbohydrate). Mw approximately

Use: Food additive.

310,000. Swells in cold water, but viscosity in-

creases when heated. Insoluble in organic solvents.

carotenoid. A class of pigments occurring in the

Combustible.

tissues of higher plants, algae, and bacteria, as well

Derivation: Extracted from carob seeds, from the

as in fungi. Also present in some animals, as squal-

tree Ceratonia siliqua.

ene in shark liver oil. They include the carotenes and

Grade: Technical, FCC (as locust-bean gum).

xanthophylls.

Use: In foods as stabilizer, thickener, emulsifier, and

Properties: Yellow to deep-red, crystalline solids.

packaging material; cosmetics; sizing and finishes

Soluble in fats and oils; insoluble in water; high

for textiles; pharmaceuticals; paints, bonding agent

melting; stable to alkali but unstable to acids and to

in paper manufacture; drilling fluids.

oxidizing agents; color easily destroyed by hydroge-

nation or by oxidiation; some are optically active.

Caro’s acid. (peroxysulfuric acid; persulfuric

acid). H

or HOSO

OOH.

carotenoids. Lipid-soluble photosynthetic pig-

Properties: White crystals. Mp 45C (decomposes).

ments made up of isoprene units.

Derivation: Action of hydrogen peroxide on concen-

trated sulfuric acid; action of 40% sulfuric acid on

potassium persulfate.

Carothers, Wallace H. (1896–1937). Born in

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous

Iowa, Carothers obtained his doctorate in chemistry

membranes. Strong oxidizer, may explode in con-

at the University of Illinois. He joined the research

tact with organic materials.

staff of Du Pont in 1928, where he undertook the

Use: Caro’s reagent, a pasty mass of great oxidizing

development of polychloroprene (later called neo-

power for testing aniline, pyridine, and alkaloids;

prene) that had been initiated by Nieuland’s research

dye manufacture; oxidizing agent; bleaching.

on acetylene polymers. Carothers’s crowning

achievement was the synthesis of nylon, the reaction

Caro’s reagent. A thick mixture used in testing product of hexamethylenetetramine and adipic acid.

for aniline, composed of ammonium or potassium Carothers’s work in the polymerization mechanisms

persulfate, which is dissolved in sulfuric acid, has of fiber like synthetics of cyclic organic structures

great oxidizing power. was brilliant and productive, and he is regarded as

241 CARYOPHYLLIC ACID

one of the most original and creative American Use: Applications requiring control of carbon mon-

chemists of the early 20th century. oxide, ozone, and hydrocarbons.

carrageenan. (3,6-anhydro-d-galactan; carra-

“Carusorb” [Carus]. TM for an air-filter me-

geen).

dium.

CAS: 9000-07-1. A sulfur phycocolloid: the aque-

Use: Purification of air in homes, commercial build-

ous, usually gel-forming, cell-wall polysaccharide

ings, and industry.

mucilage found in red algae (Chondrus crispus and

several other species). It is water-extracted from a

carvacrol. (isopropyl-o-cresol; 2-methyl-5-iso-

seaweed called carragen or Irish moss (east coast of

propylphenol; 2-hydroxy-p-cymene).

southern Canada, New England, and south to New

CAS: 499-75-2.

Jersey). It is a mixture of polysaccharide fractions:

(1) The ␭ fraction is cold-water soluble, contains d-

galactose and 35% esterified sulfate, and does not

gel. (2) The ␬ fraction contains d-galactose and 3,6-

anhydro-d-galactose (1.4:1 ratio) and 25% esterified

sulfate. The ␬ form does not gel without addition of a

solute; the properties of the gel depend on the

amount and nature of the added solute. Another

species of seaweed produces 100% ␬ from North

Carolina to the tropics. Carrageenan is a hydrophilic

Properties: Thick, colorless oil; thymol odor. D

colloid that absorbs water readily and complexes

0.976 (20/4C); bp 237C; fp 0C; refr index 1.523

with milk proteins.

(20C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,

Available forms: Dehydrated, purified powder.

and alkalies. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Derivation: From p-cymene by sulfonation followed

Use: Emulsifier in food products, chocolate milk,

by alkali fusion.

toothpastes, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, protection

Use: Perfumes, fungicides, disinfectant, flavoring,

colloid, stabilizing aid in ice cream (0.02%).

organic synthesis.

Carrel-Dakin solution. A medicinal solution

composed of sodium chloride and sodium hypo-

carvone.

chlorite solution.

❘

:CHCH

CH[C(CH

):CH

]CH

❘

CO.

carrier. (1) A neutral material such as diatoma-

CAS: 99-49-0. A ketone derived from the terpene

ceous earth used to support a catalyst in a large-scale

dipentene. It is optically active, occurring naturally in

reaction system. (2) A gas used in chromatography

both d- and l-forms.

to convey the volatilized mixture to be analyzed

Properties: Pale-yellowish or colorless liquid with a

over the bed of packing that separates the compo-

strong characteristic odor. D 0.960 (20C), bp

nents. (3) An atomic tracer carrier: a stable isotope

227–230C, refr index 1.4999 (18C). Soluble in alco-

or a natural element to which radioactive atoms of

hol, ether, chloroform, propylene glycol, and miner-

the same element have been added for purposes of

al oils; insoluble in glycerol and water. Combus-

chemical or biological research.

tible.

See tracer.

Derivation: The d-form is the main constituent of

caraway and dill oils; the l-form occurs principally

carrier gas. The mobile phase in gas elution

in spearmint oil and may be synthesized from d-

chromatography.

limonene.

Method of purification: Rectification.

Carroll reaction. Preparation of ␥,⌬-unsatu-

Grade: FCC (both d- and l-forms), technical.

rated ketones by base-catalyzed reaction of allylic

Use: Flavoring, liqueurs, perfumery, soaps.

alcohols with ␤-ketoesters or thermal rearrange-

ment of allyl acetoacetates.

“Carwinate” []. TM for isocyanates used to

carthamin. (carthamic acid; safflor carmine;

make urethane elastomers, coatings, foam adhe-

safflor red). C

sives, rigid plastics, sealants, and one-shot flexible,

Properties: Dark-red powder with green luster.

semiflexible, and semirigid foams.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol; insolu-

ble in ether; solutions rapidly decompose.

caryophyllene. C

. A mix of sesquiterpenes

Derivation: A glucoside from Carthamus tinctorius.

occurring in many essential oils. It forms the chief

Use: Colorant in food products, cosmetics.

hydrocarbon component of clove oil.

“Carulite” [Carus]. TM for a family of oxida-

tion catalysts.

caryophyllic acid. See eugenol.

242CARZINOPHILLIN A

carzinophillin A. the principal protein in milk (approximately 3%),

casein is actually a colloidal aggregate composed of

CAS: 1403-29-8. A natural antibiotic produced by a

several identifiable proteins together with phospho-

Streptomyces strain. Discovered in Japan in the

rus and calcium. It occurs in milk as a heterogeneous

1950s, it has strong antitumor potential, though its

complex called calcium caseinate, which can be

toxicity may preclude medical use. It is a member of

fractionated by a number of methods. It can be pre-

the so-called bis-intercalator group of antibiotics

cipitated with acid at pH 4.7 or with the enzyme

that act by interlocking between the nucleotide bases

rennet (rennin). The product of the latter method is

of DNA; thus it may have mutagenic activity. The

called paracasein, the term being applied to any of

molecule contains carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and

the casein fractions involved, i.e., ␣, ␤, ␬, etc.

nitrogen. The structure was elucidated in 1982.

Properties: White, amorphous solid; tasteless;

odorless. D 1.25–1.31, hygroscopic. Stable when

CAS. Chemical Abstracts Registry or Chicago

kept dry but deteriorates rapidly when damp. Solu-

Academy of Science.

ble in dilute alkalies and concentrated acids; almost

insoluble in water; precipitates from weak acid solu-

“Casabond TX” [Swan]. TM for a textile

tions.

bonding agent. Bonds nylon, rayon, cotton, and te-

Derivation: Acid casein: warm skim milk is acidified

rylene to natural and synthetic rubber. Also for rub-

with dilute sulfuric, hydrochloric, or lactic acid, the

ber and metal bonding, PVC bonding and plasti-

whey drawn off, and the curd washed, pressed,

cized variety of synthetic textiles.

ground, and dried. Rennet casein: warm skim milk is

Use: Technical goods, footwear, and automotive.

treated with an extract of the enzyme rennin (ren-

net). The curd contains combined calcium and calci-

cascade. (1) A series of operational units or stages

um phosphate.

so arranged that the heat produced in the first unit

Source: Midwestern U.S., Australia, Argentina, New

serves as the heat source for the second unit and so

Zealand, Poland.

on. An example of this is a triple-effect evaporator in

Grade: Acid-precipitated (domestic edible, import-

which the latent heat of condensation is passed from

ed inedible), paracasein.

one unit to another. This principle is also used in

Use: Cheese making, plastic items, paper coatings,

distillation, each column plate representing one

water-dispersed paints for interior use, adhesives

stage in the cascade. In flash distillation, used in the

(especially for wood laminates), textile sizing, foods

desalination of seawater, the heat of condensation is

and feeds, textile fibers, dietetic preparations, binder

used to warm the incoming water. (2) Coined term

in foundry sands.

used to describe a large number of compounds de-

rived from a common source, e.g., the arachidonic

casein-sodium. See sodium caseinate.

acid cascade.

cashew gum. (anacardium gum). The exuda-

“Cascamite” [Borden].

tion from the bark of the cashew-nut tree, Anacardi-

CAS: 9011-05-6. TM for urea-formaldehyde resins.

um occidentale. Hard, yellowish-brown gum; partly

Use: Adhesives for particle board, plywood, various

soluble in water. Used for inks, insecticides, phar-

wood-gluing applications, wet-strength paper.

maceuticals, mucilage, tanning agent, natural var-

nishes, bookbinders’ gum.

cascarilla oil. The volatile oil obtained by steam

distillation of the dried bark of Croton eleuteria

cashew nutshell oil. (cashew nutshell liq-

Bennet. Light-yellow to brown-amber liquid having

uid). The oil obtained from the spongy layer be-

a pleasant, spicy odor. Soluble in most fixed oils and

tween the inner and outer shells of cashew nuts. The

mineral oil; almost insoluble in glycerol and propyl-

raw liquid contains approximately 90% anacardic

ene glycol.

acid, C

, and a blistering compound contain-

Use: Flavoring agent in foods, medicine, tobacco.

ing sulfur. Most of the liquid used in commerce has

been heated or treated with chemicals to make it safe

“Cascowax” [Borden]. TM for wax emulsion.

to handle. The liquid is nondrying, but can be made

Use: Sizing agent for composite wood panels.

drying by proper treatment. It polymerizes on heat-

ing and forms condensation products with alde-

case hardening. A process that imparts a hard

hydes.

surface to steel while the interior remains soft and

Hazard: (untreated) Strong irritant.

tough. This is accomplished by heating the steel out

Use: Varnishes and impregnating materials, modifier

of contact with air while packed in carbonaceous

for phenol-based resins, plasticizers, germicides and

material, cooling it to black heat, reheating to a high

insecticides, coloring materials and indelible inks,

temperature, and quenching. The materials are usu-

lubricants, and preservatives.

ally wood charcoal with sodium, potassium, or bari-

um carbonates, cyanides, etc.

casing-head gasoline. See gasoline.

casein.

CAS: 9005-46-3. Though commonly regarded as cassava. See tapioca.

243 CASTOR OIL

casse. The decolorization of wine due to action of (2) In the plastics industry, formation of a product

either by filling an open mold with liquid monomer

enzymes.

and allowing it to polymerize in situ or (for film and

sheet) by pouring the liquid mixture onto a moving

Cassel brown. See Van Dyke brown.

flat surface. See molding.

Cassel green. See barium manganate.

cast iron. Generic term for a group of metals that

basically are alloys of carbon and silicon with iron.

Cassella’s acid. (2-naphthol-7-sulfonic acid;

Relative to steel, cast irons are high in carbon and

␤-naphtholsulfonic acid F; F acid).

silicon, carbon ranging from 0.5 to 4.2% and silicon

(OH)SO

from 0.2 to 3.5%. All these metals may contain other

Properties: White crystals. Mp 89C. Soluble in wa-

alloys added to modify their properties. Iron cast-

ter and alcohol.

ings are produced in an exceptionally wide range of

Derivation: Fusion of naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic

sizes and weights, from piston rings a fraction of an

acid with caustic soda.

inch in diameter and weighing less than 1 oz to

Grade: Technical. Also available as the sodium salt

steam-turbine bases 20 ft long and weighing

(F salt).

180,000 lb. Most cast iron is manufactured by melt-

Use: Intermediate for azo dyes.

ing a mixture of steel scrap, cast-iron scrap, pig iron,

and alloys in a cupola using coke as a fuel. A small

Cassella’s acid F. (2-naphthylamine-7-sul-

percentage is melted in electric furnaces. It is poured

fonic acid; delta acid). C

(NH)

into molds of silica sand bonded with bentonite,

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water, al-

fireclay, and water. A small percentage is cast into

cohol, and ether.

metal molds or into molds of baked or fired ceram-

Derivation: Heating sodium 2-naphthol-7-sulfonate

ics. Internal cavities are formed by hard but collaps-

with aqueous ammonia and ammonium acid sulfate

ible cores of sand bonded with drying oils or syn-

in an autoclave.

thetic resins. Small molds and cores usually are

Use: Azo-dye intermediate.

made by machine, using patterns of wood or metal.

cassia oil. (Chinese cinnamon oil; cinnamon;

Castner process. A method of producing sodi-

cassia oil; cinnamon oil; USP).

um metal from fused sodium hydroxide by means of

CAS: 8007-80-5.

an electrolytic cell with heavy iron anodes surround-

Properties: See cinnamic aldehyde, its chief constit-

ing the cathode in the bath. Sodium is collected on an

uent.

iron gauze diaphragm midway between the elec-

Derivation: Distilled from leaves and twigs of Cin-

trodes. Hydrogen and oxygen are also collected dur-

namomum cassia.

ing the process.

Grade: USP (as cinnamon oil), redistilled, technical,

lead free.

Use: Flavoring, perfumery, medicine, soaps.

castor. Perfume fixative obtained from secretions

of the beaver. Synthetic types are available.

cassiterite. (tinstone; wood tin; stream tin).

SnO

. Natural tin dioxide, usually in igneous rocks.

castor oil. (ricinus oil).

Properties: Brown, black, yellow, white color; luster

CAS: 8001-79-4.

adamantine or dull submetallic; streak white. Mohs

Properties: Pale-yellowish or almost colorless,

hardness 6–7, d 6.8–7.1.

transparent, viscous liquid; faint, mild odor; nau-

Occurrence: Malaya, Bolivia, Indonesia, Africa.

seating taste. A nondrying oil. D 0.945–0.965 (25/

Use: Principal ore of tin.

25C), saponification value 178, iodine value 85, fp

−10C. Flash p 445F (229C), autoign temp 840F

“Castertrak” [Nalco]. TM for program used

(448C). Combustible. Soluble in alcohol, benzene,

to control addition of water-treatment chemicals.

chloroform, and carbon disulfide; dextrorotatory.

Use: Caster cooling systems.

Derivation: From the seeds of the castor bean, Rici-

nus communis (Brazil, India, the former U.S.S.R.,

castile soap. A soap made from olive oil.

U.S.). They are cold-pressed for the first grade of

Use: Detergent or antiseptic. Fabric finishing and

medicinal oil and hot pressed for the common quali-

washing.

ties, approximately 40% of the oil content of the

bean being obtained. Residual oil in the cake is

casting. (1) In the metal industries, conversion of obtained by solvent extraction. Chief constituent:

a molten metal (iron, steel) into bars (pigs) or prod- Ricinolein (glyceride of ricinoleic acid).

ucts by pouring it into open troughs or channels Grade: USP No. 1; No. 3; refined; FCC.

made of foundry sand (sand casting) or into products Hazard: Undergoes spontaneous heating.

of precise shape by forcing it into steel dies or molds Use: Plasticizer in lacquers and nitrocellulose, pro-

under pressure (die casting). duction of dibasic acids, lipsticks, polyurethane

See foundry sand; cast iron; die casting; investment coatings, elastomers and adhesives, fatty acids, sur-

casting. face-active agents, hydraulic fluids, pharmaceuti-

244CASTOR OIL, ACETYLATED

cals, industrial lubricants, electrical insulating com-

“Cata-Chek” [Ferro]. TM for catalysts.

pounds, manufacture of Turkey Red oil, source of

sebacic acid and of ricinoleates, medicine (laxative).

“Catacobal” [Catal]. TM for organic and inor-

See castor oil, dehydrated; blown oil.

ganic-cobalt compounds.

“Catadry” [Catal]. TM for a paint drying cata-

castor oil, acetylated. See glyceryl 1,2-

lyst.

tri(acetylricinoleate).

“Catal” [Catal]. TM for accelerators of unsatu-

castor oil acid. See ricinoleic acid.

rated polyester.

castor oil, blown. See blown oil.

catalase. An oxidizing enzyme occurring in both

plant and animal cells. It decomposes hydrogen per-

castor oil, dehydrated. (DCO). A castor oil

oxide. It can be isolated and is used in food preserva-

from which approximately 5% of the chemically

tion (removing oxygen in packaged foods) and in

combined water has been removed and that as a

decomposing residual hydrogen peroxide in bleach-

result has drying properties similar to those of tung

ing and oxidizing processes.

oil. Dehydration is carried out commercially by

heating the oil in the presence of catalysts such as

catalysis. One of the most important phenomena

sulfuric and phosphoric acids, clays, and metallic

in nature, catalysis is the loosening of the chemical

oxides. The commercial product is offered in a wide

bonds of two (or more) reactants by another sub-

range of viscosities and analytical constants. Used in

stance in such a way that a fractionally small per-

protective coatings and alkyd resins.

centage of the latter can greatly accelerate the rate of

the reaction while remaining unconsumed. See cata-

castor oil, hydrogenated. Principally glycer-

lyst. Thus, one part by volume of catalyst can acti-

yl-tri(12)-hydroxystearate. A hard, waxy product. It

vate thousands of parts of reactants. Though the

is insoluble in water and organic solvents. Mp 85C.

mechanism of their action is not completely known,

Use: Hydroxystearic acid, waterproofing fabrics,

the electronic configuration of the surface mole-

cosmetics, lubricant, mold-release agent, candles,

cules of the catalyst is often the critical factor. The

carbon paper.

surface irregularities give rise to so-called active

points at which intermediate compounds can form.

castor oil, polymerized. A rubber-like poly-

Most industrial catalysis is performed by finely di-

mer results from combination of castor oil with

vided transition metals or their oxides. Solid cata-

sulfur or diisocyanates; this can be blended with

lysts may combine chemically (bond) at the surface

polystyrene to give a tough, impact-resistant

with one or more of the reactants. This is known as

product.

chemisorption and occurs on only a small portion of

the catalyst surface (i.e., at the active points); it

castor oil, sulfonated. See Turkey red oil.

results in changing the chemical nature of the chemi-

sorbed molecules. Catalysis of chemical reactions

castor seed oil meal. (castor cake; castor

by surfaces must proceed by chemisorption of at

meal). The residue from extraction of oil from the

least one of the reactants. Catalysis and catalytic

castor seed (ricinus). The normal product contains

mechanisms permeate almost every aspect of chem-

29.5% crude protein, 35.8% crude fiber, 13.2% N-

istry and are of such wide-ranging importance that

free extract, and 1.0% crude fat. The total digestible

they have long been the subject of continuing re-

nutrients are approximately 25%. The ash content of

search. Many interrelated disciplines are involved,

7.5% is high in potash and phosphate.

among them organometallic reactions (stereospecif-

Hazard: Contains ricin, which must be removed be-

ic catalysts), electrochemistry, colloid and surface

fore internal use.

chemistry, coordination chemistry, and biochemis-

Use: Animal feeds (after removal of toxic ingredi-

try. One example of comparatively recent investiga-

ents), fertilizer.

tion is so-called cluster catalysis, in which a metal is

bonded to carbon monoxide to form a metallic clus-

catabolism. The phase of intermediary metabo-

ter anion. Such aggregations or crystallites may be

lism concerned with the energy-yielding degrada-

up to 12 A

in diameter. Metal cluster research is

tion of nutrient molecules.

motivated by the need to develop selective catalysts

for C

compounds, in view of the likelihood that the

catabolite gene activator protein. (CAP).

basic raw materials for chemistry in the future will

A specific regulatory protein that controls initiation

be derived from coal or biomass rather than oil.

of transcription of the genes producing the enzymes

Another research development is the creation of a

required for a bacterial cell to use some other nutri-

uniquely shaped catalyst particle that permits great-

ent when glucose is lacking.

er efficiency because of the increase in surface-to-

volume ratio. Such particles are known as amphora

CAT box. CCAAT box. catalysts.

245 CATALYST POISON

catalysis, heterogeneous. A catalytic reaction

Substance Reaction Type

in which the reactants and the catalyst comprise two

cobalt hydrocarbon synthesis (Oxo

separate phases, e.g., gases over solids, or liquids

process)

containing finely divided solids as a disperse phase.

copper salts oxidation (of rubber)*

ferric chloride Friedel-Crafts

catalysis, homogeneous. A catalytic reaction

hydrogen fluoride alkylation, condensation, de-

in which the reactants and the catalyst comprise only

hydration, isomerization

one phase, e.g., an acid solution catalyzing other

iodine condensation, alkylation

liquid components.

iron ammonia synthesis, hydro-

carbon synthesis

iron oxide dehydrogenation (oxidation)

catalyst. Any substance of which a small propor-

manganese dioxide oxidation

tion notably affects the rate of a chemical reaction

molybdenum oxide dehydrogenation, polymer-

without itself being consumed or undergoing a

ization

chemical change. Most catalysts accelerate reac-

aromatization, partial oxida-

tions, but a few retard them (negative catalysts, or

tion

inhibitors). Catalysts may be inorganic, organic, or a

nickel hydrogenation (oils to fats),

complex of organic groups and metal halides (see

methanation

catalyst, stereospecific). They may be gases, liquids,

phosphoric acid polymerization, isomeriza-

or solids. In some cases their action is destructive

tion,

and undesirable, as in the oxidation of iron to its

platinum metals hydrogenation, aromatiza-

oxide, which is catalyzed by water vapor, and simi-

tion, oxidation

lar types of corrosion. The life of an industrial cata-

silica-alumina cracking hydrocarbons

lyst varies from 1000 to 10,000 hours, after which it

silver hydration, oxidation

must be replaced or regenerated. Though it is not a

sulfuric acid isomerization, corrosion*

substance, light in both the visible and ultrashort

triethylaluminum polymerization (stereospe-

wavelengths can act as a catalyst, as in photosynthe-

cific)

sis and other photochemical reactions, e.g., as poly-

vanadium pentoxide oxidation (sulfuric acid)

merization initiator and cross-linking agent. Cata-

water (esp. + NaCl) oxidation (corrosion)*

lysts are highly specific in their application. They

zeolites cracking hydrocarbons

are essential in virtually all industrial chemical reac-

tions, especially in petroleum refining and synthetic

See catalysis; enzyme.

organic chemical manufacturing. For details of ap-

plication, see the following list. Since the activity of

catalyst, amphora. Catalyst particles made

a solid catalyst is often centered on a small fraction

from a slurry of critical viscosity by compressing it

of its surface, the number of active points can be

into spheres or droplets followed by unidirectional

increased by adding promoters that increase the sur-

heating and air-drying on a moving belt, the spheres

face area in one way or another, e.g., by increasing

being supported by a powder bed material. This

porosity. Catalytic activity is decreased by sub-

process results in particles from 1.5 to 6 mm in

stances that act as poisons that clog and weaken the

diameter. The unique feature is the formation of an

catalyst surface, e.g., lead in the catalytic converters

internal cavity having an orifice at one point, so that

used to control exhaust emissions. Besides inorgan-

the particle roughly resembles a doughnut from

ic substances, there are many organic catalysts that

which a bite has been taken. Since the shape of the

are vital in the life processes of plants and animals.

cavity suggests an amphora (Greek vase), the cata-

These are called enzymes and are essential in meta-

lyst was so named. This shape affords a higher sur-

bolic mechanisms, e.g., pepsin in digestion. Syn-

face-to-volume ratio than is possible with solid

thetic organic catalysts have been developed that

spheres and other conventional forms, with conse-

imitate the action of enzymes such as chymotrypsin.

quent greater efficiency. A variety of materials can

Such model catalysts are examples of biomimetic

be used, e.g., alumina, zeolites, metallic oxides, etc.

chemistry. They approach the catalytic activity of

Amphora catalysts are effective in a wide range of

natural enzymes. Following is a partial list of cata-

chemical processing applications (oxidation and re-

lysts; an asterisk indicates a destructive effect.

forming of hydrocarbons, hydrotreating).

Substance Reaction Type

aluminum alkyl + Ziegler catalyst for stereo-

catalyst, negative. See inhibitor.

titanium chloride specific polymers

aluminum chloride condensation (Friedel-

Crafts)

catalyst, organic. See enzyme.

aluminum oxide hydration, dehydration

ammonia condensation (polymers)

chromic oxide methanol synthesis, aromati-

catalyst poison. A substance that interferes

zation, polymerization with the action of a catalyst.

246CATALYST PROMOTER

catalyst promoter. A compound that reduces Use: Preparation of alkaneboronic acid and esters

or activates fresh catalysts at polymerization tem- from olefins.

peratures, reactivates spent catalysts, and scavenges

and reacts with catalyst poisons.

catenane. A compound with interlocking rings

that are not chemically bonded but that cannot be

separated without breaking at least one valence

catalyst, shape-selective. A catalytic solid

bond. The model would resemble the links of a

(transition metal) introduced into a crystalline alu-

chain.

minosilicate (zeolite) having pores or openings of

approximately 5 A

. This permits the catalyst to exert

catenyl. An ester that has been reacted with an

a selective effect between molecules that differ in

alkylene oxide or its polymer.

shape rather than in the reactivity of their chemical

groups. The cage structure of the zeolite effectively

“Cat-Floc” [Nalco]. (diallyldimethylammoni-

prevents contact of the catalyst with all molecules

um chloride). TM for a quaternary ammonium

whose shapes and sizes exclude their entry. The

polymer.

ability of a catalyst to discriminate among molecules

Derivation: Monomer in water solution is mixed

on the basis of their shapes is of great value in the

with a catalytic amount of butylhydroperoxide and

cracking of straight-chain hydrocarbons and has at-

kept at 50–75C for 48 h. The solid formed is taken up

tractive possibilities in other types of catalytic reac-

in water, precipitated, and washed with acetone.

tions.

Use: Flocculating agent, textile spinning aid, antistat-

See zeolite; cage zeolite.

ic agent, wet-strength improvers in paper, rubber

accelerators, curing epoxy resins, surfactants, bac-

catalyst, stereospecific. An organometallic

teriostatic and fungistatic agents.

catalyst that permits control of the molecular geom-

etry of polymeric molecules. Examples are Ziegler

catharometer. Device for determining rate of

and Natta catalysts derived from a transition metal

flow or change in composition of gases.

halide and a metal alkyl or similar substances. There

are many patented catalysts of this general type,

cathetometer. A device for exact measurement

most of them developed in connection with the pro-

or observation of short vertical distances, which

duction of polypropylene, polyethylene, or other

consists of a horizontal-reading telescope or micro-

polyolefins.

scope movable along a vertical scale.

See polymer, stereospecific; Natta catalyst; Ziegler

catalyst.

cathode. The negative electrode of an electrolytic

cell, to which positively charged ions migrate when

catalyst, thermonuclear. See carbon cycle

a current is passed as in electroplating baths. The

(2).

cathode is the source of free electrons (cathode rays)

in a vacuum tube. In a primary cell (battery), the

catalytic site. See active site.

cathode is the positive electrode.

See anode; electrode.

cataphoresis. The migration of colloidal parti-

cles toward an electrode under the influence of an

cathode sputtering. See sputtered coating.

electric current.

cathodic protection. The reduction or preven-

CAT assay. An enzyme assay. CAT stands for

tion of corrosion of a metallic surface by making it

chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, a bacterial en-

cathodic, e.g. by the use of sacrificial anodes for

zyme which inactivates chloramphenicol by acety-

impressed currents bringing a metal, by an external

lating it. CAT assays are often performed to test the

current, to a potential where it is thermodynamically

function of a promoter. The gene coding for CAT is

stable.

linked onto a promoter (transcription control region)

from another gene, and the construct is “transfected”

catholyte. The solution surrounding the cathode

into cultured cells. Largely supplanted by the report-

in an electrolytic cell.

er gene luciferase.

cation. An ion having a positive charge. Cations

catechol. See pyrocatechol.

in a liquid subjected to electric potential collect at

the negative pole, or cathode.

catecholamines. Hormones, such as epineph-

rine, that are amino derivatives of catechol.

cation exchange. See ion exchange.

catecholborane. (1,3,2-benzodioxaborole). A cation-exchange resin. A polymeric sub-

monofunctional hydroborating agent. stance with fixed negative charges used in the chro-

Properties: A liquid. Mw 119.92, mp 12C, bp 50C matographic separation of cationic substances, e.g.

(50 mm Hg), optical rotation 1.5070 degrees (20C). CM (carboxymethyl)-cellulose.

247 CDNA LIBRARY

cationic reagent. One of several surface-active “Cavitron” [Cerestar]. TM for cyclodextrins,

substances in which the active constituent is the alpha, beta, gamma, and their derivatives.

positive ion. Used to flocculate and collect minerals CAS: alpha (1006-20-3), beta (7585-39-9), gamma

that are not flocculated by oleic acid or soaps (in (17465-86-0).

which the surface-active ingredient is the negative Available forms: Crystalline powders.

ion). Reagents used are chiefly quaternary ammo- Use: Host inclusion complexation agents for stabili-

nium compounds, e.g., cetyltrimethylammonium

zation and property modification of guest mole-

bromide.

cules.

Cb. Symbol for columbium, an obsolete name for

catlinite. (pipestone). A fine-grained silicate

niobium.

mineral related to pyrophyllite, which is easily com-

pressible, has high surface friction, and is used for

CBM. Abbreviation for chlorobromomethane

gaskets in very high-pressure equipment.

(see bromochloromethane); also for constant-boil-

ing mixture.

caulking compound. See sealant.

See azeotropic mixture.

caustic. (1) Unqualified, this term usually refers

cc. (1) Abbreviation for cubic centimeter.

to caustic soda (NaOH). (2) As an adjective, it refers

See milliliter.

to any compound chemically similar to NaOH, e.g.,

caustic alcohol (C

ONa). (3) Any strongly alka-

CC. Abbreviation for closed cup.

line material that has a corrosive or irritating effect

See flash point, TCC.

on living tissue.

CCAAT box. (CAAT box; CAT box). A

caustic baryta. See barium hydroxide.

sequence found in the 5

′

flanking region of certain

genes which is necessary for efficient expression.

caustic embrittlement. The corrosion result-

ing in cracking of steel stressed beyond its yield

CCD. See charge-coupled device.

point, due to localized concentration of hydroxide

ions breaking down the cohesion between the ferrite

Cd. Symbol for cadmium.

grains.

CDA. Abbreviation for completely denatured al-

causticized ash. Combinations of soda ash and

cohol.

caustic soda in definite proportions and marketed for

See alcohol, denatured.

purposes where an alkali is needed ranging in caus-

ticity between the two materials. Causticized ash is

CDAA. See ␣-chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide.

usually designated by its caustic-soda content, and

the range of standard marketed products embraces 7,

CDEC. See 2-

10, 15, 25, 36, 45, and 67% of caustic soda.

chloroallyldiethyldithiocarbamate.

caustic lime. See calcium hydroxide.

CDMA. Abbreviation for the Commercial Devel-

opment and Marketing Association.

caustic potash. See potassium hydroxide.

cDNA. (complementary DNA). A DNA, usually

caustic soda. See sodium hydroxide.

made by reverse transcriptase, which is complemen-

tary to given mRNA and used in cloning.

cavitands. Three-dimensional stacked-layer po-

lycyclic compounds that maintain a rigid structure

cDNA clone. (complementary DNA). A piece

and bind a variety of molecules in the cavities pro-

of DNA copied from an mRNA. The term “clone”

duced by the structure of the molecules.

indicates that this cDNA has been spliced into a

plasmid or other vector in order to propagate it. A

cDNA clone may contain DNA copies of such typi-

cavitation. Formation of vapor bubbles in a liq-

cal mRNA regions as coding sequence, 5

′

-untrans-

uid such as saltwater when subjected to tension,

lated region, 3

′

untranslated region or poly(A) tail.

causing severe mechanical damage to the surfaces of

No introns will be present, nor any promoter se-

metals exposed to it, e.g., ship propellers, steam

quences (or other 5

′

or 3

′

flanking regions). A “full-

condensers, pumps, and piping systems. The erosive

length” cDNA clone is one which contains all of the

effect is due to the shock waves created by collapse

mRNA sequence from nucleotide #1 through to the

of the bubbles. The pressures exerted by cavitation

poly(A) tail.

have been calculated to be in the range of 30,000 psi.

This phenomenon plays a part in corrosion of metals

and in emulsion formation.

cDNA library. A collection of DNA sequences

See corrosion; homogenization. that code for genes. The sequences are generated in

248CDP

the laboratory from mRNA sequences. to 150C. Outstanding dimensional stability and

chemical resistance.

See messenger RNA.

Use: Magnetic recording tape, drafting and engineer-

ing reproduction materials, metallic yarn, roll leaf,

CDP. (1) Abbreviation for cytidine diphosphate.

pressure-sensitive tapes, packaging, dielectric mate-

(2) Abbreviation for cresyl diphenyl phosphate. See

rial in capacitors, wire and cable, motors, genera-

cytidine phosphates

tors, transformers, and oils.

CDTA. See trans-1,2-diaminocyclohexanetet-

raacetic acid monohydrate.

“Celanese CL” [Celanese]. TM for a series

of polyvinyl acetate emulsions.

Available forms: 102: Fine particle size, water-resis-

Ce. Symbol for cerium.

tant homopolymer emulsion. 202: Fine particle size,

water-resistant copolymer emulsion. 203: Vinyl-

Cech, R. Thomas. (1947– ). Awarded Nobel

acrylic copolymer emulsion. 204: Vinyl copolymer

Prize in chemistry in 1989 jointly with Altman for

emulsion.

the discovery that RNA acts as a biological catalyst,

Use: Paints, adhesives, and paper-coating specialties.

as well as a carrier of genetic information. Doctorate

awarded in 1975 by the University of California.

“Celanese Solvent” [Celanese]. TM for a

cedar leaf oil. An essential oil distilled from the

series of special solvents. Replacement for butanol

leaves of Juniperus virginiana. Strongly dextrorota-

and methylisobutyl carbinol in lacquers and brake

tory. Used in microscopy, perfumery, flavoring.

fluids, distillation range 125–155C, flash p 120F

(48.9) (OC).

cedrol. C

O. A tertiary terpene alcohol.

Available forms: 203: Replacement for normal butyl

Properties: Colorless crystals; cedarwood odor. Mp

alcohol in nitrocellulose lacquers, alkyd resin for-

86C, soluble in 11 parts of 95% alcohol. Combus-

mulations, and thinners, distillation range

tible.

115–120C, flash p 100F (37.7C) (OC). 601: Re-

Use: Perfumery, for woody and spicy notes; odorant

placement for methyl ethyl ketone in vinyl and nitro-

for disinfectants.

cellulose applications, distillation range 74–84C,

flash p 10F (−12.2C) (OC).

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

cedryl acetate. CH

COOC

Properties: Colorless liquid; light cedar odor. D

0.975–0.995, refr index 1.496–1.510. Soluble in one

“Celanthrene” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

volume of 90% alcohol. Combustible.

anthraquinone disperse dyes designed especially for

Use: Perfumery.

acetate, also suitable for application to nylon.

CEELS. Abbreviation for characteristic electron

“Celatom” [Eagle-Picher]. TM for a group of

energy-loss spectroscopy.

diatomaceous silicas (diatomite) of high quality and

uniformity.

cefodizime disodium.

Use: Filter aid; foods and beverages; absorbents, as in

CAS: 86329-79-5. mf: C

•2Na.

insecticides and fertilizers; catalyst supports; fillers

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

for paper; paints; explosives; concrete and asphalt;

chromatography.

cefprozil.

CAS: 92665-29-7. mf: C

“Celcon” [Celanese]. TM for a highly crystal-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Human sys-

line acetal copolymer based on trioxane.

temic effects.

See acetal resin.

ceftiofur.

celery seed oil.

Properties: Powder.

Properties: From steam distillation of fruit and seed

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

of Apium graveolens L. Yellow to green-brown liq-

uid; aromatic odor. D: 0.870−0.910. Sol in fixed

ceftriaxone sodium hydrate.

oils, mineral oil; sltly sol in propylene glycol; insol

CAS: 74578-69-1. mf: C

•2Na•7/

in glycerin.

Hazard: Moderately toxic. Low toxicity by inges-

Use: Food additive.

tion. Human systemic effects.

“Celanar” [Celanese]. TM for a polyester film celestine blue. (CI 51050). C

ClN

made from polyethylene terephthalate. Properties: Dark-green powder. Slightly soluble in

Properties: Transparent, biaxially oriented crystals. water, ethylene glycol, and alcohol. Water solution

D 1.395, tensile strength 30,000 psi, dielectric gives purple color, alcoholic solution blue.

strength 7000 volts/mil, mp 260C, service temp −60 Use: Biological stain, mordant in dyeing.

249 “CELLITON”

celestite. SrSO

. Natural strontium sulfate, usual-

ly found in sedimentary rocks.

Properties: Colorless, white, pale-blue or red, luster

vitreous to pearly. Resembles barite. D: 3.95, Mohs

hardness 3–3.5.

Occurrence: U.S., Canada, Europe, Mexico.

Use: Strontium chemicals, oil-well drilling mud, sug-

ar refining, ceramics, production of very pure sodi-

um hydroxide.

celiac disease. (CD; celiac sprue disease).

Also referred to as gluten sensitive enteropothy

(GSE). Considered to be the most undiagnosed com-

mon disease, affecting 1 in 133 people in the USA. It

is a chronic inherited disease. Symptoms can in-

clude diarrhea, bloating, fatigue, constipation, os-

teoporosis and can untimately result in intestinal

lymphoma. Frequently misdiagnosed as irritable

bowel syndrome or Crohn’s Disease. Strict adher-

ence to a gluten free diet is the only treatment cur-

rently available. This involves elimination from the

(2) Any self-contained unit having a specific func-

diet of wheat, rye, barley, and sometimes oats and

tional purpose, as: (a) voltaic cell (battery) to gener-

the derivatives of these grains.

ate electric current, (b) electrolytic cell to effect

electrolysis, (c) fuel cell to convert chemical energy

into electricity, and (d) solar cell to capture heat

Celiac Sprue Association. (CSA). A mem-

from sunlight. All except the last involve use of

ber-based nonprofit organization to help individuals

electrodes and electrolytes.

with Celiac Sprue and Dermatitis Herpetformes

(3) Any completely enclosed hollow unit, as in a

through education and research. Its mailing address

honeycomb or cellular plastic.

is P.O Box 31700, Omaha, NE 68131. Website:

http://www.csaceliacs.org.

cell, concentration. An electrolytic cell whose

emf is due to a difference in concentration of the

electrolyte or active metal at the anode and cathode.

“Celite” [World Minerals]. TM for diatoma-

ceous earth and related products.

cell constant. The factor by which the observed

resistance of an electrolyte is multiplied to obtain its

“Celkate” [World Minerals]. TM for sili-

specific resistance.

cates with good liquid-absorption capacities.

Use: Gloss control for coatings; decolorizing specific

“Cell Guard NRT” [Martin Marietta].

acid absorbers.

TM for a magnesium hydroxide slurry.

Use: For refinery bleaching replacing caustic soda

and sodium silicate.

cell. (1) The fundamental unit of biological struc-

ture, comprised of (a) an outer membrane, or wall,

cell, dry. See dry cell.

approximately 100 A

thick, which being semi-

permeable maintains by osmosis the biochemical

equilibrium of the intracellular fluids; (b) the cyto-

cell, electrolytic. See electrolytic cell.

plasm, containing mitochondria, ribosomes, and

other structures; and (c) the nucleus, in which lie the

cell, fuel. See fuel cell.

chromosomes and genes. An extremely complex

biochemical organization, the cell is the dynamic

cellilase and carbohydrase. See carbohy-

unit of all life. Its ability to reproduce itself and to

drase and cellilase.

control its functions systematically is of basic im-

portance to maintenance of life and growth. All

“Cellitazol” [BASF]. TM for a series of devel-

organic matter is either found in cells or produced by

oped acetate dyestuffs.

cellular activity and was ultimately derived from

photosynthesis. Cells are comparatively large units

that can be resolved in an optical microscope; the

“Celliton” [BASF]. TM for a series of disperse

largest single cells are represented by the eggs of dyestuffs characterized by good fastness to light,

oviparous animals. washing, etc. Used for dyeing and printing acetate

See mitosis. fibers.

250CELL, LOCAL

cell, local. A cell whose emf is due to differences cell, primary. A device producing an electrical

of potential between areas on a metallic surface in an current from a nonreversible electrochemical reac-

electrolyte. tion.

cell, reduction. An electrolytic unit in which

cell membrane. The outer membrane of a cell,

free metal is produced by electrolysis of one of its

which separates it from the environment. Also

compounds.

called a plasma membrane or plasmalemma.

cell, reversible. A galvanic cell in which chemi-

cellobiose. C

. The product of the partial

cal and electrical energy can be interconverted re-

hydrolysis of cellulose, composed of two d-glucose

versibly.

molecules.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 225C (decom-

cell, solar. See solar cell.

poses). Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol;

nearly insoluble in ether; insoluble in acetone.

cell, storage. An electrolytic cell for the genera-

Use: Bacteriology.

tion of electric energy that may be recharged after

use by an electric current flowing in a direction

celloidin. A pure form of pyroxylin; used for

opposite to the current flow by which the cell dis-

embedding sections in microscopy.

charges.

“Cellolube” [Lanxess]. TM for a finisher.

cellular plastic. A thermosetting or thermo-

Use: To give dyed and printed textiles final character-

plastic foam composed of cellular cores with inte-

istics for water and soil repellency.

gral skins having high strength and stiffness. The

cells result from the action of a blowing agent, either

at room temperature or during heat treatment of the

“Cellolyn” [Aqualon]. TM for a series of pale,

plastic mixture. The resulting product may be either

low-melting hydroabietyl ester resins. Used for lac-

flexible or rigid, the latter being machinable. The

quers, inks, and adhesives.

foaming action in some cases may occur in situ

(foamed-in-place plastics). Cellular plastics are

cellophane. (regenerated cellulose). Film pro-

combustible. For details, see foam, plastic.

duced from wood pulp by the viscose process.

Use: (Flexible) Furniture, automobile interiors, ma-

Properties: Transparent, strong, flexible, and highly

tresses, etc., where softness and resiliency are de-

resistant to grease, oil, and air. The base cellulose

sired. (Rigid) Insulating material, boat building and

film is modified by softeners, flame-resisting mate-

similar light construction, salvage of waterlogged

rials, and dyes, also by coating with other materials.

ships.

On exposure to heat the untreated film loses strength

See foam; plastic; rubber sponge. For further infor-

at 149C, decomposes at 176–204C, does not melt,

mation, refer to Cellular Plastics Division, Society

burns readily, and is not self-extinguishing.

of the Plastics Industry.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Use: Wrapper or protective package for fabricated

cellulase. An enzyme complex, produced by the

articles and industrial applications.

fungi Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma viride that

See rayon.

is capable of decomposing cellulosic polysaccha-

rides into smaller fragments, primarily glucose. It

“Cellosize” [Dow]. TM for hydroxyethyl cellu-

has been used as a digestive aid in medicine and in

lose and carboxymethylcellulose.

the brewing industry. Research has been devoted to

See cellulose, modified.

experimental application of cellulase to disposal of

cellulosic solid wastes. The resulting glucose can be

“Cellosolve” [Dow]. TM for mono- and dialkyl

fermented to ethanol, used to grow yeast for animal-

ethers of ethylene glycol and their derivatives wide-

feed proteins, or used as a chemical feedstock.

ly used as industrial solvents.

Note: Cellulase derived from the thermophilic soil

butyl “Cellosolve” See ethylene glycol mono-

fungus Thielatia terrestris functions at a much high-

butyl ether.

er temperature than other types and is thus much

butyl “Cellosolve” acetate See ethylene glycol

more effective in decomposing cellulose. This indi-

monobutyl ether acetate.

cates its possible use in conversion of biomass to

“Cellosolve” acetate See ethylene glycol mo-

energy. Commercial development of this product is

noethyl ether acetate.

expected.

“Cellosolve” solvent See ethylene glycol mo-

See biomass.

nohexyl ether.

methyl “Cellosolve” See ethylene glycol mo-

“Celluloid” [Celanese]. TM for a plastic con-

nomethyl ether.

sisting essentially of a solid solution of cellulose

nitrate and camphor or other plasticizer plus a flame-

cell, photovoltaic. See solar cell. retardant such as ammonium phosphate to minimize

251 CELLULOSE ACETATE PROPIONATE

flammability; available in sheets, rods, tubes, films. of water until an average of 2–2.5 acetate groups per

Also called pyroxylin. glucose unit remain. This product is thermoplastic

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. and soluble in acetone. Fibers are produced by forc-

See nitrocellulose. ing an acetone solution through orifices of a spinner-

ette into a stream of warm air, which evaporates the

cellulose. solvent. Fibers are also produced in a similar manner

CAS: 9004-34-6. (C

)

. A natural carbohydrate from cellulose triacetate, which is insoluble in ace-

high polymer (polysaccharide) consisting of anhy- tone but soluble in methylene chloride.

droglucose units joined by an oxygen linkage to See acetate fiber; acetate film.

form long molecular chains that are essentially lin- Available forms: Sheet, film or fiber, molded items.

ear. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose. The degree of Grade: Filtered and unfiltered. Also graded by per-

polymerization is from 1000 for wood pulp to 3500 cent combined acetic acid content: plastic 52–54%,

for cotton fiber, giving a molecular weight from lacquer 54–56%, film 55.5–56.6%, water resisting

160,000 to 560,000. 56.5–59%, triacetate 60.0–62.5%.

Hazard: Cellulosic materials (paper, cotton, and tex- Hazard: Flammable, not self-extinguishing, moder-

tile wastes), when wet with water, are a dangerous ate fire risk.

fire hazard and subject to shipping regulations. Use: Acetate fiber, lacquers, protective-coating solu-

TLV: 10 mg/m

. tion, photographic film, transparent sheeting, ther-

See rayon; cellophane; nitrocellulose; carboxymeth- moplastic molding composition, cigarette filters,

ylcellulose. magnetic tapes, osmotic-cell membrane.

␣-cellulose. The major component of wood and cellulose acetate butyrate. (CAB; cellulose

paper pulp. It is that portion of holocellulose that is acetobutytrate).

insoluble in strong sodium hydroxide solution. Properties: White pellets or granules. A thermoplas-

See cellulose. tic resin. D 1.2. Soluble in ketones; organic acetates;

lactates; methylene, ethylene, and propylene chlo-

p-cellulose. See phosphorylation. rides; and high-boiling solvents. Excellent weather-

ing properties, low water absorption, low heat con-

cellulose acetate. (CA). A cellulose ester in ductivity, high dielectric strength, high resistance to

which the cellulose is not completely esterified by oil and grease. Combustible.

acetic acid. Derivation: Reaction of purified cellulose with ace-

Properties: White flakes or powder. A thermoplastic tic and butyric anhydrides, with sulfuric acid as

resin, softening at approximately 60–97C and melt- catalyst and glacial acetic acid as solvent. The ratio

ing at approximately 260C. D: 1.27–1.34. Insoluble of acetic to butyric components may be varied over a

in acetone, ethyl acetate, cyclohexanol, nitropro- wide range.

pane, ethylene dichloride. Notable for toughness, Grade: According to percent butyryl content (17, 27,

high-impact strength, and ease of fabrication. Sub- 38, 50%).

ject to dimensional change due to cold flow, heat, or Use: Molding compositions, film and sheet, photo-

moisture absorption (1–7%). Fibers weaken above graphic film, lacquers, protective-coating solutions,

80C and are difficult to dye uniformly; not attacked taillight lenses, water-desalination membrane, pip-

by microorganisms. ing and tubing, covering for aluminum fibers, toys,

Derivation: Reacting cellulose (wood pulp or cotton packaging, brush handles, hydrometers, miscella-

linters) with acetic acid or acetic anhydride, with neous consumer products.

catalyst. The cellulose is fully acetylated

(three acetate groups per glucose unit), and at the

cellulose acetate phthalate. A reaction prod-

same time the sulfuric acid causes appreciable deg- uct of phthalic anhydride and cellulose acetate, used

radation of the cellulose polymer so that the product for coating of tablets and capsules.

contains only 200–300 glucose units per polymer

chain. At this point in the process the cellulose ace-

cellulose acetate propionate. (cellulose

tate ordinarily is partially hydrolyzed by the addition propionate). Similar to cellulose acetate butyrate

252CELLULOSE ACETOBUTYRATE

but made with propionic anhydride instead of butyr- organic bases, in dilute alkali, and in ammonium

ic anhydride. Unusually stable; requires less plasti- hydroxide, forming salts and esters; insoluble in

cizer and is compatible with more plasticizers than water, acids, and common organic solvents. It slow-

the butyrate. ly degrades at room temperatures and should be kept

cool. Combustible.

Grade: USP, technical.

cellulose acetobutyrate. See cellulose ace-

Use: Surgery and medicine, ion-exchange medium,

tate butyrate.

thickening agent.

cellulose, colloidal. Cellulose hydrosol, solidi-

fying to a dry, hardened material that is soluble in

cellulose propionate. See cellulose acetate

cupriethylene diamene.

propionate; “Forticel.”

cellulose ether. See ethylcellulose; methylcel-

cellulose, regenerated. See cellophane;

lulose.

rayon.

cellulose gel. See cellulose, microcrystalline.

cellulose solubility number. The percentage

by weight of a sample of cellulose that is soluble in

cellulose gum. A purified grade of carboxy-

cold caustic-soda solution under standard condi-

methylcellulose.

tions. This is a measure of degradation.

cellulose, hydrated. (hydrocellulose). Cellu-

cellulose sponge. A sponge of regenerated cel-

lose that has been caused to react with water (ap-

lulose; highly absorbent, soft, and resilient when

proximately 8–12%), forming a gelatinous mass.

wet; long lasting. It will not scratch, can be sterilized

Combustible.

by boiling, and is not affected by ordinary cleaning

Derivation: By mechanical pulverization and agita-

compounds. The pores vary in size from coarse (the

tion with water; by the action of strong salt solutions,

size of a pea) to fine (the size of a pinhead). Yarn

alkalies, or acids.

made of cellulose sponge consists of cotton fiber

Use: In the manufacture of paper, vulcanized fiber,

covered with the sponge product. Combustible.

mercerized cotton, viscose rayon.

Use: Washing automobiles and trucks, walls and

See hydration.

painted surfaces, windows, etc.; general cleaning;

sponge used in photographic laboratories; wet

cellulose methyl ether. See methylcellulose.

mops, cleaning pads, etc.

cellulose, microcrystalline.

cellulose triacetate. A cellulose resin in which

Properties: Fine white crystalline powder from

the cellulose is almost completely esterified by ace-

treatment of ␣-cellulose with mineral acids. Insol in

tic acid.

water, most org solvs.

Properties: White flakes. D 1.2. Soluble in chloro-

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

form, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethane. Com-

Use: Food additive.

bustible.

Derivation: Reaction of purified cellulose with ace-

cellulose, modified. One of many derivatives

tic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid as

of cellulose, formed by substitution of appropriate

catalyst and glacial acetic acid as solvent, followed

radicals (carboxyl, alkyl, acetate, nitrate, etc.) for

by very slight hydrolysis.

hydroxyl groups along the carbon chain. Such reac-

Grade: Flake.

tions are usually not stoichiometric. Some of these

Use: Protective coatings resistant to most solvents,

products (carboxymethyl and hydroxyalkyl cellu-

textile fibers; base for magnetic tape.

lose) are water-soluble ethers; others are organosol

esters (cellulose acetate), nitrates (nitrocellulose), or

cellulose xanthate. See viscose process.

xanthates (viscose). Biodegraded cellulose has been

used as a microbial growth medium for protein for-

cellulosic plastic. One of a number of semisyn-

mation. A tobacco substitute based on a cellulose

thetic polymers based on cellulose.

modification is trademarked “Cytrel.” [Celanese].

See cellophane; cellulose acetate; cellulose, modi-

fied; nitrocellulose; rayon; carboxymethylcellulose.

cellulose nitrate. See nitrocellulose.

cellulose, oxidized. (cellulosic acid). Deriva- cellulosic thiocarbonate. A reactive interme-

tive of cotton. Cellulose produced by treatment with diate in the graft polymerization of certain synthetic

nitrogen dioxide. Soluble in alkali but may be made polymers to cellulosic fibers. The latter are treated

to retain original form of the cellulose and much of with sodium hydroxide and a sulfur-containing

its tensile strength. compound, and the cellulose thus activated is placed

Properties: Slightly off-white gauze, lint, or powder; in an emulsion or solution of monomers. Polymer-

slight charred odor; acid taste. Soluble in aqueous ization at 50C occurs with a peroxide catalyst to

253 CHEMICAL HERITAGE FOUNDATION

form the graft. brittle and will scratch glass and feldspar but not

See graft polymer.

quartz. It is about two-thirds as magnetic as pure iron

under an exciting current. It occurs in ordinary steels

cell, voltaic. See voltaic cell. of more than 0.85% carbon and takes its name from

cement steel, made by the cementation process,

which contains a great deal of this carbide.

cell wall. Rigid structure deposited outside the

See carbide.

cell membrane. Plants are known for their cell walls

of cellulose, as are the green algae and certain pro-

tists, while fungi have cell walls of chitin.

cement, organic. Any of various types of rub-

ber cement, silicone adhesives, deKhotinsky ce-

ment.

“Celogen” [Uniroyal]. TM for a series of

See adhesive, rubber-based; silicone; deKhotinsky

blowing agents: AZ azodicarbonamide; OT phos-

cement.

phorus-p-oxybis-benzenesulfonylhydrazide; RA p-

toluenesulfonyl semicarbazide.

cement, Portland.

“Celotex” [Celotex].

TM for structural build- CAS: 68475-76-3. A type of hydraulic cement in the

ing and insulation board produced in large sheets. form of finely divided, gray powder composed of

Made from bagasse or wood fiber and treated to be lime, alumina, silica, and iron oxide as tetracalcium

resistant to fungi, termites, and water penetration. aluminoferrate (4CaO•Al

•Fe

), tricalcium

The name also includes roofing products, gypsum, aluminate (3CaO•Al

), tricalcium silicate

wallboard, lath, plasters, mineral wool, and hard- (3CaO•SiO

), and dicalcium silicate (2CaO•SiO

board. These are abbreviated, respectively, as C

AF, C

S, and C

S. Small amounts of magnesia, sodium,

potassium, and sulfur are also present. Hardening

Celsius, A. (1701–1744). Swedish physicist

does not require air and will occur under water.

who proposed the use of the centigrade temperature

Cement may be modified with various plastic la-

scale. His name is now generally applied to this scale

texes in proportions up to 0.2 part latex solids to one

(degrees centigrade

degrees Celsius).

part cement to improve adhesion, strength, flexibili-

See centigrade.

ty, and curing properties. Water evaporation can be

retarded by adding such resins as methylcellulose

cement, aluminous. (high alumina cement).

and hydroxyethylcellulose. For further information,

A hydraulic cement that contains at least 30–35%

refer to the Portland Cement Association, 5420 Old

alumina (in contrast to Portland cement, which con-

Orchard Road, Skokie, IL 60077-1083.

tains less than 5%). The alumina is usually supplied

Hazard: TLV: total dust 10 mg/m

; respirable frac-

by inclusion of bauxite. Aluminous cement attains

tion 5 mg/m

its maximum strength more rapidly than Portland

See concrete (1).

cement. It is also more resistant to solutions of sul-

fates. It exists in two modifications, sintered and

cement, rubber. See adhesive, rubber-based.

fused.

cementation. A process in which steel or iron “CE Methyl Esters” [Procter & Gamble].

objects are coated with another metal by immersing TM for a series of methyl esters of straight chain

them in a powder of the second metal and heating to (normal), even-numbered fatty acids ranging from

a temperature below the melting point of any of the C

(octanoate) to C

(octadecanoate) and including

metals involved. Zinc, chromium, aluminum, cop- mixtures of these.

per, and other metals are applied to iron or steel in Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquids or

this fashion. The process is basically diffusion of white solids. D approximately 0.87.

one metal into the other so that intermetallic alloy Use: Chemical intermediate, lubricants, cosmetic in-

layers are formed at the interface of the basis and gredients, formulating aids (rubber, wax, etc.).

coating metals.

See sherardizing.

C&EN. Chemical & Engineering News. Weekly

publication of the American Chemical Society.

cemented carbide. See carbide, cemented.

Chemical Heritage Foundation. (CHF).

cement, hydraulic. Any mixture of fine-

Formerly the Beckman Center for History of Chem-

ground lime, alumina, and silica that will set to a

istry was established in 1982 to discover and disse-

hard product by admixture of water that combines

minate information about historical resources and to

chemically with other ingredients to form a hydrate.

encourage research scholarship and popular writing

See cement; aluminous; cement, Portland.

in the history of chemistry, chemical engineering,

and the chemical process industries. The activities

cementite. Fe

C. A carbide of iron formed in the of the Foundation include organizing interviews and

manufacture of pig iron and steel. Composed of oral histories on major developments in modern

93.33% iron and 6.67% carbon, it is very hard and chemistry; locating historical manuscript and archi-

254“CHEMIGUM”

val records of individuals, societies, trade associa-

centipoise. (cP). 1/100 poise. The poise is the

tions, and companies important in the history of the cgs-metric system unit of viscosity and has the di-

chemical sciences; and encouraging academic re- mensions of dyne-seconds per square centimeter or

search in the field. Typically, graduate students in grams per centimeter-second.

History and Sociology of Science participate most

actively in its programs. It is located at 315 Chestnut

centistoke. (cS). 1/100 stoke, the unit of kine-

Street, Philadelphia, PA 19106-2702. Website:

matic viscosity. The kinematic viscosity in stokes is

http://www.chemheritage.org

equal to the viscosity in poises divided by the densi-

See Appendix II.

ty of the fluid in grams per cubic centimeter, both

measured at the same temperature.

“Chemigum” [Eliokem]. TM for NBR elasto-

mers, copolymers of acronylite and butadiene.

central dogma. The organizing principle of

Use: Adds good mechanical properties and resistance

molecular biology: genetic information flows from

to fuels, fats and oils.

DNA to RNA to protein.

chemiosmotic coupling. Coupling of ATP

centrifugation. A separation technique based on

synthesis to electron transfer via an electrochemical

the application of centrifugal force to a mixture or

pH gradient across a membrane (inner mitochondri-

suspension of materials of closely similar densities.

al membrane, bacterial plasma membrane, or thyla-

The smaller the difference in density, the greater the

koid membrane).

force required. The equipment used (centrifuge) is a

chamber revolving at high speed (10,000 rpm or

“Chemmer Epoxy” [Chemmer]. TM for an

more) to impart a force up to 17,000 times gravity.

encapsulating resin for mini electronics.

The materials of higher density are thrown toward

the outer portion of the chamber while those of

lower density are concentrated in the inner portion.

“CenPrem” [Century Foods]. TM for a ta-

This technique is used effectively in a number of

bleting sugar processed into layer particle size.

biological and industrial operations, such as separa-

Use: For mixes and tablets.

tion of the components of blood, concentration of

rubber latex, and separation of fat particles from

“Centara III” [Norben]. TM for a dietary pea

other milk components. Separation of isotopes, e.g.,

fiber.

those of uranium, by this method is now practicable

Use: Adds excellent moisture retention capacity and

for producing enriched uranium. This method is

fiber enrichment while being devoid of color.

economically superior to the gaseous diffusion pro-

cess.

“Centellin” [Sabinsa]. TM for an extract of

See ultracentrifuge.

Centella asiatica skin conditioning agent.

Use: For wound healing; supports circulation.

centrifuge. See centrifugation; ultracentrifuge.

centigrade. (Celsius). The internationally used

centroid diagram. A chart showing relation-

scale for measuring temperature, in which 100 de-

ship of atomic electron energy levels in successive

grees is the boiling point of water at sea level (1 atm)

elements.

and 0 degrees is the freezing point. A temperature

given in centigrade degrees may be converted to the

corresponding Fahrenheit temperature by multiply-

centromere. A specialized region of a chromo-

ing it by 9/5 (or 1.8) and adding 32 to the product. A

some which serves as the attachment point for the

temperature given in Fahrenheit degrees is convert-

mitotic or meiotic spindle.

ed to the corresponding centigrade temperature by

subtracting 32 and multiplying the remainder by 5/9.

cephalin. (kephalin; phosphatidyl ethanol-

The centigrade scale was devised by the Swedish

amine; phosphatidylserine).

scientist Celsius; his name is officially used to desig-

CHOR

OP(O)(OH)OR

nate it, even though centigrade is more meaningful.

Properties: Yellowish, amorphous substance; char-

acteristic odor and taste. Insoluble in water and ace-

centigrade heat unit. See chu.

tone; soluble in chloroform and ether; slightly solu-

ble in alcohol. A group of phospholipids in which

centimorgan. (cM). A unit of measure of re- two fatty acids (R

and R

) form ester linkages with

combination frequency. One centimorgan is equal to the two hydroxyl groups of glycerophosphoric acid,

a 1% chance that a marker at one genetic locus will and either ethanolamine or serine (R

) forms an ester

be separated from a marker at a second locus due to linkage with the phosphate group. Cephalins are

crossing over in a single generation. In human be- therefore either phosphatidylethanolamine or phos-

ings, one centimorgan is equivalent, on average, to phatidylserine. They are associated with lecithins

one million base pairs. found in brain tissue, nerve tissue, and egg yolk.

See megabase. Use: Medicine, biochemical research.

255 CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE

cephalosporin. Any of a family of antibiotics “Ceraphyl” [International Specialty]. TM

related to penicillin, discovered in 1953; an impor- for octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate.

tant member of this group was synthesized by

Available forms: Liquid.

Woodward in 1966. Several cephalosporins are used

Use: An emollient, pigment dispersant and binder.

clinically (cephalothin, cephaloridine, and cepha-

Imparts long-lasting lubricity and rich cushioned

lexin). The molecule contains a fused ␤-lactam-dih-

feel to the skin.

ydrothiazine ring system with an N-acyl side chain

and an acetoxy group attached to the dihydrothiaz-

“Ceratak” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a grade

ine ring. The formula for cephalosporin (C) is

of petroleum microcrystalline wax, min mp 73.8C.

S. Cephalosporins are reported to be free

from the allergic reactions common with penicillin.

“Cerathane” 63-L [Baker Petrolite]. TM

Development of new cephalosporin derivatives is

for an emulsifiable microcrystalline wax, min mp

being actively pursued.

93.3C.

See penicillin; antibiotic.

“Ceraweld” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a

grade of petroleum microcrystalline wax, min mp

cephamycin. Any of a group of antibiotics relat-

73.8C.

ed to cephalosporins and produced by several spe-

cies of Streptomyces.

“Cercor” [Corning]. TM for thin-walled, cel-

lular ceramic structures that can be used for a wide

“Ceramer” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a

range of high-temperature applications.

modified hydrocarbon wax.

Use: Gaseous heat exhangers, burner plates, acous-

tics, flame arresting, filtering, and insulation.

ceramic. A product, manufactured by the action

of heat on earthy raw materials, in which silicon and

cerebrosides. Derivatives of sphingosine in

its oxide and complex compounds known as sili-

which the amino group is connected in an amide

cates occupy a predominant position (American Ce-

linkage to a fatty acid and the terminal hydroxyl

ramic Society). The chief groups of the ceramics

group is connected to a molecule of sugar, usually

industry are as follows: (1) structural clay products

galactose, in glycosidic linkage. They are found in

(brick, tile, terra-cotta, glazed architectural brick);

brain and nervous tissue, usually in association with

(2) whitewares (dinnerware, chemical and electrical

sphingomyelin.

porcelain, e.g., spark plugs, sanitary ware, floor

tile); (3) glass products of all types; (4) porcelain

“Ceresan” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of mer-

enamels; (5) refractories (materials that withstand

cury compounds used as seed disinfectants.

high temperatures); (6) Portland cement, lime, plas-

ter, and gypsum products; (7) abrasive materials

ceresin wax. (purified ozocerite; earth wax;

such as fused alumina, silicon carbide, and related

mineral wax; cerosin; cerin).

products; (8) aluminum silicate fibers. A wide range

Properties: White or yellow, waxy cake; white is

of ceramics are available as ultrafine particles

odorless, yellow has a slight odor. D 0.92–0.94, mp

(10–150 microns), and ceramic foams are offered

68–72C. Soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform,

commercially.

naphtha; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Purification of ozocerite by treatment

ceramic, ferroelectric. A unique type of poly-

with concentrated sulfuric acid and filtration

crystalline ceramic having properties that make pos-

through animal charcoal.

sible the production of reliable, high-density optical

Grade: White, yellow.

memories for computers that are more efficient than

Use: Candles, sizing, bottles for hydrofluoric acid,

conventional types. Lead zirconate titanate, heated

electrical insulation, shoe and leather polishes, im-

and pressed into thin plates, is one of the compounds

pregnating and preserving agent, lubricating com-

used. As a result of its ferroelectric properties, an

pounds, wood filler, floor polishes, antifouling

applied voltage aligns the electric charges in the

paints, waxed papers, cosmetics, ointments, matrix

molecules of ceramic in the direction of the field and

compositions, waterproofing textile fabrics.

the polarization so induced remains indefinitely.

Thus, the material accommodates itself to the re-

ceria. See ceric oxide; rare earth.

quirements of the digital system, namely, binary 0

and binary 1.

ceric ammonium nitrate. (cerium ammo-

See ferroelectric.

nium nitrate; ammonium hexanitratocerate).

Ce(NO

)

•2NH

ceramic, glass. See glass ceramic.

