␤. See beta. bacillus subtilis BPN. (bacillomycin; fungo-

cin; subtilisins).

CAS: 1395-21-7.

B. Symbol for boron.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant. TLV: CL 0.00006 mg/

Ba. Symbol for barium.

Use: Laundry detergents.

137

Ba. See barium-137.

bacitracin methylene disalicylate.

Properties: White to gray-brown powder. Slight un-

babassu oil. A nondrying, edible oil expressed

pleasant odor, less bitter than bacitracin. Soluble in

from the kernels of the babassu palm, which grows

water, pyridine, ethanol; less soluble in acetone,

in profusion in Brazil. Composition: 44% lauric

ether, chloroform, benzene; pH of saturated aqueous

acid, 15% myristic acid, 16% oleic acid, balance

soluble 3.5–5.0. Available also as the sodium salt.

mixed acids. Usable in foods and soapmaking, but

Use: Antibiotic, feed additive.

supply is limited by cost of exploitation of the large

quantities potentially available. Combustible.

bacitracin zinc.

Use: Drug (veterinary); feed additive.

Babbitt metal. One of a group of soft alloys

used widely for bearings. They have good bonding

backcross. A cross between an animal that is

characteristics with the substrate metal, maintain oil

heterozygous for alleles obtained from two parental

films on their surfaces, and are nonseizing and anti-

strains and a second animal from one of those paren-

friction. Used as cast, machined, or preformed bime-

tal strains. Also used to describe the breeding proto-

tallic bearings in the form of a thin coating on a steel

col of an outcross followed by a backcross.

base; the main types are lead base, lead-silver base,

See model organisms.

tin base, cadmium base, and arsenical. The latter

contains up to 3% arsenic.

back filling. Process of applying starch, with or

Hazard: Dust is toxic by inhalation.

without other filling or weighting materials, to the

back of a cloth.

Babcock test. A rapid test for butterfat in milk

introduced by Stephen M. Babcock in 1890 and now

Back-Goudsmit effect.

Effect of a weak mag-

in worldwide use in the dairy industry.

netic field on the spectral lines of an element having

a nuclear magnetic moment.

Babinet principle. Identical diffraction pat-

terns of a substance are produced by two diffraction

back-mutation. A mutation that causes a mutant

screens one of which is the exact negative of the gene to revert bacto its wild-type genotype.

other.

bacteria. Microorganisms often composed of a

single cell in the form of straight or curved rods

Babo’s law. The lowering of vapor pressure is

(bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spiral structures. Their

proportional to the mole fraction of nonvolatile so-

chemical composition is primarily protein and nu-

lute in a solution.

cleic acid. Chlorophyll molecules are also present,

enabling bacteria to carry out photosynthesis. Some

BAC. See: (1) Biologically activated C; (2)

types, called anaerobic, are able to live and repro-

blood alcohol concentration; (3) bromacetyl cel-

duce in the absence of oxygen; aerobic types require

lulose; (4) bacterial artificial chromosome.

oxygen. Bacteria that can live either with or without

oxygen are called facultative. Filamentous bacteria

B acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-3,5-disulfonic

are related to blue-green algae. Molds that yield

acid). C

OH(SO

antibiotics (Actinomycetes) are of this type. Patho-

Derivation: Sulfonation of 1-amino-8-naphthol-3-

genic bacteria are infectious organisms that cause

sulfonic acid.

such diseases as pneumonia, tuberculosis, syphilis,

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

and typhus. The staining of bacteria for microscopic

identification was originated by Koch, a German

bacillomycin. See bacillus subtilis BPN.

physician and bacteriologist (1843–1910). Bacteria

are often classified as Gram-positive or Gram-nega-

bacillus. A type of bacteria characterized by a tive. Food spoilage is often induced by bacterial

rodlike shape. contamination. There are many beneficial types of

116

117 BAFFLE

bacteria in the body, e.g., intestinal flora that aid in

bacteriostat. A substance that prevents or retards

the growth of bacteria. Examples are quaternary

metabolism. Bacteria rich in proteins can be pro-

ammonium salts and hexachlorophene.

duced by fermentation of animal wastes for feed

See antiseptic.

supplements. The outstanding development in this

field is the laboratory modification of bacteria by

gene-splicing techniques. This noteworthy achieve-

baddeleyite. (zirconia). ZrO

. A natural zirconi-

ment has an enormous future potential in the chemi-

um oxide.

cal, agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical indus-

Properties: Black, brown, yellow to colorless; streak

tries. The Supreme Court has ruled it to be a

white, luster submetallic to vitreous to greasy.

patentable invention.

D5.5–6.0, mp 2500–2950C. Highly resistant to

See recombinant DNA; biotechnology.

chemicals.

Use: (1) Fermentation processes used in baking and

Grade: Crude (53%, 73–75%), purified (98%).

the manufacture of alcohol, wine, vinegar, beer

Occurrence: Brazil, Ceylon.

(yeast), and antibiotics (molds). (2) Fixation of at-

Use: Corrosion- and heat-resistant applications,

mospheric nitrogen in the soil. (3) Reaction with

source zirconium.

hydrocarbons (methane and other paraffins) to yield

proteins (yeasts). (4) Purification of sewage sludge

Badische acid. (2-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic

activated by bacteria (see sewage sludge). (5) Reac-

acid). C

tion with cellulose to form biopolymers and high-

Properties: Colorless needles, partially soluble in

protein foodstuffs. (6) Reaction with waste materi-

water and alkalies, slightly soluble in alcohol.

als (coal and cement dusts, gasworks effluent) to

Derivation: Sulfonation of 2-naphthylamine.

release plant nutrients for inexpensive fertilizers

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

(the former U.S.S.R.). (7) Precipitation and concen-

tration of uranium and some other metals by com-

Baekeland (Bakelite) process. Condensa-

pounds obtained from bacteria grown on carbona-

tion of phenol and formaldehyde to o-hydroxyme-

ceous materials such as lignin and cellulose. (8)

thylphenol (Lederer-Manasse), which undergoes

Formation of azo compounds in soil treated with the

further arylation yielding a polymeric structure.

herbicide propanil. (9) Synthesis of hormones by

recombinant DNA methods (E. coli).

See insulin. (10) Miscellaneous reactions, e.g., oxida-

Baekeland, L. H. (1863–1944). Born in

tion of pentaerythritol to tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic

Ghent, Belgium. He did early research in photo-

acid; conversion of the sulfur in gypsum to elemen-

graphic chemistry and invented Velox paper (1893).

tal sulfur via hydrogen sulfide; clean-up of oil spills.

After working for several years in electrolytic re-

See fermentation; virus; enzyme; biotechnology.

search, he undertook fundamental study of the reac-

tion products of phenol and formaldehyde, which

culminated in his discovery in 1907 of phenol-form-

bacterial artificial chromosome. (BAC).

aldehyde polymers originally called “Bakelite.” The

A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-

reaction itself had been investigated by Bayer in

kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli

1872, but Bakeland was the first to learn how to

cells. Based on naturally occurring F-factor plasmid

control it to yield dependable results on a commer-

found in the bacterium E. coli.

cial scale. The Bakelite Co. was founded in 1910 and

See cloning vector.

now is Bakelite AG.

See phenol-formaldehyde resins.

bactericide. (germicide). Any agent that will

kill bacteria, especially those causing disease. Bac-

Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis. Forma-

tericides vary greatly in their potency and specifici-

tion of indigos by an aldol addition of o-nitrobenzal-

ty. They may be other organisms (bacteriophages),

dehydes to acetone, pyruvic acid, or acetaldehyde.

chemical compounds, or shortwave radiation.

Of interest mainly as a method of protecting o-nitro-

See virus; antibiotic; biocide.

benzaldehydes.

bacteriophage. A type of virus that attacks and

Baeyer-Villiger reactions. The oxidation of

destroys bacteria by surrounding and absorbing

aromatic, open-chain, and cyclic ketones to esters

them.

and lactones by peracids.

bacteriophage lambda. A virus which infects

E. coli, and which is often used in molecular genet-

baffle. A flow-regulating device consisting of a

ics experiments as a vector, or cloning vehicle. Re- perforated metal plate placed horizontally in liquid-

combinant phages can be made in which certain mixing tanks, distillation columns, and the like to

non-essential DNA is removed and replaced with restrict or divert the passage of liquid, thus provid-

the DNA of interest. The phage can accommodate a ing a uniformly dispersed flow. Baffles are also used

DNA “insert” of about 15-20 kb. Replication of that in open-steam autoclaves to ensure even distribution

virus will thus replicate the investigator’s DNA. of the entering steam.

118BAGASSE

bagasse. A form of cellulose (biomass) derived as Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement.

a by-product of the crushing of sugar cane or guayu-

Base-catalyzed rearrangement of o-acyloxyke-

le plants. Contains a high proportion of hemicellu-

tones to ␤-diketones, important intermediates in the

lose. After pulping with either soda or kraft cooking

synthesis of chromones and flavones.

liquor, it can be made into a low grade of paper. It is

also used in compressed form as an insulating board

“Bake Smart” [Advanced Ingredients].

in construction, as a medium for growth of nutritive

TM for a carb based powder comprised of glu-

bacteria, in animal feeds, in manufacturing of furfu-

cose syrup, dextrose and fiber.

ral; and as on-site fuel for cane-sugar mills. In Ha-

Use: Delivers moisture control, binds moisture in a

waii, it is being used as a fuel for electric power

broad range of foods.

generation.

Hazard: Dust is flammable.

baking finish. A paint or varnish that requires

See biomass.

baking at temperatures greater than 66C for the

development of desired properties (ASTM). Such

baghouse. (bag filter). A large-scale dust-col-

finishes are based on oil-modified alkyd, melamine,

lecting device composed of a series of large cotton

epoxy, nitrocellulose, or urea resins, or combina-

or nylon bags assembled in a heavy metal frame or

tions of these. Baking is often done by infrared

housing. The bags may be as much as 10 ft high,

radiation, producing high-molecular weight coat-

each “bag” being made up of three units sewn to-

ings that are dense and tough.

gether as one element approximately 18 inches in

diameter. Discharge hoppers are located beneath the

baking powder. A synthetic leavening agent

bags. A suction or blower system forces dust-laden

widely used in the baking industry. There are several

air through an inlet port on one side of the frame just

types, all of which are composed of a carbonate, a

above the hopper space. It enters the bags, where it

weak acid or acidic compound, and a filler. A typical

deposits its suspended solids, while the cleaned air is

composition is sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid or

drawn through and leaves by an outlet port. A motor-

monobasic calcium phosphate, and cornstarch. In-

driven shaker mechanism agitates the bags periodi-

gredients sometimes used are ammonium carbonate

cally, dislodging the accumulated layer of dust,

and potassium bitartrate. Upon contact with mois-

which falls into the hoppers. Installations of this

ture and heat the active ingredients react to evolve

type are often of impressive size, some containing

carbon dioxide, which “raises” the dough in the

over 300 bags.

early minutes of heat exposure, thus producing a

See “Nomex.” [Du Pont]

stable solid foam. Wheat-flour gluten is sufficiently

elastic to retain the bubbles of carbon dioxide.

bait. An insecticide or rodenticide placed in such a

way as to attract the pest. Arsenic compounds and

baking soda. See sodium bicarbonate.

Bordeaux mixture are typical insect baits. All types

are highly toxic.

BAL. Abbreviation for British Anti-Lewisite.

See pesticide.

See 2,3-dimercaptopropanol.

“Bakelite” [Bakelite AG]. TM for polyethyl-

balagrin.

ene, polypropylene, epoxy, phenolic, polystyrene,

CAS: 71330-43-3.

phenoxy, perylene, polysulfone, ethylene copoly-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

mers, ABS, acrylics, and vinyl resins and com-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pounds.

balance. (1) Exact equality of the number of

Baker-Nathan effect. Effect originally ob-

atoms of various elements entering into a chemical

served in the reaction of p-substituted benzyl bro-

reaction and the number of atoms of those elements

mides with pyridine and other processes in which

in the reaction products. For example, in the reaction

the observed rates are opposite to those predicted by

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H

O, the atoms in the input

the electron-releasing inductive effect of alkyl

side are H[2], Na[1], O[1], and Cl[1]. Each of these

groups, i.e., CH

>CH

> (CH

)

CH > C(CH

)

is also present in the products, though in different

To explain it, a type of electron delocalization in-

combination. The atoms of catalysts (when present)

volving ⌺ electrons was proposed, termed hyper-

do not enter into reactions and therefore are not

conjugation, which manifests itself in systems in

involved. The balance of chemical reactions follows

which a saturated carbon atom attached to an unsatu-

the law of conservation of mass. The term material

rated carbon or one with an empty orbital bears at

balance is used by chemical engineers in designing

least one hydrogen atom.

processing equipment. It denotes a precise list of all

the substances to be introduced into a reaction and

baker’s yeast extract. all those that will leave it in a given time, the two

Properties: From ruptured cells of Saccharomyces sums being equal.

cerevisiae. Liquid, paste or powder. Water sol. (2) A precision instrument designed for weighing

Use: Food additive. extremely small amounts of material with high accu-

119 BANANA OIL

racy. An analytical balance or microbalance for

Bally-Scholl synthesis. Formation of meso-

weights from about 1 g to 0.1 mg is standard equip- benzanthrones by the action of glycerol or a deriva-

ment in chemical laboratories. Its essential feature is tive, and sulfuric acid on anthraquinones or an-

a one-piece metal beam (lever) pivoted on a knife- thranols.

edge or flexure at its exact center (fulcrum) so that it

is free to oscillate. From it are suspended two scale

balsam. A resinous mixture of varying composi-

pans approximately 2 inches in diameter, each of

tion obtained from several species of evergreen trees

which is also positioned on a knife-edge on the

or shrubs. Contains oleoresins, terpenes, and usually

lower arms of the beam. Exact balance is indicated

cinnamic and benzoic acids. All types are soluble in

by a pointer attached to the beam. Either an alumi-

organic liquids and insoluble in water. Some have a

num rider or a chain and vernier is provided for

penetrating, pleasant odor. They are combustible

maximum accuracy. Highly sophisticated balances

and in general nontoxic. The best-known types are

operating electronically with built-in microproces-

as follows:

sors have become available in recent years.

(1) Peru balsam, from Central America, is a thick,

viscous liquid (d 1.15) containing vanillin. Used in

balata. See rubber, natural (note).

flavoring, chocolate manufacturing, as an ingredient

in expectorants and cough syrups, and as a fragrance

Baldwin rules for ring closure. Set of em-

in shampoos and hair conditioners. A mild allergen.

pirical rules, stereochemical in nature, predicting

Shipped in drums.

the relative facility of ring closure reactions.

(2) Tolu balsam, a plastic solid, is derived from a

related tree in Colombia. Its uses are similar to Peru

Baldwin’s phosphorus. Fused nitrate of lime,

balsam. Source of tolu oil. Odorless.

which emits light for several hours after exposure to

(3) Copaiba balsam from Brazil and Venezuela (d

sunlight.

0.94–0.99) is a viscous liquid used in varnishes and

lacquers as an odor fixative and in manufacture of

ball-and-ring method. The melting point of a

photographic paper. It is the source of copaiba oil.

material is determined by filling the aperture of a

(4) Balm of Gilead is from a Middle Eastern shrub

metal ring with the material, placing a metal ball on

and is used in perfumery and medicine.

it, and heating to the temperature at which the mate-

(5) Canada balsam, from the North American bal-

rial softens and is then pushed out of the ring by the

sam fir, is a liquid, d 0.98, used in microscopy, in

weight of the ball. It is used for substances that have

fine lacquers, as a flavoring, and as a fragrance.

no definite melting point, but soften before melting.

(6) Benzoin resin (Benjamin gum). See benzoin

resin.

ball clay. A clay that has good plasticity, strong

bonding power, high refractoriness, and fires to a

balsam fir oil. See fir needle oil, Canadian

white or cream-colored product. Used as bonding

type.

and plasticizing agent or chief ingredient of white-

ware, porcelains, stoneware, terra-cotta, glass ref-

Bamberger’s formula. A structural formula

ractories, and floor and wall tile.

for naphthalene that shows the valences of the ben-

See clay.

zene rings pointing to the centers.

Balling hydrometer. A device for determining

bamboo. A grass native to southeast Asia having

the approximate percentage of sugar in solution at

a rather high cellulose content, which makes possi-

60°F.

ble its use for specialty papers. Its fibers are longer

than those of most other plants of this type and are

ball mill. A jacketed steel cylinder rotating on a

comparable to those of coniferous woods. Has a

horizontal axis and containing steel balls of varying

composition of total cellulose 58%, ␣-cellulose

diameter; the interior walls are usually equipped

35%, pentosans 28%, lignin 23%. Also used for

with baffle bars to impart a rolling and cascading

making light furniture, fishing rods, etc. Combus-

action to the balls. The total weight of the balls may

tible.

be 2000 lb or more. The grinding efficiency depends

on the number of contacts between any two balls;

bambuterol.

thus the greater the number of balls, the more effec-

CAS: 81732-65-2. mf: C

tive the grinding action. The material is introduced

Hazard: A poison.

through an opening in the axis of the cylinder, which

is then hermetically closed. Discharge is by the same

Bamford-Stevens reaction. Formation of

opening after replacement of the cover plate with a

olefins by base-catalyzed decomposition of p-to-

grill to retain the balls. Ball mills can be adapted to

luenesulfonylhydrazones of aldehydes and ketones.

continuous operation in which the feed enters at one

end and is discharged at the other. Products ground

are dry chemicals, paint pigments, etc.

banana oil. (1) (Banana liquid.) A solution of

See pebble mill; jar mill. nitrocellulose in amyl acetate or similar solvent; so

120BANBURY MIXER

termed because of its penetrating banana-like odor.

“Barak” [Du Pont]. TM for dibutylammoni-

(2) Synonym for amyl acetate. um oleate (C

)

COOC

Properties: Translucent, light brown liquid. Com-

bustible.

Banbury mixer. A batch-type internal-mixing

Use: To activate accelerators and improve processing

machine, named after its inventor, that has been

of rubber and synthetic rubbers.

widely used in the rubber industry since 1920 for

high-volume production. It will also accept plastic

molding powders. Its chief feature is an enclosed,

barban. Generic name for 4-chloro-2-butyn-

barrel-shaped chamber in which two rotors with

lyl-m-chlorocarbanilate.

oppositely curved contours rotate rapidly on a hori-

(Cl)NHCOOCH

C:CCH

Cl. Herbicide and

zontal axis, first masticating the rubber and then

plant growth regulator.

efficiently incorporating the dry ingredients. Both

steam and water jacketing are provided. Batches

o-barene. See 1,2-dicarbadodecaborane(12).

may be up to 1000 lb. A plunger at the entrance port

rides on top of the batch to furnish enough pressure

barberite. A nonferrous alloy containing 88.5%

for proper mixing. A hydraulically operated dis-

copper, 5% nickel, 5% tin, 1.5% silicon.

charge gate is located below the mixing chamber.

Properties: D 8.80, mp 1070C. It offers good resis-

tance to sulfuric acid in all dilutions up to 60%,

band, absorption. See absorption band.

seawater, moist sulfurous atmospheres, and mine

waters.

“Bandane” [Velsicol]. TM for polychlorodi-

cyclopentadiene isomers.

Barbier-Wieland degradation. Stepwise

Use: As an herbicide.

carboxylic acid degradation of aliphatic acids (par-

ticularly in sterol side chains) to the next lower

homolog. The ester is converted to a tertiary alcohol

banded iron formation. An iron formation

that is dehydrated with acetic anhydride, and the

that consists of alternating iron-rich and iron-poor

olefin oxidized with chromic acid to a lower homol-

layers. Most rocks of this type are older than about

ogous carboxylic acid.

two billion years.

barbital. (diethylmalonylurea; diethylbarbituric

bandwidth. Difference between limiting fre-

acid; “Veronal”).

quencies of a frequency band.

CAS: 57-44-3. C

banod shift assay. See gel shift assay.

“Banox” [Nalco]. TM for a series of dry, pow-

dered, phosphate-type corrosion inhibitors. No. 1 is

artificially colored. Nos. 1-P and WT are colorless.

Use: Refrigerator cars, refrigeration brine, cooling

towers, and small water systems.

Properties: White crystals or powder; bitter taste;

Banting, Sir Frederick. (1891–1941). A na-

odorless. Stable in air. Mp 187–192C. Soluble in hot

tive of Ontario, Canada, Banting did his most impor-

water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate.

tant work in endocrinology. His brilliant research

Derivation: By the interaction of diethyl ester or

culminated in the preparation of the antidiabetic

diethylmalonic acid and urea.

hormone that he called insulin, derived from the

Grade: Technical, CP.

isles of Langerhans in the pancreas. He received the

Hazard: See barbiturates.

Nobel Prize in medicine for this work together with

Use: Medicine (sedative), stabilizer for hydrogen

MacLeod of the University of Toronto. In 1930, the

peroxide.

Banting Institute was founded in Toronto. He was

See barbiturates.

killed in an airplane crash.

barbiturate. A derivative of barbituric acid that

“Banvel” D [Velsicol]. TM for an herbicide

produces depression of the central nervous system

containing 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid

and consequent sedation. Used by prescription only

(dimethylamine salt).

for sedative and anesthetic purposes.

Hazard: Habit-forming. Several types, including

BAP. Abbreviation for benzyl-p-aminophenol.

amo-, seco-, and pentabarbital, are under govern-

ment restriction.

“Barafene” [BASF]. TM for coatings used to

prevent permeation of volatile ingredients, oils, and

barbituric acid. (malonylurea; pyrimidine-

oxygen through polyolefin containers. trione; 2,4,6-tri-oxohexahydro pyrimidine).

121 BARIUM BROMIDE

barium-137. Radioactive isotope of barium.

❘

NHCOCH

❘

NH•2H

See cesium-137.

Properties: White crystals; efflorescent; odorless.

Mp 245C with some decomposition. Slightly solu-

barium acetate.

ble in water and alcohol; soluble in ether. Forms

CAS: 543-80-6. Ba(C

)

•H

salts with metals.

Properties: White crystals. D 2.02, mp (decom-

Derivation: By condensing malonic acid ester with

poses). Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.

urea.

Derivation: Acetic acid is added to a solution of

Grade: Technical.

barium sulfide. The product is recovered by evapo-

Use: Preparation of barbiturates, polymerization cat-

ration and subsequent crystallization.

alyst, dyes.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Chemical reagent, acetates, textile mordant, cat-

Bardhan-Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis.

alyst manufacturing, paint and varnish driers.

Formation of octahydrophenanthrene derivatives

See barium.

by cyclodehydration of derivatives of 2-(␤-phen-

ethyl)-1-cyclohexanol and consequent dehydration

barium aluminate. 3BaO•Al

to phenanthrenes with selenium.

Properties: Gray, pulverized mass. Soluble in water,

acids.

bar disintegrator. See cage mill.

See barium.

Barff process. The deposition of a rust-resistant

barium azide.

coating on iron-base metals by oxidation with super-

CAS: 18810-58-7. Ba(N

)

. Crystalline solid, d

heated steam.

2.936, loses nitrogen at 120C, soluble in water,

slightly soluble in alcohol.

Barfoed’s reagent. Aqueous solution of cop- Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated.

per acetate. Use: High explosives.

Use: To distinguish monosaccarides from disaccha- See barium.

rides (red cuprous oxide forms in presence of glu-

cose).

barium binoxide. See barium peroxide.

barium borotungstate. (barium borowolfra-

barite. (BaSO

). Natural barium sulfate, barytes,

mate). 2BaO•B

•9WO

•18H

heavy spar.

Properties: Large, white crystals. Effloresces in air.

Keep well stoppered!! Soluble in water.

barium.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: See barium.

CAS: 7440-39-3. Ba. Alkaline-earth element of

Use: Making borotungstates.

atomic number 56, group IIA of periodic table; aw

137.34; valence 2; 7 stable isotopes.

barium borowolframate. See barium boro-

Properties: Silver-white, somewhat malleable met-

tungstate.

al. D 3.6. Values for melting and boiling points are

reported ranging from 704–850C for mp and from

barium bromate.

1140–1637C for bp (The most acceptable values,

CAS: 13967-90-3. Ba(BrO

)

•H

based on reliable original work, appear to be mp

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D

710C and bp 1500C). Extremely reactive, reacts

3.820, decomposes at 260C. Slightly soluble in wa-

readily with water, ammonia, halogens, oxygen, and

ter, insoluble in alcohol.

most acids. Gives green color in flame. Extrudable

Derivation: By passing bromine into a solution of

and machinable.

barium hydroxide; barium bromide and barium bro-

Occurrence: Ores of barite and witherite are found in

mate are formed, which are separated by crystalliza-

Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, California,

tion.

Nevada, Canada, Mexico.

Grade: Pure, reagent.

Derivation: Reduction of barium oxide with alumi-

Hazard: A poison. Moderate fire risk in contact with

num or silicon in a vacuum at high temperature.

organic materials. TLV: see barium.

Available forms: Rods, wire, plate, powder.

Use: Analytical reagent, oxidizing agent, corrosion

Grade: Technical, pure.

inhibitor.

Hazard: Flammable (pyrophoric) at room tempera-

ture in powder form; store under inert gas, petrole-

um, or other oxygen-free liquid. When heated to

barium bromide. BaBr

•2H

approximately 200C in hydrogen, barium reacts vio- Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.852, mp (anhy-

lently, forming BaH

. TLV: for all soluble barium drous) 847C. Soluble in water and in alcohol.

compounds, 0.5 mg/m

(as barium). Derivation: Interaction of barium sulfide and hydro-

Use: Getter alloys in vacuum tubes, deoxidizer for bromic acid with subsequent crystallization.

copper, Frary’s metal, lubricant for anode rotors in Grade: Technical, CP.

X-ray tubes, spark-plug alloys. Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium.

122BARIUM CARBONATE

Use: Manufacturing bromides, photographic com- joining compounds, pigment in paints, ceramics,

pounds, phosphors.

fuses, pyrotechnics, metal primers, ignition control

devices.

See chrome pigment.

barium carbonate.

CAS: 513-77-9. BaCO

Properties: White powder; found in nature as the

barium citrate. Ba

)

•H

mineral witherite. D 4.275, mp 174C at 90 atmo-

Properties: Grayish-white crystalline powder. Solu-

spheres, 811C at one atmosphere. Insoluble in wa-

ble in water, hydrochloric, and nitric acids.

ter; soluble in acids (except sulfuric).

Hazard: See barium.

Derivation: Precipitated barium carbonate is made

Use: Manufacture of barium compounds, stabilizer

by reaction of sodium carbonate or carbon dioxide

for latex paints.

with barium sulfide.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent 99.5%.

barium cyanide.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium.

CAS: 542-62-1. Ba(CN)

Use: Treatment of brines in chlorine-alkali cells to

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

remove sulfates, rodenticide, production of barium

water and alcohol.

salts, ceramic flux, optical glass, case-hardening

Derivation: By the action of hydrocyanic acid on

baths, ferrites, in radiation-resistant glass for color

barium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

television tubes.

Hazard: TLV: 0.5 mg(Ba)/m

; Not Classifiable as a

Human Carcinogen.

barium chlorate.

Use: Metallurgy, electroplating.

CAS: 13477-00-4. Ba(ClO

)

•H

Properties: Colorless prisms or white powder. D

barium cyanoplatinite. (platinum barium

3.179, mp 414C. Soluble in water. Combustible.

cyanide; barium platinum cyanide).

Derivation: Electrolysis of barium chloride.

BaPt(CN)

•4H

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.

Properties: Yellow or green crystals. Mp 100C

Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium. Strong oxidiz-

(loses 2H

O), d 2.08. Soluble in water; insoluble in

er, fire risk in contact with organic materials.

alcohol.

Use: Pyrotechnics, explosives, textile mordant, man-

Grade: CP.

ufacture of other chlorates.

Hazard: See barium and cyanides.

Use: X-ray screens.

barium chloride.

CAS: 10361-37-2. BaCl

•2H2O.

barium cyclohexanesulfamate.

Properties: Colorless, flat crystals. D 3.097, mp

CAS: 64011-64-9.

960C (anhydrous). Soluble in water; insoluble in

Hazard: A poison.

alcohol, Combustible.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: (1) By the action of hydrochloric acid on

barium carbonate or barium sulfide; (2) by heating a

barium dichromate. (barium bichromate).

mixture of barium sulfate, carbon, and calcium chlo-

BaCr

•2H

ride.

Properties: Brownish-red needles or crystalline

Grade: Technical (crystals or powdered), 99%, crys-

masses. Soluble in acids; decomposed by water.

tals, powdered, CP.

Hazard: See barium.

Hazard: Ingestion of 0.8 g may be fatal. TLV: see

barium.

barium dioxide. See barium peroxide.

Use: Chemicals (artificial barium sulfate, other bari-

um salts), reagents, lubrication oil additives, boiler

barium diphenylamine sulfonate.

compounds, textile dyeing, pigments, manufacture

NHC

)

Ba.

of white leather.

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water.

Hazard: See barium.

barium chromate. (lemon chrome; ultrama-

Use: Indicator in oxidation-reduction titrations.

rine yellow; baryta yellow; Steinbuhl yellow).

CAS: 10294-40-3. BaCrO

barium di-o-phosphate. See barium phos-

Properties: Heavy, yellow, crystalline powder. D

phate, secondary.

4.498. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Combus-

tible.

Derivation: Interaction of barium chloride and sodi- barium dithionate. (barium hyposulfate).

um chromate. The precipitate is washed, filtered, BaS

•2H

and dried. Properties: Colorless crystals. D 4.536. Soluble in

Grade: Technical, CP. hot water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

Hazard: TLV: 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed Human Derivation: Action of manganese dithionate on bari-

Carcinogen. um hydroxide.

Use: Safety matches, corrosion inhibitor in metal- Hazard: See barium.

123 BARIUM IODIDE

barium ethylsulfate. Ba(C

)

•2H

O. removal, dehairing agent, catalyst in manufacture of

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water and phenol-formaldehyde resins, insecticide and fungi-

alcohol. Combustible. cide, sulfate-controlling agent in ceramics, purify-

Derivation: Interaction of barium hydroxide and

ing agent for caustic soda, steel carbonizing agent,

ethylsulfuric acid.

glass, refining edible oils, elastomer vulcanization.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Organic preparations.

barium hydroxide, octahydrate. (barium

hydrate; barium octahydrate; caustic baryta).

barium ferrite.

Ba(OH)

•8H

Grade: Powder.

Properties: White powder or crystals. D 2.18, mp

Use: Permanent-magnet material.

78C (losing its water of crystallization), mp (anhy-

drous Ba(OH)

) 408C. Absorbs carbon dioxide from

barium fluoride.

air. Keep well stoppered!! Soluble in water, alcohol,

CAS: 7787-32-8. BaF

and ether.

Properties: White powder. D 4.828, mp 1354C.

Derivation: (1) By dissolving barium oxide in water

Sparingly soluble in water.

with subsequent crystallization, (2) By precipitation

Derivation: Interaction of barium sulfide and hydro-

from an aqueous solution of the sulfide by caustic

fluoric acid, followed by crystallization.

soda, (3) By heating barium sulfide in earthenware

Grade: Technical, CP, single pure crystals, and

retorts into which a current of moist carbonic acid is

99.98%.

passed, after which superheated steam is passed

Hazard: See barium.

over the resulting heated carbonate.

Use: Ceramic flux, carbon brushes for electrical

Impurities: Iron and calcium in commercial grades.

equipment, glass making, manufacture of other flu-

Grade: Technical (crystals or anhydrous powder),

orides, crystals for spectroscopy, electronics, dry-

CP, ACS reagent.

film lubricants.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Organic preparations, barium salts, analytical

barium fluosilicate. (barium silicofluoride). chemistry.

BaSiF

H. See barium hydroxide monohydrate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Insoluble in

water.

barium hydroxide pentahydrate. (barium

Grade: Technical.

pentahydrate). Ba(OH)

•5H

Hazard: See barium.

Properties: Translucent, free-flowing, white flakes.

Use: Ceramics, insecticidal compositions.

Approximately 65 lb/cu ft.

Hazard: See barium.

barium fructose diphosphate. See fruc- Use: Same as the octahydrate.

tose-1,6-diphosphate, calcium, barium salts.

barium hypophosphite. BaH

(PO

)

barium hexafluorogermanate. BaGeF

. Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless.

White crystalline solid, mp approximately 665C, Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

dissociates to barium fluoride and germanium fluo- Hazard: See barium.

ride, d 4.56. Use: Nickel plating.

barium hydrate. See barium hydroxide. barium hyposulfate. See barium dithionate.

barium hydrosulfide. Ba(SH)

. barium hyposulfite. See barium thiosulfate.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Hygroscopic. Soluble

in water.

barium iodate. Ba(IO

)

Hazard: See barium.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 5.23, mp

decomposes at 476C. Slightly soluble in water, hy-

barium hydroxide (anhydrous). Ba(OH)

. drochloric, and nitric acids; insoluble in alcohol.

Available commercially. Hazard: See barium.

See barium hydroxide hydrates.

barium iodide. BaI

•2H

barium hydroxide, monohydrate. (barium Properties: Colorless crystals, decomposes and red-

monohydrate). Ba(OH)

•H

O. dens on exposure to air. D 5.150, mp loses 2H

O and

Properties: White powder. Soluble in dilute acids; melts at 740C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

slightly soluble in water. alcohol.

Hazard: See barium. Derivation: Action of hydriodic acid on barium hy-

Use: Manufacturing of oil and grease additives, bari- droxide or of barium carbonate on ferrous iodide

um soaps, and chemicals. Refining of beet sugar, solution.

alkalizing agent in water softening, sulfate removal Hazard: See barium.

agent in treatment of water and brine, boiler scale Use: Preparation of other iodides.

124BARIUM MANGANATE

barium manganate. (manganese green; Cas- Slightly soluble in water; soluble in dilute nitric or

sel green). BaMnO

. hydrochloric acid.

Properties: Emerald-green powder. D 4.85. Insolu- Hazard: See barium.

Use: Analytical reagent, pyrotechnics.

ble in water; decomposed by acids.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Paint pigment.

barium oxide. (barium monoxide; barium

protoxide; calcined baryta).

CAS: 1304-28-5. BaO.

barium mercury bromide. See mercuric

Properties: White to yellowish-white powder. D

barium bromide.

5.72, mp 1923C. Absorbs carbon dioxide readily

from air. Soluble in acids and water. Reacts violent-

barium mercury iodide. See mercuric bari-

ly with water to form the hydroxide.

um iodide.

Derivation: Decomposition of carbonate at high

temperature in presence of carbon, oxidation of bari-

barium metaphosphate. Ba(PO

)

um nitrate.

Properties: White powder. Slowly soluble in acids;

Grade: Technical (regular grind) 208 lb/cu ft, techni-

insoluble in water.

cal fine grind (175 lb/cu ft), porous, carbide-free,

Hazard: See barium.

and 97%.

Use: Glasses, porcelains, and enamels.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. See barium.

Use: Dehydrating agent for solvents, detergent for

barium metasilicate. See barium silicate.

lubricating oils.

barium molybdate. BaMoO

barium pentahydrate. See barium hydrox-

Properties: White powder. Absolute d 4.7, approxi-

ide pentahydrate.

mate mp 1600C. Slightly soluble in acids and water.

Grade: Crystal, 99.84% pure.

barium perchlorate. Ba(ClO

)

•4H

Hazard: See barium.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.74, mp 505C.

Use: Electronic and optical equipment, pigment in

Soluble in methanol and water.

paints and other protective coatings.

Hazard: Oxidizer, fire and explosion risk in contact

with organic materials. Toxic by ingestion. See

barium monohydrate. See barium hydrox-

barium.

ide monohydrate.

Use: Manufacture of explosives, experimentally in

rocket fuels.

barium monosulfide. See barium sulfide.

barium permanganate. Ba(MnO

)

barium monoxide. See barium oxide.

Properties: Brownish-violet crystals. Soluble in

water.

barium nitrate.

Hazard: Oxidizing material. Fire and explosion risk

CAS: 10022-31-8. Ba(NO

)

in contact with organic materials. Toxic by inges-

Properties: Lustrous, white crystals. D 3.244, mp

tion.

575C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

See barium.

Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on barium

Use: Strong disinfectant, manufacture of permanga-

carbonate or sulfide.

nates, depolarizing dry cells.

Grade: Technical, crystals, fused mass or powder,

CP.

barium peroxide. (barium binoxide; barium

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent. See barium.

dioxide; barium superoxide).

Use: Pyrotechnics (gives green light), incendiaries,

CAS: 1304-29-6. BaO

and BaO

•8H

chemicals (barium peroxide), ceramic glazes, ro-

Properties: Grayish-white powder. D 4.96, mp

denticide, electronics.

450C, decomposes 800C. Slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: By heating barium oxide in oxygen or air

barium nitrite. Ba(NO

)

•H

at approximately 1000F.

Properties: White to yellowish, crystalline powder.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

D 3.173, decomposes at 217C. Soluble in alcohol,

Hazard: Oxidizing material. Fire and explosion risk

water.

in contact with organic materials. Keep cool and dry.

Hazard: See barium.

Toxic by ingestion, skin irritant.

Use: Diazotization, corrosive inhibitor, explosives.

Use: Bleaching, decolorizing glass, thermal welding

of aluminum, manufacture of hydrogen peroxide,

barium octahydrate. See barium hydroxide

oxidizing agent, dyeing textiles.

octahydrate.

barium phosphate, secondary. (barium

barium oxalate. BaC

•H

O. di-o-phosphate). BaHPO

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.66. Properties: White powder. D 4.16. Soluble in dilute

125 BARIUM SULFITE

nitric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid; slightly solu- cal modulators and optical parametric oscillators.

The crystal undergoes no optical damage from laser

ble in water.

irradiation at high power levels.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Flame retardant, phosphors.

barium stannate. BaSnO

•3H

barium phosphosilicate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Sparingly

Use: Anticorrosive pigment for solvent-based epox-

soluble in water; readily soluble in hydrochloric

ies and as auxiliary pigment for 1-package zinc-rich

acid.

coatings. Also used in water-based coatings.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Production of special ceramic insulations re-

barium platinum cyanide. See barium cya-

quiring dielectric properties.

noplatinite.

barium stearate. Ba(C

)

barium potassium chromate. (Pigment E).

Properties: White crystalline solid. Mp 160C, d

BaK(CrO

)

1.145. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Combustible.

Properties: Pale-yellow pigment. D 3.65. Compared

Use: Waterproofing agent; lubricant in metalwork-

with other chromate pigments, it has a low chloride

ing, plastics, and rubber; wax compounding; prepa-

and sulfate content and forms stronger, more elastic

ration of greases; heat and light stabilizer in plastics.

paint films.

Derivation: By a kiln reaction at 500C between po-

barium sulfate. (barytes [natural]; blanc fixe

tassium dichromate and barium carbonate.

[artificial, precipitated]; basofor).

Hazard: See barium.

CAS: 7727-43-7. BaSO

Use: Component of anticorrosive paints for use on

Properties: White or yellowish powder; odorless;

iron, steel, and light metal alloys.

tasteless. D 4.25–4.5, particle size 2–25 microns, mp

1580C. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Non-

barium protoxide. See barium oxide.

combustible.

Derivation: (1) By treating a solution of a barium salt

barium pyrophosphate. Ba

with sodium sulfate (salt cake), (2) by-product in

Properties: White powder. Soluble in acids and am-

manufacture of hydrogen peroxide, (3) occurs in

monium salts; very slightly soluble in water.

nature as the mineral barite (Arkansas, Missouri,

Hazard: See barium.

Georgia, Nevada, Canada, Mexico).

Grade: Technical, dry, pulp, bleached, ground, float-

barium reineckate.

ed, natural, CP, USP, X-ray.

CAS: 22708-05-0. mf: C

CrN

•

⁄

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Weighting mud in oil-drilling, paper coatings,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

paints, filler and delustrant for textiles, rubber, plas-

tics and lithograph inks, base for lake colors, X-ray

barium selenide. BaSe.

photography, opaque medium for gastrointestinal

Properties: Crystalline powder. D 5.0. Decomposes

radiography, in battery plate expanders.

in water.

Hazard: See barium.

barium sulfide. (barium monosulfide; black

Use: Semiconductors, photocells.

ash). BaS.

Properties: Yellowish-green or gray powder or

barium silicate. (barium metasilicate).

lumps. D 4.25. Soluble in water, decomposes to the

BaSiO

hydrosulfide.

Properties: Colorless powder. D 4.4, bp 1604C. In-

Derivation: Barium sulfate (crude barite) and coal

soluble in water; soluble in acids.

are roasted in a furnace. The melt is lixiviated with

Use: In ceramics.

hot water, filtered, and evaporated.

Hazard: See barium.

Impurities: Iron, arsenic.

Hazard: See barium.

barium silicide. BaSi

Use: Dehairing hides, flame retardant, luminous

Properties: Light-gray solid. Evolves hydrogen on

paints, barium salts, generating pure hydrogen sul-

exposure to moisture.

fide.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Metallurgy to deoxidize steel, etc.

barium sulfite. BaSO

barium silicofluoride. See barium fluosili-

Properties: White powder, decomposed by heat.

cate.

Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; insoluble in

water.

barium-sodium niobate. A synthetic electro- Grade: Technical, CP.

optical crystal used to produce coherent green light Hazard: See barium.

in lasers, also to make such devices as electro-opti- Use: Analysis, paper manufacturing.

126BARIUM SULFOCYANIDE

barium sulfocyanide. See barium thiocya- Properties: White powder. Bulk d 118 lb/cu ft, mp

nate. 2800F. Insoluble in water and alkalies; slightly solu-

ble in acids; soluble in hydrofluoric acid.

Use: Production of electrical resistor ceramics, glaze

barium superoxide. See barium peroxide.

opacifiers, and stabilizer for colored ground coat

enamels.

barium tartrate. BaC

Properties: White crystals. D 2.98. Soluble in water;

insoluble in alcohol.

bark. The cellulosic outer layer or cortex of trees

Hazard: See barium.

and other woody plants. The bark of certain species

Use: Pyrotechnics.

such as oak, hemlock, etc., is a source of tannic acid;

medicinal products, e.g., quercitrin and quillaja, are

barium thiocyanate. (barium sulfocyanide).

also derived from barks, especially cinchona, from

Ba(SCN)

•2H

which quinine is obtained. Phenolic-rich bark ex-

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water and in

tracts mixed with epichlorohydrin are reported use-

alcohol. Deliquescent.

ful as adhesive compounds. An unusual form of bark

Derivation: By heating barium hydroxide with am-

is cork from the oak species Quercus suber. In the

monium thiocyanate and subsequent crystallization.

pulp industry, bark is removed from logs with high-

Hazard: See barium.

pressure jets of water.

Use: Making aluminum or potassium thiocyanates,

See hydraulic barking; cork; quinine.

dyeing, photography.

barking, hydraulic. See hydraulic barking.

barium thiosulfate. (barium hyposulfite).

BaS

•H

bark tannage. To tan leather by using vegetable

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.5, de-

tannins found in bark, wood, or plant matter instead

composed by heat. Slightly soluble in water; insolu-

of tanning via minerals.

ble in alcohol.

Hazard: See barium.

barn. A unit of measurement equal to 10

−24

Use: Explosives, luminous paints, matches, var-

for the cross-section (target area) of the nucleus of

nishes, photography.

an atom.

barium titanate. BaTiO

Barnett acetylation method. Acetylation of

Properties: Light gray-buff powder. Mp 3010F, d

hydroxy compounds such as cellulose with acid

5.95. Insoluble in water and alkalies; slightly soluble

anhydrides in the presence of chlorine and sulfur

in dilute acids; soluble in concentrated sulfuric and

dioxide. With cellulose, the process yields the diace-

hydrofluoric acids.

tate below 65C and the triacetate above this temper-

Use: Ferroelectric ceramics (single crystals either

ature.

pure or doped with iron) are used in storage devices,

dielectric amplifiers, and digital calculators.

barometric pressure. The pressure of the air at

a particular point on or above the surface of the

barium tungstate. (barium wolframate; bari-

earth. At sea level, this pressure is sufficient to

um white; tungstate white; wolfram white).

support a column of mercury approximately 29.9

BaWO

inches in height (760 mm), equivalent to 14.7 lb/

Properties: White powder. D 5.04. Insoluble in

inch

absolute (psia) or 1 atm.

water.

Use: Pigment and in X-ray photography for manufac-

“Barosperse” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a spe-

turing of intensifying and phosphorescent screens.

cial barium sulfate formulation used in radiographic

examinations of the gastrointestinal tract.

“Barium XA” [Barium]. TM for a product

used by manufacturers of high quality tool steels.

barostat. An instrument for regulation or mainte-

Eliminates chain-type occlusions and degasifies the

nance of pressure at a constant value.

steel.

barium zirconate. BaZrO

barrel finishing. Cleaning, smoothing, and pol-

Properties: Light gray-buff powder. D 5.52, bulk d

ishing of metal or plastic items by mechanical fric-

140 lb/cu ft, mp 4550F. Insoluble in water and alka-

tion obtained by placing them in drums or barrels

lies; slightly soluble in acid.

that rotate on their horizontal axis. An abrasive me-

Use: Manufacture of a white, easily colored silicone

dium and water are usually added. The barrels are

rubber compound having good heat stability at tem-

six- or eight-sided, and often contain vertical divid-

peratures up to 500F; electronics.

ers to make two or more compartments that can be

individually loaded and unloaded. Such treatment is

barium zirconium silicate. A complex of widely used for large-scale cleaning and burnishing

BaO, ZrO

, SiO

. of metal parts, which it finishes to exact dimensional

127 BASE PAIR

tolerances much more economically than is possible

baryta water. A solution of barium hydroxide.

by manual methods.

baryta yellow. See barium chromate.

barrier layer. The electrical double layer

barytes. See barium sulfate.

formed at interface between a metal and a semicon-

ductor or between two metals.

“Basacryl” [BASF]. TM for a series of cation-

ic dyestuffs for the dyeing and printing of polyacry-

barrier, moisture. Any substance that is im-

lonitrile fiber.

pervious to water or water vapor. Most effective are

high-polymer materials such as vulcanized rubber,

basal group. The earliest diverging group with-

phenolformaldehyde resins, polyvinyl chloride, and

in a clade; for instance, to hypothesize that sponges

polyethylene, which are widely used as packaging

are basal animals is to suggest that the lineage(s)

films. The chief factors involved are polarity, crys-

leading to sponges diverged from the lineage that

tallinity, and degree of cross-linking. Water-soluble

gave rise to all other animals.

surfactants and protective colloids increase the sus-

ceptibility of a film to water penetration. Any pig-

basal metabolic rate. The rate of oxygen con-

ments and fillers must be completely wetted by the

sumption by an animal’s body at complete rest under

polymer. Properly formulated paints are effective

fasting conditions.

moisture barriers.

basal metabolism. See metabolism.

barrier substance. A substance applied to skin

for protection against exposure to irritants.

“Basazol” [BASF]. TM for dyes used in print-

ing and dyeing paper composed of cellulosic fibers.

Bartell cell. Displacement cell for determining

adhesion tension between liquids and solids.

base. Any of a large class of compounds with one

or more of the following properties: bitter taste,

barthrin. Generic name for a synthetic analog of

slippery feeling in solution, ability to turn litmus

allethrin described as the 6-chloropiperonyl ester of

blue and to cause other indicators to take on charac-

chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid.

teristic colors, ability to react with (neutralize) acids

Use: As insecticide with applications similar to al-

to form salts. Included are both hydroxides and ox-

lethrin and other analogs as furethrin, ethythrin, and

ides of metals. Water-soluble hydroxides such as

cyclethrin. Relatively nontoxic to humans.

sodium, potassium, and ammonium hydroxide un-

dergo ionization to produce hydroxyl ion (OH

−

)in

Barton, Derek H. R. (1918–1998). An En-

considerable concentration, and it is this ion that

glish organic chemist who won the Nobel Prize for

causes the previously mentioned properties com-

chemistry in 1969 with Hassel. The field of confor-

mon to bases. Such a base is strong or weak accord-

mational analysis in organic chemistry was initiated

ing to the fraction of the molecules that breaks down

through his research in the terpene and steroid fields.