Properties: Small, prismatic, yellow crystals. Solu-

ble in water and alcohol; almost insoluble in concen-

“Ceramix” [PPG]. TM for a technical grade of trated nitric acid; soluble in other concentrated

barium carbonate used in the ceramic industry. acids.

Hazard: See barium. Derivation: By electrolytic oxidation of cerous ni-

256CERIC HYDROXIDE

trate in nitric acid solution and subsequently mixing

cerite. A rare-earth ore found chiefly in Sweden.

solutions of cerium nitrate and ammonium nitrate

A minor source of cerium.

followed by crystallization.

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, dangerous fire risk in con-

cerium.

tact with organic materials.

CAS: 7440-45-1. Ce. A rare-earth element of the

Use: Analytical chemistry, oxidant for organic com-

lanthanide group of the periodic table. Atomic num-

pounds, polymerization catalyst for olefins, scaven-

ber 58, aw 140.12, valences 3, 4. Four stable iso-

ger in the manufacture of azides.

topes.

Properties: Gray, ductile, highly reactive metal. D

6.78, mp 795C, bp 3257C. Attacked by dilute and

ceric hydroxide. (ceric oxide, hydrated; ceri-

concentrated mineral acids and by alkalies. Readily

um hydrate). CeO

•xH

oxidizes in moist air at room temperature. It has four

Properties: Whitish powder when pure. Commer-

allotropic forms. It is the second most reactive rare-

cially a hydrated oxide containing 85–90% ceric

earth metal. Cerium forms alloys with other lanthan-

oxide. Soluble in concentrated mineral acids; insol-

ides (see misch metal); it also forms a nonmetal with

uble in water.

hydrogen, as well as carbides and intermetallic com-

Derivation: By treating a solution of a ceric salt with

pounds. Decomposes water.

strong alkali. Reagent grade is prepared by adding a

Source: Cerite (Sweden), bastnasite (California,

saturated solution of ceric ammonium nitrate to an

New Mexico), monazite (beach sands in Florida,

excess of ammonium hydroxide.

Brazil, India, South Africa).

Grade: Commercial, high purity, reagent.

Derivation: Chemical processing and separation of

Use: Production of cerium salts and ceric oxide, opa-

ores.

cifier in glasses and enamels (imparts yellow color),

Grade: Granules, ingots, rods (99.9% pure).

shielding glass.

Hazard: May ignite on heating to 300F (148.9C).

Strong reducing agent.

ceric oxide. (cerium dioxide; cerium oxide;

Use: Cerium salts, cerium-iron pyrophoric alloys,

ceria). CeO

ignition devices, military signaling, illuminant in

Properties: Pale-yellow, heavy powder (white when

photography, reducing agent (scavenger), catalyst,

pure). Commercial product is brown. D 7.65, mp

alloys for jet engines, solid-state devices, rocket

2600C. Soluble in sulfuric acid; insoluble in water

propellants, getter in vacuum tubes, diluent in pluto-

and dilute acid. Requires reducing agent with acid to

nium nuclear fuels.

dissolve the anhydrous oxide. Noncombustible.

See misch metal.

Derivation: By decomposition of cerium oxalate by

Note: Cerium compounds have been found to have

heat. Hardness depends on firing temperature.

antiknock properties, e.g., cerium (2,2,6,6-tetra-

Grade: Technical, high purity (99.8%).

methyl-3,5-heptanedionate).

Use: Ceramics; abrasive for glass polishing; opacifi-

er in photochromic glasses; retarder of discoloration

cerium-141. Radioactive cerium of mass number

in glass, especially radiation shielding and color TV

141.

tubes; catalyst; enamels and ceramic coatings; phos-

Properties: Half-life 21.5 days; radiation ␤ and ␥.

phors; cathodes; capacitors; semiconductors; refrac-

Derivation: From cerium-140 by capture of a neu-

tory oxides; diluent in nuclear fuels; heat stabilizer

tron and emission of a ␥ photon.

(alumina catalyst).

Available forms: CeCl

in hydrochloric acid solu-

tion.

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

ceric sulfate. (cerium sulfate).

Use: Biological and medical research.

Ce(SO

)

•4H

Properties: White or reddish-yellow crystals. D

3.91. Soluble in water (decomposes); soluble in di-

cerium-ammonium nitrate. See ceric am-

lute sulfuric acid. Strong oxidizer. monium nitrate.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on cerium car-

bonate.

cerium carbonate. See cerous carbonate.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Use: Dyeing and printing textiles, analytical reagent,

cerium chloride. See cerous chloride.

waterproofing, mildew-proofing.

cerium dioxide. See ceric oxide.

ceric sulfide. (cerium sulfide). A high-temper-

cerium hydrate. See ceric hydroxide; cerous

ature thermoelectric material that is stable and effi-

hydroxide.

cient up to 1100C.

cerium naphthenate.

cerin. See ceresin wax.

Properties: A rubbery material, very difficult to dry.

Almost insoluble without small quantities of organ-

ceritamic acid. See ascorbic acid. ic stabilizers.

257 CEROUS OXALATE

Derivation: By saponifying naphthenic acids and Properties: White powder. Soluble in mineral acids

treating the sodium naphthenate formed with a suit- (dilute); insoluble in water.

able cerium salt. The commercial product is a mix- Derivation: By adding an alkali carbonate to a solu-

ture of rare-earth soaps. tion of a cerous salt.

Use: See soap (2).

cerous chloride. (cerium chloride).

cerium nitrate. See cerous nitrate.

CAS: 7790-86-5. CeCl

•xH

Properties: White crystals. Deliquescent, d 3.88 (an-

cerium oxalate. See cerous oxalate. hydrous), mp 848C (anhydrous), bp 1727C. Soluble

in water, alcohol, and acids.

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on cerium

cerium oxide. See ceric oxide.

carbonate or hydroxide.

Use: Incandescent gas mantles, spectrography, prep-

cerium sulfate. See ceric sulfate; cerous sul-

aration of cerium metal, polymerization catalyst.

fate.

cerous fluoride. (cerium fluoride).

cermet. (ceramic + metal). A semisynthetic

CAS: 7758-88-5. CeF

•xH

product consisting of a mixture of ceramic and me-

Properties: Off-white powder. D 6.16 (anhydrous),

tallic components having physical properties not

mp 1460C, bp 2300C. Insoluble in water and acids.

found solely in either one alone, e.g., metal carbides,

Derivation: By treating cerous oxalate with hydro-

borides, oxides, and silicides. They combine the

fluoric acid.

strength and toughness of the metal with the heat and

Hazard: An irritant. TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/m

oxidation resistance of the ceramic material. The

Use: In arc carbons to increase their brilliance; prepa-

composition may range from predominantly metal-

ration of cerium metal.

lic to predominantly ceramic; e.g., SAP sintered

aluminum contains 85% aluminum and 15% Al

The most important industrial cermets are titanium

cerous hydroxide. (cerium hydrate). Approx-

carbide–based, aluminum oxide–based, and special

imate formula Ce(OH)

uranium dioxide types. Cermets are made by pow-

Properties: White, gelatinous precipitate; yellow,

der metallurgy techniques involving use of bonding

brown, or pink when impurities are present. Soluble

agents such as tantalum, titanium, and zirconium.

in acids; insoluble in water and alkali.

High stress-to-rupture rate; operate continuously at

Derivation: Chief source is monazite sand.

982C, for short periods at 2200C.

Grade: Pure, crude.

Use: Gas turbines; rocket motor parts; turbojet engine

Use: Pure form: to produce cerium salts, impart yel-

components; nuclear fuel elements; coatings for

low color to glass, opacifying agent in glazes and

high-temperature resistance; sensing elements in in-

enamels. Crude form: flaming arc lamp.

struments; seals; bearings, etc.; in special pumps and

other equipment.

cerous nitrate. (cerium nitrate).

Ce(NO

)

•6H

“Cer-O-Cillin” [Pfizer]. TM for an antibacte-

Properties: Colorless crystals, deliquescent. Mp

rial substance that differs from penicillin G in that

loses 3H

O at 150C; bp (decomposes at 200C). Solu-

the benzyl group is replaced with an allylmercapto-

ble in water, alcohol, and acetone.

methyl group. In concentrations up to 500,000 units

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on cerous car-

per cc in sterile water for injection, sterile sodium

bonate.

chloride for injection, or sterile 5% dextrose.

Hazard: Strong oxidizer, fire risk in contact with

Use: Medicine.

organic materials.

Use: Separation of cerium from other rare earths,

“Cerophyl” [Isp Europe]. TM for a lipid

catalyst for hydrolysis of phosphoric acid esters.

analogue that delivers long lasting moisture to

rinsed off hair products.

cerous oxalate. (cerium oxalate).

)

•9H

cerosin. See ceresin wax.

Properties: Yellowish-white crystalline powder;

odorless; tasteless. Decomposes on heating. Soluble

cerotic acid. (hexacosanoic acid; cerinic

in dilute sulfuric and hydrochloric acids; insoluble

acid). CH

(CH

)

COOH. A fatty acid obtained

in water, oxalic acid solution, alkalies, alcohol, and

from beeswax, carnauba wax, or Chinese wax.

ether.

Properties: White, odorless crystals or powder. D

Derivation: By extraction from monazite sand with

0.8198 (100/4C), mp 87.7C, refr index 1.4301

oxalic or hydrochloric acid and conversion into the

(100C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ben-

oxalate, followed by crystallization.

zene, ether, acetone. Combustible.

Grade: Pure; the commercial product is a complex

mixture of oxalates of cerium, lanthanum, and didy-

cerous carbonate. (cerium carbonate). mium.

(CO

)

•5H

O. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

258CEROUS SULFATE

Use: Medicine, isolation of cerium metals. cyanide. Its chief ore is pollucite, found in Maine,

South Dakota, Manitoba, Elba, South Africa.

cerous sulfate. (cerium sulfate). Grade: Technical, 99.9%.

(SO

)

•8H

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, ignites

Properties: White crystals or powder. Mp 630C (de-

spontaneously in moist air, may explode in contact

hydrated), d 2.886. Soluble in water and acids.

with sulfur or phosphorus, reacts violently with oxi-

Derivation: Reagent grade is prepared by reducing a

dizing materials, causes burns in contact with skin.

solution of ceric sulfate in sulfuric acid with hydro-

Use: Photoelectric cells, getter in vacuum tubes, hy-

gen peroxide.

drogenation catalyst, ion propulsion systems, plas-

Grade: Technical and purified (reagent).

ma for thermoelectric conversion, atomic clocks,

Use: Developing agent for aniline black.

rocket propellant, heat-transfer fluid in power gen-

erators, thermochemical reactions, seeding combus-

tion gases for magnetohydrodynamic generators.

certified color. See food color; FD&C

colors.

cesium-137. Radioactive cesium of mass number

cerulean blue. A light-blue pigment, essentially

137.

cobaltous stannate, CoO•x(SnO

Properties: Half-life 33 years; radiation ␤.

Hazard: Radioactive poison. The ␤ decay of

137

cerulein. See caerulein.

produces

137

Ba, which in turn is radioactive, emitting

a 0.662 Mev ␥ ray with a 2.6 min half-life.

cerussite. PbCO

. Natural lead carbonate, found

Use: Most applications of

137

Cs depend on the fact that

in the upper zone of lead deposits.

any

137

Cs preparation has an equivalent amount of

Properties: Colorless, white, gray, adamantine lus-

the ␥-emitting

137

Ba daughter. Approved for steril-

ter. Mohs hardness 3–3.5, d 6.55. Effervesces in

ization of wheat, flour, potatoes, and sewage sludge.

nitric acid.

Occurrence: Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, Ida-

cesium alum. See cesium aluminum sulfate.

ho, Australia, Europe.

Use: An ore of lead.

cesium aluminum sulfate. (cesium alum).

CsAl(SO

)

•12H

“Cer-Vit” [Owens-Corning]. TM for a glass

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.0215, mp 117C.

ceramic having linear expansion coefficient near

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

zero. Used for specialty products, such as telescope

Derivation: By adding a solution of cesium sulfate to

mirrors, where minimum distortion is essential.

a solution of potassium alum, concentrating, and

crystallizing.

ceryl alcohol. C

OH. An alcohol obtained

Grade: Pure.

from Chinese insect wax.

Use: Mineral waters, purification of cesium by frac-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 79C. Insoluble in

tional crystallizing, preparation of cesium salts.

water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

cesium antimonide.

ceryl cerotate. C

OOCC

. The chief

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

constituent of Chinese insect wax and typical of

Use: As a high-purity binary semiconductor.

natural waxes. Colorless crystals with mp 84C.

cesium arsenide.

CES. Abbreviation for cyanoethyl sucrose.

Hazard: See arsenic and cesium.

Use: As a high-purity binary semiconductor.

cesium. (caesium).

CAS: 7440-46-2. Cs. An alkali-metal element of

cesium bromide. CsBr.

group IA of the periodic table, atomic number 55,

Properties: Colorless, crystalline powder. D 4.44,

aw 132.9054, valence 1. No stable isotopes.

mp 636C, bp 1300C. Soluble in water; slightly solu-

Properties: Liquid at slightly greater than room tem-

ble in alcohol.

perature, soft solid below the melting point. Highly

Grade: Technical, single crystals.

reactive. Decomposes water with evolution of hy-

Use: Crystals for infrared spectroscopy, scintillation

drogen, which ignites instantly. Also reacts violent-

counters, fluorescent screens.

ly with oxygen, the halogens, sulfur, and phospho-

rus with spontaneous ignition and/or explosion. D

1.90, mp 28C, bp 705C, Mohs hardness 0.2. Cesium

cesium carbonate. Cs

has the highest position in the electromotive series; Properties: White, hygroscopic, crystalline powder.

it also has the lowest melting point of any alkali Very stable. Can be heated to high temperature with-

metal and the lowest ionization potential of any out loss of CO

. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

element. Soluble in acids and alcohol. Derivation: By passing carbon dioxide into a solu-

Derivation: By thermochemical reduction of cesium tion of cesium hydroxide and subsequent crystalli-

chloride with calcium or by electrolysis of the fused zation.

259 CESIUM TETROXIDE

Use: Brewing, mineral waters, ingredient of specialty

cesium nitrate.

glasses, polymerization catalyst for ethylene oxide.

CAS: 7789-18-6. CsNO

Properties: Crystalline powder, saltpeter taste. D

3.687, mp 414C, bp (decomposes). Soluble in water

cesium chloride. CsCl.

and acetone; slightly soluble in alcohol.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.972, mp 646C,

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on cesium oxide

sublimes at 1290C. Soluble in water and alcohol;

and crystallization.

insoluble in acetone.

Grade: Pure, 99.0% min.

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on cesium

Hazard: Dangerous, may ignite organic materials on

oxide and crystallization.

contact.

Grade: Pure; low optical density; single crystals.

Use: Cesium salts.

Use: Brewing; preparation of other cesium com-

pounds; mineral waters; evacuation of radio tubes

cesium oxide. Cs

(positive ions supplied at surface of filament); for a

Properties: Orange-red crystals. D 4.36, mp

density gradient in ultracentrifuge separations;

360–400C (decomposes). Very soluble in water;

fluorescent screens; contrast medium.

soluble in acids.

Grade: Technical, pure.

cesium dioxide. Cs

Use: Cesium salts.

Properties: Yellow needles. D 4.25, mp 400C, de-

composes at 650C. Soluble in water and acids.

cesium pentachlorocarbonylosmium(III).

Grade: Technical, pure.

Properties: Orange-red crystal. Air stable. Slightly

Use: Cesium salts.

soluble in water, hydrochloric acid; and insoluble in

organic solvents.

cesium fluoride.

CAS: 13400-13-0. CsF.

cesium pentachloronitrosylosmium(II).

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. D 4.115, mp

Properties: Dark-red crystals. Air-stable, sparingly

682C, bp 1251C. Very soluble in water; soluble in

soluble in water.

methanol, insoluble in dioxane and pyridine.

Use: Starting material for other cesium nitrosyl com-

Grade: 99% min, single crystals.

plexes.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/m

Use: Optics, catalysis, specialty glasses.

cesium perchlorate. CsClO

Properties: Crystals. D 3.327 (4C), mp 250C (de-

cesium hexafluorogermanate. Cs

GeF

composes). Soluble in water (much more in hot than

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp approxi-

cold); slightly soluble in alcohol and acetone.

mately 675C, d 4.10. Slightly soluble in cold water

Grade: 99% min.

and acids; very soluble in hot water.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, strong oxidizing agent,

Hazard: An irritant; see fluorides.

may ignite organic materials on contact.

Use: Optics, catalysis, specialty glasses, power gen-

cesium hydrate. See cesium hydroxide.

eration.

cesium peroxide. See cesium tetroxide.

cesium hydroxide. (cesium hydrate).

CAS: 21351-79-1. CsOH.

Properties: Colorless or yellowish, fused, crystalline

cesium phosphide.

mass. Strong alkaline reaction. Hygroscopic. Keep

Hazard: Fire risk by decomposition to phosphine,

well stoppered. D 3.675, mp 272.3C. Very soluble in

which is very toxic.

water. The strongest base known.

Use: As a high-purity binary semiconductor.

Derivation: By adding barium hydroxide to an aque-

ous solution of cesium sulfate.

cesium sulfate. Cs

Grade: Technical, 50% aqueous solution.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 4.2434, mp 1010C.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 2 mg/m

Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Use: Recommended as electrolyte in alkaline storage

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on cesium car-

batteries at subzero temperatures, polymerization

bonate.

catalyst for siloxanes.

Grade: Pure; low optical density.

Use: Brewing, mineral waters, for density gradient in

ultracentrifuge separation.

cesium iodide. CsI.

Properties: Colorless, crystalline powder. Deliques-

cent. D 4.510, mp 621C, bp 1280C. Soluble in alco-

cesium tetroxide. (cesium peroxide). Cs

hol and water. Properties: Yellow crystals. D 3.77, mp 600C. De-

Grade: Technical, single crystals. composes violently in water; soluble in acids.

Use: Crystals for infrared spectroscopy, scintillation Strong oxidizing agent.

counters, fluorescent screens. Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

260CESIUM TRIOXIDE

cesium trioxide. Cs

. pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, base for making sulfo-

Properties: Chocolate-brown crystals. D 4.25, mp nated fatty alcohols, to retard evaporation of water

400C, decomposes in water. Soluble in acids. when spread as a film on reservoirs or sprayed on

growing plants.

cetalkonium chloride (USAN). (cetyldime-

thylbenzylammonium chloride;

c-cetylbetamine. An amphoteric product show-

benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride).

ing cationic properties in acid solutions, anionic

N(CH

)

)Cl. A quaternary ammo-

properties in alkaline solutions.

nium germicide.

Use: Alkalone peroxide bleaching systems.

Properties: Colorless crystalline powder; odorless.

Mp 58–60C. Soluble in water to form colorless;

cetyl bromide. C

Br.

odorless solution with pH 7.2. Compatible with al-

Properties: Dark-yellow liquid. Fp 15C, bp

kalies and antihistamines. Soluble in alcohol, ace-

186–197C (10 mm Hg), d 0.991 (25/25C), w/gal

tone, esters, carbon tetrachloride.

8.25 lb (25C), refr index 1.460 (25C), flash p 350F

Use: Germicide, fungicide, surface-active agent, mil-

(176C). Soluble in ether; very slightly soluble in

dew preventive.

water and methanol. Combustible.

Use: Synthesis.

cetane. See n-hexadecane.

cetyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.

cetane number. A rating for diesel fuel compa-

See cetalkonium chloride.

rable to the octane-number rating for gasoline. It is

the percentage of cetane (C

) that must be mixed

cetyldimethylethylammonium bromide.

with heptamethylnonane to give the same ignition

(CH

)

NBr. A quaternary ammonium

performance under standard conditions as the fuel in

salt.

question.

Properties: Paste.

Use: Disinfectant, deodorant, germicide, fungicide,

cetearyl alcohol. See “Lanette O” [Henkel].

detergents.

cetene. See 1-hexadecene.

cetyldimethylethylammonium chloride.

(CH

)

NCl. A quaternary ammonium

cetin. (cetyl palmitate; palmitic acid cetyl es-

salt.

ter). C

COOC

Properties: White, crystalline, waxlike substance.

cetylic acid. See palmitic acid.

Chief constituent of commercial purified spermace-

ti. Mp 50C, bp 360C, d 0.832, refr index 1.4398

cetylic alcohol. See cetyl alcohol.

(70C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

cetyl mercaptan. (hexadecyl mercaptan).

Derivation: By solution from spermaceti.

SH.

Use: Base for ointments, cerates and emulsions, man-

Properties: Liquid; strong odor. Fp 18C, bp

ufacture of candles, soaps, etc.

185–190C (7 mm Hg), d 0.8474 (20/4C), refr index

1.474 (20C), flash p 275F (135C). Combustible.

cetrimonium pentachlorophenoxide.

Grade: 95% (min) purity.

NO. A crystalline solid melting at 68C,

Use: Intermediate, synthetic-rubber processing, sur-

used as a fungicide and as preservative for agricul-

face-active agent, corrosion inhibitor.

tural products.

cetyl palmitate. See cetin.

cetyl alcohol. (alcohol C-16; cetylic alcohol;

1-hexadecanol, normal; primary hexadecyl alco-

cetyl pyridinium bromide. C

NBr.

hol; palmityl alcohol).

A quaternary ammonium compound.

CAS: 36653-82-4. C

OH. A fatty alcohol. Com-

Properties: Cream-colored, waxy solid. Soluble in

bustible.

acetone, ethanol, and chloroform.

Properties: White, waxy solid; faint odor. D 0.8176

Use: Germicide, deodorant, laboratory reagent, sur-

(49.5C), mp 49.3C, bp 344C, refr index 1.4283

factant.

(79C). Partially soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu-

ble in water.

Derivation: By saponifying spermaceti with caustic

cetylpyridinium chloride. (Ceepryn; Cepa-

alkali, reduction of palmitic acid. col; Cetamium; Dobendan; 1-hexadecylpyridini-

Method of purification: Crystals, distillation. um chloride; Medilave; Pristacin; Pyrisept).

Grade: Technical, cosmetic, NF. CAS: 123-03-5. C

ClN•H

O. A quaternary am-

Use: Perfumery, emulsifier, emollient, foam stabiliz- monium salt.

er in detergents, face creams, lotions, lipsticks, toilet Properties: (Monohydrate) White powder. Mp

preparations, chemical intermediate, detergents, 77–83C, surface tension (25C) 43 dynes/cm (0.1%

261 CHAIN

aqueous solution). Soluble in water, alcohol, chloro-

CGMP. (Current Good Manufacturing Prac-

form; very slightly soluble in benzene and ether. tices). Refers to the body of regulations that de-

Use: Antibacterial in cough lozenges and syrups; scribe the methods, equipment, facilities, and con-

emulsifier. trols required for producing human and veterinary

products, medical devices, and processed food.

cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. (hexa-

decyltrimethylammonium bromide).

cgs. Abbreviation of centimeter-gram-second, a

CAS: 57-09-0. C

(CH

)

NBr. A quaternary am-

system of measurement used internationally by sci-

monium salt.

entists.

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water, alcohol

and chloroform.

chabazite. CaAl

•6H

O. Essentially a natu-

Grade: Technical.

ral hydrated calcium aluminum silicate, usually con-

Use: Surface-active agent, germicide.

taining some sodium and potassium. A zeolite.

Properties: White, reddish, yellow, or brown color;

cetyltrimethylammonium chloride.

vitreous luster. D 2.1. Mohs hardness 4–5.

(CH

)

NCl. A quaternary ammonium salt.

Occurrence: New Jersey, Colorado, Oregon, Eu-

See hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride.

rope.

Use: Water treatment.

cetyltrimethylammonium tosylate.

(CH

)

N]OSO

. A high-tempera-

ture stable quaternary ammonium compound.

Chadwick-Goldhaber effect. Dissociation of

Use: Germicide, surfactant.

an atomic nucleus due to absorption of ␥-rays.

cetyl vinyl ether. (vinyl cetyl ether).

Chadwick, Sir James. (1891–1974). A Brit-

OCH:CH

ish physicist who was awarded the Nobel Prize in

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.822 (27C), mp

1935 for his discovery of the neutron (1932), the

16C, bp 142C (1 mm Hg), 173C (5 mm Hg), flash p

existence of which had been predicted by Ruther-

325F (162C) (OC), refr index 1.444 (25C). Combus-

ford.

tible.

See neutron.

Grade: 97%.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, skin irritant. Reacts

strongly with organic materials.

chain. A series of atoms of a particular element

Use: Reactive monomer that may be copolymerized

directly connected by chemical bonds, which consti-

with a variety of unsaturated monomeric materials,

tutes the structural configuration of a compound.

including acrylonitrile, vinyl chloride, vinylidene

Such chains are usually composed of carbon atoms

chloride, and vinyl acetate to yield internally plasti-

and are often shown without their accompanying

cized resins.

hydrogen. Carbon chains may be of the following

types:

ceylon cinnamon bark oil. See cinnamon (1) Open or straight chain: a sequence of carbon

leaf oil. atoms extending in a direct line, characteristic of

paraffins and olefins, the former being saturated

Cf. Symbol for californium.

CF. Abbreviation for citrovorum factor.

See folinic acid.

and the latter unsaturated:.

“C-Fatty Acids” [Procter & Gamble].

TM for fatty acids derived from coconut oil. The

major component acids are lauric and myristic. They

differ primarily in amount of unsaturated acid com-

ponents and color.

Properties: Light-yellow solids that liquefy at ap-

(2) Branched chain: a linear series of carbon atoms

proximately 25C. Obtained from naturally occur-

occurring in paraffinic hydrocarbons and some alco-

ring triglycerides. Combustible.

hols that is isomeric with its straight chain counterpart

Use: Intermediate, rubber compounding, cosmetic

and has a subordinate chain of one or more carbon

ingredients, buffing compounds, alkyd resins, emul-

atoms:

sifiers, grease manufacture, and candles.

CFE. Abbreviation for chlorotrifluoroethylene.

Also used for polychlorotrifluoroethylene resins.

CFNP. See fluoronitrofen.

262CHAIN INITIATION

(3) Closed chain or ring: a cyclic arrangement of See calcite; calcium carbonate; whiting; chalk, pre-

carbon atoms giving a closed geometric structure, pared.

i.e., a pentagon or other form, characteristics of

alicyclic, aromatic, and heterocyclic compounds.

chalk, drop. See chalk, prepared.

See cyclic compound. (4) Side chain: a group

of atoms attached to one or more of the locations in a

chalk, French. A variety of soapstone or steat-

cyclic or heterocyclic compound, e.g., tryptophan:

ite.

See talc.

chalking. A natural process by which paints de-

velop a loose, powdery surface formed from the

film. Chalking results from decomposition of the

binder, due principally to the action of UV rays.

chalk, prepared. (drop chalk; calcium car-

chain initiation. The activation of one mole-

bonate, prepared).

cule in a mass of inert molecules subject to a chain

Properties: Fine, white to grayish-white impalpable

reaction.

powder; often formed in conical drops. Odorless;

tasteless; stable in air. Mp (decomposes at 825C

chain isomerization. Isomerization resulting

with evolution of carbon dioxide). Decomposed by

from differences in arrangement of carbon atoms.

acids; practically insoluble in water; insoluble in

alcohol. Noncombustible.

chain mechanism. See free radical.

Derivation: By grinding native calcium carbonate to

a fine powder, agitating with water, allowing the

chain reaction. See fission; nuclear energy.

coarser particles to settle, decanting the suspension,

and allowing the fine particles to settle slowly.

chain stopper. A substance or event that stops

Use: Medicine (antacid), tooth powders, calcimine,

the growth of a chain polymerization.

polishing powders, silicate cements.

See whiting; calcium carbonate.

chain termination. The end of a chain reaction,

when an activated molecule takes part in some reac-

chamber acid. Sulfuric acid made by the cham-

tion other than the one required to continue the

ber process; 50° Be´ sulfuric acid (62.18%).

chain.

chamber process. An obsolete method for

chain transfer. The interruption of growth of a

manufacturing sulfuric acid in lead-lined chambers

molecule chain by formation of a new radical that

from sulfur dioxide, air, and steam in the presence of

may act as a nucleus for forming a new chain.

as catalysts. It is no longer used in the U.S.

chalcocite. (copper glance). Cu

S. Natural cu-

chamois. A very soft, flexible leather made from

prous sulfide, occurring with other copper minerals.

the flesh layer of a split sheepskin by treating with

Properties: Lead-gray color, tarnishing dull black,

fish oils, piling in contact with similarly treated

metallic luster. D 5.5–5.8, Mohs hardness 2.5–3.

skins, and allowing the fish oils to oxidize.

Occurrence: Montana, Arizona, Utah, Nevada,

Alaska, Chile, Mexico, Europe.

Chance-Claus process. The process recovers

Use: Important ore of copper.

sulfur from sulfide waste by treatment with carbon

dioxide and oxidation of the resulting hydrogen sul-

chalcopyrite. (copper pyrites; yellow copper).

fide with air in the presence of a catalyst.

CuFeS

. Natural copper-iron sulfide found in metal-

lic veins and igneous rocks. Also made syntheti-

channel black. See carbon black.

cally.

Properties: Yellow or bronze iridescent crystals

channeling. (1) Establishment of flow paths in a

with metallic luster and greenish streak. D 4.1–4.3,

bed of solid particles through which a disproportion-

Mohs hardness 3.5–4. May carry gold or silver or

ate quantity of the introduced liquid passes.

mechanically intermixed pyrite.

(2) The direct transfer of a reaction product from the

Occurrence: Montana, Utah, Arizona, Tennessee,

active site of one enzyme directly to the active site of

Wisconsin, Europe, Chile, Canada.

a different enzyme, where it serves as a substrate.

Use: Important ore of copper, semiconductor re-

search.

Channing’s solution. (mercury potassium

iodide).

chalk. A natural calcium carbonate composed of Properties: Yellow prisms. Mw 620.47. Soluble in

the calcareous remains of minute marine organisms. alcohol.

Decomposed by acids and heat. Odorless, tasteless. Use: Medicine.

263 CHELATE

Chapman rearrangement. Thermal rearran- ble in ether, chloroform, benzene, solvent naphtha;

agement of aryl imidates to N,N-diaryl amides. sparingly soluble in cold alcohol; almost entirely

soluble in hot alcohol, carbon disulfide.

charcoal, activated. See carbon, activated. Chief constituents: Glycerides of chaulmoogric and

hydnocarpic acids.

Use: Largely superseded for treatment of leprosy and

charcoal, animal. See bone black.

other infective skin diseases.

charcoal, bone. See bone black.

chaulmoogric acid. (hydnocarpyl acetic

charcoal, vegetable. See vegetable black;

acid).

carbon, activated.

❘

CHCH

❘

CH(CH

)

COOH. A cyclic fatty acid.

charcoal, wood. A highly porous form of amor-

Properties: Colorless, shiny leaflets. Mp 68.5C. Sol-

phous carbon.

uble in ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate.

Derivation: Destructive distillation of wood.

Source: Chaulmoogra oil.

Grade: Technical, in lumps, powder briquettes.

Use: Medicine, biochemical research.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in briquette form or

when wet. May ignite spontaneously in air.

Chauvin, Yves. (1930– ). Born in France,

Use: Chemical (precipitant in the cyanide process,

Chauvin won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 2005

precipitant of iodine and lead salts from their solu-

for his pioneering work concerning the development

tions, catalyst, calcium carbide); decolorizing and

of the metathesis method in organic synthesis.

filtering medium; gas adsorbent; component of

Chauvin received his degree from the Lyons School

black powder and other explosives; fuel; arc-light

of Chemistry, Physics and Electronics in 1954. He is

electrodes; decolorizing and purifying oils; solvent

honorary research director at the Institut Francis du

recovery; deodorant.

Petrole and a member of the French Academy of

Science.

Chardonnet, H. (1839–1924). A native of

France, he has been called the father of rayon be-

chavicol. (p-allylphenol; 1-allyl-4-hydroxyben-

cause of his successful research in producing what

zene). C

OH.

was then called artificial silk from nitrocellulose. He

Properties: Liquid. Mp 16C, bp 230C, d 1.033 (18/

was able to extrude fine threads of this semisynthetic

4C). Soluble in water and alcohol. Occurs in many

material through a spinnerette-like nozzle, and the

essential oils.

textile product was made on a commercial scale in

several European countries. He was awarded the

CHDM. See 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol.

Perkin medal for this work.

checking. Development of small cracks in the

charge-coupled device. (CCD). A solid-state

surface of a material such as rubber, paint, or ceram-

detector that is capable of generating a measurable

ic glaze.

electric charge after being struck by a single photon.

It is used in small-molecule X-ray diffractometers.

“Chel” [Novartis]. TM for chelating agents

based on polyaminocarboxyllic acids.

charge-mass ratio. The ratio of change of elec-

Use: To reduce the harmful effects of trace metals in

trified particle or ion to its mass, expressed usually

the blood.

as e/m.

Charles’ law. At constant pressure, the pressure

chelate. The type of coordination compound in

of a confined gas is proportional to its absolute

which a central metal ion such as Co

,Ni

,Cu

,or

temperature.

is attached by coordinate links to two or more

See Gay-Lussac’s law.

nonmetal atoms in the same molecule, called li-

gands. Heterocyclic rings are formed with the cen-

Charpy. A standard testing device for impact

tral (metal) atom as part of each ring. Ligands offer-

strength.

ing two groups for attachment to the metal are

termed bidentate (two-toothed); three groups, tri-

Chattock gauge. A differential manometer that

dentate; etc. A common chelating agent is ethylene-

uses the pressure difference of two columns of liquid

diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Nitrilotriacetic

of nearly equal density.

acid N(CH

COOH)

and ethyleneglycol-bis(␤-ami-

noethyl ether)-N,N-tetraacetic acid (HOOCCH

)

chaulmoogra oil. (gynocardia oil; hydnocar- NCH

OCH

N(CH

COOH)

are

pus oil). used in analytical chemical titrations and to remove

Properties: Brownish-yellow oil or soft fat; charac- ions from solutions and soils. Metal chelates are

teristic odor; somewhat acrid taste. D 0.940; iodine found in biological systems, e.g., the iron-binding

value 85–105 (based on type), optically active. Solu- porphyrin group of hemoglobin and the magnesium-

264“CHEM-HOE”

binding chlorophyll of plants. Medicinally, metal and retrieve such data as molecular structure, physi-

cal and chemical properties, and other relevant facts

chelates are used against Gram-positive bacteria,

with much greater efficiency. The state of the art in

fungi, viruses, etc.

chemical documentation is the sophisticated and

See ammine; sequestration.

extensive information bank assembled by Chemical

Abstracts Service, a division of ACS. It features on-

“Chem-Hoe” [PPG]. TM for isopropyl-N-

line call-up and display of the most complex organic

phenylcarbamate (IPC). A selective herbicide.

formulas and property data for morew than 12 mil-

lion compounds. Personal computers are used for

Chemical Abstracts. A weekly publication of

laboratory instrument control, data collection, and

the American Chemical Society that consists of re-

analysis.

search articles and patents in all major fields of

chemistry throughout the world. It is completely

chemical dating. Estimation of the age of geo-

computerized, including the ability to draw chemi-

logic structures and events by measuring the amount

cal structures as the basis for a search of the data-

of radioactive decay products in existing samples.

base, and available in various forms from several

The age of a uranium-containing material can be

computerized services. It is the most indispensable

determined by measuring the percentage of lead (or

information source in chemical literature and is the

helium) formed as a result of disintegration of the

largest scientific abstract journal in the world. For

uranium. Uranium decays to both helium and the

further information, see Appendix II.

206 lead isotope, but measurement of helium con-

tent is inaccurate because of its strong tendency to

Chemical Abstracts Service. Division of the

escape. By determining the ratio of the percentage of

American Chemical Society responsible for the pro-

lead in a sample to the percentage of uranium, the

duction of Chemical Abstracts.

age can be calculated. A more recent method, appli-

See Chemical Abstracts.

cable to events within about 10,000 years, involves

the use of the natural radioactive carbon isotope

chemical bond. See bond, chemical.

(

C). The percentage of this isotope determined in a

carefully prepared sample is an index of its age,

chemical change. Rearrangement of the atoms,

based on the half-life of

C (5700 years), which was

ions, or radicals of one or more substances resulting

present in the atmospheric carbon dioxide absorbed

in the formation of new substances often having

by plants centuries ago. This method has yielded

entirely different properties. Such a change is called

valuable results in the study of archaeological speci-

a chemical reaction. In some cases, energy in the

mens, deep-sea sedimentation, and dates of volcanic

form of heat, light, or electricity is required to ini-

and glacier activity.

tiate the change; then the reaction is called endother-

mic. When energy is given off as a result of rupture

chemical deposition. The precipitation of one

of chemical bonds, the change is said to be exother-

metal from a solution of one of its salts by adding to

mic. Chemical changes should be distinguished

it another metal higher in the electromotive series or

from physical changes, in which only the state or

a reducing agent.

condition of a substance is modified, its chemical

nature remaining the same. A physicochemical

chemical economics. The principles and prac-

change has some of the characteristics of both. Ex-

tical application of industrial economics, in particu-

amples of the three types are

lar reference to the manufacture of chemicals and

Chemical Changes

chemically derived products. Economic factors that

fuel + oxygen → CO

+ water + heat (exo-

apply mainly to the chemical industries are (1)

thermic)

heavy capital investment; (2) vast range of raw ma-

water + CO

+ energy → sugar + oxygen (endo-

terials and products; (3) complex and varied produc-

thermic)

tion methods; (4) high-level R & D for new prod-

Physical Changes

ucts, plus extensive testing for safety and

acceptability; (5) market research to develop new

water to ice or steam; crystallization; coagulation

product uses, etc.; (6) substitution of synthetics for

of latex distillation processes

natural products or (in some cases) the reverse; (7)

utilization of by-product materials; (8) waste recla-

Physiochemical Changes

mation and pollution control.

cooking of food, vulcanization of rubber, tanning

See chemical process industry.

of leather, drying of oil- or plastic-based paints.

chemical education. The instruction and train-

chemical data storage. The recording, cod- ing of students at secondary, college, and graduate

ing, storage, and retrieval of chemical information. levels in both the theoretical and practical aspects of

Early methods involved the use of punched-card chemistry. Well-balanced courses include a sub-

systems, of which there were several types. The stantial amount of laboratory experimentation in

advent of digital computers made it possible to store addition to lectures and textbook study. Comprehen-

265 CHEMICAL LAWS

sive one-year courses are offered by most colleges

chemical equation. A representation of a

for nonscience majors. The more advanced curricula chemical reaction using symbols to show the weight

emphasize quantum-mechanical and thermodynam- relationship between the reacting substances and the

ic considerations, stoichiometry, and spectroscopy. products.

Mechanical models of molecular structure are use-

ful in teaching organic chemistry. A few schools

chemical equivalent. (1) The atomic weight of

provide courses in industrial chemistry. Student em-

an element divided by its valence. (2) The number of

ployment in a chemical process plant for part of the

parts by weight of an element or radical that will

semester has proved successful. Tape recordings of

combine with or displace eight parts by weight of

symposia, analytical methods and lectures in gener-

oxygen or one part by weight of hydrogen. (3) The

al chemistry, as well as a broad group of high-level

molecular weight of a salt divided by the valence of

short courses in special subjects are offered by the

the particular element considered.

ACS, which also sponsors radio broadcasts on top-

ics of popular interest in chemistry. The field is well

chemical fallout. Pollution that results from

served by two publications the—Journal of Chemi-

chemicals in the air being deposited on land or water

cal Education and Chemistry. Among the leaders in

surfaces.

the development of chemical education may be

mentioned Ira Remsen, James B. Conant, Gilbert N.

chemical flooding. A method of enhanced oil

Lewis, Louis Fieser, Roger Adams, and Joel Hildeb-

recovery in which a mixture of detergents, alcohols,

rand. In recent years, the pervasive influence of

and other solvents is pumped into the porous oil-

computer technology has penetrated almost all of

bearing strata, followed by much brine, which fur-

the physical sciences. Thus basic training in its ap-

nishes the pressure necessary to drive the mixture

plications to chemistry has become an essential ad-

through the rocky structure. Field tests show this

junct to chemical education. The publication of data

process to be no more than 50% efficient, and it will

and scientific papers on the World Wide Web and

probably not be important in secondary oil recovery

collaboration via the Internet is of increasing impor-

for some years. Another technique, called micellar

tance.

flooding, involves the use of surfactants and a mix-

See chemical literature; model; computational chem-

ture of water and a high polymer. It is a two-step

istry.

process: the surfactants (petroleum sulfonate and

alcohol) are injected into the oil-bearing strata, fol-

lowed by the water-polymer mixture. Volumes of

chemical efficiency. The output of a process

these materials are required.

divided by its net input.

See hydraulic fracturing.

chemical force microscopy. A technique in

chemical energy. The energy given off in a

which specific chemical groups are attached to the

chemical reaction.

probe tip of an atomic force microscope.

Use: Study of adhesion and lubrication; mapping

functional group microstructure in polymers and

chemical engineering. That branch of engi-

binding-recognition interactions in biological sys-

neering concerned with the production of bulk mate-

tems.

rials from basic raw materials by large-scale appli-

See: atomic force microscopy; scanning tunneling

cation of chemical reactions worked out in a

microscope.

laboratory. The unit operations of chemical engi-

neering are those common to all chemical process-

ing: fluid flow, heat transfer, filtration, evaporation,

chemical laws. A group of basic principles gov-

distillation, drying, mixing, adsorption, solvent ex- erning the combining power and reaction character-

traction, and gas absorption, based on the fundamen- istics of elements. Among the more important are:

tals involved in every technical problem in chemical (1) Law of mass action: the rate of a homogeneous

engineering: conservation, equilibrium, kinetics, (uniform) chemical reaction at constant temperature

and control. Conservation involves the laws of the is proportional to the concentration of the reacting

conservation of matter and energy. The limits of any substances.

chemical process are established by its equilibrium (2) Law of definite or constant composition: any

conditions. The principles underlying the equilibri- chemical compound contains the same elements in

um concept (the law of mass action) are of funda- the same fixed proportions by weight. Exceptions to

mental importance (see chemical laws). Kinetics this law occur in solid compounds, such as silicates,

means time-dependent processes or rate processes that are known as nonstoichiometric compounds.

(momentum, thermal, mass transfer, and chemical (3) Law of multiple proportions: when two elements

kinetics). Control involves either the systems ap- unite to form two or more compounds (e.g., nitrogen

proach or feedback or closed-loop methods, as well and oxygen can form five different oxides), the

as considerations of the stability of the system. weight of one element that combines with a given

See equilibrium constant; stoichiometry; kinetics, weight of the other is in the ratio of small whole

chemical. numbers. Hydrogen and oxygen unite in the ratio of

266CHEMICAL LITERATURE

1 to 8 in water and of 1 to 16 in hydrogen peroxide.

chemical milling. The process of producing

Thus, the weights of oxygen that unite with 1 g of metal parts of predetermined dimensions by remov-

hydrogen are in the ratio of 1 to 8. ing metal from the surface with chemicals. Acid or

(4) Law of conservation of mass: any chemical reac-

alkaline pickling or etching baths are used for this

tion between two or more elements or compounds

purpose. Immersion of a metal part will result in

leaves the total mass unchanged, the reaction prod-

uniform removal of metal from all surfaces exposed

ucts having exactly the same mass as present in the

to the solution. This is used by the aircraft industry

reactants, regardless of the extent to which other

for weight reduction of large parts. It is also used in

properties are changed.

the manufacturing of instruments and other compo-

(5) Law of Avogadro: equal volumes of gases at

nents where exact tolerances are required.

constant temperature and pressure contain the same

number of molecules whether the gases are the same

chemical nomenclature. The origin and use of

or different. 22.4 L of any gas contains 6.02 × 10

the names of elements, compounds, and other chem-

molecules. See Avogadro’s law; mole.

ical entities, as individuals and as groups, as well as

various proposals for systematizing them. It may be

considered to include three major aspects: (1) the

chemical literature. Worldwide chemical in-

gradual sporadic development of these names,

formation available in the form of journals, patents,

which may go back to the alchemists of the Middle

and books (handbooks, dictionaries, encyclopedias,

Ages; (2) the proliferation of terminology due to

reports of conferences and symposia, review vol-

rapid extension of organic chemistry in the mid-19th

umes, research treatises, and textbooks). The output

century, which led to the recommendations of the

of journal articles has increased almost exponential-

Geneva System in 1892; (3) the additional reforms

ly in the last 70 years. Of major importance in mak-

adopted by the International Union of Pure and Ap-

ing this information explosion available to scientists

plied Chemistry in 1930. There is yet no clear-cut

are the abstract journals, particularly Chemical Ab-

elimination of the older names, in spite of changes

stracts, described in Appendix II. Outstanding

introduced in these reformed systems. Thus, present

among periodicals is the Journal of the American

nomenclature is in some respects a hybrid; for exam-

Chemical Society, in which more than 2000 articles

ple, the earlier terms paraffin and olefin are still

appear yearly. Hundreds of other journals through-

widely used instead of the more modern alkane and

out the world add to the vast stream of chemical

alkene, and methyl alcohol is still in common use for

literature. In book form, there are four monumental

methanol. A comparatively recent development in

multivolume compendia (the dates are for the origi-

the nomenclature of inorganic and complex com-

nal edition, but in most cases there have been several

pounds is use of the Stock system, in which Roman

revisions): Abegg and Gmelin’s Handbuch der

numerals indicate the oxidation state or coordina-

Anorganischen Chemie (1870), Beilstein’s Hand-

tion value. For example, iron(II) chloride stands for

buch der Organischen Chemie (1881), Mellor’s In-

ferrous chloride (FeCl

), and iron(III) chloride for

organic and Theoretical Chemistry (1922), and He-

ferric chloride (FeCl

ilbron’s Dictionary of Organic Compounds

See Geneva System; benzene.

(approximately 1920). Other noteworthy reference

sources are Merck Index (1889), Handbook of

Chemistry and Physics (1918), Lange’s Handbook

chemical oxygen demand. (COD). Refers to

of Chemistry (1934), Chemical Engineers Hand-

the amount of oxygen, expressed in parts per mil-

book (1934), Ring Index (1940), Hackh’s Chemical

lion, consumed under specified conditions in the

Dictionary (1929), and Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclope-

oxidation of the organic and oxidizable inorganic

dia of Chemical Technology (1947). The ACS

matter contained in an industrial wastewater, cor-

Monograph Series, established in 1919, is devoted

rected for the influence of chlorides.

to high-level treatises in developing areas of chemis-

See oxygen consumed.

try. Many useful series of “Advances,” reviewing

progress in specific fields, have appeared from time

chemical planetology. Application of various

to time. Many of these publications are available for

branches of chemistry (analytical, physical, and

computerized information retrieval.

geochemistry) to study the composition of the sur-

See chemical education.

face and atmosphere of the planets, mainly Venus,

Mars, and Jupiter. Much information has been ob-

tained by spectrographic methods, and valuable ad-

chemically pure. (CP). Refers to an element or

ditional data have resulted from space probes.

compound that has been purified for fine chemical

See astrochemistry.

work.

chemical potential. The rate at which the total

“Chemical Mace” [Mace]. See “Mace.”

free energy of a phase in a system changes as the

amount of a particular component changes, keeping

chemical microscopy. See microscopy, pressure, temperature, and amounts of all other com-

chemical. ponents of the phase the same.

267 CHEMICAL WARFARE

chemical process industry. An industry burns to yield a white cloud; (4) WP, a white phos-

whose products result from (1) one or more chemi- phorus, burns to form a white cloud of phosphoric

cal or physicochemical changes; (2) extraction, se-

acid, an excellent smoke producer.

paration, or purification of a natural product with or

See fog; smoke; chemical warfare.

without chemical reactions; (3) preparation of spe-

cifically formulated mixtures of materials, either

chemical specialty. A chemically formulated

natural or synthetic. Examples are as follows (with

product manufactured from chemical components

allowance for some overlapping): (1) the plastics,

and used without further processing by household

rubber, leather, food, dye, and synthetic organic

and industrial customers for specific and specialized

industries; (2) the petroleum, paper, textile, and per-

purposes.

fume industries. (3) Many of these involve one or

more unit operations of chemical engineering, as

Chemical Specialties Manufacturers

well as such basic processes as polymerization, oxi-

Association. (CSMA). Founded in 1914, the

dation, reduction, hydrogenation, etc., usually with

Chemical Specialties Manufacturers Association

the aid of a catalyst. This definition may be interpre-

represents more than 250 companies engaged in the

ted to include ore processing, separation, and refine-

manufacture, formulation, distribution and sale of

ment, as well as the manufacture of metal products;

chemical specialty products for household, institu-

however, these are usually considered to comprise

tional and industrial use. The Association’s mission

the metal and metallurgical industries.

is to: foster high standards for the industry; and

concern for the health, safety and environmental

chemical reaction. A chemical change that

impacts of its products; address legislative and regu-

may occur in several ways, e.g., combination, re-

latory challenges at the federal, state and local level;

placement, by decomposition, or by some modifica-

meet the needs of industry for technical and legal

tion of these. Reactions are endothermic when heat

guidance; provide a forum to share ideas for scientif-

is needed to maintain them and exothermic when

ic and marketing excellence. Its headquarters are at

they evolve heat. All chemical reactions are in bal-

1913 Eye Street, NW, Washington DC 20006. Web-

ance, i.e., the numbers of atoms of the various ele-

site: http://www.csma.org

ments in the reacting substances are always equal to

the numbers of atoms in the reaction products. Com-

chemical stoneware. (brick, chemical). A

mon types of reactions are oxidation, reduction,

clay pottery product widely employed to resist acids

ionization, combustion, polymerization, hydrolysis,

and alkalies. It is used for utensils, pipes, stopcocks,

condensation, enolization, saponification, rear-

ball mills, laboratory sinks, etc.

rangement, etc. Chemical reactions involve rupture

of only the bonds that hold the molecules together

chemical technology. A general term covering

and should not be confused with nuclear reactions,

a broad spectrum of physicochemical knowledge of

where the atomic nucleus is involved. A reversible

the materials, processes, and operations used in the

reaction is one in which the reaction product is

chemical process industries. It includes (1) basic

unstable and thus changes back into the original

phenomena such as activation, adsorption, oxida-

substance spontaneously. In a complete reaction, the

tion, catalysis, corrosion, surface activity, polymer-

activity goes to completion and is indicated by an

ization, etc.; (2) the properties, behavior, and han-

arrow →; if heat or a catalyst is used, it is indicated

dling of industrial materials and products (plastics,

by a symbol or word, usually placed in small type

textiles, coatings, soap, foods, metals, pharmaceuti-

above the arrow as:

cals, etc.); and (3) their formulation, fabrication, and

testing (compounding, extruding, molding, assem-

⌬ catalyst

bly, and the like).

→→

See chemical process industry.

chemical research. See applied research;

chemical thermodynamics. That aspect of

fundamental research.

thermodynamics concerned with the relationship of

heat, work, and other forms of energy to equilibrium

chemical sediment. A sediment created by pre-

in chemical reactions and changes of state.

cipitation of one or more minerals from natural

See thermodynamics; thermochemistry; kinetics,

waters.

chemical; equilibrium constant.

Chemical Transportation Emergency

chemical smoke. Chemically generated aero-

Center. See ChemTrec.

sols, used primarily for military purposes. They are

of four types: (1) FS, a mixture of sulfuric anhydride

and chlorosulfonic acid, used in shells and bombs

chemical warfare. The employment of a chem-

and sprayed from airplanes; (2) FM, titantium tetra- ical agent directly for military purposes, i.e., to

chloride, the same as FS but brilliant white and will cause casualties by irritating, burning, asphyxiation,

drop like a curtain when sprayed; (3) HC, a mixture or poisoning; to contaminate the ground; to screen

of hexachloroethane, aluminum, and zinc oxide, action by smoke; or to cause incendiary damage.

268CHEMICAL WASTE

Includes use of all forms of toxic or irritating gases, tant ways. This mechanism is the activating force of

including nerve gases, smoke-inducing agents,

catalysis. An example of chemisorption is the

flammable gels such as napalm, and incendiary ma-

boundary lubrication of moving metal parts in ma-

terials such as magnesium and thermite. Biological

chinery. An oil film forms a chemisorbed layer at the

warfare involves the use of bacteria and other infec-

interface and averts the high frictional forces that

tive agents against enemy forces or populations.

would otherwise exist. Solids with high surface en-

ergies are necessary for chemisorption to occur, e.g.,

nickel, silver, platinum, iron.

chemical waste. Unusable by-products from

See catalysis.

many chemical and metal-processing operations,

which often contain toxic or polluting materials,

such as digester streams from paper manufacture,

chemistry. A basic science whose central con-

fluorides from aluminum manufacturing, mercury

cerns are (1) the structure and behavior of atoms

from chlor-alkali cells, tailings from asbestos pro-

(elements); (2) the composition and properties of

duction, and insecticidal wastes that become envi-

compounds; (3) the reactions between substances,

ronmental threats if improperly disposed of. Dispos-

with their accompanying energy exchange; and (4)

al techniques approved by EPA are (1) landfill in

the laws that unite these phenomena into a compre-

which an impermeable barrier is placed between the

hensive system. Chemistry is not an isolated disci-

waste and ground water, such as a layer of hard-

pline; it merges into physics and biology. The origin

packed clay; (2) incineration of organic materials

of the term is obscure. Chemistry evolved from the

plus use of specially equipped ships in which liquid

medieval practice of alchemy. Its bases were laid by

wastes are incinerated at sea; (3) such chemical and

such men as Boyle, Lavoisier, Priestly, Berzelius,

biological methods as neutralization of acidic and

Avogadro, Dalton, and Pasteur.

basic wastes, oxidation, and activated sludge treat-

See inorganic chemistry; organic chemistry; physical

ment of organic wastes. Dumping of wastes into

chemistry; and Appendix II A–E.

lakes and watercourses is strictly forbidden. Storage

Note: Chemistry has been variously defined, to the

in metal drums is inadequate because of corrosion

point where definition has become a semantic exer-

and subsequent leakage. Federal authority to pro-

cise of questionable, if not negative, value. “Chem-

vide for control and safe disposal of hazardous

istry is the science of matter” and “Chemistry is a

wastes is provided by the Resource Conservation

branch of physics” are two instances of such defini-

and Recovery Act (RCRA), passed by the U.S.

tions. The first relegates physics to the background

Congress in 1976.

while the second accords it supremacy.

See radioactive waste.

chemistry history. See Appendix II A–E.

Chemico process. A technique used for ex-

tracting sulfur from low-grade ores (25–50% sulfur)

chemistry in space. See space, chemistry

by means of hot water.

in.

chemiluminescence. The emission of absorbed

chemodynamics. A comprehensive, interdisci-

energy (as light) due to a chemical reaction of the

plinary study of chemicals in the environment with

components of the system. It includes the subclasses

special reference to pesticides.

bioluminescence and oxyluminescence, in which

light is produced by chemical reactions involving

chemometrics. Application of computer data-

organisms and oxygen, respectively. Chemilu-

analysis techniques to the classification, assimila-

minescence occurs in thousands of chemical reac-

tion, and interpretation of chemical information. Its

tions covering a wide variety of compounds, both

major purpose is to correlate data in such a way that

organic and inorganic. Emission of light by fireflies

trends or patterns are indicated. Molecular spectra,

is a common example of bioluminescence.

thermodynamic functions, and distribution of chem-

See luminescence.

icals in the atmosphere in relation to rainfall are

some fields in which this science has been utilized.

chemisorption. The formation of bonds between

Formal programs in chemometrics are underway at

the surface molecules of a metal (or other material of

the University of Washington and Umea University

high surface energy) and another substance (gas or

in Sweden.

liquid) in contact with it. These bonds are compara-

ble in strength to ordinary chemical bonds and much

stronger than the Van der Waals type characterizing

“Chemonite” [Baxter]. (copper arsenite,

physical adsorption. Chemisorbed molecules are of- ammoniacal). TM for a wood-preservative solution

ten altered. Hydrogen is chemisorbed on metal sur- prescribed by Federal Specification TT-W-549 to

faces as hydrogen atoms. Chemisorption of hydro- contain copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)

) 1.84%, arse-

carbons may result in formation of chemisorbed nate, arsenic pentoxide (As

) 1.3%, ammonia

hydrogen atoms and hydrocarbon fragments. Even (NH

) 2.8%, acetic acid 0.05%, and water as neces-

when dissociation does not occur, the properties of sary to 100.0%.

the molecules are changed by the surface in impor- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

269 CHI ACID

chemonuclear production. Manufacture of chemotroph. An organism that obtains energy

chemicals using the energy of a nuclear reactor. by metabolizing organic compounds derived from

Feasibility studies on making hydrogen cyanide other organisms.

from nitrogen and methane using fission fragments

as the energy source for the heat of reaction indicat-

chemotropism. The reaction of living things to

ed that this process cannot yet compete economical-

chemicals.

ly with standard methods. In the case of hydrazine,

the economic aspect is more favorable because of

CHEMRAWN. Abbreviation of Chemical Re-

the high cost of conventional methods.

search Applied to World Needs, a program estab-

lished by the International Union of Pure and Ap-

plied Chemistry and cosponsored by the American

chemosetting. Hardening through a chemical re-

Chemical Society and the Chemical Institute of Can-

action.

ada to discuss and study the problems of long-range

conversion to a postpetroleum economy. The sub-

chemosmosis. A chemical reaction with the use

ject range includes all forms of natural raw materi-

of a semipermeable membrane.

als, particularly those used for fuel, food, and the

manufacturing of organic chemicals. The confer-

ence’s first meeting was in Toronto in 1978. Web-

chemosorption. Adsorption in which chemical

site: http://www.iupac.org/standing/chemrawn

energy causes an accumulation of the disperse con-

.html

stituent.

ChemTrec. Abbreviation of Chemical Transpor-

chemosterilant. A term coined by the USDA for

tation Emergency Center was founded in 1971 by

materials or processes that sterilize insects, usually

the American Chemistry Council, formerly known

the males, thus preventing their reproduction. ␥-ir-

as the Chemical Manufacturers Association, as a

radiation is one method used. The males are brought

public service to provide 24-hour information to

to the radiation by sex attractants.

emergency responders at the site of emergencies

involving hazardous materials. The offices are at

chemotaxis. The tendency of certain bacteria,

1300 Wilson Blvd., Arlington, VA 22209 Website:

especially E. coli and Salmonella, to move toward

http://www.chemtrec.org/

nutrients and other attractants and away from repel-

lents and toxic chemicals. Such bacteria live in a

chemurgy. Development of nonfood uses for

liquid medium and propel themselves through it by

farm products, especially such waste materials as

means of threadlike appendages called flagellae.

corncobs, nutshells, etc. This term was introduced in

They apparently can determine differences in the

1935, but has since become obsolete.

concentration of chemicals in the medium as they

See biomass; biotechnology.

move through it, thus exhibiting a memory in re-

spect to their environment.

chenopodium oil. (wormseed oil; American

goose-foot oil).

chemotherapy. The treatment or prevention of a

CAS: 8006-99-3.

disease by administration of a chemical. The term

Properties: Colorless or yellowish oil; characteristic

was first used by Paul Ehrlich, discoverer of the

penetrating odor; bitterish burning taste. D

arsphenamine treatment for syphilis (1910). He said

0.965–0.990 (15C), optical rotation −4to−8 de-

that chemotherapy results from the interaction of

grees, refr index 1.4740–1.4790 (20C). Soluble in

chemically reactive groups on drugs with chemical-

3–10 volumes of 70% alcohol (inferior and adulter-

ly active receptor groups on parasitic cells and that

ated oils do not yield a clear solution). Chief known

an effective drug must be of quite low molecular

constituents: Ascaridole (C

); o-cymene; l-li-

weight. His achievement was one of the great tri-

monene.

umphs of biomedical science. More-recent impor-

Derivation: Distilled from the seeds and leaves of

tant achievements are the development of antimalar-

Chenopodium ambrosioides anthelminticum.

ials, the synthesis of sulfa drugs, the discovery and

Use: Medicine (anthelmintic).

proliferative development of antibiotics (penicillin,

streptomycin, etc.), and the synthesis of cortisone.

chert. An impure rock, often gray in color, that

Much research effort has been devoted to the che-

consists primarily of extremely small quartz crystals

motherapeutic investigation of cancer. An antibiot-

precipitated from water solutions.

ic, adriamycin, is said to be effective against certain

types of cancer. Treatment with

Co, either by irra-

(CHF). See Chemical Heritage Foundation.

diation or as a tissue implant, has been successfully

used. A broad spectrum of antidepressant drugs to

treat acute mental depression is another outstanding

chi acid. See anthraquinone-1,8-disulfonic

development of chemotherapy. acid.

270CHICAGO ACID

Chicago acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-2,4-disul- Chinese insect wax. A wax secreted on the

fonic acid; 8-amino-1-naphthol-5,7-disulfonic leaves of plants in China by a louselike insect. Its

acid; SS acid; 1,8,2,4-acid; 2-sulfur acid). chief ingredient is ceryl cerotate.

chinoxidin. See quinoxidine.

chiral. In chemistry this term describes asymmet-

ric molecules that are mirror images of each other,

i.e., they are related like right and left hands. Such

molecules are also called enantiomers and are char-

acterized by optical activity.

See optical isomer; enantiomer.

Properties: Gray paste, white when pure. Soluble in

water and sodium hydroxide solution.

“ChiraSelect” [Fluka]. TM for products of

Derivation: 1-Naphthylamine-8-sulfonic acid is

very high and guaranteed enantiomeric purity. The

reacted with sulfuric acid to yield 1-naphthylamine-

TM is restricted to compounds used as chiral deriva-

4,8-disulfonic acid; further reaction with 25% ole-

tizing agents or as chiral standards.

um gives 1,8-naphthosulfam-2,4-disulfonic acid,

which melts at 155C with 40% NaOH.

chitin. (C

)

. A glucosamine polysaccha-

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

ride. Contains approximately 7% nitrogen and is

structurally similar to cellulose. Principal constitu-

Chichibabin pyridine synthesis. Condensa-

ent of the shells of crabs, lobsters, and beetles. It is

tion of carbonyl compounds with ammonia or

also found in some fungi, algae, and yeasts.

amines under pressure to form pyridine derivatives;

Properties: White, amorphous, semitransparent

the reaction is reversible and produces different pyr-

mass. Insoluble in the common solvents; soluble in

idine derivatives and by-products.

concentrated hydrochloric, sulfuric, and nitric acids.

Use: Biological research, source of chitosan.

Chichibabin reaction. Amination of pyridines

and other heterocyclic nitrogen compounds with

chitosan. Deacylated derivative of chitin. Ab-

alkali-metal amides. sorbs heavy metals from water and industrial waste

streams; also used as dyeing assistant and in photo-

graphic emulsions.

chicle. A thermoplastic, gumlike substance ob-

tained from the latex of the sapodilla tree native to

chlodronate sodium. See sodium clodronate.

Mexico and Central America. Softens at 32.3C. In-

soluble in water, soluble in most organic solvents.

chlophedianol hydrochloride (USAN). (␣-

Chief use is as a chewing gum, after incorporation of

(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-o-chlorobenzyhydrol hy-

sugar and specific flavoring.

drochloride). C

ClNO•HCl.

Hazard: Ingestion should be avoided.

Use: In medicine.

Chilean nitrate. See sodium nitrate.

chloracetofon. See o,o-dimethyl (2,2,2-tri-

chloro-1.

Chilean saltpeter. See sodium nitrate.

chloracetophos.

CAS: 5952-41-0. mf: C

chimera. An organism that contains cells or tis-

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

sues with a different genotype. These can be mutat-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ed cells of the host organism or cells from a different

organism or species.

chloracetyl chloride. See chloroacetyl chlo-

ride.

chimeraplasty. An experimental targeted repair

process in which a desirable sequence of DNA is

chloral. (trichloroacetaldehyde).

combined with RNA to form a chimeraplast. These

CAS: 75-87-6. CCl

CHO.

molecules bind selectively to the target DNA. Once

Properties: Colorless, mobile, oily liquid; penetrat-

bound, the chimeraplast activates a naturally occur-

ing odor. D 1.505 (25/4C), fp −57.5C, bp 97.7C, vap

ring gene-correcting mechanism. Does not use viral

press 35 mm Hg (20C), refr index 1.4557 (20C),

or other conventional gene-delivery vectors.

latent heat of vaporization 97.1 Btu/lb. Soluble in

See gene therapy; cloning vector.

water, alcohol, ether, and chloroform; combines

with water, forming chloral hydrate.

China clay. See kaolin.

Derivation: (1) By chlorination of ethyl alcohol,

addition of sulfuric acid, and subsequent distillation;

China-wood oil. See tung oil. (2) by chlorination of acetaldehyde.

271 CHLORANTHRENE YELLOW

Grade: Technical, 94% min.

chloramine-T. (sodium p-toluenesulfochlora-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. mine). CH

NNaCl•3H

Use: Manufacture of chloral hydrate and DDT. Properties: White or slightly yellow crystals or crys-

talline powder, containing more than 11.5% and less

than 13% active chlorine. Slight odor of chlorine.

chloral hydrate. (“knockout drops”; trichlo-

Decomposes slowly in air, liberating chlorine. (Not

roacetaldehyde, hydrated; trichloroethylidene

to be confused with NH

Cl, which is also termed

glycol).

chloramine.) Soluble in water; insoluble in benzene,

CAS: 302-17-0. CCl

CH(OH)

chloroform, ether; decomposed by alcohol.

Properties: Transparent, colorless crystals; aromat-

Derivation: Reaction of ammonia and p-toluenesul-

ic, penetrating, slightly acrid odor; slightly bitter,

fochloride under pressure. The product is reacted

sharp taste. D 1.901, mp 52C, bp 97.5C. Slowly

with sodium hypochlorite in the presence of an alka-

volatilizes when exposed to air. Soluble in water,

li, and the chloramine produced by crystallization.

alcohol, chloroform, ether, olive oil, and turpentine

Use: Medicine (antiseptic), reagent.

oil.

See dichloramine-T.

Derivation: Action of one-fifth of its volume of wa-

ter on chloral.

chloramphenicol. (d(−)threo-1-(p-nitrophe-

Grade: Technical, USP.

nyl)-2-dichloroacetamido-1,3-propandiol).

Hazard: Overdose toxic, hypnotic drug, dangerous

CAS: 56-75-7. C

to eyes.

Use: Medicine (sedative), manufacture of DDT, lini-

ments.

chloral hydrate antipyrine. (antipyrine

chloral hydrate). C

OCl

CH(OH)

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 67C. Moderately

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol.

An antibiotic derived from Streptomyces venezuelae

Use: Medicine (sedative).

or by organic synthesis, it was the first substance of

natural origin shown to contain an aromatic nitro

chlor-alkali cell. See electrolytic cell.

group.

Properties: Fine, white to grayish-white or yellow-

ish-white, needlelike crystals or elongated plates;

␣-chloralose.

bitter taste. Neutral to litmus and reasonably stable

CAS: 15879-93-3. C

in neutral or slightly acid solutions. Mp 149–153C.

Properties: Acicular solid. Mp 186C. Soluble in

The alcohol solution is dextrorotatory, while the

water, ether, and glacial acetic acid.

ethyl acetate solution is levorotatory. Very slightly

Derivation: By heating a mixture of chloral and

soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, propylene

glucose.

glycol, acetone, and ethyl acetate.

Hazard: May cause addiction, highly toxic.

Grade: USP.

Use: Coating seeds to protect them from birds.

Hazard: Has deleterious and dangerous side effects.

Must conform to FDA labeling requirements. Use is

Chloramben. (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic

closely restricted.

acid).

Use: Medicine (antibiotic), antifungal agent.

CAS: 133-90-4.

Use: Herbicide.

chloramphenicol alcohol.

CAS: 23885-72-5. mf: C

chloramine. NH

Cl. A colorless, unstable, pun-

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

gent liquid; soluble in water; decomposes (slowly in

dilute solution) to form nitrogen plus hydrochloric

chloranil. (tetrachloroquinone; tetrachloro-p-

acid and ammonium chloride. Mp −66C, soluble in

benzo-quinone).

alcohol and ether. (Do not confuse with chloramine-

CAS: 118-75-2. C

T.) Chloramine is an intermediate in the manufac-

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 290C, d 1.97. Solu-

turing of hydrazine.

ble in ether; insoluble in water. Good storage sta-

bility.

chloramine-B. (sodium benzenesulfochloram-

Derivation: From phenol, p-chlorophenol, or p-phe-

ide). C

NClNa.

nylenediamine by treatment with potassium chlo-

Properties: White powder; faint chlorine odor. Solu-

rate and hydrochloric acid.

ble in water.

Hazard: Skin irritant.

Use: Medicine (antiseptic).

Use: Agricultural fungicide, dye intermediate, elec-

trodes for pH measurements, reagent.

chloramine brown 2me. See C.I. direct

brown 2.

chloranthrene yellow. See flavanthrene.

272CHLORAPATITE

chlorapatite. See apatite. ter; sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether

and chloroform.

Hazard: CNS depressant. Manufacture and dosage

chlorauric acid. See gold trichloride.

controlled by law.

Use: Medicine (tranquilizer).

chlorazine. (generic name for 2-chloro-4,6-

bis(diethylamino)-s-triazine).

chlordimeform. (TM “Galecron”; [N

′

-(4-

CAS: 580-48-3.

chloro-o-tolyl)-N,N-dimethylformamine]). Ovi-

cide, insecticide, and miticide designed for use on

[(C

)

❘

NC(Cl)NC

❘

cotton and vegetable crops. Available in a concen-

Properties: Solid. Mp 15–18C, d 1.096 (20C). Solu-

trated emulsion form, it is stated to be less toxic than

ble in hydrocarbons, alcohols, ketones; insoluble in

organophosphates and is biodegradable.

water.

Use: Herbicide.

chlorendic anhydride.

(hexachloroendomethylenetetrahydrophthalic

chlorazol black e (biological stain). See

anhydride; 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachlorobicyclo-(2,2,1)-

apomine black gx.

5-heptene-2,3-dicarboxylic anhydride).

chlorbenside. (p-chlorobenzyl-p-chlorophenyl

Properties: Fine, white, free-flowing crystals. Mp

sulfide).

239–240C, d 1.73. Readily soluble in acetone, ben-

CAS: 103-17-3. ClC

Cl. Generic name

zene, toluene; slightly soluble in water, n-hexane,

for an agricultural toxicant.

and carbon tetrachloride. Nonflammable.

Properties: Crystals; almond-like odor (technical

Derivation: By Diels-Alder reaction of maleic anhy-

grade). Mp 75–76C. Insoluble in water; soluble in

dride and hexachlorocyclopentadiene.

aromatic hydrocarbons, acetone. Resistant to acid

Grade: Technical, pure.

and alkaline hydrolysis.

Use: Flame-resistant polyester resins, hardening ep-

Grade: Technical.

oxy resins, chemical intermediate, source of chlo-

Hazard: Skin irritant.

rendic acid.

Use: Acaricide.

“Chlorez” [Dover]. TM for a chlorinated par-

chlor- compounds. Most organic compounds

affin additive.

of chlorine retain the letter o in accepted chemical

Use: Flame-retardant, plasticizers, and lubricants in

terminology, e.g., chlorobenzene, chloroacetic, etc.,

metal-working industries.

although the form without the o is sometimes used.

Therefore, for chlor- compounds see also chloro-.

chlorfenapyr. See 4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophe-

nyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5.

chlorcyclizine hydrochloride.

ClC

CH(C

•HCl and ether. So-

chlorfenvinphos. (O,O-diethyl-O-[2-chloro-1-

lutions acid to litmus, pH (1 to 100 solution) 4.8–5.5.

(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyl]phosphate).

Grade: USP.

CAS: 470-90-6. C

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

Properties: Yellowish liquid. Soluble in most organ-

ic solvents; slightly soluble in water.

chlordane. (1,2,4,5,6,7,8,8-octachloro-4,7-

Hazard: A cholinesterase inhibitor.

methano-3a,4,7,7a-tetrahydroindane).

Use: Insecticide, nematocide, parasiticide.

CAS: 57-74-9. C

Properties: Colorless, viscous liquid. D 1.57–1.67

“Chlorhydrol” [Reheis]. TM for aluminum

(60/60F), viscosity SSU 100 sec (38C), organic

chlorohydrate.

chlorine 64–67% by weight, purity 98%, bp 175C (2

Use: Excellent antiperspirant properties.

mm Hg), refr index 1.56–1.57 (25C). Soluble in

many organic solvents; insoluble in water; miscible

chloric acid.

with deodorized kerosene; decomposes in weak al-

CAS: 7790-93-4. HClO

•7H

kalies.

Occurrence: Only in aqueous solution.

Grade: Technical and pure.

Derivation: Reaction of barium chlorate and sulfuric

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. Toxic by ingestion,

acid.

inhalation, and skin absorption. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Strong

Use: Insecticide, fumigant.

oxidizer, ignites organic materials on contact.

Use: Catalyst in polymerization of acrylonitrile.

chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride (USAN).

(7-chloro-2-methylamino-5-phenyl-3,H,1,4-

benzodiazepine-4-oxide hydrochloride).

chloridizing. Heating in the presence of chlorine

ClN

O•HCl. as a step in the recovery of certain metals from their

Properties: Crystals. Mp 212–218C. Soluble in wa- oxides or other compounds.

273 CHLORINE DIOXIDE

chlorinated acetone. See chloroacetone. (2) Liquid; clear amber; very irritating odor. D 1.56

(−35C), fp −101C, 1 L liquid

456.8 L gas at 0C and

chlorinated camphene. See toxaphene. 1 atm. Very low electrical conductivity. Soluble in

chlorides and alcohols. Extremely strong oxidizing

agent. Slightly soluble in cold water.

chlorinated diphenyl. See chlorodiphenyl.

Occurrence: Not free in nature; component of min-

erals halite (rock salt), sylvite, and carnallite; chlo-

chlorinated hydrocarbon. See hydrocarbon,

ride ion in seawater.

halogenated.

Derivation: (1) Electrolysis of sodium chloride brine

in either diaphragm or mercury-cathode cells; chlo-

chlorinated isocyanuric acid.

rine is released at the anode. (2) Fused-salt electroly-

Use: Dry bleach.

sis of sodium or magnesium chloride. (3) Electroly-

See dichloroisocyanuric acid; trichloroisocyanuric

sis of hydrochloric acid. (4) Oxidation of hydrogen

acid; potassium dichloroisocyanurate; sodium di-

chloride with nitrogen oxide as catalyst and absorp-

chloroisocyanurate.

tion of steam with sulfuric acid (“KeloChlor” pro-

cess). No by-product caustic is produced.

chlorinated lime. See lime, chlorinated.

Grade: Technical (gas and liquid), pure (99.9%).

Hazard: A military poison; TLV: 0.5 ppm. Danger-

chlorinated naphthalene. (chloronaphthal-

ous in contact with turpentine, ether, ammonia, hy-

ene). C

Cl. From the chlorination of naphtha-

drocarbons, hydrogen, powdered metals, and other

lene. Physical state varies from oily liquids to crys-

reducing materials.

talline solids, depending on the extent of

Use: Manufacture of carbon tetrachloride, trichloro-

chlorination.

ethylene, chlorinated hydrocarbons, polychloro-

Hazard: (Tri- and higher) Toxic by ingestion, inhala-

prene (neoprene), polyvinyl chloride, hydrogen

tion, and skin absorption. Strong irritants.

chloride, ethylene dichloride, hypochlorous acid,

Use: Solvent, immersion liquid in microscopy.

metallic chlorides, chloracetic acid, chlorobenzene,

See oil; wax; tetrachloronaphthalene.

chlorinated lime; water purification, shrinkproofing

wool, flame-retardant compounds, special batteries

chlorinated paraffin. See paraffin, chlori-

(with lithium or zinc); processing of meat, fish,

nated.

vegetables, and fruit. For information, refer to the

Chlorine Institute, 2001 L St., NW, Suite 506,

chlorinated para red. A modification of para

Washington DC 20036.

red that contains some chlorine. Much lighter than

para or toluidine red; has excellent brilliance but

poorer heat resistance.

chlorine-36. Radioactive chlorine of mass num-

ber 36. Half-life approximately 440,000 years; radi-

chlorinated polyether. See “Penton.”

ation: ␤.

Derivation: Separated from various isotopes pro-

chlorinated polyolefin. See rubber, chlori-

duced during irradiation of potassium chloride.

nated; polypropylene, chlorinated.

Available forms: As hydrochloric acid solution and

as solid potassium chloride.

chlorinated rubber. See rubber, chlorinated.

Hazard: MPC 4 × 10

−7

mCi/mL of air.

Use: Tracer in studying the saltwater corrosion of

chlorinated trisodium phosphate. See tri-

metals, especially mechanism of steel reaction with

sodium phosphate, chlorinated.

chlorinated hydrocarbons, location and flow of salt-

water in porous media, etc.

chlorination. To introduce chlorine into an or-

ganic compound or into a liquid.

chlorine, available. The weight of free chlo-

rine that would exert the same oxidizing action as

chlorine.

the chlorine compound in question.

CAS: 7782-50-5. Cl. Nonmetallic halogen element

of atomic number 17, group VIIA of the periodic

chlorine bromide. See bromine chloride.

table. Aw 35.453, valences of 1, 3, 4, 5, 7. Two

stable isotopes

Cl (75.4%) and

CL (24.6%).

Properties: (1) Dense, greenish-yellow, diatomic

chlorine dioxide.

gas; pungent, very irritating odor. Noncombustible, CAS: 10049-04-4. ClO

but supports combustion (oxidizing agent). Lique- Properties: Red-yellow gas. Fp −59.5C, bp 10C.

faction press 7.86 atm (25C), 1 atm (−35C). Water Very reactive, unstable, strong oxidizer. Decom-

solubility 0.64 g Cl

per 100 g water. D 3.21 g/L (0C, poses in water. Dissolves in alkalies, forming a mix-

1 atm) (air

1.29). Thermodynamic properties: (a) ture of chlorite and chlorate.

critical temp 144.0C; (b) critical press 78.525 atm Derivation: Usually made at point of consumption

absolute; (c) critical vol 1.763 L/kg. Strongly elec- from sodium chlorate, sulfuric acid, and methanol or

tronegative. from sodium chlorate and sulfur dioxide. Concen-

274CHLORINE HEPTOXIDE

tration of gas is limited to 10% to reduce explosion Use: Fluorination, cutting oil-well tubes, reprocess-

hazard. ing reactor fuels, oxidizer in propellants.

Grade: Sold as hydrate in frozen form.

Hazard: Explodes when heated or by reaction with

chlorine water. Clear, yellowish liquid; deteri-

organic materials. Very irritating to skin and mu-

orates on exposure to air and light. Made by satu-

cous membranes. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

rating water with approximately 0.4% chlorine.

Use: Bleaching wood pulp, fats, and oils; controver-

Use: Deodorizer, disinfectant, antiseptic.

sial maturing agent for flour; water treatment (puri-

fication and taste removal); swimming pools; odor

chlorinolysis. The chlorination of organic com-

control; biocide.

pounds under conditions that rupture the carbon-

carbon bonds to yield chloro compounds with fewer

carbon atoms than in the original.

chlorine heptoxide. Cl

Properties: Colorless, viscous liquid. Fp −91C; bp

chloriodized oil. Chlorinated and iodinated

82C; d 1.86. Hydrolyzes to form perchloric acid.

vegetable oil. Contains 26.0–28.0% iodine in organ-

Hazard: Explodes on contact with iodine or flame or

ic combination.

by shock. Strong irritant to tissue and very toxic.

Properties: Pale yellow, viscous, oily liquid; faint,

Use: Cellulose esterification catalyst.

bland taste. Practically insoluble in water; slightly

soluble in alcohol; freely soluble in benzene, chloro-

chlorine monofluoride. (chlorine fluoride).

form, and ether.

ClF.

Derivation: Formed by chemical addition of iodine

Properties: Colorless gas, slightly yellow when liq-

monochloride to a vegetable oil.

uid. Mp −155.6C, bp −100.1C, critical temp −14C.

Hazard: A poison. Very toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Extremely reactive. Destroys glass instant-

Use: Medicine (radiopaque medium).

ly, attacks quartz readily in presence of moisture.

Organic matter bursts into flame on contact. Violent

chlorisondamine chloride. (4,5,6,7-tetra-

reaction with water. Extremely corrosive to skin,

chloro-2(2-dimethylaminoethyl)isoindoline dime-

eyes, mucous membranes, and respiratory tissues.

thylchloride). C

, a quaternary ammonium

Use: Fluorinating reagent.

compound.

Properties: Crystals. Decomposes 258–265C. Solu-

chlorine monoxide. Cl

ble in water and alcohol.

Properties: Yellow gas; strong, unpleasant odor. Fp

Use: Medicine (blood-pressure control).

−120C; bp 2.2C. Soluble in water and carbon tetra-

chloride.

chlormequat. See 2-chloroethyltrimethyl am-

Derivation: Reaction of mercuric oxide and chlo-

monium chloride.

rine.

Hazard: Explodes on contact with organic materials.

chlormethazanone. (2-(4-chlorophenyl-3-

Strong irritant to eyes, skin, and mucous mem-

methyl)-4-meta-thiazanone-1-dioxide).

branes.

ClNO

Use: Chlorination.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 117C. Insoluble in water;

slightly soluble in alcohol.

chlorine number. The number of grams of

Use: Medicine (tranquilizer and muscle relaxant).

chlorine or bleaching powder absorbed by 100 g

oven-dry cellulose pulp in a definite time under

chloroacetaldehyde.

certain conditions. Also an indication of bleach con-

CAS: 107-20-0. ClCH

CHO.

sumption.

Properties: (of 40% aqueous solution) Clear, color-

less liquid; pungent odor. Bp 85C, fp −16.3C, d 1.19

chlorine, residual. The amount of chlorine

(25/25C), refr index 1.397 (25C), wt/gal 0.9 lb

present in water at any time before the addition of

(25C). Soluble in water, acetone, methanol; at great-

chlorine.

er than 50% concentration in water, it forms an

insoluble hemihydrate. Pure substance flash p 190F

(87.7C).

chlorine trifluoride.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes.

CAS: 7790-91-2. ClF

TLV: ceiling 1 ppm.

Properties: Nearly colorless gas, pale-green liquid

Use: Intermediate, fungicide.

or white solid. Bp 11.4C, fp −76.3C, d of gas 3.14 g/

L (air

1.29). Very reactive, comparable to fluorine.

chloroacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal. See

Derivation: By reaction of chlorine and fluorine at

dimethyl chloroacetal.

280C and condensation of the product at −80C.

Obtained 99.0% pure.

Hazard: Explodes in contact with organic materials

chloroacetamide. (␣-chloroacetamide; 2-chlo-

or with water. Dangerous fire risk. A poison, very roethanamide). ClCH

CONH

toxic, corrosive to skin. TLV: ceiling 0.1 ppm. Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow crystals; char-

275 ␣-CHLOROACRYLONITRILE

acteristic odor. Mp 117–119C, bp 220C (decom-

chloroacetonitrile. (chloroethane nitrile;

poses). Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

chloromethyl cyanide).

ether.

CAS: 107-14-2. ClCH

CN.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D

Use: Intermediate.

1.202–1.2035 (25/25C), refr index 1.4210–1.4240

(25C), 5–95% distills between 124 and 129C. Solu-

ble in hydrocarbons, alcohols; insoluble in water.

chloroacetic acid. (chloracetic acid; MCA;

Hazard: Irritant.

monochloroacetic acid).

Use: Fumigant, intermediate.

CAS: 79-11-8. CH

ClCOOH.

Properties: Colorless to light-brownish crystals. De-

␣-chloroacetophenone. (chloracetophenone;

liquescent, d 1.58. Crystallizing point: ␣-form

phenacylchloride; phenyl chloromethyl ketone).

61.0–61.7C, ␤-form 55.5–56.5C, ␥-form 50C. The

CAS: 532-27-4. C

COCH

Cl. A strong lachry-

commercial material melts at 61–63C, boiling range

mator.

186–191C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloro-

Properties: (␻ isomer) White crystals; floral odor.

form, carbon disulfide.

Mp 56C, bp 247C. The para isomer has mp 20C, bp

Derivation: Action of chlorine on acetic acid in the

237C. Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, ben-

presence of acetic anhydride, phosphorus, or sulfur.

zene, carbon disulfide.

Grade: Technical, medicinal, 99.5% pure.

Derivation: From chloroacetylchloride, benzene,

Hazard: Use in foods prohibited by FDA. Irritating

and aluminum chloride.

and corrosive to skin.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and tissue as gas or

Use: Herbicide, preservative, bacteriostat, intermedi-

liquid. TLV: (␣) 0.05 ppm.

ate in production of carboxymethylcellulose; ethyl

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate, riot-control gas.

chloroacetate, glycine, synthetic caffeine, sarcosine,

See “Mace.”

thioglycolic acid, EDTA, 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T.

(chloroacetoxy)tributylstannane. See tribu-

chloroacetic acid tert-butyl ester. See

tyltin chloroacetate.

tert-butyl chloroacetate.

chloroacetyl chloride. (chloracetyl chloride).

chloroacetic anhydride. (chloroethanoic an-

CAS: 79-04-9. ClCH

COCl. A lachrymator.

hydride; symmetrical dichloroacetic anhydride).

Properties: Water-white liquid; pungent odor. D

(ClCH

CO)

1.495 (0C), bp 105–110C, decomposes in water.

Properties: Colorless to slightly yellow crystals;

Derivation: (1) Action of chlorine on acetyl chloride

pungent odor. Mp 51–55C, bp 203C, d 1.55. Soluble

in sunlight. (2) Dropping phosphorous trichloride on

in chloroform and ether. Hydrolyzes to chloroacetic

chloroacetic acid.

acid.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes, corrosive to skin. TLV: 0.05

Hazard: Irritating to skin and eyes, moderately toxic

ppm.

by inhalation.

Use: Preparation of chloroacetophenone, intermedi-

Use: Intermediate for acetylation of amino acids,

ate, tear gas.

cellulose chloroacetates.

chloroacetylurethane.

o-chloroacetoacetanilide.

ClCH

CONHCOOC

COCH

CONHC

Cl.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 129C. Soluble in alcohol;

Properties: White crystals resemble ethyl acetoace-

sparingly soluble in water.

tate in chemical reactivity. Mp 107C, vap press 0.1

Derivation: By interaction of a urethane derivative

mm Hg (20C). Nonflammable. Insoluble in water.

and ethyl chloracetate.

Use: Organic synthesis, dyestuffs.

chloroacrolein. H

C:CClCHO.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.205 (15C), bp

chloroacetone. (monochloroacetone; 1-chloro-

29–31C (17 mm Hg).

2-propanone; chloracetone; chlorinated acetone).

Derivation: Chlorination of acrolein.

CAS: 78-95-5. CH

COCH

Cl. A lachrymator.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent, irritating

Use: Tear gas.

odor. D 1.162 (16C), bp 119C, fp −44.5C. Soluble in

alcohol, ether, chloroform, and water.

Derivation: Chlorination of acetone.

␣-chloroacrylonitrile.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue, eyes, and mucous Properties: Readily polymerizes and copolymerizes

membranes; toxic by ingestion and skin contact. with other unsaturated monomers. High cross-link-

TLV: ceiling 1 ppm. ing ability.

Use: Couplers for color photography, enzyme inacti- Derivation: Chlorination of acrylonitrile and dehy-

vator, insecticides, perfumes, intermediate, organic drohalogenation by cracking.

synthesis, tear gas, polymerization of vinyl mo- Use: Synthetic fibers, coatings and films, acrylic

nomers. polymers, treatment of cotton fiber, intermediate.

2762-CHLOROALLYL DIETHYLDITHIO

2-chloroallyl diethyldithiocarbamate. apparatus, manufacture of petroleum solvents and

(CDEC). (C

)

NCSSCH

CCl:CH

. fungicides.

Properties: Amber liquid. Bp 128–130C (1 mm Hg).

Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in benzene,

p-chloroaniline. (p-aminochlorobenzene).

alcohol, acetone, chloroform, and ether.

CAS: 106-47-8. ClC

Available forms: Liquid and granular.

Properties: White or pale-yellow solid. Mp 69.5C,

Hazard: Dry preparations are irritating to eyes and

distilling range 229–233C, d 1.17. Soluble in hot

skin.

water and organic solvents.

Use: Herbicide, pesticide.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

1-(3-chloroallyl)-3,5,7-triaza-1-

Use: Dye intermediate, pharmaceuticals, agricultural

azoniaadamantane chloride.

chemicals.

(CH

CHCHCl)Cl.

Properties: White- to cream-colored powder. Solu-

ble in water and methanol; almost insoluble in ace-

4-chloroaniline-3-sulfonic acid.

tone.

HSO

ClNH

Use: Bactericide used as preservative in latexes,

Properties: White to light-gray powder.

paints, floor polishes, joint cements, adhesives, inks,

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

starches, etc.

2-chloroanthraquinone. C

ClO

chloroaluminum diisopropoxide.

Properties: Mp 208–211C. Insoluble in water; solu-

[(CH

)

CHO]

AlCl.

ble in hot benzene.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 160C (decomposes).

Derivation: Condensing phthalic anhydride and

Soluble in most organic solvents; hydrolyzes.

chlorobenzene in the presence of anhydrous alumi-

Use: Catalyst and intermediate.

num chloride to form p-chlorobenzoylbenzoic acid.

Hazard: An irritant.

Ring closure of the intermediate acid is brought

about by heating in sulfuric acid solution.

chloroamino-. See aminochloro-.

Use: Starting material for certain vat dyes.

See anthraquinone; 2-methylanthraquinone.

2-chloro-5-aminobenzoic acid.

Grade: Technical.

chloroauric acid. See gold trichloride.

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of azo dyes for

textiles and plastics and as coupling agent of color

pigments in color photography.

chloroazotic acid. See aqua regia.

p-chloro-aminophenol. See 2-amino-4-chlo-

rophenol.

chlorobenzal. See benzyl dichloride.

2-chloro-4-tert-amylphenol. C

ClOH.

chlorobenzaldehyde. C

CHOCl.

Properties: Water-white liquid; aromatic odor. D

Properties: Colorless to yellowish liquid (o-) or

1.11 (20C), boiling range 253–265C, flash p 225F

powder (p-). Boiling range 209–214C, fp 8.0C

(107C). Combustible.

(min), d 1.240–1.245 (25/25C). Soluble in alcohol,

ether, and acetone; insoluble in water. Combustible.

m-chloroaniline. (m-aminochlorobenzene).

Use: Intermediate in the preparation of triphenyl

CAS: 108-42-9. ClC

methane and related dyes, organic intermediate.

Properties: Colorless to light-amber liquid, tends to

darken during storage. Boiling range 228–231C, fp

3-chloro-4-benzamido-6-methylaniline.

−10.6C. Insoluble in water; soluble in organic sol-

ClC

(NHCOC

vents.

Properties: White solid. Mp 198–199C.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Azoic dyes, pigments.

Use: Intermediate for azo dyes and pigments, phar-

maceuticals, insecticides, agricultural chemicals.

chlorobenzanthrone. C

ClO.

o-chloroaniline. (o-aminochlorobenzene).

Properties: All isomers: yellow needles. Soluble in

CAS: 95-51-2. ClC

alcohol, benzene, toluene, acetic acid.

Properties: Amber liquid; amine odor; darkens on

Derivation: From benzanthrone by treatment with

exposure to air. Distillation range 208–210C, fp

chlorine.

−2.3C, d 1.213 (20/4C), refr index 1.5896 (20C).

Miscible with alcohol and ether, insoluble in water.

Grade: Technical.

chlorobenzene. (monochlorobenzene; phenyl

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. chloride).

Use: Dye intermediate, standards for colorimetric CAS: 108-90-7. C

Cl.

277

-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE

Properties: White crystals; odor of pepper. Mw 189,

mp 93–95C, bp 310–315C. Insoluble in water.

Available forms: Available both unground and

ground with 5% silica aerogel or treated “Cab-O-

Sil.”

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. Strong

Properties: Clear, volatile liquid; almond-like odor.

irritant to eyes and mucous membranes. TLV: ceil-

D 1.105 (25/25C), bp 131.6C, fp −45C, wt/gal 9.19

ing 0.05 ppm.

lb (25C), refr index 1.5216 (25C), flash p 85F

Use: An incapacitating agent used by the military and

(29.4C) (CC), autoign temp 1180F (637C). Miscible

law-enforcement officers.

with most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

Derivation: By passing dry chlorine into benzene

4-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine.

with a catalyst.

CAS: 4409-11-4. mf: C

ClN.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. Avoid inhalation

and skin contact. TLV: 10 ppm. Moderate fire risk.

chlorobenzoic acid. ClC

COOH.

Explosive limits 1.8–9.6%.

Properties: Nearly white, coarse powder. Mp (o-)

Use: Phenol, chloronitrobenzene, aniline, solvent

142C, (m-) 158C, (p-) 243C. Soluble in methanol,

carrier for methylene diisocyanate, solvent, pesti-

alcohol, ether, and hot water.

cide intermediate, heat transfer.

Use: Intermediate for the preparation of dyes, fungi-

cides, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chemi-

p-chlorobenzenesulfonamide.

cals; preservative for adhesives and paints.

ClC

Properties: White; odorless powder. Mp 145–148C.

p-chlorobenzophenone. ClC

COC

Soluble in alcohol.

Properties: White to off-white, crystalline powder.

Grade: 98–99% purity.

Mp 73–78C; bp 332C. Soluble in acetone, benzene,

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals and resins.

carbon tetrachloride, ether, and hot alcohol; insolu-

ble in water.

o-chlorobenzenethiol. See p-chlorothio-

Use: Intermediate.

phenol.

chlorobenzotriazole.

p-chlorobenzhydrol. (p-chlorobenzohydrol).

ClC

C(C

ClC

❘

NHN:

❘

Properties: White to off-white, crystalline powder.

Properties: White solid. Mp 157–159C.

Mp 57–61C. Insoluble in water; soluble in ether,

Use: Intermediate and photographic chemical.

alcohol, and benzene.

Use: Organic synthesis.

o-chlorobenzotrichloride. ClC

CCl

Properties: Colorless liquid or solid. Mp 29.37C, bp

“Chlorobenzilate” [Novartis]. TM for eth-

264.3C, d 1.5131 (25/4C), refr index 1.5836 (20C).

yl-4,4

′

-dichlorobenzilate.

Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone; decomposed

Cl)

C(OH)COOC

by water.

Properties: Viscous, yellow liquid. Bp 141–142C

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and

(0.06 mm Hg); d (technical 90%) 1.2816 (20/4C).

other organic chemicals.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in acetone, ben-

zene, methanol.

Hazard: Carcinogen. Caused testicular damage in

p-chlorobenzotrichloride. ClC

CCl

farm workers. Use has been restricted.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Boiling range

Use: Pesticide, acaricide.

248–257C, fp approximately 3.8C, d 1.480–1.490

(25/25C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone;

p-chlorobenzohydrol. See p-chlorobenzhy-

insoluble in water.

drol.

Use: Same as o-chlorobenzotrichloride.

2-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4,4-dimethyl-1,2-

m-chlorobenzotrifluoride. (m-chlorotrifluo-

oxazolidin-3-one.

romethylbenzene; m-chloro-␣,␣,␣-trifluoroto-

CAS: 81777-89-1. mf: C

ClNO

luene).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation,

CAS: 98-15-7. ClC

and skin contact. A reproductive hazard.

Properties: Water-white, aromatic liquid. Bp 138C,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

fp −56C, refr index 1.446 (20C), flash p 122F (50C)

(CC), d 1.351 (15.5/15.5C). Flammable.

o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile. (CS; Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/m

OCBM). Use: Intermediate in manufacturing of dyes and phar-

CAS: 2698-41-1. ClC

CH==C(CN)

. maceuticals, dielectrics, insecticides.

278

-CHLOROBENZOTRIFLUORIDE

o-chlorobenzotrifluoride. (o-chlorotrifluoro- p-chlorobenzyl cyanide. ClC

CN.

methylbenzene; o-chloro-␣,␣,␣-trifluorotoluene). Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow solid. Mp 27C.

CAS: 88-16-4. ClC

. Soluble in acetone and alcohol.

Properties: Colorless liquid with aromatic odor. D Hazard: A poison. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

1.379 (15.5/15.5C), refr index 1.456 (20C), bp

Use: Organic synthesis.

152C, fp −7.4C, flash p 138F (58.8C) (CC), wt/gal

11.50 lb (15.5C).

p-chlorobenzyl-p-fluorophenyl sulfide.

Hazard: See m form.

See fluorbenside.

Use: Dye intermediate, chemical intermediate, sol-

vent, and dielectric fluid.

2-(p-chlorobenzyl)pyridine. (2-(4-chloroben-

zyl)pyridine). ClC

Properties: Liquid. Bp 310.5C, fp 8.4C, d 1.168

p-chlorobenzotrifluoride. (p-chlorotrifluoro-

(25C), refr index 1.5865 (20C). Insoluble in water.

methylbenzene; p-chloro-␣,␣,␣-trifluorotoluene).

Use: Organic synthesis.

CAS: 98-56-6. ClC

Properties: Water-white liquid, aromatic odor. Bp

chlorobromo-. See bromochloro-.

139.3C, fp −36C, refr index 1.446 (20C), flash p

116F (46.6C) (CC), d 1.3533 (15.5/15.5C), wt/gal

2-chlorobutadiene-1,3. See ␤-chloroprene.

11.28 lb (15.5C).

Hazard: See m-form.

1-chlorobutane. See n-butyl chloride.

Use: See o-chlorobenzotrifluoride.

chlorobutanol. (trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol;

chlorobenzoyl chloride. ClC

COCl.

1,1-trichloro-2-methyl-2-propanol; acetone chlo-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

roform).

227–239C; fp −4to−6C, fp (o-) −4to−6C, (p-)

CAS: 57-15-8. Cl

CC(CH

)

OH.

10–12C; d 1.374–1.376 (25/15C). Soluble in alco-

Properties: Colorless to white crystals; characteris-

hol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in water.

tic odor and taste. Mp (anhydrous form) 97C, mp

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyes, and

(hemihydrate) 78C, bp 167C, sublimes easily. Solu-

other organic chemicals.

ble in alcohol and glycerol, hot water, ether, chloro-

form, and volatile oils.

p-chlorobenzoyl peroxide.

Derivation: By action of potassium hydroxide on a

CAS: 94-17-7. (ClC

CO)

OO.

solution of chloroform and acetone.

Properties: White, odorless powder. Decomposes

Grade: USP.

violently on heating or contamination. Insoluble in

Hazard: Action similar to chloral hydrate. Combus-

water; soluble in organic solvents.

tible.

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk, explodes

Use: Plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers, pre-

when heated to 38C, strong oxidizer, will ignite on

servative for biological fluids and solutions, antimi-

contact with organic materials. Store in dark, cool

crobial agent, anesthetic in dentistry.

locality. Toxic.

Use: Bleaching agent, polymerization catalyst.

4-chloro-1-butene.

CAS: 927-73-1. mf: C

Cl.

1-(o-chlorobenzoyl)-2-thiobiuret.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 127019-52-7. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: A poison.

4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate.

See barban.

3-(2-(4-chlorobenzylamino)ethyl)indole

monohydrochloride.

s-(4-chloro-2-butynyl) o,o-diethyl

CAS: 63938-62-5. mf: C

ClN

•ClH.

phosphorothioate.

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 76706-97-3. mf: C

ClO

PS.

Hazard: A poison.

chlorobenzyl chloride.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 104-83-6. ClC

Cl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

s-(4-chloro-2-butynyl)

216–222C, mp (o-) −17C, (p-) 31C, d 1.270–1.280

diphenylphosphinothioate.

(25/15C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone;

CAS: 76706-99-5. mf: C

ClOPS.

insoluble in water.

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: Irritating to skin, eyes.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Intermediate for organic chemicals, pharmaceu-

ticals, and dyes.

s-(4-chloro-2-butynyl) o-ethyl

phenylphosphonothioate.

p-chlorobenzyl-p-chlorophenyl sulfide.

CAS: 76706-98-4. mf: C

ClO

PS.

See chlorbenside. Hazard: A poison.

279 CHLORODIFLUOROMETHANE

Use: Agricultural chemical. (c,d)-pentalone].

CAS: 143-50-0.

Properties: Mp 349C (decomposes). Solubility in

4-chlorobutyric acid tributylstannyl ester.

water 0.4% at 100C.

See tributyltin-␥-chlorobutyrate.

Use: Insecticide.

2-chlorocamphane. See 2-bornyl chloride.

␣-chloro-N,N-diallylacetamide. (CDAA).

ClCH

CON(CH

CH:CH

)

chlorocarbon. A compound of carbon and chlo-

Properties: Amber liquid or granules. Bp 74C (0.3

rine or carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine, such as car-

mm Hg). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alco-

bon tetrachloride, chloroform, tetrachloroethylene,

hol, hexane, and xylene.

etc.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Dry formulations are

irritating to eyes and skin.

chlorocarbonyl ferrocene. (ferrocenoyl

Use: Herbicide.

chloride). C

FeC

COCl.

Properties: Orange-red solid. Mp 48–49C.

1-chloro-2-dichloroarsinoethene. See ␤-

Use: Intermediate.

chlorovinyldichloroarsine.

3-chloro-n-(5-chloro-2,6-dinitro-4-trifluoro-

4-chloro-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-((6-iodo-3-

methylphenyl)-5-trifluoromethyl-2-

pyridinyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.

pyridinamine.

CAS: 122322-18-3. mf: C

CAS: 79622-59-6. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tion. A reproductive hazard.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

2-chloro-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)vinyldiethyl

phosphate. See diethyl-1-(2,4-dichlorophe-

4-chloro-2-(4-chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-5-((4-

nyl)-2-chlorovinyl phosphate.

chlorophenyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-

pyridazinone.

2-chloro-4-(diethylamino)-6-

CAS: 107359-74-0. mf: C

(isopropylamino)-s-triazine. See iso-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

diazine.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chlorodifluoroacetic acid. CClF

•COOH.

4-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((4-

Properties: Colorless, pungent liquid. Bp 122C, fp

chlorophenyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-

23C. Miscible with water and most organic solvents.

pyridazinone.

Strong acid, dissolves cellulose and proteins.

CAS: 107359-39-7. mf: C

Use: Catalyst, particularly for esterification and con-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

densation reactions; herbicides; intermediate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane. (chlorodifluo-

4-chloro-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((6-iodo-3-

roethane; difluoromonochloroethane; “Freon

pyridinyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.

142”).

CAS: 122322-19-4. mf: C

CAS: 75-68-3. CH

CClF

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless gas; nearly odorless. Bp

Use: Agricultural chemical.

−9.5C, fp −130.8C, d 1.194 (−9C), lel 9.0%, uel

14.8%. Insoluble in water.

chlorochromic anhydride. See chromyl

Derivation: Chlorinating 1,1-difluoroethane in UV

chloride.

light.

Grade: Technical.

chlorocosane. See paraffin, chlorinated.

Hazard: Flammable gas. Explosive limits in air

9.0–14.8%.

3-chlorocoumarin. C

Cl.

Use: Refrigerant, solvent, intermediate.

Properties: Slightly yellow, crystalline solid. Mp

118C.

chlorodifluoromethane. (monochlorodifluo-

Grade: Technical.

romethane; difluorochloromethane; difluoromo-

Use: Tin-plating solutions.

nochloromethane; Freon 22).

CAS: 75-45-6. CHClF

p-chloro-m-cresol. See 4-chloro-3-methyl-

Properties: Colorless gas; nearly odorless. D (gas at

phenol.

its bp) 4.82 g/L, bp −40.8C, fp −160C. Partly soluble

in water.

chlorodecone. [1,2,3,4,5,5,6,7,8,9,10,10-dode- Derivation: Reaction of chloroform with anhydrous

cachlorooctahydro-1,3,4-metheno-2-cyclobuta- hydrogen fluoride with antimony chloride catalyst.

2802-CHLORO-4,5-DIHYDRO

Grade: Technical, 99.9% pure.

chlorodiphenyl.

Hazard: Asphyxiant. TLV: 1000 ppm. CAS: (42% chlorine) 53469-21-9; (54% chlorine)

Use: Refrigerant, low-temperature solvent, fluoro- 11097-21-9.

carbon resins, especially tetrafluoroethylene poly- Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid. Bp 340–375C,

mers.

flash p 383F (195C) (OC). Resistant to acids and

See chlorofluorocarbon.

alkalies.

Grade: 54% chlorine, 42% chlorine.

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. Toxic by ingestion,

2-chloro-4,5-dihydro-1,3,2-dithiarsenole.

inhalation, and skin absorption; strong irritant.

See ethylene chlorothioarsenate(III).

TLV: (54% chlorine) 0.5 mg/m

; (42% chlorine) 1

mg/m

8-chloro-3,4-dihydrospiro(naphthalene-

Use: Plasticizer for cellulosics, vinyl resins, and chlo-

2(1h),4

′

h)-oxazol)-2

′

-amine.

rinated rubbers.

CAS: 162280-52-6. mf: C

ClN

See diphenyl.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

4-chlorodiphenyl sulfone. See p-chlorophe-

3-chloro-5-(((((4,6-dimethoxy-2-

nyl phenyl sulfone.

pyrimidinyl)amino)carbonyl)

amino)sulfonyl)-1-methyl-1h-pyrazole-4-

1-chloro-2,3-epoxypropane. See epichloro-

carboxylic acid, methyl ester.

hydrin.

CAS: 100784-20-1. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

2-chloroethanamide. See chloroacetamide.

5-chloro-2-dimethylaminobenzoxazole.

chloroethane. See ethyl chloride.

CAS: 64037-20-3. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

chloroethane nitrile. See chloroacetonitrile.

2-chloro-9-(2,2-dimethylhydrazino)acridine.

2-chloroethanesulfonyl fluoride.

CAS: 29023-82-3. mf: C

ClN

CAS: 762-70-9. mf: C

ClFO

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Low toxicity by inhalation. A severe eye irritant.

2-chloro-n,n-dimethyl-3-oxobutanamide.

chloroethanoic anhydride. See chloroacetic

CAS: 5810-11-7. mf: C

ClNO

anhydride.

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic

by ingestion. A severe skin and eye irritant.

2-chloroethanol. See ethylene chlorohydrin.

1-chloro-n,n-dimethyl-2-propanamine

chloroethene. See vinyl chloride.

hydrochloride.

CAS: 17256-39-2. mf: C

ClN•ClH.

(1-(((2-chloroethoxy)(2-chloroethyl)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

phosphinyl)oxy)ethyl)-phosphonic

skin contact. A severe eye irritant.

acid, 1-(bis(2-chloroethoxy)

phosphinyl)ethyl 2-chloroethyl ester.

CAS: 4351-70-6. mf: C

1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene. (dinitrochloro-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

benzene). C

(NO

)

Cl.

by inhalation and skin contact. A mild skin and eye

Properties: Pale-yellow needles; almond odor. D

irritant.

1.69, mp 53C, bp 315C, flash p 382F (194C). Solu-

ble in hot alcohol, ether, benzene, carbon disulfide;

insoluble in water.

chloroethyl alcohol. See ethylene chloroh-

Derivation: Chlorination of dinitrobenzene.

ydrin.

Grade: Technical, fused.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

2-chloro-4-ethyl-amino-s-triazine. See

absorption. Combustible. Upper explosive limit

atrazine.

22%. A skin irritant.

Use: Dyes, organic synthesis.

␤-chloroethylchloroformate.

ClCH

OOCCl.

2-chloro-1,5-dinitro-3-(trifluoromethyl) Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.3825 (20C), bp

benzene. 152.5C (752 mm Hg). Decomposed by alkaline so-

CAS: 392-95-0. mf: C

ClF

. lutions and hot water. Insoluble in cold water.

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation. A severe skin Derivation: By bubbling gaseous phosgene into eth-

and eye irritant. ylene chlorohydrin at 0C.

281 CHLOROGENIC ACID

Hazard: Very irritating to eyes and skin. Toxic by Use: General-purpose stored-product insecticide.

ingestion and inhalation.

chlorofluorocarbon. Any of several com-

␤-chloroethyl chlorosulfonate.

pounds composed of carbon, fluorine, chlorine, and

ClCH

OSO

Cl.

hydrogen, the best known of which are trichloro-

Properties: Colorless liquid; chloropicrin-like odor.

fluoromethane and dichlorodifluoromethane. Their

Bp 101C (23 mm Hg). Darkens on long storage and

use was prohibited in 1979 except for a few special-

decomposes with evolution of hydrogen chloride.

ized items because of their depleting effect on strato-

Derivation: Interaction of sulfuryl chloride and eth-

spheric ozone.

ylene chlorohydrin. Also from action of sulfur triox-

ide on ethylene chloride below 45C.

5-(2-chloro-6-fluoro-4-(trifluoromethyl)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Strong

phenoxy)-n-(ethylsulfonyl)-2-

irritant to tissue.

nitrobenzamide.

CAS: 77227-69-1. mf: C

ClF

2-chloroethyldiisopropylamine

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

hydrochloride.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 4261-68-1. mf: C

ClN•ClH.

Hazard: A poison by inhalation, and skin contact. A

chloroform. (trichloromethane).

severe skin and eye irritant.

CAS: 67-66-3. CHCl

Properties: Colorless, highly refractive, heavy, vola-

chloroethylene. See vinyl chloride.

tile liquid; characteristic odor; sweet taste. D 1.485

(20/20C), bp 61.2C, fp −63.5C, wt/gal 12.29 lb

n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-ethyl-2-

(25C), refr index 1.4422 (25C). Keep from light.

bromobenzylamine.

Miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, carbon disul-

CAS: 62078-98-2. mf: C

BrClN.

fide, carbon tetrachloride, fixed and volatile oils;

Hazard: A poison.

slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: (1) Reaction of chlorinated lime with

acetone, acetaldehyde, or ethanol; (2) by-product

2-chloroethylphosphonic acid. (ethephon;

from the chlorination of methane.

“Ethrel”). ClCH

. A plant-growth regu-

Method of purification: Extraction with concentra-

lator that increases rate of ripening of plants by

ted sulfuric acid and rectification.

promoting release of ethylene, stimulates rubber

Grade: Technical, CP, ACS, NF, reagent.

latex formation; ripening of sugarcane; flowering

Hazard: A carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation; anes-

agent for pineapple; color enhancer.

thetic; prolonged inhalation or ingestion may be

fatal. TLV: 10 ppm. It has been prohibited by FDA

2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium

from use in drugs, cosmetics, and food packaging,

chloride. (chlormequat).

including cough medicines, toothpastes, etc. Non-

ClCH

N(CH

)

Cl. A plant-growth regulator

flammable. Will burn on prolonged exposure to

stated to be effective in shortening the height of

flame or high temperature.

wheat and as a ripening agent in sugarcane.

Use: Fluorocarbon plastics, solvent, analytical chem-

istry, fumigant, insecticides.

2-chloroethyl vinyl ether. (2-chloroethoxy

ethane).

chloroformoxime. ClHCNOH.

CAS: 110-75-8. CH

ClCH

OCHCH

Properties: Needles; odor resembles that of hydro-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 110C, d 1.052. Sta-

cyanic acid. Stable at 0C, unstable at normal temper-

ble in caustic solution; hydrolyzes in acid solutions.

ature. Small quantities volatilize, large quantities

Derivation: Reaction of a mixture of sodium hydrox-

decompose. Aqueous solutions slowly decompose.

ide and triethanolamine with 2,2

′

-dichlorodiethyl

Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, benzene; slightly

ether.

soluble in carbon disulfide.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.

Derivation: Interaction of hydrochloric acid and so-

Use: Manufacture of cellulose ethers.

dium cyanate.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; strong irritant to tissue.

chlorofenethol. (di(p-chlorophe-

Use: Organic synthesis, tear gas, and vesicant.

nyl)methylcarbinol; 1,2-bis(p-chlorophe-

nyl)ethanol).

chloroformyl chloride. See phosgene.

Properties: White solid. Mp 69.5–70C. Insoluble in

water; soluble in petroleum ether, ethanol, toluene.

Use: Miticide.

chlorogenic acid. (3-(3,4-dihydroxycinna-

moyl)quinic acid).

chlorofenvinphos. (Birlane; 2-chloro-1-(2,4- (HO)

CHCHCOOC

(OH)

COOH. Impor-

dichlorophenyl)-vinyldiethyl phosphate). tant metabolic factor in many plant tissues.

CAS: 470-90-6. Properties: Crystals. Mp 208C. Slightly soluble in

Properties: Bp 168–170C (67C) (0.5 mm Hg. cold water; soluble in hot water, alcohol, acetone.

282CHLOROHYDRIN

chlorohydrin. (␣-chlorohydrin; 1-chloropane- 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide. (N-isopro-

2,3-diol; glyceryl ␣-chlorohydrin). pyl-␣-chloroacetanilide).

CAS: 96-24-2. CH

OHCH

OCH

Cl. CAS: 1918-16-7. C

N[CH(CH

)

]COCH

Cl.

Properties: Colorless, heavy liquid; unstable; hygro-

Properties: Light-tan powder or granules. Mp

scopic. The commercial grade is a mixture of the two

67–76C, bp 110C (0.03 mm Hg). Very slightly solu-

isomers, ␣ and ␤, of which ␣ is in a greater propor-

ble in water; soluble in acetone, alcohol, benzene,

tion. D 1.326 (18C), bp 213C (decomposes), wt/gal

xylene, and carbon tetrachloride.

11.102 lb, fp −40C, viscosity 2.388 cP (20C). Solu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

ble in water, alcohol, and ether; immiscible with

Use: Herbicide.

oils. Nonflammable.

Derivation: By passing hydrogen chloride gas into

chloroisopropyl alcohol. See propylene

glycerol containing 2% acetic acid.

chlorohydrin.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation.

s-4-chloro-n-isopropylcarbanilolylmethyl

Use: Solvent for cellulose acetate, glyceryl phthalate

o,o-dimethyl phosphorodithioate. See

resins; partial solvent for gums; intermediate in or-

anilophos.

ganic synthesis; antifreeze agent for dynamite.

chloro isopropyl ketone. See isobutyric

chlorohydrin rubber. An elastomer made

acid chloride.

from epichlorohydrin. Both a homopolymer and a

copolymer with ethylene oxide are available.

6-chloro-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-3-phenol.

See chlorothymol.

chlorohydroquinone. (2-chloro-1,4-dihydrox-

ybenzene; 2,5-dihydroxychlorobenzene [Cl

7-chlorolincomycin hydrochloride.

1]). ClC

(OH)

CAS: 17431-55-9. mf: C

ClN

S•ClH.

Properties: White to light-tan fine crystals. Mp

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

100C, bp 263C. Very soluble in water and alcohol;

slightly soluble in ether.

chloromadinone acetate. A nonestrogenic

Grade: Photographic, commercial.

sex hormone used in oral contraception.

Use: Photographic developer, organic intermediate,

See antifertility agent.

dyestuffs, bactericide.

chloromaleic anhydride.

chlorohydroxybenzene. See chlorophenol.

❘

H:CClC(O)O

❘

C(O).

5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzophenone.

Properties: Yellow liquid. D 1.5, mp 10–15C, bp

COC

OHCl.

192C.

Properties: Yellow crystals; nearly odorless. Mp

Use: Catalyst for epoxy resins, intermediate.

93–95C. Soluble in alcohol, ethyl acetate, methyl

ethyl ketone; insoluble in water.

chloromercuriferrocene. C

FeC

HgCl.

Use: Light absorber, best at 320–380 nm.

Orange, crystalline solid; mp 193–194. Used as an

intermediate and for inorganic polymers.

2-chloro-4-(hydroxymercuri)phenol. See

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

hydroxymercurichlorophenol.

chloromercuriphenol. See 2-hydroxyphenyl-

4-chloro-1-hydroxy-3-methylbenzene. See mercuric chloride.

4-chloro-3-methylphenol.

chloromethane. See methyl chloride.

6-chloro-3-hydroxytoluene. See 4-chloro-3-

methylphenol.

chloromethapyrilene citrate. See chloroth-

en citrate.

chloro-IPC. (isopropyl-n-(3-chlorophenyl) car-

2-chloro-n-(2-methoxy-3,6-dimethyl-

bamate; isopropyl-3-chlorocarbanilate; CIPC;

phenyl)-n-((1-methylethoxy)methyl)

chlorpropham).

acetamide.

CAS: 101-21-3. C

ClNHCOOC

CAS: 78194-09-9. mf: C

ClNO

Properties: Light-tan powder. Mp 41.4C, vap press 2

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

mm Hg (149C), d 1.18 (30C). Very slightly soluble

Use: Agricultural chemical.

in water.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Preemergence herbicide, prevents sprouting of

chloromethoxynil. See 5-(2,4-dichlorophe-

potatoes. noxy)-2-nitroanisole.

283 CHLORONAPHTHALENE OIL

3-chloro-2-methylaniline. See 2-amino-6- sharp pungent odor. D 1.182 (25/25C), coagulation

chlorotoluene. p 23C, refr index 1.6354–1.6360 (25C). Insoluble in

water; soluble in usual organic solvents. Very reac-

tive.

3-chloro-4-methylaniline. See 4-amino-2-

Hazard: Vapor irritating to eyes.

chlorotoluene.

Use: A lachrymator, intermediate.

5-chloro-2-methylaniline. See 2-amino-4-

4-chloro-17-␣-methyl-19-nortestosterone.

chlorotoluene.

CAS: 3415-90-5. mf: C

ClO

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

chloromethylated aminated stryene-

Use: Hormone.

divinylbenzene resin.

CAS: 60177-39-1.

4-chloro-3-methylphenol. (4-chloro-1-hy-

Use: Food additive.

droxy-3-methylbenzene; 6-chloro-3-hydroxyto-

luene; 4-chloro-m-cresol; so-called p-chloro-m-

chloromethylated diphenyl oxide.

cresol). C

OHCl.

. Up to three −CH

Cl radicals can be

Properties: White or slightly pink crystals; phenolic

substituted for hydrogens.

odor. Mp 64–66C, bp 235C, volatile with steam.

Properties: Straw-colored liquids or white solids.

Soluble 1:250 in water at 25C; soluble in alkalies,

Mp up to 55C, d 1.19–1.30 (25/25C), flash p 307F

organic solvents, fats, and oils.

(152C). Insoluble in wate; very soluble in ether.

Hazard: Irritant to skin.

Combustible.

Use: External germicide; preservative for glues,

Use: Intermediate, resins, plasticizers.

gums, paints, inks, textile, and leather goods.

chloromethylbenzene. See chlorotoluene.

4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid. See

MCPA.

1-chloro-3-methylbutane. See isoamyl chlo-

ride.

8-chloro-4-(2-methylphenoxy)quinoline.

CAS: 124496-00-0. mf: C

ClNO.

chloromethylchloroformate. ClCOOCH

Cl.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Mobile, colorless liquid; penetrating, ir-

ritating odor. Hydrolyzed by water. Decomposed by

chloromethylphosphonic acid.

alkalies. D 1.465 at 15C, bp 106.5–107C, vap d 4.5,

ClCH

PO(OH)

vap press 5.6 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in most organic

Properties: White, hygroscopic solid. Mp 85–95C.

solvents.

Use: Intermediate for flame-proofing agents, resins,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

lubricants, additives, plasticizers.

chloromethylchlorosulfonate.

chloromethylphosphonic dichloride.

ClCH

OClSO

ClCH

POCl

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.63, bp 49–50C (14

Properties: Water-white to light-straw liquid. High-

mm Hg).

ly reactive. D 1.638 (25C), refr index

Derivation: By protracted boiling of chlorosulfonic

1.4960–1.4970 (25C).

acid with chloromethylchloroformate; also from pa-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; irritant to eyes, lungs,

raformaldehyde and chlorosulfonic acid.

and mucous membranes.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong

Use: Intermediate for flame-proofing agents, resins,

irritant to tissue.

lubricants, additives and plasticizers.

chloromethyl cyanide. See chloroacetoni-

3-chloro-2-methyl-1-propene. See ␤-methy-

trile.

lallyl chloride.

1-chloromethylethylbenzene. See ethylben-

zyl chloride.

chloronaphthalene. See chlorinated naphtha-

lene.

4-chloro-␣-(1-methylethyl)benzeneacetic

acid, (2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-propynyl)phenyl)

chloronaphthalene oil.

methyl ester.

Properties: Almost colorless, thin, mobile liquid. D

CAS: 51629-58-4. mf: C

ClO

1.20–1.25 (68F), liquid down to −25F (−31.6C),

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

congealing p −30F, flash p 350F (176C), volatile at

Use: Agricultural chemical.

212F (100C), bp 480–550F (248–287C). Soluble in

practically all organic solvent liquids and oils. Com-

1-chloromethylnaphthalene. (␣-naphthylme- bustible.

thyl chloride). C

Cl. Derivation: By chlorinating naphthalene.

Properties: Colorless to greenish-yellow liquid; Hazard: By inhalation, strong skin irritant.

284␣-CHLORO-

-NITROACETOPHENONE

Use: Plasticizer, carbon softener and remover, heat- Derivation: By nitrating chlorobenzene and purify-

transfer medium, solvent for rubber, aniline and ing by rectification.

other dyes, mineral and vegetable oils, varnish gums Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Combus-

tible.

and resins, waxes.

Use: Intermediate, especially for dyes.

␣-chloro-m-nitroacetophenone.

p-chloronitrobenzene. (p-nitrochloroben-

COCH

Cl.

zene).

Properties: Off-white, free-flowing granules. Mp

CAS: 100-00-5. C

ClNO

approximately 95–100C. Soluble in chlorinated sol-

Properties: Yellowish crystals. D 1.520, mp 83C, bp

vents; insoluble in water.

242C. Soluble in organic solvents; insoluble in

Use: Bacteriostat and fungistat in cutting oils, water

water.

systems, paint, plastics, textiles; chemical interme-

Derivation: Nitration of chlorobenzene and recrys-

diate.

tallization.

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. Very toxic by inha-

2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. (o-chloro-p-nitroani-

lation and ingestion. Absorbed via skin. Combusti-

line).

ble. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

CAS: 121-87-9. C

ClNO

Use: Intermediate, especially for dyes; manufacture

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 107C. Soluble in

of p-nitrophenol from which parathion is made; ag-

alcohol, benzene, ether; slightly soluble in water and

ricultural chemicals; rubber chemicals.

strong acids.

Derivation: (1) From 1,2-dichloro-4-nitrobenzene

2-chloro-5-nitrobenzenesulfonamide.

by heating with alcoholic ammonia. (2) From the

ClNO

chlorination of p-nitroaniline in acid solution.

Properties: Grayish-white solid. Insoluble in water;

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

soluble in benzene.

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of dyes.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Dye and pharmaceutical intermediates.

4-chloro-2-nitroaniline. (p-chloro-o-nitroani-

line).

6-chloro-3-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid,

CAS: 89-63-4. C

ClNO

sodium salt. NaSO

Cl.

Properties: Orange crystals. Mp 163C. Insoluble in

Properties: Off-white, moist crystals.

water, methanol, and ether.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and pharmaceuticals.

Use: Dye and pigment intermediate.

4-chloro-3-nitrobenzoic acid.

4-chloro-3-nitroaniline.

ClC

COOH.

CAS: 635-22-3. C

ClNO

Properties: Light-gray or white powder. Mp

Properties: Yellow to tan powder. Mp 95–97C. Sol-

170–174C.

uble in alcohol and acetone; partially soluble in hot

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

water.

Use: Intermediate for dyes, perfumes, flavors, phar-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

maceuticals.

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of azo dyes,

pharmaceuticals, and other organic compounds.

4-chloro-3-nitrobenzotrifluoride. (p-chlo-

ro-m-nitrotrifluorotoluene). C

Cl.

2-chloro-4-nitrobenzamide. See aklomide.

Properties: Thin, oily liquid. D 1.542 (15.5/15.5C),

fp −7.5C, flash p 275F (135C), refr index 1.491

m-chloronitrobenzene.

(20C), bp 222C. Combustible. Soluble in organic

CAS: 121-73-3. C

ClNO

solvents; insoluble in water.

Properties: Yellowish crystals. D 1.534, mp 44C, bp

Grade: 97.5%.

236C. Soluble in most organic solvents; insoluble in

Hazard: Very toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

water.

TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/m

Derivation: By chlorinating nitrobenzene in the

Use: Intermediate for dyestuffs, agricultural chemi-

presence of iodine and recrystallizing.

cals, pharmaceuticals.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Combus-

tible.

4-chloro-2-nitrophenol, sodium salt.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

ClC

ONa.

Properties: Red needles with one water of crystalli-

o-chloronitrobenzene. zation. Soluble in hot water.

CAS: 88-73-3. C

ClNO

. Derivation: Nitration of p-dichlorobenzene fol-

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.368, bp 245.5C, mp lowed by hydrolysis.

32C, flash p 261F (127C).. Soluble in alcohol and Grade: 90% anhydrous sodium salt, containing 80%

benzene; insoluble in water base.

285 2-(

-CHLOROPHENYL)BENZ

Use: Dye intermediate, manufacture of 2-amino-4- Properties: Colorless to yellow-brown liquid; un-

chlorophenol. pleasant, penetrating odor. Bp 175C, fp 9.3C, d

1.265 (15.5C), flash p 225F (107C). Very soluble in

1-chloro-1-nitropropane. See korax. water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and aqueous sodium

hydroxide; volatile with steam. Combustible.

Derivation: Chlorination of phenol.

2-chloro-6-nitrotoluene. ClNO

Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation, or

Properties: Solid. Mp 36.5–40C. Insoluble in water.

ingestion. Strong irritant to tissue.

Intermediate.

Use: Organic synthesis (dyes).

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk.

p-chlorophenol. (4-chloro-1-hydroxybenzene).

4-chloro-2-nitrotoluene. ClNO

CAS: 106-48-9. C

OHCl.

Properties: Solid. Mp 35–37C. Insoluble in water;

Properties: White crystals (yellow or pink when

soluble in alcohol and ether.

impure); unpleasant penetrating odor. Bp 217C, mp

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk.

42–43C, d 1.306, refr index 1.5579 (40C), flash p

250C (121C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

p-chloro-m-nitrotrifluorotoluene. See 4-

benzene, alcohol, and ether. Volatile with steam. A

chloro-3-nitrobenzotrifluoride.

1% solution is acid to litmus. Combustible.

Derivation: Chlorination of phenol, from chlorani-

chloronitrous acid. See aqua regia.

line through the diazonium salt.

Grade: NF, technical.

chloropentafluoroacetone. ClF

CCOCF

Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation, or

Properties: Colorless, hygroscopic, highly reactive

ingestion; strong irritant to tissue.

gas. Bp 7.8C, fp −133C, d 1.43 (25C). Nonflamm-

Use: Intermediate in synthesis of dyes and drugs,

able.

denaturant for alcohol, selective solvent in refining

Hazard: Evolves heat on contact with water.

mineral oils, antiseptic.

Use: Intermediate.

1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimethyl-1-(1-

chloropentafluoroethane. (monochloropen-

imidazolyl)-2-butanone.

tafluorethane; fluorocarbon 115).

CAS: 38083-17-9. mf: C

ClN

CAS: 76-15-3. CClF

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

Properties: Colorless gas. Bp −37.7F, fp −106C.

by skin contact.

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Has

Use: Agricultural chemical.

good thermal stability. Nonflammable.

Hazard: TLV: 1000 ppm.

4-((3-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-

Use: Dielectric gas.

2h-benz(g)indazol-2-yl)acetyl)morpholine.

CAS: 301644-25-7. mf: C

ClN

1-chloropentane. See n-amyl chloride.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

chlorophacinone. C

ClO

3-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-n-(1-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 139C. Almost insoluble in

methylethyl)-2h-benz(g)indazole-2-

water; soluble in common organic solvents.

acetamide.

Hazard: Inhibits blood coagulation.

CAS: 301644-22-4. mf: C

ClN

Use: Rodenticide.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

chlorophene. USAN for o-benzyl-p-chloro-

3-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-n-

phenol.

(phenylmethyl)-2h-benz(g)indazole-2-

acetamide.

m-chlorophenol. (3-chloro-1-hydroxyben-

CAS: 301644-24-6. mf: C

ClN

zene).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 108-43-0. C

OHCl.

Properties: White crystals; odor similar to phenol;

3-((4-chlorophenyl)amino)-n-(2-

discolors on exposure to air. D 1.245, mp 33C, bp

ethoxyethyl)-4,5-dihydro-2h-

214C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and aqueous alkali;

benz(g)indazole-2-acetamide.

slightly soluble in water.

CAS: 301644-23-5. mf: C

ClN

Derivation: From m-chloraniline through the diazo-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

nium salt.

Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption, inhalation, or

p-chlorophenyl benzenesulfonate. See

ingestion.

fenson.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

o-chlorophenol. (2-chloro-1-hydroxybenzene). 2-(o-chlorophenyl)benzimidazole.

CAS: 95-57-8. C

OHCl. CAS: 3574-96-7. mf: C

ClN

2862-(4-CHLOROPHENYL)-1h-BENZ(de)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

p-chlorophenyl isocyanate. ClC

NCO.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Properties: Colorless to slightly yellow liquid or

white crystals. Fp 29.9C, flash p 230F (110C)

(COC). Combustible.

2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1h-benz(de)isoquinoline-

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin, eyes, and mucous

1,3(2h)-dione.

membranes.

CAS: 6915-00-0. mf: C

ClNO

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, herbicides,

Hazard: A poison.

and pesticides.

p-chlorophenyl-p-chlorobenzenesulfonate.

5-((4-chlorophenyl)methoxy)-2-(3,4-

See ovex.

dichlorophenyl)-4-iodo-3(2h)-

pyridazinone.

2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((4-

CAS: 128758-37-2. mf: C

chlorophenyl)methoxy)-4-iodo-3(2h)-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

pyridazinone.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 128758-36-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(2-chlorophenyl)methyl (4-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chlorophenyl)methyl-3-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-((6-chloro-3-

CAS: 34763-34-3. mf: C

pyridinyl)methoxy)-4-iodo-3(2h)-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

pyridazinone.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 122322-23-0. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl 1,1-dimethylpropyl

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 34763-25-2. mf: C

ClN

4-chloro-␣-phenyl-o-cresol. See o-benzyl-p-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

chlorophenol.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3,p-chlorophenyl-1,1-dimethylurea. See

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl dodecyl 3-

monuron.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 40199-26-6. mf: C

ClN

3-(3-(4-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)phenyl)-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

hydroxy2h-1-benzopyran-2-one.

CAS: 90035-12-4. mf: C

ClO

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl 1-ethyl-1-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

methylpropyl-3-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 34763-27-4. mf: C

ClN

n-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)ethyl)-1,3,4,5-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-2h-2-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

benzazepine-2-carbothioamide.

CAS: 138977-28-3. mf: C

ClN

s-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl) o-ethyl 3-

Hazard: A poison.

pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.

CAS: 34763-52-5. mf: C

ClN

OS.

2-(3-chlorophenyl)imidazo(2,1-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

a)isoquinoline.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 61001-11-4. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl heptyl 3-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1h-indol-3-

CAS: 34763-28-5. mf: C

ClN

ylmethyl)piperidin-4-ol.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 81226-60-0. mf: C

ClN

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: A poison.

3-(o-chlorophenyl)-2-methyl-4-quinazolone.

m-chlorophenyl isocyanate. ClC

NCO.

See 2-methyl-3-(2-chlorophenyl)chinazolon-4.

Properties: Clear water-white to light-yellow liquid.

Fp −4.4C, flash p 215F (101.6C) (COC). Combus-

tible.

3-(p-chlorophenyl)-5-methylrhodanine.

Hazard: Toxic via strong irritant to skin, eyes, and C

ClNOS

mucous membranes. Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 106–110C. Insolu-

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, herbicides, ble in water; soluble in acetone.

and pesticides. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

287 5-(

-CHLOROPHENYL)

Use: Fungicide and for nematode control. Use: Agricultural chemical.

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl hexadecyl 3-

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl tetradecyl 3-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 41643-23-6. mf: C

ClN

CAS: 41643-22-5. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl hexyl 3-

4-(4-chlorophenyl)-6h-1,3,5-oxathiazine.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 58955-81-0. mf: C

ClNOS.