(ionizes) into positive ion and hydroxyl ion in the

He did extensive research in the area of carbanion

solution. Base strength in solution is expressed by

autoxidations. He was instrumental in research con-

pH. Common strong bases (alkalies) are sodium and

cerning the relationship of molecular rotation to

potassium hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, etc.

structure in complex organic molecules. His educa-

These are caustic and corrosive to skin, eyes, and

tion took place in London, France, and Ireland.

mucous membranes. The pH range of basic solu-

tions is from 7.1 to 14. Modern chemical terminolo-

Barton reaction. Conversion of a nitrite ester to

gy defines bases in a broader manner. A Lowry-

a ␥-oximino alcohol by photolysis involving the

Brønsted base is any molecular or ionic substance

homolytic cleavage of an N−O bond followed by

that can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion) to

hydrogen abstraction.

form a new compound. A Lewis base is any sub-

stance that provides a pair of electrons for a covalent

Bart reaction. (Scheller modification; Star-

bond with a Lewis acid. Examples of such bases are

key modification). Formation of aromatic arsonic

hydroxyl ion and most anions, metal oxides, and

acids by treating aromatic diazonium compounds

compounds of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur with

with alkali arsenites in the presence of cupric salts or

nonbonded electron pairs (such as water, ammonia,

powdered silver or copper; in the Scheller modifica-

hydrogen sulfide).

tion, primary aromatic amines are diazotized in the

See Lewis electron theory for hard and soft bases.

presence of arsenious chloride and a trace of cuprous

chloride.

base pair. (bp). Two nitrogenous bases (ade-

nine and thymine or guanine and cytosine) held

baryta, calcined. See barium oxide.

together by weak bonds. Two strands of DNA are

held together in the shape of a double helix by the

baryta, caustic. See barium hydroxide. bonds between base pairs.

128BASE SAPONIFICATION NUMBER

base saponification number. The number of weakly basic, do not dissolve or react with water to

any extent, and neutralize only the more strongly

milligrams of KOH equivalent to the amount of acid

acidic substances. There is a gradual transition from

required to neutralize the alkaline constituents

basic to acidic oxides, and certain oxides, such as

present after saponifying 1 g of sample.

aluminum oxide, show both acidic and basic proper-

ties.

base sequence. The order of nucleotide bases in

See base.

a DNA molecule; determines structure of proteins

encoded by that DNA.

basic research. See fundamental research.

base sequence analysis. A method, some-

times automated, for determining the base sequence.

basic salt. A compound belonging in the cate-

gory of both salt and base because it contains OH

BASF process. A process for producing acety-

(hydroxide) or O (oxide) as well as the usual positive

lene by burning a mixture of low-molecular weight

and negative radicals of normal salts. Among the

hydrocarbons (as natural gas) with oxygen to pro-

best examples are bismuth subnitrate, often written

duce a temperature of 1485C. The combustion prod-

BiONO

, and basic copper carbonate, Cu

(OH)

ucts and cracked gases are quickly chilled by scrub-

Most basic salts are insoluble in water, and many are

bing with water, and the acetylene is separated by

of variable composition.

distillation and solvent extraction from ethylene,

carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other reaction

basic slag. A slag produced in the manufacturing

products. The Sachsse process is similar.

of steel. It contains a variable amount of tricalcium

phosphate, calcium silicate, lime, and oxides of iron,

basic. Descriptive of a compound that is more

magnesium, and manganese. Used as a fertilizer for

alkaline than other compounds of the same name,

its phosphorus and lime.

e.g., lead carbonate, basic; basic salt.

See slag.

basic bismuth salicylate. See salicylic acid,

basic yellow 11. See C.I. basic yellow 11.

bismuth basic salt.

basil oil, comoros type.

basic brown 4. See C.I. basic brown 4.

Properties: From steam distillation of Ocimum basi-

licum L. Light yellow liquid; spicy odor. Sol in fixed

basic chemicals. See heavy chemicals.

oils, mineral oil; sltly sol in propylene glycol; insol

in glycerin.

basic dichromate. See bismuth chromate.

Use: Food additive.

basic fuchsin. (CI 42500).

CAS: 569-61-9. A mixture of three parts pararosani-

basis metal. In electroplating, the metal that is

line acetate and one part pararosaniline hydrochlo-

being coated constitutes the cathode. It may be any

ride.

of a large number of metals.

Grade: Certifiable.

Use: For staining Tubercle bacillus and in distin-

“Basogal phosphorus” [BASF]. TM for

guishing between the coli and aerogenes types of

leveling agent for vat dyeing.

bacteria in the Endo medium. Also used in the peri-

odic acid-Schiff (PAS) method, in the Feulgen stain,

bastnasite. An ore from which all nine of the

and in the Gomoris aldehyde-function method for

lanthanide minerals (rare earths) are obtained. The

staining elastic tissue.

only large deposit in the U.S. is in southwest Califor-

nia.

basic lining. A furnace lining containing basic

See monazite.

compounds that decompose under furnace condi-

tions to give basic oxides. The usual basic linings

batch distillation. Distillation in which the en-

contain calcium and magnesium oxides or car-

tire sample of the material to be distilled (the charge)

bonates.

is placed in the still before the process is begun, and

product is withdrawn only from the condenser of the

basic oxide. An oxide that is a base or that forms

apparatus.

a hydroxide when combined with water and/or that

will neutralize acidic substances. Basic oxides are

all metallic oxides, but there is a great variation in

bating. In leather processing, the treatment of

the degree of basicity. Some basic oxides, such as delimed skins with pancreatin or other tryptic en-

those of sodium, calcium, and magnesium, combine zyme to give a softer and smoother-grained product.

with water vigorously or with relative ease and also The extent of bating varies from none for sole leath-

neutralize all acidic substances rapidly and com- er to 10 hours or more for soft kid skins. The chemi-

pletely. The oxides of the heavy metals are only cal mechanism is not clearly defined.

129 BCWL

batrachotoxinin A. C

. An isomeric bauxite. A natural aggregate of aluminum-bear-

component of batrachotoxin; the strongest neuro- ing minerals, more or less impure, in which the

aluminum occurs largely as hydrated oxides. It is

toxin among venoms. It is a steroidal alkaloid. The A

usually formed by prolonged weathering of alumi-

form is only 1/500 as strong as the complete venom,

nous rocks. Contains 30–75% Al

, 9–31% H

but is still as toxic as strychnine. It is found in the so-

3–25% Fe

, 2–9%, SiO

, 1–3% TiO

called poison dart frog of Colombia. Its structure has

Properties: White cream, yellow, brown, gray, or

been elucidated; when synthesized it may prove

red. D 2–2.55, Mohs hardness 1–3. Insoluble in

useful in medicine.

water; decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Noncom-

See snake venom.

bustible.

Occurrence: Australia, Jamaica, France, Guiana,

battery. An electrochemical device that gener-

Guinea, U.S. (Arkansas), Brazil.

ates electric current by converting chemical energy

Use: Most important ore of aluminum, aluminum

to electrical energy. Its essential components are

chemicals, abrasives, aluminous cement, refracto-

positive and negative electrodes made of more or

ries, decolorizing and deodorizing agent, catalysts,

less electrically conductive materials, a separating

filler in rubber, plastics, paints, cosmetics, hydraulic

medium, and an electrolyte. There are four major

fracturing.

types: (1) primary batteries (dry cells), which are not

See Bayer process; Hall process.

reversible and in which the anode (zinc) is the nega-

Note: Due to increasing cost of bauxite the use of

tive plate and the cathode (graphite) is the positive

other aluminum-containing minerals is under active

plate with ammonium chloride as electrolyte; (2)

investigation.

secondary or storage batteries, which are reversible

and can be recharged and in which lead sponge is the

negative plate (anode) and lead oxide the positive

“Baybond” [Bayer Material]. TM for aque-

plate (cathode), with sulfuric acid as electrolyte; (3)

ous polyurethane dispertions.

nuclear and solar cells, or energy converters; and (4)

fuel cells. So-called superbatteries of high charge

Bayer process. Process for making alumina

density have been developed using solid electrolytes

from bauxite. The main use of alumina is in the

of lithium-titanium dioxide and trilithium nitride in

production of metallic aluminum. Bauxite is mixed

which lithium atoms are intercalated in the crystal

with hot concentrated sodium hydroxide, which dis-

structure.

solves the alumina and silica. The silica is precipitat-

See dry cell; storage battery; voltaic cell; fuel cell;

ed, and the dissolved alumina is separated from the

solar cell; intercalation compound.

solids, diluted, cooled, and then crystallized as alu-

minum hydroxide. The aluminum hydroxide is cal-

battery acid. (electrolyte acid). Sulfuric acid

cined to anhydrous alumina, which is then shipped

of strength suitable for use in storage batteries.

to reduction plants.

Properties: Water-white; odorless. Practically free

See Hall process.

from iron.

Derivation: By diluting high-grade commercial sul-

Bayer’s acid. See crocein acid.

furic acid with distilled water to standard strengths.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue.

“Baygon” [Bayer]. TM for o-isopropoxyphe-

See sulfuric acid.

nyl methylcarbamate.

Use: Storage batteries.

bay oil. See myrcia oil.

battery limits. That portion of a chemical plant

in which the actual processes are carried out, as

distinguished from storage buildings, offices, and

baypival. See 1-(p-chlorophenoxy)-3,3-dimeth-

other subordinate structures called offsites.

yl-1-(1-imidazolyl)-2-butanone.

batu. A variety of East India copal resin.

“Baytex” [Bayer]. TM for o,o-

See East India.

dlN(methylthio)-m-tolyl)phosphorothioate.

See fenthion.

Baudisch reaction. Synthesis of o-nitrosophe-

nols from benzene or substituted benzenes, hydrox-

BBO. See 2,5-dibiphenylyloxazole.

ylamine, and hydrogen peroxide in the presence of

copper salts.

BBP. Abbreviation for butyl benzyl phthalate.

Baume´. (Be´). An arbitrary scale of specific gravi-

BCG. See bromocresol green.

ties devised by the French chemist Antoine Baume´

and used in the graduation of hydrometers. The

relations of specific gravity (at 60/60F) are as fol-

BCWL. Abbreviation for basic carbonate white

lows: Be´

145−145/d for liquids heavier than water, lead.

Be´

140/d −130 for liquids lighter than water. See lead carbonate, basic.

130“BDA”

“BDA” [Dow]. TM for inhibited hydrochloric substitution, a small amount of ortho arsonylation is

acid solution containing surfactants. observed, particularly when the para position is

Use: In limestone and dolomite formations, in oil- blocked.

well fracturing and acidizing.

“Beckacite” [Reichhold]. TM for fumaric,

4-BDAF. See 4,4

′

-((2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoro-

maleic, and modified phenolic resins.

methyl)ethylidene)bis(4,1-phenyleneox-

y))bisbenzenamine.

“Beckamine” [Reichhold]. TM for urea-

formaldehyde resins.

Be. Symbol for beryllium.

Beckmann rearrangement. The conversion

Be´. Abbreviation for Baume´.

of a ketone oxime to a substituted amide by an

intermolecular rearrangement brought about by a

bead. (1) In a rubber-fabric composite (tires,

catalyst. For example, the oxime of cyclohexanone

transmission belts), the point at which the cut edges

is converted into caprolactam with sulfuric acid as

of the fabric meet after being folded over. A length

catalyst.

of pure gum rubber, called a bead strip, is used to

seal the joint. The bead must be removed from tires

before reclaiming–an operation called debeading.

(2) See microsphere.

beamhouse. The part of a tannery where raw

Beckmann thermometer. A specific form of

animal skins are washed, soaked, dehaired, and pre-

mercury thermometer that because of its large bulb

pared for tanning.

has greater sensitivity but smaller range. It is used to

measure small changes very accurately.

“Bearite.” TM for a series of lead-base bearing

metals containing about 17% antimony and frac-

“Beckosol” [Reichhold]. TM for alkyd resins

tional percentages of copper and bismuth; babbitt.

used at coating vehicles.

“Bearium.” TM for high-lead bronze with

Becquerel effect. The electromotive force re-

18–26% lead that is used for bearings and similar

sulting from unequal illumination of two similar

items.

electrodes immersed in an electrolyte.

beat. Maximum or minimum of intensity caused

Becquerel, Henri. (1851–1908). A French

by interference of two wave series of slightly differ-

physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in physics with

ent frequencies. The number of beats per second is

the Curies for the discovery of the radioactivity of

equal to the difference in frequency between the two

uranium salts. He also discovered the deflection of

tones.

electrons by a magnetic field, as well as the exis-

tence and properties of ␥-radiation.

beater. An open, oval tank into which digested

paper pulp is fed together with water and other

beer. See brewing.

processing ingredients such as clay, rosin, pigments,

etc. The resulting slurry (approximately 5% solids

Beer’s law States that the degree of absorption

content) is strongly agitated by a rotating drum

of light is dependent on the thickness of the layer

equipped with closely spaced, horizontal, finlike

crossed and on the molecular concentration of col-

projections which effectively disintegrate and ma-

ored substances in that layer.

cerate the wood fibers while the slurry is continu-

ously circulated. The time of beating varies with the

beerstone. A deposit occurring on containers

type and quality of the paper being made. Conical

during brewing operations and consisting of calci-

refiners (called Jordans) are often used to complete

um oxalate and organic material.

the beating operation for high-grade papers. The

beating operation is critical in converting wood pulp

to paper.

beeswax. Wax from the honeycomb of the bee.

Beeswax consists largely of myricyl palmitate, cer-

beat frequency. The difference in frequencies

otic acid and esters, and some high-carbon paraffins.

of two interfering waves.

Properties: Brown or white (bleached) solid; faint

odor. D 0.95, melting range 62–65C. Insoluble in

Bechamp reaction. Formation of p-amino or p- water, slightly; soluble in alcohol; soluble in chloro-

hydroxyphenylarsonic acids by heating aromatic form, ether, and oils. Combustible.

amines or phenols with arsenic acid. The arsonyla- Grade: Technical, crude, refined, NF, FCC, USP

tion requires an active hydrogen atom, and is practi- (white).

cally limited to the benzene series. Apart from para Use: Furniture and floor waxes, shoe polishes, leather

131 BENCH TEST

dressings, anatomical specimens, artificial fruit, tex-

bel. (1) An interval corresponding to a factor of 10

tile sizes and finishes, church candles, cosmetic on a logarithmic scale showing the relationship of

creams, lipsticks, adhesive compositions. two quantities of power. (2) A unit of difference in

sound sensation degrees.

beeswing. A light, gummy sediment deposited in

belladonna. (deadly nightshade; banewort). A

bottled wines.

herbaceous perennial bush (Atropa belladonna) of

which the leaves and roots are used for their content

beet sugar. See sucrose

of hyoscyamine and atropine.

Occurrence: Southern and central Europe, Asia Mi-

behavioral genetics. The study of genes that

nor, Algeria; cultivated in North America, England,

may influence behavior.

France.

Grade: Belladonna leaf, USP; belladonna root.

behenic acid. (docosanoic acid).

Hazard: Very toxic when high in atropine.

(CH

)

COOH. A saturated fatty acid, a minor

Use: Medicine (gastrointestinal relaxant).

component of the oils of the type of peanut and

rapeseed.

Bellier index. (Bellier number). The tempera-

Properties: Solid. Mp 80.0C, bp 306C (60 mm Hg),

ture at which solid fatty acids begin to crystallize

265C (15 mm Hg), d 0.8221 (100/4C), refr index

from 70% alcohol solution, acidulated with acetic

1.4270 (100C). Combustible.

acid, when the solution is slowly and progressively

Derivation: Occurs in bean oil, hydrogenated mus-

cooled with constant agitation.

tard oil, and rapeseed oil.

Grade: Technical, 99%.

Bellier number. See Bellier index.

Use: Cosmetics, waxes, plasticizers, chemicals, sta-

bilizers.

bell jar. A bell-shaped glass jar that is used for

See “Hystrene” [Crompton & Knowles].

the protection of instruments, etc.

behenone. C

O. An aliphatic ketone. Insolu-

bell metal. A copper-based hard alloy that con-

ble in water, inert, compatible with high-melting

tains 15–40% tin and optional additions of zinc,

waxes, fatty acids. Incompatible with resins, poly-

iron, and lead. Frequently used in bells and musical

mers, and organic solvents at room temperature but

chimes.

compatible with them at high temperature.

Use: As an antiblocking agent.

bemberg. A cuprammonium rayon fiber. Flam-

mable, not self-extinguishing.

behenyl alcohol. (1-docosanol).

(CH

)

OH. A long-chain, saturated fatty al-

“Bemul” [Drierite]. TM for a practically

cohol.

odorless emulsifying agent; a pure white, edible

Properties: Colorless waxy solid. Mp 71C, bp 180C

glycerol monostearate in bead form; mp 58–59C;

(0.22 mm Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in ethanol

completely dispersible in hot water; completely sol-

and chloroform. Combustible.

uble in alcohols and hot hydrocarbons.

Derivation: Reduction of behenic acid with lithium

Use: Pharmaceuticals; cosmetics; foodstuffs; protec-

aluminum hydride as catalyst.

tive coating for edible hygroscopic powders, tablets,

Grade: Technical; 99%.

and crystals; pour-point depressant for lubricating

Use: Synthetic fibers, lubricants, evaporation retar-

oils; textile sizes.

dant on water surfaces.

“Benadryl.” [Pfizer]. Proprietary name of di-

Beilstein, F. P. (1838–1906). A German chem-

phenhydramine hydrochloride.

ist noted for his compilation “Handbuch der Organ-

ischen Chemie,” the first edition of which appeared

Benary reaction. Action of Grignard reagents

in 1880. A multivolume compendium of the proper-

on enamino ketones or aldehydes yields ␤-substitut-

ties and reactions of organic compounds, it has been

ed ␣,␤-unsaturated ketones or aldehydes.

revised several times and remains a unique and fun-

damental contribution to chemical literature.

benazolin ethyl ester. See ethyl 4-chloro-2-

oxo-3(2h)-benzothiazoleacetate.

Beilstein’s test. A test to detect halogens in

organic compounds. Copper gauze is heated in a

bench gas. See coal gas.

flame until the flame shows no green color; if the

addition of an organic compound produces a green

bench test. A simulated test in which the condi-

flame, a halogen is present.

tions are approximated, but the equipment is not

necessarily identical, with that in which the item will

BEK. See butyl ethyl ketone. be used.

132BENDIOCARB

bendiocarb. C

. bentonite. A colloidal clay (aluminum silicate)

Properties: White powder. Mp 130C. Slightly solu- composed chiefly of montmorillonite. There are two

ble in water. varieties: (1) sodium bentonite (Wyoming or west-

Hazard: Poison by ingestion, skin absorption. ern), which has high swelling capacity in water; and

Use: Contact insecticide. (2) calcium bentonite (southern), with negligible

swelling capacity.

Properties: (Wyoming) Light to cream-colored im-

“Benecel” [Aqualon].

palpable powder; forms colloidal suspension in wa-

CAS: 9004-67-5. TM for methylcellulose.

ter, with strongly thixotropic properties.

Use: In food, pharmaceutical, and personalcare

Occurrence: Wyoming, Mississippi, Texas, Canada,

items.

Italy, the former U.S.S.R..

Use: Oil-well drilling fluids; cement slurries for oil-

Benedict solution. A water solution of sodium

well casings; bonding agent in foundry sands and

carbonate, copper sulfate, and sodium citrate. The

pelletizing of iron ores; sealant for canal walls;

blue color changes to a red, orange, or yellow preci-

thickener in lubricating greases and fireproofing

pitate or suspension in the presence of a reducing

compositions; cosmetics; decolorizing agent; filler

sugar such as glucose, and is therefore used in test-

in ceramics, refractories, paper coatings; asphalt

ing for such materials, especially for urinalysis in

modifier; polishes and abrasives; food additive; cat-

the treatment of diabetes.

alyst support.

See Fehling’s solution.

See clay, “Flo-Fre” [Oil-Dri].

beneficiation. A process used in extractive met-

benz(e)acephenanthrylene. (3,4-benz(e)

allurgy whereby an ore, either metallic or nonmetal-

acephenanthrylene; 2,3-benzfluoranthene; ben-

lic, is concentrated in preparation for further pro-

zo(b)

cessing (smelting). Calcination is often an important

fluoranthene; b(b)f).

step in beneficiation; others steps include physical

CAS: 205-99-2. C

separation of high-grade ore from impurities (gan-

Properties: Needles from C

or EtOH. Mw:

gue) by screening, washing, milling, or magnetic

252.32, mp 168C.

means. A process for removing sulfur from coal by

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen.

chemical comminution has been developed.

benzalacetone. See benzylidene acetone.

benefin. (N-butyl-N-ethyl-␣,␣,␣-tri-fluoro-2,6-

dinitro-p-toluidine). C

(NO

)

benzalazine. (benzylidene azine).

Properties: Yellow-orange solid. Mp 65–66.5C, bp

CH:NN:CHC

121–122C (0.5 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in water;

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 91–93C. Insoluble

readily soluble in acetone and xylene.

in cold water; soluble in benzene, and hot alcohol.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Use: Stabilizer; polymerization catalyst; UV absor-

Use: Herbicide.

bent; reagent and intermediate.

“Ben-ex” [Kelco]. TM for specialty drilling-

benzal chloride. See benzyl dichloride.

fluid additives.

benzaldehyde. (benzoic aldehyde; synthetic

Bengal fire. Material used in pyrotechnics com-

oil of bitter almond).

posed of realgar, potassium nitrate, and sulfur.

CAS: 100-52-7. C

CHO.

Benjamin gum. See benzoin resin.

benomyl. (“Benlate” [Du Pont]; methyl-1-

(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole-carbamate).

CAS: 17804-35-2. Generic name for a postharvest

Properties: Colorless or yellowish, strongly refrac-

fungicide for peaches, apples, etc. Also used as oxi-

tive, volatile oil; odor resembling oil of bitter al-

dizer in sewage treatment.

mond; burning aromatic taste. Oxidizes readily. D

Hazard: High toxicity by ingestion. TLV: 10 mg/m

1.0415 (25/4C), refr index 1.5440–1.5464 at 20C, fp

−56C; bp 178C, flash p 145F (62.7C) (CC). Miscible

bensulide. (N-(2-mercaptoethyl)benzene-

with alcohol, ether, fixed and volatile oils; slightly

sulfonamide).

soluble in water. Oxidizes in air to benzoic acid.

CAS: 741-58-2.

Combustible. Autoign temp 377F (191.6C).

Use: Herbicide.

Derivation: (1) Air oxidation of toluene with urani-

um or molybdenum oxides as catalysts; (2) reaction

benthos. The botton-dwelling life of an ocean or of benzyl dichloride with lime; (3) extraction from

freshwater environment. oil of bitter almond.

133 BENZENE

Impurities: Usually chlorides.

benz(a)anthracene. (benzanthracene; 1,2-

Method of purification: Rectification. benzanthracene; benzo(b)phenanthrene; tetra-

Grade: Technical, NF. Note: The specifications, es- phene).

pecially regarding impurities, vary considerably for CAS: 56-55-3. C

the grades used for dye manufacture from those used Properties: Colorless leaflets or plates from EtOH/

in perfumery. AcOH. Mw 228.30, mp 160C, bp 400C.

Hazard: Highly toxic. Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen. Found in oils,

Use: Chemical intermediate for dyes, flavoring mate- waxes, smoke, food, drugs.

rials, perfumes, and aromatic alcohols; solvent for

oils, resins, some cellulose ethers, cellulose acetate

benzanthrone. C

O. A four-ring system.

and nitrate; flavoring compounds; synthetic per-

Properties: Pale-yellow needles. Mp 170C. Soluble

fumes; manufacturing of cinnamic acid, benzoic

in alcohol and other organic solvents.

acid; pharmaceuticals; photographic chemicals.

Derivation: (1) From anthranol and glycerol via con-

densation via sulfuric acid (anthranol is made from

benzaldehyde cyanohydrin. See mandeloni-

anthraquinone), (2) from anthracene in sulfuric acid

trile.

solution by addition of glycerol and heating to

100–110C until the anthracene disappears. The re-

action mass is then diluted with water, salted out,

benzaldehyde green. See Malachite green.

and purified.

Method of purification: Crystallization from tol-

benzalkonium chloride. A mixture of alkyl

uene.

dimethylbenzylammonium chlorides of general for-

Use: Dyes.

mula C

N(CH

)

RCl in which R is a mixture

of the alkyls from C

to C

. It is a typical

benzathine penicillin G. (N,N

′

-dibenzylethy-

quaternary ammonium salt.

lenediamine dipenicillin G).

Properties: White or yellowish-white, amorphous

S•C

•4H

powder or gelatinous pieces; aromatic odor; very

Properties: White crystalline powder; odorless. The

bitter taste. Soluble in water, alcohol, or acetone;

pH of a saturated solution is 4.5–7.5. Slightly solu-

almost insoluble in ether; slightly soluble in ben-

ble in alcohol; almost insoluble in water.

zene. Water solutions foam strongly when shaken

Grade: USP.

and are alkaline to litmus.

Use: Medicine (antibiotic).

Grade: USP.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Use: Cationic detergent; surface antiseptic; fungi-

benzazimide. See 4-ketobenzotriazine.

cide.

“Benzedrine” [Glaxo-SmithKline]. TM for

benzamide. (benzoylamide). C

CONH

amphetamine sulfate.

benzene.

CAS: 71-43-2. C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 130C, bp 288C, d

1.341. Soluble in hot water, hot benzene, alcohol,

and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: From benzoyl chloride and ammonia or

ammonium carbonate.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Organic synthesis.

benzaminoacetic acid. See hippuric acid.

benzanilide. (benzoylaniline; phenylbenzam-

ide). C

NH(COC

). Structure: I. Complete ring showing all elements.

Properties: White to reddish crystals and powder. II. Standard ring showing double bonds only.

Related to acetanilide, containing benzoyl in place III. Simple ring without double bonds, with numer-

of acetyl radical. D 1.306, mp 160–162C. Soluble in als indicating position of carbon atoms to which

alcohol; insoluble in water; slightly soluble in ether. substituent atoms or groups may be attached (2

Derivation: From benzoic anhydride and aniline ortho, 3

meta, 4

para).

with sodium hydroxide. IV. Generalized structure with enclosed circle sug-

Use: Intermediate in the synthesis of dyes, drugs, and gesting the resonance of this compound. This struc-

perfumes. ture is now in general use.

134BENZENE AZIMIDE

These structures are also referred to as the benzene

benzene-p-dicarboxylic acid. See tereph-

nucleus. thalic acid.

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow; mobile; non-

polar liquid of highly refractive nature; aromatic

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, 4,4

′

odor. Bp 80.1C, fp 5.5C, d 0.8790 (20/4C), wt/gal

carbonylbis-, ar,ar

′

-dietyl estercompd.

7.32 lb, refr index 1.50110 at 20C, flash p 12F

with 1,3-benzenediamine.

(−11C) (CC), surface tension 29 dynes/cm; autoign

CAS: 65701-07-7. mf: C

•C

temp 1044F (562C). Miscible with alcohol, ether,

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A severe

acetone, carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulfide, ace-

skin and eye iritant.

tic acid; slightly soluble in water. Vapors burn with

smoky flame.

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, di-c7-c9-

Derivation: (1) Hydrodealkylation of toluene or py-

branched alkyl esters.

rolysis of gasoline; (2) transalkylation of toluene by

CAS: 68515-41-3.

disproportionation reaction; (3) catalytic reforming

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

of petroleum; (4) fractional distillation of coal tar.

Grade: Crude, straw color, motor, industrial pure

1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid dipentyl

(2C), nitration (1C), thiophene-free, 99 mole %,

ester, branched and linear.

99.94 mole %, nanograde.

CAS: 84777-06-0.

Hazard: A carcinogen. Highly toxic. Flammable,

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

dangerous fire risk. Explosive limits in air 1.5 to 8%

by volume. TLV: 10 ppm.

benzene hexachloride. (BHC). A commer-

Use: Manufacturing of ethylbenzene (for styrene mo-

cial mixture of isomers of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocy-

nomer), dodecylbenzene (for detergents), cyclohex-

clohexane.

ane (for nylon), phenol, nitrobenzene (for aniline),

Hazard: The ␥-isomer is highly toxic. Use may be

maleic anhydride, chlorobenzene, diphenyl, ben-

restricted.

zene hexachloride, benzene-sulfonic acid, and as a

Use: An insecticide.

solvent.

See lindane.

See aromatic.

benzene, 1-isocyanato-2-methyl-. See 1-

benzene azimide. See 1,2,3-benzotriazole.

isocyanato-2-methylbenzene.

benzeneazoanilide. See diazoaminobenzene.

benzenemonosulfonic acid. See benzenesul-

fonic acid.

benzeneazobenzene. See azobenzene.

benzenephosphinic acid. (phenylphosphinic

benzeneazo-p-benzeneazo-␤-naphthol.

acid). C

(“Sudan” III; tetraazobenzene-␤-naphthol).

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 82–84C, d 1.376

. A red dye; CI 26100.444.

(29C). Decomposes at 200C. Stable in air. Soluble

Properties: Brown powder. Mp 195C. Insoluble in

in water, alcohol, acetone; slightly soluble in ether;

water; soluble in alcohol, oils, chloroform, glacial

insoluble in benzene, hexane, CCl

. Combustible.

arctic acid.

Use: Antioxidant, intermediate for metallic-salt for-

Use: Coloring oils red; biological stain.

mation, accelerator for organic peroxide catalysts.

benzeneazonaphthylethylenediamine. See

benzenephosphonic acid. (phenylphosphonic

azodine.

acid). C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 158C, d 1.475

benzenecarboxylic acid. See benzoic acid.

(4C), decomposes at 275C. Soluble in water, alco-

hol, CCl

. Combustible.

benzenediazonium chloride. C

N(N)Cl.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

Properties: Ionic salt. Very soluble in water; insolu-

Use: Intermediate in antifouling paint agents; cata-

ble in most organic solvents.

lyst in organic reactions.

Hazard: Highly toxic. Can explode on heating.

Use: Dye intermediate.

benzenephosphorus dichloride. C

PCl

Properties: Highly reactive, colorless liquid. Mp

benzene dibromide. See dibromobenzene.

−51C, bp 224.6C, d 1.315 (25C), refr index 1.5958

(25C). Soluble in common inert organic solvents.

1,3-benzenedicarbonitrile. See m-phthalodi-

Fumes in air; hydrolyzes in water.

nitrile.

Hazard: Highly corrosive to skin, tissue. Flam-

mable.

benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid. See phthalic Use: Organic synthesis, for derivation of plasticizers,

acid. polymers, antioxidants; oil additives.

135 BENZIDINE

benzenephosphorus oxydichloride. Use: Antiseptic; cationic detergent.

POCl

Properties: Reactive colorless liquid. Mp 3.0C, bp

2,3-benzfluoranthene. See

258C, d 1.197 (25C), refr index 1.5585 at 25C.

benz(e)acephenanthrylene.

Soluble in common inert organic solvents; hydro-

lyzes in water. Combustible.

benzhydrol. (benzohydrol; diphenylmethanol;

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin, mucous membranes.

diphenylcarbinol).

Use: Organic synthesis, for derivation of plasticizers,

CAS: 91-01-0. (C

)

polymers, antioxidants, oil additives.

benzenesulfinic acid, zinc salt. See zinc

benzenesulfinate.

benzenesulfonic acid. (benzenemonosulfonic

acid; phenylsulfonic acid).

CAS: 42615-29-2. C

Properties: Needlelike, colorless crystals. Mp 69C,

bp 298C, 176C (13 mm Hg). Slightly soluble in

water; easily soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform,

and carbon disulfide. Combustible.

Derivation: Reduction of benzophenone with mag-

nesium or zinc dust.

Use: Preparation of certain antihistamines; insecti-

cide.

Properties: Fine, deliquescent needles or large

benzhydryl bromide. See diphenylmethyl

plates. Mp 65–66C when anhydrous; with 1.5 mole-

bromide.

cules water, mp 43–44C. Soluble in water, alcohol;

slightly soluble in benzene; insoluble in ether and

carbon disulfide.

benzhydryl chloride. (C

)

CHCl.

Derivation: By reacting benzene with fuming sulfu-

Properties: Water-white to light straw-colored liq-

ric acid.

uid. Refr index 1.596, mp 16C, bp 140C (3 mm Hg).

Hazard: Irritant to skin, eyes, mucous membranes.

Combustible.

Use: Manufacturing of phenol, resorcinol, and other

Use: Organic synthesis.

organic syntheses, and as a catalyst.

benzidine. (benzidine base; p-diaminodiphe-

benzenesulfonic acid, dodecyl-, compd.

nyl).

with isopropylamine.

CAS: 92-87-5. NH

)

CAS: 26264-05-1. mf: C

S•C

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid chloride.

See trimesoyl trichloride.

benzenoid. Any organic compound containing or

Properties: Grayish-yellow, white, or reddish-gray

derived from the benzene ring structure, e.g., phe-

crystalline powder. Mp 127C, bp 400C. Soluble in

nol, nitrobenzene, anthracene, styrene. This large

hot water, alcohol, ether; slightly soluble in cold

array of unsaturated compounds, derived chiefly

water. Combustible. Also available as the hydro-

from petroleum and coal tar, provides a broad base

chloride.

for the synthesis of polymers, dyes, and intermedi-

Derivation: (1) By reducing nitrobenzene with zinc

ates.

dust in alkaline solution followed by distillation; (2)

See aromatic.

by electrolysis of nitrobenzene, followed by distilla-

tion; (3) by nitration of diphenyl followed by reduc-

benzenyl trichloride. See benzotrichloride.

tion of the product with zinc dust in alkaline solu-

tion, with subsequent distillation.

benzethonium chloride. C

ClNO

. A syn- Grade: Technical (paste; powder 80–85%).

thetic quaternary ammonium compound, Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and

Properties: Colorless plates; odorless; very bitter skin absorption. TLV: confirmed human carcin-

taste. Mp 164–166C. Soluble in water, alcohol, ace- ogen.

tone. Aqueous solution yields flocculent white pre- Use: Organic synthesis; manufacture of dyes, espe-

cipitate with soap solutions. cially of Congo red; detection of blood stains; stain

Grade: NF. in microscopy; reagent; stiffening agent in rubber

Hazard: An oral poison. compounding.

136BENZIDINEDICARBOXYLIC

benzidinedicarboxylic acid. See diaminodi- Properties: Tabular crystals. Mp 172–174C, mw

phenic acid. 118.13, bp >360C. Weak base sparingly soluble in

cold water and ether. Freely soluble in alcohol; prac-

tically insoluble in benzene and petroleum ether.

benzidine dye. Any of a group of azo dyes

derived from 3,3

′

-dichlorobenzidine; they include

benzine. The name benzine is archaic and mis-

yellow and orange colors claimed to be lightfast and

leading and should not be used. (ASTM Petroleum

alkali-resistant. Congo red is derived from benzi-

Definitions D-288.) Do not confuse with benzene.

dine and naphthionic acid.

See ligroin.

Hazard: These compounds are highly toxic and car-

cinogenic. Physical contact with them should be

1,2-benzisothiazolin-3-one 1,1-dioxide

avoided.

calcium salt. See calcium saccharin.

benzidine rearrangment; semidine

benzocaine. See ethyl-p-aminobenzoate hy-

rearrangement. The acid-catalyzed rear-

drochloride.

rangement of hydrazobenzenes to 4,4’-diaminobi-

phenyls. If the hydrazobenzene contains a para sub-

benzoctamine.

stituent, the product is a p-aminodiphenylamine

CAS: 17243-39-9. mf: C

(semidine rearrangement).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

benzidine sulfate.

benzodihydropyrone. (dihydrocoumarin).

CAS: 531-86-2. C

•H

(bicyclic).

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

Properties: White to light yellow, oily liquid with a

ether; sparingly soluble in water, alcohol, dilute

sweet odor. Congeals at 23C. Insoluble in water;

acids.

soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid or sodium sulfate

Use: Perfumery.

on benzidine with subsequent recovery by precipita-

tion.

1,3-benzodioxole-4-carboxaldehyde.

Hazard: Poison by ingestion, skin absorption. A

CAS: 7797-83-3. mf: C

carcinogen.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis.

1,3-benzodioxol-4-ol, 2,2-dimethyl-,

benzil. (dibenzoyl). C

CO•COC

acetylmethylcarbamate.

CAS: 22791-33-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

1,3-benzodioxol-4-yl methylcarbamate.

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 95C, bp 346–348C,

CAS: 22791-23-7. mf: C

d 1.521. Soluble in alcohol, ether; insoluble in water.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Derivation: From benzoin by oxidation with HNO

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Organic synthesis; insecticide.

“BenzoFlex” [Seidler]. TM for a battery

benzilic acid. (diphenylglycolic acid).

cleaner.

)

C(OH)COOH.

Properties: White to tan powder with a characteristic

“Benzoflex” [Velsicol]. TM for a series of

odor. Mp 148–151C. Soluble in hot water and alco-

plasticizers that are dibenzoate esters of dipropylene

hol. Combustible.

glycol or any of several polyethylene glycols.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

Use: Primary plasticizer for vinyl resins; adhesive

formulations; some grades in food-packaging adhe-

benzilic acid rearrangement. Rearrange-

sives.

ment of benzyl to benzilic acid on treatment with

base.

8,9-benzofluoranthene. See benzo(k)fluor-

anthene.

␣-benzil monoxime.

CAS: 14090-77-8. mf: C

benzo(k)fluoranthene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 207-08-9. mf: C

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Yellow prisms from C

or AcOH. Mp:

217°, bp: 480°.

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen.

benzimidazole. (1,3-benzodiazole; azindole;

benzoglyoxaline).

CAS: 51-17-2. C

. benzofuran. See coumarone.

137 BENZOPHENONE

benzoglycolic acid. See mandelic acid. Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde in an al-

kaline cyanide solution.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

benzoguanamine. (2,4-diamino-6-phenyl-s-tri-

Use: Organic synthesis, intermediate, photopolymer-

azine). C

(NH

)

ization catalyst.

Properties: Crystals. D 1.40, mp 227–228C. Soluble

Note: Do not confuse with benzoin resin.

in methyl“Cellosolve.” alcohol, dilute hydrochloric

acid; partially soluble in dimethylformamide, ace-

benzoin condensation. Cyanide

tone; practically insoluble in chloroform, ethyl ace-

ion–catalyzed condensation of aromatic aldehydes

tate; insoluble in water, benzene, ether. Combus-

to give benzoins (acyloins).

tible.

Derivation: Benzonitrile and dicyandiamide in the

presence of sodium and liquid ammonia.

␣-benzoin oxime. (benzoin antioxime).

Use: Thermosetting resins, resin modifiers; chemical C

OC:NOHC

intermediate for pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and Properties: Solid. Mp 150–152C.

dyestuffs. Use: Organic intermediates and photographic chemi-

cals, analytical reagent for determination of metals.

benzohydrol. See benzhydrol.

benzoin resin. (gum benzoin; Benjamin

gum).

benzoic acid. (carboxybenzene; benzenecar-

Properties: Reddish-brown globules; balsamic, va-

boxylic acid; phenylformic acid).

nilla-like odor. Brittle at room temperature but sof-

CAS: 65-85-0. C

COOH. It occurs naturally in

tened by heat. Soluble in warm alcohol and carbon

benzoin resin.

disulfide; insoluble in water.

Properties: White scales or needle crystals; odor of

Source: Obtained from the styrax tree in Southeast

benzoin or benzaldehyde. D 1.2659, mp 121.25C,

Asia and Sumatra. The Sumatran grade is higher

partially sublimes at 100C, p 249.2C, flash p 250F

melting and only 75% soluble in alcohol.

(121.1C) (CC). Freely volatile in steam. Soluble in

Grade: Technical, tincture USP.

alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, carbon disul-

Chief constituents: Benzoic acid, cinnamic acid,

fide, carbon tetrachloride, turpentine; slightly solu-

vanillin.

ble in water. Combustible.

Use: Source of benzoic acid; perfumery; cosmetics;

Derivation: (1) Decarboxylation of phthalic anhy-

medicine (antiseptic and expectorant).

dride in the presence of catalysts; (2) chlorination of

Note: Do not confuse with benzoin.

toluene to yield benzotrichloride, which is hydro-

lyzed to benzoic acid; (3) oxidation of toluene; (4)

from benzoin resin.

benzol. Obsolete name for benzene, no longer in

Method of purification: Sublimation. approved use.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP, FCC.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use restrict-

benzonitrile. (phenyl cyanide).

ed to 0.1% in foods.

CAS: 100-47-0. C

CN.

Use: Sodium and butyl benzoates, plasticizers, ben-

Properties: Colorless oil; almond-like odor; sharp

zoyl chloride, alkyd resins, food preservative, sea-

taste. D 1.0051; bp 190.7C; fp −13.1C, viscosity

soning tobacco, flavors, perfumes, dentifrices, stan-

1.054 centistokes (100F), refr index 1.5289. Soluble

dard in analytical chemistry, antifungal agent.

in boiling water, alcohol, ether; slightly soluble in

cold water.

benzoic aldehyde. See benzaldehyde. Derivation: From benzoic acid by heating with lead

thiocyanate.

Hazard: High toxicity; absorbed by skin.

benzoic anhydride. (C

CO)

Use: Manufacture of benzoguanamine; intermediate

Properties: Colorless prisms. D 1.198, mp 42C, bp

for rubber chemicals; solvent for nitrile rubber, spe-

360C, refr index 1.576. Soluble in most organic

cialty lacquers, and many resins and polymers, and

solvents; insoluble in water.

for many anhydrous metallic salts.

Use: Dyes, intermediates, pharmaceuticals (benzoy-

lating agent), organic synthesis.

benzo(b)phenanthrene. See

benz(a)anthracene.

benzoic trichloride. See benzotrichloride.

benzophenol. See phenol.

benzoin. (bitter almond-oil camphor; benzoyl-

phenylcarbinol; 2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetophe-

none; phenylbenzoylcarbinol).

benzophenone. (diphenylketone).

CAS: 119-53-9. C

OCOC

. CAS: 119-61-9. (C

)

CO.

Properties: White or yellowish crystals; slight cam- Properties: White prisms with sweet, roselike odor.

phor odor. Mp 137C. Slightly soluble in water and Mp 47.5C; bp 305C. Partially soluble in alcohol,

ether; soluble in acetone and hot alcohol. Optically ether; soluble in chloroform; insoluble in water.

active. Combustible. Combustible.

138BENZOPHENONE OXIDE

Method of purification: Crystallization from al- Use: Rubber accelerator.

cohol.

Grade: Free from chlorine (FFC), also FCC.

benzothiazyl disulfide. See 2,2

′

-dithiob-

Use: Organic synthesis; odor fixative; derivatives are

is(benzothiazole).

used as ultraviolet absorbers; flavoring; soap fra-

grance; pharmaceuticals; polymerization inhibitor

1-benzothiophene-4-ol. See 4-hydroxybenzo-

for styrene.

thiophene.

benzophenone oxide. See xanthone.

1,2,3-benzotriazole. (aziminobenzene; ben-

zene azimide). C

NHN

3,3

′

,4,4

′

-benzophenonetetracarboxylic

Properties: White to light tan crystalline powder;

dianhydride. (BTDA). C

odorless. Boiling range 201–204C (15 mm Hg).

Properties: Free-flowing powder. Mp 228C.

Very stable toward acids and alkalies and toward

Use: Epoxy curing agent, heat-resistant polymers,

oxidation and reduction. Its basic characteristics are

specialty alkyd resins, polyesters, and plasticizers.

very weak, but it forms stable metallic salts. Can

exist in two tautomeric forms. Soluble in alcohol

12h-benzo(b)phenoselenazine.

and benzene; slightly soluble in water. Derivatives

CAS: 64050-25-5. mf: C

NSe.

are ultraviolet absorbers.

Hazard: Moderately toxic. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/m

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion. May explode

Use: Agricultural chemical.

under vacuum distillation.

Use: Photographic restrainer, chemical intermediate.

benzopyrene. (3,4-benzypyrene).

CAS: [a] form 50-32-8. C

. A polynuclear (five-

benzotrichloride. (toluene trichloride; benze-

ring) aromatic hydrocarbon. Found in coal tar and

nyl trichloride; benzoic trichloride; phenylchlo-

cigarette smoke, and in the atmosphere as a product

roform). C

CCl

of incomplete combustion.

Properties: Colorless to yellowish liquid; fumes in

Derivation: Occurs as benzo[a]pyrene and ben-

air; hydrolyzes in water; penetrating odor. D 1.38;

zo[e]pyrene.

bp 220C, fp −5C, refr index 1.5584. Soluble in

Properties: (Benzo[a]pyrene) Yellowish crystals.

alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Mp 179C, bp 310–312C (10 mm Hg). Insoluble in

Derivation: Chlorination of boiling toluene.

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in ben-

Method of purification: Rectification.

zene, toluene, xylene.

Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation, fumes highly

Hazard: Highly toxic, carcinogen by inhalation.

irritant.

Use: Synthetic dyes, organic synthesis.

benzopyrone. See coumarin.

benzotrifluoride. (toluene trifluoride; trifluo-

benzoquinone. See quinone.

romethylbenzene). C

Properties: Water-white liquid; aromatic odor. Bp

benzosulfimide. See saccharin.

102.1C; fp −29.1C, d 1.1812 (25/4C), refr index

1.4146, flash p 54F (12.2C) (CC). Miscible with

s-(2-(2-benzothiazolylamino)-2-oxoethyl)

alcohol, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,

ethanethioate. See 2-(acetylthioglycolic

ether, n-heptane; insoluble in water.

amide)benzothiazole.

Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation. Flammable,

dangerous fire risk. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

benzothiazole. C

SCHN (bicyclic).

Use: Intermediate for dyes and pharmaceuticals, sol-

Properties: Yellow liquid; unpleasant odor. D 1.246,

vent and dielectric fluid, vulcanizing agent, insecti-

refr index 1.637, bp 227C. Slightly soluble in water;

cides.

soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion.

trans-␤-benzoylacrylic acid.

Use: Derivatives used as rubber accelerators.

COCH:CHCOOH.

Properties: Straw-yellow needles or plates. Mp 99C.

benzothiazolyl disulfide. See 2,2

′

-dithiob-

Soluble in most solvents; only slightly soluble in

is(benzothiazole).

cold water and ligroin. Combustible.

Use: Reagent for characterizing phenols; intermedi-

benzothiazyl-2-cyclohexylsulfenamide. See

ate in the manufacturing of bactericides, insecti-

N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole-sulfenamide.

cides, surface-active agents, and the upgrading of

drying oils.

2-benzothiazyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamyl

sulfide. (diethyldithiocarbamic acid-2-benzo-

N-benzoyl-L(+)-alanine. See alanine.

thiazoyl ester). (C

SCN)SSCN(C

)

Properties: Free-flowing, light-yellow to tan pow-

der. D 1.27, mp 69C (min).

benzoylamide. See benzamide.

139 BENZOYLOXYTRIBUTYLSTANNANE

benzoylaminoacetic acid. See hippuric acid. 1-benzoylnapelline.

CAS: 198126-85-1. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

benzoylaniline. See benzanilide.

Source: Natural product.

p-benzoylbenzoic acid.

3-(3-(6-benzoyloxy-3-cyano-2-pyridyloxy-

CAS: 611-95-0. mf: C

carbonyl)benzoyl)-1-ethoxymethyl-5-

Hazard: A poison.

fluorouracil.

CAS: 110690-43-2. mf: C

benzoyl chloride.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A reproductive

CAS: 98-88-4. C

COCl.

hazard.

benzoyloxytriphenylstannane. See triphe-

nylstannyl benzoate.

benzoyl peroxide. (dibenzoyl peroxide).

Properties: Transparent, colorless liquid; pungent

CAS: 94-36-0. (C

CO)

odor; vapor causes tears. D 1.2188, fp −0.5C, bp

197.2C, refr index 1.5536 (20C), flash p 162F

(72.2C). Soluble in ether and carbon disulfide; de-

composes in water. Combustible.