CAS: 34763-26-3. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl 1-methylethyl 3-

chloro-o-phenylphenol. (chloro-2-phenylphe-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

nol). C

(OH)ClC

CAS: 34763-19-4. mf: C

ClN

Properties: Clear, colorless to straw-colored, vis-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

cous liquid with faint characteristic odor. D 1.228

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(20/4C), fp <−20C, boiling range (5–95%)

146–158.7C (5 mm Hg), flash p 273F (134C). Read-

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl 1-methylpropyl 3-

ily soluble in most organic solvents. Combustible.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

Composition: (80%) 4-chloro-2-phenylphenol,

CAS: 34763-22-9. mf: C

ClN

(20%) 6-chloro-2-phenylphenol.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Fungicide.

o-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl) s-(2-

m-chlorophenyl phenyl sulfide.

methylpropyl)-3-pyridinylcarbon-

CAS: 38700-88-8. mf: C

ClS.

imidothioate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

CAS: 51308-77-1. mf: C

ClN

OS.

tact. A mild skin and eye irritant.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

p-chlorophenyl phenylsulfone. (4-chlorodi-

phenyl sulfone; sulphenone). ClC

s-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl) o-(2-

Properties: Dimorphic crystals; slight aromatic

methylpropyl)-3-pyridinyl-

odor; tasteless. Insoluble in water; soluble in most

carbonimidothioate.

organic solvents. Relatively stable in acids and al-

CAS: 51308-78-2. mf: C

ClN

OS.

kalies.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Insecticide and acaricide for pests (harmful to

most grapes and pears).

(2-chlorophenyl)methyl methyl 3-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 34763-36-5. mf: C

ClN

m-chlorophenylpiperazine.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 6640-24-0. mf: C

ClN

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: A poison.

1-((4-chlorophenyl)methyl)-2-

3-(4-chlorophenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-2-

(nitromethylene)imidazolidine.

propenamide.

CAS: 69840-61-5. mf: C

ClN

CAS: 315706-74-2. mf: C

ClNO.

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3-((4-chlorophenyl)sulfonyl)-2-

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl octadecyl 3-

propenenitrile.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 1012-71-1. mf: C

ClNO

CAS: 41643-24-7. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

eye irritant.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(4-chlorophenyl)methyl octyl 3- 5-(p-chlorophenyl)-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate. imidazo(1,2-c)quinazolin.

CAS: 34763-29-6. mf: C

ClN

. CAS: 23597-98-0. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

288

-(4-((4-CHLOROPHENYL)

o-(4-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)phenyl) o-ethyl

s-propyl phosphorothioate.

CAS: 59010-86-5. mf: C

ClO

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tact.

2-(p-chlorophenyl)-5h-s-triazolo(5,1-

a)isoindole.

CAS: 57312-03-5. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Properties: Chlorophyll a: C

MgN

. Blue-

2-p-chlorophenyl-2-(1h-1,2,4-triazol-1- green, microcrystalline wax; approximately three

times as plentiful as chlorophyll b: mp 117–120C.

ylmethyl)hexanenitrile. See myclobutanil.

Freely soluble in ether, ethanol, acetone, chloro-

form, carbon disulfide, benzene; sparingly soluble

in cold methanol; insoluble in petroleum ether. The

chlorophenyltrichlorosilane.

alcoholic solution is blue-green with a deep-red flu-

CAS: 26571-79-9. ClC

SiCl

. A mixture of

orescence. Chlorophyll b: C

MgN

. Yellow-

isomers.

green, microcrystalline wax. Sparingly soluble in

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Bp

absolute alcohol, ether. Ether solution has a brilliant

230C, d 1.439 (25/25C), refr index 1.5414 (20C),

green color. Solutions with other organic solvents

flash p 255F (124C) (COC). Readily hydrolyzed

are usually green to yellow-green with red fluores-

with liberation of hydrogen chloride. Combustible.

cence. Chlorophyll c: Occurs in marine organisms

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

and may be as important as chlorophyll b.

chloride and chlorophenylmagnesium chloride.

Derivation: Alcoholic extraction of green plants;

Grade: Technical.

isolation by chromatography.

Hazard: Corrosive to wet skin.

Grade: Aqueous, alcoholic, or oil solutions; water

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

solutions are prepared by saponification of oil-solu-

ble chlorophyll.

Use: Colorant for soaps, oils, fats, waxes, liquors,

confectionery, preserves, cosmetics, perfumes; den-

3-␤-(4-chlorophenyl)tropane-2-␤-carboxylic

tistry, source of phytol, sensitizer for color film,

acid phenyl ester hydrochloride.

toothpaste additive, deodorant.

CAS: 141807-57-0. mf: C

ClNO

•ClH.

See photosynthesis; porphyrin; chelate.

Hazard: A poison.

Note: An experimental use of chlorophyll to act as

energy converter in a synthetic photovoltaic cell has

aroused interest in connection with solar-energy re-

4-chlorophthalic acid. C

Cl(COOH)

search. The cell is termed a synthetic leaf, because it

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 150C. Decom-

is an attempt to imitate the energy-trapping function

poses on further heating; soluble in alcohol and

of a natural leaf.

ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Chlorination of phthalic acid.

chlorophyllin. Reaction product of alcoholic po-

tassium or sodium hydroxide and alcoholic leaf ex-

tracts. The methyl and phytyl groups are replaced by

alkali, but the magnesium is not replaced. Used in

chlorophyll. The green pigment essential to pho-

food coloring, dyes, deodorants, and medicine.

tosynthesis. It is present in all plants except fungi

and bacteria. It occurs in three forms (a, b, and c), all

chloropicrin. (chlorpicrin; nitrotrichlorometh-

of which are magnesium-centered porphyrins con-

ane; trichloronitromethane; nitrochloroform).

taining a hydrophilic carbocyclic ring with a lipo-

CAS: 76-06-2. CCl

philic phytyl tail. Chlorophyll is a photoreceptor for

Properties: Pure product slightly oily, colorless, re-

wavelengths up to 700 nm. It can readily transfer

fractive liquid. D 1.692 (0C), bp 112C, fp −69.2C.

radiant energy to its chemical environment and thus

Relatively stable, no decomposition by water or

acts as a transducer in photosynthesis. It is structur-

mineral acids. Soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether,

ally analogous to the red blood pigment hemin.

carbon disulfide; slightly soluble in water. Non-

Chlorophyll has been synthesized by two different

flammable.

routes. Its derivatives are relatively unstable to light,

Derivation: (1) Action of picric acid on calcium

oxidizing agents, and chemical reagents.

hypochlorite; (2) nitrification of chlorinated hydro-

carbons.

289 2-CHLOROPYRIDINE

Hazard: Very toxic by ingestion and inhalation; Properties: Colorless gas or liquid. D 0.918 (9C), fp

strong irritant. TLV: 0.1 ppm. −137.4C, bp 22.65C (1 atm).

Use: Organic synthesis, dyestuffs (crystal violet), Derivation: By treating propylene dichloride with

alcoholic potassium hydroxide and fractionating

fumigants, fungicides, insecticides, rat extermina-

from the simultaneously formed 1-chloropropene.

tor, tear gas.

Grade: 95% purity.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Flamma-

1-chloropinacolone. See 1-monochloropina-

ble, dangerous fire risk.

coline.

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, formulation

of copolymers.

chloroplast. A chlorophyll-containing plastid

found in algal and green plant cells (eukaryotic).

2-chloropropionic acid. (␣-chloropropionic

acid).

chloroplast chromosome. Circular DNA

CAS: 598-78-7. CH

CHClCOOH.

found in the photosynthesizing organelle (chloro-

Properties: Crystals. D 1.260–1.268 (20C), bp

plast) of plants instead of the cell nucleus where

183–187C. Soluble in water.

most genetic material is located.

Hazard: Combustible. TLV: 0.1 ppm. Toxic by skin

contact.

chloroplatinic acid.

Use: Intermediate for weed killers.

CAS: 16941-12-1. H

PtCl

•6H

Properties: Red-brown crystals. D 1.431, mp 60C.

3-chloropropionic acid. (␤-chloropropionic

Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

acid).

Derivation: By solution of platinum in aqua regia,

CAS: 107-94-8. CH

ClCH

COOH.

evaporation, and crystallization.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 41C, bp 200C. Soluble in

Hazard: See platinum chloride.

water, alcohol, chloroform. Combustible.

Use: Electroplating, platinizing pumice and the like

Use: Intermediate.

for catalysts, etching zinc for printing, platinum

mirrors, indelible ink, ceramics (producing fine col-

3-chloropropionitrile.

or effects on high-grade porcelain), microscopy.

CAS: 542-76-7. ClCH

CN.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −51C, flash p 168F

␤-chloroprene. (2-chlorobutadiene-1,3).

(75.5C) (CC), refr index 1.4341 (25C), d 1.1363

CAS: 126-99-8. H

C:CHCCl:CH

(25C), bp 176C (decomposes). Miscible with ace-

tone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, alcohol, and

ether.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

contact. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate in polymer synthesis.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 59.4C, d 0.9583

(20/20C), flash p −4F (−20C). Soluble in alcohol;

4-chloro-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.

slightly soluble in water.

CAS: 315706-66-2. mf: C

ClNO.

Derivation: Addition of cold hydrochloric acid to

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

vinylacetylene, chlorination of butadiene.

Grade: Pure, 95% min.

␣-chloropropylene. See allyl chloride.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

absorption. TLV: 10 ppm. NIOSH has recommend-

chloropropylene oxide. See epichlorohydrin.

ed 1 ppm. Flammable, dangerous fire risk, explosive

limits in air 4.0 to 20%.

3-chloropropyl mercaptan.

Use: Manufacture of neoprene.

ClCH

SH.

Properties: Liquid. Distillation range

1-chloropropane. See propyl chloride.

141.1–145.6C, d 1.131 (15.5C), refr index 1.492

(20C), flash p approximately 110F (43C).

3-chloropropane-1,2-diol. See chlorohydrin.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

1-chloro-2-propanol. See propylene chloroh-

ydrin.

3-chloro-1-propyne. See propargyl chloride.

1-chloro-2-propanone. See chloroacetone.

2-chloropyridine.

CAS: 109-09-1. ClC

1- or 3-chloropropene. See allyl chloride.

Properties: Oily liquid. D 1.205 (15C), bp 170C.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

2-chloropropene. (isopropenyl chloride). ether.

CAS: 557-98-2. CH

CCl:CH

. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

2905-((6-CHLORO-3-PYRIDINYL)

Use: Production of antihistamines, germicides, pesti-

1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n-nitro-1h-

cides, and agricultural chemicals.

imidazol-2-amine.

CAS: 115086-54-9. mf: C

ClN

5-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-2-(3,4-

Hazard: A poison.

dichlorophenyl)-4-iodo-3(2h)-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pyridazinone.

CAS: 122322-24-1. mf: C

(3-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-2-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

thiazolidinylidene)cyanamide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 111988-49-9. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

(1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-4,5-

tion. A reproductive hazard.

dihydro-1h-imidazol-2-yl)cyanamide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 111988-43-3. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: A poison.

((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)urea.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 200258-66-8. mf: C

ClN

Hazard: A poison.

n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-1,2-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ethanediamine.

CAS: 101990-44-7. mf: C

ClN

6-chloroquinaldine. C

N(CH

)Cl.

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Brownish-black, oily, crystalline mass.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Intermediate.

((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)guanidine.

CAS: 200258-65-7. mf: C

ClN

chloroquine.

Hazard: A poison.

NClNHCH(CH

)(CH

)

N(C

)

. (7-chloro-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

4-(4-diethylamino-1-methylbutylamino)-quino-

line).

1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)hexahydro-

Properties: Colorless crystals; bitter taste. Insoluble

2-(nitromethylene)pyrimidine.

in alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether.

CAS: 101336-64-5. mf: C

ClN

Derivation: Condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline

Hazard: A poison.

with 1-diethylamino-4-aminopentane.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Medicine (antimalarial). Usually dispensed as

1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-2-

the phosphate.

imidazolidinone.

CAS: 120868-66-8. mf: C

ClN

5-chlorosalicylanilide. ClC

OHCONHC

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 209–211C. Slightly

Use: Agricultural chemical.

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro-

form, and benzene.

1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-2-

Hazard: Toxic via ingestion.

imidazolidinone hydrazone.

Use: Fungicide, antimildew agent, intermediate for

CAS: 131206-84-3. mf: C

ClN

pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

5-chlorosalicylic acid.

CAS: 321-14-2. ClC

OHCOOH.

(1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-2-

Properties: White crystals. Mp 174–176C. Slightly

imidazolidinylidene) acetonitrile.

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro-

CAS: 141631-47-2. mf: C

ClN

form, and benzene.

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Moth-proofing, insecticide, intermediate for

pharmaceuticals, dyes, pesticides.

1-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-3-methyl-n-

nitro-2-imidazolidinimine.

o-chlorostyrene.

CAS: 117906-15-7. mf: C

ClN

CAS: 2039-87-4. C

Cl.

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Mp 138.6, d 1.1 (20C), bp 188.7C. Solu-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ble in alcohol, ether, and acetone.

Hazard: TLV: 50 ppm.

n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n

′

nitroguanidine.

CAS: 131748-56-6. mf: C

ClN

. n-chlorosuccinimide. (NCS).

Hazard: A poison. COCH

CONCl.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Properties: White crystals. Mp 148–149C. Soluble

291 CHLOROTHYMOL

in water; sparingly soluble in chloroform and carbon Hazard: A poison.

tetrachloride.

Use: Chlorinating agent, disinfectant for swimming

6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-3-(2-

pools, bactericide.

propenyl)-1h-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol,

hydrobromide.

3-chloro-6-sulfanilamidopyridazine. See

CAS: 74115-01-8. mf: C

ClNO

•BrH.

sulfachlorpyridazine.

Hazard: A poison.

chlorosulfonic acid. (sulfuric chlorohydrin).

1-chloro-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-4-

CAS: 7790-94-5. ClSO

OH.

imidazolidinone.

Properties: Colorless to light yellow, fuming, slight-

CAS: 38951-85-8. mf: C

ClN

ly cloudy liquid; pungent odor. D 1.76–1.77 (20/

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Low toxicity by skin

20C, fp −80C, bp 158C. Decomposes in water to

contact.

sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. Decomposed by

alcohol and acids.

chlorothen citrate. (chloromethapyrilene ci-

Derivation: By treating sulfur trioxide or fuming

trate). C

ClN

S•C

sulfuric acid with hydrochloric acid.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; practically

Grade: Technical.

odorless. Mp 112–116C. On further heating solidi-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; strong irritant to eyes

fies and remelts; 125–140C decomposes. Slightly

and skin; causes severe burns. Can ignite combusti-

soluble in alcohol and water; practically insoluble in

ble materials. Evolves hydrogen on contact with

chloroform, ether, and benzene. One percent solu-

most metals.

tion is clear and colorless; pH (1% solution) 3.9–4.1.

Use: Synthetic detergents, pharmaceuticals, sulfo-

Grade: NF.

nating agent for dyes, pesticides, intermediates, ion-

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

exchange resins, anhydrous hydrogen chloride, and

smoke-producing chemicals.

“Chlorothene” [Dow]. TM for a series of chlo-

rinated organic solvents.

4-chlorosulfonylbenzoic acid.

Grade: NU and industrial are both inhibited 1,1,1-

ClSO

COOH.

trichloroethane.

Properties: Light-tan powder. Soluble in benzene;

Use: Cold cleansing of metal parts; industrial sol-

slightly soluble in ether.

vents.

Use: Intermediate.

6-chloro-2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)-

3-(chlorosulfonyl)benzoyl chloride.

dione.

CAS: 4052-92-0. mf: C

CAS: 7672-94-8. mf: C

ClNO

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

tact. A moderate eye irritant.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

chlorosulfuric acid. See sulfuryl chloride.

6-chloro-4-thiochromanyl-o,o-diethyl

dithiophosphate.

4-chlorotestosterone 17-acetate.

CAS: 41219-31-2. mf: C

ClO

CAS: 855-19-6. mf: C

ClO

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A reproductive

Use: Agricultural chemical.

hazard.

Use: Hormone.

6-chloro-4-thiochromanyl o,o-dimethyl

dithiophosphate.

chlorotetracycline. See chlortetracycline.

CAS: 41219-30-1. mf: C

ClO

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

chlorotetrafluoroethane. (monochlorotetraf- Use: Agricultural chemical.

luoroethane). C

Cl.

Properties: Gas; odorless; colorless. Much heavier

p-chlorothiophenol. (p-chlorobenzenethiol).

than air. Nonflammable.

CAS: 106-54-7. ClC

SH.

Properties: Moist white to cream crystals. Mp

6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-methyl-1-(3- 52–55C, bp 205–207C. Soluble in most organic

methylphenyl)-1h-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol, solvents.

hydrobromide. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 67287-95-0. mf: C

ClNO

•BrH. Use: Oil additives, agricultural chemicals, plasticiz-

Hazard: A poison. ers, rubber chemical, dyes, wetting agents, and sta-

bilizers.

6-chloro-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-phenyl-1h-3-

benzazepine-7,8-diol, hydrobromide. chlorothymol.

(6-chloro-4-isopropyl-1-methyl-

CAS: 67287-39-2. mf: C

ClNO

•BrH. 3-phenol). CH

(OH)(C

)Cl.

292␣-CHLOROTOLUENE

Properties: White crystals or granular powder; char-

6-chloro-o-toluidine. See 2-amino-6-chloro-

acteristic odor; aromatic, pungent taste. Becomes toluene.

discolored with age, affected by light. Mp 59–61C.

Soluble in benzene, chloroform, dilute caustic soda,

4-chloro-o-toluidine hydrochloride.

alcohol; slightly soluble in water.

(Cl)NH

•HCl.

Derivation: Action of sulfuryl chloride on thymol in

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

a solution of carbon tetrachloride.

absorption.

Grade: NF.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes in

2-chloro-5-toluidine-4-sulfonic acid. (6-

concentrated solution.

chloro-m-toluidine-4-sulfonic acid).

Use: Bactericide, component of antiseptic solutions.

(NH

)(SO

H)Cl.

Properties: Fine, white crystals. Soluble in dilute

caustic solution.

␣-chlorotoluene. See benzyl chloride.

Derivation: From o-chlorotoluene-p-sulfonic acid

by nitration and subsequent reduction.

m-chlorotoluene. (3-chloro-1-methylbenzene).

Use: Intermediate.

CAS: 108-41-8. CH

Cl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.07218 (20/4C), bp

chlorotriazinyl dye. A fiber-reactive dye, both

161.6C, fp −48.0C, refr index 1.52 (20C).

mono- and di- derivatives have been developed.

Derivation: Diazotization of m-toluidine followed

They react readily and permanently with cellulose

by treating with cuprous chloride.

under alkaline conditions with 70–80% efficiency.

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration. Avoid inha-

lation.

chlorotribenzylstannane.

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

CAS: 3151-41-5. mf: C

ClSn.

Properties: Colorless needles from EtOAc. Mp:

o-chlorotoluene. (2-chloro-1-methylbenzene).

142−144°.

CAS: 95-49-8. CH

Cl.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and severe

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 159.2C, fp −35.1C,

eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

d 1.0776 (25/4C), refr index 1.5268 (20C). Miscible

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

with alcohol, acetone, ether, benzene, carbon tetra-

chloride, and n-heptane; slightly soluble in water.

chlorotributylstannane.

Derivation: By catalytic chlorination of toluene.

CAS: 1461-22-9. mf: C

ClSn.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: 50 ppm.

Properties: Liquid. D: 1.2105 @ 20°, bp: 171−173°

Use: Solvent and intermediate for organic chemicals

@ 25 mm.

and dyes.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

severe eye irritant. Tributyl tin compounds are ex-

tremely toxic to marine life. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

;

p-chlorotoluene. (4-chloro-1-methylbenzene).

STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 106-43-4. CH

Cl.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Boiling range

162–166C, fp approximately 6.5C, d 1.065–1.067

2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)pyridine. See

(25/15C), refr index 1.5184 (22C). Soluble in alco-

nitrapyrin.

hol, ether, acetone, benzene, and chloroform; slight-

ly soluble in water.

2-chloro-1,1,3-triethoxy propane.

Hazard: Avoid inhalation; strong irritant.

CAS: 10140-99-5. mf: C

ClO

Use: Solvent and intermediate for organic chemicals

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

and dyes.

tact. Low toxicity by inhalation. A mild skin irritant.

2-chlorotoluene-4-sulfonic acid. (o-chloro-

chlorotriethylstannane. See triethyltin chlo-

toluene-p-sulfonic acid). CH

(SO

H)Cl.

ride.

Properties: White, glistening plates. Soluble in hot

water.

2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl

Derivation: Chlorination of toluene-p-sulfonic acid.

ether. See enflurane.

Method of purification: Recrystallization from

water.

chlorotrifluoroethylene. (CFE; CTFE; tri-

Use: Dye intermediate.

fluorochloroethylene).

CAS: 79-38-9. ClFC:CH

2-chloro-p-toluidine. See 4-amino-2-chloro-

Properties: Colorless gas; faint ethereal odor. Bp

toluene.

−27.9C, fp −157.5C, d (liquid) 1.305 (20C). Decom-

poses in water.

4-chloro-o-toluidine. See 2-amino-4-chloro- Derivation: From trichlorotrifluoroethane and zinc.

toluene. Grade: Technical 99.0%.

293 CHLOROXURON

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Flammable limits in air Properties: Colorless needles. Mp: 42°, bp:

8.4–38.7%. 154−156°.

Hazard: A deadly poison. A reproductive hazard.

Use: Intermediate, monomer for chlorotrifluoroethy-

TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

lene resins.

chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer. (polytri-

chlorotrioctylstannane. See tri-n-octyltin

fluorochloroethylene resin; fluorothene). A poly-

chloride.

mer of chlorotrifluoroethylene, usually including

vinylidine fluoride, characterized by the repeating

chlorotripropylstannane.

structure (CF

−CCl).

CAS: 2279-76-7. mf: C

ClSn.

Properties: Colorless. D 2.10–2.15, refr index 1.43.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D: 1.2678 @ 28°, mp:

Impervious to corrosive chemicals, resistant to most

–23.5°. Sol in org solvs.

organic solvents, heat resistant. Nonflammable.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Thermoplastic. Zero moisture absorption; high-im-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

pact strength; transparent films and thin sheets.

Use: Chemical piping, gaskets, tank linings, connec-

tors, valve diaphragms, wire and cable insulation,

chloro(trivinyl)stannane.

electronic components.

CAS: 10008-90-9. mf: C

ClSn.

See “Kel-F”; fluorocarbon polymer.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp: 59−60° @ 6 mm.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

chlorotrifluoromethane. (monochlorotrifluo-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

romethane; trifluorochloromethane).

CAS: 75-72-9. CClF

␤-chlorovinyldichloroarsine. (1-chloro-2-di-

Properties: Colorless gas; ethereal odor. Bp −81.4C,

chloroarsinoethane; dichloro[2-chlorovi-

fp −181C, heavier than air. Nonflammable

nyl]arsine; chlorovinylarsinedichloride; Lewis-

Derivation: From dichlorodifluoromethane in vapor

ite). Two isomers, probably cis and trans, are

phase with aluminum chloride catalyst.

known. ClCH:CHAsCl

Grade: 99.0% min purity.

Properties: Colorless liquid when pure; geranium-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; slightly irritant.

like odor. Impurities lead to colors ranging from

Use: Dielectric and aerospace chemical, hardening of

violet to brown, decomposed by water and alkalies.

metals, pharmaceutical processing.

Inactivated by bleaching powder. Antidote is dimer-

See chlorofluorocarbon.

captopropanol.

Derivation: Condensation of arsenic trichloride with

2-chloro-5-trifluoromethylaniline.

acetylene in the presence of aluminum, copper, or

ClCF

mercury chloride. The mixed arsines are separated

Properties: Amber-colored oil. Fp 6–8C. Insoluble

by fractionating.

in water; soluble in alcohol and acetone. Forms

Hazard: Vesicant gas, a poison. See arsenic.

water-soluble salts with mineral acids.

Use: Poison gas, skin-blistering agent.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and other organic chem-

␤-chlorovinylethylethynylcarbinol. See

icals.

ethchlorvynol.

chlorotrifluoromethylbenzene. See chloro-

benzotrifluoride.

␤-chlorovinylmethylchloroarsine.

ClCH:CHAsClCH

chloro-␣,␣,␣-trifluorotoluene. See chloro-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 112–115C (10 mm Hg). De-

benzotrifluoride.

composed by water.

Derivation: Interaction of acetylene and methyldi-

chloro(triisobutyl)stannane.

chloroarsine in the presence of aluminum chloride.

CAS: 7342-38-3. mf: C

ClSn.

Hazard: Strong irritant poison, absorbed by skin.

Properties: Solid. D: 1.1290 @ 34°, mp: 30.2°, bp:

174° @ 13 mm.

chloroxine. (5,7-dichloro-8-quinolinol).

Hazard: A poison. Tributyl tin compounds are very

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 180C. Soluble in

toxic to marine life. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

benzene, acetone, acids, and sodium hydroxide so-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

lution.

Use: Analytical reagent, antibacterial.

chlorotriisopropylstannane. See triisopro-

pyltin chloride.

Chloroxuron. (3-(p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl)-

chlorotrimethylstannanechlorotrimethyl- 1,1-dimethylurea).

stannane. CAS: 1982-47-4.

CAS: 1066-45-1. mf: C

ClSn. Use: Herbicide.

294

-CHLORO-

-XYLENOL

p-chloro-m-xylenol. (4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl- chlorquinaldol. (5,7-dichloro-8-hydroxyqui-

phenol). C

(CH

)

OHCl. Crystals with phenolic naldine; 5,7-dichloro-2-methyl-8-quinolinol).

odor. CH

N(OH)Cl

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; strong irritant, absorbed Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder; tasteless;

by skin. pleasant medicinal odor. Mp 114C. Soluble in ben-

Use: Active ingredient in germicides, antiseptics,

zene, alcohol, chloroform; insoluble in water.

etc., fungistat; mildew preventive; preservative;

Use: Medicine (bactericide and fungicide).

chemical intermediate.

chlortetracycline. (CTC; chlorotetracycline).

ClN

. An antibiotic produced by growth of

6-chloro-3,4-xylyl methylcarbamate. (6-

Streptomyces aureofaciens in submerged cultures. It

chloro-3,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methylcarbamate).

has a wide antimicrobial spectrum, including many

ClC

(CH

)

OCONHCH

Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, rickett-

Properties: Solid. Mp 120–133C.

siae, and several viruses. Its chemical structure is

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

that of a modified naphthacene molecule. Also

Use: Pesticide.

available as the hydrochloride.

Properties: Golden-yellow crystals. Mp 168–169C.

chloroxyphenamine.

Very soluble in aqueous solutions above pH 8.5;

CAS: 16726-46-8. mf: C

ClN

•2ClH.

freely soluble in the “Cellosolves” dioxane and

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

“Carbitol”; slightly soluble in water, methanol, eth-

anol, butanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, and benzene;

chlorpheniramine maleate. (chlorprophen-

insoluble in ether and naphtha.

pyridamine maleate). C

ClN

•C

. (1-(p-

Derivation: By submerged aerobic fermentation, fil-

chlorophenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)3-dimethylaminopro-

tration, solvent extraction, and crystallization.

pane maleate).

Use: Medicine (antibiotic), feed supplement, preser-

Properties: White, odorless crystals. Mp 130–135C.

vative for raw fish.

Slightly soluble in ether; soluble in alcohol, chloro-

form, and water; pH (1% solution) approximately

chlorthion. (generic name for O,O-dimeth-

4.8.

yl-O-(3-chloro-4-nitrophenyl)thiophosphate). A

Grade: USP.

phosphoric acid ester containing chlorine.

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion, cholines-

terase inhibitor, absorbed via intact skin. Use may be

restricted.

chlorphenol red. (dichlorosulfonphthalein).

Use: Insecticide.

❘

C(C

ClOH)

. An acid-base indicator

CHOC. Abbreviation for Center of History of

showing color change from yellow to red over the pH

Chemistry.

range 5.2 to 6.8.

See Appendix II D.

chlorpromazine. (2-chloro-10-(3-dimethylam-

cholaic acid. See taurocholic acid.

inopropyl)-phenothiazine).

CAS: 50-53-3. C

ClN

cholecalciferol. (5,7-cholestadien-3-␤-ol; 7-

dehydrocholesterol; activated vitamin D

O. A free vitamin D

, isolated in crystalline

state from the 3,5-dinitrobenzoate, produced by irra-

diation, and equivalent in activity to the vitamin D

of tuna-liver oil.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Melting range

84–88C, specific rotation +105–112 degrees. Unsta-

ble in light and air. Insoluble in water; soluble in

alcohol, chloroform, and fatty oils.

Properties: Oily liquid; amine odor. Alkaline reac-

Grade: USP, FCC.

tion, bp 200–205C (0.8 mm Hg).

Available forms: Hermetically sealed under ni-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

trogen.

Use: Medicine (antipsychotic drug).

Use: Medicine (antirachitic vitamin).

chlorpromazine sulfone. See oxochlorpro-

cholecystokinin tetrapeptide. See gastrin

mazine.

tetrapeptide amide.

chlorpropham. See chloro-IPC.

choleic acid. A general term applied to the coor-

dination complexes formed by deoxycholic acid (a

chlorpyrifos. See “Dursban.” bile acid) with fatty acids or other lipids and with a

295 CHOLINE BITARTRATE

variety of other compounds including such aromat-

cholic acid.

ics as phenol and naphthalene. These complexes are

CAS: 81-25-4. C

COOH.

similar to those used in separation processes such as

the urea adducts for large-scale purification.

See cholic acid.

cholesteric. A molecular structure found in some

liquid crystals, so called because it was first noted in

cholesteryl alcohol (in 1888). It occurs in some opti-

cally active compounds and in mixtures of chiral

compounds and nematic liquid crystals.

The most abundant bile acid. In bile, it is conjugated

cholesterol. (cholesterin; 5-cholesten-3-␤-ol).

with the amino acids glycine and taurine as glycochol-

CAS: 57-88-5. C

OH. The most common animal

ic acid and taurocholic acid, respectively, and does not

sterol, a monohydric secondary alcohol of the cyclo-

occur free.

pentenophenanthrene (4-ring fused) system, con-

Properties: The monohydrate crystallizes in plates

taining one double bond. It occurs in part as the free

from dilute acetic acid. Bitter taste with sweetish

sterol and in part esterified with higher fatty acids as

aftertaste. Anhydrous form. Mp 198C. Not precipi-

a lipid in human blood serum. The primary precur-

tated by digitonin. Soluble in glacial acetic acid,

sor in biosynthesis appears to be acetic acid or sodi-

acetone, and alcohol; slightly soluble in chloroform;

um acetate. Cholesterol itself in the animal system is

practically insoluble in water and benzene.

the precursor of bile acids, steroid hormones, and

Derivation: From glycocholic and taurocholic acids

provitamin D

in bile; organic synthesis.

Grade: FCC.

Use: Biochemical research, pharmaceutical interme-

diate, emulsifying agent in foods (up to 0.1%).

choline. (choline base; ␤-hydroxyethyltrime-

thylammonium hydroxide).

CAS: 62-49-7. (CH

)

N(OH)CH

OH. Member

of the vitamin B complex. Essential in the diet of

rats, rabbits, chickens, and dogs. In humans it is

Properties: White or faintly yellow pearly granules

required for lecithin formation and can replace me-

or crystals; almost odorless. Affected by light. Mp

thionine in the diet. There is no evidence of disease

148.5C, bp 360C (decomposes), d 1.067 (20/4C),

in humans caused by choline deficiency. It is a di-

levorotatory, specific rotation (25C) −34 to 38 de-

etary factor important in furnishing free methyl

grees. Sparingly soluble in water; moderately solu-

groups for transmethylation; has a lipotropic func-

ble in hot alcohol; soluble in benzene, oils, fats, and

tion.

aqueous solutions of bile salts.

Source: Egg yolk, kidney, liver, heart, seeds, vegeta-

Occurrence: Egg yolk, liver, kidneys, saturated fats

bles, and legumes; synthetic preparation from trime-

and oils. All body cells contain cholesterol produced

thylamine and ethylene chlorohydrin or ethylene

by the liver (approximately 1000 mg a day).

oxide.

Source: Prepared from beef spinal cord by petroleum

Properties: Viscous, alkaline liquid. Soluble in wa-

ether extraction of the nonsaponifiable matter; puri-

ter and alcohol. Amounts are expressed in milli-

fication by repeated bromination.

grams of choline.

Grade: Technical, USP, SCW (standard for clinical

Use: Medicine, nutrition, feed supplement, catalyst,

work).

curing agent, control of pH, neutralizing agent, solu-

Use: Emulsifying agent in cosmetic and pharmaceu-

bilizer.

tical products, source of estradiol.

cholestyramine. A synthetic anion-exchange

choline bicarbonate. See hydroxyethyltrime-

polymer in which quaternary ammonium groups are

thylammonium bicarbonate.

attached to a copolymer of styrene and divinylben-

zene. A white- to buff-colored powder having a

particle size of 50–100 mesh, it is stable to 150C.

choline bitartrate. (C

NO)C

Insoluble in water and organic solvents. It is effec- Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless or

tive in binding bile salts such as cholesterol. Re- faint trimethylamine-like odor; acidic taste. Hygro-

search on test animals and in clinical trials on hu- scopic; soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

mans indicates that it is effective in eliminating from ether, chloroform, and benzene.

the body such toxic organochlorine compounds as Grade: FCC.

“Kepone.” Use: Medicine, dietary supplement, nutrient.

296CHOLINE CHLORIDE

choline chloride. chromaticity. A qualitative description of color

CAS: 67-48-1. (CH

)

N(Cl)CH

OH. Animal- based on hue and saturation independent of brilli-

ance.

feed additive derived from agricultural waste or

made synthetically. Available as 50% dry feed grade

and 70% solution.

chromaticity coordinates. The ratios of each

tristimulus value of a color to the sum of tristimulus

cholinesterase. (1) (Acetylcholinesterase) En-

values.

zyme specific for the hydrolysis of acetylcholine to

acetic acid and choline in the body. It is found in the

chromatic scale. The arrangement of the colors

brain, nerve cells, and red blood cells and important

of the visible spectrum.

in the mechanism of nerve action.

See nerve gas; parathion; insecticide.

chromatin. A deoxyribonucleoprotein complex

Derivation: From bovine erythrocytes.

consisting of (1) double-stranded DNA molecules;

Use: Biochemical research, determination of phos-

(2) a basic protein called histone; and (3) other

phorus in insecticides and poisons. (2) “Pseudo” or

proteins. The latter protect the DNA from attack by

nonspecific cholinesterase;prepared from horse se-

enzymes. Chromatin occurs in the cell nucleus,

rum. This esterase hydrolyzes other esters, as well as

where it forms chromosomes, the carriers of genes.

choline esters. It occurs in blood serum, the pan-

Its name is derived from its sensitivity to biological

creas, and the liver.

stains.

See deoxyribonucleic acid; chromosome; gene.

cholinesterase inhibitor. A chemical com-

pound that deactivates the enzyme cholinesterase,

chromatogram. A column of adsorbent gas or

thus preventing or retarding hydrolytic breakdown

liquid carrying bands or zones of adsorbed mole-

of the highly toxic acetylcholine formed in the body

cules.

by the nervous system. Nerve gases act in this way,

See chromatography.

as do a number of insecticides, usually organic es-

ters of phosphoric acid derivatives. Serious poison-

chromatography. A group of laboratory sepa-

ing and death may occur on ingestion or prolonged

ration techniques based on selective adsorption by

inhalation of such compounds. Cholinesterase can

which components of complex mixtures (vapors,

be reactivated by administration of atropine sulfate

liquids, solutions) can be identified. Its discoverer,

or pralidoxime iodide.

Tswett (1906), named the procedure chromatogra-

See parathion; nerve gas.

phy because the plant pigments used in his early

experiments produced bands of characteristic color.

cholytaurine. See taurocholic acid.

Since the 1930s, the method has been widely applied

in many variations to the analysis of colorless mix-

chondroitin sulfate. A major constituent of the

tures such as hydrocarbons, metallic salts, etc. Sepa-

cartilaginous tissue in the body.

ration is due to redistribution of the molecules of the

mixture between the thin phase (adsorption layer)

chondrus. See carrageenan.

and the bulk phase (adsorbent) with which it is in

contact. Because the thin phase sometimes ap-

chorionic gonadotropin. (HCG). A hormone

proaches molecular dimensions, the size and shape

isolated from blood and urine of pregnant women;

of the molecules of the mixture are of great signifi-

secreted by the placenta. It is a glycoprotein contain-

cance. Chromatography involves the flow of a mo-

ing approximately 11% galactose and having a mo-

bile (gas or liquid) phase over a stationary phase

lecular weight of approximately 100,000.

(which may be a solid or a liquid). Liquid chroma-

Properties: Rods or needlelike crystals. Soluble in

tography is used for soluble substances and gas

water and glycols. Unstable in aqueous solution,

(vapor-phase) chromatography for volatile sub-

stable in dry form. It enhances estrone and proges-

stances. As the mobile phase moves past the station-

terone production. Units: One international unit

ary phase, repeated adsorption and desorption of the

equals the activity of 0.1 mg of a standard prepara-

solute occurs at a rate determined chiefly by its ratio

tion.

of distribution between the two phases. If the ratio is

Use: Medicine, veterinary medicine.

large enough, the components of the mixture will

move at different rates, producing a series of bands

“Chromacyl” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

(chromatographs) by which their identity can be

dyes that contain chromium in the molecule. Suit-

determined.

able for wool and nylon.

See liquid chromatography; gas chromatography; pa-

per chromatography; thin-layer chromatography;

chromate. Compound in which chromium has a

ion-exchange chromatography; gel filtration.

valence of six.

chromated zinc chloride. See zinc chlo- chrome alum. See chromium potassium sul-

ride, chromated. fate.

297 CHROMIC BROMIDE

chrome ammonium alum. See chromium steels and in stainless steels.

ammonium sulfate. See steel, stainless.

chrome cake. A green form of salt cake (sodium

chrome tanning. See tanning.

sulfate) containing a low percentage of chromium.

A by-product of sodium dichromate manufacture

chrome-vanadium steel. A steel, made by any

used in the paper industry.

accepted method of quality steelmaking, containing

both chromium and vanadium, usually in the ranges

chrome dye. A mordant dye, most frequently

of chromium 0.50–1.10% and vanadium

one in which sodium dichromate is used as the mor-

0.10–0.20%.

dant.

Use: A mordant for wool dyeing.

chrome yellow. See lead chromate; chrome

pigment.

chrome fast orange g. See C.I. mordant

orange 6, disodium salt.

chromia. See chromic oxide.

chrome green. See chrome pigment.

chromic. Designating compounds in which the

chrome leather scarlet se. See C.I. direct

chromium is positive trivalent.

red 23.

chromic acetate. (chromium acetate).

chrome liquor. A solution of basic chromic salt

CAS: 1066-30-4. Cr(C

)

•H

used in chrome tanning. It is usually a strong solu-

Properties: Grayish-green powder or bluish-green,

tion of sodium dichromate treated with sulfur diox-

pasty mass. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

ide or glucose and sulfuric acid.

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on chromium hy-

droxide. The solution is evaporated and crystallized.

chrome-molybdenum steel. Steel, made by

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

any accepted method of quality steelmaking, con-

Use: Textile mordant, tanning, polymerization and

taining both chromium and molybdenum, usually in

oxidation catalyst, emulsion hardener.

the ranges of chromium 0.35–1.10% and molybde-

num 0.08–0.35%.

chromic acid. (chromium trioxide; chromic

anhydride).

chrome-nickel steel. See steel, stainless.

CAS: 7738-94-5. CrO

. The name is in common use,

although the true chromic acid, H

CrO

, exists only

chrome orange. Basic lead chromate.

in solution.

Use: Pigments.

Properties: Dark purplish-red crystals. Deliques-

cent, d 1.67–2.82, mp 196C. Soluble in water, alco-

chrome pigment. An inorganic pigment con-

hol, and mineral acids.

taining chromium. The most important types are (1)

Derivation: (1) Sulfuric acid is added to a solution of

chrome oxide green, one of the most permanent and

sodium dichromate and the product is crystallized

stable pigments known, the pure grade consisting of

out; (2) chromite is fused with soda ash and lime-

99% Cr

, used in paints applied to cement and

stone and then treated with sulfuric acid; (3) elec-

lime-containing surfaces; (2) chrome green, chrome

trolysis.

yellow, and chrome red, consisting chiefly of lead

Grade: Technical, CP.

chromate and used in paints, rubber, and plastic

Hazard: A human carcinogen. A poison. Corrosive

products; (3) miscellaneous pigments such as mo-

to skin. TLV: 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

. Powerful oxidizing

lybdate orange and zinc yellow, based on lead and

agent, may explode on contact with reducing agents,

zinc compounds of chromium, respectively. All

may ignite on contact with organic materials.

these are more stable to sunlight, weathering, and

Use: Chemicals (chromates, oxidizing agents, cata-

chemical action than the brighter organic dyes.

lysts), chromium-plating intermediate, medicine

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

(caustic), process engraving, anodizing, ceramic

glazes, colored glass, metal cleaning, inks, tanning,

chrome potash alum. See chromium potas-

paints, textile mordant, etchant for plastics.

sium sulfate.

chrome red. See chrome pigment.

chromic bromide. CrBr

Properties: Black crystals. Soluble in boiling water;

chrome steel. A steel, made by any accepted insoluble in cold water unless chromous salts are

method of quality steelmaking, containing chromi- added.

um as alloying element, usually in the range Derivation: Passage of bromine vapor over pulver-

0.20–1.60%, although the content may be as high as ized chromium at 1000C.

25% in specialized heat-resistant and wear-resistant Use: Olefin polymerization catalyst.

298CHROMIC CHLORIDE

chromic chloride. (chromium chloride; chro- ing sodium dichromate with sulfur and washing out

the sodium sulfate.

mium trichloride; chromium sesquichloride).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 0.5

CAS: 10025-73-7. (1) CrCl

. (2) CrCl

•6H

mg/m

Properties: (1) Violet crystals. D 1.76, mp 1150C,

Use: Metallurgy, green paint pigment, ceramics, cat-

sublimes at approximately 1300C. Insoluble in wa-

alyst in organic synthesis, green granules in asphalt

ter and alcohol. (2) Greenish-black or violet deli-

roofing, component of refractory brick, abrasive.

quescent crystals, depending on whether chlorine is

coordinated with the chromium. D 1.76, mp 83C.

Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

chromic phosphate. (chromium phosphate).

Derivation: (1) By passing chlorine over a mixture of

CAS: 7789-04-0. (1) CrPO

•6H

O. (2)

chromic oxide and carbon. (2) By the action of

CrPO

•4H

hydrochloric acid on chromium hydroxide.

Properties: (1) Violet crystals. D 2.12 (14C); (2)

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

green crystals. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water.

Use: Chromium salts, intermediates, textile mordant,

Derivation: (1) Interaction of solutions of chromium

chromium plating including vapor plating, prepara-

chloride and sodium phosphate; (2) by mixing

tion of sponge chromium, catalyst for polymerizing

chrome alum and disodium hydrogen phosphate.

olefins, waterproofing.

Violet, amorphous powder (not the hexahydrate) is

formed that becomes crystalline on contact with

water. On boiling, it is converted into green crystal-

chromic fluoride. (chromium fluoride; chro-

line hydrate.

mium trifluoride).

Use: Paint pigment, catalyst.

CAS: 7788-97-8. CrF

•4H

O or CrF

•9H

Properties: Fine, green crystals. D (anhydrous): 3.8,

chromic sulfate. (chromium sulfate).

mp >1000C, bp (sublimes) 1100–1200C. Insoluble

CAS: 10101-53-8. (1) Cr

(SO

)

. (2)

in water and alcohol; soluble in hydrochloric acid.

(SO

)

•15H

O. (3) Cr

(SO

)

•18H

Derivation: Interaction of chromium hydroxide and

Properties: (1) Violet or red powder; (2) dark-green

hydrofluoric acid.

amorphous scales; (3) violet cubes. D (1) 3.012, (2)

Grade: Technical, high purity (CrF

1.867, (3) 1.70. (1) Insoluble in water and acids; (2)

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes, especially in solu-

soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol; (3) soluble in

tion. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

water and alcohol.

Use: Printing and dyeing woolens, moth-proofing,

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on chromium

halogenation catalyst.

hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

Use: Chrome plating, chromium alloys, mordant, cat-

chromic hydroxide. (chromic hydrate; chro-

alyst, green paints and varnishes, green ink, ceram-

mium hydroxide; chromium hydrate). Cr(OH)

ics (glazes). The basic form (reduction of sodium

Properties: Green, gelatinous precipitate. Decom-

dichromate) is used in tanning.

poses to chromic oxide by heat. Insoluble in water;

soluble in acids and strong alkalies.

chrominance. The colorimetric difference be-

Derivation: By adding a solution of ammonium hy-

tween any color and a reference color of equal lumi-

droxide to the solution of a chromium salt.

nance, the reference color having a specific chroma-

Use: Guignet’s green, catalyst, tanning agent, mor-

ticity.

dant.

chromite. (chrome iron ore).

chromic nitrate. (chromium nitrate).

CAS: 1308-31-2. FeCr

. A natural oxide of fer-

CAS: 13548-38-4. Cr(NO

)

•9H

rous iron and chromium, sometimes with magne-

Properties: Purple crystals. Mp 60C, decomposes at

sium and aluminum present. Usually occurs in mag-

100C. Soluble in alcohol and water.

nesium and iron-rich igneous rocks.

Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on chromium

Properties: Iron-black to brownish-black color,

hydroxide.

dark-brown streak, metallic to submetallic luster. D

Hazard: May ignite organic materials on contact;

3.6, Mohs hardness 5.5.

may be explosive when shocked or heated; powerful

Occurrence: The former U.S.S.R., South Africa,

oxidizer. Very toxic.

Zimbabwe, Philippines, Cuba, Turkey.

Use: Catalyst, corrosion inhibitor.

Grade: Metallurgical, refractory, chemical.

Hazard: A human carcinogen. TLV: 0.05 mg/m

Use: Only commercial source of chromium and its

chromic oxide. (chromium(III) oxide; chro-

compounds.

mia; chromium sequioxide; green cinnabar).

CAS: 1308-38-9. Cr

Properties: Bright-green, extremely hard crystals. D

chromium.

5.2, mp 2435C, bp 4000C. Insoluble in water, acids, CAS: 7440-47-3. Cr. Metallic element of atomic

and alkalies. number 24, group VIB of the periodic table. Aw

Derivation: (1) By heating chromium hydroxide, (2) 51.996, valences of 2, 3, 6; four stable isotopes.

by heating dry ammonium dichromate, (3) by heat- Name derived from Greek for color.

299 CHROMIUM HEXACARBONYL

Properties: Hard, brittle, semigray metal. D 7.1, mp alcohol. The aqueous solution is violet when cold,

1900C, bp 2200C. Compounds have strong and var- green when hot.

ied colors. Cr ion forms many coordination com- Grade: Technical.

pounds. Exists in active and passive forms, the latter Use: Mordant, tanning.

giving rise to its corrosion resistance due to a thin

surface oxide layer that passivates the metal when

chromium boride. One of several compounds

treated with oxidizing agents. Active form reacts

of chromium and boron, e.g., CrB, CrB

, and Cr

readily with dilute acids to form chromous salts.

They have high melting points, are very hard and

Soluble in acids (except nitric) and strong alkalies,

corrosion resistant, and may be suitable for use in jet

insoluble in water.

and rocket engines.

Occurrence: The former U.S.S.R., South Africa,

Properties: CrB may be crystals. D 6.2, mp 1550C,

Turkey, Philippines, Zimbabwe, Cuba.

Mohs hardness 8.5, resistivity 67 ␮␻ cm (20C).

Derivation: From chromite by direct reduction (fer-

CrB

: d 5.15, mp 1850C, hardness 2010 (Knoop),

rochrome), by reducing the oxide with finely divid-

resists oxidation up to 1100C. Cr

: may be crys-

ed aluminum or carbon, and by electrolysis of chro-

tals, d 6.1, Mohs hardness 9+.

mium solutions.

Use: Metallurgical additives, high-temperature elec-

Available forms: (1) Chromium metal as lumps,

trical conductors, cermets, refractories, coatings re-

granules, or powder; (2) high- or low-carbon ferro-

sistant to attack by molten metals.

chromium; (3) single crystals, high-purity crystals,

or powder run 99.97% pure.

chromium bromide. See chromous bromide.

Grade: (Ore) Chromium ores are classified as (1)

metallurgical, (2) refractory, and (3) chemical, and

chromium carbide. Cr

their consumption in the U.S. is in that order. (1)

Properties: Orthorhombic crystals. D 6.65, micro-

Must contain a minimum of 48% Cr

and have Cr-

hardness 2700 kg/sq mm Hg (load 50 g), mp 1890C,

Fe ratio of 3:1; (2) must be high in Cr

and Al

bp 3800C, resistivity 95 ␮␻ cm (room temperature).

and low in iron; (3) must be low in SiO

and Al

Highest oxidation resistance at high temperature of

and high in Cr

all metal carbides also resistant to acids and alkalies.

Hazard: Hexavalent chromium compounds are car-

Use: Gage blocks and hot extrusion dies, in powder

cinogenic (OSHA) and corrosive on tissue, resulting

form as spray-coating material, components for

in ulcers and dermatitis on prolonged contact. TLV:

pumps and valves.

(chromium dust and fume) 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

Use: Alloying and plating element on metal and plas-

chromium carbonate. See chromous car-

tic substrates for corrosion resistance, chromium-

bonate.

containing and stainless steels, protective coating

for automotive and equipment accessories, nuclear

chromium carbonyl. See chromium hexa-

and high-temperature research, constituent of inor-

carbonyl.

ganic pigments.

chromium chloride. See chromic chloride;

chromium-51. Radioactive chromium of mass

chromous chloride.

number 51.

Properties: Half-life 26.5 days, radiation ␥ (0.32

chromium-copper. A copper-chromium alloy

MeV).

containing 8–11% chromium. Used in the manufac-

Grade: USP (as sodium chromate

Cr injection).

ture of hard steels for increased elasticity.

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

Use: Diagnosis of blood volume (as tracer).

chromium dioxide. CrO

Properties: Black, semiconducting material. D 4.9.

chromium acetate. See chromic acetate.

Acicular crystals having strong magnetic properties.

Also in powder form.

chromium acetylacetonate.

Derivation: By heating chromic acid.

[CH

COCHC(CH

)O]

Cr.

Use: Magnetic component in recording tapes, cata-

Properties: Purple powder or red-violet crystals. Mp

lyst.

216C, bp 340C. Insoluble in water; soluble in ace-

tone and alcohol.

chromium fluoride. See chromic fluoride.

Derivation: Reaction of chromium chloride, acetyl-

acetone, and sodium carbonate.

chromium hexacarbonyl. (chromium car-

Use: Reduction of detonation of nitromethane.

bonyl).

CAS: 13007-92-6. Cr(CO)

chromium ammonium sulfate. (ammonium Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 1.77, mp

chromium sulfate; chrome ammonium alum). 150–151C (inert atmosphere), 210C (explodes).

CrNH

(SO

)

•12H

O. Slightly soluble in iodoform and carbon tetrachlo-

Properties: Green powder or deep-violet crystals. D ride; insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, or acetic

1.72, mp 94C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in acid. More stable than most metal carbonyls, de-

300CHROMIUM HYDRATE

composed by chlorine and fuming nitric acid, but

chromium sulfate. See chromic sulfate.

resists bromine, iodine, water, and cold concentra-

ted nitric acid. Decomposes photochemically when

chromium trichloride. See chromic chlo-

solutions are exposed to light.

ride.

Grade: 98% pure.

Hazard: Explodes at 400F (204C). Toxic by inhala-

chromium trifluoride. See chromic fluoride.

tion and ingestion.

Use: Isomerization and polymerization catalyst, gas-

chromium trioxide. See chromic acid.

oline additive, intermediate.

chromogen. See chromophore.

chromium hydrate. See chromic hydroxide.

“Chromogene” [BASF]. TM for mordant

chromium hydroxide. See chromic hy-

dyestuffs used on wool and leather. Characterized

droxide.

by very good fastness to light, fulling, etc.

chromium manganese antimonide. Brittle

chromomere. One of the serially aligned beads

gray solid having magnetic properties when above a

or granules of a eukaryotic chromosome, resulting

definite temperature, depending on the composition.

from local coiling of a continuous DNA thread.

chromium naphthenate.

chromophore. A chemical grouping that when

Properties: Dark-green liquid or violet powder.

present in an aromatic compound (the chromogen),

Derivation: By addition of chromium salts to solu-

gives color to the compound by causing a displace-

tion of sodium naphthenate and recovery of the

ment of, or appearance of, absorbent bands in the

precipitate.

visible spectrum. Dyes are sometimes classified on

Grade: 6% chromium.

the basis of their chief chromophores, e.g., −NO,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

nitroso dyes; −NO

, nitro dyes; −N==N−, azo dyes;

Use: Paints (antichalking agent).

etc.

chromium nitrate. See chromic nitrate.

chromosomal deletion. The loss of part of a

chromosome’s DNA.

chromium oxide. See chromic oxide.

chromosomal inversion. Chromosome seg-

chromium oxychloride. See chromyl chlo-

ments that have been turned 180 degrees. The gene

ride.

sequence for the segment is reversed with respect to

the rest of the.

chromium oxyfluoride. See chromyl fluo-

ride.

chromosome. The heredity-bearing gene carrier

of the living cell derived from chromatin and con-

chromium phosphate. See chromic phos- sisting largely of nucleoproteins (DNA) together

phate. with other protein components (histones).

See deoxyribonucleic acid; gene.

chromium potassium sulfate. (chrome

alum; potassium chromium sulfate; chrome pot-

chromosome painting. Attachment of certain

ash alum). fluorescent dyes to targeted parts of the chromo-

CAS: 10141-00-1. CrK(SO

)

•12H

O. some. Used as a diagnositic for particular diseases,

Properties: Dark, violet-red crystals; efflorescent. D e.g. types of leukemia.

1.813, mp 89C, loses 10H

O at 100C. Soluble in

water.

chromosome region p. A designation for the

Derivation: By reducing potassium dichromate in

short arm of a chromosome.

dilute sulfuric acid with sulfurous acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

chromosome region q. A designation for the

Use: Tanning (chrome-tan liquors), textile dye (mor-

long arm of a chromosome.

dant), photography (fixing bath), ceramics.

chromosome walking. A technique for clon-

chromium sesquichloride. See chromic

ing everything in the genome around a known piece

chloride.

of DNA (the starting probe). A screen is executed

against a genomic library for all clones hybridizing

chromium sesquioxide. See chromic oxide.

with the probe looking for one that extends furthest

into the surrounding DNA. The most distal piece of

chromium steel. See steel, stainless; iron, this most distal clone is then used as a probe, so that

stainless. ever more distal regions can be cloned.

301 CHRYSAMINE G

“Chromosorb” [World Minerals]. TM for a Properties: (Monohydrate) Reddish, acicular crys-

tals. Soluble in water.

series of screened calcined and flux-calcined dia-

Derivation: Reaction of chromous chloride with so-

tomite aggregates. Available in non-acid-washed,

dium formate.

acid-washed, and acid-washed dimethyldichlorosi-

Use: Chromium electroplating solutions, catalyst for

lane treatments.

organic reactions.

Grade: Chromosorb phosphorus, W, G for analytical

use; Chromosorb A for preparative chromatog-

raphy.

chromous oxalate. CrC

•H

Use: Supports in gas or liquid chromatography.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. D 2.468.

Soluble in water; active reducing agent.

chromotropic acid. (1,8-dihydroxynaphthal-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; irritant to skin and tis-

ene-3,6-disulfonic acid).

sue; a poison. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

chromous sulfate. CrSO

•5H

Properties: (Pentahydrate) Blue crystals. Soluble in

water; insoluble in acetone; slightly soluble in alco-

hol. Solutions are subject to atmospheric oxidation.

Use: Oxygen scavenger, reducing agent, analytical

reagent.

Properties: White needles. Soluble in water; insolu-

ble in alcohol and ether.

“Chromoxane” [BASF]. TM for mordant

Derivation: Reaction of H-acid with 10% NaOH at

dyestuffs. Used on wool, characterized by fairly

280C.

good fastness to light, very good fastness to fulling,

Use: Azo-dye intermediate, analytical reagent.

etc., and by a relatively bright shade.

chromous bromide. (chromium bromide).

CrBr

“Chromspun” [Eastman]. TM for solution-

Properties: White crystals that change to yellow on

dyed acetate fiber.

heating. Oxidizes in moist air but stable in dry air. D

4.356, mp 842C. Soluble in water (blue color).

chromyl chloride. (chromium oxychloride;

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin and tis-

chlorochromic anhydride).

sue. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

CAS: 14977-61-8. CrO

Properties: Mobile, dark-red liquid. Bp 116C, fp

chromous carbonate. (chromium carbonate).

−96.5C, d 1.911. Fumes in air, reacts vigorously

CrCO

with water to form chromic acid, chromic chloride,

Properties: Grayish-blue, amorphous mass. D 2.75.

hydrochloric acid and chlorine. Miscible with car-

Soluble in mineral acids; slightly soluble in water

bon tetrachloride, tetrachloroethane, carbon disul-

containing carbon dioxide; insoluble in alcohol.

fide. Nonconductor of electricity. Protect from light

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; irritant to skin and tis-

and moisture.

sue. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

Derivation: By heating sodium dichromate and sodi-

um chloride with sulfuric acid.

chromous chloride. (chromium chloride).

Hazard: TLV: 0.025 ppm. Corrosive to tissue.

CrCl

Strong oxidizing agent.

Properties: White, deliquescent needles. D 2.878

Use: Organic oxidations and chlorinations, solvent

(25C), mp 824C, active reducing agent. Very solu-

for chromic anhydride, chromium complexes and

ble in water; insoluble in alcohol and ether.

dyes, catalyst.

Derivation: Reaction of the metal with anhydrous

hydrogen chloride.

chromyl fluoride. (chromium oxyfluoride).

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

CrF

Use: Reducing agent, catalyst, reagent, chromizing.

Properties: Black crystals. Sublimes at 29.6C, poly-

merizes on exposure to light.

chromous fluoride. CrF

Hazard: Highly reactive, ignites hydrocarbon gases

Properties: Greenish, shiny crystals. Mp 890C, d

at high temperatures.

3.80. Slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol;

Use: Fluorination catalyst, dyeing polyolefins.

soluble in boiling hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: Reaction of chromous chloride with hy-

drofluoric acid.

chrysamine G. C

Hazard: A poison. Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

Properties: Yellowish-brown powder. Very spar-

Use: Catalyst for alkylation and hydrocarbon

ingly soluble in water.

cracking.

Derivation: By coupling diazotized benzidine with

salicylic acid.

chromous formate. Cr(HCOO)

. Use: Yellow direct-cotton dyestuff.

302CHRYSANTHEMUMMONOCARBOXYLIC

chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid ethyl chymotrypsin. A proteolytic enzyme found in

ester. (CH

)

CCH(COOC

)CHCH:C(CH

)

. the intestine that catalyzes the hydrolysis of various

Properties: Colorless to pale yellow; pleasant ester

proteins (especially casein) and protein-digestion

odor. D 0.924–0.927 (25/25C). Insoluble in water;

products to form polypeptides and amino acids.

soluble in alcohols and ketones.

Properties: White to yellowish-white crystals or

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

amorphous powder; odorless. Soluble in water or

Use: Synthesis of perfumes, pharmaceuticals, insec-

saline solution.

ticides, other organic chemicals.

Derivation: Crystallized extract of the pancreas

See cinerin I; pyrethrin I.

gland of the ox.

Use: Biochemical research, medicine.

chrysazin. See 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone.

chymotrypsinogen. A crystalline enzyme oc-

curring in the pancreas that gives rise to chymo-

chrysene. (1,2-benzphenanthrene).

trypsin.

CAS: 218-01-9. C

(a tetracyclic hydrocarbon).

Use: Biochemical research.

Properties: Crystals. D 1.274 (20/4C), mp 254C, bp

448C, sublimes easily in a vacuum. Slightly soluble

Ci. Abbreviation for curie.

in alcohol, ether, glacial acetic acid; insoluble in

water.

C.I. acid blue 80.

Derivation: Distillation of coal tar.

CAS: 4474-24-2. mf: C

•2Na.

Hazard: TLV: suspected human carcinogen.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Ciamician-Dennstedt rearrangement. Ex-

chrysoidine hydrochloride. (m-diaminoazo-

pansion of the pyrrole ring by heating with chloro-

benzene hydrochloride).

form or other halogeno compounds in the alkaline

NNC

)(NH

)

•HCl.

solution. The intermediate dichlorocarbene, by ad-

Properties: Red-brown powder or large black shiny

dition to the pyrrole, forms an unstable dihalogeno-

crystals; green luster. Mp 117C. Soluble in alcohol

cyclopropane that rearranges to a 3-halogenopyri-

and water, giving orange-brown solutions; insoluble

dine.

in ether.

Use: Orange dye for cotton and silk.

ciaphos. See cyanophos.

chrysolite. See olivine.

C.I. azoic coupling component 2.

CAS: 92-77-3. mf: C

chrysotile. See asbestos.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

“Cibacet” [Novartis]. TM for disperse dyes for

chu. Abbreviation for centigrade heat unit. It is the

polyamide and cellulose acetate fibers.

amount of heat required to raise the temperature of

one pound of water, one centigrade degree, from 15

“Cibacron” [Novartis]. TM for reactive dyes

to 16C. It is sometimes called a pcu (pound centi-

for cellulosic fibers.

grade unit).

“Cibanone” [Novartis]. TM for anthraqui-

“Chuck-Eez” [Specialty Lubes]. TM for a

none vat dyes.

heavy duty boundry lubricant.

Use: To increase the clamping pressure of Power

“Cibaphasol” [Novartis]. TM for coacervate-

Chucks.

forming colloidal product used in textile dyeing.

Chugaev reaction. Formation of olefins from

C.I. basic blue 16.

alcohols without rearrangement through pyrolysis

CAS: 4569-88-4. mf: C

O•Cl.

of the corresponding xanthates via cis elimination.

Hazard: A poison.

Churchill’s caustic iodine solution. A so-

C.I. basic brown 4.

lution of 25 g iodine in an aqueous solution of 50 g

CAS: 8005-78-5.

potassium iodide in 100 cc of water.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

chylomicron. A plasma lipoprotein composed of

C.I. basic yellow 11.

a triacylglycerol core and a shell of protein and

CAS: 4208-80-4. mf: C

•Cl.

phospholipid. The chylomicron carries lipid from

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

the intestine to the tissues.

C.I. basic yellow 28.

chymosin.

See rennin. CAS: 54060-92-3. mf: C

O•CH

303 CINERIN I

Hazard: A moderate eye irritant. is said to be an irreversible anticholinesterase. The

pharmacology is unknown.

C.I. direct black 32, trisodium salt.

CAS: 6428-38-2. mf: C

•3Na.

CIIT Centers for Health Research.

Hazard: Moderately toxic. Low toxicity by inges-

(CIIT). Founded in 1974 and formerly called the

tion.

Chemical Industry Institute of Toxicology. Dedicat-

ed to the scientific, objective study of tax issues

C.I. direct brown 2.

associated with the manufacture, use, and disposal

CAS: 2429-82-5. mf: C

S•2Na.

of selected commodity chemicals and the dissemi-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

nation of information collected. It is located at 6

Davis Drive, Box 12137 RTP, NC 27709-2137.

C.I. direct red 13, disodium salt.

Website: http://www.ciit.org

CAS: 1937-35-5. mf: C

•2Na.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

“Cimcool Cimperial 1070” [Milacron].

TM for a soluble oil metalworking fluid with

C.I. direct red 23.

extreme-pressure lubrication additive for multi-

CAS: 3441-14-3. mf: C

•2Na.

metal, multi-operation applications.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

“Cimcool Cimstar 60” [Milacron]. TM for

cidofovir. See (s)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonyl-

a general purpose semi-synthetic metalworking

methoxypropyl)cytosine.

fluid with extreme pressure additive for a variety of

multi-metal applications.

Ciechanover, Aaron. (1947– ). Born in Haifa,

Israel, Ciechanover won the Nobel Prize for chemis-

“Cimcool Cimtech 310” [Milacron]. TM

try in 2004 for his pioneering work concerning the

for a heavy duty synthetic metalworking fluid for

discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degrada-

machining and grinding of aerospace aluminum

tion. He was awarded an M.D. from Hadassah Medi-

alloys.

cal School and a doctorate in medicine in 1982 from

the Technion. In 2000 he received the Albert Lasker

“Cimcool Cimtech 410C” [Milacron].

Award for Basic Medical Research.

TM for a heavy duty synthetic metalworking

fluid for ferrous metal removal operations.

C.I. fluorescent brightener 85.

CAS: 17958-73-5. mf: C

•2Na.

“Cimcool Milform 8050” [Milacron]. TM

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

for a synthetic patented metalforming fluid for

heavy duty forming, deep-drawing, punching and

C.I. fluorescent brightener 208. See diso-

piercing operations of ferrous metals.

dium bisethylphenyltriaminotriazine stilbenedi-

sulfonate.

cincholepidine. See lepidine.

C.I. fluorescent brightener 220.

cinchona bark. The bark of one of several spe-

CAS: 16470-24-9. mf: C

•4Na.

cies of cinchona trees native to South America and

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

cultivated in Indonesia, Peru, Ecuador, and western

Africa. The best-known types are calisaya, loxa, and

C.I. mordant orange 6, disodium salt.

succirubra. It is used primarily as the source of

CAS: 3564-27-0. mf: C

S•2Na.

natural quinine, quinidine, chinchonidine, cincho-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

nine, and related alkaloids formerly used as antima-

larials.

cigarette tar. The comparatively nonvolatile

residue from the burning of cigarette tobacco that

cinder. See slag.

appears in finely divided form in the smoke. Ciga-

rette tar is known to contain various aromatic ring

cinene. See dipentene.

compounds (especially benzo[a]pyrene), also found

in coal tar, that are carcinogens. Various forms of

cineol. See eucalyptol.

activated carbon are used in filters to try to adsorb

the toxic components of the tars that find their way

into the smoke.

cinerin I.

See smoke (5).

CAS: 8003-34-7. C

. One of the four primary

active insecticidal principles of pyrethrum flowers.

ciguatoxin. C

Cl. A complex toxic prin- It is the 3-(2-butenyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-cyclopen-

ciple in bony fishes; has both fat- and water-soluble ten-1-yl ester of chrysanthemummonocarboxylic

fractions. Ninhydrin test positive. It is a type of acid.

quaternary ammonium compound, and one fraction Properties: A viscous liquid. Quickly oxidized in air.