Derivation: (1) Interaction of benzoic acid and sul-

furyl chloride, (2) benzotrichloride and water in the

Properties: White, granular, crystalline solid; tas-

presence of zinc chloride, (3) phosphorus tri- or

teless; faint odor of benzaldehyde. Active oxygen,

pentachloride and benzoic acid.

approximately 6.5%. Mp 103–105C, decomposes

Grade: Technical, CP.

explosively above 105C, autoign temp 176F (80C),

Hazard: Highly toxic. Strong irritant to skin, eyes,

d 1.3340 (25C). Soluble in nearly all organic sol-

and mucous membranes, and via ingestion, inhala-

vents; slightly soluble in alcohols, vegetable oils;

tion.

slightly soluble in water.

Use: Introduction of benzoyl group, dye intermedi-

Grade: Technical, wet or dry; FCC.

ates, benzoyl peroxide manufacturing, analytical re-

Hazard: Highly toxic via inhalation. May explode

agent.

spontaneously when dry (<1% of water). Never mix

unless at least 33% water is present. TLV: 5 mg/m

benzoyl-2,5-diethoxyaniline.

Use: Bleaching agent for flour, fats, oils, and waxes;

CONHC

(OC

)

polymerization catalyst; drying agent for unsatu-

Properties: Gray pellets. Mp 83–84C.

rated oils; pharmaceutical and cosmetic purposes;

Hazard: Possibly toxic.

rubber vulcanization without sulfur; burnout agent

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals, dyestuffs,

for acetate yarns; production of cheese; embossing

and other organic chemicals.

vinyl flooring (proprietary).

See peroxides.

benzoylferrocene. (phenyl ferrocenyl ke-

tone). C

FeC

COC

benzoylphenyl carbinol. See benzoin.

Properties: Dark red, crystalline solid. Mp

107–108C.

2-benzoylpyridine. C

COC

Hazard: Possibly toxic.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 42.7C. Insoluble in

Use: Intermediate.

water.

Grade: 98% (minimum).

Use: Organic synthesis.

benzoyl fluoride. C

COF.

Hazard: High toxicity; TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

4-benzoylpyridine. C

COC

Use: Manufacturing of acyl and other fluorides.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 71.4C. Insoluble in

water.

benzoylglycin. See hippuric acid.

Grade: 98% (minimum).

Use: Organic synthesis.

benzoylglycocoll. See hippuric acid.

benzoylsulfonic imide. See saccharin.

6-benzoylheteratisine. See heteratisine 6-

benzoate.

benzoyloxytributylstannane.

CAS: 4342-36-3. mf: C

Sn.

2-benzoyl-2-hydroxypropane. See ␣-hy- Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

droxy-␣-methylpropiophenone. m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

140BENZOZONE

Use: Agricultural chemical. Grade: Free from chlorine (FFC), technical, NF,

textile, photographic, reagent, FCC.

Hazard: Highly toxic.

benzozone. See acetyl benzoyl peroxide.

Use: Perfumes and flavors; photographic developer

for color movie films; dyeing nylon filament, tex-

1,2-benzphenanthrene. See chrysene.

tiles, and sheet plastics; solvent for dyestuffs, cellu-

lose esters, casein, waxes, etc.; heat-sealing polyeth-

benzpyrene. See benzopyrene.

ylene films; intermediate for benzyl esters and

ethers; bacteriostat; cosmetics, ointments, emul-

benzyl abietate. C

COOCH

sions; ball point pen inks; stencil inks.

Properties: Nonvolatile, viscous liquid that resem-

bles Canada balsam. Soluble in most anhydrous

benzylamine. (aminotoluene). C

solvents.

See balsam.

benzyl acetate. (acetic acid benzyl ester;

acetic acid phenylmethyl ester; ␣-acetoxyto-

luene; benzyl ethanoate; phenylmethyl acetate).

Properties: Light amber liquid; strongly alkaline

CAS: 140-11-4. C

OOCCH

reaction. D 0.9813; bp 184.5C; refr index 1.540 at

Properties: Water-white liquid; floral odor. Mw

20C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, water. Combustible.

150.19, d 1.059–1.062 (15C); mp –51.5C, bp 212C;

Derivation: From benzyl chloride and ammonia.

refr index 1.5015–1.5035, flash p 216F (102.2C)

Hazard: Highly toxic, strong irritant to skin and

(CC), autoign temp 862F (460C), vap press 1 mm

mucous membranes.

(45C), vap d 5.1, refr index 1.501. Soluble in alco-

Use: Chemical intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuti-

hol, most fixed oils, propylene glycol; insoluble in

cals, and polymers.

glycerin and water at 214°.

Derivation: (a) By treating benzyl chloride with so-

N-benzyl-p-aminophenol. (BAP).

dium acetate in various solvents; (b) by esterifica-

NHC

OH.

tion of benzyl alcohol with acetic anhydride or ace-

Properties: Light brown powder. Mp 84–90C,

tic acid.

96–99% pure. Solubility of 50% in anhydrous meth-

Method of purification: Distillation.

anol, 50% in 95% ethanol, 0.06% in water;

Grade: Free-from-chlorine grade, which should

0.1–0.5% in gasoline, varying with chemical nature

have an ester content of 97% but for which lower-

of gasoline.

grade material is sometimes substituted; technical

Use: In cracked gasoline, in concentration of

grade, which is not free from chlorine and for which

0.001–0.004% by weight to prevent gum formation.

ester content varies considerably; FCC.

Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by

2-benzylamino-1-propanol.

ingestion. Combustible.

NHCH(CH

OH)CH

Use: Artificial jasmine and other perfumes, soap per-

Properties: White to yellow solid. Both l and dl-

fume, flavoring, solvent and high boiler for cellulose

forms are available. Mp (dl- form) 70–73C. Specific

acetate and nitrate, natural and synthetic resins, oils,

rotation (l- form) +38

to +44

(1.0% solution in

lacquers, polishes, printing inks, varnish removers.

alcohol) at 25C. Combustible.

benzyl alcohol. (␣-hydroxytoluene; phenyl-

methanol; phenylcarbinol).

benzylaniline. C

NHCH

CAS: 100-51-6. C

OH.

Properties: Colorless prisms. Mp 33C, bp 310C.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Use: Organic synthesis.

benzylbenzene. See diphenylmethane.

benzyl benzoate.

Properties: Water-white liquid; slight odor; sharp, CAS: 120-51-4. C

OOCC

burning taste. Bp 206C, flash p 220F (105C) (OC), d Properties: Water-white liquid; sharp, burning taste;

1.040–1.050 (25/25C), refr index 1.5385–1.5405 faint aromatic odor. D 1.116–1.120 (25/25C), bp

(20C). Somewhat soluble in water; miscible with 325C, mp 18.8C, refr index 1.568–1.569 (20C),

alcohol, ether, chloroform. Autoign temperature flash p 298F (147.7C). Supercools easily. Insoluble

817F (436C). Combustible. in water, glycerol; soluble in alcohol, chloroform,

Derivation: (a) By hydrolysis of benzyl chloride; (b) ether. Combustible.

from benzaldehyde by catalytic reduction or Can- Derivation: (a) By a Cannizzaro reaction from benz-

nizzaro reaction. aldehyde, (b) by esterifying benzyl alcohol with

Method of purification: Distillation and chemical benzoic acid, (c) by treating sodium benzoate with

treatment. benzyl chloride.

141 4-(BENZYL-(2-((2,5-DIPHENYL

Method of purification: Distillation and crystalliza- Use: Peptide synthesis.

tion.

Grade: Technical, USP, FCC.

benzyl chloroformate. See benzyl chloro-

Hazard: Irritant to eyes, skin.

carbonate.

Use: Fixative and solvent for musk in perfumes and

flavors; medicine (external); plasticizer for nitrocel-

o-benzyl-p-chlorophenol. (chlorophene,

lulose and cellulose acetate; miticide.

USAN; “Santophen”; septiphene; 4-chloro-␣-

phenyl-o-cresol). C

OHCl.

benzyl bromide. (␣-bromotoluene).

Properties: White to light tan or pink flakes; slight

Br.

phenolic odor. Crystallizing point 45C min, D

Properties: Clear, refractive liquid; pleasant odor.

1.202–1.206 (55/55C). Insoluble in water; highly

Not easily hydrolyzed. D 1.438 at 16C, bp

soluble in alcohol, other organic solvents; dispersi-

198–199C, fp −3.9C, vap d 5.8. Soluble in alcohol,

ble in aqueous media with the aid of soaps or syn-

benzene, ether; insoluble water.

thetic dispersing agents; noncorrosive to most met-

Derivation: (1) Bromination of toluene, (2) interac-

als. Combustible.

tion of benzyl alcohol and hydrobromic acid.

Hazard: Highly toxic, an irritant.

Hazard: Highly toxic. Corrosive to skin and tissue. A

Use: Active principle or enhancing agent for disin-

lachrymator.

fectants.

Use: Making foaming and frothing agents, organic

synthesis.

benzyl cinnamate. (cinnamein). C

Properties: White crystals; aromatic odor. Mp 39C,

benzyl butyrate. C

COOCH

congeal point (min) 34C, bp 244C (25 mm Hg).

Properties: Liquid; fruity odor. Bp 240C, d 1.016

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.

(17.5C). Soluble in alcohol. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Use: Plasticizer, odorants, flavoring.

Use: Perfumery and flavors.

benzyl carbinol. See phenethyl alcohol.

benzyl cyanide. (phenylacetonitrile; ␣-toluni-

trile). C

CN.

benzyl “Cellosolve.” See ethylene glycol Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; aromatic odor. D

monobenzyl ether. 1.0157, fp −24C, bp 230C, refr index 1.5211 (25C).

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Interaction of benzyl chloride and potas-

benzyl chloride. (␣-chlorotoluene).

sium cyanide.

CAS: 100-44-7. C

Cl.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent odor. D

Hazard: Highly toxic, absorbed by skin. TLV: 5

1.090–1.111 (25/25C), fp −43C, bp 179C, refr index

mg(CN)/m

1.5365 (25C), flash p 153F (67.2C) (OC), autoign

Use: Organic synthesis, especially penicillin pre-

temp 1085F (525C). Soluble in alcohol, ether; insol-

cursors.

uble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: By passing chlorine over boiling toluene

benzyl dichloride. (benzylidene chloride;

until it has increased 38% in weight. The product is

benzal chloride; chlorobenzal; ␣, ␣-dichloroto-

washed with water and separated by fractional distil-

luene). C

CHCl

lation.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; faint aromatic

Grade: Technical; CP; 95%; redistilled.

odor. D 1.295 (16C), fp −16.1C, bp 207C, refr index

Available forms: Anhydrous; stabilized (with aque-

1.5502 (20C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, dilute alkali;

ous sodium carbonate solution).

insoluble in water. Combustible.

Hazard: A carcinogen in animals. Highly toxic, in-

Derivation: Chlorination of toluene, until two for-

tense eye and skin irritant. TLV: 1 ppm. A lachry-

mula weights of chlorine are absorbed, in absence of

mator.

catalysts but presence of light.

Use: Dyes; intermediates; benzyl compounds; syn-

Hazard: Strong irritant and lachrymator.

thetic tannins; perfumery; pharmaceuticals; manu-

Use: Dyes; manufacture of benzaldehyde and cin-

facture of photographic developer; gasoline gum

namic acid.

inhibitors; penicillin precursors; quaternary ammo-

nium compounds.

benzyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium 3-

nitrobenzenesulfonate.

benzyl chlorocarbonate. (benzyl chlorofor-

CAS: 124088-59-1. mf: C

N•C

mate). C

OCOCl.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Properties: Oily liquid with lachrymatory proper-

tact. A severe eye and mild skin irritant.

ties; odor of phosgene. Decomposes above 100C,

reacts with water to form hydrochloric acid.

Hazard: Highly toxic, emits very toxic phosgene

4-(benzyl-(2-((2,5-diphenyloxazole-4-

fumes at 100C. Irritant to eyes. carbonyl)amino)ethyl)carbamoyl)-2-

142BENZYL DISULFIDE

decanoylaminobutyric acid. benzyl fumarate.

OOCCH==CHCOOCH

CAS: 219905-91-6. mf: C

Properties: White powder. Mp 59C, bp 210C (5 mm

Hazard: A poison.

Hg). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Derivation: Reaction of fumaric acid and benzyl

benzyl disulfide. See dibenzyl disulfide.

alcohol.

Use: Spray deodorant.

benzyl ethanoate). See benzyl acetate.

′

-benzyl-3

′

-furylmethyl ␣-ethyl-

N-benzylethanolamine.

phenylacetate.

NH(C

OH).

CAS: 51628-36-5. mf: C

Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid. D 1.044

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(27C); refr index 1.5400–1.5430; distillation range

Use: Agricultural chemical.

240–255C. Combustible.

Use: Corrosion inhibitor; intermediate.

′

-benzyl-3

′

-furylmethyl ␣-isopropyl-4-

methoxyphenyl acetate.

benzyl ether. (dibenzyl ether).

CAS: 51628-56-9. mf: C

CAS: 103-50-4. (C

)

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Colorless, unstable liquid. Bp 295C, d

Use: Agricultural chemical.

1.001, flash p 275F (135C), refr index 1.54. Insolu-

ble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone.

benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium

Derivation: Benzaldehyde is reduced with cobalt

chloride. See cetalkonium chloride (USAN).

complex, [Co(CO)

]

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A skin irri-

benzylhydroquinone. See p-benzyloxy-

tant.

phenol.

Use: Solvent, plasticizer for nitrocellulose.

benzylidene acetone. (benzalacetone; methyl

6-benzyl-1-(ethoxymethyl)-5-isopropyluracil.

styryl ketone; 4-phenyl-3-buten-2-one).

See emivirine.

CH==CHCOCH

Properties: Colorless crystals; odor of coumarin. Mp

benzyl ethyl ether. C

72C, congeal point 39C (min), bp 260–262C, refr

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; aromatic odor. Bp

index 1.5836 (46C), d 1.0377 (15/15C). Soluble in

185C, d 0.949, refr index 1.4955 (20C). Volatile in

alcohol, ether, benzene, chloroform; insoluble in

steam; insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol,

water. Combustible.

ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde and ace-

Derivation: By boiling benzyl chloride with either

tone.

sodium or potassium ethylate.

Use: Organic synthesis, perfumery, fixative, fla-

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration. May be skin

voring.

irritant.

Use: Organic synthesis, flavoring.

benzylidene azine. See benzalazine.

benzyl ethylsalicylate.

benzylidene chloride. See benzyl dichloride.

OOCC

Use: As fixative and solvent in perfumes.

2-benzylidene-1-heptanol. See ␣-amylcin-

namic alcohol.

benzyl fluoride. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Forms acicular crystals

on prolonged cooling. D 1.022 at 25C, bp 139.8C

N-benzylidiethanolamine.

(753 mm), fp −35C. (C

N(C

OH)

Derivation: By decomposing benzyltrimethylam- Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid.D 1.073,

monium fluoride. refr index 1.5345–1.5375, distilling range

Hazard: Very irritant. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

. 240–255C. Miscible with water. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis. Use: Corrosive inhibitor; intermediate.

benzyl formate. C

OOCH. N-benzylidimethylamine. C

N(CH

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity-spicy odor. Re- Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. D 0.894

sembles benzyl acetate in many respects but differs (27C); refr index 1.4985–1.5005 (25C); bp

in its greater volatility. D 1.083–1.087, refr index 180–182C; distilling range 65–68C (18 mm Hg).

1.511–1.513, bp 203C. Miscible with alcohols, ke- Combustible.

tones, oils, aromatic, aliphatic and halogenated hy- Use: Intermediate, especially for quaternary ammo-

drocarbons; insoluble in water. nium compounds; dehydrohalogenating catalyst;

Hazard: May be narcotic in high concentration. corrosion inhibitor; acid neutralizer; potting com-

Use: Perfumes, flavoring, solvent for cellulose esters. pounds; adhesives; cellulose modifier.

143 BENZYL PROPIONATE

benzyl iodide. C

I. p-benzyloxyphenol. (benzylhydroquinone;

Properties: Colorless crystals or liquid. D 1.7335,

“Agerite Alba”). C

OH.

mp 34.1C, bp (decomposes). Soluble in alcohol,

Properties: Light-tan powder; faint odor. D 1.26, mp

carbon disulfide, ether; insoluble in water.

121–122C. Slightly soluble in water; practically in-

Derivation: Interaction of benzyl chloride and hy-

soluble in petroleum hydrocarbons; very soluble in

driodic acid.

benzene and alkalies. Combustible.

Hazard: Powerful irritant.

Use: Rubber antioxidant; stabilizer; polymerization

inhibitor; chemical intermediate.

benzyl isoamyl ether. See isoamyl benzyl

p-(benzyloxy)phenyl bis(1-aziridinyl)

ether.

phosphinate.

CAS: 41920-59-6. mf: C

benzyl isobutyl ketone. See 4-methyl-1-

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

phenyl-2-pentanone.

n,n

′

-(3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanedioxysulfinyl)

benzyl isoeugenol. (1,␣-phenyl-4-propenyl-

bis(3-methylphenylmethylcarbamate).

veratrole). CH

CHCHC

(OCH

)OCH

CAS: 81862-10-4. mf: C

Properties: White, crystalline solid; floral odor of

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

the carnation type. Soluble in alcohol, ether. Com-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bustible.

Use: Perfumery, fixative.

n,n

′

-(3-benzyloxy-1,2-propanedioxy-

sulfinyl)bis(1-naphthylmethyl-

N-benzylisopropylamine.

carbamate).

NH(CH

CHCH

CAS: 81877-67-0. mf: C

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. D 0.895

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(25C), refr index 1.4995–1.5015 (25C). Combus-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tible.

Use: Rust inhibitor; intermediate.

benzyl pelargonate. C

OOCC

Properties: Liquid; mild odor. D 0.962 (15.5/15.5C),

benzyl isothiocyanate. C

NCS.

bp 315C.

Properties: Colorless to slightly yellow liquid; a

Use: In flavors and perfumes, bactericides and fungi-

lachrymator.

cides, organic synthesis.

Hazard: Very irritant to tissues.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

p-benzylphenol. (4-hydroxydiphenylmethane).

OH.

benzyl mercaptan. See benzyl thiol.

Properties: White crystals from ethanol. Mp 84C, bp

320–322C. Soluble in ethanol, ether, chloroform,

benzylmethylamine. C

NHCH

benzene, acetic acid, caustic alkalies; moderate sol-

Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid. D 0.936

ubility in hot water. Combustible.

(25C), refr index 1.5185–1.5220 (25C), distillation

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

range 183–188C. Combustible.

Use: Antiseptic and germicide; organic synthesis.

Use: Organic synthesis.

benzyl phenylacetate.

N-benzyl-N,N-methylethanolamine.

COOCH

NCH

OH).

Properties: Colorless liquid; honeylike odor. D

Properties: Colorless to light-yellow liquid. D 1.006

1.097–1.099, refr index 1.554–1.556. Soluble in al-

(27C), refr index 1.5250–1.5270 (25C), distillation

cohol. Combustible.

range 95–105C (2 mm Hg). Combustible.

Use: Perfumery and flavors.

Use: Corrosive inhibitor, intermediate.

benzyl phenyl ketone. See deoxybenzoin.

3-benzyl-4-methyl umbelliferone.

benzylphosphonic acid dibutyl ester.

Properties: Tan, crystalline powder. Mp 255C min.

CAS: 3762-27-4. mf: C

Slightly soluble in ethanol; insoluble in water.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Optical whitening agent; intermediate.

benzyl propionate. C

COOCH

5-benzyloxy-8-chloro-n,n-dimethyl-1,2,3,4- Properties: Similar to benzyl acetate but has sweeter

tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine odor. Liquid. Bp 220C, d 1.036 (17.5C). Insoluble in

hydrochloride. water. Combustible.

CAS: 63978-98-3. mf: C

ClNO•ClH. Grade: Technical; FCC.

Hazard: A poison. Use: Perfumes; flavoring.

144BENZYLPYRIDINE

benzylpyridine. C

N. below −50C. Readily soluble in water, ethanol, and

butanol; slightly soluble in butyl phthalate and tribu-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 276.8C, mp 13.6C, d 1.061

tyl phosphate.

(20C), refr index 1.5797. Insoluble in water. Com-

Grade: 60–62% aqueous solution.

bustible.

Use: Solvent for cellulose, gelling inhibitor in poly-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ester resins, intermediate.

benzyl salicylate. C

OH)COOCH

benzyltrimethylammonium hexafluoro-

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint sweet odor. D

phosphate. C

N(CH

)

1.176–1.179, refr index 1.580–1.581, mp 24C min,

Properties: Crystals. Mp 160C.

bp 208C(26 mm). Soluble in 9 vols of 90% alcohol.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin.

Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of sodium salicylate and ben-

4-benzyltrimethylammonium methoxide.

zyl chloride.

(CH

)

NOCH

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Properties: A quaternary ammonium salt. Yellow

Use: Perfume fixative, solvent for synthetic musk,

liquid; decomposes on distillation.

sunscreening lotions, soap odorant.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, irritant to skin.

Use: Catalyst, organic-soluble strong base.

benzyl succinate. (dibenzyl succinate).

OOCCH

COOCH

“Benzyl Tuex” [Uniroyal]. TM for tetraben-

Properties: White crystalline powder; almost tas-

zoylthiuram disulfide.

teless. Mp 45C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloro-

form, also in fixed and volatile oils; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

benzyne. C

Use: Medicine (antispasmodic). Properties: An unsaturated, cyclic hydrocarbon with

a structure similar to benzene, in which one of the

double bonds is replaced by a triple bond. It may be

benzyl sulfide. (CH

)

prepared from benzenediazonium-2-carboxylate or

Properties: Colorless plates. D 1.0712, mp 49C.

from isatoic anhydride.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Action of potassium sulfide on benzyl

chloride and subsequent distillation.

bepridil hydrochloride monohydrate. See

Use: Organic synthesis. 3-isobutoxy-2-pyrrolidino-n-phenyl-n-benzylpro-

pylamine.

7-benzyl-3-thia-7-azabicyclo(3.3.1)nonane

perchlorate. berberine. C

CAS: 89398-07-2. mf: C

NS•ClHO

. Properties: White to yellow crystals. Mp 145C (an-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. hydrous). Iinsoluble in water; soluble in ether, alco-

hol. Salts of berberine are: berberine bisulfate,

berberine sulfate, and berberine hydrochloride. All

benzyl thiocyanate. C

CNS.

three are yellow crystals, slightly soluble in water.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 41C, bp 230C.

Derivation: From the root of Berberis vulgaris or

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Hydrastis canadensis.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin, tissue. Moderate fire

Hazard: Toxic via ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-

hazard.

tion.

Use: Insecticide.

Use: Medicine (antipyretic).

benzylthiol. (benzyl mercaptan; ␣-tolueneth-

“Berbond 8200” [Bercen]. TM for a strippa-

iol). C

SH.

ble wallpaper saturant.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong odor. Bp 195C,

Use: In many paper manufacturing areas.

flash p 158F (70C) (CC), d 1.05. Insoluble in water;

soluble in alcohol, carbon disulfide. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion; irritant to

“Bercohem 4842” [Bercen]. TM for a low

tissue. molecular weight polyacrylate-based dispersant.

Use: Odorant, flavors. Use: For pigmented paper coating formulations.

2-benzyl-6-thiouracil. C

OS. A bergamot oil.

drug intermediate. Properties: An essential oil. Brownish-yellow to

green liquid; agreeable odor; bitter taste.

Use: Perfumery.

benzyltrimethylammonium chloride.

N(CH

)

Cl.

Properties: A quaternary ammonium salt. Colorless

Bergius, Frederick. (1884–1949). A German

crystals; stable up to 135C, above which benzyl chemist who won a Nobel Prize in 1931 with Bosch

chloride and trimethylamine are formed. Properties for chemical high-pressure methods. He invented a

of 60% solution: d 1.07 (20/20C), wt/gal 8.90 lb, fp method of converting coal dust into oil via pressur-

145 BERYLLIUM

ized hydrogen. He also invented a method for pro- has been made by neutron bombardment of curium

244. Atomic weight is generally accepted as 249.

duction of cattle feed and sugar from wood by hy-

The following compounds have been identified by

drolysis. He was educated in Poland and Germany.

X-ray diffraction: berkelium dioxide (BkO

), berke-

lium sesquioxide (Bk

), berkelium trifluoride

Bergius process. Formation of petroleum-like

(BkF

), berkelium trichloride (BkCl

), and berkeli-

hydrocarbons by hydrogenation of coal at high tem-

um oxychloride (BkOCl).

peratures and pressures (e.g., 450C and 300 atm)

with or without catalysts; production of toluene by

Berlin blue. Any of a number of the varieties of

subjecting aromatic naphthas to cracking tempera-

iron blue pigments.

tures at 100 atm with a low partial pressure of hydro-

See iron blue.

gen in the presence of a catalyst.

Berlin red. A red pigment consisting, essential-

Bergius-Willstatter saccharification

ly, of red-iron oxide.

process. Process for industrial production of

fermentable sugar from wood by hydrolysis of tan-

“Bersize 6125” [Bercen]. TM for a surface

nin and xylan-free cellulose with 40–45% hydro-

size for paper and paperboard.

chloric acid. The use of concentrated acid requires

Use: To give a good printing surface to fine papers.

acid-resistant equipment and recovery of acid. The

sugar produced must be rehydrolyzed prior to fer-

Berthelot, M. P. (1827–1917). A French

mentation.

chemist who did fundamental work on the organic

synthesis of hydrocarbons, fats, and carbohydrates.

Bergmann azlactone peptide synthesis.

Opposed the then current idea that a “vital force” is

Conversion of an acetylated amino acid and an

responsible for synthesis. Did important work on

aldehyde into an azlactone with an alkylene side

explosives for French government. He was one of

chain; reaction with a second amino acid with ring

the first to prove that all chemical phenomena de-

opening and formation of an acylated unsaturated

pend on physical forces that can be measured.

dipeptide, followed by catalytic hydrogenation and

hydrolysis to the dipeptide.

bertholite. A name given to chlorine when used

as a poison gas.

Bergmann degradation. Stepwise degrada-

tion of polypeptides involving benzoylation, con-

Berthollet, Claude Louis. (1748–1822). A

version to azides, and treatment of the azides with

French chemist. Followed Lavoisier, but did not

benzyl alcohol; this treatment yields, via rearrange-

accept the latter’s contention that oxygen is the char-

ment to isocyanates, carbobenzoxy compounds

acteristic constituent of acids. He was the first to

which undergo catalytic hydrogenation and hydrol-

propose chlorine as a bleaching agent. His essay on

ysis to the amide of the degraded peptide.

chemical physics (1803) was the first attempt to

explain this subject. His speculations on stoichiome-

Bergmann-Zervas carbobenzoxy method.

try, especially as regards relative masses of reacting

Formation of the N-carbobenzoxy derivative of

atoms, profoundly affected later theories of chemi-

an amino acid for use in peptide synthesis and libera-

cal affinity.

tion of the amino group at an appropriate stage of

synthesis by hydrogenolysis of the activated CO

beryl. Be

(SiO

)

. Sometimes with replace-

bond.

ment of beryllium by sodium, lithium, cesium. A

natural silicate of beryllium and aluminum.

Berg, Paul. (1926– ). An American molecular

Hazard: A known carcinogen (OSHA).

biologist who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in

See beryllium.

1980 with Sanger and Gilbert. Berg’s research con-

cerned the biochemistry of nucleic acid, particularly

beryllia. See beryllium oxide.

regarding recombinant DNA, that is combining a

molecule DNA’s from different species. His Doc-

torate was attained at Western Reserve, and later he

beryllides. Intermetallic compounds made by

performed research at Stanford University. chemically combining beryllium with such metals

as zirconium and tantalum.

berkelium. Bk. Synthetic radioactive element

with atomic number 97, first produced (1949) as the

beryllium.

243 isotope by bombarding americium with helium CAS: 7440-41-7. Be. Metallic element of atomic

ions in a cyclotron. The chemical properties of number 4, group IIA of the periodic table; aw

berkelium have been studied by tracer techniques 9.0121; valence 2; no stable isotopes.

and are similar to those of the other transuranium Properties: A hard, brittle, gray-white metal. D 1.85,

elements. Its oxidation behavior is similar to that of mp 1280C. Soluble in acids (except nitric) and alka-

the rare earth cerium. It has a mp of 986C. There are lies. Resistant to oxidation at ordinary temperatures.

8 isotopes ranging from 243 to 250; the 249 isotope High heat capacity and thermal conductivity. It is

146BERYLLIUM ACETATE

the lightest structural metal known; can be fabricat- crystals; sweetish taste. Mp 440C, bp 520C, d 1.90.

ed by rolling, forging, and machining. Joining is

Very soluble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene,

chiefly by shrink-fitting; brazing and welding are

ether, carbon disulfide. Readily hydrolyzed.

difficult. Highly permeable to X rays.

Derivation: By passing chlorine over a mixture of

Occurrence: Beryl, the ore of beryllium, is found

beryllium oxide and carbon.

chiefly in South Africa, Zimbabwe, Brazil, Argenti-

Hazard: Very toxic.

na, and India. Principal sources in U.S. are Colora-

Use: In dry form, as catalyst for organic reactions.

do, Maine, New Hampshire, and South Dakota.

See beryllium.

There are undeveloped deposits in Canada.

Derivation: The ore is converted to the oxide or

beryllium-copper. A precipitation-hardenable

hydroxide, then to the chloride or fluoride. The ha-

alloy; often also contains nickel or cobalt and has

lide may be (1) reduced in a furnace by magnesium

relatively high electrical conductivity, high

metal, or (2) reduced by electrolysis. Liquid-liquid

strength, and high hardness.

extraction with an organophosphate chelating agent

Properties: D 8.22. Tensile strength of heat-treated

can be used as a method of purification, or as an

sheet 175,000 psi, elongation 5% in 2 inches; Brinell

alternative process on the ore itself.

hardness 350; good electrical conductivity. Typical

Grade: Technical, over 99.5% pure.

analysis: copper 97.4; beryllium 2.25; nickel 0.35.

Available forms: Hot-pressed or cold-pressed and

Hazard: Avoid inhalation.

sintered blocks; sheet (0.04 inch); tube; rods; wire;

See beryllium.

powder.

Use: Electrical switch parts, watch springs, optical

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). Very high toxicity,

alloys, electronic equipment, valves and parts, spot-

especially by inhalation of dust. TLV: 0.002 mg/m

welding electrodes, nonsparking tools, springs and

Use: Structural material in space technology; moder-

diaphragms, shims, cams, and bushings.

ator and reflector of neutrons in nuclear reactors;

Note: A comparatively recent development is an 85

source of neutrons when bombarded with ␣-parti-

copper, 9 nickel, 6 tin alloy reported to be 15%

cles; special windows for X ray tubes; in gyro-

stronger than Be-Cu.

scopes, computer parts, inertial guidance systems;

additive in solid-propellant rocket fuels; beryllium-

beryllium fluoride. BeF

copper alloys.

Properties: Hygroscopic solid. Mp 800C, d 1.986.

Readily soluble in water; sparingly soluble in al-

beryllium acetate.

cohol.

CAS: 543-81-7. Be

O(C

)

Derivation: By the thermal decomposition

Properties: White crystals. Mp 285–286C, bp

(900–950C) of ammonium beryllium fluoride.

330–331C. Insoluble in water; hydrolyzed by hot

Hazard: A known carcinogen. Toxic by inhalation

water, dilute acids. Soluble in chloroform and other

and ingestion. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

organic solvents. Can be crystallized from hot acetic

Use: Production of beryllium metal by reduction with

acid in very pure form.

magnesium metal; nuclear reactors; glass manufac-

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

turing.

Use: Source of pure beryllium salts.

See beryllium.

beryllium hydrate. See beryllium hydroxide.

beryllium acetylacetonate. Be(C

)

beryllium hydride. BeH

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 108C, bp 270C.

Properties: White solid. Reacts with water, dilute

Freely soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble

acids, and methanol, liberating hydrogen. When

in water. Resistant to hydrolysis. A chelating no-

heated to 220C it liberates hydrogen rapidly.

nionizing compound.

Hazard: For toxicity see beryllium. Fire risk when

Hazard: Toxic.

exposed to water, organic materials, and heat.

See beryllium.

Use: Experimentally in rocket fuels.

beryllium carbide. Be

beryllium hydroxide. (beryllium hydrate).

Properties: Fine, hexagonal, hard, refractory crys-

CAS: 13327-32-7. Be(OH)

tals; attacked vigorously by strong, hot alkali solu-

Properties: White powder. Decomposes to the oxide

tions forming methane gas and alkali beryllate. D

at 138C. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble in

1.91; decomposes above 2100C.

water.

Derivation: By direct interaction of elemental beryl-

Derivation: By precipitation with alkali from pure

lium and carbon; by reduction of beryllium oxide

beryllium acetate.

with carbon above 1500C.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Nuclear-reactor cores.

Hazard: Very toxic.

See beryllium.

beryllium chloride.

CAS: 7787-47-5. BeCl

Properties: White or slightly yellow deliquescent

beryllium metaphosphate. Be(PO

)

147 BEST, CHARLES H

Properties: White porous powder or granular mate-

beryllium potassium sulfate. BeSO

rial. High melting point. Insoluble in water. Properties: Shiny crystals, insoluble in alcohol, sol-

Hazard: Very toxic. uble in water and concentrated potassium sulfate

Use: Raw material for special ceramic compositions; solution.

catalyst carrier. Use: Metal plating especially chromium and silver.

See beryllium. Hazard: See beryllium.

See beryllium.

beryllium nitrate.

beryllium sodium fluoride. (sodium beryl-

CAS: 13597-99-4. Be(NO

)

•3H

lium fluoride). BeF

•2NaF.

Properties: White to faintly yellowish, deliquescent

Properties: White, crystalline mass. Mp approxi-

mass. Mp 60C, decomposes 100–200C. Soluble in

mately 350C. Soluble in water.

water, alcohol.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 2.5

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on beryllium oxide,

mg(F)/m

with subsequent evaporation and crystallization; re-

Use: Making pure beryllium metal.

action of beryllium sulfate with barium nitrate.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Chemical reagent, gas-mantle hardener.

beryllium sulfate.

Hazard: Very toxic. Oxidizing material, dangerous CAS: 13510-49-1. BeSO

•4H

fire risk. Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.713, decomposes

See beryllium. at 540C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: A carcinogen (OSHA). TLV: 0.002

(Be)mg/m

; Confirmed Human Carcinogen

beryllium nitride. Be

See beryllium.

Properties: Hard, refractory, white crystals. Mp

2200C, reacts with mineral acids to form the corre-

Berzelius, J. J. (1779–1848). A native of Swe-

sponding salts of beryllium and ammonia. Readily

den, Berzelius was one of the foremost chemists of

attached by strong alkali solutions, liberating am-

the 19th century. He made many contributions to

monia.

both fundamental and applied chemistry; coined the

Derivation: By heating beryllium metal powder in a

words isomer and catalyst; classified minerals by

dry, oxygen-free nitrogen atmosphere at

chemical compound; recognized organic radicals

700–1400C.

which maintain their identity in a series of reactions;

Use: Atomic energy, production of the radioactive

discovered selenium and thorium, and isolated sili-

carbon isotope

for tracer uses.

con, titanium, and zirconium; did pioneer work with

See beryllium.

solutions of proteinaceous materials which he rec-

ognized as being different from “true” solutions.

beryllium oxide. (beryllia).

CAS: 1304-56-9. BeO.

“Be Square” [Baker Petrolite]. TM for a

Properties: White powder. A unique ceramic materi-

hard or plastic grade of petroleum microcrystalline

al. D 3.016, mp 2570C. Hardness (Mohs) 9. Soluble

wax.

in acids and alkalies; insoluble in water. High elec-

trical resistivity and thermal conductivity; transpar-

Bessel function. Solution of the Bessel’s equa-

ent to microwave radiation; undamaged by nuclear

tion.

radiation. High heat-stress resistance. Can be fabri-

cated into finished shapes.

Derivation: By heating beryllium nitrate or hy-

Bessel’s equation. Linear differential equation

droxide. x2y

′′

+xy

′

+(x

– n

0, whose solutions are

Grade: Technical, CP, pure, single crystals. expressible as power series in x.

Hazard: Highly toxic by inhalation. Keep container

tightly closed and flush out after use.

Bessonoff’s reagent. (phospho-tungstic-phos-

Use: Electron tubes; resistor cores; windows in kly-

phomolybdic acid). It gives a deep blue reaction

stron tubes; transistor mountings; high-temperature

with ascorbic acid.

reactor systems; additive to glass, ceramics, and

Use: For the detection of ascorbic acid.

plastics; preparation of beryllium compounds; cata-

lyst for organic reactions.

Best, Charles H. (1899–1978). Born in Maine,

See beryllium.

Best was educated at the University of Toronto,

where he distinguished himself as a student of bio-

beryllium potassium fluoride. (potassium chemistry. He collaborated with the late Dr. Freder-

beryllium fluoride). BeF

•2KF. ick Banting in the isolation of the hormone insulin.

Properties: White, crystalline masses. Soluble in He later became head of the insulin division of the

water; insoluble in alcohol. Connaught Laboratories of the University as well as

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 2.5 of the Banting and Best Research Institute. He also

mg(F)/m

. developed histaminase (an antiallergic enzyme) and

148BETA

the anticoagulant heparin. principle to that of an electric transformer in which

See Banting, Sir Frederick. the secondary windings are replaced with focusing

magnets. The electrons travel around the core in a

vacuum tube placed between the magnets. At each

beta. (␤). A prefix having meanings analogous to

revolution around the core the electrons pick up the

those of ␣.

same energy as the voltage that would have been

(1) It indicates (a) the position of a substituent atom

induced in one turn of wire at that point. The beta-

or radical in a compound; (b) the second position in a

tron can generate electron beams up to 320 MeV.

naphthalene ring; or (c) the attachment of a chemical

Invented by D. W. Kerst in 1940, it is used chiefly

unit to the side chain of an aromatic compound.

for basic physical research.

(2) It refers to a secondary allotropic modification of

a metal or compound.

(3) It designates a type of radioactive decay. See

Bethanizing. The process of electrodepositing

beta particle.

very pure zinc on iron or steel.

beta battery. Alternative name for the sodium-

Bettendorf’s reagent. A reagent used for the

sulfur battery under development.

detection of arsenic in presence of bismuth and anti-

See storage battery; electrolyte.

mony compounds. It consists of a concentrated solu-

tion of stannous chloride in fuming hydrochloric

betaine hydrochloride. (lycine hydrochlo-

acid.

ride).

Hazard: Powerful tissue irritant.

CAS: 107-43-7. C

N•HCl.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 227–228C (de-

“Better Locks Lite Almond Conditioner”

composes). Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble

[Afrocare]. TM for a hair treatment.

in chloroform and ether. Aqueous solutions are

Use: Adds sheen, softenens, and absorbs oils.

strongly acid. Liberates hydrogen chloride at the

mp.

Grade: Technical.

Betterton-Kroll process. A process for ob-

Use: Source of hydrogen chloride in solders and

taining bismuth and purifying desilverized lead that

fluxes, organic synthesis.

contains bismuth. Metallic calcium or magnesium is

added to the molten lead to cause formation of high-

melting intermetallic compounds with bismuth.

betaine phosphate. C

N•H

These separate as a surface scum and are skimmed

Properties: White, odorless granules; acid taste. Mp

off. The excess calcium and magnesium are re-

198–200C. Very soluble in water.

moved from the lead by use of chlorine gas as mixed

Grade: Technical.

molten chlorides of lead or zinc. Bismuth of

Use: Source of phosphoric acid.

99.995% purity is produced in this way.

“Betanox” Special [Uniroyal]. TM for low-

temperature reaction product of phenyl-␤-naphthyl-

Betti reaction. The reaction of aromatic alde-

amine and acetone.

hydes, primary aromatic or heterocylic amines, and

Properties: Tan powder. D 1.16, mp above 120C.

phenols leading to ␣-aminobenzylphenols.

Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-

ride; insoluble in water and gasoline.

Betts process. An electrolytic process for re-

Use: Antioxidant for wire insulation, tire treads, tire

moving impurities from lead in which pure lead is

carcass, inner tubes, dark-colored footwear, proof-

deposited on a thin cathode of pure lead from an

ing, and mechanical goods.

anode containing as much as 10% of silver, gold,

bismuth, copper, antimony, arsenic, selenium, and

beta particle. (␤ particle). A charged particle

other impurities. The electrolyte is lead fluosilicate

emitted from a radioactive atomic nucleus either

and fluosilicic acid. The scrap anodes and the resi-

natural or manufactured. The energies of ␤ particles

dues of impurities associated with them are either

range from 0 to 4 MeV. They carry a single charge; if

recast into anodes or treated to recover antimony

this is negative, the particle is identical with an

lead, silver, gold, bismuth, etc.

electron; if positive, it is a positron. ␤-rays (streams

of these particles) may cause skin burns and are

betula oil. See methyl salicylate.

harmful within the body. Protection to the skin can

be afforded by a thin sheet of metal.

See electron; decay; radioactive.

“Beutene” [Uniroyal]. TM for a butyraldeh-

yde-aniline reaction product.

“Betaprene” [Reichhold]. TM for olefinic hy-

Properties: Reddish-brown, free-flowing liquid. D

drocarbon resins used as coating vehicles.

0.95. Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene di-

chloride; slightly soluble in gasoline; insoluble in

betatron. An electromagnetic device for acceler- water.

ating electrons (␤ particles). Its action is similar in Use: Rubber accelerator.

149 BILE ACID

bevantolol hydrochloride. same type of ring.

CAS: 42864-78-8. mf: C

•ClH. See naphthalene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

bicyclobutylidine.

CAS: 6708-14-1. mf: C

BFE. Abbreviation for bromotrifluoroethylene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

tion.

-ether complex. See boron trifluoride

etherate.

bicyclohexyl. (dicyclohexyl). C

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid with pleasant

BFI powder. Proprietary preparation of bis-

odor. Bp 238.5C, fp 1–3C, d 0.883 (25/16C), wt/gal

muth formic iodide.

7.37 lb, refr index 1.480 (20C), flash p 165F

Use: Skin antiseptic.

(73.9C), autoign temp 471F (244C). Combustible.

Derivation: Hydrogenation of diphenyl.

-MEA. See boron trifluoride monoethyla-

Use: High-boiling solvent and penetrant.

mine.

“Bidrin” [Shell]. (TM for dimethyl phos-

MeOH. See boron trifluoride–methanol.

phate of 3-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-cis-crotnamide;

dicrotophos).

BFPO. Abbreviation for bis(dimethylamino)

CAS: 141-66-2.

fluorophosphine oxide.

(CH

P(O)OC(CH

):CHC(O)N(CH

)

See dimefox.

Properties: Brown liquid with a mild ester odor. Bp

400C. Miscible with water and xylene; slightly solu-

Bh. Symbol for bohrium.

ble in kerosene and diesel fuel. Commercially avail-

able water-miscible solution.

BHA. Abbreviation for butylated hydroxyanisole.

Hazard: Cholinesterase inhibitor. TLV: 0.25 mg/m

Toxic by skin absorption.

BHC. Abbreviation for benzene hexachloride.

Use: Insecticide.

BHMT amine. NH

(CH

)

NH(CH

)

. A liq-

biformin. C

. An antibiotic produced by the

uid polyalkylene polyamine.

fungus Polyporus biformis, reported to be active

Use: In asphalt additives and corrosive inhibitors.

against various bacteria and fungi.

BHN. Brinell hardness number.

biformychlorazin. See triforine.

BHT. Abbreviation for butylated hydroxyto-

Biginelli reaction. Synthesis of tetrahydropyri-

luene.

midinones by the acid-catalyzed condensation of an

See 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol.

aldehyde, a ␤-keto ester, and urea.

Bi. Symbol for bismuth.

“B-I-K” [Uniroyal]. TM for a surface-coated

urea.

bi-. Prefix meaning two; di- is preferred in chemi-

Properties: White powder. D 1.32, melting range

cal nomenclature. Exceptions are bicarbonate, bi-

129–134C. Soluble in water. Surface coating not

sulfate, bitartrate, in which it indicates the presence

soluble in water but soluble in rubber. Slightly solu-

of hydrogen in the molecule, e.g., NaHCO

(sodium

ble in acetone; insoluble in benzene, gasoline, and

bicarbonate).

ethylene dichloride.

See bis-.

Use: Promoter for azodicarbonamide, a nitrogen

blowing agent; activator for thiazoles, sulfenam-

bibenzyl. See sym-diphenylethane.

ides, and thiurams; odor reducer when used with

nitrosoamine-type blowing agents.

bicalcium phosphate. See calcium phos-

phate, dibasic.

bilayer. A double layer of amphipathic lipid mol-

ecules that orient themselves so the hydrocarbon

bicarburetted hydrogen. See ethylene.

tails face inward to form a continuous nonpolar

phase, and the polar head groups face outward. In

2,2

′

-bichavicol.

this way, they form the basic structure of mem-

CAS: 528-43-8. mf: C

branes.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Source: Natural product.

bile acid. An acid found in bile (secretion of the

liver). Bile acids are steroids having a hydroxyl

bicyclic. An organic compound in which only two group and a five-carbon-atom side chain terminat-

ring structures occur. They may or may not be the ing in a carboxyl group. Cholic acid is the most

150BILE SALTS

abundant bile acid in human bile. Others are deoxy- (2) In the food industry, a material used in sausage

cholic and lithocholic acids. The bile acids do not

manufacture that absorbs moisture at high tempera-

occur free in bile but are linked to the amino acids

tures, e.g., various flours, dried milk, and soy pro-

glycine and taurine. These conjugated acids are wa-

tein. (3) Any cementitious material that is soft at

ter soluble. Their salts are powerful detergents and

high temperatures and hard at room temperature,

as such aid in the absorption of fats from the intes-

used to hold dry powders or aggregate together, e.g.,

tine.

asphalt and sulfur in paving compositions, and res-

ins used in sand casting.

bile salts. Sodium salts of glycocholic and tauro- See paint.

cholic acids important for physiological fat absorp-

tion.

binding energy. The energy that holds the pro-

tons together in an atomic nucleus. Since protons are

bilirubin. (bilifulvin). C

. Red coloring

positively charged, they exert strong mutually repul-

matter of bile. Also occurs in blood serum as decom-

sive forces and tremendous energy is required to

position product of hemoglobin.

keep them from flying apart. This energy is so great

Properties: Orange-red powder. Mp 192C. Soluble

that it results in a slightly lower value for the mass of

in acids, alkalies, chloroform, and benzene; insolu-

a nucleus taken as a whole than for the sum of its

ble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol and

constituents taken individually. This phenomenon is

ether.

of vast significance, for it means that a small fraction

Derivation: From bile pigment.

of mass has been converted into energy within the

Use: Analytical chemistry, biochemical research.

nucleus, as shown by Einstein’s equivalence equa-

tion E

. Thus, when a

235

U nucleus (92 protons)

is split, as in the fission process, a portion of its

bimetal. A type of thermometer in which the

binding energy (equivalent to the mass difference) is

sensing element consists of two thin strips of metals

released. It amounts to approximately 200 million

having different expansion coefficients bonded to-

electron volts per nucleus. Binding energy may also

gether in a helical or spiral structure. The extent of

be defined as the minimum energy required to disso-

deflection or bending induced by temperature

ciate a nucleus into its component neutrons and

change is indicated by a pointer on a dial. Reason-

protons. The neutron or proton binding energy is

ably accurate readings are obtained in this way, the

that required to remove a neutron or a proton from a

range being from −185 to 425C. Bimetals are used in

nucleus; the electron binding energy is that required

both laboratory and industry.

to remove an electron from an atom or molecule.

See thermometer.

See mass defect; fission.

binapacryl. Generic name for 2-sec-butyl-4,6-

dinitrophenyl-3-methyl-2-butenoate. C

. binding site. A place on cellular DNA to which

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. a protein (such as a transcription factor) can bind.

Use: Acaricide and fungicide. Binding sites may be found in the vicinity of genes

and are involved in activating transcription of that

gene (promoter elements), in enhancing the tran-

binary. Descriptive of a system containing two

scription of that gene (enhancer elements), or in

and only two components. Such a system may be a

reducing the transcription of that gene (silencers).

chemical compound composed of two elements, an

Note: Whether the protein in fact performs these

element and a group (hydroxyl, methyl, etc.), or two

functions may depend on some condition, such as

groups, (e.g., oxalic acid). It may also be a two-

the presence of a hormone, or the tissue in which the

component solution or alloy.

gene is being examined. Binding sites could also be

involved in the regulation of chromosome structure

binary acid. An acid containing no oxygen, e.g.,

or of DNA replication.

hydrofluoric acid.

Bingham body. Fluid that does not exhibit

binary alloy. Alloy containing two major ele-

Newtonian flow, but moves in plugs.

ments, exclusive of impurities.

Bingham plastic. Substance that will not flow

binary diagram. Constitution diagram for a

until its yield value is reached, then will flow nor-

binary metal alloy system.

mally.

bind. To exert a strong physiochemical attraction,

“Bioaoctiv” [Scott]. TM for wine additive.

as often occurs between various proteins and water

Use: Enhances yeast survival.

in hydrophilic gels, between organic dyes and fab-

rics, or between acids or bases and various chemical

complexes.

“Bioban” [Angus]. TM for monocyclic oxazo-

lidines.

binder. (1) The film-forming ingredient in paint, Grade: Industrial.

usually either a drying oil or a polymeric substance. Available forms: Liquid.

151 BIOELECTROCHEMISTRY

Use: Antimicrobial, preservative for coating formu- chlorinated hydrocarbons, organometallics, halo-

lations, latexes, emulsions, oil recovery, and metal- gen-releasing compounds, metallic salts, organic

working fluids. sulfur compounds, quaternary ammonium com-

pounds, and phenolics.

See antiseptic; disinfectant; fungicide; bactericide.

“Bio-Care” [Dow]. TM for hyaluronic acid.

Use: Conditioner for hair and skin.

biocolloid. An aqueous colloidal suspension or

dispersion produced by or within a living organism.

“Biocheck” [Nalco]. TM for a family of bio-

Blood, milk, and egg yolk are examples.

cides, fungicides, and slimicides.

Use: Controlling and eliminating microbiological

growth in pulp- and paper-mill water systems as

biocomputer. A computer in which the silicon in

well as for antibacterial papers. the microchips is replaced by a synthetic protein or

polypeptide coated with a silver compound, the

combination behaving as a metallic semiconductor.

biochemical oxygen demand. (BOD). A

Such chips have been made experimentally; they

standardized means of estimating the degree of con-

have the potential of improving the storage capacity

tamination of water supplies, especially those that

and operating efficiency of silicon chips substantial-

receive contamination from sewage and industrial

ly. The materials used in the experimental chips

wastes. It is expressed as the quantity of dissolved

were polylysine on a glass substrate coated with an

oxygen (in mg/L) required during stabilization of

acrylate polymer and treated with silver nitrate.

the decomposable organic matter by aerobic bio-

chemical action. Determination of this quantity is

accomplished by diluting suitable portions of the

bioconversion. Utilization of animal manures,

sample with water saturated with oxygen and mea- garbage, and similar organic wastes for production

suring the dissolved oxygen in the mixture both of fuel gases by digestion, gasification, or liquefac-

immediately and after a period of incubation, usual- tion.

ly five days. See biogas; biomass.

See sewage sludge; biodegradability; dissolved oxy-

gen (DO); oxygen consumed.

biocytin. (⑀-N-biotinyl-l-lysine). C

Properties: A naturally occurring complex of biotin

biochemistry. Originally a subdivision of chem- isolated from yeast. Mp 228.5C. Water-soluble

istry but now an independent science, biochemistry crystals. The molecule arising from covalent attach-

includes all aspects of chemistry that apply to living ment of biotin to a Lys residue via an amide linkage.

organisms. Thus, photochemistry is directly in-

volved with photosynthesis, and physical chemistry

biodegradability. The susceptibility of a sub-

with osmosis—two phenomena that underlie all

stance to decomposition by microorganisms, specif-

plant and animal life. Other important chemical

ically the rate at which detergents and pesticides and

mechanisms that apply directly to living organisms

other compounds may be chemically broken down

are catalysis, which takes place in biochemical sys-

by bacteria and/or natural environmental factors.

tems by the agency of enzymes; nucleic acid and

Branched-chain alkylbenzene sulfonates (ABS) are

protein constitution and behavior, which are known

much more resistant to such decomposition than are

to control the mechanism of genetics; colloid chem-

linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), in which the

istry, which deals in part with the nature of cell

long, straight alkyl chain is readily attacked by bac-

walls, muscles, collagen, etc.; acid-base relations,

teria. If the branching is at the end of a long alkyl

involved in the pH of body fluids; and such nutri-

chain (isoalkyls), the molecules are about as biode-

tional components as amino acids, fats, carbohy-

gradable as the normal alkyls. The alcohol sulfate

drates, minerals, lipids, and vitamins, all of which

anionic detergents and most of the nonionic deter-

are essential to life. The chemical organization and

gents are biodegradable. Among pesticides, the or-

reproductive behavior of microorganisms (bacteria

ganophosphorus types, while highly toxic, are more

and viruses) and a large part of agricultural chemis-

biodegradable than DDT and its derivatives. Tests

try are also included in biochemistry. Particularly

on a number of compounds gave results as follows.

active areas of biochemistry are nucleic acids, cell

Easily biodegraded: n-propanol, ethanol, benzoic

surfaces (membranes), enzymology, peptide hor-

acid, benzaldehyde, ethyl acetate. Less easily biode-

mones, molecular biology, and recombinant DNA.

graded: ethylene glycol, isopropanol, o-cresol, di-

See biotechnology.

ethylene glycol, pyridine, triethanolamine. Resis-

tant to biodegration: aniline, methanol,

biochrome. The colored matter that can be ex- monoethanolamine, methyl ethyl ketone, acetone.

tracted from plants or animals. Additives that accelerate biodegradation of polyeth-

ylene, polystyrene, and other plastics are available.

biocide. General name for any substance that kills

or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as

bioelectrochemistry. Application of the princi-

bacteria, molds, slimes, fungi, etc. Many of them are ples and techniques of electrochemistry to biologi-

also toxic to humans. Biocidal chemicals include cal and medical problems. It includes such surface

152BIOENGINEERING

and interfacial phenomena as the electrical proper- genomic research data.

ties of membrane systems and processes, ion ad- See informatics.

sorption, enzymatic clotting, transmembrane pH

and electrical gradients, protein phosphorylation,

bioinorganic chemistry. Study of the mecha-

cells, and tissues.

nisms involved in the behavior of metal-containing

molecules in living organisms, e.g., biological trans-

bioengineering. Application of the principles port of iron, the effect of copper on nucleic acid and

and methods of chemical engineering to biotech- nucleoproteins, molybdenum, and manganese com-

nology. plexes, etc.

bioethics. An interdisciplinary science for which biological availability. Blood level or similar

research facilities were established in 1971, encom- tests that establish a significant concentration of a

passing the ethical and social issues resulting from drug in the bloodstream or other body systems

advances in medicine and the biosciences. Its scope where its presence is understood to be effective.

includes a number of areas of importance to chemis-

try, e.g., reproductive and genetic phenomena, or-

biologicals. Medical products produced from liv-

gan transplants, gerontology and antiaging tech-

ing organisms or their products. These include anti-

niques, biological warfare, contraception, etc. The

gens, antitoxins, serums, and vaccines.

Kennedy Institute at Georgetown University, Wash-

ington, D.C., is the chief center for information

biological stain. A dye for determining micro-

about this developing aspect of biomedical science.

scopic structure of cells and tissues. The usefulness

depends on selective adsorption of stain by bacteria

bioflavonoid. A group of naturally occurring

or tissue.

substances thought to maintain normal conditions in

the walls of the small blood vessels. The bioflavo-

bioluminescence. (cold light).

noids are widely distributed among plants, especial-

See chemiluminescence.

ly citrus fruits, black currants, and rose hips (hesper-

idin, rutin, quercitin). They have little or no

biomarker. Specific biochemical compounds

medicinal value.

that are detected within the body, and which have a

particular molecular feature that makes it useful for

biogas. Methane generated from animal manure

measuring a specific process such as flux through a

by bacterial anaerobic digestion. Small-scale units

pathway, the progress of a disease, or the effects of

have been in use for some years, and the possibilities

treatment of a disease.

of utilizing the tremendous quantities of manure

available in the U.S. as an energy source have stimu-

biomass. Any organic source of energy or chemi-

lated investigation of large-scale production. One

cals that is renewable. Its major components are (1)

installation utilizing a thermophilic fermentation

trees (wood) and all other vegetation; (2) agricultur-

technique at 55–60C has been operating in Florida

al products and wastes (corn, fruit, garbage ensilage,

since 1979, and another in Colorado since 1981.

etc.); (3) algae and other marine plants; (4) metabol-

This energy source is also being exploited in China

ic wastes (manure, sewage); and (5) cellulosic urban

and India.

waste. Conversion of these is performed in several

See biomass.

ways: (1) by combustion (heat); (2) by fermentation

(alcohol); (3) by gasification (synthesis gas); and (4)

biogenesis. See life, origin.

by anaerobic digestion (methane). In terms of ener-

gy, wood is by far the most important component of

biogenic sediment. Sediment consisting of

biomass. It has become a significant source of indus-

mineral grains that were once parts of organisms.

trial heat, e.g., in paper mills and power plants, and

intensive cultivation of trees for this purpose is un-

biogeochemistry. A branch of geochemistry der way. Wood is also a potential source of alcohols;

dealing with the interactions between living organ- ethyl alcohol is produced from wood on large scale

isms and their mineral environment. It includes, in Brazil as a gasoline substitute. Agricultural

among other studies, the effect of plants on weather- wastes are fermented or gasified to synthesis gas;

ing of rocks, of the chemical transformations that manures and municipal waste yield methane (bio-

produced petroleum and coal, of the concentration gas) on digestion. In 1981, biomass supplied 3.5%

of specific elements in vegetation at some time in the of U.S. energy requirements, and this is expected to

geochemical cycle (iodine in sea plants, uranium in increase substantially.

some forms of decaying organic matter), and of the

organic constituents of fossils.

biomaterial. Any material suitable for use as a

surgical implant within the body to replace or sup-

bioinformatics. The science of managing and port joints or tissues. Included are such metals as

analyzing biological data using advanced comput- aluminum, stainless steels, titanium, various forms

ing techniques. Especially important in analyzing of carbon, and especially plastics (polycarbonate,

153 BIOTECHNOLOGY

polyurethane, nylon, silicones). They have been media.

used successfully in many areas of the body, from See fermentation.

hip and knee replacements to mastectomies. They

must be compatible with the interior environment,

biopterin. An enzymatic cofactor derived from

noncorrosive, and nondegradable, and must dupli-

pterin and involved in certain oxidation-reduction

cate as closely as possible the properties of the tis-

reactions.

sues they replace. A notable breakthrough was made

in this field in 1982 when a complete artificial heart

“Biore” [Kao]. TM for a marshmallow whip

was implanted successfully in a living human. Its

facial foam.

chief component was polyurethane, the base was

aluminum, and the valves were pyrolytic graphite

bioremediation. The use of biological organ-

together with polycarbonate and titanium. Other

isms such as plants or microbes to aid in removing

materials under consideration are styrene-butadiene

hazardous substances from an area.

copolymers for the diaphragms. The polyurethane

used in the first implanted heart is “Biomer” pro-

bioresmethrin. C

A synthetic insecticide

duced by a division of Johnson & Johnson.

of the pyrethrin type. Biodegradable and has low

toxicity, it is nonpersistent and can act as a synergist.

“Biomer” [Johnson & Johnson]. TM for a

unique type of polyurethane used in heart implants.

biorex.

CAS: 205943-18-6.

“bioMeT 12” [ATOTECH]. TM for a rodent-

mf: C

•C

NO•C

repellent coating for cables in which the active in-

gredient is a mixture of tributyl tin salts. It has

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

proved 95% effective in preventing destruction of

telephone cables by rats and other rodents. Flexible,

biostat. Any product that regulates growth of

transparent, and effective for six months or more, it

microorganisms.

is applied mechanically over the plastic cable

sheathing. Can also be used to protect other types of

biosynthesis. (1) Natural synthesis of organic

wiring, shipping containers, and similar products.

compounds by plants and animals. For plants, this

includes not only photosynthetic formation of car-

biomimetic chemistry. An interdisciplinary

bohydrates and protein synthesis by means of nitro-

approach to biochemistry including both organic

gen-fixing bacteria, but also a wide range of special-

and inorganic aspects of this field. The term means

ized organic compounds that are specific to

imitation or mimicry of natural organic processes in

individual species; many of these are poisonous.

living systems, and encompasses such subjects as

Animals and humans synthesize certain amino

enzyme systems, vitamin B

and flavins, oxygen

acids, hormones, cholesterol, etc. Some types

binding and activation, bioorganic mechanisms, and

(snakes, fish, toads, etc.) synthesize unique and

nitrogen and small-molecule fixation. The tech-

powerful toxic principles.

nique was utilized in the synthesis of the bleomycin

(2) This term is also applied to such research

molecule. A notable example of biomimetic chemis-

achievements as synthesis of edible single-cell pro-

try is the development of model synthetic catalysts

teins by fermentation and gene-splicing techniques.

that imitate the action of natural enzymes. The be-

See protein, single-cell; genetic engineering;

havior of chymotrypsin has been duplicated by a

biotechnology.

manufactured catalyst that can accelerate certain

reaction rates by the incredible factor of 100 billion.

biota. A collective term for all the animals and

plants of an ecosystem.

biomineral. A mineral made by biological or-

ganisms, characterized by intricate composite mi-

biotechnology. A definition prepared by a com-

croarchitectures.

mittee of British scientists in a report issued by the

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Devel-

biophyl. A highly refined form of verxite, con-

opment (Paris) may be considered official and defin-

sisting of more than 99% pure hydrobiotite (magne-

itive. It states that biotechnology is “application of

sium, iron, aluminum silicate).

scientific and engineering principles to the process-

Use: In foods and pharmaceuticals.

ing of any organic or inorganic substance by biologi-

cal agents to provide goods and services; the biolog-

biopolymer. A water-soluble polymer resulting ical agents include a wide range of biological

from the action of bacteria (genus Xanthomonas) on catalysts, particularly microorganisms, enzymes,

carbohydrates. The viscosity is almost as low as that and animal and plant cells.” This involves commer-

of water. Chromium ion can be added to increase cial production of chemical compounds from either

viscosity if desired. Such polymers are being used as (1) renewable resources (biomass) or (2) nucleic

viscosity builders in oil-well drilling muds and as acids (DNA). Examples of (1) are production of

thickeners and gel-strength additives in aqueous antibiotics, alcohols, and single-cell proteins by fer-

154BIOTIN

mentation, and of (2) production of insulin, interfer- Soluble in alcohol, “Carbitol,” and “Cellosolve”;

on, and synthetic bacteria by gene splicing. Biotech- very slightly soluble in water.

nology constitutes a major worldwide technological Use: Soap, antioxidant.

revolution, and may prove to be the most important

development in the chemical industries since the

2,4

′

-biphenyldiamine. See 2,4

′

-diphenyldia-

plastics explosion of the 1930s.

mine.

biotin. (vitamin H; 2

′

-keto-3,4-imidazolido-2-

2,4-biphenyldiol.

tetrahydrothiophene-n-valeric acid). C

CAS: 134-52-1. mf: C

Biotin, frequently referred to as a member of the

Hazard: A poison by skin contact.

vitamin B complex, is necessary for the mainte-

nance of health in animals and for growth of many

2-(4-biphenylyl)-5,6-dihydro-s-traizolo(5,1-

microorganisms.

a)isoquinoline.

CAS: 75318-64-8. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.

(4,4

′

-biphenylylenebis(2-oxoethylene))bis(3-

iodopyridinium) dibromide.

CAS: 63906-07-0. mf: C

•2Br.

Hazard: A poison.

4-(2-(1,1

′

-biphenyl)-4-ylethoxy)quinazoline.

CAS: 124428-11-1. mf: C

It influences fat metabolism, decarboxylation and

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A reproduc-

carbon dioxide fixation, and deamination of some ami-

tive hazard.

no acids. It is closely related metabolically to pantoth-

enic acid and folic acid. A biotin deficiency may be

induced by ingestion of avidin, a raw-egg protein,

(2-biphenyloxy)tributyltin.

because of the formation of a nonabsorbable biotin- CAS: 3644-37-9. mf: C

OSn.

avidin complex. Biotin is synthesized in the intestinal Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

tract of humans; therefore, normally it is not essential mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

in the diet.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 230–232C. Soluble

␣-(4-biphenylyloxy)propionic acid.

in water and alcohol; insoluble in naphtha and chlo-

CAS: 5555-13-5. mf: C

roform. Stable to heat, stable in neutral or acid solu-

Hazard: A poison.

tion, destroyed by strong alkali or oxidizing agents.

Amounts are expressed in milligrams or micro-

((2-biphenylyloxy)tributyl)stannane. See

grams of biotin.

(2-biphenyloxy)tributyltin.

Source: Egg yolk, kidney, liver, yeast, milk, mo-

lasses.

2-(4-biphenylyl)-5h-s-triazolo(5,1-

Grade: Practical, FCC.

a)isoindole.

Use: Medicine, nutrition.

CAS: 75318-65-9. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.

N-biotinyl-l-lysine. See biocytin.

Birch reduction. Reduction of aromatic rings

biotite. A component of igneous rocks and of soil,

by means of alkali metals in liquid ammonia to give

similar to mica. It is a silicate of magnesium, iron,

mainly unconjugated dihydro derivatives.

potassium, and aluminum.

birefringent. Descriptive of a type of crystal that

“Biozan” [Kelco]. TM for welan gum.

separates an impinging light ray into two compo-

nents that are polarized at right angles to each other;

biphenol AF. See hexafluoroacetone bisphe-

as a result, two images appear, each of which is

nol a.

caused by a light ray vibrating in only one direction

(plane-polarized light). Such anisotropic crystals

biphenyl. See diphenyl.

(e.g., Iceland spar) are used in nicol prisms.

See nicol; anisotropic.

o-biphenylamine. See o-aminobiphenyl.

o-biphenyl biguanide. birth defect. Any harmful trait, physical or bio-

(CNHNH)

•H

O. chemical, present at birth, whether a result of a

Properties: White to faintly pink powder. Mp greater genetic mutation or of some other nongenetic factor.

than 150C on dried material, ash less than 0.5%. See congenital; gene; mutation; syndrome.

155 BISCHLER-MOHLAU INDOLE

bis-. Prefix meaning “twice” or “again.” Used in rohydrin-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine co-

chemical nomenclature to indicate that a chemical polymer.

grouping or radical occurs twice in a molecule, e.g.,

bisphenol A, where two phenolic groups appear:

1,3-bis(2-

(CH

)

C(C

OH)

. benzothiazolylmercaptomethyl)urea.

NCS•SCH

NH)

CO.

Properties: Buff to light tan powder. Mp 220C, d

N,N-bisacetoxethylaniline.

1.38 (25C).

Grade: Brown liquid.

Use: Rubber accelerator.

Hazard: Combustible.

Use: Coupling agent for disperse dyes for synthetic

p-bis[2-(5-p-biphenylyloxazoyl)]benzene.

fibers.

(BOPOB). C

Properties: Shiny, yellow flakes. Mp 327–328C,

bis(acetoxydibutylstannane) oxide.

fluorescence peak 4400 A

. Sparingly soluble in tol-

CAS: 5967-09-9. mf: C

uene.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Grade: Purified.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Use: Scintillation counter, wavelength shifter in liq-

uid scintillators.

2,2-bis(acetoxymethyl)propyl acetate.

C(CH

OOCCH

)

OOCCH

2,2-bis(p-bromophenyl)-1,1,1-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Refr index 1.4359

trichloroethane. C

. The bromine

(20C).

analog of DDT.

Use: As a plasticizer.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Insecticide.

2,3- bis(acetoxymethyl)quinoxaline di-n-

oxide. See quinoxidine.

bis(butoxymaleoyloxy)dibutylstannane.

CAS: 15546-16-4. mf: C

Sn.

1,5-bis(4-aldoximinopyridinium)diethylether

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

bibromide. See 1,1

′

-(oxydiethylene)bis(4-

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

formylpyridinium bromide), dioxime.

bis(butoxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

bisamides. General formula RCONHR

′

NHCOR.

CAS: 29575-02-8. mf: C

Sn.

Properties: When R and R

′

have high molecular

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

weight, they are hard, light-colored waxes.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bis(2-aminoethyl)sulfide. (H

NCH

)

bisaniline-p.

An ethyleneimine derivative.

CAS: 2616-10-1. mf: C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp 2.6C, bp 238C, d 8.7

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

lb/gal, refr index 1.5277, flash p 246F (118.9C).

Very soluble in water, benzene, and ethanol. Com-

cis-bisascorbato(racemic-1,2-

bustible.

diaminocyclohexane)platinum(II) hydrate.

Use: See ethyleneimine.

CAS: 92784-30-0. mf: C

Pt.

Properties: IDLH 4 mg/m

(as Pt).

bis(4-amino-3-methylcyclohexyl)methane.

Hazard: A poison.

CAS: 6864-37-5. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation.

bis(tert-butylperoxy)-2,5-dimethylhexane.

A cross-linking agent for polymers.

1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane.

CAS: 7300-34-7. mf: C

bis(butylthio)dimethyl stannane. See

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic

bis(butylthio)dimethyltin.

by ingestion and inhalation.

bis(butylthio)dimethyltin.

N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine.

CAS: 1000-40-4. mf: C

Sn.

N(C

)

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9307 (20/20C), bp 240C, fp

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

−29.6C, flash p 220F (104.4C). Miscible with water.

Combustible.

2,3-bis(carbomethoxymercapto)quinoxaline.

Hazard: Irritant.

CAS: 58705-49-0. mf: C

Use: Chemical intermediate.

Hazard: A poison.

bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine- Bischler-Mohlau indole synthesis. Forma-

epichlorohydrin copolymer. See epichlo- tion of 2-substituted indoles by heating o-halogeno-

156BISCHLER-NAPIERALSKI

or o-hydroxy-ketones with excess aniline via cycli-

bis(chloromethyl)ether. (dichloromethyl

zation of the intermediate 2-arylaminoketone. ether).

CAS: 542-88-1. (CH

Cl)O(CH

Cl).

Properties: Reported to form spontaneously from

Bischler-Napieralski reaction. Cyclodehyd-

formaldehyde and chloride ions in moist air.

ration of ␤-phenethylamides to 3,4-dihydroisoqui-

Hazard: A carcinogen. Toxic by ingestion. TLV:

noline derivatives by means of condensing agents

0.001 ppm.

such as phosphorus pentoxide or zinc chloride.

Use: Intermediate for ion-exchange resins; laborato-

ry reagent.

bis(2-chloroethoxy)methane. See dichloroe-

thyl formal.

3,3-bis(chloromethyl)oxetane. See

“Penton.”

4-(((p-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)phenyl)

bis(p-chlorophenoxy)methane.

imino)methyl)-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-3-

(ClC

pyridinemethanol.

Properties: Solid. Mp 65C. Insoluble in water and

CAS: 79967-32-1. mf: C

oils; soluble in ether and acetone.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Acaricide.

5-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]uracil. (uracil

2,7-bis(4-chlorophenyl)benzo(lmn)

mustard).

(3,8)phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

CAS: 64005-91-0. mf: C

❘

ONHCONHCH

❘

CN(C

Cl)

Hazard: A poison.

Properties: A cream-white, odorless, crystalline

compound. Moderately soluble in methanol and ac-

2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane.

etone.

See TDE.

Use: In medicine.

1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethanol. See di(p-

chlorophenyl)ethanol.

bis(2-chloroethyl) (2-chloroethyl)

phosphonate.

bis(p-chlorophenylthio)dimethyl stannane.

CAS: 6294-34-4. mf: C

See bis(p-chlorophenylthio)dimethyltin.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

by skin contact. Experimental reproductive effects.

bis(p-chlorophenylthio)dimethyltin.

A mild skin and eye irritant.

CAS: 55216-04-1. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

9-(2,2-bis(2-chloroethyl)hydrazino)acridine

monohydrochloride.

1,1

′

-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichlor-

CAS: 29023-83-4. mf: C

•ClH.

ethanol. (4,4

′

-dichloro-␣-trichloromethylben-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

zhydrol; Kelthane). CCl

C(C

Cl)

OH. An alco-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

hol analog of DDT.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion.

bis(2-chloroethyl) phthalate.

Use: Miticide.

CAS: 6279-87-4. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

bis(cumene)chromium. See dicumene chro-

tact. A mild skin irritant.

mium.

n,n-bis(2-cyanoethyl)-n-4-hydroxy-1-

bis(2-chloroethylsulfonylmethyl)ether. See

anthraquinonylsulfonilamide.

1,1

′

-(oxybis(methylenesulfonyl))bis(2-chloroe-

CAS: 66903-22-8. mf: C

thane).

Hazard: A poison.

1,1

′

-bischloromercuriferrocene. [1,1-

n,n

′

-bis-(1-(2-cyanoethyl)thioacetaldehyde

di(chloromercuri)ferrocene]. (ClHgC

)

Fe.

o-(n-methylcarbamoyl)oxime)disulfide.

Use: Inorganic polymers.

CAS: 68789-93-5. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bis-1,2-(chloromethoxy)ethane.

CAS: 13483-18-6. mf: C

Properties: Viscous liquid. Bp: 99−100° @ 22 mm,

n,n

′

-bis(2-cyano-2-methylpropionaldehydeo-

d: 1.2879 @ 14°/15°. (n-methylcarbamoyl)oxime)sulfide.

Hazard: Questionable carcinogen. CAS: 63942-43-8. mf: C

157 ((3,5-BIS(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bis(1,3-dithiocyanato-1,1,3,3-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

tetrabutyldistannoxane).

CAS: 38998-91-3. mf: C

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

bis(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide. See n,n

′

-meth-

mg/m

(skin)

anetetrayl biscyclohexanamine.

bis(dodecanoloxy)dioctylstannane. See di-

bis-cyclopentadienyliron. See dicyclopenta-

octyldi(lauroyloxy)stannane.

dienyliron.

bis((2-(ethyl)hexyloxy)maleoyloxy) di(n-

bis(l-cysteinato)mercury.

butyl)stannane.

CAS: 12550-82-2. mf: C

HgN

CAS: 15546-12-0. mf: C

Sn.

Properties: IDLH 10 mg/m

(as Hg).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.01.

tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

STEL 0.03 mg/m

(skin)

(skin).

bis(decanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane.

bis(2,6-diethylphenyl)carbodiimide.

CAS: 3465-75-6. mf: C

Sn.

(CH

)

NCNC

)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and

Properties: Light-yellow to red-brown liquid; faint-

eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

ly acrid odor. D 1.007 (20/20C), bp 192–194C (0.4

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

mm Hg), refr index 1.591 (23C). Soluble in organic

solvents. Combustible.

bis(decanoyloxy)di-n-butyltin. See

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Damaging to eyes.

bis(decanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane.

Use: Stabilizers in polyester and urethane systems,

intermediate for textile chemicals and pharmaceu-

bis(dibutylacetoxytin)oxide. See

ticals.

bis(acetoxydibutylstannane) oxide.

bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)carbodiimide.

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)copper. See CAS: 2162-74-5. mf: C

copper bis(dibutyldithiocarbamate). Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2,6-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dibenzylstannane.

cyclohexanone. [(CH

)

NCH

]

CAS: 64653-03-8. mf: C

Sn.

Properties: D 0.95 (20C).

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Use: Preservative for aqueous paint systems, casein,

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

pigment dispersions, and adhesives.

bis((dibutyldithiocarbamoyl)oxy)

2,6-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)cyclohexanone

dibenzylstannane. See

dihydrochloride. C

O•2HCl.

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dibenzylstannane.

Properties: Free-flowing, white to off-white crystal-

line salt.

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)

Use: Preservative for aqueous systems, latex paints,

dimethylstannane.

adhesives coatings, wax emulsions, casein, and

CAS: 66009-08-3. mf: C

Sn.

starch solution.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bis(4-dimethylamino)triphenylcarbinol.

C(OH)[C

N(CH

)

]

bis((dibutyldithiocarbamoyl)oxy)

Properties: Solid. Mp 121–123C. Very soluble in

dimethylstannane. See

ether and hot benzene; soluble in acids.

bis(dibutyldithiocarbamato)dimethylstannane.

Use: Dyestuffs.

See malachite green.

2,7-bis(3,4-dichlorophenyl)

benzo(lmn)(3,8)phenanthroline-

bis(1,3-dimethylbutyl)amine.

1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

[(CH

)

CH(CH

)]

NH.

CAS: 222420-34-0. mf: C

Properties: Liquid. D 0.772–0.778 (20/20C), distil-

Hazard: A poison.

lation range 179.0–205C, bulk d 6.5 lb/gal, flash p

160F (71.1C). Combustible.

bis(2,2-dichlorovinyl) sulfoxide. See 1,1

′

sulfinylbis(1,2-dichloroethane).

((3,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-

phenyl)methyl)phosphonic acid,

bis(diethyldithiocarbamato)copper.

See monoethyl ester, nickel(2+) salt (2:1).

copper(II) diethyldithiocarbamate. CAS: 30947-30-9. mf: C

•Ni.

1582,4-BIS(1,1-DIMETHYLETHYL)

Hazard: Confirmed human carcinogen. Moderately Properties: A liquid.

toxic by ingestion. Use: In vacuum pumps.

2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-6-(1-(4-

bis(2-ethylhexyl)thiodipropionate.

methoxyphenyl)ethyl)phenol.

CAS: 10526-15-5. mf: C

CAS: 71712-04-4. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A mild skin

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

and eye irritant.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bis(2-ethylhexylthioglycolate)dibutyltin.

bis((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)

See dibutyldi(2-

methyl) 3-pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio)stannane.

CAS: 51308-76-0. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

bis(2-ethylhexylthioglycolate)dioctyltin.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

See di-n-octyltin bis(2-ethylhexyl) mercapt-

oacetate.

bis((5,5-dimethyl-2-isopropylimino-4-(o-(n-

methylcarbamoyl)oximino)-1,3-

N,N-bis(1-ethyl-3-methylpentyl)-p-

dithiolane))sulfide.

phenylenediamine. C

(NHC

)

CAS: 71108-02-6. mf: C

Properties: Dark, reddish-brown liquid. D approxi-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

mately 0.90; bulk d 7.5 lb/gal. Combustible.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Antioxidant for polyunsaturated elastomers.

1,1

′

-bis(dimethyloctoxysilyl)ferrocene.

2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane.

CAS: 32613-12-0. mf: C

FeO

See 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-ethylphenyl)ethane.

Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Low toxicity by

ingestion.

bis(ethylthio)methylene malononitrile.

CAS: 18771-38-5. mf: C

N,N

′

-bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-p-phenylene-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

diamine. (diheptyl-p-phenylenediamine).

severe eye irritant.

(CNH

)

Properties: Amber to red liquid. D 0.90, fp 7.2C.

bisethylxanthogen. (C

OCSS)

Combustible.

Properties: Yellow needles; onionlike odor. Mp

Use: Gasoline antioxidant and sweetener.

28–32C. Insoluble in water; freely soluble in ben-

zene, ether, petroleum fractions.

bis(dimethyl(vinyl)silyl)amine. See 1,1,3,3-

Grade: 58% soluble in oil.

tetramethyl-1,3-divinyldisilazane.

Use: Weed control, rubber accelerator, fungicide.

n,n

′

-bis-(1,4-dithiane-2-o-(n-

bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroethoxy)methane.

methylcarbamoyl)oximino)sulfide.

See formaldehyde bis(2-fluoro-2,2-dinitroe-

CAS: 63956-71-8. mf: C

thyl) acetal.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

1-(2-(bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy)ethyl)-4-

(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine

bis(ethane-1,2-diamine)copper(2+)

dihydrochloride.

diperchlorate.

CAS: 67469-78-7. mf: C

O•2ClH.

CAS: 36407-48-4. mf: C

CuN

•2ClO

Hazard: A poison.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhala-

tion.

1,3-bis(3-glycidoxypropyl)tetra-

methyldisiloxane.

bis(ethenyldimethylsilyl) ether. See sym-

[OCH

CHCH

O(CH

)

Si(CH

)

]

tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.99 (25C), refr index 1.4500

(25C), bp approximately 185C (2 mm Hg). Soluble

bis(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio)

in acetone and benzene; insoluble in water. Flash p

dibutylstannane. See

300F (149C). Combustible.

bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dibutyl stan-

Use: Chemical intermediate.

nane.

bis(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio)

bis(guanidinium) chromate.

dimethylstannane. See

CAS: 5188-42-1. mf: C

•CrH

bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dimethylstannane.

Properties: IDLH Ca [15 mg/m

¢as Cr(VI)].

Hazard: Poison. TWA 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed

bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate. C

. Human Carcinogen

159 BIS(ISOOCTYLOXYCARBON

bis(hexanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane. carburetors. Also used as foaming agent in sham-

CAS: 19704-60-0. mf: C

Sn. poos, detergents, tooth pastes, and the like.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-

tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl)oleamide.

(skin).

(CH

)

HC:CH(CH

)

CON(CH

OH)

technical grade containing 25% excess amine. Light

bis(hexanoyloxy)di-n-butyl-tin. See

amber liquid with faint odor.

bis(hexanoyloxy)di-n-butylstannane.

Use: As a surface-active agent.

bis(hydrogen maleato)dibutyl-tin bis(2-

bis[hydroxyethylpoly(ethyleneoxy)

ethylhexyl) ester. See bis((2-(eth-

ethylpropyleneglycol. See poloxalene; po-

yl)hexyloxy)maleoyloxy) di(n-butyl)stannane.

loxalene free-choice liquid type c feed.

bis(hydrogen maleato)dioctyltin bis(2-

␤-bishydroxyethyl sulfide. See thiodiglycol.

ethylhexyl) ester. See di-n-octyltin bis(2-

ethylhexyl maleate).

1,7-bis(hydroxymethyl)carborane. See m-

carboranedimethanol.

bishydroxycoumarin. [3,3

′

-methylenebis(4-

hydroxycoumarin)dicoumarol]. C

bis(hydroxymethyl)-m-carborane. See m-

Properties: White or creamy-white crystalline pow-

carboranedimethanol.

der; faint pleasant odor; slightly bitter taste. Mp

287–293C. Readily soluble in solutions of fixed

bis(hydroxymethyl)-o-carborane. See o-

alkali hydroxides; slightly soluble in chloroform;

carboranedimethanol.

almost insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: (1) Originally extracted from spoiled

1,3-bishydroxymethylurea. See dimethylo-

sweet clover; (2) synthetically from methyl acetyl-

lurea.

salicylate sodium and formaldehyde.

Grade: USP.

bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)methanone (2,4-

Hazard: May cause hemorrhage.

dinitrophenyl)hydrazone.

Use: Anticoagulant for blood.

CAS: 2675-35-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

bis(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)peroxide.

(OH)

4,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid.

Properties: Fine, white powder. Mp 66–68C. Active

(diphenolic acid; DPA).

oxygen 6.6% min.

C(C

OH)

COOH.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with organic

Properties: Light-tan granules. Mp 170–173C, d

materials. Strong oxidizing agent.

1.30–1.32. Soluble in acetic acid, acetone, and etha-

Use: Catalyst for polymerization of polyester resins.

nol; insoluble in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and

xylene. Slightly soluble in water.

N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)alkylamine. Clear

Use: Paint formulations, coatings, and finishes.

liquid used as an antistatic for blow molding appli-

cations for polyolefins. Approved for use in food

bishydroxyphenyl sulfone. See dihydroxy-

packaging films.

diphenyl sulfone.

bis(hydroxyethyl)butynediol ether.

1,4-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)-2-

HO(CH

)

OCH

C•CCH

O(CH

)

OH.

methylpiperazine. C

Properties: Dark brown liquid. D 1.136 (25/15C),

Properties: Liquid; odorfree. Bp 145C (3 mm Hg), d

solidifies below −15C, distillation range 116–235C

1.0013 (25/25C), refr index 1.4803 (20C), flash p

(10 mm Hg).

300F (149C). Miscible with water. Combustible.

Hazard: May explode under alkaline conditions at

Use: Catalyst, chemical intermediate.

high temperature.

Use: Intermediate for polyesters, plasticizers, and

bis-intercalator. A unique type of natural anti-

plastics, nickel brightener in electroplating, corro-

biotics that have antitumor and antimicrobial prop-

sive inhibitor, pickling inhibitor prior to copper

erties. They function by interposing two symmetri-

plating.

cal groups between the nucleotide bases of the DNA

molecule. Some are quite toxic and may be muta-

n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)cocoamide. See co-

genic.

conut oil acid diethanolamine.

See carzinophillin A.

bis(hydroxyethyl) cocoamine oxide. A de- bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)dibutyl

rivative coconut oil claimed to be useful as a gaso- stannane.

line additive to inhibit rust formation and icing of CAS: 25168-24-5. mf: C

Sn.

160BIS(ISOOCTYLOXYCARBON

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

bis(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl ether. See di-

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

methoxytetraglycol.

2,12-bis(1-(methoxyimino)ethyl)-5,9-dioxo-

bis(isooctyloxycarbonylmethylthio)

n,n,n

′

,6,8-hexamethyl-4,10-dioxa-7-thia-

dimethylstannane.

3,6,8,11-tetraazatrideca-2,11-

CAS: 26636-01-1. mf: C

Sn.

dienediamide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

CAS: 90293-56-4. mf: C

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bis(isooctyloxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

CAS: 33568-99-9. mf: C

Sn.

bis(methoxymaleoyloxy)dibutylstannane.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

CAS: 15546-11-9. mf: C

Sn.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bis(isopropylbenzene)chromium. See dicu-

mene chromium.

bis(methoxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

CAS: 60494-19-1. mf: C

Sn.

2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-methoxy-s-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

triazine. (Gesafram; ontrach; promitol;

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

prometon).

CAS: 1610-18-0. C

2,7-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)benzo(lmn)(3,8)

Properties: White, extruded pellets.

phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 64005-84-1. mf: C

Use: Industrial herbicide.

Hazard: A poison.

bis-keto-triazine. (“Permafresh” 110). Water-

bis(1-methylamyl)sodium sulfosuccinate.

white liquid, 40% active. Can be cured with magne-

(dihexyl sodium sulfosuccinate). C

NaO

sium chloride to provide chlorine resistance; com-

Properties: White, waxy particles. Readily soluble

patible with optical brighteners. Used as a wash-

in hot water; slowly in cold water; soluble in ben-

and-wear finish for cellulosics and blends of

zene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, and glycerol.

cellulosics.

Hydrolyzes in alkaline media.

Use: Surfactant, wetting agent.

bis(lauroyloxycarbonylmethylthio)

dioctylstannane. See di-n-octyltin

N,N

′

-bis(1-methylheptyl)-p-phenylene-

bis(laurylthioglycolate).

diamine. C

[NHCH(CH

]

Properties: Dark reddish-brown liquid. D approxi-

bismanol. (MnBi). An alloy or compound of bis-

mately 0.90 at (26.6C), wt/gal 7.5 lb. Combustible.

muth and manganese which has an exceptionally

Use: Antiozonant in polyunsaturated elastomers.

high coercive force (3400 oersteds) and a high ener-

gy product. Produced by U.S. Naval Ordnance Lab-

bis(2-methylallyl) diglycolate.

oratory by powder metallurgy methods and used as a

CAS: 63917-25-9.

permanent magnet.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Bismarck brown. See C.I. basic brown 4.

n,n

′

-bis-(2-(o-(n-methylcarbamoyl)oximino)-

1,4-dithiane)disulfide.

Bismarck Brown R. (toluene-2,4-diazo-

CAS: 68789-89-9. mf: C

bis-m-toluylenediamine hydrochloride; CI

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

21010). CH

[NNC

(CH

)(NH

)

]

•2HCl.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Dark brown powder. Soluble in water

and alcohol.

Derivation: Action of nitrous acid on toluylene di-

2,3:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)-␤-d-

amine.

fructopyranose, methyl((2-(1-

Use: Dye for wool and leather, biological stain.

methylethoxy)phenoxy)carbonyl)

amidosulfite.

CAS: 81897-50-9. mf: C

Bismarck Brown Y. (4,4

′

-[m-phenylene-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

bis(azo)]bis(m-phenylenediamine)dihydrochloride;

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CI 21000). C

-1,3-[NNC

-2,4-(NH

)

•HCl]

Properties: Black to brown powder. Soluble in wa-

ter; insoluble in benzene and carbon tetrachloride.

1,2:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)-␤-d-

Use: Dyeing textiles, biological stain. fructopyranose, methyl((3-

161 BISMUTH ANTIMONIDE

methylphenoxy)carbonyl) amidosulfite. n,n

′

-bis(1-methylthio-1-(n,n-dimethyl-

CAS: 81862-13-7. mf: C

carbonyl)formaldehyde-o-(n-methyl-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

carbamoyl)oxime)sulfide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 63942-44-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2,3:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)-␤-d- Use: Agricultural chemical.

fructopyranose, methyl((3-

methylphenoxy)carbonyl) amidosulfite.

bismite. See bismuth trioxide.

CAS: 81862-12-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bismuth. Bi. Metallic element of atomic number

83, group VA of the periodic table. Aw 208.9804.

1,2:4,5-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)-␤-d-

Valences 3, 5; no stable isotopes; four naturally

fructopyranose, methyl((1-

radioactive isotopes.

naphthalenyloxy) carbonyl)amidosulfite.

Properties: Brittle metal with reddish tinge. Soluble

CAS: 81862-22-8. mf: C

in nitric and hydrochloric acids. Highly diamagnetic

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

(mass susceptibility −1.35 × 10

). Expands 3.3% on

Use: Agricultural chemical.

solidification. Electrical resistivity higher in solid

than in liquid state. Extrudable at 437F, not fabrica-

1,2:5,6-bis-o-(1-methylethylidene)-␣-d-

ble at room temperature, d 9.8 (20C), mp 271C, bp

glucofuranose, ((((2-(dimethylamino)-2-

1560C, Brinell hardness 7. Thermal conductivity

oxo-1-(methylthio)ethylidene)amino)oxy)

(0.018 cal/sec cm (250C)) is lowest of all metals

carbonyl)methylamidosulfite.

except mercury. On heating it burns to form the

CAS: 81877-66-9. mf: C

oxide.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Source: (1) Metallurgical by-products (often lead

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bullion) obtained chiefly from smelting ores of lead,

silver, copper, and gold; (2) ores used chiefly for

bis((4-(1-methylethyl)phenyl)methyl) 3-

their bismuth and one or two other metals as tin and

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

tungsten.

CAS: 51308-75-9. mf: C

Derivation: Debismuthizing of lead bullion by (1)

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

fractional crystallization; (2) electrolytic (Betts) re-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

fining; or (3) addition of calcium or magnesium

(Betterton-Kroll process), which removes bismuth.

2,7-bis(4-methylphenyl)benzo(lmn)

Method of purification: By addition of molten caus-

(3,8)phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

tic, zinc, and finally chlorine (to make removable

CAS: 989-74-2. mf: C

chlorides of the impurities).

Hazard: A poison.

Impurities: Lead, iron, copper, arsenic, antimony,

selenium.

Available forms: Rods, wire, lump, powder.

1,4-bis[2-(4-methyl-5-phenyloxazolyl)]

Grade: 99.5+% pure, high purity (less than 10 ppm

benzene. (dimethyl-POPOP).

impurities), single crystals.

CAS: 3073-87-8. C

NO(CH

]

. Yellow

Hazard: Flammable in powder form.

needles with a bluish fluorescence, mp 231–234C.

Use: Pharmaceuticals and medicine, cosmetics (eye

Use: As a scintillation phosphor.

shadow, lipstick), component of low-melting (fusi-

ble) alloys, catalyst in making acrylonitrile, additive

n,n

′

-bis(2-methylsulfonyl-2-methylpropion-

to improve machinability of steels and other metals,

aldehyde-o-(n-methylcarbamoyl)

coating selenium, thermoelectric materials, perma-

oxime)sulfide.

nent magnets, semiconductors.

CAS: 63942-42-7. mf: C

See bismuthinite.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bismuth ammonium citrate.

bis((methylsulfonyl)oxy)dibutylstannane.

Properties: Pearly, shining, transparent scales or

See di-n-butyltin bismethanesulfonate.

white powder; slightly acid, metallic taste. Compo-

sition varies. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

bis((methylsulfonyl)oxy)dipropylstannane.

alcohol.

See di-n-propyltin bismethanesulfonate.

Derivation: Interaction of bismuth subnitrate, citric

acid, and ammonium hydroxide.

n,n

′

-bis-(1-methylthioacetaldehyd-o-(n-

Use: Medicine.

methylcarbamoyl)oxim)-disulfid.

CAS: 68789-90-2. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bismuth antimonide. BiSb. Single crystals

Use: Agricultural chemical. used as semiconductors.

162BISMUTH BROMIDE

bismuth bromide. (bismuth tribromide). bismuth glance. See bismuthinite.

BiBr

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. D 5.7, bp

bismuth hydrate. See bismuth hydroxide.

453C, mp 218C. Hygroscopic. Decomposed by wa-

ter with formation of bismuth oxybromide. Soluble

bismuth hydroxide. (bismuth hydrate; bis-

in either hydrochloric acid (dilute) or solutions of

muth oxyhydrate; bismuth trihydroxide; bismuth

potassium iodide, bromide, and chloride. Insoluble

trihydrate; hydrated bismuth oxide). Bi(OH)

in alcohol.

Properties: White, amorphous powder. D 4.36. Sol-

uble in acids, insoluble in water.

bismuth bromide oxide. See bismuth oxy-

Derivation: Action of sodium hydroxide on a solu-

bromide.

tion of bismuth nitrate.

Use: Plutonium separation, hydrolysis of ribonucleic

bismuth carbonate, basic. See bismuth

acid, absorbent.

subcarbonate.

bismuthinite. (bismuth glance). Bi

. May

bismuth chloride. (bismuth trichloride).

contain copper or iron.

BiCl

Properties: Lead-gray mineral, often with yellow

Properties: White, very deliquescent crystals; vola-

tarnish; metallic luster. Contains 81.2% bismuth,

tilized by heat. D 4.56, mp 227C, bp decomposes at

18.8% sulfur, soluble in nitric acid, d 6.4–6.5, Mohs

300C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in alcohol, decom-

hardness 2.

poses in water to the oxychloride.

Occurrence: Utah, Bolivia, Mexico.

Derivation: Action of hydrochloric acid on bismuth.

Use: Ore of bismuth.

Use: Bismuth salts, catalyst.

bismuth iodide. (bismuth triiodide). BiI

bismuth chloride, basic. See bismuth oxy-

Properties: Grayish-black, metallic, glistening crys-

chloride.

tals. D 5.778 (15C); sublimes at 438C. Soluble in

alcohol, hydriodic acid, and potassium iodide solu-

bismuth chromate. (basic dichromate).

tions; insoluble in water. Decomposes in hot water.

•2CrO

Derivation: By the interaction of bismuth and iodine.

Properties: Orange-red, amorphous powder. Solu-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ble in alkalies and acids; insoluble in water.

See bismuth.

Derivation: Interaction of bismuth nitrate and potas-

Use: Analytical chemistry, manufacturing bismuth

sium chromate.

oxyiodide.

bismuth citrate. BiC

bismuth-␤-naphthol. Bi

(OH)•C

Properties: White powder. D 3.458, mp (decom-

Properties: Brown to gray powder. Almost insoluble

poses). Soluble in ammonia or alkali citrates; insolu-

in water or other solvents.

ble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

Derivation: By treating a solution of sodium ␤-na-

Derivation: Boiling bismuth subnitrate with citric

phtholate with acetic acid solution of bismuth nitrate

acid.

and adding caustic soda solution to neutralize excess

Use: Medicine.

acid.

Use: Medicine.

bismuth dimethyldithiocarbamate.