304CINERIN II

Bp 200C (0.1 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in

organic solvents. Incompatible with alkalies.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Household insecticide.

See cinerin II; pyrethrin I; pyrethrin II.

Properties: White needles or crystals; hyacinth-like

odor. Congealing p 33C (min pure) as low as 24C

(technical); bp 257C. Soluble in water, alcohol,

cinerin II.

glycerol, and organic solvents. Combustible.

CAS: 8003-34-7. C

. One of the four primary

Derivation: (1) From oil of cassia or oil of cinnamon;

active insecticidal principles of pyrethrum flowers.

occurs as an ester. (2) Reduction of cinnamic alde-

It is the 3-(2-butenyl)-4-methyl-2-oxo-3-cyclopen-

hyde.

ten-1-yl ester of chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

monomethyl ester.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Properties: A viscous liquid. Quickly oxidized in air.

Use: Perfumery, particularly for lilac and other floral

Bp 200C (0.1 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in

scents; flavoring agent; soaps; cosmetics.

organic solvents.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Household insecticide.

cinnamic aldehyde. (cinnamaldehyde; 3-phe-

See cinerin I; pyrethrin I; pyrethrin II.

nylpropenal; cinnamyl aldehyde).

CAS: 104-55-2. C

CH:CHCHO.

Properties: Yellowish oil; cinnamon odor; sweet

cinnabar. (natural vermilion; liver ore). HgS.

taste. Thickens on exposure to air. D 1.048–1.052,

Natural mercuric sulfide occurring in veins near

refr index 1.618–1.623, fp −8C, bp 248C. Soluble in

recent volcanic rocks and hot springs.

five volumes of 60% alcohol, very slightly soluble

Properties: Red, scarlet, reddish-brown to blackish

in water. Combustible.

solid, streak scarlet; luster adamantine to dull earthy

Derivation: (1) From Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon

when impure. D 8.10, Mohs hardness 2.5. Soluble in

oils; (2) by condensation of benzaldehyde and acet-

aqua regia. Has greater optical rotation than any

aldehyde.

other substance (+325 degrees).

Method of purification: Rectification.

Occurrence: California, Nevada, Spain, Italy, Mexi-

Use: Flavors, perfumery.

co, Yugoslavia.

See cassia oil.

Hazard: See mercuric sulfide.

Use: The only important ore of mercury.

cinnamon leaf oil.

CAS: 8015-91-6.

cinnamaldehyde. See cinnamic aldehyde.

Properties: Extracted by steam distillation of leaves

from Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees. Light to dark

brown liquid; spicy cinnamon, clove odor and taste.

cinnamein. See benzyl cinnamate.

Sol in fixed oils, propylene glycol, mineral oil; insol

in glycerin.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

cinnamene. See styrene, monomer.

by skin contact.

Use: Food additive.

cinnamic acid. (␤-phenylacrylic acid; 3-phe-

nylpropenoic acid; cinnamylic acid).

cinnamon oil. See cassia oil.

CAS: 621-82-9. C

CH:CHCOOH.

Properties: White, crystalline scales. Congealing p

cinnamoyl chloride. (phenylacrylyl chlo-

133C (min), bp 300C. Soluble in benzene, ether,

ride). C

CH:CHCOCl.

acetone, glacial acetic acid, carbon disulfide, oils;

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 35C, bp 170C (58

insoluble in water. Combustible.

mm Hg), d 1.1617 (45/4C). Decomposes in water.

Derivation: By heating benzaldehyde with sodium

Soluble in hydrocarbons and esters.

acetate in the presence of a dehydrating agent (acetic

Hazard: Skin irritant.

anhydride) or by heating benzyl chloride with sodi-

Use: Reagent for determination of water, chemical

um acetate in an autoclave. Occurs naturally in to-

intermediate.

bacco and some balsams.

Grade: Technical, refined.

Use: Medicine (anthelmintic), perfumes, interme-

cinnamyl acetate. C

CH:CHCH

OOCCH

diate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral spicy odor. D

1.048–1.052, refr index 1.539–1.542. Soluble in

four volumes of 70% alcohol. Combustible.

cinnamic alcohol. (cinnamyl alcohol; pheny-

Use: Perfumery (fixative), flavoring.

lallylic alcohol; 3-phenyl-1-propen-1-ol; styryl

carbinol).

CAS: 104-54-1. C

CH:CHCH

OH. cinnamyl alcohol. See cinnamic alcohol.

305 “CITRI-FI 200 FG”

cinnamyl aldehyde. See cinnamic aldehyde. citral. (geranial; geranialdehyde; 3,7-dimethyl-

2,6-octadienal).

CAS: 5392-40-5. (CH

)

CCHC

C(CH

)CHCHO.

cinnamyl cinnamate. (styracin).

Commercial material is a mixture of ␣ and ␤

CAS: 122-69-0. C

isomers.

Properties: Rectangular, prismic crystals. Mp 40C

Properties: Mobile, pale-yellow liquid; strong lem-

(min). Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene.

on odor. D 0.891–0.897 (15C); refr index

Derivation: Esterification of cinnamic acid with cin-

1.4860–1.4900 (20C); not optically active. Soluble

namic alcohol.

in five volumes of 60% alcohol; soluble in all pro-

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

portions of benzyl benzoate, diethyl phthalate, glyc-

erol, propylene glycol, mineral oil, fixed oils, and

␣-cinnamyl-n-cyclopropylmethyl-␣-ethyl-n-

95% alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

methyl-2-furfurylamine.

Derivation: Principal component of lemongrass oil,

CAS: 137246-17-4. mf: C

NO.

which can be isolated by fractional distillation. Ob-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

tained synthetically by oxidation of geraniol, nerol,

or linalool by chromic acid.

cinnamylic acid. See cinnamic acid.

Grade: Technical, pure, FCC.

Use: Perfumes, flavoring agent, intermediate for oth-

cinobufagin acetate.

er fragrances, vitamin A synthesis.

CAS: 4026-97-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

citric acid. (2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarbox-

ylic acid).

CIPC. See chloro-IPC.

HOOCCH

C(OH)(COOH)CH

COOH•H

Properties: Colorless, translucent crystals or pow-

der; odorless; strongly acidic taste; hydrated form is

cis-. (Latin: “on this side.”) A prefix used in desig-

efflorescent in dry air. D 1.542, mp 153C (anhy-

nating geometrical isomers in which there is a dou-

drous form), decomposes before boiling. Very solu-

ble bond between two carbon atoms This prevents

ble in water and alcohol, soluble in ether. Combus-

free rotation, and thus two different spatial arrange-

tible.

ments of substituent groups or atoms are possible.

Occurrence: In living cells, both animal and plant.

When two atoms, or radicals are positioned on one

Derivation: By mold fermentation of carbohydrates,

side of the carbon axis or backbone, the isomer is

including deep fermentation, from lemon, lime, and

called cis-; when they are on the opposite sides, the

pineapple juice and molasses.

isomer is called trans- (Latin: “on the other side”).

Grade: Both hydrous and anhydrous, technical, CP,

This is exemplified in the following formulas:

USP, FCC.

Use: Preparation of citrates, flavoring extracts, con-

fections, soft drinks, effervescent salts; acidifier,

dispersing agent; medicines; acidulant and antioxi-

dant in foods (for details see regulations of Meat

This is often called cis-trans isomerism. These pre-

Inspection Division of USDA), sequestering agent,

fixes are disregarded in alphabetizing chemical names.

water-conditioning agent and detergent builder; cle-

aning and polishing stainless steel and other metals;

cistron. A unit of DNA or RNA corresponding to

alkyd resins; mordant; removal of sulfur dioxide

one gene.

from smelter waste gases, abscission of citrus fruit

in harvesting; cultured dairy products.

citalopram hydrobromide.

See TCA cycle.

CAS: 59729-32-7. mf: C

O•BrH.

Hazard: A poison.

citric acid cycle. See TCA cycle.

citiolone. (N-acetylhomocysteinethiolactone).

“Citri-Fi 100” [Fiberstar]. TM for pure cit-

CAS: 1195-16-0. C

rus fiber.

Properties: Acicular crystals. Mp 112C, maximum

Use: For fat replacement, increase of moisture con-

UV absorption 238 nm.

tent, and addition of structure to food products.

Use: Fogging preventive in photography.

“Citri-Fi 200” [Fiberstar]. TM for an all nat-

citraconic anhydride. (methylmaleic anhy-

ural citrus fiber product.

dride).

Use: Oil replacement and thickening in foods.

CAS: 616-02-4. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 7–8C, bp

213–214C, d 1.25 (15/4C). Soluble in ether.

“Citri-Fi 200 FG” [Fiberstar]. TM for fine-

Grade: Reagent. ly granulated citrus product.

Use: Reagent for alkalies, alcohols, and amines. Use: In bakery and meat products.

306“CITROFIL”

“Citrofil” [Jungbunzlauer]. TM for a plasti- CH

:C(CH

)(CH

)

CH(CH

)CH

OH. The 7-oc-

cizer that is a carrier solvent and a food carrier tene form, which predominates.

solvent. It reduces hardness, increases plasticity, Occurrence: Citronella, geranium, rose, savin, and

and induces elasticity. other essential oils.

Properties: High boiling point. Use: Perfumery (floral odors, mainly rose types).

Use: Dried egg whites, film coated tablets, aerosol See rhodinol.

hair spray, deodorants, perfumes, flavors, cellulose

acetate films, and cigarette filters.

citronellyl acetate. C

OOCCH

CAS: 150-84-5.

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor somewhat like

“Citroflex” [Pfizer]. TM for a series of organic

that of bergamot oil. D 0.884–0.891, bp 119–121 (15

citrates.

mm Hg), optical rotation usually slightly dextrorato-

ry, up to +1 degree, refr index 1.450–1.452. Soluble

“Citroflex 2” [Reilly]. (triethyl citrate).

in nine volumes of 70% alcohol. Combustible.

CAS: 77-93-0. TM for a plasticizer.

Derivation: Action of acetic anhydride on citro-

Use: Cellulosics.

nellol.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

“Citroflex 4” [Reilly]. (tri-n-butyl citrate).

CAS: 77-94-1. TM for a plasticizer.

citronellyl formate. C

OOCH.

Use: Vinyls and cellulosics.

CAS: 105-85-1.

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D

“Citroflex A-2” [Reilly]. (acetyltriethyl ci-

0.890–0.903 (25/25C), refr index 1.4430–1.4490

trate).

(20C). One volume dissolves in three volumes 80%

CAS: 77-89-4. TM for a plasticizer.

alcohol; soluble in most oils. Combustible.

Use: Cellulosics.

Grade: FCC.

Use: Flavoring.

“Citroflex A-4” [Reilly]. (acetyltri-n-butyl

citrate).

citron yellow. See zinc yellow.

CAS: 77-90-7. TM for a plasticizer.

Use: Vinyls, adhesives, and coatings.

citrovorum factor. See folinic acid.

“Citroflex A-6” [Reilly]. (acetyltri-n-hexyl

citrulline. NH

CONH(CH

)

CHNH

COOH. An

citrate). TM for a plasticizer.

arginine derivative. An amino acid found in water-

Use: Polymeric medical articles.

melon juice in the l(+) form.

Properties: Crystals from methanol-water mixture.

“Citroflex B-6” [Reilly]. (n-butyryltri-n-

Mp 222C. Soluble in water; insoluble in methanol

hexyl citrate). TM for a plasticizer.

and ethanol.

Use: Polymeric medical articles.

Use: Biochemical research.

citronellal. (3,7-dimethyl-6(or 7)-octenal).

“Citrus Burst 7” [Florida Chemicals].

CAS: 8000-29-1. Has both d- and l-isomers.

TM for a citrus and vegetable derived solvent that

CHO.

is environmentally friendly.

Derivation: From citronella oil, of which it is the

Use: For parts cleaning, industrial and janitorial uses.

main component; also from lemongrass oil.

Use: Soap perfumery, manufacture of hydroxycitro-

citrus-peel oils. Edible oils expressed from the

nellal, insect repellent.

peel or rind of grapefruit, lemon, lime, orange, and

tangerine.

citronellal hydrate. See hydroxycitronellal.

Properties: Color, odor, and taste characteristic of

source. D 0.84–0.89, refr index 1.473–1.478, opti-

citronella oil.

cally active, unsaponifiable. Soluble in alcohol, veg-

CAS: 8000-29-1.

etable oils, mineral oil; orange and lemon oils are

Properties: Light-yellowish, essential oil; rather

soluble in glacial acetic acid. Combustible.

pungent, citruslike odor. D 0.887–0.906, refr index

Chief constituents: Limonene, citral, and terpenes in

1.468–1.483; solutions are levorotatory. Soluble in

varying percentages.

80% alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Flavoring agents in desserts, soft drinks, ice

Hazard: May not be used on food crops.

cream; odorants in perfumery and cosmetics, furni-

Use: Insect repellent; perfumes for soaps and disin-

ture polish (lemon oil).

fectants; manufacture of cironellal and geraniol; de-

Note: Terpene-free grades are available at much

naturant for alcohol.

higher concentration (15–30 times the original oil).

These grades have much lower optical rotation and

citronellol. (3,7-dimethyl-6(or 7)-octen-1-ol). less tendency to spoil on storage, since terpenes tend

CAS: 106-22-9. to oxidize to undesirable components such as car-

307 CLARY OIL

vone and p-cymene. of the reaction parallels that of acetoacetic ester

See terpeneless oil.

condensation. An addition compound of the ester

and sodium ethylate is first formed and then trans-

citrus-seed oils. Edible oils expressed from the

formed into an unsaturated sodio ether; an addition

seeds of grapefruit, orange, lemon, lime, and tanger-

compound between this ether and the aldehyde

ine reclaimed from cannery processing.

forms next; this changes to the unsaturated ester

Properties: Nondrying; odor, color, and taste char-

through a molecular rearrangement and cleavage of

acteristic of source; bitter taste removed by alkali

sodium hydroxide. Amides of alkali metals are ex-

refining. D 0.91–0.92, saponification number

cellent catalysts for the reaction, but they tend to

190–195, iodine number 100–110, optically inac-

form some amide by-products. Union with the car-

tive. Combustible. May be bleached, deodorized, or

bonyl carbon takes place at the ␣-carbon in the acid.

hydrogenated.

Chief constituents: Chiefly palmitic, oleic, and lin-

Claisen rearrangement. Thermal rearrange-

oleic acids.

ment of allyl ethers of enols or phenols to ␥,⌬-unsat-

Use: Flavoring, food products, cosmetics, odorants in

urated ketones or omicron-allylphenols, respective-

special soaps.

ly, by a 3,3-sigmatropic shift.

civet. (zibeth). Unctuous secretion from the civet

Claisen-Schmidt condensation. Condensa-

cat; used as a perfume fixative. Synthetic types are

tion of an aromatic aldehyde with an aliphatic alde-

available.

hyde or ketone in the presence of a relatively strong

base (hydroxide or alkoxide ion) to form an ␣,␤-

civettal. See 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methylquino-

unsaturated aldehyde or ketone.

line.

Clapeyron equation. The equation dp/dT

Civex process. See reprocessing.

⌬H/T⌬V. It states that the rate of change of vapor

pressure of a liquid (expressed in ergs per cubic

Cl. Symbol for chlorine; the molecular formula is centimeter) with absolute temperature (in Kelvins)

. equals the heat of vaporization (in ergs per gram)

divided by the product of the absolute temperature

and the increase in volume (V, in cubic centimeters)

cladding. The process in which two metals are

when a gram of the liquid changes to vapor. Other

bonded by being rolled together at suitable pressure

consistent units may be used. The approximate Cla-

and temperature. Controlled explosion is also used.

peyron equation, dlnp/dT

⌬H/RT

, expresses the

At the interface, each metal diffuses sufficiently into

same relation in a less-exact form because in its

the other to form an alloy. Cladding is generally

derivation, it is assumed that ⌬V is equal to the

from 5 to 20% of total thickness; but may be heavier

volume of vapor. This assumption (that the volume

depending on the properties desired. The base metal

of liquid is negligibly small) is usually true within a

is usually carbon or low-alloy steel clad with

few percent under ordinary conditions of tempera-

stainless steel, nickel, or other protective metal.

ture and pressure.

Nonferrous metals are also clad; copper with cu-

pronickel is used for coinage.

clarification. Removal of bulk water from a di-

lute suspension of solids by gravity sedimentation,

clade. A group of organisms that includes the

aided by chemical flocculating agents. Large circu-

most recent common ancestor of all of its members

lar tanks equipped with revolving plows or rakes are

and all of the descendants of that most recent com-

used for this purpose. Important applications of clar-

mon ancestor.

ification are for separation of wood-pulp waste from

paper-mill effluents and excess water from activated

cladogenesis. The development of a new clade;

sludge.

the splitting of a single lineage into two distinct

See dewatering.

lineages; speciation.

clarithromycin. See 6-o-methylerythromycin.

cladogram. A diagram, resulting from a cladistic

analysis, that depicts a hypothetical branching se-

Clark cell. Standard cell for measuring electri-

quence of lineages leading to the taxa under consid-

cal potential with mercury and zinc amalgam elec-

eration. The points of branching within a cladogram

trodes in zinc sulfate solution.

are called nodes. All taxa occur at the endpoints of

the cladogram.

Clark-Lubs indicators. Phenol red, cresol

red, bromophenol blue, bromocresol purple, thymol

Claisen condensation. A condensation reac-

blue, bromthymol blue, and methyl red.

tion discovered in 1890 in which aldehydes react

with esters of the type RCH

COOR

′

in the presence

of metallic sodium or sodium ethylate to form unsat-

clary oil.

urated esters R

′′

CH==C(R)COOR

′

. The mechanism Properties: From steam distillation of flowering tops

308CLARY SAGE OIL

and leaves of Salvia sclarea L. (Fam. Labiatae). ter to form a plastic, moldable mass and in some

Pale yellow liquid; herbaceous odor. Sol in fixed cases a thixotropic gel (bentonite). Refractory mate-

oils, mineral oil; insol in glycerin, propylene glycol. rial; strong ion-exchange capability; important in

Use: Food additive.

soil chemistry and construction engineering.

Derivation: Weathering of rocks.

clary sage oil. See sage oil.

Occurrence: Southeastern U.S., Wyoming, Texas,

Canada, England, France, the former U.S.S.R..

class A fire. Paper, wood, and rubbish fires, that Available forms: Kaolinite, montmorillonite, ata-

can be extinguished by water. pulgite, illite, bentonite, halloysite.

See fire extinguishment. Grade: Natural, refined, air floated.

Hazard: Dusts may irritating to nose and throat.

Suspensions of dust are a fire hazard.

class B fire. Flammable liquids and grease

Use: Ceramic products, refractories, colloidal sus-

fires, that require smothering.

pensions, oil-well drilling fluids, filler for rubber

See fire extinguishment.

and plastic products, films, paper coating, decoloriz-

ing oils, temporary molds, filtration, carrier in insec-

class C fire. Fires in electrical equipment, that

ticidal sprays, catalyst support.

require smothering and cooling with a nonconduct-

See fuller’s earth; bentonite; ceramic; refractory; ka-

ing extinguishing agent such as liquefied CO

olin; slip clay; polyorganosilicate graft polymer.

See fire extinguishment.

“Cleanwiz” [Axel]. TM for mold cleaners and

classification. In chemical-engineering par-

strippers.

lance, the mechanical process of separating subdi-

vided solids (crushed stone, cement, mineral aggre-

cleave. (1) Of a crystal, to break or separate along

gate, and the like) into two (or more) classes, each

definite planes defined by the crystalline structure. It

containing a specific size range. They may vary

may cleave in one direction, as in mica, or in several.

from an inch or more in diameter to powders of

(2) Of an alkene molecule, to divide into two com-

considerable fineness. Customary classifying

pounds (aldehydes or ketones) at the double bond.

equipment includes so-called grizzlies, perforated

This is usually done by ozone, followed by hydroly-

metal and vibrating screens, sifters, sieves, and simi-

sis in the presence of powdered zinc.

lar devices. A magnetic separator is often used in

conjunction with the screen to remove tramp metal.

A similar method is used in the food industry for size

Cleland’s reagent. See dithiothreitol.

grading of certain fruits and vegetables, e.g., peas,

berries, etc.

Clemmensen reaction. The Clemmensen

method of reduction (1913) consists in refluxing a

clathrate compound. An inclusion complex in ketone with amalgamated zinc and hydrochloric

which molecules of one substance are completely acid. Acetophenone, for example, is reduced to

enclosed within the other, as argon within hydroqui- ethylbenzene. The method is applicable to the re-

none crystals. Urea adducts are inclusion complexes duction of most aromatic-aliphatic ketones to at

of the channel or canal type. In these, the complex- least some aliphatic and alicyclic ketones, to the ␥-

ing urea crystals wrap around the molecule of the keto acids obtainable by Friedel-Crafts condensa-

other substance, usually a straight-chain unbranched tions with succinic anhydride (succinolylation), and

aliphatic hydrocarbon. Similar complexes are to the cyclic ketones formed by intramolecular con-

formed with thiourea. densation.

See inclusion complex.

clenoliximab.

Claude system. A process for the production of Properties: Monkey/human chimeric CD4 mono-

liquid air in which the compressed gas is made to clonal antibodies

perform work in an expansion engine and thus cool CAS: 182912-58-9.

itself. Hazard: A poison.

Clausius-Mosotti law. A relation between Cleveland Open Cup. See COC.

density and dielectric constant of dielectrics.

Cleve’s acid. (1-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic

clay. A hydrated aluminum silicate. Generalized acid).

formula Al

SiO

•xH

O. Component of soils in Properties: Colorless needles. Mp >330C. Slightly

varying percentages. soluble in water.

Properties: Fine, irregularly shaped crystals ranging Derivation: Nitration of naphthalene-␤-sulfonic

from 150 microns to less than 1 micron (colloidal); acid. On reduction with iron, this yields a mixture of

reddish-brown to pale buff color, depending on iron 1-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic acid (Cleve’s acid) and

oxide content; odorless. D approximately 2.50. In- 1-naphthylamine-7-sulfonic acid (or Cleve’s acid-

soluble in water and organic solvents. Absorbs wa- 1,7). The latter is separated by crystallization as the

309 CMC

sodium salt, the 1,6-acid precipitates on acidifica-

clopidol. (3,5-dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-4-pyridi-

tion.

nol; Coyden).

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

CAS: 2971-90-6. C

NO. A penta-substituted

pyridine derivative.

Cleve’s acid-1,7. (1-naphthylamine-7-sulfonic

Properties: A solid. Mw 192.06, mp >320C. Insolu-

acid).

ble in water.

See Cleve’s acid.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 10 mg/m

cliffstone Paris white. A special grade of

clopyralid.

whiting made from a hard grade of English chalk.

Use: Food additive; herbicide.

climbazol. See 1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-di-

clorprenaline hydrochloride. See iso-

methyl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-butanone.

prophenamine hydrochloride.

clindamycin hydrochloride. See 7-chloro-

clorsulon.

lincomycin hydrochloride.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

clinical chemistry. A subdivision of chemistry

closed system. A system that exchanges neither

that deals with the behavior and composition of all

matter nor energy with the surroundings.

types of body fluids, including the blood, urine,

perspiration, glandular secretions, etc. It involves

clostebol acetate. See 4-chlorotestosterone

analysis and testing of these for content of numerous

17-acetate.

metabolic constituents, as well as foreign materials;

thus it also includes toxicological factors.

cloud point. In petroleum technology, the tem-

perature at which a waxy solid material appears as a

clinoptilolite. A natural, inorganic zeolite used

diesel fuel is cooled. This material is harmful to

as a selective ion-exchange medium for removal of

engine performance.

ammonia from plant wastewater.

cloud seeding. See nucleation.

clomazone. See 2-(2-chlorobenzyl)-4,4-di-

methyl-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one.

clove oil. (caryophyllus oil). An essential oil

distilled from cloves. Optically active.

clone. An identical copy of an organism. Most

Use: Medicine (local), flavoring, dentistry, perfum-

plants, fungi, algae, and many other organisms natu-

ery, confectionery, soaps.

rally reproduce by making clones of themselves as a

form of asexual reproduction.

clupanodonic acid. C

COOH. Derived

from herring oil.

cloning. Using specialized DNA technology to

produce multiple, exact copies of a single gene or

clupeine. A protamine (simple protein) from her-

other segment of DNA to obtain enough material for

ring. Contains no sulfur.

further study. This process, used by researchers in

Properties: Water soluble.

the Human Genome Project, is referred to as cloning

DNA. The resulting cloned (copied) collections of

cluster catalysis. See catalysis.

DNA molecules are called clone libraries. A second

type of cloning exploits the natural process of cell

“CM” [Du Pont]. TM for a flame-retardant

division to make many copies of an entire cell. The

composition based on ammonium sulfamate and

genetic makeup of these cloned cells, called a cell

modified to prevent afterglow and improve penetra-

line, is identical to the original cell. A third type of

tion.

cloning produces complete, genetically identical an-

Properties: Fine, white granules. Soluble in water;

imals such as the famous Scottish sheep, Dolly.

insoluble in dry-cleaning solvents.

See cloning vector.

Use: Treatment of fabrics, paper, paper products, and

other cellulosic materials.

cloning vector. DNA molecule originating

from a virus, a plasmid, or the cell of a higher

Cm. Symbol for curium.

organism into which another DNA fragment of ap-

propriate size can be integrated without loss of the

cM. See centimorgan.

vector’s capacity for self-replication; vectors intro-

duce foreign DNA into host cells, where the DNA

CMA. Abbreviation for Chemical Manufacturers

can be reproduced in large quantities. Examples are

Association.

plasmids, cosmids, and yeast artificial chromo-

somes; vectors are often recombinant molecules

containing DNA sequences from several sources.

CMC. See carboxymethylcellulose.

310CM-CELLULOSE

CM-cellulose. Abbreviation for carboxymethyl- coal. A natural, solid, combustible material

cellulose, used especially by biochemists. formed from prehistoric plant life, it occurs in layers

or veins in sedimentary rocks. It is far more plentiful

than petroleum in the U.S. an important source of

CMHEC. Abbreviation for carboxymethyl hy-

heat and energy. It occurs chiefly in West Virginia

droxyethyl cellulose.

and Kentucky, as well as in Wyoming and other

western states. Much of it is too high in sulfur con-

CMP. Abbreviation for cytidine monophosphate.

tent to meet desirable pollution standards unless

See cytidylic acid.

sulfur is removed by scrubbing. Chemically, coal is

a macromolecular network composed of groups of

CMPP. Abbreviation for 2-(4-chloro-2-methyl-

polynuclear aromatic rings, to which are attached

phenoxyl)propionic acid.

subordinate rings connected by oxygen, sulfur, and

See mecoprop.

aliphatic bridges. This extended open structure is

conducive to catalytic reactions, which in effect

CMRA. Abbreviation for Chemical Marketing

subdivide it into smaller molecules that can be de-

Research Association.

fined readily. Coal is an important source of chemi-

cal raw materials. Pyrolysis (destructive distillation)

CMU. Abbreviation for chlorophenyldimethylu-

yields coal tar and hydrocarbon gases that can be

rea.

upgraded by hydrogenation or methanation to syn-

See monuron.

thetic crude oil and fuel gas, respectively. Catalytic

hydrogenation yields hydrocarbon oils and gasoline.

CNS. Abbreviation for central nervous system

Gasification produces carbon monoxide and hydro-

(applied to the actions of certain drugs).

gen (synthesis gas), from which ammonia and other

products can be made. Numerous processes for

Co. Symbol for cobalt.

adapting these reactions to large-scale production of

fuel oil and gasoline have been developed in the

coacervation. An important equilibrium state of

U.S., but none has yet proved economically success-

colloidal or macromolecular systems. It may be de-

ful. The process is being used abroad (Lurgi and

fined as the partial miscibility of two or more opti-

Sasol methods).

cally isotropic liquids, at least one of which is in the

Hazard: TLV: 2 mg/m

respirable dust.

colloidal state. For example, gum arabic shows the

See gasification; hydrogenolysis; hydrosolvation;

phenomenon of coacervation when mixed with gel-

peat; lignite.

atin.

coal, conversion. See gasification.

coagulant. A substance that induces coagulation.

Coagulants are used in precipitating solids or semi-

solids from solution, as casein from milk, rubber

coalescence. (1) The combination of globules in

particles from latex, or impurities from water. Com-

an emulsion as the result of molecular attraction of

pounds that dissociate into strongly charged ions are

the surfaces. (2) The combination of one or multiple

normally used for this purpose. Blood contains the

crystals of aggregates into a simple larger unit.

natural coagulant thrombin.

coalescer. Unit containing glass fibers or other

coagulation. Irreversible combination or aggre-

suspended material to facilitate separation of immis-

gation of semisolid particles, such as fats or proteins,

cible liquids of similar density.

to form a clot or mass. This can often be brought

about by addition of appropriate electrolytes, e.g.,

coalescing agent. A material that assists in

by the addition of an acid to milk or of aluminum

filmmaking by helping polymer particles flow to-

sulfate to turbid water. Mechanical agitation and

gether to form a continuous film.

removal of stabilizing ions, as in dialysis, also cause

coagulation. The clotting of blood by thrombin, of

rubber particles in latex by acetic acid, and of egg

coal gas. (bench gas; coke-oven gas). A mix-

white by heat are additional instances.

ture of gases produced by the destructive distillation

See agglomeration (1); flocculation.

of bituminous coal in highly heated fire-clay or

silica retorts or in by-product coke ovens.

coagulation value. (flocculation value). Con-

Hazard: Flammable.

centration of a coagulent that effects a standard

Use: Directly on open-hearth furnaces.

change.

coal gasification. See gasification.

Coahran process. Recovery of acetic acid from

pyroligneous acid by extracting with ether. It is an

improved version of the Brewster process but is

coal hydrogenation. See hydrogenolysis,

basically the same. gasification.

311 COBALT

coal oil. The crude oil obtained by the destructive coal tar pitch. Dark-brown to black amor-

distillation of bituminous coal, or the distillate ob- phous residue left after coal tar is redistilled. It is

tained from this oil. composed almost entirely of polynuclear aromatic

compounds and constitutes 48–65% of the usual

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

grades of coal tar. Different grades have different

softening points: roofing pitch softens at 65C, elec-

coal tar. (coal tar pitch volatiles).

trode pitch at 110–115C. Combustible.

CAS: 65996-93-2.

Hazard: Volatile components (anthracene, phenan-

Properties: Black, viscous liquid (or semisolid);

threne, acridine) are carcinogens. TLV: 0.2 mg/m

naphthalene-like odor; sharp, burning taste. D

Use: Binder for carbon electrodes, base for paints and

1.18–1.23. Soluble in ether, benzene, carbon disul-

coatings. Impregnation of fiber pipe for electrical

fide, chloroform; partially soluble in alcohol, ace-

conduits and drainage, foundry core compounds,

tone, methanol; only slightly soluble in water. Coal

briquetting coal, tar-bonded refractory brick, paving

tar may be hydrogenated under pressure to form a

and roofing, plasticizers for elastomers and poly-

petroleum-like fuel suitable for residual use. coal tar

mers, extenders, saturants, impregnants, sealants.

fractions obtained by distillation and the chemicals

found in each are as follows: (1) light oil (up to

200C): benzene, toluene, xylenes, cumenes, couma-

coating. A film or thin layer applied to a base

rone, indene; (2) middle oil (200–250C); and (3) material, called a substrate. The coatings most com-

heavy oil (250–300C): naphthalene, acenaphthene, monly used in industry are metals, alloys, resin solu-

methylnaphthalenes, fluorene, phenol, cresols, pyri- tions, and solid-liquid suspensions on various sub-

dine, picolines; (4) anthracene oil (300–350C): strates (metals, plastics, wood, paper, leather, etc.).

phenanthrene, anthracene, carbazole, quinolines; They may be applied by electrolysis, vapor deposi-

and (5) pitch. Typical yields: 5% light oil, 17% tion, vacuum evaporation, or mechanical means

middle oil, 7% heavy oil, 9% anthracene oil, 62% such as brushing, spraying, calendering, and roller

pitch. Treatment with alkalies, acids, and solvents is coating. Products such as cables and power cord are

necessary to separate the individual chemicals. coated by extrusion. Such thermosetting resins as

Derivation: Obtained by destructive distillation of acrylics, epoxies, and polyesters appropriately com-

bituminous coal as in coke ovens, One ton of coal pounded are available in powder form and are ap-

yields 8.8 gal of coal tar. plied to auto bodies, machinery, and other industrial

Grade: Crude, refined, USP. products by electrostatic spraying techniques. This

Hazard: A human carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation. process is claimed to minimize the pollution prob-

TLV: (volatiles) 0.2 mg/m

. Combustible. lems and waste encountered with solvent-based

Use: Raw material for plastics, solvents, dyes, drugs, sprayed coatings.

and other organic chemicals. The crude or refined See protective coating; film; paint; vacuum deposi-

product or fractions thereof are also used for water- tion.

proofing, paints, pipe coating, roads, roofing, and

insulation and as pesticides and sealants.

cobalamin. Imprecise name for vitamin B

;it

refers to the molecule cyanocobalamin without the

coal tar creosote. Low-cost, water-insoluble,

cyano- group (CN).

low-volatility wood preservative.

See cyanocobalamin.

coal tar distillate. The lighter fractions of coal

cobalt.

tar. The terms coal tar light oil, coal tar naphtha,

CAS: 7440-48-4. Co. Metallic element of atomic

and coal tar oil are loosely defined and sometimes

number 27, group VIII of the periodic table. Aw

regarded as synonymous.

58.9332. Valences 2, 3; no stable isotopes. There are

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

several artificial radioactive isotopes, the most im-

inhalation and skin absorption.

portant being

Co. Coordination number: 4 (diva-

See naphtha.

lent), 6 (trivalent).

Properties: Steel-gray, shining, hard, ductile, some-

coal tar dye. A dye produced from the coal tar

what malleable metal; ferromagnetic, with perme-

hydrocarbons or their derivatives, such as benzene,

ability two-thirds that of iron; has exceptional mag-

toluene, xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, aniline,

netic properties in alloys. D 8.9, mp 1493C, bp

etc.

3100C. Attacked by dilute hydrochloric and sulfuric

See dye, synthetic.

acids, soluble in nitric acid. Corrodes readily in air.

Hardness: cast 124 Brinell, electrodeposited 300

coal tar light oil. See coal tar distillate;

Brinell. An important trace element in soils and

light oil.

necessary for animal nutrition. Cobalt has unusual

coordinating properties, especially the trivalent ion.

coal tar naphtha. See coal tar distillate;

Noncombustible except as powder.

naphtha, solvent.

Occurrence: Principal ores are smaltite, cobaltite,

chloanthite, linnaeite (Canada, Zaire, Zambia).

coal tar oil. See coal tar distillate. Derivation: From ore concentration by roasting fol-

312COBALT-57

lowed (1) by thermal reduction by aluminum; (2) by of oil, wearing quality of floor wax, oil consumption

electrolytic reduction of solutions of metal; or (3) by in internal-combustion engines, wool dyeing, etc.

leaching with either ammonia or acid in an autoclave

under elevated temperatures and pressures and sub-

cobalt acetate. See cobaltous acetate.

sequent reduction by hydrogen.

Available forms: Rondels (1 × 3/4 in), shot, anodes,

cobaltammine. A coordination or complexing

150 and finer mesh powder to 99.6% purity, ductile

compound containing the group [Co(NH

)

]

or its

strips (95% cobalt, 5% iron) and high-purity strips,

derivatives in which some of the ammonia has been

99.9% pure, single crystals.

replaced by other groups or ions. The names hexam-

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation.

mine, pentammine, etc. are used to indicate the num-

TLV: 0.02 mg(Co)/m

. Dust is flammable.

ber of ammonia groups present. Prepared by adding

Use: Chemical (cobalt salts, oxidizing agent); elec-

excess ammonia to a cobaltous salt, exposing to air

troplating ceramics; lamp filaments; catalyst (sulfur

so that oxygen is absorbed, and boiling to oxidize the

removal from petroleum, Oxo process, organic syn-

cobalt. These compounds show none of the ordinary

thesis); trace element in fertilizers; glass; drier in

properties of cobalt. Different types of salts with

printing inks, paints, and varnishes; colors; cermets.

various acid radicals are known. The ammonia in the

Principal use in alloys, especially cobalt steels for

ammines may be replaced, molecule for molecule,

permanent and soft magnets and cobalt-chromium

by other nitrogen compounds such as hydroxyl-

high-speed tool steels. Cemented carbides, jet en-

amine or ethylene diamine, by water, by ions such as

gines, coordination and complexing agent.

hydroxyl, chloride, nitrate, etc., or by groups such as

See cobaltammine.

nitro (NO

See coordination compound.

cobalt-57. Radioactive cobalt of mass number

cobalt ammonium sulfate. See cobaltous

57.

ammonium sulfate.

Properties: Half-life 267 days; radiation ␥, ␬, X ray.

Derivation: Bombardment of a nickel target with

protons.

cobalt arsenate. See cobaltous arsenate.

Available forms: Cobaltous chloride in hydrochloric

acid solution, cyanocobalamin cobalt-57 solution

cobalt black. See cobaltic oxide.

(USP).

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

cobalt bloom. See erythrite (2).

Use: Biological research.

cobalt blue. (Thenard’s blue; cobalt ultrama-

rine; azure blue).

cobalt-58. Radioactive cobalt of mass number

Properties: Blue to green pigment of variable com-

58.

position, consisting essentially of mixtures of cobalt

Properties: Half-life 72 days; radiation positron, ␥,

oxide and alumina, approximating cobaltous alumi-

␬, X ray.

nate, Co(AlO

)

. Cobalt blue is said to be the most

Available forms: Cobaltous chloride in hydrochloric

durable of all blue pigments, being resistant to both

acid solution.

weathering and chemicals.

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

Derivation: By heating alumina with (1) cobaltous

Use: Biological and medical research.

oxide, or a material yielding this oxide on calcina-

tion; (2) cobalt phosphate; (3) cobalt arsenate.

cobalt-60. Radioactive cobalt of mass number

Greenish shades may be made by incorporating zinc

60. One of the most common radioisotopes.

oxide.

Properties: Half-life 5.3 years; radiation ␤ and ␥.

Grade: Technical (called genuine to distinguish it

Radiocobalt is available in larger quantities and is

from the imitation, which is ultramarine blue).

cheaper than radium.

Use: Pigments in oil or water, cosmetics (eye shad-

Derivation: Irradiation of cobalt oxide, Co

,orof

ows, grease paints).

cobalt.

Available forms: Encapsulated pellets or wire nee-

cobalt bromide. See cobaltous bromide.

dles, cobaltous chloride in hydrochloric acid solu-

tion, solid cobaltic oxides, labeled compounds such

cobalt caprylate.

as cyanocobalamin (USP).

Use: Food additive.

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

Use: Radiation therapy (cancer), radiographic testing

cobalt carbonate. See cobaltous carbonate,

of welds and castings, as a source of ions in gas-

basic.

discharge devices, as the radiation source in liquid-

level gauges, for locating buried telephone and elec-

trical conduits, portable radiation units, ␥-

cobalt carbonyl. (cobalt tetracarbonyl; dico-

irradiation for wheat and potatoes, as a research aid balt octacarbonyl).

in studying the permeability of porous media to flow CAS: 10210-68-1. C

313 COBALT NAPHTHENATE

cobaltic boride. CoB.

Properties: Crystal prisms. D 7.25 (18C), mp

>1400C. Decomposes in H

O, soluble in nitric acid.

Use: Ceramics.

cobaltic fluoride. See cobalt trifluoride.

Properties: Orange-red crystals. Mw 341.94, mp

51C, vap press 1.5 mm Hg (25C). Insoluble in water,

cobaltic hydroxide. (cobalt hydroxide; co-

soluble in ether, alcohol, carbon disulfide, and

balt hydrate). Co(OH)

, actually considered to be

naphtha.

•3H

Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg(Co)/m

Properties: Dark-brown powder. D 4.46, loses water

Use: Catalyst for hydroformulation, hydrogenation,

at 100C. Soluble in cold concentrated acids; insolu-

hydrosilation, isomerization, carboxylation, carbo-

ble in water and alcohol.

nylation, and polymerization.

Derivation: Addition of sodium hydroxide to a solu-

tion of cobaltic salt, action of chlorine on a suspen-

cobalt carbonyl hydride. See cobalt hydro-

sion of cobaltous hydroxide, action of sodium hypo-

carbonyl.

chlorite on a cobaltous salt.

Use: Cobalt salts, catalyst.

cobalt chloride. See cobaltous chloride.

cobaltic oxide. (cobalt oxide; cobalt black).

cobalt chromate. See cobaltous chromate.

CAS: 1308-04-9. Co

. Sometimes incorrectly

called cobalt peroxide.

cobalt chromate, basic. See cobaltous chro-

Properties: Steel-gray or black powder. D

mate.

4.81–5.60, mp (decomposes at 895C). Soluble in

concentrated acids; insoluble in water.

cobalt difluoride. See cobaltous fluoride.

Derivation: By heating cobalt compounds at low

temperature with excess of air.

cobalt-2-ethylhexoate. (cobalt octoate).

Use: Pigment, coloring enamels, glazing pottery.

CH(C

)COOH. Probably the cobaltous salt

of 2-ethylhexoic acid.

cobaltic potassium nitrite. (cobalt yellow).

Properties: Blue liquid. D 1.013 (25C).

CoK

or CoK

(NO

)

Use: Paint drier, whitener, catalyst.

Properties: Yellow, crystalline solid. Insoluble in

alcohol; slightly soluble in water and acetic acid;

cobalt-gold alloy. Made by a vapor deposition

decomposed by sulfuric acid.

technique into magnetic films. Compositions range

Derivation: By adding potassium nitrite to a cobalt

from 25 to 60% gold.

salt solution.

Use: Colorant for rubber, glass, and ceramic prod-

cobalt hydrate. See cobaltic hydroxide; co-

ucts; separation of cobalt from nickel; analytical

baltous hydroxide.

chemistry.

cobalt hydrocarbonyl. (cobalt carbonyl hy-

cobalt iodide. See cobaltous iodide.

dride; tetracarbonylhydrocobalt).

CAS: 16842-03-8. C

HCoO

cobaltite. (cobalt glance). CoAsS.

Properties: Gas; offensive odor. Mw 171.98, mp

Properties: Silver-white to gray mineral, metallic

−26C. Slightly soluble in water.

luster. Contains 35.5% cobalt, d 6–6.3, Mohs

Hazard: Flammable gas. TLV: 0.1 mg(Co)/m

hardness 5.5.

Use: Catalyst.

Occurrence: Canada, Zaire, Sweden.

Hazard: Ddust or powder toxic when inhaled.

cobalt hydroxide. See cobaltic hydroxide;

Use: An important cobalt ore; ceramics.

cobaltous hydroxide.

cobalt linoleate. See cobaltous linoleate.

cobaltic acetylacetonate.

CAS: 21679-46-9. Co[CH

COCHC(CH

)O]

cobalt molybdate.

Properties: Dark-green or black crystals. D 1.43, mp

CAS: 13762-14-6. CoMoO

. A molybdenum cata-

241C.

lyst (a gray-green powder) used in petroleum tech-

Derivation: Reaction of cobaltous carbonate with

nology, in reforming and desulfurization.

acetylacetone and peroxide.

Use: Catalyst for olefins, diens, polyesters, combus-

cobalt monoxide. See cobaltous oxide.

tion, solid propellants; polymerization; vulcanizing;

coloring for synthetic resins; deposition of metal

and/or oxide as memory storage for computers; in-

cobalt naphthenate. See cobaltous naphthe-

termediate for synthesis; glass tinting. nate.

314COBALT NEODECANOATE

cobalt neodecanoate. Deep-blue paste con- Derivation: Crystals of cobaltous sulfate with am-

monium sulfate.

taining 12% cobalt. Used as a drying additive for

Use: Ceramics, cobalt plating, catalyst.

printing inks.

cobalt nitrate. See cobaltous nitrate.

cobaltous arsenate. (cobalt arsenate).

(AsO

)

•8H

Properties: Violet-red powder. D 3.178 (15C). Solu-

cobaltocene. (dicyclopentadienylcobalt).

ble in acids, insoluble in water.

CAS: 1277-43-6. (C

)

Co. A metallocene.

Derivation: Interaction of solutions of sodium arse-

Properties: Purple crystals. Mp 172–173C. Soluble

nate and a cobalt salt.

in hydrocarbons; highly reactive compound that is

Grade: Technical.

readily oxidized by air, water, and dilute acids.

Use: Painting on glass and porcelain in light-blue

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

colors, coloring glass.

Use: Polymerization inhibitor of olefins up to 200C,

See erythrite.

Diels-Alder reaction, catalyst, paint drier, oxygen

stripping agent.

cobaltous bromide. (cobalt bromide).

cobaltocobaltic oxide. (tricobalt tetraoxide).

CAS: 7789-43-7. CoBr

•6H

Properties: Red-violet crystals. D 2.46, mp 47–48C,

Properties: Steel-gray to black in anhydrous form. D

loses 6H

O at 130C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

6.07; changes to cobaltous oxide at 900–950C. In-

ether. Anhydrous crystals: bright green.

soluble in water, hydrochloric and nitric acids; solu-

Derivation: By the action of bromine on cobalt or of

ble in sulfuric acid and fused sodium hydroxide;

hydrobromic acid on cobaltous hydroxide or car-

hygroscopic.

bonate followed by crystallization.

Derivation: By heating strongly other cobalt oxides

Grade: Technical, CP.

in air. Thus, the commercial oxides contain a sub-

Use: In hygrometers, catalyst.

stantial quantity of Co

Use: Ceramics, pigments, catalyst, preparation of

cobaltous carbonate. CoCO

cobalt metal, semiconductors.

Properties: Red crystals. D 4.13, mp (decomposes).

Insoluble in water and ammonia; soluble in acids.

cobalt octoate. See cobalt-2-ethylhexoate;

The cobalt carbonate of commerce is usually the

soap (2).

basic salt (see following entry).

Derivation: By heating cobaltous sulfate with a solu-

cobalt oleate. See cobaltous oleate.

tion of sodium bicarbonate.

Use: Ceramics, trace element added to soils and ani-

mal feed, temperature indicator, catalyst, pigments.

cobaltous acetate. (cobalt acetate).

CAS: 71-48-7. Co(C

)

•4H

Properties: Reddish-violet, deliquescent crystals. D

cobaltous carbonate, basic.

1.7043, mp loses H

O at 140C. Soluble in water,

2CoCO

•3Co(OH)

•H

O. The cobalt carbonate

acids, and alcohol.

of commerce.

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on cobalt carbonate

Properties: Red-violet crystals. Mp (decomposes).

with subsequent crystallization.

Soluble in acids; insoluble in cold water; decom-

Grade: Technical, pure crystals, CP.

poses in hot water.

Hazard: May not be used in food products (FDA).

Derivation: By adding sodium carbonate to a solu-

Use: Sympathetic inks, paint and varnish driers, cata-

tion of cobaltous acetate followed by filtration and

lyst, anodizing, mineral supplement in feed addi-

drying.

tives, foam stabilizer.

Use: Manufacturing cobaltous oxide, cobalt pig-

ments, cobalt salts; intermediate.

cobaltous aluminate. See cobalt blue.

cobaltous chloride. (cobalt chloride).

cobaltous ammonium phosphate. (ammo-

CAS: 7646-79-9. (1) CoCl

, (2) CoCl

•6H

nium cobaltous phosphate; cobalt violet).

Properties: (1) Blue, (2) ruby-red crystals. D (1)

CoH

3.348, (2) 1.924; mp (1) sublimes, (2) 86.75C. Solu-

Properties: Violet to dark-red crystals. Insoluble in

ble in water, alcohol, and acetone.

water; soluble in common acids.

Derivation: By the action of hydrochloric acid on

Use: Plant nutrient; colorant in glass, glazes, enam-

cobalt; its oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate. Concen-

els; analytical chemistry.

tration gives (2) and dehydration (1).

Hazard: May not be used in food products (FDA).

cobaltous ammonium sulfate. (cobalt am- Can cause blood damage.

monium sulfate). CoSO

•(NH

)

•6H

O. Use: Absorbent for ammonia, gas masks, electroplat-

Properties: Ruby-red crystals. D 1.902. Soluble in ing, sympathetic inks, hygrometers, manufacture of

water; insoluble in alcohol. vitamin B

, flux for magnesium refining, solid lu-

315 COBALTOUS OXIDE

bricant, dye mordant, catalyst, barometers, laborato- water and alcohol. Anhydrous cobaltous iodide,

CoI

, in the form of black crystals, d 5.68, or in a

ry reagent, fertilizer additive.

yellow ␤-modification that gives a colorless aque-

ous solution.

cobaltous chromate. (basic cobalt chromate;

Derivation: Heating cobalt powder with hydriodic

cobalt chromate). CoCrO

acid; anhydrous cobaltous iodide is prepared by

Properties: Brown or yellowish-brown powder.

heating cobalt in iodine vapor.

Variable composition. (Pure cobaltous chromate is

Use: Hygrometers; determination of water in organic

CoCrO

, gray-black crystals.) Soluble in mineral

solvents; catalyst.

acids and solutions of chromium trioxide; insoluble

in water.

cobaltous linoleate. (cobalt linoleate).

Hazard: A carcinogen.

Co(C

)

Use: Ceramics (tinting).

Properties: Brown, amorphous powder. Soluble in

alcohol, ether, and acids; insoluble in water. Com-

cobaltous citrate. Co

)

•2H

bustible.

Properties: Rose-red, amorphous powder. Mp 150C

Derivation: By boiling a cobalt salt and sodium lino-

(loses 2H

O). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

leate.

dilute acids.

Use: Paint and varnish drier, especially enamels and

Use: Vitamin preparations, therapeutic agents.

white paints.

See soap (2).

cobaltous cyanide. (1) Co(CN)

•2H

O, (2)

Co(CN)

cobaltous naphthenate.

Properties: (1) Buff crystals, (2) blue-violet powder;

Properties: Brown, amorphous powder or bluish-red

d (2) 1.872, mp (2) 280C. Insoluble in water; soluble

solid. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether,

in potassium cyanide, hydrochloric acid, ammo-

oils. Composition indefinite. Combustible.

nium hydroxide.

Derivation: By treating cobaltous hydroxide or co-

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

baltous acetate with naphthenic acid.

Use: Paint and varnish drier, bonding rubber to steel

cobaltous ferrite. CoOFe

. A constituent of

and other metals.

magnetically soft ferrites that have high permeabili-

ty, low coercive force, low magnetic saturation, and

high resistivity.

cobaltous nitrate. (cobalt nitrate).

See ferrite. CAS: 10141-05-6. Co(NO

)

•6H

Properties: Red crystals. Deliquescent in moist air.

D 1.88 (25C), mp 56C, decomposes at 75C. Soluble

cobaltous fluoride. (cobalt difluoride).

in most organic solvents.

CAS: 10026-17-2. CoF

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on metallic cobalt

Properties: Rose-red crystals or powder. D 4.46, mp

or cobalt oxide, hydroxide, or carbonate, with subse-

approximately 1200C, bp 1400C. Soluble in cold

quent crystallization.

water and hydrofluoric acid. Decomposes in hot

Use: Sympathetic inks, cobalt pigments, catalysts,

water. Ammine complexes can be prepared from the

additive to soils and animal feeds, vitamin prepara-

hydrate.

tions, hair dyes, porcelain decoration.

Hazard: Highly toxic. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, dangerous fire risk in con-

Use: Catalyst.

tact with organic materials.

cobaltous formate. Co(CHO

)

•2H

Properties: Red crystals. D 2.129 (22C), mp 140C

cobaltous oleate. (cobalt oleate).

(loses 2H

O), decomposes at 175C. Soluble in cold Co(C

)

water; insoluble in alcohol. Properties: Brown, amorphous powder. Mp 235C.

Use: Catalyst. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Combustible.

Derivation: By heating cobaltous chloride and sodi-

cobaltous hydroxide. (cobalt hydroxide; co-

um oleate followed by filtration and drying.

balt hydrate). Co(OH)

Use: Paint and varnish driers.

Properties: Rose-red powder. D 3.597. Soluble in

See soap (2).

acids and ammonium salt solutions; insoluble in

water and alkalies.

Derivation: Addition of sodium hydroxide to a solu-

cobaltous oxide. (cobalt oxide; cobalt mon-

tion of cobaltous salt.

oxide).

Use: Cobalt salts, paint and varnish driers, catalyst,

CAS: 1307-96-6. CoO.

storage-battery electrodes.

Properties: Grayish powder under most conditions,

can form green-brown crystals. D 6.45, mp 1935C.

cobaltous iodide. (cobalt iodide). CoI

•6H

O. Soluble in acids and alkali hydroxides; insoluble in

Properties: Brownish-red crystals. Loses iodine on water and ammonium hydroxide.

exposure to air, d 2.90, loses 6H

O at 27C. Soluble in Derivation: Calcination of cobalt carbonate or its

316COBALTOUS PERCHLORATE

oxides at high temperature in a neutral or slightly Properties: Reddish-orange powder. D 8.42. Insolu-

reducing atmosphere. ble in water; soluble in hot concentrated acids.

Grade: Technical, ceramic. Derivation: By adding a sodium tungstate solution to

Use: Pigment in paints and ceramics, preparation of a solution of a cobalt salt.

cobalt salts, catalyst, porcelain enamels, coloring

Use: Pigment, drier for enamels, inks, paints, elec-

glass, feed additive, cobalt metal powder.

tronic devices, antiknock agents.

cobalt oxide. The commercial cobalt oxides are

cobaltous perchlorate. Co(ClO

)

not usually definite chemical compounds but are

Properties: Red needles. D 3.327. Soluble in water,

mixtures of two or more cobalt oxides.

alcohol, acetone.

See cobaltic oxide; cobaltous oxide; cobaltocobaltic

Hazard: Fire and explosion risk in contact with or-

oxide.

ganic materials. Strong oxidizing agent.

Use: Chemical reagent.

cobalt phosphate. See cobaltous phosphate.

cobaltous phosphate. (cobalt phosphate).

cobalt phthalocyaninesulfonate.

CAS: 13455-36-2. Co

(PO

)

•8H

CAS: 30638-08-5. mf: C

CoN

S•H.

Properties: Reddish powder. D 2.769 (25C), loses

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

O at 200C. Slightly soluble in cold water; solu-

tact. A mild skin and severe eye irritant.

ble in mineral acids.

Derivation: Interaction of solutions of cobalt salts

cobalt potassium cyanide. K

Co(CN)

and sodium phosphate.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.878 (25C), mp (de-

Use: Cobalt pigments, coloring glass, painting porce-

composes). Soluble in water; slightly soluble in al-

lain, animal-feed supplement.

cohol.

Grade: Pure, electronic.

cobaltous resinate. (cobalt resinate). Princi-

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

pally cobalt abietate.

Use: Electronic research.

Properties: Brown-red powder. Insoluble in water;

soluble in oils.

cobalt potassium nitrite. (cobalt yellow;

Derivation: See soap (2).

potassium cobaltinitrate; Fischer’s salt; potassi-

Grade: Fused, precipitated. The precipitated grade is

um hexanitrocobaltate III). K

Co(NO

)

higher in cobalt, more expensive, and more effec-

Properties: Yellow, microcrystalline powder. Mp

tive.

(decomposes at 200C). Slightly soluble in water;

Hazard: Spontaneously flammable in air, reacts

insoluble in alcohol.

strongly with oxidizing materials.

Derivation: By adding potassium nitrate and acetic

Use: Varnish drier.

acid to a solution of a cobalt salt.

See abietic acid.

Use: Medicine, yellow pigment, painting on glass or

porcelain.

cobaltous silicofluoride. CoSiF

•6H

Properties: Pale-red crystals. D 2.087. Soluble in

cobalt resinate. See cobaltous resinate.

water.

Hazard: Irritating to tissue.

cobalt selenite. CoSe

•2H

O. A blue-red

Use: Ceramics.

powder, insoluble in water.

cobaltous succinate. Co(C

)•4H

cobalt silicide. A semiconductor reported to

Properties: Violet crystals. Slightly soluble in cold

have as much as 15% efficiency in converting heat

water; soluble in alkalies; insoluble in alcohol.

to electricity in the temperature range 20–800C.

Use: Vitamin preparations, therapeutic agents.

cobalt soap. See cobaltous linoleate; cobal-

cobaltous sulfate. (cobalt sulfate).

tous naphthenate; cobaltous oleate; cobaltous

CAS: 10124-43-3. (1) CoSO

, (2) CoSO

•7H

resinate; cobalt tallate.

Properties: Red powder. D (1) 3.472, (2) 1.948; mp

(1) 735C, (2) loses 7H

O at 420C. Soluble in water.

cobalt sulfate. See cobaltous sulfate.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on cobaltous

oxide.

cobalt tallate. Cobalt derivative of refined tall

Hazard: May not be used in food products (FDA).

oil of varying composition. Used as a drier in paints

Use: Ceramics, pigments, glazes, in plating baths for

and varnishes. Combustible.

cobalt, additive to soils, catalyst, paint and ink drier,

See soap (2).

storage batteries.

cobalt tetracarbonyl. (dicobalt octacarbo-

cobaltous tungstate. (cobalt tungstate; cobalt nyl). Co

(CO)

wolframate). CoWO

. Properties: Orange or dark-brown crystals; white

317 COCOA OIL

when pure. D 1.78, mp 51C (decomposes above this Properties: Colorless to white crystals or white pow-

temperature). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, der. Mp 98C. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and

ether, and carbon disulfide. ether; slightly soluble in water (solution is alkaline

Derivation: Combination of finely divided cobalt to litmus). The hydrochloric acid solution is levoro-

with carbon monoxide under pressure. tatory.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Derivation: By extraction of the leaves of Erythroxy-

Use: Catalyst in Oxo process, high-purity cobalt lon coca with sodium carbonate solution, treatment

salts. of the latter with dilute acid and extraction with

ether, evaporation of the solvent, resolution of the

cobalt titanate. Co

TiO

. alkaloid, and subsequent crystallization. Also syn-

Properties: Greenish-black crystals. D 5.07–5.12. thetically from the alkaloid ecgonine.

Soluble in concentrated hydrochloric acid. Method of purification: Recrystallization.

Grade: Technical, NF.

cobalt trifluoride. (cobaltic fluoride). CoF

. Hazard: CNS stimulant, a poison. Possession is ille-

Properties: Light-brown, free-flowing powder. D gal in U.S.

3.88 (25C), no odor except hydrogen fluoride odor Use: Local anesthetic (medicine, dentistry), usually

developed in moist air; stable in sealed containers; as the hydrochloride.

reacts readily with moisture in the atmosphere to

form a dark, almost black powder; reacts with water

cocamidopropyl betaine. See “Amphosol”

to form a black, finely divided precipitate (cobaltic

[Stepan].

hydroxide). Insoluble in alcohol and benzene. As a

fluorinating agent, yields one atom of fluorine and

cocarboxylase. (TPP; thiamine pyrophosphate

reverts to the difluoride. The spent cobalt difluoride

chloride). C

ClN

S•H

O. The coenzyme of

may be regenerated with elemental fluorine.

the yeast enzyme carboxylase. The key substance in

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

decarboxylation, an energy-producing reaction in

Use: Fluorination of hydrocarbons.

the body.

Properties: Crystals from alcohol containing some

cobalt tungstate. See cobaltous tungstate.

hydrochloric acid. Mp 240–244C (decomposes).

Soluble in water. Dry substance very stable.

cobalt ultramarine. See cobalt blue.

Use: Biochemical research.

cobalt violet. See cobaltous ammonium phos-

cocculin. See picrotoxin.

phate.

cocculus, solid. Legal label name (air) for picro-

cobalt wolframate. See cobaltous tungstate.

toxin.

cobalt yellow. See cobalt potassium nitrite.

coccus. (1) A type of bacteria characterized by a

spherical shape, e.g., pneumococcus. (2) Synonym

“Cobon” [LaMotte]. TM for 2-nitroso-1-naph-

for cochineal.

thol used for the colorimetric determination of co-

balt. Sensitivity: 0.005 ppm cobalt.

cochineal. (coccus). A red coloring matter con-

sisting of the dried bodies of the female insects

“Cobrate” [Aqualon]. TM for corrosion in-

Coccus cacti. The coloring principle is carminic

hibitors used primarily for copper and copper alloys.

acid, C

Grade: Technical, NF, silver grain, black grain.

“Cobratec” [PMC]. TM for corrosion, stain-

Use: Coloring food, medicinal products, toilet prepa-

ing, and tarnish inhibitors for copper and brass.

rations, manufacture of red and pink lakes.

Use: Cutting oils, lubricating oils, and antifreezes.

cocoa. (cacao). Powder prepared from roasted,

COC. Abbreviation for Cleveland Open Cup, a

cured kernels of ripe seed of Theobroma cacao.

standard technique of flash-point determination.

Grade: Commercial, USP.

Use: Flavoring agent for pharmaceuticals, food prod-

cocaine. (methylbenzoylecgonine).

ucts, beverages.

CAS: 50-36-2. C

. An alkaloid.

cocoa butter. See theobroma oil.

coco amido betaine.

CAS: 61789-40-0.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

cocoa oil. See theobroma oil.

318“COCOLOID”

“Cocoloid” [Kelco]. TM for an algin-carra- crude protein, 13.3% crude fiber, 35.7% nitrogen-

geenan composition, a hydrophilic colloid. free extract, 7.4% ether-soluble fat, and 6.0% ash.

Use: Stabilizer for chocolate-milk products, steri- The total digestible nutrients approximate 72%.

Use: Animal feeds, fertilizer ingredient.

lized cream, and other milk products.

cocoonase. A proteolytic enzyme derived from

coconut acid. Mixture of fatty acids derived

silk moths, very similar to trypsin, isoelectric point

from hydrolysis of coconut oil. Acid chain lengths

approximately 9.5 (slightly less than for trypsin), pH

vary from 6 to 18 carbons but are mostly 10, 12, and

approximately 8.0, mw approximately 25,000. As

14. Combustible.

secreted by the insect, it is 80% pure. Identical with

Grade: Distilled, double distilled.

trypsin in catalytic specificity and mechanism of

Use: Soaps, detergents, source of long-chain alkyl

action.

groups.

cocoyl sarcosine. C

CON(CH

)CH

COOH.

coconut amine oil condensate.

Yellow liquid, d 0.970, mp 22–28C. Combustible.

CAS: 68154-34-7.

Used as a detergent emulsifier.

Hazard: A severe skin irritant.

“C-O-C-S” [FMC]. TM for insecticides con-

coconut cake. (coconut palm cake; copra

taining copper oxychloride sulfate.

cake). The residual product from expression of oil

Use: Insecticide for fruits and vegetables.

from the seed of the coconut.

See coconut oil meal.

COD. Abbreviation for chemical oxygen de-

mand.

coconut diethanolamide. See coconut oil

See oxygen consumed; biochemical oxygen demand

acid diethanolamine.

(BOD); dissolved oxygen (DO).

coconut oil.

codehydrogenase 1. See nicotinamide ade-

CAS: 8001-31-8.

nine dinucleotide phosphate.

Properties: White, semisolid fat containing C

; slight odor. D 0.92, saponification number

250–264, iodine number 7–10, sharp mp at 25C.

codeine. (methylmorphine).

Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disul- CAS: 76-57-3. C

•H

O. A narcotic alkaloid.

fide; immiscible with water. Highly digestible, re- Properties: Colorless or white crystals or powder.

sists oxidative rancidity but is susceptible to that Effloresces slowly in dry air, affected by light. Mp

induced by molds and other microorganisms. Non- 154.9C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol

drying. Combustible. and chloroform. Levorotatory in acid and alcohol

Chief constituents: Glycerides of lauric acid and of solutions.

capric, myristic, palmitic, and oleic acids. Derivation: From opium by extraction and subse-

Derivation: Hydraulic press or expeller extraction quent crystals; also by the methylation of morphine.

from coconut meat followed by alkali-refining, Grade: Technical, NF.

bleaching, and deodorizing. Hazard: Habit-forming narcotic, sale legally re-

Grade: Crude, refined, Ceylon, Manila. stricted.

Use: Food products (margarine, hydrogenated short- Use: Medicine (analgesic).

enings); synthetic cocoa butter; soaps; cosmetics;

emulsions; cotton dyeing; synthetic detergents;

coding sequence. The portion of a gene or an

source of fatty acids, fatty alcohols, and methyl

mRNA which actually codes for a protein. Introns

esters; base for laundering and cleaning prepara-

are not coding sequences; nor are the 5

′

or 3

′

untrans-

tions for soft leathers.

lated regions (or the flanking regions, for that mat-

ter—they are not even transcribed into mRNA). The

coconut oil acid diethanolamine. coding sequence in a cDNA or mature mRNA in-

CAS: 68603-42-9. cludes everything from the AUG (or ATG) initiation

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A moderate skin codon and inclusion of the stop codon.

irritant.

coding strand. An ambiguous term intended to

coconut oil, esters with polyethylene glycol refer to one specific strand in a double-stranded

nonylphenyl ether. gene.

CAS: 68333-98-2. See: Sense strand

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

cod-liver oil. (morrhua oil).

coconut oil meal. The dried and crushed form Properties: Pale-yellow, viscous liquid; fixed, non-

of coconut cake recovered from the hydraulic or drying oil; slightly fishy odor and taste. D

expeller process of extraction of oil from the meat. 0.918–0.927, saponification number 180–192, io-

The usual product of commerce contains 24.2% dine number 145–180, maumene test 102–113, acid

319 “COILIFE”

value 204–207. Soluble in ether, chloroform, ethyl cycle in carbohydrate metabolism. The n in the for-

acetate, and carbon disulfide; slightly soluble in mula varies according to the source.

alcohol Combustible.

Chief constituents: Glycerides of palmitic and stea-

coercivity. The magnetic intensity required to

ric acids, cholesterol, butyl alcohol esters, etc.

reduce the magnetic induction in a substance from

Derivation: From the livers of codfish (Gadus mor-

saturation to zero.

rhua) and other species of Galidae. These are ren-

dered by steam heat, and the oil separated and

cofactor. An inorganic ion or a coenzyme re-

chilled until the stearin solidifies; then it is pressed

quired for enzyme activity.

and the clear oil collected.

Method of purification: Filtration.

coffearine. See trigonelline.

Grade: Pale, light brown, dark brown, NF.