CAS: 21260-46-8. Bi[(CH

)

NC(S)S]

bismuth nitrate. (bismuth ternitrate; bismuth

Properties: Lemon-yellow powder. D 2.04, mp

trinitrate). Bi(NO

)

•5H

greater than 230C (decomposes). Soluble in chloro-

Properties: Lustrous, clear, colorless, hygroscopic

form; slightly soluble in benzene and carbon disul-

crystals; acid taste. D 2.83; bp 75–80C (decom-

fide; insoluble in water.

poses). Soluble in dilute nitric acid, alcohol, and

Use: Accelerator for natural rubber and SBR, espe-

acetone; slowly decomposed by water to the subni-

cially in cable covers and mechanical items.

trate.

Derivation: Action of nitric acid on bismuth with

bismuth ditannate. See bismuth tannate.

subsequent recovery by evaporation and crystalliza-

tion.

Hazard: Oxidizing material; fire risk near organic

bismuth ethyl chloride. BiHC

Cl. White

materials.

powder.

Use: Preparation of other bismuth salts, bismuth lus-

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, dangerous fire

ter on tin, luminous paints and enamels, precipita-

risk.

tion of alkaloids.

See bismuth.

bismuth gallate, basic. See bismuth subgal- bismuth nitrate, basic. See bismuth subni-

late. trate.

163 BISMUTH SUBNITRATE

bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyl stannane. bismuth phosphate. BiPO

CAS: 4731-77-5. mf: C

Sn. Properties: Odorless crystals that do not melt when

Hazard: Low toxicity. A severe skin and eye irritant. heated. D 6.32 (15C). Soluble in nitric and hydro-

chloric acids; insoluble in acetic acid and alcohol;

TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

slightly soluble in water and weak acids.

Use: Plutonium recovery, optical glass.

bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyltin. See

bis(octanoyloxy)di-n-butyl stannane.

bismuth potassium iodide. BiI

•4KI.

Properties: Red crystals, decomposed by water. Sol-

bismuth oleate.

uble in potassium iodide solution.

Properties: Yellowish-brown, soft, granular mass.

Use: Precipitation of vitamins and antibiotics from

Soluble in ether; insoluble in water.

solution.

Derivation: A mixture of bismuth trioxide and oleic

acid.

bismuth salicylate,basic. See bismuth sub-

Use: Catalyst in oxo process.

salicylate.

bismuth oxide. See bismuth trioxide.

bismuth selenide. (bismuth triselenide).

bismuth oxide, hydrated. See bismuth hy-

Properties: Black crystals. Mp 710C. Insoluble in

droxide.

water; decomposes on heating.

Use: Semiconductor technology.

bismuth oxybromide. (bismuth bromide, ba-

sic; bismuth bromide oxide). BiBrO.

bismuth stannate. Bi

(SnO

)

•5H

Properties: Dry powder. Insoluble in water and alco-

Properties: Light-colored crystals. Insoluble in wa-

hol; soluble in hydrochloric and hydrobromic acids.

ter. Temperature of dehydration is approximately

Use: Cathodes for dry cells.

140C.

Hazard: Toxic material; TLV: 2 mg(Sn)/m

bismuth oxycarbonate. See bismuth subcar-

See bismuth.

bonate.

Use: Component of ceramic capacitors, useful with

barium titanate.

bismuth oxychloride. (bismuth chloride, ba-

sic; bismuth subchloride). BiOCl.

bismuth subcarbonate. (bismuth oxycarbo-

Properties: White lustrous crystalline powder. D

nate; bismuth carbonate, basic). (BiO)

7.717. Soluble in acid; insoluble in water.

•CO

•1/2H

Derivation: By action of water on bismuth chloride,

Properties: White, odorless powder; tasteless. D

interaction of dilute nitric acid solution of bismuth

6.86. Stable in air but slowly affected by light. Insol-

nitrate with sodium chloride.

uble in water and alcohol; soluble in nitric or hydro-

Use: Cosmetics, pigment, dry-cell cathodes.

chloric acid with effervescence.

Derivation: By adding ammonium carbonate to a

bismuth oxyhydrate. See bismuth hy-

solution of a bismuth salt.

droxide.

Grade: Technical, CP, USP (90% Bi

min).

Use: Bismuth compounds, cosmetics, opacifier in X-

bismuth oxynitrate. See bismuth subnitrate.

ray diagnosis, enamel fluxes, and ceramic glazes.

bismuth pentafluoride. BiF

bismuth subchloride. See bismuth oxychlo-

Properties: Crystals. Sublimes at 550C.

ride.

Hazard: Reacts violently with water and petrolatum

above 50C. Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

bismuth subcitrate.

Use: Fluorinating agent.

CAS: 57644-54-9. mf: C

•Bi•3K.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bismuth pentoxide. Bi

. An acid anhydride,

its salts have not been prepared in pure state. Made

bismuth subgallate. (basic bismuth gallate).

by oxidation of bismuth trioxide, giving a scarlet

(OH)

COOBi(OH)

precipitate.

Properties: Saffron-yellow powder; odorless; tas-

teless. Soluble in dilute alkalies; insoluble in water,

bis(p-phenoxyphenyl)diphenyltin.

alcohol, and ether. Stable in air but affected by light.

CAS: 17601-12-6. mf: C

Sn.

Derivation: Interaction of bismuth nitrate, glacial

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

acetic acid, and gallic acid in aqueous solution.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Use: Medicine (treatment of alimentary canal).

bis(p-phenoxyphenyl)diphenylstannane. bismuth subnitrate. (basic bismuth nitrate;

See bis(p-phenoxyphenyl)diphenyltin. bismuth oxynitrate). 4BiNO

(OH)

•BiO(OH).

164BISMUTH SUBSALICYLATE

Properties: White, heavy, slightly hygroscopic pow- Use: Lubricant for metal-extrusion dies.

der that shows acid to moistened litmus paper. D

4.928, mp 260C (decomposes). Soluble in acids;

bismuth tribromide. See bismuth bromide.

insoluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: Hydrolysis of bismuth nitrate, filtering

bismuth trichloride. See bismuth chloride.

and drying.

Grade: Technical, CP, NF.

bismuth trihydrate. See bismuth hydroxide.

Use: Cosmetics, ceramic glazes, enamel fluxes.

bismuth trihydroxide. See bismuth hy-

bismuth subsalicylate. (basic bismuth sali-

droxide.

cylate). Bi(C

)

Properties: White, bulky, crystalline powder; tas-

bismuth triiodide. See bismuth iodide.

teless; odorless. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insol-

uble in water, alcohol, and ether. Stable in air but

bismuth trinitrate. See bismuth nitrate.

affected by light.

Derivation: By treating freshly prepared bismuth

bismuth trioxide. (bismuth oxide; bismuth

hydroxide with salicylic acid.

yellow; bismite). Bi

Use: Surface-coating plastics and copying paper.

Properties: Heavy, yellow powder. D 8.8, mp 820C.

See salicylic acid, bismuth basic salt.

Soluble in acids; insoluble in water.

Derivation: Heating bismuth nitrate in air, ignition

bismuth sulfate. Bi

(SO

)

of bismuth hydroxide.

Properties: White needles or powder. Contains ap-

Use: Enameling cast iron, ceramic and porcelain

proximately 68.5% bismuth. D 5.08, decomposes at

colors.

405C. Soluble in dilute hydrochloric or nitric acid;

insoluble in alcohol, water.

bismuth trisulfate.

Use: Analysis of metallic sulfates.

CAS: 7787-68-0. mf: Bi•

See bismuth trisulfate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

bismuth sulfide. (bismuth trisulfide). Bi

bismuth trisulfide. See bismuth sulfide.

Properties: Blackish-brown powder. D 7.6–7.8, mp

(decomposes). Soluble in nitric acid; insoluble in

bismuth tritelluride. See bismuth telluride.

water.

Derivation: (1) By melting bismuth and sulfur to-

bismuth yellow. See bismuth trioxide.

gether. (2) By passing hydrogen sulfide into a solu-

ble of a bismuth salt. (3) Occurs as the mineral

p-bis[2,5(5-␣-naphthyloxazolyl)]benzene.

bismuthinite.

(NOPON). C

Use: Manufacturing bismuth compounds.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 215–217C.

Grade: Purified.

bismuth tannate. (bismuth ditannate).

Use: Scintillation counting.

Properties: Light brownish-yellow powder contain-

ing approximately 36% bismuth. Insoluble in water

bis(3-nitrophenyl) disulfide. See nitro-

and alcohol, soluble in mineral acids.

phenide.

Derivation: From freshly prepared bismuth hydrox-

ide and tannin.

bis(nonyloxymaleoyloxy)dioctylstannane.

Use: Medicine (astringent).

See di-n-butyltin di(monononyl)maleate.

bismuth telluride. (bismuth tritelluride).

Bisphenol A. (4,4

′

-isopropylidenediphenol;

CAS: 1304-82-1. Bi

2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenol)propane).

Properties: Gray, hexagonal platelets. Mp 573C, d

(CH

)

C(C

OH)

7.642.

Derivation: Stoichiometric combination of the ele-

ments.

Grade: Ingot, single crystals.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 10 mg/m

(if selenium-doped,

5 mg/m

Use: Semiconductors for thermoelectric cooling and

Properties: White flakes with a mild phenolic odor.

power generation.

Bp 220C (4 mm), mp 153C, d 1.195 (25/25C), flash

p 175F (79.4C), insoluble in water; soluble in alco-

bismuth tetraoxide. Bi

. hol and dilute alkalies; slightly soluble in carbon

Properties: Heavy, yellowish-brown powder. D 5.6, tetrachloride. Combustible.

mp 305C. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Derivation: Condensation reaction of phenol and

Derivation: By further oxidation of bismuth trioxide. acetone catalyzed by hydrochloric acid at 65C.

165 BIS(TRICHLOROSILYL)ETHANE

Use: Intermediate in manufacture of epoxy, polycar- Hazard: A reproductive hazard. TWA 0.2 mg(Se)/

bonate, phenoxy, polysulfone, and certain polyester m

resins; flame retardants, rubber chemicals, fungi-

cide.

1,2-bis(thiocyanato)ethane. See ethylenedi-

thiocyanate.

bisphenol A disodium salt.

CAS: 2444-90-8. mf: C

•2Na.

bis(tribenzylstannyl)sulfide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

CAS: 10347-38-3. mf: C

SSn

tact. A moderate skin and severe eye irritant.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A skin and eye irri-

tant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

2,7-bis(2-phenylethyl)benzo(lmn)(3,8) (skin).

phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

CAS: 222420-31-7. mf: C

bis(tribenzyltin) sulfide. See

Hazard: A poison.

bis(tribenzylstannyl)sulfide.

2,7-bis(phenylmethyl)benzo(lmn)(3,8)

bis(tribromophenoxy)ethane.

phenanthroline-1,3,6,8(2h,7h)-tetrone.

Properties: White, crystalline powder.

CAS: 106897-63-6. mf: C

Use: Flame retardant for many thermoplastic and

Hazard: A poison.

thermoset systems.

1,4-bis-2(5-phenyloxazoyl)benzene. (PO-

bis(tributyl(sebacoyldioxy))tin.

POP). (C

HNO)

CAS: 30099-72-0. mf: C

Properties: Light yellow, cottony needles. Mp

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

245–246C, fluorescence max 4200 A

. Solubilities

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

(g/100 g at 25C): water 0.00, 95% ethanol 0.00,

toluene 0.12, hexane 0.02. Combustible.

bis(tributyltin) itaconate.

Grade: Purified.

CAS: 25711-26-6. mf: C

Use: Band shifter in scintillation counting.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

2,5-bis(phenylthio)benzoquinone.

CAS: 17058-53-6. mf: C

bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide. (hexabutyldistan-

Hazard: A poison.

noxane; TBTO; tributyltin oxide).

CAS: 56-35-9. (C

)

SnOSn(C

)

bis(phenylthio)dimethyltin.

Properties: Slightly yellow liquid. Bp 180C (2 mm

CAS: 4848-63-9. mf: C

Sn.

Hg), solidifies below −45C, d 1.17 (25C), flash p

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

>212F (100C) (TCC), viscosity 4.8 centistokes at

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

25C. Almost insoluble in water; miscible with or-

ganic solvents. Forms compounds with cellulosic

bis(2-pyridinethiol 1-oxide)copper. and lignin-containing materials not easily decom-

CAS: 14915-37-8. mf: C

CuN

. posed or dissolved in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, Derivation: Hydrolysis of tributyl tin chloride.

and skin contact. Hazard: Toxic via ingestion and inhalation. TLV:

0.1 mg(Sn)/m

Use: Fungicide and bactericide in underwater and

bis(tetrachloroethyl) disulfide. C

antifouling paints, pesticide.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.785 (23.3C), bp 185C (3 mm

Hg). Soluble in benzene, hexane, ethanol. Combus-

tible.

bis(tributyltin)sulfide. See 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexa-

Hazard: Toxic. butyldistannthiane.

Use: Agricultural chemicals, additives.

1,3-bis(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)-1,1,3,3-

bis(tetradecanoyloxy)dibutylstannane. tetrabutyldistannoxane. See oxy-

CAS: 28660-67-5. mf: C

Sn. bis(dibutyl(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)tin).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A severe skin and

eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

bis(trichlorosilyl)ethane. (1,1,1,4,4,4-hexa-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

chloro-1,4-disilabutane). Cl

SiCH

SiCl

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 202.9C, flash p

7-(3,5-bis((tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-2- 190F (COC). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of

(4-phenoxy-3-((tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2- hydrogen chloride. Combustible.

yl)oxy)-1-butenyl)cyclopentyl)-2- Derivation: Reaction of acetylene and trichlorosi-

(phenylseleno)-5-heptenoic acid, methyl lane in presence of a peroxide catalyst.

ester. Grade: Technical.

CAS: 62524-93-0. mf: C

Se. Hazard: Corrosive when exposed to moisture.

166BISTRIDECYL PHTHALATE

Use: Intermediate for silicones. Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bistridecyl phthalate. C

(COOC

)

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9497 (25C), boiling range

bis(triphenyltin)sulfide.

280–290C (4 mm Hg), fp −35C, flash p 485F

CAS: 77-80-5. mf: C

SSn

(251C), refr index 1.483 (25C). Combustible.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp: 144°. Sol in org

Use: Primary plasticizer for most PVC resins.

solvs.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. TWA 0.1

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bis(triethyltin) sulfate.

CAS: 57-52-3. mf: C

SSn

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/

bis(tripropyltin)oxide.

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

CAS: 1067-29-4. mf: C

OSn

Properties: Air-sensitive liquid. Bp: 154.5° @ 3.5

mm.

bis(trifluoroacetoxy)dibutyltin.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

CAS: 52112-09-1. mf: C

Sn.

mg/m

(skin)

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

skin contact. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bithionol. (bis[2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophe-

nyl]sulfide; 2,2

′

-thiobis[4,6-dichlorophenol]).

1,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-5-isocyanobenzene. CAS: 97-18-7. HOCl

OH.

CAS: 141206-73-7. mf: C

N. Properties: White or grayish-white, crystalline pow-

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion. der; odorless or with slight aromatic or phenolic

Use: Agricultural chemical. odor. Mp 187C. Insoluble in water; freely soluble in

acetone, alcohol, and ether; soluble in chloroform

and dilute solution of fixed alkali hydroxides.

bistrifluoromethylmethane. See 1,1,1,3,3,3-

Grade: NF.

hexafluoropropane.

Hazard: Skin irritant, may not be used in cosmetics

(FDA).

bis(trifluoromethylthio)mercury.

Use: Deodorant, germicide, fungistat, pharmaceu-

CAS: 21259-75-6. mf: C

HgS

ticals.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.01. STEL 0.03 mg/m

(skin)

“Bitrex” [Macfarlan]. (benzyldiethyl-[(2,6-

xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate; de-

bis(triisobutylstannane). See hexaisobutyl-

natonium benzoate [USAN]).

ditin.

CAS: 3734-33-6. TM for a substance for use as a

denaturant for alcohol.

bis(trimethylhexyl)tin dichloride.

Properties: Bitter taste. Mp 165C; soluble in water

CAS: 64011-39-8. mf: C

Sn.

and alcohol; insoluble in ether.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

See denatonium benzoate.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bitter almond oil. See almond oil.

bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide.

(BSTFA). CF

C[==NSi(CH

)

]OSi(CH

)

bittern. The solution of bromides and magnesium

Properties: Bp 45–50C (14 mm Hg), refr index

and calcium salts that remains after sodium chloride

1.3839 (20C), mw 257.4.

has been crystallized by concentration of seawater

Use: Preparation of volatile derivatives of a wide

or brines.

range of biologically active compounds for gas-liq-

uid chromatographical analysis.

bitter orange oil. See orange oil, bitter,

coldpressed.

bis(triphenylsilyl)chromate.

CAS: 1624-02-8. mf: C

CrO

Properties: IDLH Ca [15 mg/m

¢as Cr(VI)].

bitumen. A mixture of hydrocarbons occurring

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

both in the native state and as residue from Califor-

tact. TWA 0.05 mg(CrO

)/m

nia petroleum distillation. Soluble in carbon disul-

fide. Solid to viscous, semisolid liquid. Used in hot-

melt adhesives, coatings, paints, sealants, roofing,

bis(triphenyltin)acetylenedicarboxylate.

and road coating. Bitumens are found in asphalt,

CAS: 73940-87-1. mf: C

mineral waxes, and lower grades of coal. Combusti-

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

ble.

mg/m

(skin)

See asphalt; gilsonite; glance; shale oil; oil sands.

bis(triphenyltin)sulfate.

CAS: 3021-41-8. mf: C

•O

S. bituminous coal. See coal.

167 BLANCH

biuret. (allophanamide; carbamylurea). black liquor. (1) The liquor resulting from

CONHCONH

•H

O. cooking pulpwood in an alkaline solution in the soda

Properties: White needles; odorless. Mp 190C (de- or sulfate (kraft) papermaking process. It is a source

composes). Soluble in water and alcohol; very of lignin and tall oil and is said to be effective in

slightly soluble in ether. Loses water of crystalliza- removal of mercury from industrial effluents

tion at approximately 110C. (USDA).

Derivation: From urea by heat. (2) Iron acetate liquor (black mordant).

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Use: Analytical reagent, especially for proteins.

black oil. See residual oil.

black phosphorus. See phosphorus.

biuret reaction. A reaction that produces char-

acteristic rose color when certain substances in alka-

black plate. Thin sheet steel obtained by rolling

line solution are treated with copper sulfate solution.

and usually used for containers. It is not coated with

any metal, but a special lacquer or baked enamel

bixin. C

. A carotenoid obtained from seeds

finish is usually applied by the manufacturer.

of Bixa orellana.

Properties: Orange crystals. Decomposes at 217C.

black, platinum. See platinum black.

Derivation: Methyl ester (methyl bixin) C

blue crystals, mp 203C. Ethyl ester (ethyl bixin),

black powder. (blasting powder). A low ex-

: Red crystals, mp 138C.

plosive composed of potassium nitrate, charcoal,

Use: The ethyl ester is used as a food coloring.

and sulfur. In some cases sodium nitrate is substitut-

See annatto.

ed for potassium nitrate. Typical proportions are

75%, 15%, and 10%. Gunpowder is probably the

Bk. Symbol for berkelium.

oldest variety.

Hazard: Sensitive to heat, deflagrates rapidly. Does

black. Any of several forms of finely divided

not detonate but is a dangerous fire and explosion

carbon, either pure or admixed with oils, fats, or

hazard.

waxes.

Use: Time fuses for blasting and shell, in igniter and

See acetylene black; bone black; carbon black; ivory

primer assemblies for propellants, pyrotechnics,

black.

mining, and blasting.

black, aniline. See aniline black.

black rouge. See iron oxide, black.

black antimony. See antimony trisulfide.

black sand. A deposit of dark minerals with a

high density found in stream beds and on beaches.

Magnetite and ilmenite are usually present and also

black ash. (1) (Papermaking) The product ob-

monazite and other minerals.

tained by heating black liquor in furnaces. The or-

ganic material is reduced to carbon. The alkaline

blackstrap. See molasses.

components are leached out and used again in paper-

making. The carbon may be treated to obtain activa-

“Bladen.” (hexaethyl tetraphosphate). TM for

ted carbon. (2) See barium sulfide.

an insecticide.

Use: Insecticide.

blackbody. In radiation physics, an ideal black-

body is a theoretical object that absorbs all the radi-

Blaise reaction. Formation of ␤-oxoesters by

ant energy falling upon it and emits it in the form of

treatment of ␣-bromocarboxylic esters with zinc in

thermal radiation. The power radiated by a unit area

the presence of nitriles. The intermediate organo-

of a blackbody is given by Planck’s radiation law,

zinc compound reacts with the nitrile, and the com-

and the total power radiated is expressed by the

plex is hydrolyzed with 30% potassium hydroxide.

Stefan-Boltzmann law.

Blanc (chloromethylation) reaction. Intro-

black, bone. See bone black.

duction of the CH

Cl group into aromatic rings on

treatment with formaldehyde and hydrochloric acid

black cyanide. A mixture containing 45% cal-

in the presence of zinc chloride.

cium cyanide made from calcium cyanamid by heat-

ing it with sodium chloride and carbon.

blanc fixe. Precipitated barium sulfate.

black lead. See graphite.

blanch. To immerse vegetables or fruits in either

hot water (80–100C) or steam in preparation for

“Black Leaf 40.” TM for a pesticide consisting cooking, freezing, or canning. The times and tem-

of a 40% solution of nicotine sulfate. peratures vary among processors; the higher the

168“BLANCOPHOR”

temperature, the shorter the time required. The oper- Use: General-purpose rubber antioxidant.

ation loosens the skin or peel when present, tends to

remove the color, and decreases the volume. It also

bleach. To whiten a textile or paper by chemical

action. Also the agent itself. Bleaching agents in-

causes some loss of nutrient value, especially vi-

clude hydrogen peroxide (the most common), sodi-

tamins.

um hypochlorite, sodium peroxide, sodium chlorite,

calcium hypochlorite, hypochlorous acid, and many

“Blancophor” [BASF]. TM for optical whit-

organic chlorine derivatives. Chlorinated lime is a

ening agents. “FFG”: A comarin derivative used as

bleaching powder used on an industrial scale.

whitening agent for wool, nylon, acetate rayon, and

Household bleaching powders are sodium perborate

mixed fibers. “HS Brands”: Stilbene derivatives

and dichlorodimethylhydantoin.

used on cellulosic fibers, cotton and rayon fabrics,

Hazard: See calcium hypochlorite; lime, chlorinat-

paper, and in household and industrial detergents.

ed. Some bleaching agents are toxic and strong oxi-

dizing agents.

Blanc reaction-Blanc rule. Cyclization of

dicarboxylic acids on heating with acetic anhydride

bleached lard. See lard (unhydrogenated).

to give either cyclic anhydrides or ketones, depend-

ing on the positions of the carboxyl groups: 1,4- and

bleaching assistant. A material added to

1,5-diacids give anhydrides, while diacids in which

bleaching baths to secure more rapid and complete

the carboxy groups are in 1,6- or further-removed

penetration of the bleach or improved regulation of

positions give ketones.

the bleaching action, e.g., compounds of sulfonated

oils and solvents, soluble pine oils, fatty alcohol

“Blandol” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for

salts, sodium silicate, sodium phosphate, magne-

white mineral oil (NF).

sium sulfate, and borax.

Use: Pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations,

plasticizers, paper penetrants, foam depressants.

bleaching, fluorescent. The use of colorless

fluorescent organic compounds to produce a whit-

blank. (1) A piece of material of any desired

ening effect on textiles.

shape cut by a stamping die-prepared for further

processing. (2) See control (1).

bleaching powder. See bleach; calcium hy-

pochlorite.

BLAST. A computer program that identifies ho-

mologous (similar) genes in different organisms,

bleach liquor. A solution of either sodium or

such as human, fruit fly, or nematode.

calcium hypochlorite and water.

blast furnace. A vertical coke-fired furnace

bleed. (1) When a dye runs. (2) To release pres-

used for smelting metallic ores, e.g., iron ore.

sure gradually, as via a valve.

blast-furnace gas. By-product gas from smelt-

ing iron ore obtained by the passage of hot air over

blend. A uniform combination of two or more

the coke in blast furnaces. A typical gas will analyze materials either of which could be used alone for the

12.9% carbon dioxide, 26.3% carbon monoxide, same purpose as the blend. For example, a fabric

3.7% hydrogen, 57.1% nitrogen. may be a blend of wool and nylon, either of which is

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. See carbon monoxide. itself usable as fabric. Instances of materials that are

Use: Heating blast-furnace stoves, boilers, or as a often blended are:

gas-engine fuel.

plastics (polyblends) grains

whiskeys coffees

blasting agent. See black powder; ammo-

fabrics paints

nium nitrate; explosive, high; explosive, permis-

colors tobaccos

sible; explosive, low.

metal powders solvents

fertilizers

blasting gelatin. (SNG). A type of gelatinized

See mixture; mixing; kneading.

dynamite containing approximately 7% of nitrocel-

lulose.

Hazard: High explosive.

bleomycin. A glycopeptide antibiotic produced

by Streptomyces verticillus; it functions as an anti-

neoplastic and diagnostic agent. The molecule is

blasting powder. See black powder.

exceedingly complex, but synthesis was achieved in

1982. It is a colorless to yellowish powder, soluble

“B-L-E” [Uniroyal]. TM for high-temperature

in water and methanol but insoluble in acetone and

reaction product of diphenylamine and acetone.

ether. It induces rupture of DNA strands.

Properties: Darkbrown, viscous liquid. D 1.087.

Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-

ride; insoluble in gasoline and water. Combustible.

blinding. (blister copper).

169 BLOWING AGENT

Properties: Copper (96–99% purity) produced by is a component of fertilizers, poultry feeds, and deer

repellents.

the reduction and smelting of copper ores. It has a

See hemoglobin; plasma; platelet; rhesus factor.

blistered appearance, probably caused by gas pock-

ets. It is usually further refined electrolytically.

bloom. (1) A thin coating of an ingredient of a

rubber or plastic mixture that migrates to the sur-

blister gas. See dibromodiethyl sulfide.

face, usually within a few hours after curing or

setting. Sulfur bloom in vulcanized rubber products

blister packaging. A type of packaging used

is most common; it is harmless but impairs the eye

widely in the food and pharmaceutical industries,

appeal of the product. Paraffin wax is often included

consisting of a hollow cavity of various shapes and

purposely; when it migrates to the surface it pro-

capacities in which the material is enclosed. Polyes-

vides an efficient barrier to sunchecking and oxida-

ter and polyethylene resins are often used.

tion. (2) A piece of steel made from an ingot. (3) An

arbitrary scale for rating the strength of gelatin gels.

block. (1) Undesirable cohesion of films or layers

When so used the word is capitalized. (4) Efflores-

of plastic.

cence of phytoplankton in seawater causing discol-

See antiblock agent. (2) A type of polymer.

oration of the surface water.

See block polymer.

See red tide.

block copolymer. Polymer containing long

blotting. A technique for detecting one RNA

stretches of two or more monomeric units linked

within a mixture of RNAs (a Northern blot) or one

together by chemical valences in one single chain.

type of DNA within a mixture of DNAs (a Southern

See block polymer.

blot). A blot can prove whether that one species of

RNA or DNA is present, how much is there, and its

block polymer. A high polymer whose mole-

approximate size. Basically, blotting involves gel

cule is made up of alternating sections of one chemi-

electrophoresis, transfer to a blotting membrane

cal composition separated by sections of a different

(typically nitrocellulose or activated nylon), and in-

chemical nature or by a coupling group of low mo-

cubating with a radioactive probe. Exposing the

lecular weight. An example is blocks of polyvinyl

membrane to X-ray film produces darkening at a

chloride interspersed with blocks of polyvinyl ace-

spot correlating with the position of the DNA or

tate. Such polymer combinations are made syntheti-

RNA of interest. The darker the spot, the more nu-

cally. They depend on the presence of an active site

cleic acid was present there.

on the polymer chain that initiates the necessary

The DNA is first transferred from the gel to a mem-

reactions.

brane by capillary action. Fluid wicks from the gel

See graft polymer; stereoblock polymer.

through the blotting membrane to several layers of

absorbent paper, but the nucleic acids stick to the

membrane. Baking the filter fixes the DNA or RNA

to the filter.

Specific bands are detected by hybridization. The

filter membrane is incubated with radioactive probe,

which hybridizes to some bands. After the filter is

washed (to remove unused probe), an X-ray film

exposed to the filter will show which bands have

hybridized.

blood. A complex, liquid tissue of d 1.056 and pH

7.35–7.45. It is comprised of erythrocytes (red

blow-down. The cyclic or constant removal of

cells), leucocytes (white cells), platelets, plasma,

water from a boiler to deter the collection of solids.

proteins, and serum. The plasma fraction (55–70%)

is whole blood from which the red and white cells

and the platelets have been removed by centrifug-

blowing agent. A substance incorporated into a

ing. Hemoglobin is a protein found in the erythro- mixture for the purpose of producing a foam. One

cytes. It contains the essential iron atom and func- type decomposes when heated to processing tem-

tions as the transport agent for oxygen from the perature to evolve a gas, usually carbon dioxide,

lungs (arterial blood) and of carbon dioxide to the which is suspended in small globules in the mixture.

lungs from the heart (venous blood). Experimental Typical blowing agents of this kind are baking pow-

work has been reported on the effectiveness of fluo- der (bread and cake), sodium bicarbonate or ammo-

rocarbon compounds in carrying out the essential nium carbonate (cellular or sponge rubber), halocar-

transport functions of blood, especially of the red bons and methylene chloride in urethane, pentane in

cells. expanded polystyrene, and hydrazine and related

Use: Plasma is used to restore liquid volume and thus compounds in various types of foamed plastics. An-

osmotic pressure in the body where blood loss has other type is air used at room temperature as a blow-

been extensive. Animal blood is used as a compo- ing agent for rubber latex; it is introduced mechani-

nent of adhesive mixtures. In dried or powder form it cally by whipping, after which the latex is

170BLOW MOLDING

coagulated with acid. Air is also used for this pur-

blue verdigris. See copper acetate, basic.

pose in ice cream, whipped cream, and other food

products, as well as in blown asphalt and blown

blue vitriol. See copper sulfate.

vegetable oils.

See foam.

blush. Precipitation of water vapor in the form of

colloidal droplets on the surface of a varnish or

lacquer film, caused by lowering of the temperature

blow molding. A technique for production of

immediately above the coated surface due to solvent

hollow thermoplastic products. It involves placing

evaporation. This results in unsightly graying of the

an extruded tube (parison) of the thermoplastic in a

dried film and can be avoided by use of a less-vola-

mold and applying sufficient air pressure to the

tile solvent.

inside of the tube to cause it to take on the conforma-

tion of the mold. Polyethylene is usually used, but a

4-BOC-styrene. See p-tert-butoxycarbonylox-

number of other materials are adaptable to this meth-

ystyrene monomer.

od, e.g., cellulosics, nylons, polypropylene, and po-

lycarbonates. It is an economically efficient process

BOD. See biochemical oxygen demand.

and especially suitable for production of toys, bot-

tles, and other containers, as well as air-conditioning

Bodroux-Chichibabin aldehyde synthesis.

ducts and various industrial items. The method is not

Formation of aldehydes by treatment of orthofor-

limited to hollow products; housings can be made by

mates with Grignard reagents.

blowing a unit and sawing it along the parting line to

make two housings.

Bodroux reaction. Formation of substituted

amides by reaction of a simple aliphatic or aromatic

blown asphalt. See asphalt (blown).

ester with an amino magnesium halide obtained by

treatment of a primary or secondary amine with a

blown oil. (oxidized oil; base oil; thickened oil;

Grignard reagent at room temperature.

polymerized oil). Vegetable and animal oils that

have been heated and agitated by a current of air or

body. (1) A nonspecific term approximately syn-

oxygen. They are partially oxidized, deodorized,

onymous with consistency or viscosity, usually de-

and polymerized by the treatment and are increased

scriptive of liquids, e.g. a heat-bodied oil (linseed oil

in density, viscosity, and drying power. Common

that has been polymerized by heating).

blown oils are castor, linseed, rape, whale, and fish

See consistency.

oils.

(2) In biochemistry, an agglutinous substance

Use: Paints, varnishes, lubricants, and plasticizers.

present in the blood or tissues, e.g. antibody. See

agglutination.

blue copperas. See copper sulfate.

(3) An object having a unique physical property,

e.g., blackbody.

blue cross gas. See diphenylchloroarsine.

body-centered structure. (cubic centered).

blue gas. See water gas.

The internal crystal structure of substances in which

the equivalent lattice points, as determined by X ray,

blueing. (1) Producing a blue oxide film on steel

are at the corners of the cell and at the center of the

by low-temperature heating; (2) heat treatment of

cube.

steel springs to relieve cold-working strains.

bodying. Gaining body, or thickening after stand-

blueing, laundry. The material used in washing

ing, or by mixing with another ingredient.

to give the fabric a bluish tint, thereby neutralizing

the yellow coloring to produce a whiter shade.

Boeseken’s method. Determination of the rela-

tive configurations of the hydroxyl groups on the

blueing, steel. The process for shading the sur-

reducing and vicinal carbon atoms in a cyclic sugar.

face of steel by heating to blueing temperature in the

Boric acid forms complexes with cis hydroxyl

presence of air and steam.

groups on vicinal carbon atoms, and the electrical

conductivity of the solution is enhanced. Since there

blue lead. See lead sulfate, blue basic.

is no complex formation with trans hydroxyl

groups, no increase in conductivity is observed.

blueprint. See Turnbull’s Blue.

Bogert-Cook synthesis. Condensation of ␤-

blueprint paper. A paper that has been dipped phenylethylmagnesium bromide with cyclohexa-

in ammonium ferric citrate and potassium ferricya- nones, followed by cyclodehydration of the tertiary

nide solution. When it is exposed to light and a wash, alcohol with concentrated sulfuric acid, with forma-

all black marks show as white, and the white back- tion of octahydrophenanthrene derivatives and a

ground is colored blue. small amount of spiran.

171 BOND, CHEMICAL

boghead coal. A variety of bituminous or subbi- Boltzmann constant. The ratio of the molar

tuminous coal resembling cannel coal in appearance ideal-gas constant to Avogadro’s number.

and behavior during combustion, characterized by a

high percentage of algal remains and volatile matter.

Boltzmann engine. Ideal thermodynamic de-

Upon distillation it gives exceptionally high yields vice working in cycles.

of tar and oil (ASTM).

Boltzmann entropy hypothesis. The entro-

py of a system of material particles is proportional to

Bohn-Schmidt reaction. Hydroxylation of

the logarithm of the statistical probability of the

anthraquinones containing at least one hydroxyl

distribution.

group by fuming sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid and

boric acid in the presence of a catalyst such as mer-

Boltzmann factor. A correction for thermal

cury.

excitation in calculation of spectral-line intensities.

bohrium. Bh. A transfermium element. Atomic

Boltzmann, Ludwig. (1844–1906). Born in

number 107. Very short half-life.

Vienna, Boltzmann was interested primarily in

physical chemistry and thermodynamics. His work

boiled oil. See linseed oil, boiled.

has importance for chemistry because of his devel-

opment of the kinetic theory of gases and the rules

boiler compound. Material added to boiler

governing their viscosity and diffusion. The mathe-

feed water to reduce corrosion, foaming, or deposit

matical expression of his most important generaliza-

formation.

tions is known as Boltzmann’s law, still regarded as

one of the cornerstones of physical science.

boiler scale. A rocklike deposit occurring on

boiler walls and tubes in which hard water has been

bomb. A small metal container that can contain

heated or evaporated. Consists largely of calcium

gases or liquids under varying degrees of pressure.

carbonate, calcium sulfate, or similar materials, de-

An aerosol bomb contains liquids that are emitted as

pending on the mineral content of the water. Boiler

an atomized spray on release of pressure, the gases

scale decreases the rate of heat transfer through the

used being carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, butane,

boiler and tube walls, resulting in increased heating

etc. at relatively low pressure. An oxygen bomb is

costs and shortening of boiler life. Most boiler feed

used for accelerated aging tests for rubber and plas-

water is softened (treated to remove calcium and

tic products; oxygen under high pressure is used.

magnesium ions) before use. Scale may be removed

This device must be handled by a trained technician.

by treatment with ammonium bicarbonate solution.

See water, hard; zeolite.

bombardment. Impingement upon an atomic

nucleus of accelerated particles such as neutrons or

boiling point. The temperature of a liquid at

deuterons for the purpose of inducing fission or of

which its vapor pressure is equal to or very slightly

creating unstable nuclei. This operation was first

greater than the atmospheric pressure of the environ-

accomplished with positively charged particles in

ment. For water at sea level it is 212F (100C).

the cyclotron in the early 1940s and subsequently in

nuclear reactors. Neutrons are commonly used in

boiling-point elevation, molecular. The

reactors because their lack of electrical charge per-

rise in boiling point produced by 1 gram-molecule of

mits easier penetration of the target nucleus.

dissolved material in 1 kg solvent. Equal to 0.52C

See radioisotope; fission; fast-atom bombardment.

with water as the solvent.

bomb calorimeter. An instrument to obtain the

boiling point, initial. The temperature at

caloric or thermal value of fuel or foods.

which the first drop of distillate falls from a con-

denser.

bomb tube. See Carius tube.

bois de rose oil.

BON. Abbreviation for ␤-oxynaphthoic acid.

Properties: From steam distillation of chipped wood

See 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid; BON red.

of Aniba rosaeodora var. amazonica Ducke, (Fam.

Lauraceae). Colorless to pale yellow liquid; slt

bonaid. See buquinolate.

pleasant floral odor. Sol in fixed oils, propylene

glycol, mineral oil; sltly sol in glycerin.

“Bonaril” [Dow]. TM for a hydrolyzed polyac-

Use: Food additive.

rylamide for use in foundry sands.

Bolstar [Bayer Corp]. TM for sulprofos.

bond, chemical. An attractive force between

atoms strong enough to permit the combined aggre-

Bolton’s reagent. A composite formed by 78% gate to function as a unit. A more exact definition is

picric acid, 2% nitric acid, 20% water. not possible because attractive forces ranging up-

172BOND ENERGY

ward from 0 to those involving more than 250 kcal/ ing chemicals in order to form a lubricant layer

mole of bonds are known. A practical lower limit adapted to cold forming and in order to retard the

may be taken as 2–3 kcal/mole of bonds, the work formation of rust.

necessary to break approximately 1.5 × 10

bonds

by separating their component atoms to infinite dis-

“Bonding Agent M-3P” [Uniroyal]. TM

tance. All bonds appear to originate with the electro-

for 1-aza-5-methylol-3,7-doxabicyclo-(3,3,0)-oc-

static charges on electrons and atomic nuclei. Bonds

tane, a 4% partitioning agent.

result when the net coulombic interactions are suffi-

Use: A methylene donor for improving rubber-to-

ciently attractive. Different principal types of bonds

fabric adhesion.

recognized include metallic, covalent, ionic, and

bridge. Metallic bonding is the attraction of all the

“Bonding Agent R-6” [Uniroyal]. TM for

atomic nuclei in a crystal for the outer shell electrons

resorcinol-acetaldehyde condensate.

which are shared in a delocalized manner among all

Use: A resorcinol donor for improving rubber-to-fab-

available orbitals. Metal atoms characteristically

ric adhesion.

provide more orbital vacancies than electrons for

sharing with other atoms. Covalent bonding results

“Bonding Agent TZ” [Uniroyal]. TM for

most commonly when electrons are shared by two

2-chloro-4,6-bis(N-phenyl-p-phenylene diamino)-

atomic nuclei. Here the bonding electrons are rela-

1,3,5-triazine.

tively localized in the region of the two nuclei, al-

Use: A rubber-to-metal bonding agent that replaces

though frequently a degree of delocalization occurs

the traditional cobalt salt.

when the shared electrons have a choice of orbitals.

The conventional single covalent bond involves the

bone ash. An ash composed principally of triba-

sharing of two electrons. There may also be double

sic calcium phosphate but containing minor

bonds with four shared electrons, triple bonds with

amounts of magnesium phosphate, calcium carbon-

six shared electrons, and bonds of intermediate mul-

ate, and calcium fluoride. Noncombustible.

tiplicity. Covalent bonds may range from nonpolar,

Derivation: By calcining bones. A synthetic product

involving electrons evenly shared by the two atoms,

is also available.

to extremely polar, where the bonding electrons are

Use: Cleaning and polishing, ceramics, animal feeds.

very unevenly shared. The limit of uneven sharing

The better grades are used in coating molds for

occurs when the bonding electron spends full time

copper wire, bars, slabs, and other metals.

with one of the atoms, making the atom into a nega-

tive ion and leaving the other atom in the form of a

bone black. (bone char; bone charcoal).

positive ion. Ionic bonding is the electrostatic attrac-

Black pigment made by carbonizing bones. Carbon

tion between oppositely charged ions. Bridge bonds

content is usually approximately 10%. Nonflamma-

involve compounds of hydrogen in which the hydro-

ble in bulk.

gen bears either a + or −charge. When hydrogen is

Hazard: Flammable as suspended dust.

attached by a polar covalent bond to one molecule, it

Use: Manufacturing activated carbon; decolorizing

may attract another molecule, bridging the two mol-

agent and filtering medium, cementation reagent,

ecules together. If the hydrogen is +, it may attract an

adsorptive medium in gas masks, paint and varnish

electron pair of the other molecule. This is called a

pigment; clarifying shellac, water purification.

protonic bridge. If the hydrogen is −, it may attract

through a vacant orbital the nucleus of an atom of a

bone china. Ceramic tableware of high quality

second molecule. This is called a hydridic bridge.

in which a small percentage of bone ash is incorpo-

Such bridges are at the lower range of bond strength

rated. Made chiefly in England.

but may have a significant effect on the physical

properties of condensed states of those substances in

bone meal. A product made by grinding animal

which they are possible.

bones. Raw meal is made from bones that have not

See hydrogen bond.

been previously steamed. If pressure steaming has

been used, the meal is called steamed. The fertilizer

bond energy. The energy required to disrupt the

grade contains 43–55% tricalcium phosphate,

bonds in one gram-mole of a chemical compound.

20–25% phosphoric acid, and 4–5% ammonia. The

feed grade, according to Bureau of Animal Industry

“Bonderite” [Occidental]. TM for chemical

specifications, must contain 65–75% tricalcium

compositions for producing a corrosion-inhibiting

phosphate and only approximately 2% ammonia.

finish on metals, preparing metal surfaces for the

Much of the latter grade is imported.

subsequent application of finish coats, and condi-

Use: Fertilizer (raw); animal feeds (steamed).

tioning metal surfaces to facilitate metal-deforma-

tion operations.

bone oil. (animal oil; Dippel’s oil; hartshorn

oil).

“Bonderlube” [Occidental]. TM for soaplike CAS: 8001-85-2.

chemical composition for treating metal surfaces Properties: Dark-brown, fixed oil; repulsive odor. D

that have been pretreated with phosphatizing coat- 0.900–0.980. Soluble in water. Combustible.

173 BORAZOLE

Chief constituents: Hydrocarbons, pyridine bases,

“Boran” [LaMotte]. TM for diaminochrysazin

and amines. used in the colorimetric determination of boron.

Derivation: Destructive distillation of bones or other

animal substances. Note distinction from bone

borane. One of a series of boron hydrides (com-

tallow.

pounds of boron and hydrogen). The simplest of

Grade: Technical.

these, BH

, is unstable at atmospheric pressure and

Hazard: Evolves very toxic ammonium cyanide

becomes diborane (B

) as gas at normal pressures.

when heated to 180C.

This is converted to higher boranes, i.e., penta-,

Use: Organic preparations, source of pyrrole, denatu-

deca-, etc., by condensation. This series progresses

rant for alcohol.

through a number of well-characterized crystalline

compounds. Hydrides up to B

exist. Most are

not very stable and readily react with water to yield

bone phosphate. (BPL). Phosphoric acid oc-

hydrogen. Many react violently with air. As a rule,

curring in bones in the form of tribasic calcium

they are highly toxic. Their properties have suggest-

phosphate.

ed investigation for rocket propulsion, but they have

not proved satisfactory for this purpose. There are

bone seeker. An element or radioisotope that

also a number of organoboranes used as reducing

tends to lodge in the bones when absorbed into the

agents in electroless nickel-plating of metals and

body. Examples are fluorine, calcium, and stron-

plastics. Some of the compounds used are di- and

tium.

triethylamine borane and pyridine borane.

See carborane; diborane; pentaborane; organobo-

bone tallow. (bone fat). Fat obtained from ani-

rane.

mal bones by boiling in water, treating with steam

under pressure, or solvent extraction. It is a glyceryl

boranecarboxylic acid, ammonium salt.

ester.

See ammonium boranecarboxylate.

BON maroon. A calcium or manganese precip-

borates, tetra, sodium salt, pentahydrate.

itated compound of 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid and

See sodium tetraborate pentahydrate.

2-naphthylamine-1-sulfonic acid.

See BON red.

borax. (sodium borate; tincal; borax decahyd-

rate). Na

•10H

O. A natural hydrated sodium

BON red. Class name for a group of organic azo

borate found in salt lakes and alkali soils. Also the

pigments made by coupling 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic

commercial name for sodium borate.

acid to various amines and forming the barium,

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 mg/m

calcium, strontium, or manganese salts. They have

bright shades ranging from yellow-red to deep ma-

borax, anhydrous. (borax, dehydrated; sodi-

roon, good light and heat resistance, nonbleeding in

um borate, anhydrous).

vehicles and solvents, and good opacity. They are

CAS: 1303-43-4. Na

widely used in printing inks, paints, enamels, lac-

Properties: White, free-flowing crystals; hygro-

quers, rubber, plastics, wallpaper, textiles, floor

scopic; forms partial hydrate in damp air. Mp 741C,

coverings, and crayons.

d 2.367. Slightly soluble in cold water. Noncom-

bustible.

Boord olefin synthesis. Regiospecific syn-

Grade: Technical, 99% Na

, standard, fine gran-

thesis of olefins from aldehydes and Grignard re-

ular form, glass or fused.

agents.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 1 mg/m

Use: Manufacturing of glass, enamels, and other ce-

boort. (bort).

ramic products; herbicide.

See diamond, industrial.

borax glass. Fused anhydrous borax used as a

BOPOB. See p-bis[2-(5-p-biphenylyloxa-

metal flux.

zoyl)]benzene.

borax pentahydrate. Na

•5H

boracic acid. See boric acid.

Properties: Free-flowing powder. Begins to lose wa-

ter of hydration at 122C, d 1.815. Noncombustible.

Grade: Crude, technical (99.5% Na

•5H

O).

boral. A composite material consisting of boron

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 1 mg/m

carbide crystals in aluminum with a cladding of

Use: Weed killer and soil sterilant, fungus control on

commercially pure aluminum. Concentration of up

citrus fruits (FDA tolerance 8 ppm of boron res-

to 50% boron carbide can be obtained.

idue).

Use: Reactor shields, neutron curtains, shutters for

thermal curtains, safety rods, containers for fission-

able material.

borazole. (borazine). B

. Inorganic analog

See composite. of benzene.

174BORCHER’S METAL

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −58C, bp 53C, d oxide, special solvents, stabilizers, plasticizers or

0.824 (0C), hydrolyzes to evolve boron hydrides. adhesion additives to latex paints, ingredients of

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Toxic via ingestion and soldering and brazing fluxes.

inhalation, strong irritant to tissue.

orthoboric acid. See boric acid.

Borcher’s metal. A group of alloys of chromi-

um with nickel and cobalt or of chromium and iron

boric anhydride. See boric oxide.

with a small proportion of molybdenum and/or sil-

ver or gold. Heat and corrosion resistant.

boric oxide. (boric anhydride; boron oxide).

Use: Chemical apparatus, crucibles, pyrometer tubes,

CAS: 1303-86-2. B

heat treating, and annealing pots.

Properties: Colorless powder or vitreous crystals;

slightly bitter taste.D 2.46, mp approximately 450C,

Borcher’s process. An electrolytic method for

bp 1500C. Soluble in alcohol and hot water; slightly

refining silver by using silver sheet cathodes and

soluble in cold water. Noncombustible.

dilute nitric acid electrolyte.

Derivation: By heating boric acid.

Grade: Glass or fused form, powder, technical, or

bordeaux direct. See C.I. direct red 13,

highpurity 99.99+%.

disodium salt.

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

Use: Production of boron, heat-resistant glassware,

fire-resistant additive for paints, electronics, liquid

Bordeaux mixture. A fungicide and insecti-

encapsulation techniques, herbicide.

cide mixture made by adding slaked lime to a copper

sulfate solution. It is either made by the user or

bought as a powder ready for dissolving. Stabilizing

boride. An interstitial compound of boron and

agents are sometimes added to delay settling. Used another metal (transition, alkaline-earth, or rare-

especially for potato bugs and similar garden pests. earth). Such compounds are not stoichiometric, the

Hazard: Irritant and corrosive by ingestion. boron atoms being linked together in zigzag chains,

two-dimensional nets, or three-dimensional struc-

tures throughout the crystal.

boric acid. (boracic acid; orthoboric acid).

Properties: Color varies from gray (transition-met-

CAS: 10043-35-3. H

al) to black (alkaline-earth) to blue (rare-earth).

Properties: Colorless, odorless scales or white pow-

Highly refractory, with mp from 2000 to 3000C;

der; stable in air. D: 1.4347 (15C), mp indeterminate

Mohs hardness from 8 to 10; thermally and electri-

since it loses water in stages through metaboric acid,

cally conductive. High chemical stability. Does not

HBO

, to pyroboric acid, H

, and to the oxide,

react with hydrochloric or hydrofluoric acids but is

. Soluble in boiling water, alcohol, and glycer-

attacked by hot alkali hydroxides.

ol. Noncombustible.

Derivation: (1) Sintering mixtures of metal powder

Derivation: (1) By adding hydrochloric or sulfuric

and boron at 2000C; (2) reduction of mixture of the

acid to a solution of borax and crystallizing. (2)

metal oxide and boric oxide with aluminum, silicon,

From weak borax brines by extraction with a kero-

or carbon; (3) fused-salt electrolysis; (4) vapor-

sene solution of a chelating agent such as 2-ethyl-

phase deposition.

1,3-hexanediol or other polyols. Borates are

Use: High-temperature service such as rocket noz-

stripped from the chelate by sulfuric acid.

zles, turbines, etc.

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

Grade: Technical, 99.9%, CP, USP.

borneol. (bornyl alcohol; 2-camphanol; 2-hy-

Hazard: Toxic via ingestion. Use only weak solu-

droxycamphane).

tions. Irritant to skin in dry form.

CAS: 507-70-0. C

OH.

Use: Heat-resistant (borosilicate) glass, glass fibers,

Properties: White, translucent lumps; sharp, cam-

porcelain enamels, boron chemicals, metallurgy

phorlike odor; burning taste. Optically active in nat-

(welding flux, brazing copper), flame-retardant in

ural form, racemic form made synthetically. D

cellulosic insulation, mattress batting and cotton

1.011, mp 208C, bp 212C. Soluble in alcohol and

textile products, fungus control on citrus fruits

ether; insoluble in water. Flammable.

(FDA tolerance 8 ppm boron residue), ointment and

Derivation: Natural form from a species of tree in

eye wash (water solution only), nickel electroplating

Borneo and Sumatra. Synthesized from camphor by

baths.

hydrogen reduction or from ␣-pinene.

Grade: Technical.

boric acid esters. (borate ester; trimethyl

Hazard: Fire risk in presence of open flame.

borate; tri-n-butyl borate; tricyclohexyl borate;

Use: Perfumery, esters.

tridodecylborate; tri-p-cresyl borates). Trihexy-

lene glycol biborate compounds that are readily hy-

Born equation. An equation representing the

drolyzed to boric acid and the respective alcohols.

free energy of solvation of an ion.

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquids. Bp

230–350C. Combustible.

Use: Dehydrating agents, catalysts, sources of boric

bornyl acetate. C

OOCCH

175 BORON HYDRIDE

Properties: Colorless liquid; piney-camphoraceous mixtures, high-temperature brazing alloys.

odor. D 0.980–0.984, refr index 1.463–1.465, mp See boron alloy; boron fiber; boron-10.

29C. Solidifies to crystals at approximately 50F.

Soluble in 3 volumes of 70% alcohol; miscible with

boron-10. Nonradioactive isotope of boron of

95% alcohol and ether. Combustible.

mass number 10.

Derivation: Interaction of borneol and acetic anhy-

Properties: Has marked capacity for absorbing slow

dride in the presence of formic acid.

neutrons, emitting a high-energy ␣-particle in the

Grade: Technical, FCC.

process.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring, nitrocellulose solvent.

Derivation: Constitutes approximately 19% of natu-

ral boron.

Available forms: Crystalline powder, dry amor-

bornyl alcohol. See borneol.

phous powder, colloidal suspension of dry amor-

phous powder in oil; in boron trifluoride–calcium

2-bornyl chloride.

fluoride, in potassium borofluoride, in boron tri-

CAS: 464-41-5. mf: C

Cl.

fluoride ethyl etherate, in boric acid.

Hazard: A poison by inhalation. Moderately toxic by

Use: Neutron counter, radiation shielding (in the

ingestion.

form of boral), medicine.

bornyl formate. C

OOCH.

boron alloy. A uniformly dispersed mixture of

Properties: Colorless liquid having a piney odor. D

boron with another metal or metals. Ferroboron usu-

1.007–1.009. Combustible.

ally contains 15–25% boron, manganese boron usu-

Grade: Technical.

ally contains 60–65% manganese.

Use: Perfuming of soaps, disinfectants, and sanitary

Use: Degasifying and deoxidizing agents, to harden

products; flavoring.

steel (in trace quantities), to increase conductivity of

copper, turbojet engines.

bornyl isovalerate. C

OOC

. A constitu-

ent of valerian oil.

boron bromide. See boron tribromide.

Properties: Limpid fluid; aromatic, valerian-like

odor. D 0.951 (20C), bp 255–260C. Soluble in alco-

boron carbide. B

hol and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Hard, black crystals. D 2.6, Mohs

Use: Medicine, essential-oil intermediate, flavoring.

hardness 9.3, mp 2350C, bp 3500C. Soluble in fused

alkali; insoluble in water and acids. High capture

boroethane. See diborane.

cross-section for thermal neutrons.

Derivation: Heating boron oxide with carbon in an

electric furnace.

boron. B. Nonmetallic element of atomic number

Available forms: Powder, crystals, rods, fibers,

5; group IIIA of the periodic table. Aw 10.81. Va-

whiskers.

lence 3. Two stable isotopes: 11 (approximately

Hazard: Avoid inhalation of dust or particles.

81%) and 10 (approximately 19%).

Use: Abrasive powder, abrasion resister and refracto-

Properties: Black, hard solid; brown, amorphous

ry, control rods in nuclear reactors, reinforcing agent

powder; crystals. D 2.45, mp 2300C, Mohs hardness

in composites for military aircraft, and other special

9.3. Highly reactive. Soluble in concentrated nitric

applications.

and sulfuric acids; insoluble in water, alcohol, and

See boral.

ether. High neutron absorption capacity. Amphoter-

ic. A plant micronutrient.

boron chloride. See boron trichloride.

Source: Borax, kernite, colemanite, ulexite.

Derivation: (1) By heating boric oxide with pow-

boron fiber. A vapor-deposited filament made

dered magnesium or aluminum; (2) by vapor-phase

by deposition of boron on a heated tungsten wire.

reduction of boron trichloride with hydrogen over

The filament is 0.004 inch in diameter, while the

hot filaments (80–2000C); (3) by electrolysis of

wire is only 0.0005 inch. Tensile strength

fused salts.

350,000–450,000 psi, elastic modulus 55 million

Available forms: Filament, powder, whiskers, single

psi, upper temperature limit in oxidizing atmosphere

crystals.

250C. Used in composites with epoxy resins for

Grade: Technical (90–92%), 99% pure, high-purity

aircraft and space applications. The fibers can be

crystals.

woven into fabrics.

Hazard: Dust ignites spontaneously in air; severe

fire and explosion hazard. Reacts exothermally with

boron fluoride. See boron trifluoride.

metals above 900C; explodes with hydrogen iodide.

Use: Special-purpose alloys, cementation of iron,

boron fuel. See rocket fuel.

neutron absorber in reactor controls, oxygen scaven-

ger for copper and other metals, fibers and filaments

in composites with metals or ceramics, semiconduc-

boron hydride. See borane; diborane; deca-

tors, boron-coated tungsten wires, rocket propellant borane; pentaborane.

176BORON NITRIDE

boron nitride. BN. Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. Fumes are corro-

Properties: White powder; particle diameter approx- sive and toxic.

imately 1 micron. Mp 3000C (sublimes). Graphite-

Use: Catalyst in organic syntheses; source of many

like, hexagonal plate structure. High electrical resis-

boron compounds; refining of alloys; soldering flux;

tance. Compressed at 10

psi, it becomes hard as

making electrical resistors; extinguishing magne-

diamond. Excellent heat-shock resistance, low me-

sium fires in heat-treating furnaces; manufacturing

chanical strength, hygroscopic. Noncombustible.

of diborane.

Derivation: Heating a mixture of boric acid and

tricalcium phosphate in ammonia atmosphere in an

boron trifluoride. (boron fluoride).

electric furnace.

CAS: 7637-07-2. BF

Available forms: Powder, compressed solid, fibers,

Properties: Colorless gas. D 3.076 g/L, fp −126.8C,

whiskers.

bp −101C. Does not support combustion. Soluble in

Use: Refractory, furnace insulation, crucibles, recti-

cold water; hydrolyzes in hot water; soluble in con-

fying tubes, dielectric, chemical equipment, self-lu-

centrated sulfuric acid and most organic solvents.

bricating bushings, molten-metal pump parts, tran-

Easily forms double compounds such as that with

sistor and rectifier mounting wafers, heat-shield for

ether, known as boron trifluoride etherate or BF

plasma, nose-cone windows, heat-resistant fibers

ether complex.

stable to 870C in oxidizing atmosphere for military

Derivation: From borax and hydrofluoric acid or

composites, metalworking abrasive, high-tempera-

from boric acid and ammonium bifluoride. The

ture insulator, high-strength fibers.

complex formed is then treated with cold-fuming

sulfuric acid.

Grade: Pure (99% min).

boron oxide. See boric oxide.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, corrosive to skin and

tissue. TLV: ceiling 1 ppm.

boron phosphate. (Sometimes called boro-

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, production of di-

phosphoric acid). BPO

borane, instruments for measuring neutron intensi-

Properties: White, nonhygroscopic crystals. D

ty, soldering fluxes, gas brazing.

1.873. Soluble in water; pH (1% solution) 2.0.

Use: Special glasses, ceramics, acid cleaner, dehy-

boron trifluoride etherate. (BF

-ether com-

dration catalyst.

plex). CH

O(BF

)CH

. A relatively stable

coordination complex formed by the combination of

boron phosphide. BP. A refractory, maroon

diethyl ether with boron trifluoride, in which the

powder; noncorrosive; Mohs hardness 9.5.

boron atom is bonded to the oxygen of the ether.

Derivation: Direct union of boron and phosphorus at

Properties: Fuming liquid. Bp 259C (126C), flash p

approximately 1000C in a reducing atmosphere.

147F (63.8C) (OC). Combustible.

Hazard: Evolves toxic fumes in contact with water

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, corrosive to skin and

and acids. Ignites spontaneously at 390F (199C).

tissue.

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis.

boron steel. See ferroboron.

boron trifluoride–methanol. (BF

-MeOH).

boron tribromide. (boron bromide).

A solution of boron trifluoride in methanol.

CAS: 10294-33-4. BBr

Properties: Concentrated 14 g/100 cc, d 0.90 (20C).

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. Decomposed

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.

by alcohol and water. D 1.69 (15C), bp 90C, fp

Use: Esterification reagent for fats and oils.

−46C.

Derivation: (High purity.) Direct bromination of bo-

boron trifluoride monoethylamine. (boron

ron followed by rectification in quartz columns.

fluoride monoethylamine; BF

-MEA). BF

Grade: Technical, high purity.

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue. TLV: ceiling 1 ppm.

Properties: White to pale-tan flakes. D 1.38, mp

May explode when heated.

88–90C. Soluble in furfuryl alcohol, polyglycol,

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis manufacture of

acetone. Releases boron trifluoride above 110C.

diborane.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Combustible.

Use: Elevated-temperature cure of epoxy resins.

boron trichloride. (boron chloride).

CAS: 10294-34-5. BCl

borophosphoric acid. See boron phosphate.

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. D 1.35 (25C),

bp 12.5C, fp −107C. Decomposed by alcohol and

borosilicate glass. See glass, heat-resistant.

water. Reacts with hydrogen at 1200C.

Derivation: (1) Heating boric oxide and carbon with

chlorine; (2) combining boric oxide with phospho-

“Boro-Silicone” [Reactor]. TM for fire- and

rus pentachloride. heat-resistant field-castable elastomer with high hy-

Grade: Technical (99%), CP (99.5%). drogen content. A solid material with resiliency to

177 BOYLE’S LAW

minimize impact due to secondary missile forma-

bound water. Water molecules that are tightly

tion. held by various chemical groups in a larger mole-

cule. Carboxyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups are

usually involved; hydrogenbonding is often a factor.

borotungstic acid. (borowolframic acid).

Proteins tend to bind water in this way, and in meats

Various formulas and properties given.

it will remain unfrozen as low as −40C.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Mineralogic assay.

Bourdon gauge. A pressure gauge using a flat-

tened tube (Bourdon tube), that straightens out un-

Borsche-Drechsel cyclization. Acid-cata-

der pressure.

lyzed rearrangement of cyclohexanone phenylhy-

drazone to tetrahydrocarbazole. Subsequent oxida-

Bouveault aldehyde synthesis. Action of

tion yields carbazole.

Grignard reagents on N,N-disubstituted formamides

yields aldehydes.

Bosch, Karl. (1874–1940) A German chemist

who was the 1931 recipient of the Nobel Prize with

Bouveault-Blanc reduction. Formation of al-

Friederick Bergius. In World War I, his catalyst

cohols by reduction of esters with sodium and an

study led to the production of synthetic gasoline. He

alcohol.

also worked in the area of chemical high-pressure

methods. His research in ammonia synthesis aided

Boyer, Paul D. (1918– ). A chemist who won

in the manufacture of fertilizers and explosives. His

the Nobel Prize in 1997 for his work on elucidating

doctorate was awarded in Liepzig, Germany.

the enzymatic mechanism by which ATP synthase

(ATPase) catalyzes the synthesis of adenosine tri-

Bosch-Meiser urea process. Industrial pro-

phosphate (ATP), the energy source of living cells.

cess for formation of urea by reaction of carbon

He is a professor of biochemistry at the University of

dioxide with ammonia at elevated temperatures and

California, Los Angeles. He received a Ph.D. in

pressures.

Biochemistry in 1943 from the University of Wis-

consin, Madison, U.S.A.

Bosch process. A method of recovering hydro-

See Walker, John E., Skou, Jens C.

gen from water gas wherein carbon monoxide is

reacted with steam at 500C in the presence of cata-

Boyle, Robert. (1627–1691). A native of Ire-

lysts to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen.

land, Boyle devoted his life to experiments in what

was then called “natural philosophy,” i.e., physical

science. He was influenced early by Galileo. His

Bose-Einstein statistics. The statistical analy-

interest aroused by a pump that had just been invent-

sis of interspin particles such as radiation quanta.

ed, Boyle studied the properties of air, on which he

wrote a treatise (1660). Soon thereafter, he stated the

bosentan.

famous law that bears his name (see following en-

CAS: 147536-97-8. mf: C

try). Boyle’s group of scientific enthusiasts was

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

known as the “invisible college”, and in 1663 it

became the Royal Society of London. Boyle was

“Botran” [Pfizer]. TM for an agricultural fun-

one of the first to apply the principle that Francis

gicide, 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline.

Bacon had described as “the new method”—name-

ly, inductive experimentation as opposed to the de-

botulism. An intense and often fatal poisoning

ductive method of Aristotle—and this became and

caused by ingestion of the anaerobic bacterium

has remained the cornerstone of scientific research.

Clostridium botulinum, a Gram-positive bacillus

Boyle also investigated hydrostatics, desalination of

that proliferates in many kinds of inadequately steri-

seawater, crystals, electricity, etc. He approached

lized canned food products those preserved at home.

but never quite stated the atomic theory of matter;

Death from respiratory paralysis occurs in from 30

however, he did distinguish between compounds

to 65% of the cases. Heating to 80C or higher for 25

and mixtures and conceived the idea of “particles”

to 30 minutes before serving is effective protection

becoming associated to form molecules.

against this powerful toxin. Extensive tests have

indicated that meats such as bacon can be made

Boyle’s law. The volume of a sample of gas

resistant to botulism by treatment with a combina-

varies inversely with the pressure if the temperature

tion of potassium sorbate and sodium nitrite.

remains constant. The relation is strictly true only

for a perfect or ideal gas, but the law is satisfactory

Bouchardat’s solution. Iodine dissolved in

for practical calculations except when pressures are

aqueous potassium iodide.

high or temperatures are approaching the liquefac-

tion point. The van der Waals equation is a refine-

Bouin’s fluid. A tissue preservative composed ment that is adequate over a wider range.

of picric acid, formalin, and acetic acid. See ideal gas.

178BP

BP. (bp). Abbreviation for base pair(s). Double shades. Acid-base indicator, turning yellow in acid

stranded DNA is usually measured in bp rather than and carmine red in alkali. Biological stain.

nucleotides (nt).

brass. Copper-zinc alloys of varying composi-

tion. Low-zinc brasses (below 20%) are resistant to

“BPIC” [PPG]. TM for technical grade of ter-

stress-corrosion cracking and are easily formed. Red

butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate, a polymerization

brass (15% zinc) is highly corrosionresistant. Yel-

initiator for acrylic, ethylene, styrene, and other mo-

low brasses contain 34–37% zinc, have good ductili-

nomers, and a cross-linking agent for silicone and

ty and high strength, and can withstand severe cold-

ethylene propylene elastomers.

working. Cartridge brass contains 30–33% zinc.

Muntz metal (40% zinc) is primarily a hot-working

BPL. (1) Abbreviation for bone phosphate of

alloy used where cold-forming operations are un-

lime.

necessary. Some brasses also contain low percent-

See bone phosphate. (2) Abbreviation for ␤-propio-

ages of other elements, e.g., manganese, aluminum,

lactone.

silicon, lead, and tin (admiralty metal, naval brass).

Hazard: Flammable in powder or finely divided

“BPR” [FMC]. TM for insecticidal mixture

form.

containing varying proportions of pyrethrin, pipero-

Use: Condenser tube plates, piping, hose nozzles and

nyl butoxide, and rotenone in liquid or dust base.

couplings, oil gauges, flow indicators, air cocks,

drain cocks, marine equipment, jewelry, fine arts,

Br. Symbol for bromine.

stamping dies.

See admiralty metal; aluminum brass; red brass; yel-

BRA. Abbreviation for ␤-resorcylic acid.

low brass; Muntz metal.

brackish water. Water that is lower in salinity

brassidic acid. (trans-13-docosenoic acid).

than normal seawater and higher in salinity than

(CH

)

HC==CH(CH

)

COOH. An isomer of

freshwater, ranging from 30 to 0.5 parts salt per

erucic acid.

1000 parts water.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 61–62C, bp 282C (30

mm), d 0.859, refr index 1.448 (57C). Insoluble in

Bradsher reaction. Acid-catalyzed cyclodeh-

water; slightly soluble in alcohol; soluble in ether.

ydration of o-acyldiarylalkanes to polycyclic hydro-

Combustible.

carbons and their heterocyclic analogs.

Derivation: By treating erucic acid with nitrous acid

(catalyst).

Bragg angle. Characteristic angle of the diffrac-

tion of X rays from planes of a crystal.

von Braun reaction. Reaction of tertiary

amines with cyanogen bromide to form disubsti-

Bragg law. The equation describing how a sys-

tuted cyanamides and an alkyl halide.

tem of parallel atomic layers in a crystal reflects a

beam of X rays with great intensity.

Brazil wax. See carnauba wax.

Bragg X ray method. The X ray examination

brazing. A welding method in which a nonfer-

of crystals using a single large crystal rotated

rous filler alloy is inserted between the ends or edges

through a small angle around an axis in a crystal

of the metals to be joined.

face.

See welding.

brake fluid. See hydraulic fluid.

Bredt’s rule. A restriction applying to bridged

systems, that states that in some bridged systems the

branched chain. See chain.

branching points (the bridgeheads) cannot be in-

volved in a double bond. As a corollary, reactions

branch migration. See Holliday interme-

that should lead to such compounds will be hindered

diate.

or will take a different course.

bran oil. See furfural.

breeder. A particularly efficient type of nuclear

reactor that is able to utilize the tremendous energy

brasilin. (brazilin; brazilwood extract). latent in

238

U. This cannot be exploited in conven-

. The crystalline, colorizing principle of tional (thermal) nuclear reactors, which are fueled

brazilwood. with enriched uranium or plutonium, for these even-

Properties: White or pale-yellow, rhombic needles tually become depleted and must be replaced. The

from alcohol; turns orange in air or light. Soluble in fuel used for the breeder reactor is a mixture of

water, alcohol, and ether; in alkalis giving a car- nonfissionable

238

U and

239

Pu sealed in long, thin

mine-red color. Decomposes above 130C. hexagonal metal tubes, which are in turn contained

Use: Dyeing wood, ink, textiles, etc. red and purple in cans called subassemblies. These constitute the

179 BRILLIANT GREEN

reactor core. Around it are placed several layers of

Brewster process. A method for the extraction

238

, also in subassemblies. When criticality is

of acetic acid from the acid distillate of the destruc-

reached, the unmoderated neutron flux from the core

tive distillation of wood. Isopropyl ether is used as

permeates the entire system and thus “breeds” fis-

the solvent for the acetic acid.

sionable

239

Pu in the surrounding

238

U. The amount of

fissionable material thus made available is about

brick, refractory. A highly heat-resistant and

100 times as great as that obtainable with a conven-

nonconductive material used for furnace linings, as

tional reactor, since all the energy potential of the

in the glass and steel industries and other applica-

238

U can be released. Twenty pounds of uranium has

tions where temperatures above 1600C are in-

the potential of delivering approximately 52 × 10

volved. Some types are made of quartzite or high-

kWh of electricity; only a small fraction of this

silica clay, others of metallic ores such as chromite,

would be extractable without breeding. The breeder

magnesite, and zirconia.

utilizes fast neutrons that are much more efficient

See refractory.

than the slow (thermal) neutrons used in convention-

al reactors. Liquid sodium is the coolant in breeder

bridge. See bond, chemical; hydrogen bond.

reactors, as it has no retarding effect on the neutrons:

2.9 neutrons per fission are produced in the breeder

brightener. A compound that when added to a

compared with only 2.4 in water-moderated reac-

nickel-plating formulation of the Watts type (nickel

tors. This excess of neutrons makes it possible for

sulfate and nickel chloride in a six-to-one ratio plus

the fast breeder to produce more fuel than it con-

boric acid) will yield a bright, reflective finish.

sumes. Breeders have been operating on a commer-

There are two types: (1) naphthalenedisulfonic

cial scale in several European countries for some

acids, diphenyl sulfonates, aryl sulfonamides, etc.,

years. The NRC authorized construction of the

which give bright deposits on polished surfaces; and

Clinch River breeder, but funding was canceled as a

(2) metal ions having high hydrogen overvoltage in

result of opposition by environmentalist and antinu-

acid solution (zinc, cadmium, selenium, etc.) and

clear groups. The only operating breeder reactor in

unsaturated organic compounds such as thiourea,

the U.S. is Argonne’s EBR-11 in Idaho.

acetylene derivatives, azo dyes, etc., which give

mirror brightness as a result of their “leveling” ac-

breeze. Coke particles less than one-half inch in

tion. Usually both types are used for maximum ef-

diameter. This occurs to the extent of approximately

fectiveness.

100 lb/ton of coal processed.

See leveling (2); optical brightener.

bretonite. (iodoacetone). CH

COCH

brightening agent. (optical bleach). A color-

Properties: Bp 102C.

less substance that absorbs UV radiation and pro-

duces a bluish hue complementary to the yellow tint

brevetoxin. of an off-white substrate.

CAS: 98225-48-0.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bright stock. Lubricating oil of high viscosity

Source: Natural product.

obtained from residues of petroleum distillation by

dewaxing and treatment with fuller’s earth or similar

material. Sometimes also applied to viscous petrole-

brewing. The production of beer, ale, and malt

um distillates.

liquors by a process involving a complex series of

Use: For blending with neutral oils in preparing auto-

enzymatic reactions. The most important of these is

motive engine lubricating oils.

the conversion of starch to a malt extract (wort),

which in turn is fermented with yeast. Mashing is the

preparation of wort from malt and cereals by enzy-

“Brij” [ICI]. TM for a series of emulsifiers and

matic hydrolysis, after which the product is boiled wetting agents developed for use in emulsions of

with hops, which impart the characteristic taste and high alkalinity or acidity. They are polyoxyethylene

aroma of beer. The malt extract must contain the ethers of higher aliphatic alcohols. Soluble in water

nutrients required for yeast growth. Mashing in- and lower alcohols. Insoluble in coal tar hydro-

volves a complex interplay of chemical and enzy- carbons.

matic reactions that are not fully understood. Few

changes have been made in the basic brewing pro-

brilliant crocein. (CI 17190; Crocein Scarlet

cesses for more than a century, but increased auto-

MOO). C

OH(S

Na)

matic operation and quality-control techniques en-

Properties: Light-brown powder, cherry-red solu-

sure a consistently good product.

tion in water..

See fermentation; yeast; wort.

Use: To dye wool and silk red from acid solution and

cotton and paper with aid of a mordant. Also used for

red lakes, biological stain.

Brewster angle. The angle of incidence at

which a wave, polarized in the plane of the angle of

incidence, undergoes a phase shift of one quadrant

brilliant green. (CI 42040; Malachite Green

on reflection at the surface. G). C

180BRILLIANT TONING RED

Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water and

British anti-Lewisite. See 2,3-dimercapto-

alcohol. propanol.

Derivation: Condensation of benzaldehyde with die-

thylaniline in presence of sulfuric acid, followed by

British thermal unit. See Btu.

oxidation of the triphenylmethane product formed

and conversion to sulfate.

brittle point. The temperature at which a sam-

Use: Dyeing textiles, inks, etc.; indicator; staining

ple shatters on application of pressure. This is slight-

bacteria; antiseptic.

ly above the transition point.

See Malachite Green.

Brix degree. A measure of the density or con-

brilliant toning red amine. See 4-amino-2-

centration of a sugar solution. The number of de-

chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid.

grees Brix equals the percentage by weight of su-

crose in the solution and is related empirically to the

brimonidine.

density.

CAS: 59803-98-4. mf: C

BrN

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Broenner acid. (2-naphthylamine-6-sulfonic

acid). C

(NH)

brimstone. Lumps or blocks of sulfur obtained in

Properties: Colorless needles. Soluble in boiling

refining of sulfur. It collects on the floor of the

water.

condensing chamber. where it is cast into sticks.

Derivation: Heating sodium-2-naphthol-6-sulfonate

See sulfur.

with concentrated ammonia at 180C in an autoclave.

Grade: Technical. Available as the sodium salt, an

brine. Any solution of sodium chloride and water,

odorless gray-to-pink powder.

usually containing other salts also. The most indus-

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

trially important brines are (1) in subterranean wells

as in Michigan; (2) in desert lakes such as the Great

“Brom 55” [Great Lakes].

Salt Lake, Searles Lake, Salton Sea, and Dead Sea;

CAS: 77-48-5. TM for 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethyl-

and (3) in the ocean. These are the sources of many

hydantoin.

inorganic chemicals such as soda ash, sodium sul-

Use: Organic synthesis and as a disinfectant or sani-

fate, potassium chloride, bromine, chlorine, borax,

tizer.

etc. Brines are also used for the preservation and

pickling of certain vegetables, meat curing, and

bromacil. (5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methylura-

freezing mixtures. Concentrations range from 3%

cil).

(ocean) to 20% or more. Large areas of sand and

CAS: 314-40-9. Substitute approved by EPA for

shale containing brines under high pressure exist

some uses of 2,4,5-T.

along the Gulf Coast. These are reported to be an

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. TLV: 10 mg/m

important undeveloped source of natural gas and

Use: Herbicide.

other hydrocarbons suitable for fuel or petrochemi-

cal feedstocks.

bromal. See tribromoacetaldehyde.

See desalination; demineralization.

bromcresol green. (tetrabromo-m-cresolsul-

Brinell hardness test. The standard method of

fonphthalein). An acid-base indicator showing col-

measuring the hardness of metals. The smooth sur-

or change from yellow to blue over the pH range

face of the metal is dented by a steel ball under force.

3.8–5.4.

The standard load and time are 500 kg for 60 seconds

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 218C. Slightly sol-

for soft metals and 3000 kg for 30 seconds for steel

uble in water; soluble in alcohol.

and other hard metals. The size (diameter) of the

See indicator.

resulting dent is measured, and the hardness deter-

mined from a chart or formula.

bromcresol purple. (dibromo-o-cresolsulfon-

phthalein). An acid-base indicator that changes

brisance. The shattering power of an explosive

from yellow to purple between pH 5.2 and 6.8.

measured by the ratio of the weight of graded sand

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 241C. Insoluble in

shattered when a charge of the test explosive is

water; soluble in alcohol.

detonated in a standard manner to the weight of sand

See indicator.

shattered by TNT detonated in the same manner.

bromelin. (bromelain). A milk-clotting proteo-

britannia metal. See pewter; white metal.

lytic enzyme. It is precipitated from pineapple juice

with acetone or ammonium sulfide.

Use: Biochemical research, meat-tenderizing formu-

“Britesorb” [PQ]. (silica gel).

lations, texturizer in baking, medicine.

CAS: 7631-86-9. TM for adsorbent for proteins and

other materials.

Use: Beer, wine, and cooking oil.

bromeosin. See eosin.

181 BROMOACETIC ACID

bromic acid. HBrO

. Use: Industrial disinfectant, especially for waste-

Properties: Colorless or slightly yellow liquid; turns waters.

yellow on exposure; unstable except in very dilute

solution. D 3.28, bp decomposes at 100C. Exists

bromine cyanide. See cyanogen bromide.

only in water solution.

Derivation: Sulfuric acid is added to a solution of

bromine iodide. See iodine monobromide.

barium bromate, and the product is recovered by

subsequent distillation and absorption in water.

bromine pentafluoride.

Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation. Strong irritant

CAS: 7789-30-2. BrF

to tissue.

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. D 2.466 (25C),

Use: Dyes, intermediates, pharmaceuticals, oxidiz-

fp −61C, bp 40.5C, vap press (21.1C) 7 psi. Reacts

ing agent.

with every known element except inert gases, nitro-

gen, and oxygen.

brominated camphor. See camphor bro-

Derivation: By reacting bromine, diluted with nitro-

mate.

gen and fluorine, in a copper vessel at 200C.

Grade: 98% min.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

bromine.

Explodes on contact with water.

CAS: 7726-95-6. Br. Nonmetallic halogen element

Use: Synthesis, oxidizer in liquid rocket propellants.

of atomic number 35, group VIIA of the periodic

table. Aw 79.904. Valences 1, 3, 5 (valence of 7 also

bromine trifluoride.

reported). There are two stable isotopes.

CAS: 7787-71-5. BrF

Properties: Dark, reddish-brown liquid; irritating

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 2.80, mp 9C, bp

fumes.Bp 58.8C, fp −7.3C, d 3.11 (20/4C), vap d vs.

125C, vap press (21.1C) 0.15 psi. Decomposed vio-

air (at 15C) 5.51, wt/gal 25.7 lb, specific heat 0.107

lently by water.

cal/g, refr index 1.647, dielectric constant 3.2. Solu-

Derivation: See bromine pentafluoride.

ble in common organic solvents; very slightly solu-

Grade: 98% min.

ble in water. Attacks most metals, including plati-

Hazard: Corrosive to skin. Very reactive and dan-

num and palladium; aluminum reacts vigorously

gerous.

and potassium explosively. Dry bromine does not

Use: Fluorinating agent, electrolytic solvent.

attack lead, nickel, magnesium, tantalum, iron, zinc,

or (below 300C) sodium.

Derivation: From seawater and natural brines by

bromine water. A mixture of 3.2 g bromine in

oxidation of bromine salts with chlorine; solar evap- 100 g water.

oration (Great Salt Lake); from salt beds at Stassfurt Use: A laboratory reagent.

and the Dead Sea.

Method of purification: Distillation.

bromkal 80.

Grade: Technical, CP, 99.8%, 99.95%.

CAS: 61288-13-9.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, severe

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen.

skin irritant. TLV: 0.1 ppm. Strong oxidizing agent,

may ignite combustible materials on contact.

bromlost. (blister gas).

Use: Manufacture of ethylene dibromide (antiknock

See dibromodiethyl sulfide.

gasoline), organic synthesis, bleaching, water puri-

fication, solvent, intermediate for fumigants (meth-

N-bromoacetamide. (NBA). CH

CONHBr.

yl bromide), analytical reagent, fireretardant for

Properties: White powder with bromine odor. Mp

plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals, photography,

105–108C. Contains approximately 57% active bro-

shrink-proofing wool.

mine, decomposes appreciably above 26.6C.

Hazard: Emits very toxic fumes of bromine on

bromine azide. (bromoazide).

heating.

CAS: 13973-87-0. BrN

Use: Brominating and oxidizing agent in organic

Properties: Crystals or red liquid. Mp approximately

synthesis.

45C, bp explodes. A strong oxidizing agent.

Hazard: Explosive when heated or shocked. Will

2-bromoacetamide.

ignite combustible materials on contact.

CAS: 683-57-8. mf: C

BrNO.

Use: Detonators and other explosive devices.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

skin contact. A severe skin and eye irritant.

bromine chloride. BrCl.

Properties: Reddish-yellow, mobile liquid. Fp

bromoacetic acid.

−66C, decomposes with evolution of chlorine at CAS: 79-08-3. CH

BrCOOH.

10C. Soluble in water, carbon disulfide, ether. Read- Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals. Keep

ily hydrolyzes. Reacts with ammonia to form bro- from air and moisture. Mp 51C, bp 208C, d 1.93.

mamines. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

Hazard: Irritant. Oxidizing agent. Derivation: By heating acetic acid and bromine.

182BROMOACETONE

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue. Properties: Heavy, mobile, colorless liquid. Pungent

odor. D 1.499, wt/gal 12.51 lb, bp 156.6C, fp

Use: Organic synthesis, abscission of citrus fruit in

−30.5C, flash p 124F (51.1C), refr index 1.5625.

harvesting.

Miscible with most organic solvents; insoluble in

water. Autoign temp 1051F (566C). Combustible.

bromoacetone.

Derivation: Bromination of benzene in presence of

CAS: 598-31-2. CH

BrCOCH

iron.

Properties: Colorless liquid when pure, rapidly be-

Grade: Technical, pure.

comes violet even in absence of air. D 1.631, bp

Hazard: Skin irritant. Moderate fire risk.

136C (partial decomposition), fp −54C, vap d 4.75,

Use: Solvent, top-cylinder compounds, crystallizing

vap press 9 mm Hg (20C). Soluble in acetone, alco-

solvent, organic synthesis, lubricating- oil additive.

hol, benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: By treating aqueous acetone with bro-

mine and sodium chlorate at 30–40C.

p-bromobenzenesulfonic acid.

Grade: Technical.

BrC

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. A

Properties: Crystallizes in needles. Mp 102–103C,

lachrymator gas, strong irritant.

bp 155C (25 mm Hg). Soluble in hot water and hot

Use: Organic synthesis, tear gas.

alcohol.

bromoacetone cyanohydrin.

p-bromobenzoic acid. C

BrCOOH.

BrC(OH)(CN)CH

Properties: Colorless or reddish crystals. Mp 254C.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.584 (13C); bp

Soluble in alcohol and ether; very slightly soluble in

94.5C (5 mm Hg). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

water.

Derivation: From p-bromotoluene by oxidation.

Derivation: Interaction of bromoacetone and hydro-

Use: Organic synthesis, detection of strontium.

gen cyanide at approximately 0C.

Use: Organic synthesis.

o-bromobenzyl cyanide. (o-bromophenyla-

cetonitrile; 2-bromo-␣-cyanotoluene).

bromoallylene. See allyl bromide.

BrC

CN.

Properties: Colorless solid or liquid. Mp 29C, d

4-bromoaniline. (p-bromoanaline; 4-bromo-

1.519, bp 242C (decomposes). Soluble in organic

benzeneamine).

solvents. Nonflammable.

CAS: 106-40-1. C

BrN.

Hazard: Strong lachrymator, irritant to tissue.

Properties: Colorless, rhombic crystals. Mp 66C.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in cold water.

1-bromobutane. See n-butyl bromide.

Derivation: Steam distillation of p-bromoacetanilide

and sodium hydroxide or bromination of aniline.

2-bromobutane. See sec-butyl bromide.

Use: Azo dye manufacturing, preparation of dihydro-

quinazolines (with formaldehyde).

5-bromo-3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil. See

5-bromoanthranilic acid. (2-amino-5-bro-

bromacil.

mobenzoic acid). C

BrNO

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 217C. Soluble in

␣-bromobutyric acid. CH

CHBrCOOH.

acetone; partially soluble in alcohol, benzene, and

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. D 1.54, bp 181C

acetic acid.

(760 mm Hg), 214–217C (760 mm Hg) with decom-

Use: Analytical reagent for metal determination (co-

position, fp −4C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; spar-

balt, copper, nickel, zinc).

ingly soluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: By heating bromine and butyric acid.

bromoauric acid. (gold tribromide acid).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

HAuBr

•5H

Use: Organic synthesis.

Properties: Dark, red-brown, needle crystals or

granular masses; odorless; metallic and acidic taste.

bromocarnallite. An artificial carnallite in

Mp 27C. Stable in air if pure, but deliquescent if

which chlorine is replaced by bromine.

chloride is present. Soluble in water and alcohol.

Derivation: By dissolving auric bromide in hydro-

bromochlorodifluoromethane. See “Halon

bromic acid, concentration, and crystallization.

1211” [Great Lakes].

p-bromobenzaldehyde. BrC

CHO.

Properties: Solid. Mp 58C.

1-bromo-3-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

CAS: 16079-88-2. mf: C

BrClN

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

bromobenzene. (phenyl bromide). tact.

CAS: 108-86-1. C

Br. Use: Agricultural chemical.

183 BROMOFORM

3-bromo-1-chloro-5,5-dimethylhydantoin. 3-bromo-1-chloropropene.

BrCl(CH

)

CAS: 3737-00-6. mf: C

BrCl.

Properties: Free-flowing, white powder; faint halo-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Low toxicity by

gen odor. Mp 163–164C. Soluble in benzene, meth-

inhalation. Human systemic effects.

ylene dichloride, chloroform. Active bromine 33%

min, active chlorine 14% min.

2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1,-trifluoroethane.

Hazard: See bromine, chlorine.

See halothane.

Use: Germicide and fungicide in treatment of water,

disinfectant, halogenating agent, catalyst of ionic

bromocresol green.

type, selective oxidant.

CAS: 76-60-8. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

See tetrabromo-m-cresolphthalein sulfone.

sym-bromochloroethane. (ethylene chloro-

bromide). CH

BrCH

Cl.

2-bromo-␣-cyanotoluene. See o-bromoben-

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; chloroform-

zyl cyanide.

like odor. D 1.70, bp 107–108C, wt/gal 14.9 lb (0C),

fp −16.6C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

bromocyclopentane. See cyclopentyl bro-

water. Nonflammable.

mide.

Derivation: By action of bromine and chlorine on

ethylene gas.

bromodan. See

Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation, skin irritant.

bromomethylhexachlorobicycloheptene.

Use: Solvent, especially for cellulose esters and

ethers; organic synthesis; fumigant for fruits and

4-bromo-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-((6-iodo-3-

vegetables.

pyridinyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.

CAS: 122322-26-3. mf: C

BrCl

7-bromo-6-chlorofebrifugine hydrobromide.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

See halofuginone hydrobromide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bromochloromethane. (methylene chloro-

(z)-1-(2-bromo-1,2-diphenylethenyl)-4-

bromide; chlorobromomethane; Halon 1011).

ethylbenzene. See cis-broparestrol.

CAS: 74-97-5. BrCH

Cl.

Properties: Clear, colorless, volatile liquid; chloro-

1-bromododecane. See lauryl bromide.

form-like odor. D 1.93 (25C), bp 67.8C, fp −88C,

refr index 1.48 (25C), vap d 4.46. Soluble in organic

bromoethane. See ethyl bromide.

solvents; insoluble in water. Nonflammable.

Hazard: By inhalation. TLV: 200 ppm.

2-bromoethyl alcohol. See ethylene bro-

Use: Fire extinguishers, organic synthesis.

mohydrin.

2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide.

2-(3-bromo-4-chlorophenyl)-4-chloro-5-((6-

BrCH

•HBr.

chloro-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-

Use: Intermediate, suggested as a soldering flux.

pyridazinone.

CAS: 122322-22-9. mf: C

BrCl

bromoethyl chlorosulfonate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

BrCH

OSO

Cl.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 100–105C (18 mm Hg).

Derivation: Interaction of sulfuryl chloride and gly-

4-bromo-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-

col bromohydrin.

ethoxymethyl-5-trifluoromethylpyrrole-3-

Hazard: Irritant to skin and tissue.

carbonitrile.

CAS: 122453-73-0. mf: C

BrClF

p-bromofluorobenzene. C

BrF.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp: 151–152C, fp

inhalation.

−17.4C, d 1.593 (15C), refr index 1.5245 (25C).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Insoluble in water.

Use: Intermediate, production of p-fluorophenol.

1-bromo-3-chloropropane. (trimethylene

chlorobromide). BrCH

Cl. bromoform. (tribromomethane; methyl tribro-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp <−50C, bp mide).

143–145C, d 1.594 (25/25C), wt/gal 13.27 lb (25C), CAS: 75-25-2. CHBr

refr index 1.484 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in Properties: Colorless, heavy liquid; odor and taste

methanol and ether. Nonflammable. similar to those of chloroform. D 2.887, bp 151.2C,

Hazard: Toxic. Avoid inhalation of fumes. wt/gal 24 lb, boiling range 150.3–151.2C, fp 9C,

Use: Organic synthesis, pharmaceuticals. surface tension 41.53 dynes/cm (20C), dielectric

1841-BROMOHEXANE

constant 4.5 (20C), refr index 1.6005. Soluble in

1-bromo-2-naphthol. BrC

OH. Solid, mp

121–125C. Used as a dye intermediate.

alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, solvent naph-

tha, fixed and volatile oils; slightly soluble in water.

Nonflammable.

2-bromopentane. CH

CHBrCH

Derivation: By heating acetone or ethanol with bro-

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid; strong odor.

mine and alkali hydroxide and recovery by distilla-

D 1.1850 (25/25C).

tion (similar to acetone process of chloroform).

Grade: Technical, pharmaceutical, spectrophoto-

bromopheniramine maleate. (2-[p-bromo-

metric.

␣(2-dimethylaminoethyl)benzyl]pyridine bima-

Hazard: An animal carcinogen. By ingestion, inha-

leate). C

BrN

•C

lation, and skin absorption. TLV: 0.5 ppm.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 130–135C. Soluble in wa-

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, geological

ter, less soluble in alcohol.

assaying, solvent for waxes, greases, and oils, medi-

Grade: NF.

cine (sedative).

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

1-bromohexane. See n-hexyl bromide.

p-bromophenol.

CAS: 106-41-2. HO(C

)Br.

(4-bromo-3-hydroxy-2-naphthoato)(8-

Properties: Crystals. D 1.840 (15C), 1.5875 (80C),

quinolinolato)copper.

mp 64C, bp 238C. Slightly soluble in water; soluble

CAS: 14039-99-7. mf: C

BrCuNO

in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and glacial acetic acid.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Disinfectant.

5-bromo-6-(2-imidazolin-2-

bromophenol blue.

ylamino)quinoxaline. See brimonidine.

(tetrabromophenolsulfonaphthalein).

Properties: An acid-base indicator, showing color

bromol. (2,4,6-tribromophenol).

change from yellow to purple over the range pH

CAS: 118-79-6. C

OH.

3.0–4.6.

Properties: Soft, white needles; sweet taste; pene-

trating bromine odor. Sublimation point 96C, d 2.55

o-bromophenylacetonitrile. See o-bromo-

(20/20C), bp 244C. Soluble in alcohol, chloroform,

benzyl cyanide.

ether, and caustic alkaline solution; almost insoluble

in water.

4-((3-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-4,5-dihydro-

Derivation: Action of bromine on phenol.

2h-benz(gndazol-2-yl)acetyl)morpholine.

Hazard: By ingestion, inhalation, skin absorption.

CAS: 301644-27-9. mf: C

BrN

Strong skin irritant.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

bromomethane. See methyl bromide.

3-((4-bromophenyl)amino)-n-(2-

ethoxyethyl)-4,5-dihydro-2h-

bromomethylethyl ketone. BrCH

COC

benz(g)indazole-2-acetamide.

Properties: Colorless to pale-yellowish liquid. Af-

CAS: 301644-26-8. mf: C

BrN

fected by light. D 1.43, bp 145–146C (decomposes).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, insoluble in

water.

2-(2-bromophenyl)-1h-benzimidazole.

Derivation: Reaction of sodium bromide and methyl

CAS: 13275-42-8. mf: C

BrN

ethyl ketone in the presence of sodium chlorate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Organic synthesis.

2-(4-bromophenyl)-4-chloro-5-((4-

bromomethylhexachlorobicycloheptene.

chlorophenyl)methoxy)-3(2h)-

CAS: 1715-40-8. mf: C

BrCl

pyridazinone.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

CAS: 107359-69-3. mf: C

BrCl

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

␣-bromonaphthalene. C

Br.

Properties: Colorless, thick liquid; pungent odor. D

1.4870, solidifies at 6.2C, bp 279C, refr index

3-(3-(4-(2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl)phenyl)-

1.6601. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-

slightly soluble in water. hydroxy2h-1-benzopyran-2-one.

Derivation: Bromination of naphthalene. CAS: 90035-11-3. mf: C

BrO

Use: Organic synthesis, microscopy, refractometry Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

of fats. Use: Agricultural chemical.

185 5-((6-BROMO-3-PYRIDINYL)

2-(p-bromophenyl)imidazo(2,1- bromophosgene. (carbonyl bromide; carbon

a)isoquinoline. oxybromide). COBr

CAS: 61001-06-7. mf: C

BrN

. Properties: Heavy, colorless liquid; strong odor. D

2.5 (approximately 15C), bp 64–65C. Hydrolyzed

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

by water. Decomposed by light and heat.

Derivation: Action of sulfuric acid on carbon tetra-

5-((4-bromophenyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-(4-

bromide.

chloro-2-fluorophenyl)-3(2h)-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

pyridazinone.

Use: Military poison (toxic suffocant); making crys-

CAS: 107359-76-2. mf: C

BrCl

tal-violet-type coloring agents.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bromopicrin. (nitrobromoform; tribromonitro-

methane). CBr

5-((4-bromophenyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-2-(4-

Properties: Prismatic crystals. Decomposes with ex-

chlorophenyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.

plosive violence if heated rapidly. D 2.79 (18C), bp

CAS: 107359-42-2. mf: C

BrCl

127C (118 mm Hg), mp 103C. Soluble in alcohol,

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

benzene, and ether; slightly soluble in water.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Action of picric acid on an aqueous

solution of bromine and calcium oxide followed by

3-(3-(4-((4-bromophenyl)methoxy)phenyl)-

distillation under reduced pressure.

1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthalenyl)-4-

Hazard: Powerful irritant. Severe explosion hazard

hydroxy2h-1-benzopyran-2-one.

when heated.