Use: Medicine (for its vitamin A and D content, now

largely is replaced by synthetic products), chamois-

coffinite. U(SiO

)

l-x

(OH)

, (or USiO

, with appre-

leather tanning.

ciable (OH)

in place of some SiO

). A naturally

occurring uranium mineral.

Properties: Black color; adamantine luster; com-

codominance. Situation in that two different al-

monly fine grained, mixed with organic matter and

leles for a genetic trait are both expressed.

other minerals. D 5.1.

See autosomal dominant; recessive gene

Occurrence: Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Arizona.

Use: Ore of uranium (Colorado).

codon. In an mRNA, a codon is a sequence of

three nucleotides which codes for the incorporation

of a specific amino acid into the growing protein.

cogeneration. Simultaneous production of elec-

The sequence of codons in the mRNA unambigu-

tricity and steam from the same energy source. Re-

ously defines the primary structure of the final pro-

search has indicated a potential fuel savings of 30%

tein. Of course, the codons in the mRNA were also

by use of this process.

present in the genomic DNA, but the sequence may

be interrupted by introns.

cognate. Describing two biomolecules that nor-

mally interact; for example, an enzyme and its nor-

Coehn law. Materials of greater dielectric con-

mal substrate, or a receptor and its normal ligand.

stant assume a higher potential than those of lower

dielectric constant to an extent that is proportional to

coherence. The attraction between molecules of

their dielectric constants.

a substance that prevents separation of the substance

into parts if acted upon by superficial forces.

coenocytic. Condition in which an organism con-

sists of filamentous cells with large central vacuoles,

coherent light. Light having a single wave-

and whose nuclei are not partitioned into separate

length, frequency, and phase.

compartments. The result is a long tube containing

See laser.

many nuclei, with all the cytoplasm at the periphery.

cohesion. The force that holds adjacent mole-

coenzyme. A comparatively low molecular

cules of a single material together.

weight organic substance that can attach itself to,

and supplement, a specific protein to form an active

cohesive ends. Two DNA ends in the same

enzyme system. Generally synonymous with the

DNA molecule, or in different molecules, with short

term prosthetic group.

overhanging, single-stranded segments that are

complementary to one another, facilitating ligation

coenzyme A. (CoA). C

S. Essential

of the ends; also known as sticky ends. Usually

for the formation of acetylcholine and for acetyla-

generated by the action of restriction enzymes.

tion reactions in the body. It has been synthesized

and is built up from pantothenic acid, cysteamine,

adenosine, and phosphoric acid.

cohune oil. An edible, nondrying oil with prop-

Properties: White powder. Water soluble; insoluble

erties similar to coconut and babassu oils. Its com-

in alcohol and ether.

position is 46% lauric acid, 16% myristic acid, 10%

oleic acid, and the balance mixed acids. Obtained

from a palm native to Mexico and Central America.

coenzyme I. See nicotinamide adenine dinu-

Combustible.

cleotide phosphate.

coenzyme Q. “Coilife” [Westinghouse]. TM for special ep-

CAS: 303-98-0. oxy resin encapsulation of random-wound stators

(O)

(OCH

)

[CH

CH:C(CH

)CH

]

H. Found using solventless epoxy-resin formulations and ro-

in animal organs and yeast. Active in the citric acid tational seasoning.

320COINTEGRATE

cointegrate. An intermediate in the migration of Properties: Yellow crystals or powder; odorless, or

certain DNA transposons in which the donor DNA nearly so. Affected by light, mp 135–150C. Soluble

and target DNA are covalently attached. in water, alcohol, and chloroform. Solutions are

levorotatory.

Derivation: From Colchicum autumnale by extrac-

coion. Small ions, entering a solid ion exchanger,

tion and subsequent crystallization. Has been syn-

that have the same charge as that of the fixed ions.

thesized.

Grade: Technical, USP.

coisogenic. (congenic). Nearly identical strains

Hazard: As little as 20 mg may be fatal if ingested.

of an organism varing only at a single locus.

Use: To induce chromosome doubling in plants; phy-

topathology.

coke. The carbonaceous residue of the destructive

distillation (carbonization) of bituminous coal, pe-

colcothar. Red ferric oxide produced by heating

troleum, and coal tar pitch. The principal type is that

ferrous sulfate in air.

produced by heating bituminous coal in chemical

Use: Pigment; abrasive in polishing glass.

recovery or beehive coke ovens (metallurgical

coke), one ton of coal yielding approximately 0.7

cold flow. The permanent deformation of a ma-

ton of coke. It is used chiefly for reduction of iron

terial that occurs as a result of prolonged compres-

ore in blast furnaces and as a source of synthesis gas.

sion or extension at or near room temperature. Some

Petroleum yields coke during the cracking process.

plastics and vulcanized rubber exhibit this behavior.

Coke from petroleum residues and coal tar pitch is

In metals it is known as creep.

used for refractory furnace linings in the electrore-

fining of aluminum and other high-temperature ser-

vice and for electrodes in electrolytic reduction of

cold light. See bioluminescence.

to aluminum, as well as in electrothermal

production of phosphorus, silicon carbide, and cal-

cold rubber. Synthetic rubber produced by po-

cium carbide.

lymerization at relatively low temperature, specifi-

cally SBR or butadiene-styrene elastomers pro-

coke oven gas. 53% hydrogen, 26% methane,

duced by polymerization at approximately 4.4C

11% nitrogen, 7% carbon monoxide, 3% heavier

rather than the usual temperature of approximately

hydrocarbons.

49C. A special catalyst system is required.

Use: To produce hydrogen.

cold-short. See short.

coking. The residue of a procedure of distillation

to dryness of a product containing complex hydro-

colemanite. (Ca

•5H

O). The ore of calci-

carbons that break down in structure during the

um borate. Used to replace boric acid in the manu-

process.

facture of glass fibers. Mined in Turkey, it began to

be imported into the U.S. in large volume in 1965

cola. (kola; kola nuts; kola seeds; Soudan

and is competitive with domestically produced

coffee; guru). Contains caffeine, theobromine.

Derivation: Seeds of Cola nitida or other species of

Properties: D 2.26–2.48.

Cola.

Derivation: From kernite.

Source: West Africa, West Indies, India.

Use: Soft drinks.

colestipol. An anion exchange resin, highly

cross-linked and insoluble. A specific formula has

“Colar” [Du Pont]. TM for chemical-resistant

not been ascertained. Said to be a copolymer of

finishes having a base of polyamide-catalyzed ep-

diethylene triamine and chloroepoxypropane. It is

oxy resins.

used as a cholesterol-sequestering agent in medi-

cine.

colchicine.

CAS: 64-86-8. C

. An alkaloid plant hor-

“Coleus Forskohlli oil” [Sabinsa]. TM for

mone.

a refined oil.

Use: As an antimicrobial, anti-acne preparation, and

in perfumery.

colistin. C

. Antibiotic produced by a

soil microorganism. Probably identical to polymyx-

in E and closely related chemically to polymyxin B

since it is a polypeptide composed of amino acids

and a fatty acid.

See polymyxin.

321 COLOGNE

collagen. A fibrous protein constituting most of colloid, association. See association.

the white fiber in the connective tissues of animals

and humans, especially in the skin, muscles, and

colloid chemistry. A subdivision of physical

tendons. The most abundant protein in the animal

chemistry comprising the study of phenomena char-

kingdom, it is rich in proline and hydroxyproline.

acteristic of matter when one or more of its dimen-

The molecule is analogous to a three-strand rope, in

sions lie in the range between 1 millimicron (nanom-

which each strand is a polypeptide chain. It has a

eter) and 1 micron (micrometer). It thus includes not

molecular weight of approximately 100,000. Glue

only finely divided particles but also films, fibers,

made from the collagen of animal hides and skins is

foams, pores, and surface irregularities. Dimension,

still widely used as an adhesive. So-called “soluble”

rather than the nature of the material, is characteris-

collagen is that first formed in the skin; upon aging it

tic. Colloidal particles may be gaseous, liquid, or

becomes increasingly cross-linked and less hygro-

solid, and occur in various types of suspensions

scopic. Soluble collagen is used in the cosmetic

(imprecisely called solutions), e.g., solid-gas (aero-

industry as the basis for face creams, lotions, and

sol), solid-solid, liquid-liquid (emulsion), gas-liquid

hair preparations. Special forms of collagen have

(foam). In this size range, the surface area of the

been developed for dialysis membranes. Microcrys-

particle is large with respect to its volume so that

talline collagen is used in prosthetic devices and

unusual phenomena occur, e.g., the particles do not

other medical and surgical applications. Regenerat-

settle out of the suspension by gravity and are small

ed collagen, used in sausage casings, is made by

enough to pass through filter membranes. Macro-

neutralizing with acid collagen that has been puri-

molecules (proteins and other high polymers) are at

fied by alkaline treatment. Collagen is converted to

the lower limit of this range; the upper limit is usual-

gelatin by boiling water, which causes hydrolytic

ly taken to be the point at which the particles can be

cleavage of the protein to a mixture of degradation

resolved in an optical microscope. The first specific

products.

observations were made by Thomas Graham in ap-

See gelatin.

proximately 1860 and were extended by Ostwald,

Hatchek, and Freundlich. Though the term is often

collection trap. Cooled container that collects used synonymously with surface chemistry,ina

gas-chromatographic eluant, preserving the eluant strict sense it is limited to the size range noted in at

for the compound-identification step. least one dimension, whereas surface chemistry is

not. Natural colloid systems include rubber latex,

milk, blood, egg white, etc.

2,4,6-collidine. (2,4,6-trimethylpyridine).

See surface chemistry; colloid, protective; emulsion.

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 170.4C, fp −44.5C,

d 0.913 (20/20C), refr index 1.4981 (20C). Soluble

colloid mill. See homogenization.

in alcohol; slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, (97.5% purity).

colloid, protective. A hydrophilic high poly-

Use: Chemical intermediate, dehydrohalogenating

mer whose particles (molecules) are of colloidal

agent.

size, such as protein or gum. It may be either natural-

ly present in such systems as milk and rubber latex or

colligative property. A property independent intentionally added to mixes to stop coagulation or

of the chemical nature of the molecules of a sub- coalescence of the particles of fat or other dispersed

stance, resulting only from the number of molecules material. Protective colloids are also called stabiliz-

present. ing, suspending, or thickening agents; they also act

as emulsifiers. Examples are (1) hydrocarbon parti-

cles of latex, which are covered with a layer of

collodion. A solution of pyroxylin (nitrocellu-

protein that keeps them from cohering as a result of

lose) in ether and alcohol. USP specifications are

the impact due to their Brownian motion; (2) gelatin,

pyroxylin 40 g, ether 750 ml, and alcohol 250 ml.

sodium alginate, or gum arabic, which are added to

Properties: Pale-yellow, syrupy liquid; odor of

ice cream to inhibit formation of ice particles and to

ether. Immiscible with water; flash p approximately

confectionery and other food products to obtain a

0F (−17.7C).

smooth, creamy texture. They are readily adsorbed

Grade: Technical, USP.

by the suspended particles and reinforce the protec-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

tive effect of proteins that may be naturally present.

Use: Cements, coating wounds and abrasions, sol-

See thickening agent; gum, natural; gelatin.

vent for drugs, corn removers, process engraving,

lithography, photography.

See nitrocellulose.

“Colloisol” [BASF]. TM for a series of vat

dyes for dyeing and printing textiles of cellulosic

fibers.

colloidal solution. A system intermediate be-

tween a true solution and a suspension. A dispersion

where the particle size is between 1 and 100 nm.

cologne. (toilet water). A scented, alcohol-

Colloids have little or no tendency to dialyze and based liquid used as a perfume, after-shave lotion, or

small or no freezing-point depression. deodorant. Combustible.

322COLOGNE BROWN

Cologne brown. See Van Dyke brown. for determination of vitamins, preservatives, color-

ing matter, etc.; and in metallurgical laboratories for

traces of metals in raw materials and finished

colonial. Condition in which many unicellular

products.

organisms live together in a somewhat coordinated

group. Unlike true multicellular organisms, the indi-

Color Index. (CI; C.I.). A listing of all com-

vidual cells retain their separate identities and, usu-

mercial dyes, each of that has an individual number

ally, their own membranes and cell walls.

which identifies it on specifications.

colophony. A rosin residue that remains after the

color lake. See lake.

volatiles have been removed by distillation of crude

turpentine from any of the Pinus species.

colorless dye. Synonym for optical brightener.

colorant. Any substance that imparts color to

“Colorundum” [Grace]. TM for a balanced

another material or mixture. Colorants are either

mixture of abrasive aggregates, mineral oxide color,

dyes or pigments and may be (1) naturally present in

and stearate for surfacing concrete floors, in a choice

a material (chlorophyll in vegetation); (2) admixed

of colors.

with it mechanically (dry pigments in paints); or (3)

applied to it in a solution (organic dyes to fibers).

Columbite. An ore of tantalum.

Note: There is no generally accepted distinction be-

See tantalite.

tween dyes and pigments. Some have proposed one

on the basis of solubility or physical form and meth-

columbium. Cb. Alternate name for the element

od of application. Most pigments, so called, are

niobium. The latter name became official in 1949;

insoluble inorganic powders, the coloring effect be-

columbium is still used by metallurgists.

ing a result of their dispersion in a solid or liquid

medium. Most dyes, on the other hand, are soluble

synthetic organic products that are chemically

column, distillation. See tower, distillation.

bound to and actually become part of the applied

material. Organic dyes are usually brighter and more

“Coly-Mycin” [Pfizer]. TM for colistin in the

varied than pigments but tend to be less stable to

form of sulfate or methane sulfonate (colistimethate

heat, sunlight, and chemical effects. The term colo-

sodium).

rant applies to black and white, as well as to actual

colors. Instruments for measuring, comparing, and

colza oil. See canola.

matching the hue, tone, and depth of colors are

called colorimeters.

Combes quinoline synthesis. Formation of

See dye; pigment; colorimetry; food color; FD&C

quinolines by condensation of ␤-diketones with pri-

color.

mary arylamines followed by acid-catalyzed ring

closure of the intermediate Schiff base.

colorimeter. An analytical device used to mea-

sure the comparative intensity of color in solutions

combination. A chemical reaction in which two

by comparison with standard solutions.

substances unite to form a third; the reacting sub-

See photoelectric colorimeter.

stances may be elements or compounds, but the

product is always a compound, e.g.,

colorimetric analysis. Analysis based on the Cu + Cl

→ CuCl

and 2NH

→ (NH

)

law that intensity of color of certain solutions is Polymerization is a special case of combination,

proportional to the amount of substance in the solu- where complex organic molecules of the same kind

tion. unite to form chains or clusters of high molecular

weight. See polymerization.

colorimetric purity. The ratio of luminance of

combining number. See valence.

spectrally pure light that must be mixed with refer-

ence achromatic (white) light to produce a color

match for the specimen.

combining volumes, law of. When gases

combine, they do so in volumes that bear a simple

relationship to each other and to that of the product if

colorimetry. An analytical method based on

gaseous.

measuring the color intensity of a substance or a

colored derivative of it. For example, the yellow-

combining weight. See equivalent weight.

carotene content of butter is determined by saponi-

fying a sample of butter in an alkaline solution,

extracting the carotene with ether, and measuring

combustible material. Any substance that will

the intensity of yellow color in the ether extract. burn, regardless of its autoignition temperature or

Colorimetric methods are used to determine very whether it is a solid, liquid, or gas. Although this

minute amounts. They are used in hospital laborato- definition necessarily includes all flammable mate-

ries for blood and urine analysis; in food laboratories rials as well, this fact is disregarded in official classi-

323 COMPARATIVE GENOMICS

fications. As usually defined, the term combustible

comicellization. The phenomenon wherein a

refers to solids that are relatively difficult to ignite surfactant in a concentration considerably below its

and that burn relatively slowly and to liquids having own critical micelle concentration solubilizes an

a flash point greater than 100F (37.7C). It is difficult insoluble compound in a comparatively large quan-

to generalize about the combustibility of solids. The tity.

rate and ease of combustion may depend as much on

their state of subdivision as on their chemical nature.

comirin. Exact formula undetermined. An anti-

Many metals in powder or flake form will ignite and

fungal agent produced by Bacterium antimyceticum

burn rapidly, whereas most are noncombustible as

composed mostly of amino acids. A gray to white

bulk solids. Cellulose is combustible as a textile

powder that resists heat and acids but decomposes in

fabric or as paper and is flammable as fine fibers

the presence of alkalies; soluble in organic acids and

(cotton linters). A plastic that burns at flame temper-

bases; slightly soluble in water. A fungicide in

ature will be a greater fire hazard as a foam than as a

paints, textile products, plant growth.

bulk solid because of the large surface area exposed

to air and the thinness of the cell walls. Some poly-

Commercial Development and Marketing

mers, such as nylon and polyvinylidene chloride,

Association. (CDMA). The Commercial De-

will melt and burn but not propagate flame; others,

velopment and Marketing Association is the world’s

e.g., polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane, ignite at

leading professional assocation dedicated to foster-

high temperature and evolve toxic fumes. Acrylics

ing, promoting and sharing business processes for

and cellulose-derived plastics, such as rayon and

long term growth and value creation in the chemical

cellulose acetate, are readily combustible. This may

and allied industries. It provides information on

be partially offset by use of fire-retardant chemicals.

world-class practices of business development, cor-

Glass is noncombustible in all forms.

porate growth, business strategy, marketing and re-

See flammable material; hazardous material; com-

lated functional areas. The focus is to conduct work-

bustion.

shops, business conferences, networking forums,

and local section activities. The offices of the orga-

nization are at 1850 M Street, NW, Suite 700, Wash-

combustion. An exothermic oxidation reaction

ington, DC 20036. Website: http://

that may occur with any organic compound, as well

www.cdmaonline.org

as with certain elements, e.g., hydrogen, sulfur,

phosphorus, magnesium. The end products of ele-

comminution. Size reduction of materials by

mental combustion are oxides; end products of or-

grinding, cutting, shredding, chopping, etc. Solids

ganic compounds are carbon dioxide and water.

can be reduced to a particle size approaching 1

Examples are (1) for an element: 2H

→ 2H

micron in special fine-grinding equipment. Commi-

(b) for an organic compound (carbohydrate):

nution of coal by chemical means is possible via a

+6O

→ 6CO

+6H

O. Here, combustion is

low molecular weight compound such as sodium

the reverse of photosynthesis. The heat of combus-

hydroxide or anhydrous ethanol, which penetrates

tion is due to rupture of chemical bonds and forma-

the natural fault system of the coal, causing frag-

tion of new compounds. Substances differ greatly in

mentation without mechanical crushing. This per-

their combustibility, i.e., in their ignition points (sol-

mits removal of sulfur from coal without burning or

ids and gases) or their flash points (liquids). Carbon

grinding. Approximately 100 lbs of chemical are

disulfide burns almost explosively at 100C, whereas

needed per ton of coal.

rubber hydrocarbon and nylon are difficult to ignite

at any temperature. Oxygen is not combustible but

actively supports combustion; no oxygen is needed

commodity chemicals. Low-value, high-vol-

if another oxidizing agent is present, as in the com-

ume compounds produced in dedicated plants and

bustion of a mixture of hydrogen and chlorine to

used for a wide variety of applications.

form hydrogen chloride. Spontaneous combustion

may occur at or even below room temperature (1) by

common intermediate. Referring to a metabo-

exposure to air of substances that are highly sensi-

lite: a chemical compound common to two enzymat-

tive to oxidation (e.g., phosphorus); (2) by heat

ic reactions, as a product of one and a substrate in the

buildup from bacterial activity (compost, sewage

other.

sludge) or oxidation catalyzed by moisture, as in wet

waste materials (paper, cotton, wool); (3) by internal

common-ion effect The reversal of ionization

heat accumulation caused by autoxidation (fish oils,

when a compound is added to a solution of another

linseed oil).

compound with which it has a common ion, the

See oxidation; pyrophoric material; autoignition

volume being kept constant.

point; flash point.

comparative genomics. The study of human

combustion tube. A tube used in the combus- genetics by comparisons with model organisms

tion method of chemical analysis. such as mice, the fruit fly, and the bacterium E. coli.

324COMPATIBILITY

compatibility. The ability of two or more materi- genes or gene-environment interactions.

See Mendelian inheritance; additive genetic effects.

als to exist in close and permanent association indef-

initely. Liquids (solvents) are compatible if they are

miscible and do not undergo phase separation on

component. One of the minimum sets of sub-

standing. Thus, water is compatible with alcohol but

stances required to generate the composition of all

not with gasoline. Liquids and solids are compatible phases of a system in the absence of chemical reac-

only if the solid is soluble in the liquid. Solids are tion of any substances in a mixture.

compatible if they can exist in intimate contact for See constituent.

long periods with no adverse effect of one on the

other.

composite. A mixture or mechanical combina-

tion on a macroscale of two or more materials that

are solid in the finished state, are mutually insoluble,

“Compazine” [Glaxo-SmithKline]. TM for

and differ in chemical nature. The major types are

a brand of prochlorperazine, as the maleate or the

(1) Laminates of paper, fabric, or wood (veneer) and

edisylate.

a thermosetting material (resin, rubber, or adhe-

sive); examples are tire carcasses, plywood, and

competitive inhibition. A type of enzyme in-

electrical insulating structures; (2) Reinforced plas-

hibition characterized by the inhibitor binding to the

tics, principally of glass fiber and a thermosetting

active site. The inhibition can be reversed by in-

resin; other types of fibers such as boron, aluminum

creasing the concentration of substrate. A competi-

silicate, and silicon carbide may be used.

tive inhibitor is usually a structural analog of the

See whiskers.

substrate.

(3) Cermets, which are mixtures of ceramic and

metal powders, heat treated and compressed. (4)

complement. In immunochemistry, any of a

Fabrics, e.g., woven combinations of wool or cotton

number of blood proteins that act in conjunction

and a synthetic fiber. (5) Filled composites in which

with antibodies to cause disintegration of invading

a bonding material, i.e., linseed oil, resin, or asphalt,

cells. They are an essential component of immune

is loaded with a filler in the form of flakes or small

serum.

particles; examples are linoleum, glass flake–plastic

mixtures for battery cases, and asphalt–gravel road-

complementary. Having a molecular surface

surfacing mixtures.

with chemical groups arranged to interact specifi-

cally with chemical groups on another molecule.

composting. Aerobic bacterial decomposition of

solid organic wastes, both agricultural and urban,

complementary DNA. See cDNA.

including sewage sludge. As much as 500 tons a day

can be handled in the larger installations, the waste

complementary sequence. Nucleic acid base

degrading quickly without external heating. Decom-

sequence that can form a double-stranded structure

position is accelerated by adding ammonium bicar-

with another DNA fragment by following base-pair-

bonate. The product can be used as a soil conditioner

ing rules, e.g., (A pairs with T and C with G). The

and for landfill. The waste is piled and turned fre-

complementary sequence to GTAC, for example, is

quently to provide aeration and to maintain a high

CATG.

temperature in the pile to destroy pathogenic organ-

isms. The volume of composted waste is from 20 to

complex compound. See coordination com-

60% of original volume.

pound.

compound. (1) A substance composed of atoms

“Complex Gel” [Centerchem]. TM for a for-

or ions of two or more elements in chemical combi-

mulated gel.

nation. The constituents are united by bonds or va-

Use: To stabilize either free vitamin A or vitamin C,

lence forces. A compound is a homogeneous entity

when packed in dual packaging with end user activa-

where the elements have definite proportions by

ting.

weight and are represented by a chemical formula. A

compound has characteristic properties quite differ-

complexing agent. See ligand; chelate; ethy-

ent from those of its constituent elements. It is de-

lenediaminetetraacetic acid.

composed by energy in the form of a chemical reac-

tion, heat, or electric current. Example: water is a

complex ion. An ion that has a molecular struc-

liquid formed by chemical combination of two

ture consisting of a central atom bonded to other

gases; it can be separated into hydrogen and oxygen

atoms by coordinate covalent bonds.

by an electric current (electrolysis); in certain reac-

See coordination compound.

tions it is split into its constituent ions (H, OH)

(hydrolysis); it is not chemically changed by heat or

complex trait. Trait that has a genetic compo- cold.

nent that does not follow strict Mendelian inheri- See mixture; homogeneous; chemical reaction. (2)

tance. May involve the interaction of two or more Loosely, a product formula (often proprietary) of

325 CONCRETE

various types, e.g., pharmaceuticals (a vegetable University offers many programs in this field, from

compound), rubber (a fast-curing compound), etc. subroutines to major computational systems. Chem-

(3) Having two sets of lenses (compound micro- ical engineers utilize computers to develop more

scope).

thermodynamically efficient procedures and to con-

solidate overall plant operations, especially in the

compound 1080. Use may be restricted. areas of energy consumption, reaction rates, and

See sodium fluoroacetate.

hazardous waste problems.

See retrosynthesis.

Note: Notwithstanding the immense capability of

compreg. A hardwood impregnated with a phe-

computers to point the way to solutions of chemical

nolformaldehyde resin under heat and pressure.

and engineering problems, experimentation will re-

main the ultimate proof of theory. It is interesting to

compressed gas. Any material or mixture that,

speculate how much time and effort such empirical

when enclosed in a container, has an absolute pres-

scientists as Goodyear and Edison could have saved

sure exceeding 40 psi at 21.1C or, regardless of the

had computers been available to them.

pressure at 21.1C, has an absolute pressure greater

than 104 psi(a) at 54.4C, or any flammable material

Conant, James Bryant. (1893–1978). An

having a vapor pressure greater than 40 psi abs at

American chemist and educator, born in Boston,

37.7C (vapor pressure determined by Reid method

who received his doctorate in chemistry from Har-

(ASTM)). Compressed gases include liquefied pe-

vard in 1916 and was president of Harvard for 20

troleum gases and oxygen, nitrogen, anhydrous am-

years (1933–1953). His major scientific activities

monia, acetylene, nitrous oxide, and fluorocarbon

included pioneering research on chlorophyll and

gases. Some of these are shipped in tonnage volume.

important contributions to the Manhattan Project.

For details on properties, containers, and shipping

Perhaps his greatest achievements lay in the educa-

regulations, see the entries for specific gases.

tional field, in which he exerted a strong liberalizing

influence at both the collegiate and secondary-

compression molding. Formation of a rubber

school levels. He also was ambassador to postwar

or plastic article to a desired shape, by either placing

Germany and educational adviser to Berlin. He

the raw mixture in a specially designed cavity or

wrote many books on science and education, includ-

bringing it into contact with a contoured metal sur-

ing basic chemical texts, and received a number of

face. After the material is in place, heat and pressure

scientific and educational awards.

are supplied by a hydraulic press, the time and tem-

perature varying with the nature of the material. For

concave. See gyratory crusher.

rubber products, vulcanization occurs simulta-

neously. Most plastic molding is now done by the

concentration. The amount of a given substance

injection method, which is more economically effi-

in a stated unit of a mixture, solution, or ore. Com-

cient.

mon methods of stating concentration are percent-

See injection molding.

age by weight or by volume, normality, or weight

per unit volume (as grams per cubic centimeter or

Compton effect. One of the principal processes

pounds per gallon). The concentration of an atom,

by which high-energy electromagnetic radiation (␥-

ion, or molecule in a solution may be symbolized by

rays) interacts with or is absorbed by matter. In the

the use of square brackets, as [Cl

−

]. For radioactivity,

Compton process the ␥-ray frees an electron in mat-

the concentration is usually expressed as millicuries

ter as if the electron were unbound, dividing the

per milliliter (mCi/mL) or millicuries per millimole

momentum of the ␥-ray between the ejected electron

(mCi/mM).

and a new ␥-ray of lower energy going off in a new

direction.

conchiolin. C

. A natural bonding agent

in the calcium carbonate structure of pearls.

computational chemistry. Use of computers

in organic synthesis and in chemical engineering as

conchoidal. A term adopted from mineralogy by

a more efficient means of research than convention-

chemists to describe a type of surface formed by

al laboratory experimentation. The capacity of so-

fracturing a hard solid by impact. Certain materials

phisticated computers for fast mathematical calcula-

present involutely curved fracture surfaces sugges-

tions has made them an invaluable aid in exploring

tive of the shape of the shells of bivalves (conch),

and evaluating the more likely pathways for a given

from which the term is derived. Examples are glass,

organic synthesis, for which there may be innumera-

blown asphalt, and numerous minerals.

ble possible sequences. The term heuristic is applied

to such procedures. Computers can also handle the

conclyte calcium. See calcium lactate.

vast complexity of quantum-mechanical calcula-

tions and aid in the elucidation of the complicated

molecular structures that occur in pharmaceutical

concrete. (1) A conglomerate of gravel, pebbles,

compounds and recombinant-DNA research. The sand, broken stone, and blast-furnace slag or cin-

Quantum Chemistry Program Exchange at Indiana ders, termed the aggregate, embedded in a matrix of

326CONCRETE, CELLULAR

either mortar or cement, usually standard Portland pounds (manganese dioxide, lead sulfide). In elec-

cement in the U.S. Reinforced concrete and ferro- trolytic or ionic conductors the current is carried by

concrete contain steel in various forms. ions, as in solutions of acids, bases, and salts and in

See cement, Portland.

many fused compounds. In electrolytic conduction,

Use: Building and road construction, radiation

as in metallic conduction, heat is generated and a

shielding.

magnetic field is formed around the conductor; a

(2) A waxy solid obtained from roses by extraction

transfer of matter also occurs. In a few materials,

with nonpolar solvents (benzene) after trace quanti-

such as solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals

ties of solvent have been removed. When the con-

in anhydrous liquid ammonia, both types of conduc-

crete is dewaxed by a properly chosen second sol-

tion take place simultaneously; such conductors are

vent (alcohol), the desired essential oil remains. This

called mixed conductors. See semiconductor;

is called an absolute. See absolute; perfume.

transference number.

concrete, cellular. A lightweight concrete

conduction band. A partly filled energy band

foam that may be made in several ways: (1) by

whereby the electrons can move freely, allowing the

adding aluminum powder to the concrete mix and

material to carry an electric current.

applying heat, which releases hydrogen; (2) by

whipping air into the mix containing an entraining

conductivity. The property of a substance or

agent; (3) by adding preformed foam to the mix.

mixture that describes its ability to transfer heat or

Such foams are made from a foaming agent such as

electricity. It is the reciprocal of resistivity.

dried blood, a stabilizer, organic solvents, and a

See conduction.

germicide.

See foam.

Condy’s fluid. A solution of potassium perman-

ganate.

concrete, reinforced. See concrete.

Use: Disinfectants.

condensation. (1) A type of chemical reaction in

confidentiality. In genetics, the expectation that

which two or more molecules combine with the

genetic material and the information gained from

separation of water, alcohol, or other simple sub-

testing that material will not be available without the

stance. The distinction from an addition reaction is

donor’s consent.

not sharp, because reactions can be either stopped at

the addition stage or carried a step beyond it. If a

configuration. The spatial arrangement of an

polymer is formed by condensation, the process is

organic molecule that is conferred by the presence of

called polycondensation, e.g., phenolformaldehyde

either a double bond, about which there is no free-

resin.

dom of rotation, or chiral centers, around which 4

See Claisen condensation; aldol.

different substituent groups are arranged in a stereo-

(2) The change of state of a substance from the vapor

specific fashion. The arrangement in either of these

to the liquid (or solid) form.

cases cannot be changed without breaking at least

one covalent bond.

conductance. An electrical property of a solu-

tion, defined as the reciprocal of the resistance. It is

conformation. (1) A shape or arrangement in

usually used in connection with electrolytic solu-

three-dimensional space that an organic molecule

tions.

can assume by rotating carbon atoms or their substit-

See conduction (2).

uents around single covalent bonds. The conforma-

tion of a molecule is not fixed, though one or another

conductiometric method. A method of analy-

shape may be more likely to occur. The number of

sis in which the end point of a reaction is determined

conformational isomers is infinite. Conformational

by conductance measurements.

analysis involves the study of the preferred (or most

likely) conformations of a molecule in the ground,

conduction. (1) Transfer of heat through a sub-

transition, and excited states. Research on the con-

stance or from one substance to another when the

formations of cyclohexane and various sugars has

two substances are in physical contact (thermal con-

contributed much to this aspect of stereochemistry.

duction). Crystalline solids (especially metals and

(2) An extended, zigzag arrangement of a polypep-

alloys) are good thermal conductors; liquids such as

tide chain which can be parallel or antiparallel. One

water and glass and high polymers such as rubber

of the common secondary structure in proteins.

and cellulose usually are not.

(2) Transfer of an electric current through a solid or

congenic. See coisogenic.

liquid (electrical conduction). In metallic or elec-

tronic conductors the current is carried by a flow of

electrons, the atomic nuclei remaining stationary.

congenital. Any trait present at birth, whether the

This type of conduction is common to all metals and result of a genetic or nongenetic factor.

alloys, carbon and graphite, and certain solid com- See birth defect.

327 CONSTITUENT

Congo red. (sodium diphenyl-bis-␣-naphthyl- tion. It is expressed as a percentage of the pore

amine sulfonate; CI 2120). volume occupied by such water.

CAS: 573-58-0. C

Properties: Brownish-red powder; odorless. De-

Conrad-Limpach reaction. Thermal conden-

composes on exposure to acid fumes. Soluble in

sation of arylamines with ␤-ketoesters followed by

water and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

cyclization of the intermediate Schiff bases to 4-

Derivation: Combination of tetraazotized benzidine

hydroxyquinolines.

and naphthionic acid.

Use: Dye, medicine (diagnostic aid), indicator, bio-

consensus sequence. A nominal sequence in-

logical stain.

ferred from multiple, imperfect examples. Multiple

lanes of shotgun sequence can be merged to show a

Congo resin. A variety of copal fossil resin. The

consensus sequence. The optimal sequence of nu-

natural product is insoluble in organic solvents but

cleotides recognized by some factor. A DNA bind-

forms transparent gels with some alcohols and hot

ing site for a protein may vary substantially, but one

solvents. When thermally processed (cracked), it is

can infer the consensus sequence for the binding site

soluble in all organic solvents, fatty acids, and vege-

by comparing numerous examples.

table oils. Its high acid number prevents its use in

paints containing reactive pigments.

conservation of energy law. (First Law of

Use: High-gloss varnishes, paints for metal surfaces,

Thermodynamics).

wrinkle finishes.

See energy.

coniferin. C

. A glucoside contained in

conserved sequence. A base sequence in a

pine bark and other conifers. When decomposed, it

DNA molecule (or an amino acid sequence in a

yields coniferyl alcohol, which can be oxidized to

protein) that has remained essentially unchanged

vanillin. Used as a raw material for manufacture of

throughout evolution.

synthetic vanillin.

conservative substitution. Replacement of an

coning oil. Usually an emulsified mineral oil

amino acid residue in a polypeptide by another resi-

used as lubricant for textile fibers in processing to

due with similar properties. For example, substitu-

the finished yarn. Fatty-acid esters are often used for

tion of Lys by Arg.

the oil-in-water emulsions.

consistency. Resistance to flow of a material,

conjugated double bonds. Two or more dou-

usually a liquid. For Newtonian liquids, consistency

ble bonds that alternate with single bonds in an

and viscosity are synonymous. For non-Newtonian

unsaturated compound, as in the formula for butadi-

liquids, it qualitatively represents plastic flow. The

ene-1,3 (H

C==CH−CH==CH

) or maleic acid (the

term is used by food technologists.

O==C−C==C−C==O skeleton).

See body (1); viscosity.

conjugated fatty acid. A fatty acid containing

consolute. A liquid, added to a mixture of two

conjugated double bonds.

slightly miscible liquids, which is soluble in each of

these liquids.

conjugated protein. A protein containing one

or more prosthetic groups.

consolute temperature. The critical solution

temperature.

conjugated system. A chemical system char-

acterized by a transmission of chemical reactivity

constantan. Generic name for an alloy contain-

from one atom to another.

ing from 40 to 45% nickel and from 55 to 60%

copper. Used in thermocouples and specialized

conjugate acid-base pair. A proton donor

heat-measuring devices.

and its corresponding deprotonated species; for ex-

ample, acetic acid (donor) and acetate (acceptor).

constant-boiling mixture. See azeotropic

mixture.

conjugate layers. Two layers of a liquid sys-

tem, each composed of a different ternary mixture

constant composition law. See chemical

and in equilibrium with one another.

laws (2).

conjugate redox pair. An electron donor and

its corresponding electron acceptor form; for exam-

constituent. Any of the elements or subgroups in

ple, NADH (donor) and NAD+ (acceptor).

a molecule of a compound. For example, nitrogen is

a constituent of proteins; the carboxyl group is a

connate water. The watery substance en- constituent of fatty acids.

trapped in the interstices of a rock at time of deposi- See component.

328CONSTITUTIONAL DIAGRAM

constitutional diagram. See equilibrium di- 76-lb flasks (mercury)

agram.

contaminant. Any substance, unintentionally

constitutive ablation. Gene expression that re-

introduced into air, water, or food products, that has

sults in cell death.

the effect of rendering them toxic or otherwise

harmful. Examples are sulfur dioxide resulting from

constitutive enzymes. Enzymes required at all

combustion of high-sulfur fuels; pesticide residues

times by a cell and present at some constant level; for

in vegetables, fish, or other food products; industrial

example, many enzymes of the central metabolic

dusts; and radioactive materials resulting from nu-

pathways. Sometimes called “housekeeping” en-

clear explosions.

zymes.

See fallout; decontamination.

Note: Pesticide residues in foods are often referred to

contact acid. Sulfuric acid made by the contact

as unintentional additives though they are actually

process.

contaminants.

contact potential. The difference between the

contig. A group of copied pieces of DNA repre-

work functions of two metals.

senting overlapping regions of a particular chromo-

some.

contact process. A process for the manufacture

of sulfuric acid and oleum in which the sulfur diox-

contig map. A map depicting the relative order

ide from combustion of sulfur, pyrites, or other sul-

of a linked library of overlapping clones represent-

fur sources is oxidized with air to sulfur trioxide by

ing a complete chromosomal segment.

contact with a vanadium pentoxide catalyst. Most of

the sulfuric acid produced in the U.S. is made by this

“Continental” [Crompton & Knowles].

process.

TM for a series of channel blacks used in natural

See sulfuric acid.

and synthetic rubber, paints, inks, and plastics.

contact resin. (impression resin; low-pressure

“Continex” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

resin). A synthetic thermosetting resin character-

for furnace blacks. Used in rubber, plastics, paints,

ized by cure at relatively low pressure. The usual

paper.

components are an unsaturated, high molecular

weight monomer, such as an allyl ester, or a mixture

continuous distillation. Distillation in which a

of styrene or other vinyl monomer with an unsatu-

feed, usually of nearly constant composition, is sup-

rated polyester or alkyd. Cure requires heat and a

plied continuously to a fractionating column, and

catalyst, as well as some pressure. The curing does

the product is continuously withdrawn at the top, the

not result in water formation as with phenol-formal-

bottom, and sometimes at the intermediate points.

dehyde resins.

continuous phase. See phase (2).

container. This term refers not only to units used

to pack chemical products for shipment but also to

those used to transport them. Factors that dictate

contractile vacuole. In many protists, a spe-

their selection include size of shipment, compatibili-

cialized vacuole with associated channels designed

ty of the product with container material, ease of

to collect excess water in the cell. Microtubules

storage and handling, and cost. Common containers

periodically contract to force this excess water out of

are

the cell, regulating the cell’s osmotic balance.

tank cars, tank trucks, hopper cars (bulk chem-

control. (1) In any chemical or other scientific

icals)

experiment, the reference base with which the re-

barges (petroleum products, petrochemicals, other

sults are compared. This base is invariably a sample

chemicals)

of identical constitution and prepared under the

tankers (crude oil, refined products)

same conditions from which all experimental varia-

pipelines (gases, liquid chemicals, etc.)

tions are omitted. Thus, the control represents

55-gal drums of steel, plastic, or fiberboard, with

known values as far as any specific experiment is

or without polyethylene lining.

concerned. Such a sample is often called a “blank.”

5-, 15-, 30-gal metal cans and pails

The use of a control is vital to significant interpreta-

5-gal plastic carboys

tion of experimental data.

1-gal metal cans

(2) Automatic. See automatic control.

steel cylinders (compressed gases)

multiwall paper bags (dry powders)

glass and plastic bottles, vials, etc.

“Control GP” [Aqualon]. TM for corrosion

wooden kegs, barrels, boxes, bales; burlap bags inhibitor and stabilizer for glycol natural-gas dehy-

(bulk imports, such as gums, etc.) drators.

329 COOKING

controlled atmosphere. See atmosphere, into the floor (used for conveying cartons of

finished goods to storage or loading dock).

controlled.

wholly enclosed; horizontal, vertical, or in-

controlled release. Descriptive of a compound

clined movements are possible (used for

manufactured in such a way that its effect will be

powders, grain, vegetable products).

kept uniform over an extended time period; this not

(2) Belt

only provides more effective control, but also re-

(a) Light: flat, rubber/fabric structure for carry-

duces the waste involved in using unnecessarily

ing units through a packaging or assembly

high concentrations. This principle has been applied

line; also for feeding rubber or plastic mixes

successfully to fertilizers, pesticides, pharmaceuti-

to extruder.

cals, flavors, and fragrances. It may involve (1)

(b) Heavy: rubber/fabric structure with thick

encapsulation of the agent; (2) incorporating it into a

cover, for long-distance conveying of bulk

neutral matrix such as a rubber or plastic; (3) coating

solids (coal, coke, gravel, ores).

the particles with sulfur (fertilizers); (4) absorbing

(3) Screw: an auger rotating in a metal trough

the agent into substrates of various types.

or channel; used for feeding particulates to

mixing equipment, handling light solids

controlled substance. A material whose pur-

(wood chips, sawdust, etc.).

chase or use is legally controlled. These are usually

(4) Gravity roller: cylindrical metal rollers at-

drugs of abuse.

tached to metal track or frame; used for

conveying cartons or boxes where plant lay-

convection. The transfer of heat from one place

out permits uniform gravity movement; the

to another by a moving gas or liquid. Natural con-

angle of incline is critical.

vection results from differences in density caused by

(5) Bucket: metal scoops mounted on belts or

temperature differences. Warm air is less dense than

steel frames (for vertical carriage of gravel,

cool air; the warm air rises relative to the cool air,

crushed stone, ores, etc.).

and the cool air sinks. Forced convection involves

(6) Pneumatic: metal tubes of varying diameters

motion caused by pumps, blowers, or other mechan-

operated by positive or negative air pressure;

ical devices.

used for light particulates (unloading bins

and hopper cars and intraplant transport).

convergence. Similarities which have arisen in-

(7) Pipeline: plastic or welded steel tubes for

dependently in two or more organisms that are not

long-distance movement of crude oil, refined

closely related.

products, ammonia, natural gas, water, steam.

See homologies.

Positive pressure required.

conversion ratio. In nucleonics, the ratio of the

number of atoms of fissionable fuel generated to the

number of atoms of fissionable fuel consumed in a

cooking. (1) Conversion of a foodstuff from the

reactor.

raw state to a palatable and more readily digestible

condition by application of heat, as in boiling, fry-

converting. A term used specifically in the paper

ing, roasting, or baking. One or more chemical and

industry to refer to (1) modification of raw paper by

physical changes occur: (a) hydrolysis of collagen in

coating, impregnating, laminating, and corrugating

the connective tissue of meats; (b) softening and

(wet converting); and (2) fabrication of a multitude

partial hydrolysis of cellulose and starches to sugars

of finished products such as bags, cartons, packag-

in fruits and vegetables; (c) denaturation and coagu-

ing materials, napkins, facial tissues, cups, plates,

lation of proteins in meat, resulting in a less tightly

and the like (dry converting). Specialized equipment

ordered structure and improved texture; (d) coagula-

is required for these operations, e.g., roll coaters,

tion of egg albumin and wheat gluten (bakery prod-

extrusion coaters, embossers, crepers, carton and

ucts); (e) modification or “shortening” of wheat

bag-making machines, etc.

flour by added fats that coat the particles to form a

laminar structure, thus preventing formation of

conveyor. Any device for continuous transport of

chains of gluten; (f) evolution of carbon dioxide by

raw materials, assembly units, or finished products.

the action of leavening agents (yeast, baking pow-

The more important types are as follows, all except

der), which cause rising of gas bubbles that are

(4), (6), and (7) being mechanically driven.

retained by the gluten to form a stable, solid foam;

(g) browning of meats and bakery products due to

(1) Chain

reaction of sugars and amino acids (nonenzymatic);

(a) Plain chain: four or more parallel chains

(h) deactivation of enzymes and destruction of bac-

whose tops are a little higher than the tracks

teria; (i) loss or deactivation of water-soluble vita-

on which they move (used for flat objects,

mins in meat and vegetables.

cartons, metal bars, etc.).

(2) In the paper industry, digestion of wood pulp

(b) In floor: two parallel chains operating in

metal channels about 16 inches apart and set with such compounds as sodium sulfate, sodium

330COOLANT

hydroxide, and sodium sulfide to separate the lignin nitrogen) that can be either donated to or shared with

content from the cellulose. See pulp, paper.

the metal ions. The metal ion acts as a Lewis acid

(electron acceptor) and the ligand as a Lewis base

(electron donor). The bonding is neither covalent

coolant. (heat-transfer medium; thermofor).

Any liquid or gas having the property of absorbing nor electrostatic but may be considered intermediate

heat from its environment and transferring it effec-

between the two types. The charge on the complex

tively away from its source. Coolants are used in all

ion is the sum of the charges on the metal ion and the

types of automobiles, as well as in chemical process-

ligands; for example, 4NH

+ 2Cl

−

+Co

forms the

ing and nuclear engineering equipment. One of the

complex [Co(NH

)

]

. The brackets enclose the

most effective and cheapest coolants is water, which

metal ion and the coordinated ligands.

is almost universally used in automotive and ordi-

See chelate; sequestration; metallocene.

nary reaction equipment. Air is also used. Where

intense heating requires a more efficient medium,

coordination isomerism. Isomerism due to

special coolants are used: liquid sodium in nuclear

two central atoms, one in the positive complex and

reactors, liquid hydrogen in high-thrust nuclear

one in the negative complex.

rocket engines; carbon dioxide, propylene glycol,

and “Dowtherm” in chemical-processing reactors.

coordination number. (CN). The number of

Methoxy propanol has been introduced for diesel

points at which ligands are attached to the metal ion

engines. Some coolants provide antifreeze protec-

in a complex. Common coordination numbers are 2,

tion.

4, and 6, exemplified by the ions [Ag(NH

)

]

See antifreeze.

[Ni(CN)

]

2−

, and [PdCl

]

2−

Coolidge, William D. (1873–1975). An

copaiba oil. A levorotatory, essential oil ob-

American physical chemist born in Massachusetts.

tained from a tree native to Brazil; a component of

He received a degree in electrical engineering at

copaiba resin (a type of balsam). The sap of this tree

M.I.T. (1896) and a doctorate in physics at Leipzig

is a turpentine-like liquid that can be used as an

(1899). In 1905, he joined the General Electric Re-

automotive fuel; intensive cultivation of copaiba

search Laboratory, which had been established five

trees for this purpose is under experimentation in

years earlier. Here he invented the ductile tungsten

Brazil.

filament and developed the use of tungsten in elec-

trical switches and medical X-ray tubes. He did

copaiba resin. See balsam (3); copaiba oil.

pioneer research in experimental metallurgy and

powder metallurgy. He also had a prominent part in

copaibic acid. C

. A monobasic acid de-

evaluating uranium research (1941) and in setting up

rived from copaiba balsam.

the Manhattan Project. He was the recipient of many

honors and awards, including induction into the Na-

copal. A group of fossil resins still used to some

tional Inventors Hall of Fame in 1975.

extent in varnishes and lacquers. Insoluble in oils

and water. The most important types are Congo,

cooperage. The manufacture of barrels, formerly

kauri, and manila.

of wood but now including drums made of various

materials such as resin-bonded fiber, metal, and

Cope elimination reaction. Formation of an

plastic.

olefin and a hydroxylamine by pyrolysis of an amine

oxide.

coordinate bond. (dative bond). A covalent

bond consisting of a pair of electrons donated by

Cope rearrangement. Thermal isomerization

only one of the two atoms it joins.

of 1,5-dienes by 1 3,3 shift.

coordination compound. (complex com-

“Copherol” [Henkel].

pound). A compound formed by the union of a

CAS: 7695-91-2. TM for natural tocopheryl acetate

metal ion (usually a transition metal) with a nonme-

source of vitamin E.

tallic ion or molecule called a ligand or complexing

Use: Antioxidant and moisturizer for topical skin-

agent. The ligand may be either positively or nega-

care and sunscreen products.

tively charged (such ions as Cl

−

or NH

), or it

may be a molecule of water or ammonia. The most

copigment. A material that forms an unstable

common metal ions are those of cobalt, platinum,

addition compound with the anthocyanin pigment of

iron, copper, and nickel, which form highly stable

flowers, such as tannin.

compounds. When ammonia is the ligand, the com-

pounds are called ammines. The total number of

bonds linking the metal to the ligand is called its

copolymer. An elastomer produced by the simul-

coordination number. It is usually 2, 4, or 6 and often taneous polymerization of two or more dissimilar

depends on the type of ligand involved. All ligands monomers, as SBR synthetic rubber from styrene

have electron pairs on the coordinating atom (e.g., and butadiene.

331 COPPER ARSENATE

copper. copper acetate, basic. (copper subacetate;

verdigris; verdigris blue; verdigris green).

CAS: 7440-50-8. Cu. Metallic element of atomic

Properties: Masses of minute, silky crystals, either

number 29, group IB of the periodic table, aw

pale green or bright blue in color. Blue variety ap-

63.546, valences 1, 2; two stable isotopes.

proximate formula (C

)

O. Green variety

Properties: Distinctive reddish color. D 8.96, mp

approximate formula CuO•2Cu(C

)

. Coppery

1083C, bp 2595C. Ductile, excellent conductor of

taste. The green rust with which uncleaned copper

electricity. Complexing agent, coordination num-

vessels become coated and which is commonly

bers 2 and 4. Dissolves readily in nitric and hot

termed verdigris is a copper carbonate and must not

concentrated sulfuric acids; in hydrochloric and di-

be confused with true verdigris. Apart from its im-

lute sulfuric acids slowly, but only when exposed to

purities, verdigris is a variable mixture of the basic

the atmosphere. More resistant to atmospheric cor-

copper acetates. Soluble in acids; very slightly solu-

rosion than iron, forming a green layer of hydrated

ble in water and alcohol.

basic carbonate. Readily attacked by alkalies. A

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on copper in the

necessary trace element in human diet, and a factor

presence of air.

in plant metabolism. Essentially nontoxic in ele-

Use: Paint pigment, insecticide, fungicide, mildew

mental form. Noncombustible, except as powder.

preventive, mordant in dyeing and printing.

Source: Azurite, azurmalachite, chalcocite, chalco-

pyrite (copper pyrites), covellite, cuprite, malachite

from Michigan, Arizona, Utah, Montana, New

copper acetoarsenite. (cupric acetoarsenite;

Mexico, Nevada, Tennessee, Chile, Canada, the for-

Paris green; king’s green; Schweinfurt green;

mer U.S.S.R., Zambia, Zaire.

imperial green). (CuO)

•Cu(Cu

)

Derivation: Varies with the type of ore. With sulfide

Properties: Emerald-green powder. Soluble in acids;

ores, the steps may be (1) concentration (of low-

insoluble in alcohol and water. Phytotoxic.

grade ores) by flotation and leaching, (2) roasting,

Derivation: By reacting sodium arsenite with copper

(3) formation of copper matte (40–50% Cu), (4)

sulfate and acetic acid.

reduction of matte to blister copper (96–98%), (5)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

electrolytic refining to 99.9+% copper.

Use: Wood preservative, larvicide, marine antifoul-

Available forms: Ingot, sheet, rod, wire, tubing,

ing paints.

shot, powder, high purity (impurities <10 ppm) as

single crystals or whiskers.

copper acetylacetonate. (copper-2,4-pen-

Hazard: Flammable in finely divided form. TLV:

tanedione). Cu(C

)

. Crystalline powder,

(fume) 0.2 mg/m

, (dusts and mists) 1 mg/m

slightly soluble in water and alcohol, soluble in

Use: Electric wiring; switches; plumbing; heating;

chloroform, mp >230C. Resistant to hydrolysis. A

roofing and building construction; chemical and

chelating nonionizing compound.

pharmaceutical machinery; alloys (brass, bronze,

Monel metal, beryllium-copper); electroplated pro-

copper amalgam.

tective coatings and undercoats for nickel, chromi-

Properties: Hard, brown leaflets. Contains approxi-

um, zinc, etc., cooking utensils; corrosion-resistant

mately 74% mercury and approximately 24% cop-

piping; insecticides; catalyst; antifouling paints.

per. Soluble in nitric acid.

Flakes used as insulation for liquid fuels. Whiskers

Use: Dental cement.

used in thermal and electrical composites.

copper aminoacetate. See copper glycinate.

copper abietate. (cupric abietate).

Cu(C

)

copper aminosulfate. See copper sulfate,

Properties: Green scales. Soluble in alcohol and in

ammoniated.

oils (producing a fine-green color); insoluble in

water.

Derivation: Heating copper hydroxide with abietic

copper ammonium acetate. (cuprous ace-

acid.

tate, ammoniacal).

Use: Preservative metal paint, fungicide.

Use: In an absorption process for separating butadi-

ene from C

streams at refineries or from by-prod-

ucts of ethylene production.

copper acetate. (cupric acetate; crystals of

Venus; verdigris, crystallized).

CAS: 142-71-2. Cu(C

)

•H

O. copper arsenate. Probably the basic cupric ar-

Properties: Greenish-blue, fine powder. D 1.9, mp senate.

115C, decomposes at 240C. Soluble in water, alco- Properties: Light-blue, blue, or bluish-green pow-

hol and ether. der. Variable composition. Contains approximately

Derivation: Action of acetic acid on copper oxide 33% copper and approximately 29% arsenic. Solu-

and subsequent crystallization. ble in dilute acids, ammonium hydroxide; insoluble

Use: Pesticide, catalyst, fungicide, pigments, manu- in alcohol, water.

facture of Paris green. Use: Insecticide, fungicide.

332COPPER ARSENITE

copper arsenite. (cupric arsenite; copper or- Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. TWA (fume) 0.2 mg/

; (dust, mist) 1 mg(Cu)/m

; (Proposed: TWA

thoarsenite; Scheele’s green).

(fume and respirable particles) 0.05 mg/m

; (dust,

CAS: 10290-12-7. CuHAsO

or Cu

(AsO

)

•3H

mist) 1 mg(Cu)/m

variable.

Use: Pigments, pyrotechnics, insecticides, copper

Properties: Fine, light-green powder. Mp (decom-

salts, coloring brass black, astringent in pomade

poses). Soluble in acids; insoluble in water and al-

preparations, antidote for phosphorus poisoning,

cohol.

smut preventive, fungicide for seed treatment, feed

Use: Insecticide, fungicide, pigment, wood preserva-

additive (in small amounts).

tive, rodenticide.

copper chloride. (cupric chloride).

copper arsenite, ammoniacal. See “Che-

CAS: 1344-67-8. (1) CuCl

, (2) CuCl

•2H

monite.”

Properties: (1) Brownish-yellow powder, hygro-

scopic, (2) green, deliquescent crystals, soluble in

copperas. See ferrous sulfate.

water and alcohol. D (1) 3.386 (25C), (2) 2.54

(25C); (1) mp 620C decomposes at 993C to cuprous

copperas, blue. See copper sulfate.

chloride (2) loses 2H

O at 100C.

Derivation: (1) By the union of copper and chlorine.

copperas, green. See ferrous sulfate.

(2) Copper carbonate is treated with hydrochloric

acid and the product crystallized.

copperas, white. See zinc sulfate.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

copper benzoate. (C

COO)

Cu•2H

Use: Isomerization and cracking catalyst, mordant in

Properties: Blue, crystalline powder; odorless. Mp

dyeing and printing fabrics, sympathetic ink, disin-

(loses water) 110C. Slightly soluble in cold water,

fectant, pyrotechnics, wood preservation, fungi-

acids, and alcohol.

cides, metallurgy, preservation of pulpwood, deo-

Derivation: Interaction of solutions of a benzoate

dorizing and desulfurizing petroleum distillates,

and copper salt.

photography, water purification, feed additive, elec-

troplating baths, pigment for glass and ceramics,

copper-beryllium. See beryllium-copper.

acrylonitrile manufacturing.

See cuprous chloride.

copper bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate).

CAS: 13927-71-4. mf: C

•Cu.

copper chromate. (cupric chromate, basic).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CuCrO

•2CuO•2H

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Light chocolate-brown powder. Loses

water at 260C. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in

copper, bis(1-hydroxy-2(1h)-

water.

pyridinethionato)-. See bis(2-pyridinethiol

Derivation: Action of chromic acid on copper hy-

1-oxide)copper.

droxide.

Hazard: A carcinogen. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

copper, blister. See blinding copper.

Use: Mordant in dyeing, wood preservative, seed

treatment fungicides.

copper blue. See mountain blue.

copper cyanide. (cupric cyanide).

copper borate. See copper metaborate.

CAS: 544-92-3. Cu(CN)

Properties: Green powder. Keep well stoppered.

copper bromide. (cupric bromide). CuBr

Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble in water.

Properties: Black powder or crystals, deliquescent.

Derivation: Addition of potassium cyanide to a solu-

Mp 498C; d 4.77 (25C). Soluble in acetone, alcohol,

tion of copper sulfate; cupric cyanide is precipitated.

water.

This can be dried but is not stable.

Use: Photography (intensifier), organic synthesis

Grade: Technical.

(brominating agent), battery electrolyte, wood pre-

Hazard: Poison. TLV: (CN) 5 mg/m

servative.

Use: Electroplating copper on iron, intermediate (in-

troduction of the cyanide group in place of the amino

copper carbonate. (cupric carbonate; copper

radical in aromatic organic compounds).

carbonate, basic; artificial malachite; mineral

See cuprous cyanide.

green. For the native mineral see malachite).

CAS: 12069-69-1. Cu

(OH)

Properties: Green powder. D 3.7–4.0, decomposes

copper, deoxidized. (copper, oxygen-free).

at 200C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Copper metal specially treated (as by addition of

Derivation: By adding sodium carbonate to a solu- phosphorus) to remove all or a part of the 0.05%

tion of copper sulfate, filtering, and drying. oxygen normally present. It is more ductile than

Grade: Technical, CP. ordinary copper.

333 COPPER IODIDE

copper(II) diethyldithiocarbamate. Derivation: Interaction of copper hydroxide and hy-

CAS: 13681-87-3. mf: C

•Cu. drofluosilicic acid.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Method of purification: Crystallization.

Use: Agricultural chemical. Grade: Technical.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: (F) 2.5 mg/m

Use: Dyeing and hardening white marble, treating

copper dihydrazine sulfate.

grapevines for “white disease.”

CAS: 33271-65-7. mf: H

•Cu.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

copper glance. See chalcocite.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

copper gluconate. (cupric gluconate).

copper dihydrazinium sulfate.

[Cu

OH(CH

COO]

Cu.

(CuSO

)

•H

Properties: Odorless, light-blue, fine, crystalline

Properties: Bluish powder. Mp >300C, starts to de-

powder. Soluble in water; insoluble in acetone, alco-

compose at 140C, very slightly soluble in water (250

hol, and ether.

ppm at 80C).

Grade: Pharmaceutical, FCC.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion or inhalation. Skin and

Use: Feed additive, dietary supplement, mouth deo-

eye irritant.

dorant.

Use: Foliage fungicide.

copper glycinate. (copper aminoacetate).

copper, electrolytic. Copper refined by elec-

(NH

COO)

Cu.

trolysis. The purest form of copper available com-

Properties: Blue, triboluminescent crystals. Mp

mercially.

130C. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol; insolu-

ble in hydrocarbons, ethers, and ketones.

copper ethylacetoacetate. Cu(C

)

Grade: Anhydrous, hydrate.

Properties: Blue-green powder. Mp 192–193C. In-

Use: Catalyst for rapid biochemical assimilation of

soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

iron, electroplating baths, photometric analysis,

Use: Fungicide, intermediate.

feed additive.

copper ferrocyanide. (cupric ferrocyanide).

copper hemioxide. See copper oxide red.

Fe(CN)

•7H

Properties: Reddish-brown powder. Insoluble in

copper hydrate. See copper hydroxide.

water and acids; soluble in ammonium hydroxide

and potassium cyanide solutions.

copper hydroxide. (cupric hydroxide; copper

Use: Pigment in paints and enamels, analytical test

oxide hydrated; copper hydrate).

for traces of copper, inorganic osmotic membranes.

CAS: 20427-59-2. Cu(OH)

Properties: Blue powder. D 3.368, mp (decom-

copper fluoride. (cupric fluoride).

poses). Soluble in acids and ammonium hydroxide;

CuF

•2H

O. The anhydrous form, CuF

, is also

insoluble in water.

available.

Derivation: Interaction of a solution of a copper salt

Properties: Blue crystals. D 2.93 (25C). Slightly

with an alkali.

soluble in water; soluble in acids and alcohol.

Grade: Technical.

Derivation: (1) By decomposing copper carbonate

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

with hydrofluoric acid and subsequent crystalliza-

Use: Copper salts, mordant, cuprammonium rayon,

tion; (2) fluorination of copper hydroxyfluoride at

pigment, staining paper, feed additive, pesticide and

525C.

fungicide, catalyst.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

copper-8-hydroxyquinoline. See copper-8-

Use: Ceramics, enamels, flux in metallurgy, high-

quinolinolate.

energy batteries, fluorinating agent.

copper indium selenide.

copper(II) fluoroacetate.

CAS: 12018-95-0. mf: CuInSe

CAS: 20424-95-7. mf: C

•Cu.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

“Copper Inhibitor 50” [Du Pont]. TM for

50% disalicylalpropylenediamine and 50% aromat-

copper fluosilicate. (copper silicofluoride;

ic solvent. Used to prevent catalytic action of copper

cupric fluosilicate; cupric silicofluoride).

on oxidation of natural and synthetic rubbers.

CuSiF

•4H

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Properties: Blue, hygroscopic crystals. D 2.158, de-

composed by heat. Soluble in water; slightly soluble

in alcohol.

copper iodide. See cuprous iodide.

334COPPER LACTATE

copper lactate. (cupric lactate). (1) 114.5C, (2) loses 3H

O at 26.4C; (1) decomposes

Cu(C

)

•2H

O. 170C.

Derivation: By treating copper or copper oxide with

Properties: Greenish-blue crystals or granular pow-

nitric acid. The solution is evaporated and product

der. Soluble in water and ammonium hydroxide.

recovered by crystallization.

Use: Source of copper in copper-plating fungicides.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: Oxidizer, causes violent combustion or ex-

copper mercury iodide. See mercuric cu-

plosion with organic materials.

prous iodide.

Use: Light-sensitive papers; analytical reagent; mor-

dant in textile dyeing; nitrating agent; insecticide for

copper metaborate. (copper borate; cupric

vines; coloring copper black; electroplating; pro-

borate). Cu(BO

)

duction of burnished effect on iron; paints; var-

Properties: Bluish-green, crystalline powder. D

nishes, enamels; pharmaceutical preparations; cata-

3.859. Insoluble in water; soluble in acids.

lyst.

Derivation: Interaction of copper sulfate and sodium

borate.

copper nitrite. (copper nitrite basic; cupric

Grade: Technical, CP.

nitrite). Cu(NO

)

•3Cu(OH)

, variable.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Green powder. Decomposes at 120C.

Use: Dehydrogenation catalyst, wood preservative,

Soluble (with decomposition) in dilute acids, am-

fireretardant, paint and ceramic pigment, insecti-

monium hydroxide; slightly soluble in water.

cides (especially wheat-rust compounds).

copper nitrite basic. See copper nitrite.

copper methane arsenate. CH

AsO

Cu.

Properties: Greenish solid.

Derivation: Reaction of disodium methyl arsenate

copper octoate. See soap (2).

with copper salts.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

copper oleate. (cupric oleate). Cu(C

)

Use: Algicide.

Properties: Brown powder or greenish-blue mass.

Soluble in ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

copper methane arsonate.

Derivation: Interaction of copper sulfate and sodium

CAS: 63869-12-5. mf: CH

AsO

•Cu.

oleate.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Preserving fish nets and marine lines, fungicide,

insecticide, ore flotation, lubricating oil antioxidant,

copper molybdate. CuMoO

emulsifying agent, fuel-oil ignition improver, cata-

Properties: Crystals. D 3.4, mp approximately

lyst.

500C. Insoluble in water.

See soap (2).

Grade: 99.98% pure. Electronic and optical equip-

ment.

copper oxalate. (cupric oxalate). CuC

Use: Paint pigment and protective coatings, corro-

Properties: Bluish-green powder, decomposes at ap-

sion inhibitor.

proximately 300C to copper oxide. Insoluble in wa-

ter, alcohol, and acetic acid; soluble in ammonium

copper monoxide. See copper oxide black.

hydroxide.

Derivation: Reaction of oxalic acid with copper sul-

fate.

copper naphthenate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; tissue irritant.

CAS: 1338-02-9.

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, rodent repellent in

Properties: Green-blue solid. High germicidal pow-

seed coatings.

er. Soluble in gasoline, benzene, and mineral-oil

distillates.

Derivation: Addition of solution of cupric sulfate to

copper oxide black. (cupric oxide; copper

aqueous solution of sodium naphthenate.

monoxide).

Grade: 6, 8, 11.5% copper.

CAS: 1317-39-1. CuO.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk (solution).

Properties: Brownish-black powder. D 6.32, decom-

Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

poses at 1026C. Soluble in acids; difficultly soluble

Use: Wood, canvas, and rope preservative, insecti-

in water.

cide, fungicide, antifouling paints.

Derivation: Ignition of copper carbonate or copper

See soap (2).

nitrate.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

copper nitrate. (cupric nitrate). Use: Ceramic colorant, reagent in analytical chemis-

CAS: 3251-23-8. (1) Cu(NO

)

•3H

O, (2) try, insecticide for potato plants, catalyst, purifica-

Cu(NO

)

•6H

O. tion of hydrogen, batteries and electrodes, aromatic

Properties: Blue, deliquescent crystals. Soluble in acids from cresols, electroplating, solvent for chro-

water and alcohol. D (1) 2.32 (25C), (2) 2.074; mp mic iron ores, desulfurizing oils, rayon, metallurgi-

335 COPPER RICINOLEATE

cal and welding fluxes, antifouling paints, phos- Properties: Fine, blue powder; assay min 95%; very

phors. slightly soluble in common organic solvents or wa-

ter. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

copper oxide hydrated. See copper hy-

Use: Fungicide.

droxide.

copper oxide red. (cuprous oxide; copper

copper phthalocyanine blue. See Pigment

protoxide; copper hemioxide; copper suboxide).