CAS: 90035-06-6. mf: C

BrO

Use: Organic synthesis, military poison.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3-bromopropene. See allyl bromide.

(4-bromophenyl)methyl butyl 3-

␣-bromopropionic acid. (2-bromopropionic

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

acid). CH

CHBrCOOH.

CAS: 51308-80-6. mf: C

BrN

OS.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.69, mp 24.5C, bp

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

203C (decomposes). Soluble in water, alcohol, and

Use: Agricultural chemical.

ether.

Derivation: By heating propionic acid with bromine.

Method of purification: Distillation.

s-((4-bromophenyl)methyl) o-butyl 3-

pyridinylcarbonimidothioate.

4-bromo-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)benzamide.

CAS: 51308-79-3. mf: C

BrN

OS.

CAS: 315706-68-4. mf: C

BrNO.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

3-bromo-1-propyne. See propargyl bromide.

(4-bromophenyl)methyl 1-methylethyl 3-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

2-bromopyridine. C

NBe.

CAS: 34763-45-6. mf: C

BrN

Properties: Liquid. Bp 195C, d 1.627 (20C), refr

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

index 1.5714 (20C). Solubility in 100 g water 2.08

Use: Agricultural chemical.

(20C).

Use: Synthesis of pyridine compounds.

2-bromo-4-phenylphenol. C

BrOH.

Properties: Light-colored solid; faint characteristic

3-bromopyridine. C

NBr.

odor. D 1.536 (25/4C), mp 93.6–95.6C, flash p 405F

Properties: Needles. Bp 174.4C, d 1.628 (20/20C),

(207C), bp (decomposes at 18 mm Hg), 195–200C.

refr index 1.5710 (20C). Slightly soluble in water;

Soluble in alkalies, most organic solvents; insoluble

readily soluble in common organic solvents.

in water. Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

5-((6-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-

Use: Germicide.

2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.

CAS: 122322-20-7. mf: C

BrCl

3-(4-bromophenyl)-n-(4-propylcyclohexyl)-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

2-propenamide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

CAS: 315706-76-4. mf: C

BrNO.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

5-((6-bromo-3-pyridinyl)methoxy)-4-chloro-

2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3(2h)-pyridazinone.

4-bromophenyl trifluoroacetate. CAS: 122322-21-8. mf: C

BrCl

CAS: 5672-84-4. mf: C

BrF

. Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Use: Agricultural chemical.

1865-BROMOSALICYLHYDROXAMIC

5-bromosalicylhydroxamic acid. bromotrichloromethane. (trichlorobromo-

BrC

(OH)CONH)OH. methane). CCl

Br.

Properties: Crystals. Decomposes at 232C. Very Properties: Colorless, heavy liquid; chloroform-like

slightly soluble in water, forming a water-soluble odor. D 2.0; bp 104C; refr index 1.5051 (20C).

sodium salt. Miscible with many organic liquids.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation of fumes.

Use: Medicine.

Use: Organic synthesis.

␤-bromostyrene. (bromostyrol).

bromotriethylstannane.

CAS: 103-64-0. C

CHCHBr.

CAS: 2767-54-6. mf: C

BrSn.

Properties: Yellowish liquid; strong floral odor. D

Properties: Colorless liquid. D: 1.630, mp: –13.5°,

1.395–1.424, refr index 1.602–1.608, mp min −2C.

bp: 221.° Sol in org solvs.

Soluble in 4 volumes of 90% alcohol.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. A repro-

Use: Perfumery.

ductive hazard. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

bromosuccinic acid. HOOCCH

CHBrCOOH.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.073, mp

bromotrifluoroethylene. (BFE). BrFC:CF

159–161C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble

Gas (monomer) or liquid (polymer). The latter are

in ether.

usually clear oils at room temperature and solids at

Derivation: By heating bromine and succinic acid.

−55C. Viscosities and densities vary widely. Mono-

Use: Organic synthesis. Note: The above are proper-

mer: High-purity gas (97%). Shipped in cylinders.

ties of the dl form. Optically active forms are also

Hazard: Flammable (gas or liquid). Dangerous fire

known.

risk.

Use: (BFE polymers). Flotation fluids for gyros or

N-bromosuccinimide. (NBS) (CH

CO)

NBr.

accelerometers used in inertial guidance systems.

Properties: Fine crystals; white to cream in color.

BFE polymers can also be used like CFE polymers.

Melting range 172–178C (decomposes). Soluble in

carbon tetrachloride. 44.5% min active bromine.

bromotrifluoromethane. CBrF

Hazard: Use a respirator when handling dry materi-

Properties: Colorless gas. Noncorrosive. Fp −168C,

al, which evolves toxic fumes of bromine. Strong

bp −58C, d at bp 8.71 g/L. Nonflammable.

irritant to eyes and skin.

Derivation: Bromination of fluoroform or perfluoro-

Use: Controlled, low-energy bromination.

propane in nonmetallic reactor.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation.

5-bromosulfamethazine. See sulfabromome-

Use: Chemical intermediate, refrigerant, metal hard-

thazine sodium.

ening, fire extinguishing.

6-bromo-2-thio-2h-1,3-benzoxazine-2,4(3h)-

bromotripentylstannane.

dione.

CAS: 3091-18-7. mf: C

BrSn.

CAS: 23611-66-7. mf: C

BrNO

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Use: Agricultural chemical.

bromotripropylstannane.

4-bromothiophenol. BrC

SH.

CAS: 2767-61-5. mf: C

BrSn.

Properties: White solid. Fp 73C, bp 239C. Almost

Properties: Liquid. D: 1.426 @ 25°/4°, mp: –49°, bp:

insoluble in water; soluble in methanol and in alka-

133°.

line solution (with which it reacts).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation. TWA 0.1

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Use: Intermediate.

bromoxynil octanoate. See 2,6-dibromo-4-

␣-bromotoluene. See benzyl bromide.

cyanophenyl octanoate.

p-bromotoluene. (p-tolyl bromide).

bromphenol blue. C

BrC

Properties: Prisms or crystals. Decomposes at 280C.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 28.5C, bp 184–185C, d

Soluble in sodium hydroxide solution; partially sol-

1.3898 (20C), refr index 1.5490, flash p 185F (85C).

uble in alcohol and benzene; almost insoluble in

Combustible. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol,

water.

ether, and benzene.

Use: Indicator (yellow

pH 3.0, purple

pH 4.6).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate.

bromthymol blue. C

Properties: Yellow-white crystals. Soluble in alco-

bromotributylstannane. See tri-n-butyltin hol and alkaline solution; slightly soluble in water.

bromide. Use: Indicator (yellow

pH 6.0, blue

pH 7.6).

187 “BT-31 ASHAI DENKA”

brontin. See elargin. browning reaction. (Maillard reaction). A

complicated and not completely evaluated sequence

of chemical changes occurring without the involve-

bronze. An alloy of copper and tin usually con-

ment of enzymes during heat exposure of foods

taining from 1 to 10% tin. Special types contain from

containing carbohydrates (usually sugars) and pro-

5 to 10% aluminum (Al bronze), fractional percent-

teins, as well as during storage. It is responsible for

ages of phosphorus (phosphor bronze) as deoxidiz-

the surface color change of bakery products and

er, or low percentages of silicon (Si bronze).

meats. It begins with an aldol condensation reaction

Hazard: Powder is flammable.

involving the carbonyl groups of the proteins, and

Use: Spark-resistant tools, springs, fourdrinier wire,

ends with formation of furfural, which produces the

paint, cosmetics (as powder), electrical hardware,

dark-brown coloration. Besides color change, the

vacuum dryers, blenders, water gauges, flow indica-

reaction is accompanied by alterations in flavor and

tors, valves, drain cocks, fine arts.

texture, as well as in nutritive value. It was first

See brass; phosphor bronze.

noted by the French chemist Maillard.

bronze blue. Any of a number of varieties of

brucine. (dimethoxystrychnine).

iron-blue pigments.

CAS: 357-57-3. C

•2H

Oor4H

Properties: White, crystalline alkaloid; very bitter

bronze orange. See red lake C.

taste. Loses water at 100C, mp 178C. Soluble in

alcohol, chloroform, and benzene; slightly soluble

bronzing liquid. (1) A solution of pyroxylin in

in water, ether, glycerol, and ethyl acetate. Forms

amyl acetate together with a bronze powder, usually

brucine sulfate, hydrochloride, and nitrate (mp

aluminum bronze. (2) Gloss oils and aluminum

230C). Also available as the sulfate.

bronze. (3) Spirit varnishes and aluminum bronze.

Derivation: By extraction and subsequent crystalli-

zation from nux vomica or ignatia seeds.

cis-broparestrol.

Hazard: Poison by ingestion and inhalation.

CAS: 22393-63-1. mf: C

Br.

Use: Denaturing alcohol, lubricant additive, separa-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

tion of racemic mixtures.

brucite. (nemalite).

brosylate ester. An ester of p-bromobenzene-

CAS: 1317-43-7. Mg(OH)

. Natural magnesium hy-

sulfonic acid.

droxide.

Properties: Colorless, white, gray, greenish; luster

broth. A liquid nutrient medium, usually contain-

pearly or waxy. D 2.39; Mohs hardness 2.5.

ing agar, used to promote the growth of bacteria in

Occurrence: Nevada, Washington, Canada.

the fermentation industry and to prepare cultures for

Use: Refractories.

microbiological research.

Brugma process. A distillation procedure,

brown algae. See algae, brown.

which is used in petroleum refining, wherein the

number of columns equals the power to which 2

Brown-Boverti test. A way of determining the

must be raised to give the desired number of frac-

oxidation resistance of oils.

tions.

Brown, Herbert C. (1912–2004). An English-

B-stage resin. (resitol). A thermosetting phe-

born chemist who was the recipient of the Nobel

nolformaldehyde-type resin that has been thermally

Prize for chemistry with Wittig in 1979. Via his

reactive beyond the A stage so that the product has

work in organic synthesis, Brown discovered new

only partial solubility in common solvents (alco-

routes to add substituents to olefins selectively. His

hols, ketones) and is not fully fusible even at

early education was irregular and disjointed as a

150–180C. The B stage resin has limited commer-

result of family circumstances and the economic

cial use.

depression of the 1930s. He eventually received his

Ph.D. from the University of Chicago. The reduc-

BT. (Bacillus thuringiensis). A species of bacte-

tion of carbonyl compounds with diborane was the

ria used as a pesticide for agricultural crops. It is of

topic of his thesis. The bulk of his career has been

the stomach-poison type and has been approved for

spent at Purdue University.

commercial use.

Brownian movement. The continuous zigzag “BT-31 ASHAI DENKA” [Ashai Denka].

motion of the particles in a colloidal suspension, TM for a line of organic and inorganic industrial

e.g., rubber latex particles. The motion is caused by chemicals, synthetic resins, synthetic rubber, high-

impact of the molecules of the liquid upon the colloi- compound fertilizers, coating materials, latexes,

dal particles. Named after the British botanist Rob- pharmaceutical and food additives, explosives, pho-

ert Brown, who first noted this phenomenon. topolymers and platemaking systems, separation

188BTDA

and ion-exchange membranes, systems, and equip- caused by enzymes, as well as the discovery of

ment. zymase, the first enzyme to be isolated. He received

his Ph.D. at the University of Munich, where he

became a lecturer. Later, he taught and performed

BTDA. See 3,3

′

,4,4

′

-benzophenonetetracarbox-

research at Tubingen, Berlin, and Wurzburg.

ylic dianhydride.

Btu. (British thermal unit). The quantity of heat

Buchner method of ring enlargement.

required to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water

Diazoacetic acid ester reacts with benzene and

1 degree F (usually from 39 to 40F). This is the

homologs to give the corresponding esters of non-

accepted unit for the comparison of heating values caradienic acid, transformed at high temperatures to

derivatives of cycloheptatriene, phenylacetic acid,

of fuels. For example, fuel gases range from 100

and ␤-phenylpropionic acid (when one or more

(low producer gas) to 3200 (pure butane) Btu/cu ft.

methyl groups are present in the initial hydro-

The usual standard for a city gas is approximately

carbon).

500 Btu/cu ft.

BTX. Commercial abbreviation for benzene, tolu-

bucket elevator. See conveyor (5).

ene, xylene, the three major aromatic compounds.

buckminsterfullerene. (buckyballs). C

Bu. Informal abbreviation for butyl.

bubble cap column. See tower, distillation.

bubbler cap plate. A part of distillation equip-

ment for obtaining efficient contact between gases

and liquids. The liquid flows over the surface of a

perforated plate whereas the gas flows through the

perforations.

“Bubreak” [Buckman]. TM for a defoamer.

Use: For leather processing.

Bucherer-Bergs reaction. Preparation of hy-

Spherical aromatic molecule with a hollow truncated-

dantoin from carbonyl compound by reaction with

icosahedron structure, similar to a soccer ball. First

potassium cyanide and ammonium carbonate, or

reported in the mid 1980s. Capable of enclosing ions or

from the corresponding cyanohydrin and ammo-

atoms in a host-guest relationship.

nium carbonate.

buckyballs. See buckminsterfullerene.

Bucherer carbazole synthesis. Formation of

carbazoles from naphthols or naphthylamines, aryl-

buclizine hydrochloride. C

ClN

•2HCl.

hydrazines, and sodium bisulfite.

1-p-chlorobenzhydryl-4-(p-(tert)-butylben-

zyl)piperazinedihydrochloride.

Bucherer reaction. A procedure for prepara-

Use: Medicine (antihistamine).

tion of ␤-naphthylamine by heating ␤-naphthol with

a water solution of ammonium sulfite. “A sulfite

Budde effect. The increase in volume of halo-

solution is prepared by saturating concentrated am-

gen vapors on exposure to light.

monia solution with sulfur dioxide and adding an

equal volume of concentrated ammonia solution, ␤-

“Budium” [Du Pont]. TM for a polybutadi-

naphthol is added and the charge is heated in an

ene finish for application to tin plate.

autoclave provided with a stirrer or a shaking mech-

anism.” (L. F. Fieser). This reaction is also involved

in the preparation of several azo dye intermediates,

buffer. A solution containing both a weak acid

e.g., Tobias acid.

and its conjugate weak base, whose pH changes only

slightly on addition of acid or alkali. The weak acid

Buchner-Curtius-Schlotterbeck reaction.

becomes a buffer when alkali is added, and the weak

Formation of keto compounds from aldehydes

base becomes a buffer when acid is added. This

and aliphatic diazo compounds; ethylene oxides

action is explained by the reaction

may also be formed.

A+H

O → B+H

in which the base B is formed by the loss of a proton

Buchner, Eduard. (1860–1917). A German from the corresponding acid A. The acid may be a

chemist who was awarded the Nobel Prize for chem- cation such as NH

, a neutral molecule such as

istry in 1907. His works included the synthesis of CH

COOH, or an anion such as H

−

. When alkali

diiodoacetamid through alcoholic fermentation is added, hydrogen ions are removed to form water,

189 BURNABLE POISON

but as long as the added alkali is not in excess of the

bunker fuel oil. A heavy residual oil used as

buffer acid, many of the hydrogen ions are replaced fuel by ships, by industry, and for large-scale heat-

by further ionization of A to maintain the equilibri- ing installations.

um. When acid is added, this reaction is reversed as

hydrogen ions combine with B to form A. The pH of

Bunsen burner. Common laboratory burner

a buffer solution may be calculated by the mass-law

that allows regulation of the air to be mixed with the

equation, pH

′

+ log C

in which pK

′

is the

gas before burning.

negativelogarithm of the apparent ionization con-

stant of the buffer acid and the concentrations are

Bunsen, Robert Wilhelm. (1811–1899).

those of the buffer base and its conjugate acid.

Born in Germany, Bunsen is remembered chiefly for

his invention of the laboratory burner named after

him. He engaged in a wide range of industrial and

“Bufin” [Buckman]. TM for a leather finishing

chemical research, including blast-furnace firing,

product.

electrolytic cells, separation of metals by electric

current, spectroscopic techniques (with Kirchhoff),

bufotenine. [3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5-indo-

and production of light metals by electrical decom-

lol]. C

position of their molten chlorides. He also discov-

Properties: Colorless prisms. Insoluble in water; sol-

ered two elements, rubidium and cesium.

uble in alcohol, dilute acids and alkalies; slightly

soluble in ether.

buoyancy balance. Balance, made of silica,

Derivation: From toads and toadstools; also made

capable of extreme accuracy.

synthetically.

Use: To determine the density of gases.

Hazard: A hallucinogenic agent.

Use: Medicine (experimental).

buprofezine.

See hallucinogen.

CAS: 69327-76-0. mf: C

OS.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

builder detergent. A substance that increases

by skin contact.

the effectiveness of a soap or synthetic detergent by

Use: Agricultural chemical.

acting as a softener and a sequestering and buffering

agent. Phosphate-silicate formulations, once widely

buquinolate.

used, have been restricted for environmental rea-

CAS: 5486-03-3. mf: C

sons. They have largely been replaced by EDTA or

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 288−291°.

zeolites, sometimes combined with nitrolotriacetic

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

acid. Certain starch derivatives can be used as build-

ers.

burette. A liquid-measuring device used exten-

See zeolite.

sively in chemical laboratories. It is a vertical glass

tube, open at the top, supported on a bracket, and

bulan. (2-nitro-1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)butane).

equipped with scale graduation marks and a hand-

CAS: 76-20-0. C

operated stopcock at or near the bottom. The liquid

Hazard: A toxic chlorinated nitrogenous compound

to be dispensed is flowed in at the open end and can

used as an insecticide. When mixed with Prolan, the

then be withdrawn in measured amounts by operat-

product is called Dilan.

ing the stopcock.

See Prolan; Dilan.

Burgundy pitch. A resin obtained from Nor-

way spruce or European silver fir. Other types, e.g.,

bulk density. See density.

that from various species of pines, are also offered

under this name. Characterized by extreme tac-

bulking agent. Chemically inert material used

kiness, soluble in acetone and alcohol. Used to some

for increasing volume.

extent in surgeons’ tape and various special adhe-

sive compositions.

bullion. Bulk precious metals as produced at refi-

neries, or gold-silver alloy produced in refining.

burlap. A coarse, loose-woven fabric made from

jute or similar fiber, used in low-cost laminated

bunamiodyl. [3(3-butyrylamino-2,4,6-tri-iodo-

composites; as liner or backing in upholstery, car-

phenyl)-2-ethyl sodium acrylate].

pets, etc.; and as a bagging material. It is often

CONHC

CH:C(C

)COONa.

impregnated with hot-melt adhesive.

Use: Medicine (radiopaque contrast medium, diag-

nostic aid).

burnable poison. A neutron absorber (poison)

such as boron that when incorporated in the fuel or

buna rubbers. German vulcanizable synthetic fuel cladding of a nuclear reactor, gradually “burns

rubbers from butadiene with sodium as a catalyst. up” (is changed into nonabsorbing material) under

See rubber. neutron irradiation. This process compensates for

190BURNT LIME

the loss of reactivity that occurs as fuel is consumed hibitors often used are di-n-butylamine or phenyl-␤-

and fission-product poisons accumulate and keeps naphthylamine. Storage is usually under pressure or

the overall characteristics of the reactor nearly con- in insulated tanks <35F (<1.67C).

stant during use. Use: Synthetic elastomers (styrene-butadiene, poly-

butadiene, neoprene, nitriles), ABS resins, chemical

intermediate.

burnt lime. See calcium oxide.

butadiene-acrylonitrile copolymer. See ni-

burnt sienna. See iron oxide red.

trile rubber.

burnt umber. See umber.

butadiyne. See diacetylene.

burr mill. See attrition mill.

butaldehyde. See butyraldehyde.

“Burton Water Salts” [Home Brewery].

butanal. See butyraldehyde.

TM for an additive containing papain.

Use: In brewing to prevent chill haze.

butane. (n-butane).

CAS: 106-97-8. CH

“Busan” [Buckman]. TM for a liquid bacteri-

Properties: Colorless gas; natural-gas odor. Bp

cide, fungicide, and preservative.

−0.5C, fp −138.3C, condensing pressure approxi-

Use: For leather processing.

mately 30 lb at 32.5C, d (liquid at 0C) 0.599, d

(vapor at 0C (air

1)) 2.07, critical temp 153.2C,

bushy stunt virus. A viral protein present in

critical press (absolute) 525 psi, heating value (25C)

tomato-plant infections.

3266 Btu/cu ft, sp vol (21.1C), 6.4 cu ft/lb, flash p

Properties: Mw 7,600,000, pH 4.1.

−76F (−60C), autoign temp 761F (405C). Very solu-

See virus.

ble in water; soluble in alcohol and chloroform.

Extremely stable, has no corrosive action on metals,

“Butacite” [Du Pont]. TM for polyvinyl buty-

does not react with moisture. An asphyxiant gas.

ral resin, available as soft, pliable sheeting in 750-ft

Derivation: A by-product in petroleum refining or

rolls, 10–84 inches wide.

gasoline manufacture.

See polyvinyl acetal; resins.

Grade: Research 99.99 mole %, pure 99 mole %,

technical 95 mole %, also available in various mix-

1,3-butadiene. (vinylethylene; erythrene; bivi-

tures with isobutane, propane, pentanes, etc.

nyl; divinyl).

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire and ex-

CAS: 106-99-0. H

C:CHHC:CH

plosion risk. Explosive limits in air 1.9–8.5%. TLV:

800 ppm. Narcotic in high concentration.

Use: Organic synthesis, raw material for synthetic

rubber and high-octane liquid fuels, fuel for house-

hold and many industrial purposes, manufacture of

ethylene, solvent, refrigerant, standby and enricher

gas, propellant in aerosols, pure grades used in calib-

Properties: Colorless gas; mild aromatic odor. Easi-

rating instruments, food additive.

ly liquefied. Bp −4.41C, d 0.6211 (liquid at 20C), fp

Note: Butane in liquid form may be stored both

−108.9C, flash p −105F (−76C), specific volume 6.9

above and below ground. Besides storage in lique-

cu ft/lb (700F), autoign temp 780F (414C), vap press

fied form under its vapor pressure at normal atmo-

17.65 psi (0C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insolu-

spheric temperatures, refrigerated liquid storage at

ble in water. The material polymerizes readily, par-

atmospheric pressure may be used. Such systems are

ticularly if oxygen is present, and the commercial

closed and insulated, and the liquid petroleum gas

material contains an inhibitor to prevent spontane-

vapor is circulated through pumps and compressors

ous polymerization during shipment or storage.

to serve as the refrigerant for the system. Butane

Derivation: (1) Catalytic dehydrogenation of bu-

may be stored in pits in the earth capped by metal

tenes or butane; (2) oxidative dehydrogenation of

domes and in underground chambers (Compressed

butenes.

Gas Association). The foregoing also applies to pro-

Method of purification: Extractive distillation in the

pane.

presence of furfural, absorption in aqueous cuprous

ammonium acetate, or use of acetonitrile.

butanedial. See succinaldehyde.

Grade: Technical (98.0%), CP (99.0%), instrument

(99.4%), research (99.8%).

1,4-butanedicarboxylic acid. See adipic

Hazard: A confirmed human carcinogen. Irritant in

acid.

high concentration. TLV: 10 ppm. Highly flamma-

ble gas or liquid, explosive limits in air 2–11%. May

form explosive peroxides on exposure to air. Must

butanedioic anhydride. See succinic anhy-

be kept inhibited during storage and shipment. In- dride.

191

cis

-BUTENE-2

1,3-butanediol. See 1,3-butylene glycol. Use: Food additive.

1,4-butanediol. See 1,4-butylene glycol.

1-butanol. See n-butyl alcohol.

2,3-butanediol. See 2,3-butylene glycol.

2-butanol acetate. See sec-butyl acetate.

butanediolamine. See 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-

2-butanone. See methyl ethyl ketone.

propanediol.

butanedione. See diacetyl. butanoyl chloride. See butyroyl chloride.

2,3-butanedione oxime thiosemicarbazone.

“Butazate” [Uniroyal]. TM for zinc dibutyldi-

C(NOH)C(CH

HCSNH

. A test reagent

thiocarbamate.

for manganese in very dilute solution made from

dimethylglyoxime and thiosemicarbazide.

“Butazolidin” [Novartis]. TM for phenylbu-

tazone.

butane dioxime. See dimethylglyoxime.

butea frondosa, flower petals, alcoholic

butanediperoxoic acid di-tert-butyl ester.

extract. See butea mono-spra (lam.) kuntze,

CAS: 16580-04-4. mf: C

flower extract.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

butanenitrile. See butyronitrile. butea mono-spra (lam.) kuntze, flower

extract.

CAS: 93333-82-5.

1-butanethiol. (n-butyl mercaptan).

Hazard: Moderately toxic. A reproductive hazard.

CAS: 109-79-5. C

SH.

Use: Reproductive effector.

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong, obnoxious

odor. D 0.8412 (20/4C), refr index 1.4427 (20C),

flash p 35F (1.67C), bp 97.2–101.7C. Slightly solu-

2-butenal. See crotonaldehyde.

ble in water; very soluble in alcohol and ether.

Grade: 95%.

Butenandt, Adolf. (1903–1995). A German

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Flammable, dangerous

biochemist who won a Nobel Prize with Ruzicka in

fire risk. TLV: 0.5 ppm.

1939. His work involved insecticides for plants and

Use: Intermediate, solvent.

hormones. He received his doctorate at the Universi-

ty of Marburg, Germany. He received a multitide of

2-butanethiol. (sec-butyl mercaptan).

honorary degrees and awards.

CH(SH)CH

Properties: Colorless liquid; obnoxious odor. Boil-

butene-1. (ethylethylene; ␣-butylene).

ing range 73–89C, d 0.8288 (20/4C), refr index

CAS: 25167-67-3. CH

:CHCH

1.4363 (20C), flash p −10F (−23.3C).

Properties: A colorless liquefied petroleum gas. Bp

Grade: 95%.

−6.3C, d 0.5951 (20/4C), fp approximately −185C,

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation. Flammable, dangerous

specific volume 6.7 cu ft/lb (70F), flash p −110F

fire risk.

(−79C), autoign temp approx 700F (371C). Soluble

in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.

1,2,4-butanetriol. HOCH

OCH

OH.

Derivation: (1) Gases containing appreciable con-

Properties: Almost colorless; odorless liquid. Hy-

tent of butene-1, along with other butene and butane

groscopic, bp 312C (extrapolated), d 1.184, refr

hydrocarbons, are obtained by fractional distillation

index 1.473, flash p 332F (166C). Miscible with

of refinery gas. (2) Can be produced directly from

water and ethanol. Combustible.

ethylene.

Derivation: Reaction of 2-butyne-1,4-diol with wa-

Grade: Technical 95%, CP 99.0%, research 99.4%.

ter, followed by reduction.

Hazard: Asphyxiant gas. Highly flammable, flam-

Grade: Technical, nitration.

mable limits in air 1.6–9.3% by volume. Dangerous

Use: Intermediate for alkyd resins and explosives,

fire and explosion risk.

cellulose plasticizer, emulsifier for cosmetics, inks,

Use: Polymer and alkylate gasoline; polybutenes;

finishes, paper, cork, textiles.

butadiene; intermediate for C

and C

aldehydes,

alcohols, and other derivatives; production of male-

butanoic acid. See butyric acid.

ic anhydride by catalytic oxidation.

butan-3-one-2-yl butyrate. mf: C

Properties: White to slightly yellow liquid; red berry

cis-butene-2. (dimethylethylene; ␤-butylene;

odor. D: 0.972−0.992, refr index: 1.408−1.429. Sol also called the “high-boiling” butene-2).

in alc, propylene glycol, most oils; insol in water. CH

HC:CHCH

192

trans

-BUTENE-2

3-buten-2-one. See vinyl methyl ketone.

butesin. See n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate.

Properties: A clorless liquefied petroleum gas. Bp

butethal. (5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid).

3.7C, d 0.6213 (10/4C), fp −139C, specific volume

6.7 cu ft/lb (21.1C), flash p −100F (−72C), autoign

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless; bit-

temp 615F (323C). Soluble in most organic sol-

ter taste. Mp 124–127C. Fairly soluble in alcohol or

vents; insoluble in water.

ether; practically insoluble in water.

Derivation: Gases containing appreciable content of

Hazard: May cause addiction.

cis-butene-2, along with other butene and butane

Use: Medicine (hypnotic).

hydrocarbons, are obtained by fractional distillation

See barbiturate.

of refinery gas.

Grade: Technical 95%, CP 99%, research 99.8%.

Hazard: Asphyxiant gas. Highly flammable. Flam-

butethamine hydrochloride. [2-(isobuty-

mable limits in air 1.8–9.7% by volume. Dangerous

lamino)ethyl-p-aminobenzoate hydrochloride].

fire and explosion risk.

COOCH

NHCH

CH(CH

)

•HCl.

Use: Solvent, cross-linking agent, polymerization of

Properties: Whitecrystals or crystalline powder;

gasoline, butadiene synthesis, synthesis of C

and C

odorless; bitter taste and local anesthetizing effects

derivatives.

on tongue. Mp 192–196C, pH (1% solution) approx-

imately 4.7, stable in air. Soluble in water; slightly

soluble in alcohol and chloroform; very slightly

trans-butene-2. (dimethylethylene; ␤-butyl-

soluble in benzene; practically insoluble in ether

ene; also called the “low-boiling” butene-2).

Grade: NF.

HC:CHCH

Use: Medicine (local anesthetic).

buthalitone sodium. See sodium buthalital.

l-buthionine sulfoximine.

Properties: A colorless liquified petroleum gas. Bp

CAS: 83730-53-4. mf: C

0.88C, fp −105.8C, d 0.6042 (20/4C), specific vol-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

ume 6.7 cu ft/lb (21.1C), flash p −100F (−72C),

autoign temp 615F (324C). Soluble in organic sol-

butonate. (CH

P(O)CH(CCl

)OOCC

vents; insoluble in water.

(generic name for o,o-dimethyl-2,2,2,-trichloro-

Derivation: Gases containing appreciable content of

1-n-butyryloxyethyl phosphonate).

trans-butene-2, along with other butene and butane

Properties: Colorless, somewhat oily liquid; slight

hydrocarbons, are obtained by fractional distillation

ester odor. D 1.3742, refr index 1.4707, bp 129C, wt/

of refinery gas.

gal 11.4 Miscible with most organic solvents; stable

Grade: Technical 95%, CP 99.0%, research 99.9%.

in neutral or acid aqueous solution; unstable in aque-

Hazard: Asphyxiant gas. Highly flammable. Flam-

ous alkali. lb.

mable limits in air 1.8–9% by volume. Dangerous

Hazard: Restrict use, toxic, cholinesterase inhibitor.

fire and explosion risk.

Use: Insecticide.

Use: See cis-butene-2.

butopyronoxyl. (butylmesityl oxide oxalate;

trans-butenedioic acid. See fumaric acid.

n-butyl-3,4-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-4-oxo-1,2H-py-

ran-6-carboxylate).

2-butene-1,3-diol. HOCH

CH:CHCH

OH.

CAS: 532-34-3. C

Properties: Almost colorless; odorless liquid. Fp

Properties: Yellow to pale reddish-brown liquid;

range 4.0–7.0C, bp range 232–235C, d 1.067–1.074,

aromatic odor. Reasonably stable in air. Slowly af-

refr index 1.476–1.478 (25C), flash p 263F (128C).

fected by light. D 1.052–1.060 (25/25C); refr index

Miscible with water, ethanol, and acetone; sparingly

1.4745–1.4755 (25C); distilling range 256–270C.

soluble in benzene. Technical butenediol is predom-

Insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, chloro-

inantly the cis isomer. Combustible.

form, ether, glacial acetic acid.

Derivation: Reduction of 2-butyne-1,4-diol, by

Derivation: Condensation of mesityl oxide and dibu-

high-pressure synthesis from acetylene and formal-

tyl oxalate in the presence of sodium ethoxide.

dehyde.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Primary skin irritant.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. May cause liver

Use: Intermediate for alkyd resins, plasticizers, ny-

damage.

lon, pharmaceuticals; cross-linking agent for syn-

Use: Insect repellent.

thetic resins; fungicides.

p-tert-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene monomer.

butenoic acid.

See crotonic acid. CAS: 87188-51-0. mf: C

193

-BUTYL ACETATE

Hazard: Moderately toxic by skin contact. A mild

␤-butoxy-␤

′

-thiocyanodiethyl ether. [2-(2-

skin irritant. butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate].

(CH

)

OCH

SCN.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

2-butoxyethanol. See ethylene glycol mono-

Skin irritant.

butyl ether.

Use: Insecticide.

2-(2-butoxyethoxy)ethyl thiocyanate. See

butoxytriglycol. (triethylene glycol monobu-

␤-butoxy-␤

′

-thiocyanodiethyl ether.

tyl ether).

CAS: 143-22-6. C

O(C

1-butoxyethoxy-2-propanol.

Properties: Liquid. D 1.0021 (20/20C), bp (decom-

OCH

poses), fp −47.6C, flash p 290F (143C). Miscible

Properties: Colorless liquid, d 0.9310 (20/20C), bp

with water. Combustible.

230.3C, fp −90C, soluble in water, wt/gal 7.8 lb,

Use: Plasticizer, intermediate.

flash p 250F (121C). Combustible.

Use: Solvent, hydraulic-fluid components, antistall

butter. (1) A colloidal system (emulsion) in

additive for automotive fuels, plasticizer, interme-

which the continuous phase is composed of liquid

diate.

fat from fat globules disintegrated by mechanical

agitation and the dispersed phase is composed of

butoxyethyl laurate. See ethylene glycol

finely divided water droplets and undamaged fat

monobutyl ether laurate.

globules. (2) Outmoded term for hygroscopic metal-

lic chlorides of viscous consistency, e.g., butter of

butoxyethyl oleate. See ethylene glycol mo-

zinc, etc.

nobutyl ether oleate.

buttercup yellow. See zinc yellow.

butoxyethyl stearate. See ethylene glycol

monobutyl ether stearate.

butterfat. The oily portion of the milk of

mammals.

“Butoxyne 497” [International Specialty].

Properties: Composition is largely glycerides of ole-

TM for hydroxyethyl esters of butynediol mix-

ic, stearic, and palmitic acids, with smaller amounts

tures.

of the glycerides of butyric, caproic, caprylic, and

Grade: 100% active.

capric acids. D range 0.910–0.914. Cow’s milk con-

Available forms: Liquid.

tains approximately 4% butterfat.

Use: Nickel brightener in electroplating, copper pick-

See milk.

ling inhibitor, corrosion inhibitor in aerosol cans.

butter starter distillate. See starter distil-

butoxypentachlorobenzene.

late.

CAS: 90842-58-3. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

butter yellow. See dimethylaminoazobenzene.

tact. A severe skin irritant.

“Butvar” [Solutia]. TM for polyvinyl butyral

p-butoxyphenol. HOC

resins, with various hydroxy content, whose solu-

Properties: White to faint-yellow, crystalline pow-

tions provide a range of viscosities.

der. Mp 61–65C. Soluble in alcohol, acetone, ether,

Use: For film clarity, flexibility, abrasion, and water

benzene, aqueous alkali; insoluble in water. Com-

resistance; for use in primers, structural hot-metal

bustible.

adhesives, inks, and waterproof coatings.

Grade: 93% pure.

Use: Synthesis.

butyl. (1) The group C

; (2) butyl rubber.

butoxy polypropylene glycol. (generic

n-butyl acetate.

name for polypropylene glycol monobutyl

CAS: 123-86-4. CH

COOCH

ether). CH

O(CH

OCHCH

)

. Col-

Properties: Colorless liquid; fruity odor. Vapor is

orless liquid.

heavier than air, d 0.8826 at 20/20C, bp 126.3C, vap

Use: An insect repellent.

press 8.7 mm Hg (20C), fp −75C, refr index 1.2951

(20C), wt/gal 7.35 lb (20C), flash p 98F (36.6C)

n-butoxypropanol. (TOC), autoign temp 790F (421C). Soluble in alco-

CAS: 63716-40-5. hol, ether, and hydrocarbons; slightly soluble in

Properties: Colorless liquid, d 0.8801 (20/20C), bp water.

170.2C, fp −80C (sets to glass), flash p 154F Derivation: Esterification and then distillation after

(67.7C). Soluble in water. Combustible. contact of butyl alcohol with acetic acid in the pres-

Use: Solvent for water-based enamels. ence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid.

194

sec

-BUTYL ACETATE

Hazard: Skin irritant, toxic. Flammable, moderate

n-butyl acid phosphate. (n-butylphosphoric

acid; acid butyl phosphate).

fire risk. TLV: 150 ppm.

CAS: 12788-93-1.

Properties: Water-white liquid. D 1.120–1.125 (25/

sec-butyl acetate.

4C), refr index 1.429 (25C), flash p 230F (110C)

CAS: 105-46-4. CH

COOCH(CH

)(C

(COC). Soluble in alcohol, acetone, and toluene;

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 112.2C, d 0.8905 at

insoluble in water and petroleum naphtha. Combus-

0/4C, 0.870 at 20/4C, refr index 1.389 (20C), wt/gal

tible.

7.21 lb, flash p 88F (31C) (OC). Miscible with alco-

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

hol and ether; insoluble in water.

Use: Esterification catalyst and polymerizing agent,

Derivation: Esterification of sec-butyl alcohol.

curing catalyst and accelerator in resins and coat-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 200

ings, special detergents.

ppm.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose lacquers, thinners,

nail enamels, leather finishes.

N-tert-butylacrylamide.

C:CHCONHC(CH

)

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 128–130C,

tert-butyl acetate.

d 1.015 (30C). Soluble in methanol, ethanol, chloro-

CAS: 540-88-5. CH

COOC(CH

)

form, and acetone. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 96C, d 0.896 (20C).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Irritant to

Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

skin.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. TLV: 200

Use: Monomer, organic intermediate.

ppm.

Use: Solvent, gasoline additive.

n-butyl acrylate.

CAS: 141-32-2. CH

:CHCOOC

butyl acetate dilution ratio. Measure of ap-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fp −64C, boiling range

proximate tolerance of nitrocellulose solutions for

145.7–148.0C, polymerizes readily on heating, vap

petroleum diluents. The higher the ratio, the better

press (20C) 3.2 mm Hg, d 0.9015 (20/20C), wt/gal

the solvent.

7.5 lb (20C), flash p 120F (49C) (OC). Nearly insol-

uble in water. Flammable.

butyl acetoacetate.

Derivation: Reaction of acrylic acid or methyl acry-

CAS: 591-60-6. CH

COCH

COOCH

late with butanol.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9694 (20/20C), bp

Grade: Technical (inhibited).

213.9C, vap press 0.19 mm Hg (20C), flash p 185F

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. TLV: 10 ppm.

(85C), wt/gal 8.1lb (20C). Insoluble in water; solu-

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, polymers and

ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

copolymers for solvent coatings, adhesives, paints,

Grade: Technical.

binders, emulsifiers.

Use: Intermediate in synthesis of metal derivatives,

See acrylic resin.

dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals, flavoring.

tert-butyl acrylate. CH

:CHCOOC(CH

)

butyl acetoxystearate.

Properties: Liquid. Bp 120C, d 0.879 (25C), refr

(CH

)

CH(CH

COO)(CH

)

COOC

index 1.4080 (25C), flash p 66F (18.8C) (TOC).

Properties: See butyl acetyl ricinoleate.

Commercial grade contains 100 ppm hydroquinone

Derivation: From castor oil, butylalcohol, and acetic

monomethyl ether as stabilizer.

anhydride with hydrogenation.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Flamma-

Use: Plasticizer, textile oils, adhesives.

ble, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Monomer for acrylic resins.

butyl acetylene. See 1-hexyne.

butyl acrylate-vinylidine chloride

butyl acetyl ricinoleate. C

copolymer. See vinylidene chloride-butyl

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; mild odor. D 0.940

acrylate copolymer.

(20/20C), sapon number 125, fp indefinite, becomes

cloudy at −32C, solidifies at −65C, flash p 230F

(110C) (OC), refr index 1.4614 (20C), Saybolt vis-

n-butyl alcohol. (1-butanol; butyric alcohol).

cosity 123 sec at 100F, wt/gal 7.8 lb (20C), autoign CAS: 71-36-3. CH

(CH

)

OH.

temp 725F (385C). Miscible with most organic sol- Properties: Colorless liquid; vinous odor. Bp

vents. Almost insoluble in water. Combustible. 117.7C, fp −89.0C, d (20/20C) 0.8109, wt/gal (20C)

Derivation: From castor oil, butanol, and acetic an- 6.76 lb, refr index 1.3993 (20C), flash p 95F (35C),

hydride. autoign temp 689F (365C). Soluble in water 7.7 wt

Grade: Technical. % (20C). Solution of water in n-butanol 20.1%.

Use: Plasticizer, emulsifier, lubricant, detergent, pro- Miscible with alcohol and ether.

tective coatings, special cleansing compounds, Derivation: (1) Hydrogenation of butyraldehyde,

quick-breaking emulsions. obtained in the Oxo process; (2) condensation of

195

′

-BUTYL

acetaldehyde to form crotonaldehyde, which is then Hazard: Skin irritant. Flammable, dangerous fire

hydrogenated (aldol condensation).

risk. TLV: ceiling 5 ppm.

Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation, irritant to

Use: Intermediate for emulsifying agents, pharma-

eyes. Toxic when absorbed by skin. Flammable,

ceuticals, insecticides, rubber chemicals, dyes, tan-

moderate fire risk. TLV: ceiling 50 ppm.

ning agents.

Use: Preparation of esters, especially butyl acetate;

solvent for resins and coatings; plasticizers; dyeing

sec-butylamine. (2-aminobutane).

assistant; hydraulic fluids; detergent formulations;

CAS: 13952-84-6. CH

CHNH

dehydrating agent (by azeotropic distillation); inter-

Properties: Colorless liquid; amine odor. D 0.725

mediate; “butylated” melamine resins; glycol

(20C), boiling range 63–68C, refr index 1.395

ethers; butyl acrylate.

(20C), solidification point −104C, flash p 15F

(−9.4C), wt/gal 6.0 lb (20C).

sec-butyl alcohol. (SBA; 2-butanol; methyle-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

thylcarbinol).

Use: Fungicide.

CAS: 78-92-2. CH

OCH

Properties: Colorless liquid; strong odor. Bp 99.5C,

tert-butylamine.

fp −114C, d 0.808 (20/4C), wt/gal 66.74 lb (20C),

CAS: 75-64-9. (CH

)

CNH

refr index 1.3949 (25C), flash p 75F (23.8C) (CC),

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 44–46C, fp −72C, d

autoign temp 763F (406C). Moderately soluble in

0.700 (15C), refr index 1.3794 (18C), flash p approx

water; miscible with alcohol and ether.

50F (10C). Miscible with water; soluble in common

Derivation: Absorption of butene from cracking pe-

organic solvents.

troleum or natural gas in sulfuric acid with subse-

Grade: Technical.

quent hydrolysis by steam.

Hazard: Skin irritant. Flammable, dangerous fire

Grade: Technical.

risk.

Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation, irritating to

Use: Intermediate for rubber accelerators, insecti-

eyes and skin. Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV:

cides, fungicides, dyestuffs, pharmaceuticals.

100 ppm.

Use: Preparation of methyl ethyl ketone, solvent,

butyl-o-aminobenzoate. See butyl anthrani-

organic synthesis, paint removers, industrial

late.

cleaners.

n-butyl-p-aminobenzoate.

tert-butyl alcohol. (2-methyl-2-propanol; tri-

COOC

methyl carbinol).

Properties: White powder; odorless; tasteless. Mp

CAS: 75-65-0. (CH

)

COH.

57–59C, bp 174C (8 mm Hg). Soluble in dilute

Properties: Colorless liquid or crystals; camphor

acids, alcohol, chloroform, ether, and fatty oils; al-

odor. Fp 25.5C, bp 82.9C, d 0.779 (liquid 26C), refr

most insoluble in water.

index 1.3878 (20C), flash p 52F (11.1C) (CC), aut-

Grade: NF.

oign temp 892F (477C). Miscible with water, alco-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

hol, and ether.

Use: Medicine (local anesthetic), treatment of burns,

Derivation: Absorption of isobutene from cracking

ointments, UV absorber in suntan preparations.

petroleum or natural gas in sulfuric acid with subse-

quent hydrolysis by steam.

N-n-butylaminoethanol. C

NHC

OH.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.88–0.99 (20/20C), distilla-

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin. Flammable, dan-

tion range 192–210C, wt/gal 7.4 lb, flash p 170F

gerous fire risk. TLV: 100 ppm.

(76.6C). Combustible.

Use: Alcohol denaturant, solvent for pharmaceuti-

cals, dehydration agent, perfumery, chemical inter-

tert-butylaminoethyl methacrylate.

mediate, paint removers, manufacture of methyl

:C(CH

)COOCH

NHC(CH

)

methacrylate, octane booster in unleaded gasoline

Properties: Liquid. Bp 100–105C (12 mm Hg), d

(EPA approved).

0.914 (25C), wt/gal 7.61 lb, refr index 1.4440 (25C),

flash p 205F (96.1C) (COC). Combustible.

n-butyl aldehyde. See butyraldehyde.

Use: Coatings, textile chemicals, dispersing agent for

nonaqueous systems, antistatic agent, stabilizer for

chlorinated polymers, ion-exchange resins, emulsi-

n-butylamine. (1-aminobutane).

fying agent, cationic precipitating agent.

CAS: 109-73-9. C

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; amine odor.

Bp 77.1C, fp −49.1C, d 0.7385 (20/20C), wt/gal 6.2

′

-n-butyl-3-amino-4-

lb (20C), refr index 1.401 (20C), flash p 30F (1.1C) methoxybenzenesulfonamide.

(OC). Miscible with water, alcohol, ether. CH

(NH

)SO

NHC

Derivation: Reaction of butanol or butyl chloride Properties: Pink powder. Mp 96–100C. Insoluble in

with ammonia. water; partially soluble in alcohol and acetone.

Grade: Technical. Use: An intermediate.

196

-BUTYLANILINE

N-n-butylaniline. C

NHC

. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Amber liquid; aniline odor. D 0.932 Use: Solvent for coating compositions, organic syn-

(20C), boiling range 236–242C, refr index 1.534 thesis, plasticizer, surface-active agents.

(20C), flash p 225F (107C). Very soluble in alcohol

and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

tert-butylbenzene. (2-methyl-2-phenylpro-

Use: Organic synthesis, dyes.

pane).

CAS: 98-06-6. C

C(CH

)

butyl anthranilate. (butyl-o-aminobenzoate).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 169.1C, fp −57.8C,

OOCC

d 0.866 (20C), refr index 1.492 (20C), flash p 140F

Use: Flavoring.

(60C) (OC). Combustible. Autoign temp 842F

(450C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.

butylated hydroxymethylphenol. mf:

Grade: Technical, pure, research.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: White crystalline powder. Mp:

Use: Organic synthesis, polymerization solvent,

140−141°. Sol in alc; insol in water, propylene

polymer linking agent.

glycol.

Use: Food additive.

butylbenzenesulfonamide. (n,n-butylbenzen-

esulfonamide). C

NHC

2-tert-butylanthraquinone. C

Properties: Liquid; pleasant odor; amber to straw

Properties: Yellow powder. Mp 102–104C. Soluble

color. D 1.148 (25/25C), refr index 1.5235 (25C), bp

in alcohol and acetone. Combustible.

189–190C (4.5 mm Hg).

Grade: Technical (98%).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis.

Use: Synthesis of dyes, pharmaceuticals, other or-

ganic chemicals, in resin manufacturing, as plasti-

butylated hydroxyanisole. (BHA).

cizer for some synthetic polymers.

CAS: 25013-16-5. (CH

)

OH(OCH

). A mix-

ture of 2- and 3-tert-4-methoxyphenol.

butyl benzoate. (n-butyl benzoate).

Properties: White or slightly yellow, waxy solid

COOC

having a faint characteristic odor. Melting range

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. D 1.00 (20C), bp

48–63C. Not naturally water soluble but can be

247.3C, fp −22C, flash p 225F (107C) (OC). Insolu-

made so by special treatment. Freely soluble in alco-

ble in water; miscible with alcohol or ether. Com-

hol and propylene glycol. Combustible.

bustible.