Blue 15.

O. For the native ore see cuprite.

Properties: Reddish-brown, octahedral crystals. D

copper phthalocyanine green. See Pigment

5.75–6.09, mp 1235C, bp 1800C. Soluble in acids

Green 7.

and ammonium hydroxide; insoluble in water.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of finely divided copper.

copper potassium ferrocyanide. (potassi-

(2) Addition of bases to cuprous chloride. (3) Action

um copper ferrocyanide). K

CuFe(CN)

•H

of glucose on cupric hydroxide.

Properties: Brownish-red powder. Insoluble in

Grade: Technical, CP, 97% min (for pigments), also

water.

USN Type I (97%), USN Type II (90%).

Use: Pigment.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Copper salts, ceramics, porcelain red glaze, red

copper protoxide. See copper oxide red.

glass, electroplating, antifouling paints, fungicide,

catalyst, brazing preparations, photocells.

copper pyrites. See chalcopyrite.

copper oxinate. See copper-8-quinolinolate.

copper pyrophosphate. See “Unichrome”

copper oxychloride. (cupric oxychloride).

[ATOTECH].

Composition variable, possibly

3CuO•CuCl

•3.5H

copper-8-quinolinolate. (copper-8; copper

Properties: Bluish-green powder. Soluble in acids,

oxinate; copper-8-hydroxyquinoline).

ammonia; insoluble in water.

Cu(C

ON)

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Properties: Yellow-green, nonhygroscopic,

Use: Pigment, pesticide, fungus control in gra-

odorless powder. Insoluble in water; somewhat sol-

pevines.

uble in weak acids; soluble in strong acids. Insoluble

in most organic solvents but somewhat soluble in

copper-2,4-pentanedione. See copper acety-

pyridine and quinoline. Soluble copper-8 refers to

lacetonate.

the product formed by heating copper-8-quinolino-

late with certain organic acids (naphthenic, lactic,

copper phenolsulfonate. (copper sulfocarbo-

stearic, etc.) or their salts. In such products, the

late). [C

(OH)SO

]

Cu•6H

copper-8-quinolinolate does not settle out on stand-

Properties: Green, prismatic crystals. Soluble in wa-

ing, even after dilution with various solvents.

ter and alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: From 8-quinolinol and copper salt such

Derivation: Interaction of barium phenolsulfonate

as copper acetate.

and copper sulfate.

Grade: 10% active salt (1.8% Cu) solution.

Use: Esterification catalyst, electroplating.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Fungicide and mildew-proofing of fabrics, anal-

copper phosphate. (copper orthophosphate).

ysis for copper.

(PO

)

•3H

Properties: Light-blue powder. Soluble in acids, am-

copper resinate. (cupric resinate).

monium hydroxide; insoluble in water.

Properties: Green powder. Soluble in ether and oils;

Use: Analysis, fungicide, catalyst, oxidation inhibi-

insoluble in water. Combustible.

tor for metals.

Derivation: By heating copper sulfate and rosin oil

and filtering and drying the precipitate.

copper phosphide. Cu

Use: Antifouling paints, insecticide.

Properties: Grayish-black, metallic powder. D 6.67.

See soap (2).

Insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid; soluble in

nitric acid; insoluble in hydrochloric acid.

Derivation: By heating copper and phosphorus.

copper ricinoleate. Cu(C

OHCOO)

Hazard: Dangerous, spontaneously flammable, and

Properties: Green plastic solid. Soluble in water,

toxic phosphine evolved on reaction with water.

aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones and aromatic hy-

May explode when mixed with potassium nitrate.

drocarbons; partially soluble in alcohols and gly-

Use: Manufacturing phosphor-bronze.

cols; soluble in Softening p 64C.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Combustible.

copper phthalate. C

Cu. Use: Fungicides, insecticides.

336COPPER SCALE

copper scale. A coating formed on copper after tion of pulp wood and ground pulp, process engrav-

heating, composed of cupric and cuprous oxides.

ing and lithography, ore flotation, petroleum indus-

try, synthetic rubber, steel manufacture, treatment of

copper selenate. (cupric selenate). natural asphalts. The anhydrous salt is used as a

CuSeO

•5H

O. dehydrating agent.

Properties: Light-blue crystals. D 2.559; loses 4H

at 50–100C. Soluble in acids, ammonium hydrox-

copper sulfate, ammoniated. (cupric am-

ide, water; insoluble in alcohol.

monia sulfate; ammonio-cupric sulfate; copper

Use: Black colorant for copper.

aminosulfate). Cu(NH

)

•H

Properties: Dark-blue, crystalline powder; decom-

copper silicate. A complex mixture precipitat- poses in air; soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

ed by solutions of copper salts from sodium silicate Derivation: By dissolving copper sulfate in ammo-

solutions. Used in pigments, catalysts, and insecti- nium hydroxide and precipitating with alcohol.

cides. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Calico printing, manufacturing copper arsenate,

insecticide, treating fiber products.

copper silicide. See silicon-copper.

copper sulfate, tribasic.

copper silicofluoride. See copper fluosili-

CAS: 7758-98-7. CuSO

•3Cu(OH)

•H

cate.

Properties: Aqua-colored powder of extremely fine

particle size. Water soluble. Stable in storage, forms

copper sodium chloride. (sodium copper

essentially neutral water dispersion.

chloride). CuCl

•2NaCl•2H

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Light-green crystals. Soluble in water.

Use: A fixed copper fungicide. Also micronutrient

for plants. Compatible with arsenicals, organic in-

copper sodium cyanide. See sodium copper

secticides, sulfur, and cryolite. Used as spray or

cyanide.

dust. Does not inhibit photosynthesis.

copper stearate. (cupric stearate).

copper sulfide. (cupric sulfide). CuS.

Cu(C

)

Properties: Black powder or lumps. D 3.9–4.6, de-

Properties: Light-blue powder. Soluble in ether,

composes at 220C. Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble

chloroform, benzene, turpentine, hot benzene, tolu-

in water. Occurs as the mineral covellite.

ene, carbon tetrachloride; insoluble in water and

Derivation: By passing hydrogen sulfide gas into a

alcohol. Mp 125C. Combustible.

solution of a copper salt.

Derivation: By the interaction of copper sulfate and

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

sodium stearate.

Use: Antifouling paints, dyeing with aniline black,

Use: Preservative for cellulosic materials, antifouling

catalyst preparation.

paints, catalyst.

See cuprous sulfide.

copper subacetate. See copper acetate,

copper sulfocarbolate. See copper phenol-

basic.

sulfonate.

copper suboxide. See copper oxide, red.

copper sulfocyanide. See cuprous thiocya-

nate.

copper sulfate. (cupric sulfate; blue vitriol;

blue stone; blue copperas). CuSO

•5H

copper tallate. See soap (2).

Properties: Blue crystals or blue, crystalline gran-

ules or powder; slowly efflorescing in air; white

copper trifluoroacetylacetonate.

when dehydrated; nauseous metallic taste. Soluble

Cu[OC(CH

):CHCO(CF

)]

in water, methanol; slightly soluble in alcohol and

Properties: Solid. Mp 188–190C.

glycerol; d 2.284.

Use: Metal analysis standards, vapor-phase deposi-

Derivation: Action of dilute sulfuric acid on copper

tion of metals, laser studies.

or copper oxide (often as oxide ores) in large quanti-

ties with evaporation and crystallization.

copper tungstate. (cupric tungstate).

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

CuWO

•2H

Grade: Technical, CP, NF, also sold as monohy-

Properties: Light-green powder. Soluble in ammo-

drate. Available as crystals or powder.

nium hydroxide; slightly soluble in acetic acid; in-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant.

soluble in alcohol and water.

Use: Agriculture (soil additive, pesticides, Bordeaux

Use: Polyester catalyst, semiconductors, nuclear re-

mixture), feed additive, germicides, textile mordant,

actors.

leather industry, pigments, electric batteries, elec-

troplated coatings, copper salts, reagent in analytical

chemistry, medicine, wood preservative, preserva-

copper yellow. See chalcopyrite.

337 CORN OIL

copper zinc chromate. Variable in composi- Corey-Winter olefin synthesis. Synthesis of

tion. Used as a fungicide. olefins from 1,2-diols and thiocarbonyldiimidazole.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. A carcin- Treatment of the intermediate cyclic thionocarbo-

ogen. TLV: 0.5 mg(Cr)/m

. nate with trimethylphosphite yields the olefin by cis

elimination.

“Coppralyte” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

“CoRezyn” [Interplastic]. TM for a variety of

products for electroplating copper.

polymer resins tailored for specific uses and for

materials used with the polymers in making finished

“Coprantine” [Novartis]. TM for dyes requir-

products.

ing after-treatment with copper compounds.

“Corgard” [Corning]. TM for a borosilicate

copra oil. The name applied to lower grades of

glass armored with an opaque, filament-wound lam-

coconut oil.

inate of glass fiber and a modified polyester resin.

coptisine.

coriander oil. An essential oil with strong, spicy

CAS: 3486-66-6. mf: C

taste; may be irritating when ingested. Dextrorotato-

Hazard: A poison.

ry. Used chiefly to flavor gin.

coral. Skeletons of the coral polyps found in the

coriandrol. See linalool.

warmer oceans and consisting mainly of calcium

carbonate colored with ferric oxide. Coral rock is

Coriolis effect. The tendency of a current of air

porous. It occurs in the form of reefs east of Austra-

or water flowing over the surface of the earth to bend

lia and at other locations in the southwest Pacific. It

to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left

has been found to be the habitat of organisms that are

in the southern hemisphere.

rich in prostaglandins.

Hazard: Will infect open wounds.

cork. A form of cellulose constituting the light

Use: Building stone, cement, road and airfield con-

outer bark of the oak tree known as Quercus suber.It

struction, jewelry.

grows naturally in southern Europe and northern

Africa and has been cultivated in the southwestern

“Coral” [B. F. Goodrich]. TM for a stereo-

U.S. Its special properties are extreme lightness,

specific, polyisoprene rubber consisting essentially

relative imperviousness to water, resilient structure,

of cis-1,4-polyisoprene.

and low rate of heat transfer. These account for its

Properties: Similar to those of natural rubber, both

usefulness as bottle stoppers, insulation, wallboard,

unvulcanized and vulcanized.

life preservers, gaskets, and sound-deadening inser-

Use: Replacement for natural rubber.

tions. D 0.1–0.25. Combustible.

cordial. See liqueur.

corkboard. A mixture of ground cork and paper

pulp formed into thick sheets for insulating pur-

cordite. A smokeless powder that is a mixture of

poses.

nitrocellulose and nitroglycerin, with approximate-

ly 5% petrolatum added to thicken and stabilize the

(+)-corlumine.

mixture. Materials are dissolved in acetone and

CAS: 485-51-8. mf: C

mixed. Evaporation of the excess acetone leaves a

Hazard: A poison.

gelatinous mass, which is extruded into cords.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

“Cordobond” [Ferro]. TM for epoxy repair

corn endosperm oil.

systems, liquid coating, and dispersions.

Properties: Reddish-brown liquid.

Use: For industrial, marine applications giving

Use: Food additive.

strength and abrasion resistance.

Cornforth, John. (1917– ). An Australian-born

core of the earth. The central part of the earth

chemist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

below a depth of 2900 km. It is thought to be com-

1975 with V. Prelog for work on the chemical syn-

posed largely of iron and to be molten on the outside

thesis of organic compounds. Although deaf since

with a solid central region.

childhood, he attained his doctorate from Oxford

and held prestigious posts all over the world, as well

as authoring many papers on organic and biochemi-

Corey, Elias James. (1928– ). An American

cal subjects.

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1990 for

development of novel methods for the synthesis of

complex natural compounds (retrosynthetic analy-

corn oil. (maize oil).

sis). He specialized in synthesis of terpines. Award- Properties: Pale yellow liquid; characteristic taste

ed a doctorate by M.I.T. in 1951. and odor. D 0.914–0.921, saponification number

338CORN SILK AND CORN SILK EXTRACT

188–193, iodine number 102–128, flash p 490F Hazard: A poison.

(254C). Insoluble in water; soluble in ether, chloro- Source: Natural product.

form, amyl acetate, benzene, and carbon disulfide;

slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible. Nontoxic

coroxon. (O,O-diethyl-O-(3-chloro-4-methyl-

and nondrying. Moderate tendency to spontaneous

coumarin-7-yl)phosphate).

heating.

Hazard: A cholinesterase inhibitor.

Chief constituents: Linoleic and oleic acids (unsatu-

Use: Insecticide, fungicide.

rated), palmitic and stearic (saturated).

Derivation: The germ of common corn (Indian corn,

correlation table. See scatter diagram.

Zea mays) is removed from the grain and pressed.

Grade: Crude, refined, USP, technical.

corresponding states. (reduced states). Two

Use: Foodstuffs, soap, lubricants, leather dressing,

substances are in corresponding states when their

factice, margarine, salad oil, hair dressing, solvent.

pressures, volumes (or densities), and temperatures

are proportional, respectively, to their critical pres-

corn silk and corn silk extract.

sures, volumes (or densities), and temperatures. If

Properties: Extracted from the fresh styles and stig-

any two of these ratios are equal, the third must also

mas of Zea mays L.

be equal. This principle has been useful in the devel-

Use: Food additive.

opment of physical and thermal properties of sub-

stances.

cornstarch. A carbohydrate polymer derived

from corn of various types, composed of 25% amy-

corrosion. (1) The electrochemical degradation

lose and 75% amylopectin. A white powder that

of metals or alloys caused by reaction with their

swells in water, it is the most widely used starch in

environment, which is accelerated by the presence

the U.S. The so-called waxy variety (made from

of acids or bases. In general, the corrodability of a

waxy corn) contains only branched amylopectin

metal or alloy depends on its position in the activity

molecules. Its chief uses are as a source of glucose,

series. Corrosion products often take the form of

in the food industry as a filler in baking powder and a

metallic oxides. This is actually beneficial in the

thickening agent in various food products, and in

case of aluminum and stainless steel, because the

adhesives and coatings. It has been proposed as an

oxide forms a strongly adherent coating that effec-

additive to plastics to promote rapid degradation in

tively prevents further degradation. Hence, these

such products as bottles and waste containers.

metals are widely used for structural purposes. The

See starch.

rusting of iron is a familiar example of corrosion that

is catalyzed by moisture. Acidic soils are highly

corn steep liquor. The dilute aqueous solution

corrosive. Sulfur is a corrosive agent in automotive

obtained by soaking corn kernels in warm 0.2%

fuels and in the atmosphere (as SO

). Sodium chlo-

sulfur dioxide solution for 48 h as the first step in the

ride in the air at locations near the sea is also strongly

recovery of cornstarch, corn oil, and gluten from

corrosive, especially at temperatures above 21C.

corn. The solution contains mineral matter and solu-

Copper, nickel, chromium, and zinc are among the

ble organic material extracted from the corn. It is

more corrosion-resistant metals and are widely used

used as a growth medium for penicillin and other

as protective coatings for other metals. Excellent

antibiotics, and it is also concentrated and used as an

corrosion-resistant alloys are stainless steel (18

ingredient of cattle feeds.

Ni–8 Cr), Monel metal (66 Ni–34 Cu), and dura-

lumin.

corn sugar. See glucose.

(2) The destruction of body tissues by strong acids

and bases. See corrosive material; protective

corn syrup. See glucose syrup.

coating; paint; tarnish.

corn syrup, high-fructose. See high-fruc-

“Corrosion Inhibitor CS” [Nalco]. TM for

tose corn syrup.

a synergistic combination of sodium nitrate, borax,

and organic inhibitors, used to prevent corrosion of

corona. An electrical discharge effect that causes

ferrous and nonferrous metal and alloy surfaces in

ionization of oxygen and the formation of ozone. It

low-makeup closed cooling and heating systems.

is particularly evident near high-tension wires and in

spark-ignited automotive engines. The ozone

corrosive material. Any solid, liquid, or gas-

formed can have a drastic oxidizing effect on wire

eous substance that attacks building materials or

insulation, cable covers, and hose connections. For

metals or that burns, irritates, or destructively at-

this reason, such accessories are made of oxidation-

tacks organic tissues, most notably the skin and,

resistant materials such as nylon, neoprene, and oth-

when taken internally, the lungs and stomach.

er synthetics.

Among the more widely used chemicals that have

corrosive properties are the following:

corotoxigenin-rhamnose.

CAS: 58917-39-8. mf: C

. acetic acid, glacial hydrofluoric acid

339 COSMID

acetic anhydride nitric acid crystals that are very hard and resistant to attack by

bromine potassium hydroxide

acids. D 3.95−4.10, mp 2050°C, bp 2977°C. Natural

chlorine sodium hydroxide

aluminum oxide, sometimes with small amounts of

fluorine sulfuric acid

iron, magnesium, silica, etc.

hydrochloric acid

Occurrence: New York, Greece, Asia Minor.

Use: Various polishing and abrasive operations,

See toxic substances.

grinding wheels.

Hazard: TLV: (nuisance particulate) 10 mg/m

corrosive sublimate. Obsolete term for mercu-

total dust (when toxic impurities are not present,

ric chloride.

e.g., quartz <1%).

See aluminum oxide; diaspore; sapphire.

corticoid hormone. A hormone produced or

isolated from the cortex (external layer) of the adre-

corynine. See yohimbine.

nal gland. Corticoid hormones now used in medi-

cine include cortisone, hydrocortisone, deoxycorti-

costerone, fluorcortisone, prednisone,

cosmetic. Any preparation in the form of a liquid,

prednisolone, methyl prednisolone, triamcinolone,

semiliquid, paste, or powder applied to the skin to

dexamethasone, corticotropin (ACTH), and aldoste-

improve its appearance, and for cleaning, softening,

rone. Some occur naturally in adrenal extract; others

or protecting the skin or its adjuncts but without

are modifications of the natural hormones. All are

specific medicinal or curative effects. Cosmetics

now made synthetically. They are derivatives of

include hairsprays, shampoos, nail polish, deodor-

cyclopentanophenanthrene.

ants, shaving creams, facial creams, dusting pow-

See cortisone; ACTH.

ders, rouge, etc. Detergents, common soap, and bac-

tericidal agents are not themselves classed as

corticosteroids. Steroid hormones formed by

cosmetics although they may be components of cos-

the adrenal cortex.

metic mixtures. A partial list of cosmetic ingredients

See: corticoid hormone.

follows:

animal fats (lanolin)

corticosterone.

vegetable oils, waxes

CAS: 50-22-6. C

. One of the less active adre-

alcohols (glycerol, glycols)

nal cortical steroid hormones.

surfactants (alkyl sulfonates)

Properties: Crystalline plates. Mp 180–182C. Solu-

UV blocking agents (PABA)

ble in organic solvents; insoluble in water.

phenylene diamine

Derivation: Isolation from adrenal cortex extract,

aluminum chlorohydrate

synthesis from deoxycholic acid.

FDC organic dyes

Use: Biochemical research, medicine.

talc (magnesium silicate)

essential oils

corticotropin. See ACTH.

inorganic pigments

chlorophyllins

cortisol. See hydrocortisone.

nitrocellulose lacquers

steroid hormones

cortisone. (11-dehydro-17-corticosterone).

Knowledge of the structure and function of the skin is

CAS: 53-06-5. C

. An adrenal, cortical, ste-

essential for proper cosmetic formulation (cosmetolo-

roid hormone. It affects carbohydrate and protein

gy). All ingredients must be tested for possible toxic

metabolism.

effects. since the skin is an important means of access

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 220–224

for poisons. Addition of proteins to cosmetic prepara-

(decomposes). Dextrorotatory in solutions. Slightly

tions is of questionable value.

soluble in water; sparingly soluble in ether, benzene,

and chloroform; fairly soluble in methanol, ethanol,

and acetone.

cosmic rays. The nuclei and electrons of atoms,

Derivation: From adrenal gland extract (usually

mostly hydrogen, that impinge upon the earth from

from cattle) (historical method), synthetically from

all directions of space with nearly the speed of light.

bile acids, from other steroids or sapogenins.

Also referred to as cosmic radiation or primary

Hazard: Damaging side effects, e.g., sodium reten-

cosmic rays.

tion from ingestion.

Use: An anti-inflammation drug used in treatment of

acute arthritis, Addison’s disease, inflammable dis-

cosmid. Artificially constructed cloning vector

eases of eyes and skin.

containing the cos gene of phage lambda. Cosmids

can be packaged in lambda phage particles for infec-

corundum. (emery). tion into E. coli; this permits cloning of larger DNA

CAS: 1302-74-5. Al

. fragments (up to 45kb) than can be introduced into

Properties: A varicolored mineral with transparent bacterial hosts in plasmid vectors.

340COSMOCHEMISTRY

cosmochemistry. See astrochemistry; chemi- lose of the fabric in a strongly alkaline solution. The

cal planetology. treated cotton can take acid wool dyes and can be

made rot resistant and water-repellent.

“Cosmoperine” [Sabinsa]. TM for tetrahy-

dropiperine preparation.

cotton, cyanoethylated. Cotton treated with

Use: To enhance permeation through skin surface. acrylonitrile. It is passed through a caustic bath that

induces mild swelling of the fiber and catalyzes the

“Cosol” [Neville]. TM for high-boiling coal tar subsequent reaction with acrylonitrile. The fabric is

solvents for use in alkyd resin enamels and synthetic then neutralized with acetic acid, washed, and dried.

lacquers. The treatment leaves 3–5% nitrogen attached to the

cellulose polymer. The cyanoethylated fiber is

claimed to have permanent rot and mildew resis-

costus root oil.

tance, greater retention of strength after exposure to

Properties: From the dried roots of Saussurea lappa

heat, improved receptiveness to dyes, and higher

Clarke (Fam. Compositae). Light yellow to brown

abrasion and stretch resistance.

liquid; persistent odor. D: 0.995−1.039, refr index:

1.515 @ 20°. Sol in fixed oils, mineral oil; insol in

glycerin, propylene glycol.

cotton linters. Short, fleecy fibers that adhere to

Use: Food additive. cottonseed after it has been passed once through a

cotton gin. They are removed from the seed by a

second ginning.

cotoneral abs. See C.I. direct black 32, tri-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

sodium salt.

Use: Rayon manufacture, cellulosic plastics, nitro-

cellulose lacquers, soil-cement binder in road con-

cotransport. The simultaneous transport, by a

struction, explosives.

single transporter, of two solutes across a mem-

brane. It is either antiport or symport, depending on

cotton, mercerized. Cotton that has been

whether the solutes travel in opposite or the same

strengthened by passing through 25–30% solution

direction.

of sodium hydroxide under tension and then washed

with water; while under tension. This causes the

cotton. Staple fibers surrounding the seeds of

fibers to shrink and increases their strength and

various species of Gossypium. Both Egyptian and

attraction for colors, as well as imparting luster. A

Sea Island cotton have unusually long staple (ap-

process using liquid ammonia for this purpose has

proximately 2 inches). Cotton is the major textile

been introduced in the U.K.

fiber and an important source of cellulose, which

constitutes 88–96% of the fiber. So-called absor-

Cotton-Mouton effect. (magnetic double re-

bent cotton is almost pure cellulose.

fraction). Double refraction produced in some pure

Properties: Tenacity, 3–6 g/denier (dry), 4–8 g/de-

liquids by a magnetic field transverse to the light

nier (wet); elongation 3–7%; d 1.54; moisture regain

beam.

7% (21C, 65% relative humidity); yellows slowly at

121C; decomposes at approximately 148C; low per-

manent set; decomposed by acids; swells in caustic

cotton oil. (cotton spraying oil). A compound-

but is undamaged. Soluble in cuprammonium hy- ed oil sprayed (in the form of a fine mist) onto cotton

droxide. Subject to mildew. May be dyed by direct, to condition the fibers for yarn-making operations.

vat, azoic, sulfur, and basic dyes. Combustible. Used to lubricate the fibers, to reduce static, “fly,”

Source: U.S., Brazil, Egypt, India. and dust, and generally to improve the suppleness

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. TLV: (dust) 0.2 mg/m

. and strength of the fibers.

Moderately flammable in the form of dust or linters;

fiber ignites readily. In the form of dust or linters,

cottonseed. The seed of the cotton plant, Gossy-

exposure of workers in textile mills may cause

pium hirsutum. It contains about 22% crude fiber,

“brown lung.”

20% protein, 20% oil, 10% moisture, and 24% N-

Use: Apparel, industrial and household fabrics, up-

free extract; also contains from 1 to 2% of the toxic

holstery, medicine, thread.

pigment gossypol; specially processed kernels are

See cellulose.

free of this.

Hazard: Generates dangerous amounts of heat if

cotton, acetylated. Cotton fibers, threads, or piled or stored wet or hot. Powerful allergen; may

fabrics treated with acetic anhydride, acetic acid, cause asthma and other respiratory difficulties on

perchloric acid, and catalyst to improve the heat, rot, inhalation.

and mildew resistance by forming a surface coating Use: Source of cottonseed oil and meal, cotton lint-

of cellulose acetate. ers; source of nutritional protein after removal of

Hazard: Ignites readily, not self-extinguishing. gossypol by centrifugation.

cotton, aminized. A cotton fabric produced by cottonseed meal. (cottonseed cake). The pul-

reacting 2-aminoethylsulfuric acid with the cellu- verized cottonseed press cake. Depending on the

341 COUNTERCURRENT

extractive process, varying percentages of protein phosphorothioate.

will remain in the meal, and it is normally sold with CAS: 56-72-4. C

(CH

)ClOPS(OC

)

36–45% protein content. The 42% product contains Properties: Crystals. Mp 91C. Insoluble in water;

approximately 42% crude protein, 6% crude fiber, soluble in aromatic solvents.

25% N-free extract, 10% other extract (fat), and 7% Hazard: Use may be restricted; cholinesterase inhib-

ash. The total digestible nutrient averages 79%. The itor.

ash is high in potash and phosphate; some types Use: Insecticide, anthelmintic.

contain gossypol.

Use: Animal feeds, fertilizer ingredient, filler for

coumarin. (cumarin; benzopyrone; tonka bean

plastics.

camphor).

CAS: 91-64-5. C

. A lactone.

Properties: Colorless crystals, flakes, or powder;

cottonseed, modified products.

fragrant odor similar to vanilla; bitter, aromatic

Properties: Extracted from decorticated, partially

burning taste. Mp 69C, bp 290C. Soluble in 10 vols

defatted, cooked, ground cottonseed kernels.

of 95% alcohol and in ether, chloroform, and fixed

Use: Food additive.

volatile oils; slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By heating salicylic aldehyde, sodi-

cottonseed oil.

um lactate, and acetic anhydride; (2) fine grades are

Properties: Pale-yellow or yellowish-brown to dark-

isolated from tonka beans.

ruby-red or black-red, fixed, semi drying oil depend-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion; carcinogenic. Use in

ing on the nature and condition of the seed. The pure

food products prohibited (FDA).

oil is odorless and has a bland taste. D 0.915–0.921,

Use: Deodorizing and odor-enhancing agent, phar-

iodine value 109–116, flash p 486F (252C). Soluble

maceutical preparations.

in ether, benzene, chloroform, and carbon disulfide;

slightly soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

coumarone. (benzofuran).

Chief constituents: Glycerides of palmitic, oleic,

CAS: 271-89-6. C

O. A bicyclic ring compound

and linoleic acids.

derived from coal tar naphtha, the parent substance

Derivation: From cottonseeds by hot pressing or

of coumarone-indene resins.

solvent extraction.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. D l.09, bp 165 to

Grade: Crude, refined, prime summer yellow,

175C. Insoluble in water.

bleachable, USP.

Use: Leather dressing, soap stock, lubricant, glycer-

coumarone-indene resin. A thermosetting

ol, base for cosmetic creams; hydrogenated to semi-

resin derived by heating a mixture of coumarone and

solid for use in food products; waterproofing com-

indene with sulfuric acid, which induces polymer-

positions, dietary supplement.

ization. It is soft and sticky at room temperature; it

hardens on heating to a resinous solid. Soluble in

Cottrell, Frederick G. (1877–1948). A native

hydrocarbon solvents, pyridine, acetone, carbon di-

of California, Cottrell obtained his doctorate from

sulfide, and carbon tetrachloride; insoluble in water,

Liebig in 1902. His major contribution to industrial

alcohol. Combustible. Said to have been the first

chemistry was his discovery of a practical method of

synthetic polymer.

dust elimination by electrical precipitation. Used in

Use: Adhesives, printing inks, floor-tile binder, fric-

factory stacks and other large units, this process has

tion tape.

contributed greatly to purifying the atmosphere of

See “Cumar”; “Nevindene”; “Paradene.”

industrial areas. The principle involves charging a

suspended wire with electricity. This creates a field

count. (1) The external indication given by a radi-

that ionizes the surrounding air, the particles assum-

ation detector, such as a Geiger counter, of the

ing the charge on contact and then moving to the

amount of radioactivity to which the detector is

wall of the stack, where they are electrically dis-

exposed. The background counts are those that

charged and precipitated.

come from a source external to that being measured.

(2) The number of warp and filler threads in a linear

couch roll. (Pronounced cooch.) A hollow suc-

inch of a textile fabric, e.g., the count of a sheeting

tion roll on a fourdrinier paper machine over which

may be 80 x 60.

the formed sheet or web passes as it leaves the wire.

The suction is provided by a vacuum or suction box

countercurrent. Descriptive of a process in

inside the roll, whose face is perforated to offer as

which a liquid and a vapor stream, or two streams of

large a vacuum area as possible. The chief feature of

immiscible liquids, or a liquid and a solid are caused

the couch roll is its great water-removing capacity;

to flow in opposite directions and past or through

this gives the sheet enough strength to enable it to

one another with more or less intimate contact so

hold together as it passes to the pickup felts.

that the individual substances present are more or

less completely transferred to that stream in which

coumaphos. Generic name for O,O-diethyl-O- they are more soluble or stable under the conditions

(3-chloro-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)- existing. The streams leaving such a process are

342COUPLED REACTIONS

usually of higher purity that can be attained other- dant; fire-retardant paints; plasticizer and extender

wise at equal cost. Distillation with a fractionating

for certain plastic materials, etc.

column is also a typical countercurrent process, in

which rising vapor is purified by contact with de-

“C-P-B” [Uniroyal]. TM for dibutyl xantho-

scending liquid (reflux). Leaching, washing, and

gen disulfide.

chemical reaction are frequently carried out in a

Properties: Amber-colored, free-flowing liquid. D

countercurrent manner.

1.15. Soluble in acetone, benzene, gasoline, and

See liquid-liquid extraction.

ethylene dichloride; insoluble in water.

Use: Accelerator for pure-gum handmade drugs, sun-

coupled reactions. Two chemical reactions

dries and medical supplies, bathing shoes, bathing

that have a common intermediate and thus a means

caps, novelties, and cold-cure cements.

of energy transfer from one to the other.

CPR. Abbreviation for cyclonene-pyrethrin-ro-

coupling. (1) The combination of an amine or

tenone. Applied to various insecticide formulations

phenol with a diazonium compound to give an azo

containing as active ingredients approximately 10

compound, the reaction by which azo dyes are pre-

parts piperonyl cyclonene, 5 parts rotenone, and 1

pared. Thus m-phenylenediamine C

(NH

)

cou-

part pyrethrin.

ples with benzene diazonium chloride C

Cl to

produce the dye chrysoidine C

(NH

)

CPVC. See critical pigment volume concen-

See azo-dye intermediate.

tration.

(2) Oxidative coupling.

(3) An agent, e.g., a vinyl silane, used to protect

Cr. Symbol for chromium.

fiberous glass laminates from effects of water ab-

sorption.

“CR-39” [PPG]. TM for allyl diglycol carbon-

(4) A condensation polymerization of amino acids to

ate, an optical plastic.

form proteins; it can be done synthetically only by

Properties: Clear optical plastic highly resistant to

suppressing certain active sites on the amino acid

impact and abrasion. Furnished as a clear liquid.

molecules.

Thermosetting.

Use: Ophthalmic lenses, shields, instrument panels,

covalent bond. (homopolar). Sharing of elec-

marine and aircraft glazing.

trons by a pair of atoms.

See bond, chemical.

cracking. A refining process involving decom-

position and molecular recombination of organic

covalent radius. The radius for each element

compounds, especially hydrocarbons obtained by

such that the actual bond length between any two

means of heat, to form molecules suitable for motor

elements that form a covalent single bond is roughly

fuels, monomers, petrochemicals, etc. A series of

equal to the sums of their covalent radii.

condensation reactions takes place, accompanied by

transfer of hydrogen atoms between molecules

covering power. See opacity.

which brings about fundamental changes in their

structure. Thermal cracking, the older method, ex-

Cowles process. The direct manufacture of alu-

poses the distillate to temperatures of approximately

minum alloys, such as copper aluminum, from alu-

540–650C (1000–1200F) for varying periods of

minum ores by reacting with carbon in an electric

time; it is no longer used for gasoline, but is still of

furnace in the presence of the alloying metal.

value in producing hydrocarbon gases for plastics

monomers. The development of premium fuels for

Cox chart. A special semilogarithmic plot of

airplanes and automobiles resulted from the use of

vapor pressure versus temperature especially useful

catalysts in cracking. In this process, hydrocarbon

for the petroleum hydrocarbons. The graph corre-

vapors are passed at approximately 400C (750F)

sponding to each separate hydrocarbon is a straight

over a metallic catalyst (e.g., silica-alumina or plati-

line. All the lines appear to intersect at a point out-

num); the complex recombinations (alkylation, po-

side the chart.

lymerization, isomerization, etc.) occur within sec-

onds to yield high-octane gasoline. Among the

coxistac. See salinomycin.

chemical changes induced are conversion of alicy-

clic compounds (cyclohexane) to aromatic com-

CP. Abbreviation for chemically pure, an accept-

pounds, and of straight-chain to branched-chain

ed grade of drugs and fine chemicals that contain a

structures (isomerization). Cracking reactions are

minimum of impurities.

exothermic. Free radicals, carbonium ions, and oth-

See chemically pure.

er chain-initiating agents are involved in these rear-

rangements. Catalytic cracking is carried out by

“CP-40” [Occidental]. TM for chlorination either the moving-bed or the fluid-bed technique. In

derivatives of paraffin wax. the former the catalyst is pelleted, while in the latter

Use: Rendering fabrics waterproof and fire-retar- it is finely divided. Instances in which cracking does

343 CRESOL

not involve production of gasoline are the steam paint, etc., often as a result of exposure to sunlight or

cracking of methane or naphtha to form synthesis weathering.

gas, thermal cracking of naphtha to ethylene, and

thermal decomposition of methane to carbon black

cream of tartar. See potassium bitartrate.

and hydrogen.

See catalysis; synthesis gas; fluidization; pyrolysis.

creatine. (N-methyl-N-guanylglycine; (␣-me-

thylguanido)acetic acid).

HN:C(NH

)N(CH

)CH

COOH. A nitrogenous acid

“Crag.” (Sesone).

widely distributed in the muscular tissue of the

CAS: 136-78-7. mf: C

S•Na. TM for agri-

body.

cultural chemicals, including: (1) Fly repellent (ac-

Properties: (Monohydrate) Prisms from water, an-

tive ingredient, butoxypolypropylene glycol). Col-

hydrous at 100C. Decomposes 303C. Slightly solu-

orless liquid, 100% active material. (2) Fungicide

ble in water; insoluble in ether.

974 (active ingredient, 3,5-dimethyltetrahydro-

Source: Commercially isolated from meat extracts.

1,3,5-2H-thiadiazine-2-thione). Wettable powder,

Grade: Technical, CP.

85% active material. Irritant. (3) Glyodin solution

Use: Biochemical research.

(active ingredient, 2-heptadecyl glyoxaldine ace-

tate), 34% active solution. (4) Herbicide-1 (SES)

creatinine. C

O. The anhydride of creatine,

(active ingredient, sodium-2,4-dichlorophenoxye-

a metabolic waste product.

thyl sulfate). Water-soluble powder, 90% active ma-

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D 1.092

terial.

(25C), mp 5.5C, bp 220C. Slightly soluble in water,

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation; TLV: 10 mg/m

alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, acetic acid.

Craig method. Introduction of a halogen into

Creighton process. Electrochemical reduction

the ␣-position of pyridine by treatment of a solution

of sugars, e.g., reduction of glucose, xylose, and

of ␣-aminopyridine with sodium nitrite in hydrogen

galactose to sorbitol, xylitol, and dulcitol.

halide, followed by warming.

creosote, coal tar. (creosote oil; liquid pitch

crambe-seed oil. A vegetable oil obtained from

oil; tar oil).

the seeds of the crambe, a plant related to mustard

Properties: Yellowish to dark-green-brown, oily liq-

and rape. Growth and processing techniques have

uid; clear at 38C or higher; naphthenic odor; fre-

been studied by the Agricultural Research Service of

quently contains substantial amounts of naphthalene

USDA. The plant can be grown on marginal and

and anthracene. Autoign temp 637F (335C), d

strip-mined land. Its high content of erucic acid and

1.06–1.10, distilling range 200–400C, flash p 165F

the high protein content of its meal make it economi-

(74C) (CC). Soluble in alcohol, benzene, and tolu-

cally attractive. The oil itself is useful as an industri-

ene; immiscible with water.

al lubricant, especially for molds for continuous

Derivation: Fractional distillation of coal tar.

steel casting.

Method of purification: Rectification.

Grade: Technical, crude, refined.

Cram, Donald James. (1919–2001). Award-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of fumes, skin and eye

ed the Nobel Prize for chemistry, together with

irritant. Use may be restricted.

Lehn, in 1987 for work in elucidating mechanisms

Use: Wood preservative (ties, telephone poles, ma-

of molecular recognition, which are fundamental to

rine pilings, etc.), disinfectants, fungicide, biocide.

enzymic catalysis, regulation, and transport. Cram

also studied three-dimensional cyclic compounds

p-cresidine. See 5-methyl-o-anisidine.

that maintained a rigid structure, accepting sub-

strates in a structurally preorganized cavity. He

“Creslan” [Cytec]. TM for an acrylic fiber.

called these compounds cavitands, while Lehn

named them cryptands. Cram was awarded a doctor-

cresol. (methylphenol; hydroxymethylbenzene;

ate by Harvard University in 1947.

cresylic acid).

CAS: 1319-77-3. CH

OH. A mixture of iso-

Cram’s rule of asymmetric induction.

mers obtained from coal tar or petroleum.

Rule governing the stereochemistry of addition to

Properties: Colorless, yellowish, or pinkish liquid;

carbonyl compounds containing an asymmetric cen-

phenolic odor. D 1.030–1.047, wt/gal 8.66–8.68 lb,

ter. The diastereomer that is formed by approach of

flash p approximately 180F (82C), mp 11–35C, bp

the reagent from the less hindered side of the carbon-

191–203C. Soluble in alcohol, glycol, dilute alka-

yl group predominates in the product. The ␣-substit-

lies, and water.

uents are schematically represented as S (small), M

Derivation: Coal tar (from coke and gas works), also

(medium), and L (large).

from toluene by sulfonation or oxidation.

Grade: Various, depending on phenol content or

crazing. Development of minute cracks in the other properties. NF grade contains not more than

surface of a material, such as ceramic glaze, varnish, 5% phenol.

344

-CRESOL

Hazard: Irritant, corrosive to skin and mucous mem-

❘

COO

❘

C(C

(OH)CH

)

. An acid-base indicator,

branes, absorbed via skin. TLV: 5 ppm.

changes from colorless to red between pH 8.2 and 9.8,

Use: Disinfectant, phenolic resins, tricresyl phos-

reagent.

phate, ore flotation, textile scouring agent, organic

See indicator.

intermediate, manufacture of salicylaldehyde, cou-

marin, and herbicides, surfactant, synthetic food fla-

cresol purple.

vors (para isomer only).

See cresylic acids.

❘

C(C

(OH)CH

)

. m-Cresolsulfonphtha-

m-cresol. (m-cresylic acid; 3-methylphenol).

lein, an acid-base indicator, showing color change

CAS: 108-39-4. CH

OH.

from red to yellow over the range pH 1.2–2.8, and from

Properties: Colorless to yellowish liquid; phenol-

yellow to purple over the range pH 7.4–9.0.

like odor. D 1.034, mp 12C, bp 203C, wt/gal 8.66 lb,

See indicator.

flash p 187F (86C), autoign temp 1038F (558C).

Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform; soluble in

cresol red.

water.

Derivation: By fractional distillation of crude cresol

❘

C(C

(OH)CH

)

. o-Cresol-sulfonphtha-

(from coal tar), also synthetically.

lein, an acid-base indicator, changes from yellow to

Method of purification: Rectification.

red between pH 7.0 and 8.8.

Grade: Technical (95–98%).

See indicator.

Hazard: TLV: 5 ppm.

See cresol.

cresotic acid. (cresotinic acid; hydroxytoluic

acid). CH

(OH)COOH. Ten possible isomers;

o-cresol. (o-cresylic acid; 2-methylphenol).

most common is 2-hydroxy-3-methylbenzoic acid,

CAS: 95-48-7. CH

OH.

also known as o-cresotic acid or o-homosalicylic

Properties: White crystals; phenol-like odor. D

acid. The description that follows is of this isomer.

1.047; mp 30.9C; flash p 178F (81C); autoign temp

Properties: White crystals or powder. Mp 166C, bp

1110F (598C); bp 191C; wt/gal 8.68 lb. Soluble in

approximately 250C. Partially soluble in hot water;

alcohol, ether, chloroform, and hot water.

soluble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) By fractional distillation of crude

Derivation: Treatment of o-cresol with caustic and

cresol from coal tar. (2) Interaction of methanol and

carbon dioxide under pressure.

phenol.

Use: Dye intermediate, research on plant growth in-

Method of purification: Crystals.

hibition.

Grade: According to fp: 25, 29, 30, 30.5C, etc.

Hazard: TLV: 5 ppm.

m-cresyl acetate. (m-tolyl acetate).

See cresol.

CAS: 140-39-6. CH

OCOCH

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; odor similar to

p-cresol. (p-cresylic acid; 4-methylphenol).

phenol. Bp approximately 112C, distillation with

CAS: 106-44-5. CH

OH.

steam. Insoluble in water; soluble in common organ-

ic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Medicine (antiseptic, fungicide).

o-cresyl acetate. (o-tolyl acetate).

COOC

Properties: Liquid. Bp 208C. Nearly insoluble in

cold water; soluble in hot water and organic sol-

vents. Combustible.

Properties: Crystalline mass; phenol-like odor. Wt/ Use: Flavoring.

gal 8.67 lb, d 1.039, bp 202C, mp 35.25C, flash p

187F (86C), autoign temp 1038F (558C). Soluble in

p-cresyl acetate. (p-tolyl acetate).

alcohol, ether, chloroform, and hot water.

COCH

Derivation: (1) By fractional distillation of crude

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D 1.0532

cresol; (2) from benzene by the cumene process (see

(15C), optical rotation 0 degrees (100 mm Hg), refr

phenol).

index 1.500–1.504, acid value 0.7, ester value 341.6.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Soluble in 2.5 volumes of 70% alcohol and in most

Grade: Technical, 98%, 99.0% min purity or 34C

fixed oils; insoluble in glycerol. Combustible.

min fp.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Hazard: TLV: 5 ppm.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

See cresol.

cresyldiglycol carbonate. (diethylene glycol

cresolphthalein. bis(cresylcarbonate)). C

345 CRITICAL VOLUME

Properties: Colorless liquid of low volatility. D 1.19 Use: Plasticizer.

(20/4C), bp approximately 250C (2 mm Hg), flash p

475F (246C), refr index 1.523 (20C). Insoluble in

Crick-Watson structure. See deoxyribonu-

water (very stable to hydrolysis). Widely soluble in

cleic acid.

organic solvents. Compatible with many resins and

plastics. Combustible.

cricondentherm. The maximum temperature at

Use: Plasticizer.

which two phases can coexist.

See phase.

cresyldiphenyl phosphate. (cresyl phenyl

phosphate). (CH

)(C

)

. Probably sel-

Criegee reaction. Oxidative cleavage of vici-

dom a pure compound, but a mixture of o-, m-, and

nal glycols by lead tetraacetate.

p-cresyl and phenyl phosphates.

Properties: Colorless, transparent liquid; very slight

cristae. Infoldings of the inner mitochondrial

odor. D 1.20 (20/20C), fp −38C, boiling range

membrane.

235–255C (4 mm Hg), flash p 450F (232C). Insolu-

ble in water; soluble in most organic solvents except

critical assembly. A system of fissionable ma-

glycerol. Combustible.

terial (enriched uranium) and moderator sufficient

Use: Plasticizer, extreme-pressure lubricant, hydrau-

to sustain a chain reaction at a low and controllable

lic fluids, gasoline additive, food packaging.

power level, as in a nuclear reactor.

See fission; nuclear reactor.

cresylic acids. Commercial mixtures of pheno-

lic materials boiling above the cresol range. An

critical constant. A maximum or minimum

arbitrary standard in use for cresylic acids is that

value for a physical constant that is characteristic of

50% must boil above 204C. If the boiling point is

a substance, e.g., the critical temperature of a gas is

less than 204C, the material is called cresol. Cresylic

the temperature above which it cannot be liquefied

acid varies widely according to its source and boil-

by an increase in pressure.

ing range. A typical commercial cut, bp 220–250C,

has the composition m- and p-cresols 0–1%; 2,4-

and 2,5-xylenols 0–3%; 2,3- and 3,5-xylenols

criticality. The state of a nuclear reactor when it

10–20%; 3,4-xylenol 20–30%; and C

phenols

is sustaining a chain reaction.

50–60%. Excellent electrical insulators.

Derivation: Petroleum, coal tar. Imported cresylic

critical mass. The minimum mass of a fissiona-

acid is derived from coal tar (gasworks), also made

ble material (

235

Uor

239

Pu) that will initiate an uncon-

synthetically.

trolled chain reaction as in an atomic bomb. The

Hazard: Corrosive to skin, absorbed via skin.

critical mass of pure

239

Pu is about 10 lb, and of

235

Use: Phosphate esters, phenolic resins, wire enamel

about 33 lb. This phenomenon was unknown before

solvent, plasticizers, gasoline additives, laminates,

1940.

coating for magnet wire for small electric motors.

Disinfectants, metal-cleaning compounds, phenolic

Critical pigment volume concentration.

resins, flotation agents, surfactants, chemical inter-

(CPVC). The transition point above and below

mediates, oil additives, solvent refining of lubricat-

which there are substantial differences in the appear-

ing oils, scouring compounds, pesticides.

ance and behavior of a paint film.

p-cresyl isobutyrate. (p-tolyl isobutyrate).

critical point. (1) The transition point between

OCOCH(CH

)

the liquid and gaseous states of a substance. (2) The

Use: Flavoring.

temperature above which a gas cannot be liquefied

however high the pressure. (3) The temperature at

cresylphenyl phosphate. See cresyldiphenyl

which internal changes take place within a metal.

phosphate.

critical potential. The amount of energy need-

cresyl silicate. (CH

Si.

ed to raise an electron from a lower to a higher level.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 450C.

Derivation: Reaction of cresol and silicon tetrachlo-

critical solution temperature. The tempera-

ride.

ture above or below which two liquids are miscible

Use: Heat-transfer fluid.

with all proportions. Some pairs of liquids have both

an upper and a lower critical solution temperature,

cresyl-p-toluene sulfonate. (tolyl-p-toluene

that is, they can exist in two phases only in a medium

sulfonate). CH

temperature range.

Properties: Brown, oily liquid; faint odor. D 1.207,

flash p 365F (185C), mp 68.70C. Combustible.

Derivation: From reaction of p-toluenesulfonyl

critical volume. The volume of a unit mass of a

chloride with p-cresol. substance at critical temperature and pressure.

346CROCEIN ACID

crocein acid. (croceic acid; Bayer’s acid; 2- carbon disulfide to yield cellulose xanthate, solution

naphthol-8-sulfonic acid). in dilute caustic, and extrusion of the viscous “Vis-

cose” into a coagulating bath, a 7–10% sulfuric acid

solution containing 1–5% zinc sulfate and an active

surface agent.

crosshead. A device attached to the head of an

extrusion machine that permits the material to be

extruded in opposite directions simultaneously at

Derivation: Sulfonation of ␤-naphthol with 94% sul-

right angles to the barrel. It is applicable chiefly to

furic acid at 95C and recrystallization from a salt.

coating of wire, cable, and small-diameter hose.

Use: Azo-dye intermediate.

Crocein Scarlet MOO. See Brilliant Cro-

crossing over. The breaking during meiosis of

cein.

one maternal and one paternal chromosome, the

exchange of corresponding sections of DNA, and

crocetin. C

. A dicarboxylic carotenoid de-

the rejoining of the chromosomes. This process can

rived from saffron.

result in an exchange of alleles between chromo-

Properties: Red, rhomboid crystals. Mp 285C. Solu-

somes.

ble in pyridine and dilute sodium hydroxide; slightly

See recombination.

soluble in water and organic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Experimental treatment of arteriosclerosis by

increasing oxygen diffusion through arterial walls,

cross-linking. Attachment of two chains of poly-

thus decreasing buildup of cholesterol.

mer molecules by bridges, composed of either an

element, a group, or a compound, that join certain

crocidolite. A type of asbestos.

carbon atoms of the chains by primary chemical

See asbestos.

bonds, as indicated in the schematic diagram.

crocking. Removal of a dye or pigment from the

surface of a paint or textile by rubbing or attrition.

“Crodamal” [Croda]. TM for fatty acid esters.

Grade: In liquid, solid, and flake forms.

Use: As emollient esters for skin care, sun care, and

stick products.

Cross-linking occurs in nature in substances made up

of polypeptide chains that are joined by the disulfide

“Crodamide” [Croda]. (Erucamide) TM for

bonds of the cystine residue, as in keratins, insulin, and

slip and mold release agents.

other proteins. Polysaccharide molecules can also

Use: Plastics casting.

cross-link to form stable gel structures (dextran).

Cross-linking can be effected artificially, either by

“Crodamide OR” [Croda]. TM for oleamide

adding a chemical substance (cross-linking agent) and

slip and mold release additive.

exposing the mixture to heat, or by subjecting the

Available forms: Beads, powder, and pastilles.

polymer to high-energy radiation. Examples are (1)

Use: In manufacture of plastics.

vulcanization of rubber with sulfur or organic perox-

ides; (2) cross-linking of polystyrene with divinylben-

“Croda Oleochemicals” [Croda, Japan].

zene; (3) cross-linking of polyethylene by means of

TM for chemicals used in hair care, sun screen,

high-energy radiation or with an organic peroxide; (4)

polymer medical additives, and cleaning products.

cross-linking of cellulose with dimethylol carbamate

(10% solution) in durable-press cotton textiles. Cross-

“Crome of Nature” [Afrocare]. TM for a

linking has the effect of changing a plastic from ther-

no-lye hair relaxer.

moplastic to thermosetting. Thus, it also increases

Use: A color changing formula that signals when

strength, heat and electrical resistance, and especially

Crome is ready.

resistance to solvents and other chemicals.

See vulcanization; polyethylene; keratin.

“Cronox 861 OS” [Baker Petrolite]. TM

for a batch treatment drilling corrosion inhibitor.

Use: As a corrosion inhibitor

cross section. (1) A measure of the probability

that a nuclear reaction will occur. Usually measured

crospovidone. See polyvinylpolypyrrolidone.

in barns, it is the apparent (or effective) area present-

ed by a target nucleus (or particle) to an oncoming

Cross-Bevan (viscose) process. Production particle or other nuclear radiation, such as a photon

of rayon by treatment of cellulose with alkali and or ␥-radiation. Also called capture cross section.

347 CROWN GROUP

(2) A section made by a plane cutting through a Hazard: Strong skin irritant, ingestion of small

solid. Tissue cross sections are widely used for mi-

amounts may be fatal.

croscopic observation.

Use: Medicine (counterirritant, cathartic).

crotonylene. (2-butyne; dimethylacetylene).

“Crosultaines” [Croda]. (sulfobetaines). TM

C:CCH

for tallow and coconut versions.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 27C.

Use: Mild surfactants for baby shampoos, excellent

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Moderate

for foam boosting, stabilization, and thickening.

explosion hazard.

crotonaldehyde. (2-butenal; crotonic alde-

crotoxin. Exact formula undetermined. A toxic

hyde; ␤-methyl acrolein).

principle of rattlesnake venom having a polypeptide

CAS: 4170-30-3. CH

CH:CHCHO. Commercial

structure, one component being basic and the other

crotonaldehyde is the trans isomer.

acidic. Classed as a neurotoxin. Injection may be

Properties: Water-white, mobile liquid; pungent,

fatal.

suffocating odor. Turns to a pale-yellow color in

contact with light and air. A lachrymator. D 0.8531

crotoxyphos. (dimethyl-2-(␣-methylbenzyloxy-

(20/20C), bp 102C, flash p 55F (12.7C), fp −69C,

carbonyl)-1-methylvinyl phosphate; O,O-dimeth-

vap press 30 mm Hg (20C). Very soluble in water;

yl-O-(1-methyl-2-(1-phenylcarbethox-

miscible with all proportions with alcohol, ether,

y)vinyl)phosphate; ␣,␣-methyl-benzyl-3-

benzene, toluene, kerosene, gasoline, solvent

(dimethoxy-phosphinyloxy)-isocrotonate).

naphtha.

CAS: 7700-17-6. C

Derivation: Aldol condensation of two molecules of

Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 1.19, bp 135C at 4.0

acetaldehyde.

(0.03 mm Hg), refr index 1.50. Soluble in acetone,

Grade: Technical, 87% water-wet form.

alcohol, chlorinated hydrocarbons; slightly soluble

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. Irritating to eyes and

in saturated hydrocarbons.

skin. TLV: 2 ppm. Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Hazard: A cholinesterase inhibitor.

Explosive limits in air 2.9–15.5% by volume.

Use: Insecticide used externally on farm animals.

Use: Intermediate for n-butyl alcohol and 2-ethyl-

hexyl alcohol, solvent, preparation of rubber accel-

erators, purification of lubricating oils, insecticides,

crotyl alcohol. (2-buten-1-ol; 3-methylallyl

tear gas, fuel-gas warning agent, organic synthesis,

alcohol).

leather tanning, alcohol denaturant.

CAS: 6117-91-5. CH

CH:CHCH

OH.

Properties: Clear, stable liquid. D 0.8550 (20/20C),

boiling range 121–126C, flash p 113F (45C) (TOC).

crotonic acid. (2-butenoic acid; ␤-methacryl-

Partially soluble in water (17%); wholly soluble in

ic acid).

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

CAS: 3724-65-0. CH

CH:CHCOOH. Exists in cis

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong eye and skin

and trans isomeric forms, the latter being the stable

irritant. Moderate fire risk.

isomer used commercially. The cis form melts at

Use: Chemical intermediate, source of monomers,

15C and is sometimes called isocrotonic acid.

herbicide and soil fumigant.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 0.9730, mp

72C, bp 185C, flash p 190F (87.7C) (COC). Soluble

in water, ethanol, toluene, acetone. Combustible.

crown ether. A cyclic molecule in which ether

Derivation: Oxidation of crotonaldehyde.

groups (polyethers) connected by dimethylene link-

Grade: 97%.

ages are coordinated to a centrally located metal

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

atom via the oxygen atoms of the ethers, which

Use: Synthesis of resins, polymers, plasticizers,

function as ligands (electron donors). Such com-

drugs.

pounds have strong complexing or chelating capa-

bilities. In some types, silicon replaces the dimethy-

lene linkages. They were so named because their

crotonic aldehyde. See crotonaldehyde.

molecular models resemble a crown.

See porphyrin; chelate.

croton oil. (tiglium oil).

CAS: 8001-28-3.

crown filler. A mineral filler, usually calcium

Properties: Brownish-yellow liquid. D 0.935–0.950

sulfate or carbonate or a mixture thereof, used in

(25C), refr index 1.470–1.473 (40C). Soluble in

paper manufacture.

ether, chloroform, and fixed or volatile oils; slightly

soluble in alcohol.

crown glass. See glass, optical.

Chief constituents: Glycerides of stearic, palmitic,

myristic, lauric, and oleic acids and croton resin, a

vesicant.

crown group. All the taxa descended from a

Derivation: By expression from the seeds of Croton major cladogenesis event, recognized by possessing

tiglium. the clade’s synapomorphy. See stem group.

348CRUCIBLE

crucible. (1) A cone-shaped container having a brown, or black; vitreous to greasy luster. Hardness

curved base and made of a refractory material, used 2.5, d 2.95–3.0. Refr index 1.338, mp 1000C. Solu-

ble in concentrated sulfuric acid and in fused alumi-

for laboratory calcination and combustibles. Some

num and ferric salts.

types are equipped with a cover. A gooch crucible

Occurrence: Colorado; the former U.S.S.R., Green-

has openings in its base to permit filtration with

land (only commercial source).

suction; named after its inventor, an American

Derivation: Synthetic product is made by fusing NaF

chemist. (2) In the steel industry, a special type of

and aluminum fluoride.

furnace provided with a cavity for collecting the

Use: Electrolyte in the reduction of alumina to alumi-

molten metal.

num; ceramics; insecticide; binder for abrasives;

electric insulation; explosives; polishes.

crufomate. (O-methyl-O-(4-tert-butyl-2-chloro-

phenyl)methylphosphoramidate; 4-t-butyl-2-chlo-

rophenylmethyl methyl phosphoramidate; ruel-

“Cryovac” [Grace]. TM for a light, shrink-

ene).

film, transparent packaging material based on poly-

CAS: 299-86-5.

vinylidene chloride. Used especially for meats and

Properties: Crystals. Mw 291.71, mp 61C. Insoluble

other perishables.

in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, and carbon

tetrachloride. Commercial product is a yellow oil,

cryptands. See cavitands.

bp 117C.

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

cryptocyanine. (1,1

′

-diethyl-4,4

′

-carbocyanine

Use: Systemic insecticide and anthelmintic.

iodide). C

Properties: Solid. Mp 250–255.

crusher, gyratory. See gyratory crusher.

Use: Organic dye, soluble, used as a chemical shutter

in laser operation.

crust. The outermost layer of the lithosphere, con-

See cyanine dye.

sisting of felsic and mafic rocks less dense than the

rocks of the mantle below.

cryptostegia rubber. Rubber from leaves of

Cryptostegia grandiflora and C. madagascariensis.

Crutzen, Paul. (1933– ). From the Netherlands

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry along with

cryptoxanthin. (provitamin A; hydroxy-␤-

Mario Molina and Frank Sherwood Rowland in

carotene). C

O. A carotenoid pigment with vita-

1995 for their work in atmospheric chemistry, par-

min A activity.

ticularly concerning the formation and decomposi-

Properties: Garnet-red prisms with metallic luster.

tion of ozone.

Mp 170C. Soluble in chloroform, benzene, and pyri-

See Molina, Mario; Rowland, Frank Sherwood.

dine; slightly soluble in alcohol and methanol.

Occurrence: In many plants, egg yolk, butter, blood

cryochemistry. That branch of chemistry devot-

serum. Can be made synthetically.

ed to the study of reactions occurring at extremely

Use: Nutrition, medicine.

low temperature (−200C and lower). It permits syn-

thesis of compounds that are too unstable or too

reactive to exist at normal temperature.

crystal. The normal form of the solid state of

matter. Crystals have characteristic shapes and

cryogenics. Study of the behavior of matter at

cleavage planes due to the arrangement of their

temperatures below −200C. The use of the liquefied

atoms, ions, or molecules, which form a definite

gases oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen at approxi-

pattern called a lattice. Crystals may be face-cen-

mately −260C is standard industrial practice. Exam-

tered, body-centered, cubic, orthorhombic, mono-

ples: Use of liquid nitrogen for quick-freezing of

clinic, prismatic, etc. They have flat surfaces, sharp

foods and of liquid oxygen in steel production.

edges, and a definite angle between a given pair of

Some electronic devices and specialized instru-

surfaces. The form of a crystal is called its “habit.”

ments, such as the cryogenic gyro, operate at liquid-

Among the most important features of a crystal are

helium temperature (approximately 4 K). Many la-

its optical properties, chief of which is the index of

sers and computer circuits require low temperature.

refraction, i.e., the extent to which a beam of light is

Original research in this field was carried out by W.

slowed on passing through the crystal. With respect

F. Giauque in the U.S. and by Kamerlingh-Onnes in

to light transmission, a crystal may be isotropic or

Holland.

anisotropic. Anisotropic crystals can polarize light.

See superconductivity.

See optical isomer; optical rotation.

Crystals also have electrical and magnetic proper-

cryolite. (Greenland spar; icestone). Na

AlF

. ties now being used in computers and other electron-

A natural fluoride of sodium and aluminum or made ic devices. Crystals are almost always imperfect and

synthetically from fluorspar, sulfuric acid, hydrated contain impurities (atoms of other elements). These

alumina, and sodium carbonate. are utilized in semiconductors. For methods of

Properties: Colorless to white, sometimes red, growing crystals, see nucleation.

349 “CUBEX”

Single crystals are used in masers, lasers, semicon-

crystal violet. See methyl violet.

ductors, miniaturized components, and computer

memory systems, and as “whiskers.” Many metals

“Crystamet” [Crosfield]. TM for sodium me-

are now available in large, single-crystal, form and

tasilicate pentahydrate.

such natural crystals as ruby, garnet, sapphire, etc.,

Grade: Granular.

are used in these applications. See crystalliza-

Use: Detergent, industrial cleaner, paper, and tex-

tion; nucleation; liquid crystal; hole; vacancy.

tiles.

crystal face. The recurring characteristic sur-

2S.

Abbreviation for dicalcium silicate as used in

face of a crystal or a plane parallel to it.

cement.

See cement, Portland.

crystal face, indices Reciprocals of intercepts

of a crystal plane on reference axes based on a

3S. Abbreviation for tricalcium silicate as used in

chosen system of coordinates.

cement.

See cement, Portland.

crystal-growth step. A ledge on the surface of

a crystal, one or more lattice spacings high, where

cS. Abbreviation for centistoke.

crystal growth occurs.

Cs. Symbol for cesium.

crystalline rocks. Igneous or metamorphic

rock.

CS gas. See o

-chlorobenzylidne malononitrile.

crystal, liquid. See liquid crystal.

CSMA. Abreviation for the Chemical Special-

ties Manufacturers Association.

crystallite. That portion of a crystal whose con-

stituent atoms, ions, or molecules form a perfect

C-stage resin. (resite). The fully cross-linked

lattice, without strains or other imperfections. Sin-

phenol-formaldehyde resin, which is infusible and

gle crystals may be quite large, but crystallites are

insoluble in all solvents.

usually microscopic.

See A-stage resin; phenol-formaldehyde resin.

See crystal.

CTFE. See chlorotrifluoroethylene.

crystallization. The phenomenon of crystal for-

mation by nucleation and accretion. The freezing of

CTP. Abbreviation for cytidine triphosphate.

water into ice is one of the commonest examples of

crystallization in nature. Industrially, it is used as a

Cu. Symbol for copper.

means of purifying materials by evaporation and

solidification. The sugar of commerce is made in

cuam. Abbreviation for cuprammonium, the cop-

this way. Similarly, salt cake is derived from crystal-

per ammonium radical.

lization of natural brines (e.g., Searles Lake). Nu-

cleated crystallization is also used to form polycrys-

cubeb oil.

talline ceramic structures.

CAS: 8007-87-2.

See crystal.

Properties: From steam distillation of mature, unripe

fruit of piper cubeba L. (Fam. Piperaceae). Color-

crystallogram. A photograph of an X-ray dif-

less to light green liquid; spicy odor, slt acrid taste.

fraction pattern of a crystal.

D: 0.898−0.928, refr index: 1.492−1.502 @ 20°. Sol

in fixed oils, mineral oil; insol in glycerin, propylene

crystallographic systems. (crystal systems).

glycol.

A categorization of crystals according to their de-

Hazard: A skin irritant.

gree of symmetry. They are cubic, hexagonal, ortho-

Use: Food additive.

rhombic, tetragonal, monoclinic, and triclinic. The

cubic form has the highest symmetry.

cube root. A powdered insecticidal preparation

containing 5% rotenone.

crystallography. The study of the crystal forma-

tion of solids, including X-ray determination of lat-

tice structures, crystal habit, and the shape, form,

“Cubex” [Westinghouse]. TM for an oriented

and defects of crystals. When applied to metals, this

silicon-iron alloy in rolled sheet form for use as

science is called metallography.

cores for transformers and other inductive devices.

The alloy sheet comprises cubic grains with faces

crystals of Venus. See copper acetate.

parallel to the sheet surface. In one form, the sheet is

doubly oriented with two directions of easy magne-

crystal systems. See crystallographic tization parallel to the surface to the sheet. One

systems. direction of easy magnetization is parallel to the

350CUBIC-CENTERED

rolling direction, and the second is perpendicular to Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8620, bp 152.7C,

the rolling direction. wt/gal 7.19 lb (25C), fp −96C, refr index 1.489

(25C), flash p 115F (46C), autoign temp 795F

(424C). Soluble in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride,

cubic-centered. See body-centered structure.

ether, and benzene; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) Alkylation of benzene with propyl-

cubic centimeter. (cc; mL). Unit of volume

ene (phosphoric acid catalyst), (2) distillation from

for liquids and finely divided solids.

coal tar naptha fractions or from petroleum.

See milliliter.

Grade: Technical, research, pure.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

“Cubidow” [Dow]. TM for compacted salt

absorption; a narcotic. TLV: 50 ppm. Moderate fire

comprising either or both calcium and sodium chlo-

risk.

ride.

Use: Production of phenol, acetone, and ␣-methyl-

styrene; solvent.

cucumber alcohol. See trans,cis-2,6-nona-

dienol.

cumene hydroperoxide. (␣,␣-dimethylben-

zyl hydroperoxide).

cucurbitacin a.

CAS: 80-15-9. C

C(CH

)

OOH.

CAS: 6040-19-3. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

cue-lure. Generic name for 4-(p-hydroxphe-

nyl)-2-butanone acetate.

COCH

OOCH

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Slightly

Properties: Liquid. Boiling range 117–124C. Insol-

soluble in water; readily soluble in alcohol, acetone,

uble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

esters, hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons.

Use: Insect attractant.

Flash p 175F (79.4C). Combustible.

Derivation: A solution or emulsion of cumene is

cuen. Abbreviation for cupriethylenediamine.

oxidized with air at approximately 130C.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption.

cullet. In ancient glass manufacturing, chunks of

Strong oxidizing agent; may ignite organic mate-

glass of varying sizes and colors furnished to arti-

rials.

sans for shaping and finishing. In modern practice,

Use: Production of acetone and phenol; polymeriza-

the term refers to fragments of scrap glass from

tion catalyst, particularly in redox systems, used for

production operations that are collected and recy-

rapid polymerization.

cled to the furnace for remelting.

cumerone. C

culm. Anthracite tailings, especially prevalent in

Properties: Colorless oily liquid. D 1.09.6, bp

eastern Pennsylvania. They represent a considerable

165–175C. Insoluble in water.

source of energy that could be used, for example, in

fluidized-bed boilers.

cumic alcohol. See cuminic alcohol.

cumaldehyde. See cuminic aldehyde.

cumic aldehyde. See cuminic aldehyde.

“Cumar” [Neville]. TM for a series of neutral,

stable, synthetic resins of the coumarone-indene

cumidine. (o-isopropylaniline).

type, manufactured from selected distillates of tar.

CAS: 643-28-7. (CH

)

CHC

Use: Softener and tackifier in varnishes, floor tile,

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.957 (20/4C), fp

rubber products, printing ink, adhesives, and water-

−63C, bp 225C. Insoluble in water.

proofing materials, and in the leather, electrical,

Use: Reagent in determination of tungsten.

radio, paper, and other industries.

See pseudocumidine.

See coumarone-indene resin.

cuminic alcohol. (p-isopropylbenzyl alcohol;

cumene. (isopropylbenzene).

cuminyl alcohol; cumic alcohol).

CAS: 98-82-8. C

CH(CH

)

CAS: 536-60-7. CH

OH(C

)CH(CH

)

. Found in

caraway seed.

Properties: Colorless liquid; caraway-like odor; aro-

matic taste. D 0.981 (15C), bp 248C, refr index

1.522 (24C). Insoluble in water; miscible with alco-

hol and ether. Combustible.

Use: Flavoring.

351 CUPROUS BROMIDE

cuminic aldehyde. (cumic aldehyde; cumal- cupric. Form of the word copper used in naming

dehyde; p-isopropylbenzaldehyde). copper compounds in which the copper has a va-

CAS: 122-03-2. (CH

)

CHC

CHO. lence of 2. Look for the corresponding compound

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid; cumin odor. under copper.

D 0.986 (22C), bp 235C. Insoluble in water; soluble

in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

cupric chromate basic. See copper chro-

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, synthesis. mate.

cupric diethyldithiocarbamate. See cop-

cumin oil. A dextrorotatory essential oil used in

per(ii) diethyldithiocarbamate.

perfumery and flavoring.

cupriethylene diamine. Purple liquid, ammo-

cumminum cyminum linn., extract.

niacal odor. Dissolves cellulose products.

CAS: 84775-51-9.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.

Source: Natural product.

cuprinol. A copper naphthenate or sodium penta-

chlorophenate preparation used as a wood and fabric

cumulene. A chain of up to 6 double-bonded

preservative.

carbon atoms derived from acetylene.

cuprite. (copper ore ruby; red oxide of cop-

cumylphenol. C

C(CH

)

OH.

per). Cu

O. Crimson, scarlet, vermilion, deep- or

Properties: White to tan crystals; characteristic phe-

brownish-red; secondary mineral; adamantine or

nol odor. Fp 72.0C, d 1.115 g/mL (25C), distillation

dull luster; brownish-red streak. Soluble in nitric

range 188.9–190.9C (10 mm Hg), flash p 320F

and concentrated hydrochloric acids, d 5.85–6.15,

(160C). Combustible.

Mohs hardness 3.5–4.

Use: Intermediate for resins, insecticides, lubricants.

Occurrence: U.S., England, Germany, France, Sibe-

ria, Australia, China, Peru, Bolivia.

cupellation process. A process for freeing sil-

Use: Source of copper.

ver, gold, or other nonoxidizing metals from base

metals that can be oxidized. The metallic mixture is

cupronickel. An alloy of copper and nickel used

placed in a cupel, which is a shallow, porous cup,

in coinage, and in condenser and heat-exchanger

and roasted in a blast of air. The base-metal oxides

tubes. Most types contain from 10–30% nickel.

are absorbed in the cupel, leaving the pure metal to

Strongly corrosion resistant, especially to seawater.

be decanted.

“Cuprophenyl” [Novartis]. TM for after-

cupferron. (ammonium nitroso-␤-phenylhy-

coppering direct dyes for cellulosic fibers.

droxylamine).

CAS: 135-20-6. C

N(NO)ONH

cuprotungsten. An alloy of copper and tung-

Properties: Creamy-white crystals. Mp 163–164C.

sten.

Soluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: By treating an ether solution of ␤-phe-

cuprous. Form of the word copper used in nam-

nylhydroxylamine with dry ammonia gas and amyl

ing copper compounds in which the copper has a

nitrite.

valence of 1.

Use: Analytical reagent, especially for separation and

precipitation of metals, e.g., copper, iron, vanadium.

cuprous acetate ammoniacal. See copper

ammonium acetate.

cupola. A vertical furnace, similar to a blast fur-

nace, used for melting iron or other metals for

cuprous acetylide. Cu

casting.

Properties: Amorphous, red powder. A salt of acety-

lene.

cuprammonium process. A minor process for

Derivation: Reaction of acetylene with aqueous sol-

making rayon by dissolving cellulose in an ammo-

uble of cuprous salts.

niacal copper solution and reconverting it to cellu-

Hazard: Severe explosion risk when shocked or

lose by treatment with acid.

heated.

Use: Detonators and other explosive devices.

cupreine. (hydroxycinchonine).

•2H

O. One of the cinchona alkaloids. cuprous bromide. CuBr or Cu

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp (anhydrous) Properties: White, crystalline solid becoming green

198C. Soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in water, in light. Mp 500C; d 4.71. Soluble in hydrochloric

chloroform, ether, benzene. acid and ammonium hydroxide; decomposes in hot

Derivation: From cuprea bark Remijia pedunculata. water; insoluble in acetone and sulfuric acid. Protect

Use: Medicine (antimalarial). from light when stored.

352CUPROUS CHLORIDE

Use: Catalyst in organic reactions. Use: Semiconductor research.

cuprous chloride. CuCl or Cu

cuprous sulfide. Cu

Properties: White, cubic crystals. D 4.14. Mp 430C;

Properties: Black powder or lumps. D 5.52–5.82,

bp 1490C. Becomes greenish on exposure to air, and

mp approximately 1100C. Soluble in nitric acid and

brown on exposure to light. Slightly soluble in wa-

ammonium hydroxide; insoluble in water. Occurs as

ter; soluble in acids, ammonia, ether; insoluble in

the mineral chalcocite.

alcohol and acetone.

Derivation: By heating cupric sulfide in a stream of

Derivation: Copper and cupric chloride solution or

hydrogen.

copper and hydrochloric acid in air.

Grade: Technical, single crystals.

Grade: Technical, reagent, single crystals.

Use: Antifouling paints, solar cells, electrodes, solid

Use: Catalyst, preservative and fungicide, desulfuriz-

lubricants, luminous paints, catalyst.

ing and decolorizing agent in petroleum industry,

absorbent for carbon monoxide.

cuprous sulfite. Cu

•H

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.83. Solu-

cuprous cyanide. Cu

(CN)

or CuCN.

ble in ammonium hydroxide, hydrochloric acid (de-

Properties: Cream-colored powder. D 1.9, mp 475C.

composes); insoluble in water.

Insoluble in water; soluble in sodium and potassium

Use: Catalyst, fungicide, textile dyeing.

cyanides, hydrochloric acid, and ammonium hy-

droxide.

cuprous thiocyanate. (copper sulfocyanide).

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg(CN)/m

CuSCN.

Use: Electroplating, antifouling paints, insecticide,

Properties: Yellow-white powder. D 2.843, mp

catalyst.

1084C. Insoluble in water; soluble in ammonia.

Use: Manufacture of organic chemicals, antifouling

cuprous iodide. (copper iodide).

paints, printing textiles, primers of explosives.

CAS: 7681-65-4. CuI.

Properties: White to brownish-yellow powder. D

“Curalon” [Uniroyal]. TM for a series of ure-

5.653 (15C), bp 1290C, mp 606C. Soluble in ammo-

thane curatives. “Curalon L,” a mixture of hindered

nia and potassium iodide solutions; insoluble in

aromatic primary diamines. “Curalon M,” p,p

′

water.

methylene-bis(o-chloroaniline).

Derivation: Interaction of solutions of potassium

iodide and copper sulfate.

curare.

Hazard: TLV: TWA (fume) 0.2 mg/m

; (dust, mist)

CAS: 8063-06-7. A highly toxic mixture of approxi-

1 mg(Cu)/m

; (Proposed: TWA (fume and respira-

mately 40 alkaloids occurring in several species of

ble particles) 0.05 mg/m

; (dust, mist) 1 mg(Cu)/m

South American trees. It acts on the central nervous

Toxic.

system, and derivatives are used to some extent in

Use: Feed additive, in table salt as source of dietary

medicine as a muscle relaxant.

iodine (up to 0.01%), catalyst, cloud seeding.

See snake venom.

cuprous mercuric iodide. Cu

HgI

curative. (1) Any substance or agent that effects a

Properties: Dark-red crystals that become dark

fundamental and desirable change in a material to

brown to black when heated to about 65C. Soluble in

make it suitable for practical use, e.g., meats, rubber,

water and alcohol.

tobacco. (2) Any substance that combats disease by

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

killing bacteria or that restores health by chemical

Use: Temperature indicator for bearings and other

means.

moving machinery parts.

See curing.

cuprous oxide. See copper oxide red.

curcumenone.

CAS: 100347-96-4. mf: C

cuprous potassium cyanide. KCu(CN)

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: Crystalline solid. D 2.38. Insoluble in

water; soluble in dimethylsulfoxide. Decomposed

by heating in water.

curcumin. (tumeric yellow; 1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-

Derivation: By evaporating a water solution of cu-

methoxyphenyl)-1,6-heptadiene-3,5-dione; CI

prous cyanide and potassium cyanide.

75300). [CH

(OH)CH:CHCO]

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Properties: Orange-yellow needles. Mp 183C. Solu-

Use: Copper-electroplating vats.

ble in water and ether; soluble in alcohol.

Derivation: The coloring principle from curcuma.

cuprous selenide. Cu

Se. Use: Analytical reagent, food dye, biological stain.

Properties: Dark-blue to black crystalline solid. Mp As an acid-base indicator it is brownish-red with

1100C, d 6.84. Soluble in sulfuric acid (sulfur diox- alkalies, yellow with acids (pH range 7.4–8.6); also

ide evolved); also in potassium cyanide solution. an indicator for boron.

353 CUTTING FLUID

cure. (1) The length of time required for a plastic (4) Cheese: Aging for 9–12 months at 4.5–10C to

compound to stay in the mold for complete reaction develop sharp flavor; the process is also called ri-

so it becomes infusible and chemically inert. (2) To pening.

change the physical properties of a material by

(5) Rubber: Addition of sulfur and accelerator, fol-

chemical reaction or vulcanization. This is usually

lowed by exposure to heat, which effects cross-link-

accomplished by the action of heat and catalysts.

ing. This converts the material from a thermoplastic

to a thermosetting product. High-energy radiation

can also be used. See vulcanization.

curie. (Ci). The official unit of radioactivity, de-

fined as exactly 3.70 × 10

disintegrations per sec.

This decay rate is nearly equivalent to that exhibited

curium. Cm. Synthetic radioactive element of

by 1 of radium in equilibrium with its disintegration

atomic number 96, aw 244, valences 3, 4. Isotopes

products. A millicurie (mCi) is 0.001 curie. A mi-

available: 244 and 242 (gram quantities).

crocurie (␮Ci) is one-millionth curie.

Properties: Silvery-white metal. D 13.5, mp 1340C.

Chemically reactive. More electropositive than alu-

minum. An ␣ emitter. Biologically it is a bone-seek-

Curie law. The magnetic susceptibility of a

ing element. Forms compounds such as CmO

paramagnetic substance varies inversely as the ab-

, CmF

, Cm(OH)

, CmCl

, CmBr

solute temperature.

CmI

•Cm

)

Use: Thermoelectric power generation for instru-

Curie, Marie S. (1867–1934). Born in War-

ment operation in remote locations on earth or in

saw, Poland, she and her husband Pierre made an

space vehicles.

intensive study of the radioactive properties of ura-

See actinide series.

nium. They isolated polonium in 1898 from pitch-

blende ore. By devising a tedious and painstaking

Curl, Robert F., Jr. (1933– ). An American

separation method, they obtained a salt of radium in

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry along with

1912, receiving the Nobel Prize in physics for this

Sir Harold W. Kroto and Richard E. Smalley in

achievement in 1903 jointly with Becquerel. In

1996, the 100th anniversary of Alfred Nobel’s

1911, Mme. Curie alone received the Nobel Prize in

death. The trio won for the discovery of the C

chemistry. Her work laid the foundation of the study

compound called buckminsterfullerene. He gradu-

of radioactive elements which culminated in control

ated from Rice University and received a Ph.D. from

of nuclear fission.

the University of California, Berkeley in 1957.

See Rutherford, Sir Ernest.

See buckminsterfullerene; Kroto, Sir Harold W.;

Smalley, Richard E.

curie point. Transition temperature above

which ferromagnetism ceases to exist.

current density. In an electroplating bath or

solution, the electric current per unit area of the

Curie-Weiss law. The magnetic susceptibility

object or surface being plated. Expressed in amperes

of a paramagnetic substance is inversely proportion-

per square centimeter or, more usually, amperes per

al to the increase of its temperature above a certain

square decimeter.

fixed temperature characteristic of the substance.

Current Good Manufacturing Practices.

curing. Conversion of a raw product to a finished

See CGMP.

and useful condition, usually by application of heat

and/or chemicals that induce physicochemical

Curtius rearrangement. Formation of isocy-

changes. Many food products require aging under

anates by thermal decomposition of acyl azides.

specified temperature conditions. The more com-

mon types of curing are as follows:

cutback. A coating substance or varnish that has

(1) Meats: Use of sodium chloride, sugars, sodium

been diluted or thinned.

nitrite, sodium nitrate, ascorbic acid. These not only

act as preservatives, but also aid in color retention.

“Cutless” [Regal]. TM for a turf growth regu-

Some types are subsequently smoked. Conversion

lator.

of collagen to gelatin occurs as a result of “hanging”

Use: To reduces the leaf blade elongation for a more

meat for several days.

compact plant form.

(2) Leather: Treatment of hides and skins with tan-

ning agents of vegetable or mineral origin. This

converts the protein structure into a firm and durable

cutting fluid. A liquid applied to a cutting tool to

product as a result of complexing reactions. See assist in the machining operation by washing away

tanning. the chips or serving as a lubricant or coolant. Com-

(3) Tobacco: Exposure for 3–5 days to temperatures monly used cutting fluids are water, water solutions

from 37 to 65C to reduce moisture content, convert or emulsions of detergents and oils, mineral oils,

starches to reducing sugars, and discharge the chlo- fatty oils, chlorinated mineral oils, sulfurized miner-

rophyll, followed by aging from 1 to 5 years to al oils, and mixtures of the foregoing oils. Transpar-

remove odors and improve smoking quality. ent grades are available.

354“CYANA”

“Cyana” [Cytec]. TM used in connection with 66.1–66.4C; decomposes at 160C. Soluble in water,

the textile finishes obtained by applying “Aerotex” alcohol, and ether.

resins and similar products. Derivation: Interaction of sodium chloroacetate and

potassium cyanide solution.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

“Cyanamer” [Cytec]. TM for water-soluble

Use: Organic synthesis.

polymers.

Use: Antiscalants, antiprecipitants, viscosity modifi-

ers, corrosion inhibitors, and dispersants in a wide

cyanoacrylate adhesive. An adhesive based

range of water treatment applications.

on the alkyl 2-cyanoacrylates (see for example

methyl 2-cyanoacrylate). The latter are prepared by

cyanamide. (1) (cyanogenamide; carbodiim-

pyrolyzing the poly(alkyl)-2-cyanoacrylates pro-

ide).

duced when formaldehyde is condensed with the

CAS: 420-04-2. HN:C:NH or N:CNH

corresponding alkyl cyanoacetates. These adhesives

Properties: Deliquescent crystals. Mp 43C, d 1.08.

have excellent polymerizing and bonding proper-

Very soluble in water, alcohol, ether, phenols, ke-

ties. To prevent premature polymerization, inhibi-

tones.

tors are added. Supplied commercially as “Eastman

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem-

910.”

branes; avoid inhalation or ingestion. TLV: 2 mg/

“Cyanobrik” [Du Pont].

(2) See calcium cyanamide.

CAS: 143-33-9. TM for sodium cyanide granular

briquettes.

cyanamide process. See nitrogen fixation;

Use: For metal extraction, cleaning, intermediate for

ammonia, anhydrous.

pharmaceuticals, dyes, inks, pigments, insecticides.

cyanatotributylstannane.

cyanocarbon. Any of a class of compounds in

CAS: 4027-17-2. mf: C

NOSn.

which the cyanide radical (−CN) replaces hydrogen

Hazard: A poison. Tributyl tin compounds are very

in organic compounds, as in tetracyanoethylene,

toxic to marine life. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

(CN)

C:C(CN)

. The compounds are quite reactive

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

and form colored complexes with aromatic hydro-

carbons.

cyanatryn.

See nitrile.

CAS: 21689-84-9. mf: C

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

“Cyanocel” [Cytec]. TM for chemically modi-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

fied (cyanoethylated) cellulose.

cyanic acid. See isocyanic acid.

cyanocobalamin. (vitamin B

CAS: 68-19-9. C

CoN

cyanide pulp. The mixture obtained by grinding

crude gold and silver ore and dissolving the precious

metal content in sodium cyanide solution.

cyanine dye. One of a series of dyes consisting

of two heterocyclic groups (usually quinoline nu-

clei) connected by a chain of conjugated double

bonds containing an odd number of carbon atoms.

Example: cyanine blue C

:CHC

They include the isocyanines, merocyanines, cryp-

tocyanines, and dicyanines.

Use: Sensitizers for photographic emulsions.

cyanoacetamide. (malonamide nitrile; pro-

pionamide nitrile). CNCH

CONH

Properties: White crystals. Mp 119C, bp (decom-

poses). Soluble in water and alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: Ammonolysis of cyanoacetic ester or

The anti-pernicious-anemia vitamin. All vitamin B

dehydration of ammonium cyanoacetate.

compounds contain the cobalt atom in its trivalent

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

state. There are at least three active forms: cyanoco-

Use: Organic pharmaceutical synthesis, plastics.

balamin, hydroxocobalmin, nitrocobalamin. Vita-

min B

is a component of a coenzyme that takes part

cyanoacetic acid. (malonic nitrile). in the shift of carboxyl groups within molecules. As

CNCH

COOH. such it has an influence on nucleic acid synthesis, fat

Properties: White crystals, hygroscopic. Mp metabolism, conversion of carbohydrate to fat, and

355 CYANOGEN FLUORIDE

metabolism of glycine, serine, methionine, and cho-

cyanogen. (dicyan; oxalonitrile).

CAS: 460-19-5. N≡C−C≡N

line.

Properties: Colorless gas; pungent penetrating

Properties: Dark-red crystals or red powder;

odor.Specific gravity 1.8064 (air

1), fp −28C, bp

odorless; tasteless. Very hygroscopic. Slightly solu-

−20.7C. Burns with a purple-tinged flame. Soluble

ble in water; soluble in alcohol; insoluble in acetone

in water, alcohol, and ether.

and ether.

Derivation: (1) Potassium cyanide solution is slowly

Source: (Food) Liver, eggs, milk, meats and fish.

dropped into copper sulfate solution; (2) mercury

Commercial source: produced by microbial action

cyanide is heated.

on various nutrients (spent antibiotic liquors, sugar-

Grade: Technical, pure.

beet molasses, whey), also from sewage sludge.

Hazard: Flammable limits in air 6–32%. Store away

Grade: USP, radioactive.

from light and heat. A very toxic material. TLV: 10

Use: Medicine (blood and nerve treatment), nutri-

ppm.

tion, animal-feed supplements.

Use: Organic synthesis, welding and cutting metals,

fumigant, rocket propellant.

′

-cyano-n,n-dimethylguanidine.

CAS: 1609-06-9. mf: C

cyanogenamide. See cyanamide (1).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tact. A mild eye irritant.

cyanogen azide. (carbonpernitride).

N==N

==N−C≡N.

2-cyanoethyl acrylate.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Unstable at room

:CHCOOCH

CN.

temperature.

Properties: Liquid. D 2.0690, bp (polymerizes when

Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated; store and

heated), fp −16.9C, wt/gal 8.9 lbs, flash p 255F

handle in solvents, e.g., acetonitrile.

(124C) (COC). Soluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis; has wide range of reactivity.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Forms polymers and copolymers for viscosity-

cyanogen bromide. (bromine cyanide).

index improvers, adhesives, textile finishes and

CAS: 506-68-3. BrC≡N.

sizes.

Properties: Crystals; penetrating odor. D 2.02, bp

61.2C, mp 52C, vap d 3.6. Slowly decomposed by

cyanoethylation. Process for introducing the

cold water. Corrodes most metals. Soluble in water,

group −OCH

CH into an organic molecule by

alcohol, benzene, ether.

reaction of acrylonitrile with a reactive hydrogen

Derivation: (1) Action of bromine on potassium cya-

such as that on a hydroxyl or amino group.

nide. (2) Interaction of sodium bromide, sodium

cyanide, sodium chlorate, and sulfuric acid.

cyanoethyl sucrose. (CES).

Hazard: A poison. Strong irritant to skin and eyes.

(OH)

0.7

(OC

CN)

7.3

Use: Organic synthesis, parasiticide, fumigating

Properties: Clear, very viscous, pale-yellow liquid.

compositions, rat exterminants, cyaniding reagent

D 1.20 (20/20C), fp (sets to a glass at −10C), bp

in gold extraction processes.

>300C, flash p >375F (190C), refr index 1.615

(25C). Combustible. Viscosity decreases very rap-

cyanogen chloride.

idly when heated; has high volume resistivity, low

CAS: 506-77-4. CNCl.

power factor, unusually high dielectric constant.

Properties: Colorless gas or liquid. D 1.2, bp 12.5C,

Use: Capacitor impregnation, phosphor binding in

fp −6C, vap d 2.1. Min purity 97 mole %. Soluble in

electroluminescent panels, modification of electri-

water, alcohol, and ether.

cal properties in coatings.

Derivation: Action of chlorine on moist sodium cya-

nide suspended in carbon tetrachloride and kept

cyano(4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl-3-

cooled to −3C, followed by distillation.

(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate.

irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: ceiling 0.3 ppm.

Use: Food additive; insecticide.

Use: Organic synthesis, tear gas, warning agent in

fumigant gases.

cyanoformic chloride. CNCOCl.

Properties: Oily liquid. Bp 126–18C (750 mm Hg).

cyanogen fluoride. (fluorine cyanide). CNF.

Derivation: Reaction between phthalocyl chloride

Properties: Colorless gas. Forms a white, pulveru-

and the amide of ethyl oxalate.

lent mass if cooled strongly, and sublimes at −72C.

Insoluble in water.

“Cyanogas” [Cytec]. TM for a pesticide con- Derivation: Interaction of silver fluoride and cyano-

taining not less than 42% calcium cyanide; evolves gen iodide.

hydrogen cyanide gas on exposure to atmospheric Hazard: Inhalation or ingestion poison, strong irri-

moisture. tant to eyes and skin. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

Hazard: Poisonous. Use: Organic synthesis, tear gas.

356CYANOGEN IODIDE

cyanogen iodide. (iodine cyanide). CNI. Hazard: Poison. A cholinesterase inhibitor.

Use: Pesticide.

Properties: Colorless needles; very pungent odor;

acrid taste. Mp 146.5C, d 1.84. Soluble in water,

alcohol, and ether.

3-cyanopyridine. (3-azabenzonitrile; nicoti-

Derivation: By heating a metal cyanide with iodine. nonitrile).

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin. A poison. CAS: 100-54-9. C

NCN.

Use: Taxidermists’ preservatives. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 206.2C, mp 49.6C.

Soluble in water.

Use: Organic synthesis.

“Cyanogran” [Du Pont]. TM for a 98% sodi-

um cyanide in granular form. White, crystalline sol-

id crushed to pass 100% through 10 mesh, retained

4-cyanopyridine. C

NCN.

on 50 mesh. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 195.4C, mp 78.5C.

Hazard: A deadly poison by inhalation and inges- Partially soluble in water; soluble in most organic

tion, strong irritant to eyes and skin. solvents.

Use: Organic synthesis.

cyanoguanidine. See dicyandiamide.

(3ar,9bs)-n-(4-(8-cyano-1,3a,4,9b-

tetrahydro-3h-benzopyrano(3,4-c)pyrrol-

cyanomethyl acetate. (methyl cyanoetha-

e-2-yl)butyl)-4-.

noate). CNCH

COOCH

CAS: 273203-30-8. mf: C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −22C, bp 200C, d

Hazard: A poison.

1.12.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Use: Organic synthesis, pesticide.

cyanuramide. See ammelide.

cyano(methylmercuri)guanidine. (methyl- cyanurdiamide. See ammeline.

mercury dicyandiamide).

Hg(NHC(:NH)NHCN.

cyanuric acid. (tricarbimide; tricyanide).

Properties: Crystals. Mp 156C. Soluble in water.

CAS: 108-80-5. HOCHC(OH)NC(OH)N•2H

Hazard: A poison by inhalation or ingestion, strong

Properties: White crystals; odorless; slight bitter

skin irritant.

taste. D 1.768, decomposes to cyanic acid at 320C.

Use: Seed fungicide and disinfectant.

Soluble in hot water and concentrated mineral acids,

insoluble in alcohol and acetone.

5-cyano-n-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazole-4- Use: Intermediate for chlorinated bleaches, selective

carboxamide. herbicide, whitening agents.

CAS: 98477-03-3. mf: C

O. See isocyanuric acid.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

cyanuric chloride. (2,4,6-trichloro-1,3,5-tria-

“Cyanophenfos.” C

PS. zine).

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 80C, refr index CAS: 108-77-0. C

(cyclic).

1.58. Partially soluble in aromatic solvents and ke- Properties: Crystals; pungent odor. D 1.32, mp

tones; almost insoluble in water. 146C, bp 194C (764 mm Hg). Soluble in chloro-

Hazard: A poison. form, carbon tetrachloride, hot ether, dioxane, ke-

Use: Insecticide. tones; very slightly soluble in water (hydrolyzes in

cold water).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

cyano(4-phenoxyphenyl)methyl 4-chloro ␣-

Use: Chemical synthesis, dyestuffs, herbicides, opti-

(1-methylethylbenzeneacetate).

cal brighteners.

CAS: 66827-38-1. mf: C

ClNO

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

cyanurtriamide. See melamine.

(+)cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methyl(n˜)-1- cyclain. See osmocaine.

(difluoromethoxy)-␣-(1-

methylethyl)benzeneacetate.

cyclamate. Group name for synthetic nonnutri-

Use: Food additive; insecticide.

tive sweetening agents derived from cyclohexyl-

amine or cyclamic acid. The series includes sodium,

“Cyanophos.” (ciafos; O,O-dimethyl-O-(4- potassium, and calcium cyclamates. As a result of a

cyanophenyl)phosphorothioate). study made on laboratory animals in 1970, which

CAS: 2636-26-2. C

PS. indicated that these compounds cause genetic dam-

Properties: Yellowish liquid. Bp 120C (0.1 mm Hg), age in chick embryos and cancer in rats at high

fp 14C, refr index 1.54. Soluble in alcohol, metha- dosage, their use in beverages and food products

nol, acetone; slightly soluble in water. Decomposed was banned in the U.S. More recent research has

by light and in alkaline environment. failed to confirm the carcinogenicity of these com-

357 CYCLOBUTYLIDINECYCLOBUTANE

pounds in laboratory animals even at levels up to

cyclic electron flow. In chloroplasts, the light-

240 times human intake. Notwithstanding these re- induced flow of electrons originating from and re-

sults, FDA has not yet withdrawn its ban on use of turning to photosystem I to produce ATP without

cyclamates as food additives or as table-top sweet- production of NADPH.

eners, in view of the continuing uncertainty about

their safety.

cyclic photophosphorylation. ATP synthesis

See sweetener, nonnutritive.

driven by cyclic electron flow through photosystem

I (no NADPH produced).

cyclamate calcium dihydrate. See calcium

cyclamate dihydrate.

cyclizine hydrochloride. (1-diphenylmethyl-

4-methylpiperazine hydrochloride).

CAS: 303-25-3. (C

)

CHC

•HCl.

cyclamen alcohol. The alcohol corresponding

Properties: White, crystalline powder or small col-

to cyclamen aldehyde, used as a stabilizer of cycla-

orless crystals; odorless or nearly so; bitter taste. Mp

men aldehyde.

285C (decomposes). Slightly soluble in water, alco-

hol, chloroform; insoluble in ether; pH (2% solu-

cyclamen aldehyde. (methyl-p-isopropylphe-

tion) 4.5–5.5.

nylpropyl aldehyde).

Grade: USP.

CAS: 103-95-7. (CH

)

CHC

CH(CH

)CH

CHO.

Use: Medicine (antiemetic).

Properties: Colorless liquid; floral odor. D

0.949–0.959, refr index 1.507–1.520. Soluble in 1

cycloaliphatic epoxy resin. (cycloalkenyl

volume of 80% alcohol, and in most oils.

epoxides). A polymer prepared by epoxidation of

Grade: FCC.

multicycloalkenyls (polycyclic aliphatic com-

Use: Perfumery, soap perfumes, flavoring.

pounds containing carbon-carbon double bonds)

with organic peracids such as peracetic acid. Resis-

cyclamic acid. (USAN name for cyclohexa-

tant to high temperatures.

nesulfamic acid; cyclohexylsufamic acid).

Use: Space vehicles, outdoor electrical installations

CAS: 100-88-9. C

NHSO

in polluted and humid atmospheres, high-tempera-

Properties: Odorless, white, crystalline solid; sweet-

ture adhesives.

sour taste. Mp 170C. Strong, stable acid; soluble in

water and alcohol; insoluble in oils.

cyclobarbital. [5-(1-cyclohexenyl)-5-ethylbar-

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen.

bituric acid; tetrahydrophenobarbital].

Use: Nonutritive sweetener, acidulant.

CAS: 52-31-3. C

See cyclamate.

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder;

odorless; bitter taste. Mp 170–174C. Soluble in al-

cyclanilide.

cohol or ether; very slightly soluble in cold water or

CAS: 113136-77-9. mf: C

benzene.

Hazard: A poison. Moderately toxic by skin contact

Derivation: Hydrogenation of phenobarbital with

and inhalation.

colloidal palladium in alcohol as a catalyst.

Hazard: See barbiturates.

cycle compound. See carbocyclic.

Use: Medicine (hypnotic, sedative).

cyclethrin. (3-(2-cyclopentenyl)-2-methyl-4-

cyclobutane. (tetramethylene).

oxo-2-cyclopentenyl ester of chrysanthemummo-

CAS: 287-23-0. C

nocarboxylic acid).

Properties: Viscous, brown liquid. Soluble in petro-

leum solvents and other common organic solvents.

Formulated principally as liquid for spray applica-

tions corresponding to natural pyrethrins.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. Properties: Colorless gas. D 0.7083 (11C), bp 13C,

Use: Insecticide with applications similar to allethrin fp −80C, flash p <50F. Insoluble in water; soluble in

and other analogs. alcohol and acetone.

See furethrin; barthrin; ethythrin. Derivation: Catalytic hydrogenation of cyclobutene.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

cyclic compound. An organic compound

cyclobutene. (cyclobutylene). C

whose structure is characterized by one or more

Properties: Gas. D 0.733, bp 2.0C.

closed rings, it may be mono-, bi-, tri-, or polycyclic

Derivation: From petroleum.

depending on the number of rings present. There are

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

three major groups of cyclic compounds: (1) alicy-

clic, (2) aromatic (also called arene), and (3) hetero-

cyclic. For more detailed information, consult spe-

cyclobutylidinecyclobutane. See bicyclobu-

cific entries. tylidine.

358CYCLOCITRYLIDENEACETONE

cyclocitrylideneacetone. See ionone. aniline equivalent 7. Insoluble in water; soluble in

alcohol, acetone, benzene; flash p (98% grade) −1F

(−18.3C) (CC); autoign temp 473F (245C). Flam-

cyclocumarol. C

. A synthetic blood anti-

mable limits in air 1.3–8.4%.

coagulant.

Derivation: (1) Catalytic hydrogenation of benzene.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; slight odor.

(2) Constituent of crude petroleum.

Mp 164–168C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

Grade: 85, 98, 99.86%, spectrophotometric.

alcohol.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Moderate-

ly toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV: 300

cyclodisone. See 1,5,2,4-dioxadithiepane-

ppm.

2,2,4,4-tetraoxide.

Use: Manufacture of nylon; solvent for cellulose

ethers, fats, oils, waxes, bitumens, resins, crude rub-

cyclofenil diphenol. See 4-(cyclohexyli-

ber; extracting essential oils; chemicals (organic

dene(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl)phenol.

synthesis, recrystallizing medium); paint and var-

nish remover; glass substitutes; solid fuels; fungi-

cycloheptane. (heptamethylene; suberane).

cides; analytical chemistry.

CAS: 291-64-5. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.809, bp 117, fp

1,4-cyclohexanebis(methylamine).

−12C, aniline equivalent −6, flash p >70F (20C).

(CH

)

. The commercial product is

Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

about 40% cis and 60% trans.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Clear liquid. D 0.9419 (20/4C), bp

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Narcotic

239–244C. Miscible with water, alcohol, and most

by inhalation.

other organic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Use: Intermediate, resins.

cycloheptanone. (suberone).

cyclohexanecarboxylic acid. See hexahy-

CAS: 502-42-1. C

drobenzoic acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid; peppermint odor. Bp

179C, d 0.95. Insoluble in water; soluble in ether and

1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylic anhydride.

alcohol. Combustible.

See hexahydrophthalic anhydride.

Use: Research, intermediate.

1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol. (CHDM).

cyclohexane. (hexamethylene; hexanaphthene;

(CH

OH)

. cis and trans isomers are known

hexalhydrobenzene).

and are present in the commercial product in about

CAS: 110-82-7. C

30–70%.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 286.0C (735 mm Hg cis iso-

mer), mp 41–61C, d (super cooled) 1.0381 (25/4C),

flash p 330F (165C) (COC), refr index 1.4893

(20C). Soluble in water and ethyl alcohol. Combus-

tible.

Use: Polyester films and protective coatings, reduc-

Structure: A typical alicyclic hydrocarbon. It exists in

tion of reaction time in esterification.

two modifications called the “boat” and the “chair,” as

shown. This is due to slight distortion of the bond

cyclohexanesulfamic acid. See cyclamic

angles in accordance with the modified version of

acid.

Baeyer’s strain theory. Cyclohexane has been studied

extensively on a theoretical basis in a branch of ad-

cyclohexanol. (hexahydrophenol).

vanced chemistry called conformational analysis.

CAS: 108-93-0. C

OH.

See conformation.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; camphorlike odor;

hygroscopic. D 0.937 (37.4C), mp 23C, bp 160.9C,

wt/gal approximately 8 lb, flash p 154F (67.7C), refr

index 1.465 (22C). Sparingly soluble in water; mis-

cible with most organic solvents and oils. Combusti-

ble, autoign temp 572F (300C).

Derivation: Phenol is reduced with hydrogen over

active nickel at 71–76.6C. The cyclohexanone is

removed by condensing with benzaldehyde in the

presence of alkali.

Grade: Technical (contains freezing inhibitor).

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; pungent odor. Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption and inhalation;

D 0.779 (20/4C), bp 80.7C, mp 6.5C, refr index narcotic. TLV: 50 ppm.

1.4263, vap press 100 mm Hg at 60.8C, vap d 2.90, Use: In soap making to incorporate solvents and

359 CYCLOHEXIMIDE

phenolic insecticides; source of adipic acid for ny-

lon; textile finishing; solvent for alkyd and phenolic

resins, cellulosics; blending agent for lacquers,

paints, and varnishes; finish removers; emulsified

products; leather degreasing; polishes, plasticizers,

plastics; germicides.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.811 (20/4C), bp

83C, fp −1037C, refr index 1.445 (25C), flash p 11F

cyclohexanol acetate. (cyclohexanyl acetate).

(−11.6C), aniline equivalent 10, wt/gal 6.7 lb (25C),

CAS: 622-45-7. CH

COOC

autoign temp 590F (310C). Soluble in alcohol; in-

Properties: Colorless liquid; odor resembling that of

soluble in water.

amyl acetate. D 0.966, bp 177C, flash p 136F (57C),

Grade: Technical 95%, 99%, research 99.9 mole %.

autoign temp 633F (333C). Miscible with most lac-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

quer solvents and dilutions and with halogenated

inhalation. TLV: 300 ppm.

and hydrogenated hydrocarbons; soluble in alcohol;

Use: Organic synthesis, catalyst solvent, oil extrac-

insoluble in water. Combustible.

tion, manufacturing of adipic and maleic acids.

Hazard: Narcotic.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, cellulose ether, bitu-

mens, metallic soaps, basic dyes, blown oils, crude

3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde. (1,2,3,6-

rubber, many natural and synthetic resins and gums,

tetrahydrobenzaldehyde).

lacquers.

❘

CH:CHCH

❘

CHCHO.

cyclohexanone. (pimelic ketone; ketohexame-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9721, bp 164.2C, fp −100C,

thylene).

wt/gal 8.1 lbs (20C), flash p 135F (57.2C). Slightly

CAS: 108-94-1. C

soluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Use: Intermediates, improves water resistance of tex-

tiles.

cyclohexene-1-dicarboximidomethyl-

Properties: Water-white to pale-yellow liquid; ace-

chrysanthemate. See neopinamine.

tone- and peppermint-like odor. Bp 156.7C, fp

−32C, d 0.948, flash p 111F (44C), refr index 1.4507

cyclohexene oxide. C

(20C), vap press 135 mm Hg (100C), autoign temp

Properties: Colorless liquid; a strong odor. Bp

788F (420C). Slightly soluble in water; miscible

129–130C, d 0.967 (25/4C), refr index 1.4503

with most solvents. Combustible.

(25C), flash p 81F (27.2C). Soluble in alcohol, ether,

Derivation: By passing cyclohexanol over copper

acetone; insoluble in water.

with air at 280F, also by oxidation of cyclohexanol

Grade: 98% pure.

with chromic acid or oxide.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic via inhalation and

Use: Chemical intermediate.

skin contact. TLV: 25 ppm.

Use: Organic synthesis, particularly of adipic acid

and caprolactam (about 95%), polyvinyl chloride

cyclohexenylethylbarbituric acid. See cy-

and its copolymers, and methacrylate ester poly-

clobarbital.

mers; wood stains; paint and varnish removers, spot

removers; degreasing of metals; polishes; leveling

cyclohexenylethylene. See vinylcyclohexene.

agent dyeing and delustering silk; lubricating oil

additive; solvent for cellulosics; natural and synthet-

cyclohexenyltrichlorosilane. C

SiCl

ic resins, waxes, fats, etc.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 202C, d 1.263 (25/

25C), refr index 1.488 (25C), flash p 200F (93.3C)

cyclohexanone peroxide. (1-hydroperoxycy-

(COC). Readily hydrolyzed by moisture, with liber-

clohexyl-1-hydroxycyclohexyl peroxide).

ation of hydrogen chloride. Combustible.

CAS: 78-18-2. C

(OOH)OOC

OH.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Grayish paste. Insoluble in water; solu-

Hazard: Strong irritant, corrosive to skin.

ble in most organic solvents.

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk, powerful oxidizer.

cycloheximide. (generic name for 3-[2-(3,5-

dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl)-2-hydroxyeth-

cyclohexanyl acetate. See cyclohexanol ace-

yl]glutarimide).

tate.

CAS: 66-81-9.

cyclohexene. (1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzene).

CAS: 110-83-8. C

❘

CH(CH

)CH

CH(CH

)CO

❘

CHCH(OH)

360CYCLOHEXYLAMINE

❘

CHCH

CONHCOC

❘

. cyclohexyl 4-(1,1-(dimethylethyl)phenyl)

methyl-3-pyridinylcarbonimi-

A plant growth regulator. By-product in the manu-

dodithioate.

facture of streptomycin.

CAS: 42754-23-4. mf: C

Properties: Crystals. Mp 115.5–117C. Slightly solu-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

ble in acetone, alcohol, and chlorinated solvents.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Fungicide, antibiotic, abscission of citrus fruit in

2-cyclohexyl-4,6-dinitrophenol. See dinitro-

harvesting, turf disease control.

cyclohexylphenol.

cyclohexylamine. (hexahydroaniline; amino-

1-cyclohexylethanol.

cyclohexane).

CAS: 1193-81-3. mf: C

CAS: 108-91-8. C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Properties: Colorless liquid; unpleasant odor. Bp

tact. A severe skin and mild eye irritant.

134.5C, d 0.8647 (25/25C), fp −18C. Strong organic

base, pH of 0.01% aqueous solution 10.5, forms an

4-(cyclohexylidene(4-hydroxy-

azeotrope with water, bp 96.4C. Miscible with most

phenyl)methyl)phenol.

solvents, flash p 90F (32.2C) (OC), autoign temp

CAS: 5189-40-2. mf: C

560F (293C).

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Grade: Technical (98%).

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic by

cyclohexylidenemalononitrile.

ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption. TLV: 10

CAS: 4354-73-8. mf: C

ppm.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Boiler-water treatment, rubber accelerator, in-

termediate in organic synthesis.

cyclohexyl isocyanate.

CAS: 3173-53-3. C

NCO.

cyclohexylbenzene. See phenylcyclohexane.

Use: To form cyclohexyl carbamates or ureas for

agricultural chemicals or pharmaceutical use.

n-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide.

(benzothiazyl-2-cyclohexylsulfenamide).

cyclohexyl methacrylate.

SNCSNHC

C:C(CH

)COOC

Properties: Cream-colored powder. D 1.27, melting

Properties: Colorless monomeric liquid; pleasant

range 93–100C. Insoluble in water; soluble in ben-

odor. Bp 210C, refr index 1.4578 (20C), d 0.9626

zene.

(20/20C), viscosity 5.0 cP (25C). Insoluble in water.

Use: Rubber accelerator.

Combustible.

Use: Optical lens systems, dental resins, encapsula-

cyclohexyl bromide. C

Br.

tion of electronic assemblies.

Properties: Liquid, not more than faintly yellow,

penetrating odor, d 1.32–1.34 (25/25C), refr index

2-cyclohexyl-4-methylphenol.

1.4926–1.4936 (25C).

CAS: 1596-09-4. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A severe eye

((cyclohexylcarbonyl)oxy)tributylstannane.

irritant.

See tributyltin cyclohexanecarboxylate.

p-cyclohexylphenol. C

OH.

1-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetra-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 120C (min). Combustible.

hydropyridine.

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 63697-52-9. mf: C

NO.

Use: Intermediate for resins and organic synthesis.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

eye irritant.

cyclohexyl phenyl phosphate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 4281-67-8. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A mild eye

cyclohexyl chloride. irritant.

CAS: 542-18-7. C

Cl.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −43C, bp 142C,

n-cyclohexylpiperdine. C

flash p 89F (31.6C), d 0.992.

Properties: Yellow liquid. Refr index 1.4856 (20C).

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Combustible.

Use: Intermediate.

2-cyclohexylcyclohexanol. C

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 29C, bp 271–277C,

cyclohexyl stearate. C

OOCC

d 0.977 (25/25C), wt/gal 8.13 lbs, refr index 1.495 Properties: Pale-yellow powder. D 0.882 at 30/

(25C), flash p 255F (124C). Soluble in methanol and 15.5C, mp 26–28C. Soluble in benzene, toluene, and

ether; slightly soluble in water. Combustible. acetone; insoluble in water.

361 CYCLOOLEFIN

Use: Plasticizer for natural and synthetic resins. microns. Cyclones are also used in cleaning and

firing pulverized coal.

cyclohexylsulfamic acid. See cyclamic acid.

cyclonite. (sym-trimethylenetrinitramine; hex-

ahydro-1,2,5-trinitro-sym-triazine; trinitrotrime-

n-cyclohexyl-p-toluenesulfonamide.

thylenetriamine; cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine;

NHSO

RDX).

Properties: Yellow-brown fused mass, relatively

CAS: 121-82-4.

light stable. Mp 86C, bp 350C. Soluble in alcohol,

N(NO

)CH

N(NO

)CH

N(NO

esters, ketones, aromatic hydrocarbons, and vegeta-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. D 1.82, mp

ble oils; insoluble in water. Compatible with a wide

203.5C. Soluble in acetone; insoluble in water, alco-

variety of resins including most of the cellulosic and

hol, carbon tetrachloride, and carbon disulfide;

vinyl resins. Combustible.

slightly soluble in methanol and ether.

Use: Resin plasticizer.

Derivation: Reaction of hexamethylenetetramine

with concentrated nitric acid.

cyclohexyl trichlorosilane.

Hazard: High explosive, easily initiated by mercury

CAS: 98-12-4. C

SiCl

fulminate. Toxic by inhalation and skin contact.

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow liquid. Bp

TLV: 1.5 mg/m

206C, d 1.226 (25/25C), refr index 1.4759 (25C),

Use: Explosive 1.5 times as powerful as TNT.

flash p 185F (85C) (COC). Readily hydrolyzed by

moisture with liberation of hydrogen chloride. Com-

3-cyclooctadiene.

bustible.

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

❘

:CH(CH

)

CH:CHCH

❘

. Intermediate for such

chloride and cyclohexylmagnesium chloride.

compounds as suberic acid, 1,5-cyclooctadiene. A bu-

Grade: Technical.

tadiene dimer.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Properties: Liquid. Fp −56.39C, distillation range

irritant to tissue.

301–303F (technical), bp 149.34C (pure), d 0.88328

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

(20/4C), wt/gal 7.38 lbs, vap press 0.50 psia (37.7C),

refr index 1.4933 (20C), flash p 100F (37.7C). Com-

“Cyclolube” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM

bustible.

for a series of oils composed principally of cyclopa-

Derivation: Catalytic dimerization of butadiene.

raffins. Used as plasticizers for nonpolar polymers,

Grade: Technical 95%, 99%, 99.8 mole %.

lubricants for polar polymers, and extenders for rel-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

atively saturated polymers.

Use: Resin intermediate, third monomer in EPT

rubber.

cyclomethylcaine. (3-(2-methylpiperi-

dine)propyl-p-cyclohexyloxybenzoate).

cyclooctane. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.835, bp 148C, mp

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless.

14C. Combustible.

Sparingly soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform;

very slightly soluble in acetone, ether, and dilute

1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene.

acids.

CAS: 629-20-9. C

Use: Medicine (topical anesthetic).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −7C, bp 140C, d

0.943 (0/4C), refr index 1.5394 (20C). It behaves

cyclone. A dust-collecting device consisting of a

like an aliphatic hydrocarbon, is relatively reactive,

cylindrical chamber the lower portion of which is

and resinifies on standing in air. Combustible.

tapered to fit into a cone-shaped receptacle placed

below it. The dust-laden air enters through a vertical

slotlike duct on the upper wall of the chamber at the

rate of at least 100 f/sec. Since the particles enter at a

tanget, they whirl in a circular or cyclonic path

within the chamber. The centrifugal force exerted on

the particles is proportional to their weight and to the

Derivation: Nickel-catalyzed polymerization of

square of their velocity. The particles slide along the

acetylene, a reaction discovered by Reppe in Ger-

walls of the chamber and gradually circulate down

many about 1940. The mechanism has several possi-

into the conical receptor while the clean air escapes

ble pathways.

through a central pipe at the bottom. The dust accu-

Use: Organic research

mulates in the cone and is discharged at intervals or

See polyacetylene.

continuously. The larger the particles, the more effi-

cient the removal; in simple cyclones particles those

less than 50 microns in diameter are not retained, but

cycloolefin. An alicyclic hydrocarbon having

improved models retain particles as small as 20 two or more double bonds, e.g., the very reactive and

362CYCLOPARAFFIN

widely used cyclopentadiene derived from coal tar, −35F (−37.2C). Soluble in alcohol; insoluble in

as well as cyclohexadiene and cyclooctatetraene,

water.

containing six and eight carbon atoms, respectively.

Derivation: Catalytic cracking of cyclohexane.

The latter has four double bonds and is a polymer of

Grade: Technical, 95%, 99%, research.

acetylene.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Moderate-

ly toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV: 600 ppm.

Use: Solvent for cellulose ethers, motor fuel, azeo-

cycloparaffin. An alicyclic hydrocarbon in

tropic distillation agent.

which three or more of the carbon atoms in each

molecule are united in a ring structure and each of

these ring carbon atoms is joined to two hydrogen

1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid.

atoms or alkyl groups. The simplest members are C

(COOH)

cyclopropane (C

), cyclobutane (C

), cyclopen- Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 195–196C. Sol-

tane (C

), cyclohexane (C

), and derivatives of uble in water but insoluble in most organic solvents.

these such as methylcyclohexane (C

). Use: Curing agent for resins; imparts thermal stabili-

Hazard: All members of the cycloparaffin series are ty and high-temperature properties.

narcotic and may cause death through respiratory

paralysis. For most of the members there appears to

1,2,3,4-cyclopentanetetracarboxylic acid

be a narrow range between the concentration caus-

dianhydride. C

)

ing deep narcosis and those causing death.

Properties: White solid. Mp 220–221C. Moderately

soluble in dimethyl formamide, butyrolactone, and

dimethylsulfoxide; only slightly soluble in acetone;

1,3-cyclopentadiene.

insoluble in hydrocarbons.

CAS: 542-92-7. C

Use: Curing agent for epoxy resins.

cyclopentanol. (cyclopentyl alcohol).

❘

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.805, bp 42.5C. In-

Properties: Colorless, viscous liquid; pleasant odor.

soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, and ben-

D 0.946 (20/4C), refr index 1.4575 (20C), fp −19C,

zene.

bp 139–140C, flash p 124F (51C). Slightly soluble

Derivation: From coal tar and cracked petroleum

in water; soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

oils.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Hazard: Decomposes violently at high temperature.

Use: Perfume and pharmaceutical solvent, intermedi-

Toxic. TLV: 75 ppm.

ate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other organics.

Use: Chemical intermediate, organic synthesis

(Diels-Alder reaction), starting material for synthet-

ic prostaglandin, chlorinated insecticides, formation

cyclopentanone.

of sandwich compounds by chelation, e.g., cyclo-

CAS: 120-92-3. C

pentadienyl iron dicarbonyl dimer [C

Fe(CO)

]

cyclopentamine hydrochloride. (1-cyclo-

pentyl-2-methyl-aminopropane hydrochloride).

(CH

)NHCH

:HCl.

Properties: White, crystalline powder; mild charac-

Properties: Water-white, mobile liquid; distinctive

teristic odor; bitter taste. Mp 113.0–116.0C. Freely

ethereal odor somewhat like peppermint. Bp 131C;

soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform; soluble in

d 0.943; refr index 1.437; flash p 87F (30.5C) (CC);

benzene; slightly soluble in ether; pH (1% solution)

insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

approximately 6.2.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Narcotic in

Grade: NF.

high concentration.

Use: Medicine (vasoconstrictor).

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, biologicals,

insecticides, and rubber chemicals.

cyclopentane. (pentamethylene).

CAS: 287-92-3. C

cyclopentanone oxime. C

NOH. Nearly

colorless and odorless, crystalline solid; mp 56C; bp

196C; soluble in water, alcohol. Used as intermedi-

ate in synthesis of the amino acids, proline and

ornithine.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.7445 (20/4C); bp

cyclopentene.

49.27C; fp −94C; refr index 1.406 (20/D), flash p CAS: 142-29-0.

363 CYCLOTRON

cyclophane. A term applied in organic research

❘

H:CHCH

❘

to two molecules, e.g., of benzene, that are con-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.772, bp 44C, fp

nected by covalent bonds involving all their carbon

−135.21C, refr index 1.4225 (20/D), flash p −20F

atoms (superphane). Such molecules exhibit a high

(−29C).

degree of strain. In other types some of the carbon

Grade: Technical, research (99.89 mole %).

atoms are not involved. Cyclophanes can be made

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Moderate

by a reaction mechanism in which dimerization of

narcotic action.

benzocyclobutenes plays a part.

Use: Organic synthesis, polyolefins, epoxies, cross-

linking agent.

cyclophosphamide.

CAS: 50-18-0. C

P. A nitrogen mustard.

cyclopentenylacetone. [1-(1-cyclopentenyl)-

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 41C. Slightly solu-

2-propanone]. C

COCH

ble in benzene, alcohol, carbon tetrachloride; very

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; ketone odor. Bp

slightly soluble in ether and acetone.

170C; refr index 1.4545–1.4550 (25C). Combus-

Hazard: An experimental carcinogen by injection.

tible.

Use: Antineoplastic for treatment of leukemia, etc.,

Use: Organic synthesis.

tested for use in chemical shearing of sheep, and as

an insect chemosterilant.

cyclopentylacetone. (1-cyclopentyl-2-propa-

cyclopropane. (trimethylene).

none). C

COCH

CAS: 75-19-4. C

Properties: Liquid. D 0.893 (25/25C), bp 180–184C,

refr index 1.4420 (25C). Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis.

cyclopentyl alcohol. See cyclopentanol.

Properties: Colorless gas; characteristic odor resem-

cyclopentyl bromide. (bromocyclopentane).

bling that of solvent naphtha; pungent taste. D

Br.

0.72–079, bp −32.9C, fp −126.6C. Soluble in alco-

Properties: Clear, mobile liquid; sweet aromatic

hol and ether; partially soluble in water. Autoign

odor. Bp 137–138C, d 1.3866 (20/4C), wt/gal 11.6

temp 928F (497C).

lb (20C), refr index 1.4885 (n 20/D), flash p 108F

Derivation: Reduction of dibromocyclopropane

(42.2C) (CC). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

with zinc dust.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk; moderately toxic.

Grade: Technical, USP, 99.5% min.

Use: Organic synthesis (pharmaceuticals).

Hazard: Highly flammable. Forms flammable and

explosive mixtures with air or oxygen. Explosive

1-cyclopentyl-2-methylaminopropane

limits in air 2.4–10.3% by volume. Moderately toxic

hydrochloride. See cyclopentamine hydro-

by inhalation. Narcotic in high concentration.

chloride.

Use: Organic synthesis, anesthetic.

cyclopentyl phenyl ketone. C

COC

cyclopropanespirocyclopropane. See spiro-

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. Bp

pentane.

145–146C (15 mm Hg). Soluble in most common

organic solvents; insoluble in water. Combustible.

n-cyclopropyl-n

′

-(2,5-difluorophenyl)urea.

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

CAS: 81356-60-7. mf: C

Hazard: A poison. Moderately toxic by skin contact.

1-cyclopentyl-2-propanone. See cyclopenty-

A mild skin and eye irritant.

lacetone.

cyclosilane. See silane.

cyclopentylpropionic acid.

COOH.

“Cyclo Sol” [Shell]. TM for a series of hydro-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 130–132C (12 mm Hg), flash

carbon solvents composed of 50–99% aromatic hy-

p 116F (46.6C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

drocarbons.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Intermediate, wood preservatives.

cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine. See cy-

clonite.

cyclopentylpropionyl chloride. (cyclopen-

tylpropionic acid chloride). C

COCl.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 81–82C (10 mm Hg), flash p

cyclotron. A circular electromagnetic device for

104F (40C). Soluble in water. Combustible. accelerating positively charged particles (protons,

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. deuterons, alpha particles). It was invented in 1929

Use: Intermediate. by E. O. Lawrence (1901–1958) at the University of

364CYCLOVERSION

California at Berkeley. It is now used chiefly for (20C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform;

basic nuclear research. The acceleration is achieved insoluble in water. Flash p (p-) 127F (51C) (CC).

by successive applications of small accelerations at Derivation: Mixed cymenes are produced from tolu-

ene by alkylation. p-Cymene occurs in several es-

low voltage synchronized with the rotational period

sential oils and is made from monocyclic terpenes

of the particles in a magnetic field. Energies of over

by dehydrogenation. These terpenes can be made

700 MeV for protons and over 900 MeV for alpha

from turpentine or obtained as a by-product from the

particles have been attained. The energized particles

sulfite digestion of spruce pulp in paper manufac-

emerging from the cyclotron impinge upon a target

ture.

nucleus, resulting in formation of radioactive iso-

Method of purification: Washing with sulfuric acid,

topes, neutrons, and ionizing radiation. The first

water, and alkali.

plutonium was made in a cyclotron in 1939. Power-

Grade: Technical.

ful cyclotrons with huge electromagnets are in use in

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Moderately toxic by

physical research laboratories throughout the world.

ingestion.

See bombardment.

Use: Solvents, synthetic-resin manufacture, metal

polishes, organic synthesis (oxidation to hydroper-

cycloversion. A process using bauxite as a cata-

oxides used as catalysts for synthetic-rubber manu-

lyst for (1) desulfurization, (2) reforming, and (3)

facture; cymene alcohols are made by hydrogenat-

cracking of petroleum to form high-octane gasoline.

ing the hydroperoxides). Pure p-cresol and carvacrol

are made from p-cymene.

cyclyd. A coined term referring to the cyclic alkyd

coatings prepared from “Polycyclol 1222,” used in

cynaustine hydrochloride.

baking metal primers and air-drying maintenance

CAS: 17958-39-3. mf: C

•ClH.

paints.

Hazard: A poison.

Source: Natural product.

“Cycocel” [Cytec]. TM for a plant growth regu-

lator (2-chloroethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride)

cypermethrin. (cyano(3-phenoxyphe-

said to be effective for cereal grains, tomatoes, and

nyl)methyl; 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-

peppers.

dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate).

CAS: 52315-07-8.

“Cydril” [Cytec]. TM for a drilling mud addi-

Use: Insecticide.

tive, shale stabilizer and viscofier.

Use: Reduces drilling costs by stabilizing the well

cyperquat.

bore.

CAS: 48134-75-4. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

cyhexatin. (“Plictran” [Dow]; TCHH;

TCHTH; trichlohexyltin hydroxide).

5-␣-cyprinol.

CAS: 13121-70-5. C

OSn.

CAS: 2952-70-7. mf: C

Properties: White crystals. Mw 385.16, mp

Hazard: A poison.

195–198C, vap press nil. Insoluble in water; soluble

in acetone, chloroform, and methanol.

cyproconazole.

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

CAS: 94361-06-5. mf: C

ClN

Use: An acaricide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation,

and skin contact. A mild eye irritant.

cymene. (cymol; isopropyltoluene; methylpro-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pylbenzene).

CAS: m- 535-77-3; o- 527-84-4; p- 99-87-6; mixed

“Cyracure” [Dow]. TM for cycloaliphatic ep-

25155-15. CH

CH(CH

)

oxides.

The o-, m-, and p-isomers are known.

Use: For uv-light-cured coatings such as varnishes,

inks, industrial coatings, and sealants.

Cys. Abbreviation for cysteine.

cysteamine. See 2-aminoethanethiol.

cysteine. (␣-amino-␤-thiolpropionic acid; ␤-

mercaptoalanine).

CAS: 52-90-4. HSCH

CH(NH

)COOH. A nones-

Properties: Colorless, transparent liquids with aro- sential amino acid derived from cystine, occurring

matic odor. Combustible. D: o- 0.8748, m- 0.862, p- naturally in the

L(+) form.

0.8551. Fp: o- −71C, m- −64C, p- −68C. Bp: o- Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water, am-

177C, m- 175.6C, p- 176.5C. Refr index: p- 1.489 monium hydroxide, and acetic acid; insoluble in

365 CYTOSINE

ether, acetone, benzene, carbon disulfide, and car- ic acid by hdrolysis. The 5

′

-monophosphate is made

bon tetrachloride. synthetically by phosphorylation and hydrolysis of

Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein; degradation of isopropylidene cytidine.

cystine. Found in urinary calculi.

Use: Biochemical research.

Available forms: Available commercially as

L(+)-

cysteine hydrochloride.

cytochemistry. The branch of biochemistry de-

Use: Biochemical and nutrition research, reducing

voted to study of the chemical composition of cells

agent in bread doughs (up to 90 ppm).

and cell membranes, including chromosomes,

genes, and the complex reactions involved in cell

cystine. (␤,␤

′

-dithiobisalanine; di[␣-amino-␤-

growth and replication, as well as the mechanism of

thiolpropionic acid]).

enzyme activity.

CAS: 56-89-3.

See molecular biology.

HOOCCH(NH

)CH

SSCH

CH(NH

)COOH. A

nonessential amino acid.

cytochrome. A class of iron-porphyrin proteins

Properties: White, crystalline plates. Soluble in wa-

of great importance in cell metabolism. They are

ter; insoluble in alcohol. Optically active.

DL-cys-

pigments occurring in the cells of nearly all animals

tine, mp 260C.

D(+)-cystine, mp 247–249C. L(−)-

and plants. Several types have been identified. Cyto-

cystine, mp 258–261C with decomposition.

chrome carbon is the most abundant and has been

Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein (keratin), organic

obtained in pure forms. The cytochromes and cyto-

synthesis. Occurs as small hexagonal crystals in

chrome oxidase have important functions in cell

urine.

respiration. The latter is an iron-porphyrin-contain-

Grade: FCC.

ing protein that is an important enzyme in cell respi-

Use: Biochemical and nutrition research, nutrient and

ration. It catalyzes the oxidation of cytochrome car-

dietary supplement.

bon and is reduced itself in the reaction. It is then

reoxidized by oxygen.

“Cystokon” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a 30%

See porphyrin.

solution of sodium acetrizoate.

cytogenetics. The study of the physical appear-

cythion. Proprietary malathion.

ance of chromosomes.

Use: Insecticide.

See karyotype.

cytokinesis. The final separation of daughter

cytidine.

cells following mitosis.

CAS: 65-46-3. C

. The nucleoside consist-

ing of

D-ribose and cytosine.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

cytokinins. See kinin.

water, acid, alkali; insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: From yeast ribonucleic acid. Also avail-

cytological band. An area of the chromosome

able as the hemisulfate, (C

)

•H

that stains differently from areas around it.

Use: Biochemical research.

See cytological map.

cytological map. A type of chromosome map

cytidine phosphates. Nucleotides used by the

whereby genes are located on the basis of cytologi-

body in growth processes. Important in biochemical

cal findings obtained with the aid of chromosome

and physiological research. Those isolated and com-

mutations.

mercially available (as sodium salts) are the mon-

ophsophate (CMP; see cytidylic acid), diphosphate

(CDP), and triphosphate (CTP).

cytoplasm. The extra nuclear components of the

living cell, containing mitochondria, plastids, sphe-

rosomes, etc. This, together with the nucleus, consti-

cytidylic acid. (cytosylic acid; cytidinephos-

tutes the protoplasm. The chemical constituents are

phoric acid; cytidine monophosphate; CMP).

chiefly proteins, plus a high percentage of water.

P. The monophosphoric ester of cytosine,

i.e., the nucleotide containing cytosine

D-ribose and

cytoplasmic trait. A genetic characteristic in

phosphoric acid. The phosphate may be esterified to

which the genes are found outside the nucleus, in

the 2, 3, or 5 carbon of ribose, yielding cytidine-2

′

chloroplasts or mitochondria. Results in offspring

phosphate, cytidine-3

′

-phosphate, or cytidine-5

′

inheriting genetic material from only one parent.

phosphate, respectively.

Properties: (Cytidine-3

′

-phosphate) White, crystal-

“Cytosar” [Pfizer]. TM for cytosine arabino-

line powder; odorless; mild sour taste. Mp: crystals

side.

from 50% alcohol 230–233C (with decomposition);

crystals from water 227C (with decomposition).

Slightly soluble in water and dilute alkalies; insolu-

cytosine. (2-oxo-4-aminopyrimidine).

ble in alcohol and other organic solvents. CAS: 71-30-7. C

O. A pyrimidine found in

Derivation: (commercial product) From yeast nucle- both ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids and

366CYTOSINE ARABINOSIDE

certain coenzymes. One member of the base pair GC

cytosol. The aqueous phase of the cytoplasm (in-

(guanine and cytosine) in DNA.

cluding dissolved solutes and enzymes, but exclud-

Properties: (Monohydrate) Lustrous platelets. De-

ing all organelles). It is most commonly the product

composes at 320–325C. Slightly soluble in water

of centrifugation at 100,000 xg for 1 h.

and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

Derivation: Isolation following hydrolysis of nucle-

cytosylic acid. See cytidylic acid.

ic acids; organic synthesis.

Use: Biochemical research.

“Cytotec” [Searle]. TM for misoprostol.

See base pair; nucleotide.

Use: Drug.

cytosine arabinoside. (Ara-C; 1-␤-D-arabino-

“Cytox” [Cytec]. TM for microbiocide. Con-

furanosyl cytosine).

trols the formation of slime in effluents, boiler wa-

CAS: 147-94-4. C

. A drug synthesized in

ters, and processing streams.

1969 at Salk Institute. It is useful in combating

Use: This microbiocide is active against a broad spec-

myelocytic leukemia in adults and has been ap-

trum of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi,

proved by the FDA as a prescription drug.

yeasts, and algae.

cytosine monophosphate. See cytidylic

“Cytrel” [Celanese]. TM for a tobacco substi-

acid.

tute derived from cellulose. It is free from nicotine

and has 15–30% of the tar content of tobacco.

cytoskeleton. Integrated system of molecules

within eukaryotic cells which provides them with

“Cytrol” Amitrol-T TM for 3-amino-1,2,4-

shape, internal spatial organization, motility, and it

triazole liquid-formulation herbicide.

may assist in communication with other cells and the

environment. Red blood cells, for instance, would

be spherical instead of flat if it were not for their

“Cyzine” [Cytec]. TM for 10% 2-acetylamino-

cytoskeleton. 5-nitrothiazole feed supplement.