Grade: FCC, water soluble.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Use in foods restricted;

Use: Solvent for cellulose ether, plasticizer, perfume

consult FDA regulations.

ingredient, dyeing of textiles.

Use: Antioxidant for fats and oils; food packaging.

N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide.

butylated hydroxytoluene. See 2,6-di-tert-

NCS(SNH)C

butyl-p-cresol.

Properties: Light-buff powder or flakes (sometimes

colored blue). Mp 104C min, d 1.29 (25C). Soluble

(e)-1-t-butylazo-1-hydroxycyclopentane.

in most organic solvents. Combustible.

CAS: 50265-78-6. mf: C

Use: Rubber accelerator.

Hazard: Low toxicity by inhalation.

di-n-butyl benzylphosphonate. See ben-

n-butylbenzene. (1-phenylbutane).

zylphosphonic acid dibutyl ester.

CAS: 104-51-8. C

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 183.2C, fp −87.9C,

butylbenzyl phthalate. (BBP).

d 0.860 (20C), refr index 1.489 (20C), flash p 160F

OOCC

COOC

(71.1C) (OC), autoign temp 774F (412C). Combus-

Properties: Clear, oily liquid; slight odor. D

tible

1.113–1.121 (25/25C), flash p 390F (198C). Com-

Grade: Technical, pure, research.

bustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Organic synthesis, especially of insecticides.

Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl and cellulosic resins,

organic intermediate.

sec-butylbenzene. (2-phenylbutane).

CAS: 135-98-8. C

C(CH

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 170.65C, vap press

butylbenzyl sebacate.

15 mm Hg (60C), fp −75.68C, d 0.8618 (204C), wt/ C

OOC(CH

)

COOC

gal 7.2 lb (20C), refr index 1.4901 (20C), flash p Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. Bp

145F (62.7C) (OC), autoign temp 784F (417C). 245–285C (10 mm Hg), d 1.023 (25C), wt/gal 8.6 lb,

Combustible. flash p 395F (201C). Combustible.

Grade: Technical 95%, pure, research. Use: Plasticizer for resins.

197 6-

tert

-BUTYL

butyl borate. See tributyl borate. butyl chloral hydrate. (trichlorobutyraldeh-

yde hydrate). CH

CHClCCl

CH(OH)

Properties: Colorless leaflets. D 1.693 (20/4C), mp

n-butyl bromide. (1-bromobutane).

78C. Slightly soluble in water, soluble in alcohol

CAS: 109-65-9. C

Br.

and ether.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 1.279 (20/20C), bp

Derivation: Action of chlorine on paraldehyde.

101.6C, fp −112.4C, flash p 75F (23.9C) (OC), aut-

Use: Medicine (hypnotic, anticonvulsant).

oign temp 509F (265C). Insoluble in water; soluble

in alcohol and ether.

n-butyl chloride. (1-chlorobutane).

Grade: 99%.

CAS: 109-69-3. CH

Cl or C

Cl.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8875 (20/20C), bp

Use: Alkylating agent.

78.6C, wt/gal 7.35 lb (20C), refr index 2.4015

(20C), vap press 80.1 mm Hg (20C), fp −122.8C,

sec-butyl bromide. (2-bromobutane).

viscosity 0.0045 cP (20C), flash p 15F (−9.4C)

CAS: 78-76-2. CH

CHBrCH

(OC), autoign temp 860F (460C). Insoluble in wa-

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; pleasant odor. Bp

ter; miscible with alcohol and ether.

91.2C, fp −112C, d 1.2425 (25/25C), refr index

Grade: NF, technical.

1.4320–1.4344 (25C), flash p 70F (21.1C) (OC).

Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation. Flammable,

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.

dangerous fire risk.

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration. Flammable,

Use: Organic synthesis (alkylating agent), solvent,

dangerous fire risk.

anthelmintic.

Use: Synthesis, alkylating agent.

sec-butyl chloride.

butyl butanoate. See n-butyl butyrate.

CAS: 78-86-4. CH

CHClCH

CH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 68C, d 0.875 (20/

n-butyl butyrate. (butyl butanoate).

4C), flash p 32F (0C), refr index 1.39. Miscible with

CAS: 109-21-7. CH

(CH

)

COOC

alcohol and ether; sparingly soluble in water.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8721 (20/20C), refr

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

index 1.4059 (20C), fp −91.5C, bp 165.7C (736 mm

Use: Organic synthesis.

Hg), flash p 128F (53.5C) (OC). Insoluble in water;

soluble in alcohol and ether. Flammable.

tert-butyl chloroacetate.

Grade: FCC.

CAS: 107-59-5. mf: C

ClO

Hazard: Irritant and narcotic. Moderate fire risk.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

Use: Flavoring.

inhalation skin contact. Severe skin and moderate

eye irritant.

n-butyl carbinol. See n-amyl alcohol, pri-

mary.

tert-butylchlorodimethylsilane.

CAS: 18162-48-6. mf: C

ClSi.

sec-butyl carbinol. See 2-methyl-1-butanol.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

butyl “Carbitol” [Dow]. TM for diethylene

butyl(4-chlorophenyl)methyl 3-

glycol monobutyl ether.

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 34763-20-7. mf: C

ClN

butyl “Carbitol” acetate [Dow]. TM for

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

diethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

p-tert-butylcatechol. (4-tert-butyl-1,2-dihy-

tert-butyl chromate. (chromic acid di-t-butyl

droxybenzene). (CH

)

(OH)

ester).

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 56–57C, d 1.049

CAS: 1189-85-1. [(CH

)

CO]

CrO

(60/25C), bp 285C, flash p 265F (129C). Combusti-

Properties: Liquid. Mp −5 to 0C.

ble. Soluble in ether, alcohol, acetone; slightly solu-

Hazard: TLV: ceiling 0.1 mg(CrO

)/m

. Toxic by

ble in water at 80C.

skin absorption. A very powerful oxidizer and dan-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

gerous fire hazard.

Use: Polymerization inhibitor for styrene-butadiene

and other olefins.

butyl citrate. See tributyl citrate.

butyl “Cellosolve” [Dow]. TM for ethylene

6-tert-butyl-m-cresol. (MBMC; 6-tert-butyl-

glycol monobutyl ether.

3-methylphenol). (CH

)

(OH)CH

Properties: Clear liquid. Solidifies slightly below

butyl “Cellosolve” acetate [Dow]. TM for room temperature, fp 23.1C, bp 244C, d 0.922

ethylene glycol monobutyl ether acetate. (80C), flash p 116F (47C). Soluble in organic sol-

198BUTYL CROTONATE

vents and aqueous potassium hydroxide. Flam-

5-tert-butyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-5-

mable. propargyloxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-

Hazard: Irritant to skin. Moderate fire risk. 2(3h)-one.

Use: Germicide, disinfectant, synthesis of antioxi- CAS: 39807-15-3. mf: C

dants and rubber-processing chemicals, additives to Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

lubricating oils, synthetic resins, perfumes (fixa-

tive).

n-butyl diethanolamine.

N(CH

OH)

butyl crotonate. CH

CH:CHCOOC

. Properties: Liquid; very light-straw color; faint

Properties: Water-white liquid; persistent odor. D amine odor. D 0.97 (20C), bp 272C,, wt/gal 18.08 lb

0.9037 (20/20C), bp 180.5C, wt/gal 7.52 lb (20C). (20C), flash p 245F (118C). Combustible.

Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Use: Organic synthesis.

Combustible.

tert-butyl diethanolamine.

butylcyclohexyl phthalate. C

N(CH

OH)

OOCC

COOC

. Properties: Liquid, similar to normal compound.

Properties: Clear liquid; very mild odor. D 1.078, Use: Organic synthesis, epoxy curing agent, catalyst

saponification number 369, acidity (as phthalic for polyester resins, inhibitor for printing inks.

acid) 0.01 max. Miscible with most organic sol-

vents. Combustible.

n-butyl diethyl malonate.

Use: Plasticizer for polymers and elastomers, nitro-

CH(COOC

)

cellulose lacquers.

Properties: Colorless liquid with a fruity odor. D

0.972–0.974 (25/25C), refr index 1.420–1.422

butyldecyl phthalate. (25C). Soluble in alcohols, ketones, esters. Combus-

OOCC

COOC

. tible.

Properties: Clear, oily liquid. D 0.977–0.987 (25/ Use: Intermediate.

25C). Combustible.

Use: Primary plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride and

n-butyldiethyltin iodide.

copolymer resins.

CAS: 17563-48-3. mf: C

ISn.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

n-butyldiamylamine. C

N(C

)

. mg/m

(skin)

Properties: Straw-colored liquid; amine odor. D

0.788 (20C), boiling range 229–241C, flash p 200F

butyl diglycol carbonate. (diethylene glycol

(93.3C). Combustible.

bis(n-butylcarbonate)). (C

OCO

)

Properties: Colorless liquid of low volatility. D 1.07

n-butyldichlorarsine. C

AsCl

. (20/4C), boiling range 164–166C (2 mm Hg), flash p

Properties: Oily liquid; somewhat agreeable odor. 372F (188C), Saybolt viscosity 21 cP (20C), refr

Bp 192–194C. Decomposed by water. index 1.435 (20C), evaporation rate 0.59 mg/sq cm/

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and ingestion. hour (100C). Insoluble in water (very stable to hy-

Use: Military poison. drolysis); widely soluble in organic solvents; com-

patible with many resins and plastics. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer; high-boiling-point solvent and sof-

tert-butyldichloroamine.

tening agent; manufacture of pharmaceuticals and

CAS: 2156-72-1. mf: C

lubricant compositions.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tact. Low toxicity by inhalation. A severe eye irri-

tant.

butyl diglyme. See diethylene glycol dibutyl

ether.

butyldichlorophenoxyacetate. See 2,4-D.

4-tert-butyl-1,2-dihydroxybenzene. See

p-tert-butylcatechol.

butyl(3,4-dichlorophenyl)methyl 3-

pyridinylcarbonimidodithioate.

CAS: 34763-43-4. mf: C

. butyldimethylamine.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. CAS: 927-62-8. mf: C

Use: Agricultural chemical. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

by inhalation and skin contact. A moderate eye irri-

tant.

1-n-butyl-3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-

methylurea. (neburon).

NHCONCH

). o-butyl s-((4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenyl)

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 102C. Very methyl)-3-pyridinylcarbonimi-

low solubility in water and hydrocarbon solvents. dothioate.

Stable toward oxidation and moisture. CAS: 51308-64-6. mf: C

OS.

Use: Weed killer. Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

199 BUTYL ETHER

Use: Agricultural chemical. bp 179–182C, refr index 1.438 (20C), flash p 185F

(85C) (OC). Soluble in alcohol and ether; miscible

with water. Combustible.

n-butyl-2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidine-

Derivation: From corn sugar by acid hydrolysis, also

carboxamide.

CAS: 67626-66-8. mf: C

O. from fermentation of sugar by acid hydrolysis, also

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A moderate

from fermentation of sugar-beet molasses.

skin and eye irritant.

Grade: 99%.

Use: Resins, solvent for dyes, intermediate, blending

agent.

butyl “Dioxitol” [Shell]. TM for diethylene

glycol monobutyl ether.

1,2-butylene oxide. (1,2-epoxybutane).

4-butyl-1,2-diphenyl-3,5-pyrazolidinedione.

CAS: 106-88-7. H

❘

CHCH

See phenylbutazone.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.8312 (20/20C), bp

63C, sets to a glass below −150C, flash p approx 0F

butyl dodecanoate. See butyl laurate.

(−17C) (CC). Soluble in water; miscible with most

organic solvents.

butylene. (butene). One of the liquefied petrole-

Grade: Approximately 97.5% purity.

um gases butene-1, cis-butene-2,trans-butene-2,

Hazard: Toxic concentration of vapors occurs at

and isobutene.

room temperature. Highly flammable, dangerous

fire risk.

butylene dimethacrylate. C

Use: Intermediate for various polymers, stabilizer for

Properties: Liquid. Bp 110C (3 mm Hg), d 1.011,

chlorinated solvents.

(25/15.6C), refr index 1.4502 (25C), flash p >150F

(65C). Combustible.

2,3-butylene oxide. (2,3-epoxybutane).

Use: Monomer for resins.

❘

CHCH

. Two forms, cis and trans, are

1,3-butylene glycol. (1,3-butanediol).

known.

HOCH

CH(OH)CH

. Can exist in optical iso-

Properties: cis:fp−80C, bp 59.7C (742 mm Hg), d

meric forms.

0.8266 (25/4C). trans:fp−85C, bp 53.5C (742 mm

Properties: Practically colorless; viscous liquid. Hy-

Hg), d 0.8010 (25/4C). Flash p approx 0F (−17C).

groscopic. D 1.0059 (20/20C), wt/agl 8.4 lb (20C),

Very soluble in ether, benzene, organic solvents;

bp 207.5C, vap press 0.06 mm Hg (20C), refr index

decomposes in water.

1.4401 (20C), flash p 250F (121C) (COC), autoign

Hazard: Toxic concentration of vapors occurs at

temp 741F (393C). Completely soluble in water and

room temperature. Highly flammable, dangerous

alcohol; slightly soluble in ether. Combustible.

fire risk.

Derivation: Reduction of aldol.

Use: Intermediate.

Use: Polyesters, polyurethanes, surface-active

agents, plasticizers, humectant, coupling agent, sol-

butyl epoxystearate. (butyl-9,10-epoxyoc-

vent, food additive, flavoring.

tadecanoate). CH

(CH

)

❘

CH(CH

)

COOC

1,4-butylene glycol. (1,4-butanediol; tetrame-

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild, slightly fatty,

thylene glycol).

slightly fruity odor. D 0.910 (20C), wt/gal 7.59 lb.

CAS: 110-63-4. HOCH

OH.

Combustible.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Bp 230C, mp 16C,

Use: Plasticizer for low-temperature flexibility im-

d 1.020 (20/4C). Flash p >250F (>121C). Miscible

provement of vinyl resins.

with water; soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in

ether. Combustible.

n-butylethanolamine. C

NHCH

OH.

Derivation: From acetylene and formaldehyde by

Properties: Colorless liquid; very faint amine odor.

high-pressure synthesis.

D 0.892 (20C), boiling range 194–204C, flash p

Grade: Technical.

170F (76.6C). Combustible.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Solvents, humectant, intermediate for plasticiz-

t-butylethanolamine.

ers, pharmaceuticals, cross-linking agent in poly-

CAS: 4620-70-6. mf: C

NO.

urethane elastomers, manufacture of tetrahydrofu-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

ran, terephthalate plastics.

tact. A severe eye irritant.

2,3-butylene glycol. (2,3-dihydroxybutane;

2,3-butanediol; pseudobutylene glycol; sym-di-

butyl ether. (n-dibutyl ether).

methylethylene glycol). CH

OCH

. Can CAS: 142-96-1. C

exist in optical isomeric forms. Properties: Colorless liquid; stable; mild ethereal

Properties: Nearly colorless, crystalline solid or liq- odor. D 0.7694 (20/20C), bp 142.2C, vap press 4.8

uid. Hygroscopic. D 1.045 (20/20C), mp 23–27C, mm Hg (20C), flash p 77F (25C), fp −95.2C, latent

200BUTYLETHYLACETALDEHYDE

heat of vaporization 67.8 cal/g at 140.9C, refr index D 1.055 (20/5C), bp 83–84C (1 mm Hg), 118–120C

1.3992 (20C), wt/gal 6.4 lb (20C), viscosity 0.0069 (25 mm Hg). Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol

cP (20C), autoign temp 382F (194C). Miscible with and ether.

most common organic solvents; immiscible with

water.

n-butyl glycidyl ether. (glycidylbutylether;

Grade: Technical, spectrophotometric.

BGE).

Hazard: Toxic on prolonged inhalation. Flammable,

CAS: 2426-08-6. C

CHOCH

moderate fire risk. May form explosive peroxides,

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; irritating odor.

especially in anhydrous form.

Bp 164C, vapor press 3.2 mm Hg (25C), vap d 3.78,

Use: Solvent for hydrocarbons, fatty materials; ex-

d 0.908 (25/4C). Soluble in water.

tracting agent used especially for separating metals,

Hazard: TLV: 25 ppm. A mild skin and eye irritant.

solvent purification, organic synthesis (reaction me-

dium).

n-butyl glycol phthalate. See dibutoxyethyl

phthalate.

butylethylacetaldehyde. See 2-ethylhexal-

dehyde.

tert-butyl hydroperoxide.

CAS: 75-91-2. (CH

)

COOH. A highly reactive per-

5-butyl-5-ethylbarbituric acid. See bu-

oxy compound.

tethal.

Properties: Water-white liquid. Fp −8C, decom-

poses at 75C, d 0.896 (20/4C), refr index 1.396

n-butyl ethyl ether. See ethyl-n-butyl ether. (25C) (90% pure), flash p (90%) 130F (54.4C).

Moderately soluble in water; very soluble in organic

solvents and alkali-metal hydroxide solutions. Com-

butyl ethyl ketone. (3-heptanone).

bustible.

CAS: 106-35-4. (C

)(C

)CCO.

Grade: 70%, 90% pure.

Properties: Clear liquid, d 0.8198 (20/20C), bp

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Oxidizer.

148C, fp −36.7C, refr index 1.4224 (20C), flash p

Use: Polymerization, oxidation, sulfonation catalyst,

115F, vap d 3.93.

bleaching, deodorizing.

Grade: Available as 20% solution in hexane.

Hazard: Fumes are irritating. Flammable, dangerous

fire risk. Store solution under nitrogen.

tert-butylhydroquinone. C

(OH)

C(CH

)

Use: Reactive chemical intermediate. Properties: Intermediate. Mp 125C. Insoluble in wa-

ter; soluble in alcohol, acetone, and ethyl acetate.

2-butyl-2-ethylpropanediol-1,3. See 2-eth-

yl-2-butylpropanediol-1,3.

butylhydroxyoxostannane. See butyl stan-

noic acid.

tert-butylformamide. (CH

)

CNHCOH.

Properties: Colorless, high-boiling liquid. Soluble

tert-butyl hypochlorite. (CH

)

COCl.

in water and common hydrocarbon solvents. Properties: Yellowish liquid.

Use: Solvent and in petroleum additives. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. May

explode at room temperature.

Use: Organic chlorinations, oxidation of alcohols to

butyl formate.

ketones and sulfides to sulfoxides.

CAS: 592-84-7. HCOOC

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.885–0.9108, bp

107C, fp −90C, flash p 64F (17.7C) (CC), autoign

4,4

′

-butylidenebis(6-tert-butyl-m-cresol).

temp 612F (322.5C). Miscible with alcohols, ethers, [(CH

)

(OH)(CH

)]

CHC

oils, hydrocarbons; slightly soluble in water. Properties: White powder. Mp 209C (min), d 1.03

Grade: Technical. (25C).

Hazard: Narcotic and irritating in high concentra- Use: Antioxidant for rubber, dry or latex.

tion. Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, some types of cellu-

n-butylisocyanate.

lose acetate, many cellulose ethers, many natural

CAS: 111-36-4. C

NCO.

and synthetic resins, lacquers, perfumes, organic

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 115C, d 0.88 (20/

synthesis (intermediate), flavoring.

4C).

Use: Intermediate for pesticides, herbicides, pharma-

n-butyl furfuryl ether. C

OCH

O. ceuticals.

Properties: Colorless liquid, turning dark on expo- Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

sure to air. Extremely hygroscopic, unstable with

moisture. D 0.955 (10/0C), bp 189–190C (765 mm

butyl isodecyl phthalate.

Hg), refr index 1.4522 (20C).

Properties: Clear liquid; mild odor; color (Hazen) 50

max. D 0.9 (20/20C), saponification number 310,

n-butyl furoate. C

OCO

. acidity (as phthalic acid) 0.01 max.

Properties: Colorless oil. Decomposes on standing. Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyls.

201

-BUTYL MYRISTATE

tert-butylisopropylbenzene hydroperoxide. n- and sec-butyl mercaptan. See 1-butane-

Properties: White crystals. thiol; 2-butanethiol.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. Reacts strongly with

reducing materials. Oxidizing agent.

tert-butylmercaptan. Legal label name for 2-

methyl-2-butanethiol.

n-butyl lactate.

butyl mesityl oxide. See butopyronoxyl.

CAS: 138-22-7. CH

OCOOC

Properties: Water-white, stable liquid; mild odor. D

n-butyl methacrylate. (methacrylic acid, bu-

0.974–0.984 (20/20C), flash p 168F (75.5C) (TOC),

tyl ester).

mp −43C, wt/gal 8.15 lb, bp 188C, refr index 1.4216

CAS: 97-88-1. H

C:C(CH

)COOC

(20C), vap press 0.4 mm Hg (20C), latent heat of

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 163.5–170.5C, fp

vaporization 77.4 cal/g (20C), autoign temp 720F

<−75C, d 0.895 (25/25C), flash p 130F (54.4C)

(382C). Miscible with many lacquer solvents, dilu-

(OC), refr index 1.4220. Readily polymerized. In-

ents, oils, slightly soluble in water, hydrolyzed in

soluble in water. Combustible.

acids and alkalies. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of methacrylic acid or methyl

Grade: Technical, 95% min.

methacrylate with butanol.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 5 ppm.

Grade: Technical (inhibited).

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, ethyl cellulose, oils,

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Moderate fire risk.

dyes, natural gums, many synthetic polymers, lac-

Use: Monomer for resins, solvent coatings, adhe-

quers, varnishes, inks, stencil pastes, antiskinning

sives, oil additives; emulsions for textiles, leather,

agent, chemical (intermediate), perfumes, dry-cle-

and paper finishing.

aning fluids, adhesives.

See acrylic resin.

N-n-butyl lauramide. C

CONHC

tert-butyl methacrylate.

Properties: White solid; lauric acid odor. Boiling

C:C(CH

)COOC(CH

)

range 200–225C (2 mm Hg), flash p 375F (190C).

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 66C (57 mm Hg), d

Combustible.

0.877 (25C), refr index 1.4124 (24C), flash p 92F

(33.3C) (TOC).

Grade: Technical containing 100 ppm hydroquinone

butyl laurate. (butyl dodecanoate).

monomethyl ether as inhibitor.

COOC

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Flammable, dangerous

Properties: Liquid. D 0.855 (25C), bp 130–180C (5

fire risk.

mm Hg), fp −10C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Monomer for resins.

Derivation: Alcoholysis of coconut oil with butyl

See acrylic resin.

alcohol followed by fractional distillation.

Use: Plasticizer, flavoring.

butyl methacrylate resins. See “Elvacite”

[Du Pont].

butyllithium. (n-butyllithium; sec-butyllithi-

um; tert-butyllithium). CH

Li;

tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol. See butylated

CHLiCH

; (CH

)

CLi.

hydroxyanisole.

Properties: Available usually in solution in one of

the C

to C

hydrocarbons, in which it is quite stable.

sec-butyl-6-methyl-3-cyclohexene-1-

sec-Butyllithium solution must be kept at or below

carboxylate. See siglure.

15.5C. Sold by percent butyllithium in the solution.

Hazard: Irritant. Solid and solution highly flamma-

p-tert-butyl-␣-methylhydrocinnamaldehyde.

ble, ignites in moist air.

(␣-methyl-␤-(p-tert-butylphe-

Use: Polymerization of isoprene and butadiene; in-

nyl)propionaldehyde).

termediate in preparation of lithium hydride; rocket

(CH

)

CH(CH

)CHO.

fuel component; metalating agent.

Properties: Light-yellow liquid; strong floral odor.

D 0.942–0.949 (25/25C), refr index 1.503–1.510

n-butylmagnesium chloride. C

MgCl.

(20C), flash p 204F (95.5C) (TCC). Soluble in 1-

Properties: Liquid. D 0.88.

part 90% alcohol. Stable, nondiscoloring. Combus-

Derivation: From magnesium and butyl chloride.

tible.

Grade: Available in solution in ethyl ether or in

Grade: 93%, 85% purity.

tetrahydrofuran.

Use: Perfume.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Grignard reagent, as an alkylating agent.

6-tert-butyl-3-methylphenol. See 6-tert-bu-

tyl-m-cresol.

n-butylmelamine.

CAS: 5606-24-6. mf: C

. n-butyl myristate. CH

(CH

)

COOC

. The

Hazard: A poison. butyl ester of myristic acid.

202

-BUTYL NITRATE

Properties: Water-white oily liquid. Saponification

butylparaben. (n-butyl hydroxybenzoate).

number 193–203, fp 1–7C, boiling range 167–197C

Properties: Finely divided solid. Mp 68C. Soluble in

(5 mm Hg), d 0.850–0.858 (25C). Insoluble in wa-

acetone, alcohol, and propylene glycol.

ter; soluble in acetone, castor oil, chloroform, meth-

Available forms: Calcium and magnesium salts are

anol, mineral oil, toluene. Combustible.

available.

Derivation: Alcoholysis of coconut oil with butyl

Use: Pharmaceutical preservative, fungistat.

alcohol followed by fractional distillation.

See “Parabens.”

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant for textiles, paper stencils,

cosmetic preparations.

n-butyl pelargonate. (n-butyl nonanoate).

OOCC

n-butyl nitrate. C

Properties: Liquid with fruity odor. Combustible. D

Properties: Water-white liquid; ethereal odor. D

0.865 (15.5/15.5C), bp 270C.

1.103 (20C), bp 123C, flash p 97F (36C). Insoluble

Use: Flavors and perfumes, chemical intermediate.

in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk in contact

sec-butyl pelargonate.

with reducing materials. Oxidizing agent, may ex-

CH(CH

)OOCC

plode from shock or heating.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.8608 (20/4C), bp 123C (15

mm Hg), refr index 1.4220. Combustible. Shows

tert-butyl nitrite. (nitrous acid tert-butyl es-

optical activity.

ter). (CH

)

CONO.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

Properties: Yellowish liquid; pleasant odor. D

0.867, bp 63C, refr index 1.36. Soluble in alcohol,

tert-butyl peracetate. See tert-butyl perox-

carbon disulfide, chloroform; slightly soluble in

yacetate.

water.

Derivation: Reaction of tert-butyl alcohol, sodium

tert-butyl perbenzoate. See tert-butyl perox-

nitrite, and sulfuric acid.

ybenzoate.

Use: Jet fuel.

tert-butyl perisobutyrate. See tert-butyl

butyl nonanoate. See butyl pelargonate.

peroxyisobutyrate.

butyl octadecanoate. See n-butyl stearate.

tert-butyl permaleic acid. See tert-butyl

peroxymaleic acid.

butyloctyl phthalate.

OOCC

COOC

tert-butyl peroxide. See di-tert-butyl per-

Properties: Water-white liquid; mild characteristic

oxide.

odor. D 0.991–0.997 (20/20C), saponification num-

ber 298–308. Miscible with most organic solvents.

Combustible.

tert-butyl peroxyacetate. (tert-butyl perace-

Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins. tate).

CAS: 107-71-1. (CH

)

COOOCCH

Properties: Flash p <80F (<26.6C) (COC), d 0.923.

butyl oleate.

Grade: Available as a 72–76% solution in benzene.

CAS: 142-77-8.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Oxidizer.

(CH

)

CH:CH(CH

)

COOC

Use: Polymerization initiator for vinyl monomers,

Properties: Light-colored, oleaginous liquid; mild

manufacture of polyethylene and polystyrene.

odor. D 0.873 (20/20C), iodine value 76.8, fp

opaque at 12C, solid at −26.4C, wt/gal 7.26 lb (20C),

boiling range 173–227C (2 mm Hg), flash p 356F

tert-butyl peroxybenzoate. (tert-butyl per-

(180C). Insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, benzoate).

ether, vegetable and mineral oils. Combustible. CAS: 614-45-9. (CH

)

COOOCC

Derivation: Alcoholysis of olein or esterification of Properties: Colorless liquid; mild aromatic odor. D

oleic acid with butanol. 1.04 (25/25C), fp 8.5C, vap press 0.33 mm Hg

Use: Plasticizer (particularly for PVC), solvent, lu- (50C), flash p 200F (93.3C). Soluble in alcohols,

bricant, water-resisting agent, coating composi- esters, ethers, ketones; insoluble in water.

tions, polishes, waterproofing compounds. Grade: 98% min.

Hazard: Oxidizing material; do not store near com-

bustible materials.

butyl “Oxitol”[Shell]. TM for ethylene glycol

Use: Polymerization initiator for polyethylene, poly-

monobutyl ether.

styrene, polyacrylates, and polyesters; chemical in-

Hazard: Slight irritant to skin and eyes.

termediate.

Use: Solvent in various types of surface-coating for-

mulations to improve gloss and leveling, component

of hydraulic fluids, coupling agent in various types

tert-butyl peroxy-2-ethylhexanoate. (tert-

of cleaning and cutting oils. butyl peroctoate). (CH

)

COOOCCH(C

203 1-(3-(4-

tert

Properties: Colorless liquid; faint odor. D 0.895 (25/ Grade: Available as 75% soluble in mineral spirits.

25C), fp <−30C, refr index 1.426 (25C), decom-

Hazard: (Solution) Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

poses at 89C, flash p 190F (87.7C). Insoluble in

Oxidizing agent. May explode on heating.

water; miscible with most organic solvents.

Use: Polymerization initiator.

Hazard: Oxidizing material. Do not store near com-

bustibles.

tert-butyl perphthalic acid. See tert-butyl

peroxyphthalic acid.

tert-butyl peroxyisobutyrate. (tert-butyl

perisobutyrate).

o-sec-butylphenol.

CAS: 109-13-7. (CH

)

COOOCCH(CH

)CH

CAS: 89-72-5. C

(CH

)CHC

OH.

Properties: Flash p <80F (<26.6C).

Properties: A slightly volatile liquid. Mw 150.22, bp

Grade: Available as a 72–75% solution in benzene.

226–228C, flash p 225F, d 0.891. Insoluble in water;

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Oxidizing

slightly soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies. Com-

agent.

bustible.

Use: Polymerization catalyst.

Hazard: TLV: 5 ppm. Skin and eye irritant.

Use: Chemical intermediate in preparation of resins,

tert-butylperoxyisopropyl carbonate.

plasticizers, surface-active agents.

(BPIC). (CH

)

COOOCOCH(CH

)

Properties: Liquid. Fp −3C, d 0.945, refr index

o-tert-butylphenol. (CH

)

OH.

1.4050 (20C), flash p 112–118F (44–47C) (TOC).

Properties: Light-yellow liquid. Fp −7C, d 0.982

Almost insoluble in water; miscible with hydrocar-

(20C), bp 224C, flash p 230F (110C) (OC). Soluble

bons, esters, and ethers. Relatively stable under or-

in isopentane, toluene, and ethanol; insoluble in

dinary conditions. Flammable.

water. Combustible.

Grade: Technical (8.6% active oxygen).

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, moderate irritant to eyes

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Oxidizing agent.

and skin.

Use: Polymerization initiator, cross-linking agent.

Use: Chemical intermediate for synthetic resins,

plasticizers, surface-active agents, perfumes, and

tert-butylperoxymaleic acid. (tert-butylper- other products. A permissible antioxidant for avia-

maleic acid). (CH

)

COOOCCH:CHCOOH. An tion gasoline (ASTM D910-64T).

unsaturated peroxide.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 114–116C (decom-

p-tert-butylphenol.

poses). Slightly soluble in water, cool 5% alkaline

CAS: 98-54-4. (CH

)

OH.

solution, and alcohols; moderately soluble in oxy-

Properties: White crystals; distinctive odor. D (crys-

genated organic solvents and polyester monomers;

tals) 1.03, d (molten) 0.908 (114/4C), bp 239C, mp

slightly soluble in naphtha, carbon tetrachloride,

100C. Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and

and chloroform; insoluble in benzene.

ether. Combustible.

Grade: 95% pure.

Derivation: Catalytic alkylation of phenol with

Hazard: Oxidizing agent. Do not store near combus-

olefins.

tible materials.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

Use: Polymerization catalyst, bleaching, pharmaceu-

Use: Plasticizer for cellulose acetate; intermediate

ticals.

for antioxidants, special starches, oil-soluble pheno-

lic resins; pour-point depressors and emulsion

breakers for petroleum oils and some plastics; syn-

tert-butylperoxyphthalic acid. (tert-butyl-

thetic lubricants; insecticides; industrial odorants;

perphthalic acid). (CH

)

COOOCC

COOH.

motor-oil additives.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 96–99C. Insoluble in

water; soluble in cool 5% alkaline solutions and in

alcohols; moderately soluble in oxygenated organic

n-butylphenyl acetate. C

OOCCH

solvents, chlorinated hydrocarbons and polyester Properties: Colorless liquid; rose-honey odor. D

monomers; slightly soluble in petroleum hydro- 0.991–0.994 (25/25C), bp 135–141C (18 mm Hg),

carbons. refr index 1.488–1.490 (20C). Soluble in 2 volumes

Grade: 95% pure. 80% alcohol. Combustible. Made synthetically.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent. Do not store near combus- Grade: 98% min.

tible materials. Use: Perfumes, flavoring.

Use: Polymerization catalyst and oxidizing agent.

n-butylphenyl ether. C

Properties: Water-white liquid; aromatic odor. D

tert-butylperoxypivalate.

0.929 (20C), boiling range 202–212C, flash p 180F

CAS: 927-07-1. (CH

)

COOOCC(CH

)

(82C). Combustible.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.854 (25/25C). Soli-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

difies below −19C, refr index 1.410 (25C), decom-

poses at 70C, flash p 155–160F (68–71C). Insoluble

in water and ethylene glycol; soluble in most organic

1-(3-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-2-methylpropyl)

solvents. piperidine. See fenpropidine.

2044-

tert

-BUTYLPHENYL

4-tert-butylphenyl salicylate. butyl rubber. A copolymer of isobutylene

(CH

)

OOCC

OH. (97%) and isoprene (3%). Polymerized below −95C

Properties: Off-white, odorless crystals. Mp with aluminum chloride catalyst.

62–64C. Soluble in alcohol, ethyl acetate, toluene; Properties: D 0.92. Vulcanizates have tensile

insoluble in water. strength up to 2000 psi (unreinforced) and 3000 psi

Use: Light absorber, best at 2900–3300 A

. (reinforced). Service temperatures range from −55

to +204C. Good abrasion resistance, excellent im-

permeability to gases, high dielectric constant, ex-

p-tert-butylphenyl salicylate.

cellent resistance to aging and sunlight, superior

CAS: 87-18-3. mf: C

shock-absorbing and vibration-damping qualities.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Resistance to oils and greases only fair. Will support

Use: Food additive.

combustion.

Grade: Stabilized, latex, chlorine-containing elasto-

n-butylphosphoric acid. See n-butyl acid

mer, low molecular weight (liquid).

phosphate.

Use: Tire carcasses and linings, especially for trac-

tors and other outsize vehicles; electric wire insula-

n-butyl phthalate. See dibutyl phthalate.

tion; encapsulating compounds; steam hose and oth-

er mechanical rubber goods; pond and reservoir

sealant. Latex is used for paper coating, textile and

butylphthalylbutyl glycolate.

leather finishing, adhesive formulations, air bags,

OOCC

COOCH

COOC

tire vulcanization, self-curing cements, pressure-

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless liquid. D

sensitive adhesives, tire-cord dips, sealants.

1.093–1.103 (25/25C), bp 219C (5 mm Hg), solidi-

See isobutylene-isoprene copolymer.

fies below −35C, darkens on heating above 290C,

flash p 390F (199C) (OC). Insoluble in water. Ex-

butyl sebacate. See dibutyl sebacate.

tremely light stable. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride. FDA ap-

butyl sorbate. C

OOCC

. An insect at-

proved for use in vinyl food wrappings.

tractant for the European chafer.

n-butyl phthalyl-n-butyl glycolate. See

n-butylstannic acid. [(C

)Sn(OH)

“Morflex 190” [Reilly].

Properties: White, infusible, and insoluble free-

flowing powder. Exists as a polymer of undeter-

n-butyl propionate.

mined chemical structure. Further dehydration re-

CAS: 590-01-2. C

sults in polymers with molecular weights of

Properties: Water-white liquid; applelike odor. D

1000–5000 that are soluble in organic solvents.

0.875 (20C), 0.874 (15.5C), wt/gal 7.3 lb, bp 146C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and skin absorption.

(commercial grades boil over a range of 130–150C

TLV: 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

due to presence of butyl alcohol and esters), fp

Use: Polymerization catalyst, antioxidant, and heat

−89C, flash p 90F (32.2C), autoign temp 800F

stabilizer for PVC (not approved by FDA for food

(426C). Soluble in alcohol and ether; miscible with

containers), electrically conducting tin oxide coat-

all coal tar and petroleum distillates; very slightly

ings, alkaline-earth-metal phosphates in fluorescent

soluble in water.

light bulbs, intermediate for silicones.

Derivation: Esterification of propionic acid with bu-

tyl alcohol and sulfuric acid catalyst.

butyl stannoic acid.

Grade: Technical (85–90% to 95% ester content).

CAS: 2273-43-0. mf: C

Sn.

Hazard: Skin and eye irritant. Flammable, moderate

Properties: White infusible solid. Sol in Me

CO.

fire risk.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose, retarder in lacquer

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

thinner, ingredient of perfumes, flavors.

butyl stearamide. C

CONHC

2-t-butylpyrimidine. See 2-(1,1-dimethyle-

Properties: Light-straw-colored liquid. D 0.869 (20/

thyl)pyrimidine.

20C), boiling range 195–200C (2 mm Hg), flash p

430F (221C), amide odor. Combustible.

Use: Plasticizer and intermediate for the synthesis of

butyl ricinoleate. C

(OH)COOC

insecticides, surface-active agents, pharmaceuti-

Properties: Yellow to colorless oleaginous liquid. D

cals, and textile assistants.

0.916 (20/20C), bp approx 275C (13 mm Hg), flash

p 220F (104.4C), Saybolt viscosity 112 (100F), fp

indefinite, slightly opaque at −30C, very viscous at

butyl stearate. (butyl octadecanoate).

−50C, wt/gal 7.62 lb (20C). Soluble in alcohol and C

COOC

ether; insoluble in water. Combustible. Properties: Colorless, stable, oleaginous liquid;

Derivation: Castor oil and butyl alcohol. practically odorless, sometimes with faint fatty

Use: Plasticizer, lubricant. odor. D 0.855–0.860 (25/25C), mp 19.5–20C,flash

205 BUTYNEDIOL

p 320F (160C) (CC). Wt/gal 7.14 lb (20C), refr

butyl titanate. See tetrabutyl titanate.

index 1.4430 (20C), bp 350C. Miscible with mineral

and vegetable oils; soluble in alcohol and ether;

p-tert-butyltoluene. (1-methyl-4-tert-butylben-

insoluble in water. Combustible.

zene).

Derivation: Alcoholysis of stearin or esterification

CAS: 98-51-1. (CH

)

of stearic acid with butanol.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.857–0.863 (20/

Grade: Technical, cosmetic, chemically pure.

20C), bp 192.8C. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Use: Ingredient of polishes, special lubricants, and

Grade: Technical.

coatings; lubricants for metals and in textile and

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, ingestion, and skin

molding industries; in wax polishes as dye solvent;

absorption. TLV: 10 ppm.

plasticizer for laminated fiber products’ rubber hy-

Use: Solvent, intermediate.

drochloride; chlorinated rubber and cable lacquers;

carbon paper and inks; emollient in cosmetic and

n-butyltrichlorosilane. C

SiCl

pharmaceutical products; lipsticks; damp proofer

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 142C, d 1.1608 (25/

for concrete; flavoring.

25C), refr index 1.4363 (25C), flash p 126F (52C)

(COC). Readily hydrolyzed with liberation of hy-

butyl sulfide. See di-tert-butyl sulfide.

drogen chloride. Soluble in benzene, ether, heptane.

Derivation: Grignard reaction of silicon tetrachlo-

4-tert-butyl-o-thiocresol. (2-methyl-4-tert-bu-

ride.

tylthiophenol). (CH

)

(CH

)SH.

Grade: Technical, 95%.

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild (nonmercaptan)

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue. Moderate fire

odor. D 0.983 (25C), fp −4C, bp 250C, refr index

risk.

1.546 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in hydrocar-

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

bons. Combustible.

Grade: Available as 98% pure, supplied under nitro-

butyl trichloro stannane.

gen atmosphere, and as 55% solution in hydro-

CAS: 1118-46-3. mf: C

Sn.

carbon.

Properties: Liquid. D: 0.85 @ 20°/4°, bp: 93° @10

Use: Peptizer for rubbers, polymer modifier, lubri-

mm.

cating-oil additive.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. A severe

skin and eye irritant. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

4-tert-butylthiophenol. (CH

)

SH.

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild (nonmercaptan)

odor. D 0.986 (25C), fp −11C, bp 238C, refr index

N-n-butylurea.

1.546 (25C). Insoluble in water; soluble in hydro-

CAS: 592-31-4. C

HNCONH

carbons.

Properties: White solid; odorless. Decomposes on

Grade: 98%, supplied under nitrogen atmosphere.

heating, mp 96C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and

Use: Lubricating-oil additives, polymer modifiers,

ether.

antioxidants, dyes.

n-butyl vinyl ether. See vinyl-n-butyl ether.

(butylthio)trioctylstannane.

CAS: 70303-47-8. mf: C

SSn.

1-butyne. See ethylacetylene.

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg/m

(skin)

2-butyne. See crotonylene.

Use: Drug.

(butylthio)tripropylstannane. See tripro-

butynediol.

pyl(butylthio)stannane.

CAS: 110-65-6. HOCH

C:CCH

OH.

Properties: White, orthorhombic crystals. Mp 58C,

n-butyltin trichloride. C

SnCl

bp 238C, refr index 1.450 (25C). Soluble in water,

Properties: Colorless liquid. Fumes in contact with

aqueous acids, alcohol, and acetone; insoluble in

air. D 1.71 (25/4C), bp 102C (12 mm Hg), refr index

ether and benzene. Combustible.

1.5190 (25C). Soluble in organic solvents; sparingly

Derivation: High-pressure synthesis from acetylene

soluble in water with partial hydrolysis.

and formaldehyde.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, strong irritant to skin.

Grade: Crystalline solid, 97%, aqueous soluble 35%.

Avoid exposure to liquids or vapors. TLV: 0.1

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. May explode on con-

mg(Sn)/m

tamination with mercury salts, strong acids, and

Use: Intermediate, catalyst, stabilizer.

alkaline earth hydroxides and halides at high tem-

peratures.

n-butyltin tris(dibutyldithiocarbamate). Use: Intermediate, corrosion inhibitor, electroplating

CAS: 73927-88-5. mf: C

Sn. brightener, defoliant, polymerization accelerator,

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2 stabilizer for chlorinated hydrocarbons, cosolvent

mg(Sn)/m

(skin). for paint and varnish removal.

2063-BUTYN-1-OL

3-butyn-1-ol. (␤-ethynyl ethanol). Grade: Technical, 98%.

HC:CCH

OH. Use: Manufacture of butyrates, drugs, and tanning

Properties: Water-white liquid; characteristic odor. agents.

D 0.9257 (20/4C), refr index 1.4409 (20C), bp

128.9C, fp −63.6C. Combustible.

butyrin. See glyceryl tributyrate.

Use: Preparation of perfume bases, acetylenic esters,

plastics, plasticizers, pharmaceuticals, wetting

butyrolactam. See 2-pyrrolidone.

agents, medicinals, and organic synthesis.

butyrolactone. (␥-butyrolactone).

1,1

′

-(2-butynylene)dipyrrolidine

CAS: 96-48-0. OCH

CO.

dihydrochloride. See tremorine dichloroh-

ydrate.

butyraldehyde. (butaldehyde; n-butanal; n-

butylaldehyde; butyric aldehyde).

Properties: Colorless liquid; pleasant odor. Bp

CAS: 123-72-8. CH

(CH

)

CHO.

204C, fp −44C, d 1.144, flash p 209F (98.3C) (OC).

Properties: Water-white liquid; characteristic pun-

Miscible with water, alcohol, and ether. Combus-

gent aldehyde odor. D 0.8048 (20/20C), bp 75.7C,

tible.

vap press 91.5 mm Hg (20C), flash p 20F (−6.6C),

Derivation: High-pressure synthesis from acetylene

wt/gal 6.7 lb (20C), coefficient of expansion

and formaldehyde.

0.00114 (20C), fp −99C, viscosity 0.043 cP (20C),

Grade: Technical.

autoign temp 446F (230C). Slightly soluble in wa-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ter; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Use: Intermediate for synthesis of butyric acid com-

Derivation: (1) Oxo process; (2) dehydrogenating

pounds, polyvinylpyrrolidone, methionine, solvent

butanol vapors over a catalyst, the butyraldehyde

for acrylate and styrene polymers, ingredient of

being separated by distillation; (3) partial reduction

paint removers and textile assistants.

of crotonaldehyde.

Grade: Technical (93% min).

butyrone. See dipropyl ketone.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Use: Plasticizers, rubber accelerators, solvents, high

butyronitrile. (propyl cyanide; butanenitrile).

polymers.

CAS: 109-74-0. CH

(CH

)

CN.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.796 (15C), fp

butyric acid. (n-butyric acid; butanoic acid;

−112.6C, bp 116–117C, flash p 79F (26.1C) (OC).

ethylacetic acid; propylformic acid).

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol and

CAS: 107-92-6. CH

COOH.

ether.

Properties: Colorless liquid; penetrating and obnox-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

ious odor. Refr index 1.3981 (20C), d 0.9583 (20/

Use: Basic material in industrial, chemical, and phar-

4C), fp −5.0 to −8C, bp 163.5C (757 mm Hg) and

maceutical intermediates and products; poultry

75C (25 mm Hg), vap press 0.84 mm Hg (20C),

medicines.

autoign temp 846F (452C). Miscible with water,

alcohol, and ether. Combustible.

butyroyl chloride. (butyryl chloride; buta-

Derivation: Occurs as glyceride in animal milk fats.

noyl chloride). C

COCl.

Produced as a by-product in hydrocarbon synthesis,

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent acid chloride

by oxidation of butyraldehyde, and by butyric fer-

odor. Reacts with alcohol and water; miscible with

mentation of molasses or starch.

ether. Fp −89C, distillation range 100–110C, d

Grade: 90%, 95%, 99%, edible, synthetic, reagent,

1.028 (15C), refr index 1.4121 (20C).

technical, FCC.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, strong

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and tissue.

irritant to tissue.

Use: Synthesis of butyrate ester perfume and flavor

Use: Organic synthesis.

ingredients, pharmaceuticals, deliming agent, disin-

fectants, emulsifying agents, sweetening gasolines.

butyryl chloride. See butyroyl chloride.

butyric alcohol. See n-butyl alcohol.

10-butyryldithranol.

CAS: 75464-11-8. mf: C

butyric aldehyde. See butyraldehyde.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. A mild skin irritant.

butyric anhydride.

n-butyryltri-n-hexyl citrate. See “Citroflex

CAS: 106-31-0. (CH

CO)

B-6” [Reilly].

Properties: Water-white liquid. Hydrolyzes to bu-

tyric acid. D 0.9681 (20/20C), fp −75C, bp 199.5C,

vap press 0.3 mm Hg (20C), flash p 190F (87.7C),

BVE. Abbreviation for butyl vinyl ether.

wt/gal 8.1 lb (20C). Combustible. See vinyl-n-butyl ether.

207 BZ

“B-X-A” [Uniroyal]. TM for a diarylamine- Use: Food packaging, sporting goods, wire and cable,

ketone-aldehyde reaction product.

building construction and automotive. More recent

Properties: Brown powder. D 1.10, melting range

uses are extrusion laminations, in extrusion coat-

85–95C. Store in a cool place. Soluble in acetone,

ings, and as adhesive films and webs for thermal

benzene, and ethylene dichloride; insoluble in water

laminating and other new uses not related to pack-

and gasoline.

aging.

Use: Antioxidant for rubber and nylon.

BZ. A nonlethal gas that causes temporary disabil-

“Bynel” [DuPont]. TM for resins developed as

ity. It is a derivative of lysergic acid.

coextrudable adhesives for multilayer packaging

structures.