␤. See beta. bacillus subtilis BPN. (bacillomycin; fungo-

cin; subtilisins).

CAS: 1395-21-7.

B. Symbol for boron.

Hazard: A severe eye irritant. TLV: CL 0.00006 mg/

Ba. Symbol for barium.

Use: Laundry detergents.

137

Ba. See barium-137.

bacitracin methylene disalicylate.

Properties: White to gray-brown powder. Slight un-

babassu oil. A nondrying, edible oil expressed

pleasant odor, less bitter than bacitracin. Soluble in

from the kernels of the babassu palm, which grows

water, pyridine, ethanol; less soluble in acetone,

in profusion in Brazil. Composition: 44% lauric

ether, chloroform, benzene; pH of saturated aqueous

acid, 15% myristic acid, 16% oleic acid, balance

soluble 3.5–5.0. Available also as the sodium salt.

mixed acids. Usable in foods and soapmaking, but

Use: Antibiotic, feed additive.

supply is limited by cost of exploitation of the large

quantities potentially available. Combustible.

bacitracin zinc.

Use: Drug (veterinary); feed additive.

Babbitt metal. One of a group of soft alloys

used widely for bearings. They have good bonding

backcross. A cross between an animal that is

characteristics with the substrate metal, maintain oil

heterozygous for alleles obtained from two parental

films on their surfaces, and are nonseizing and anti-

strains and a second animal from one of those paren-

friction. Used as cast, machined, or preformed bime-

tal strains. Also used to describe the breeding proto-

tallic bearings in the form of a thin coating on a steel

col of an outcross followed by a backcross.

base; the main types are lead base, lead-silver base,

See model organisms.

tin base, cadmium base, and arsenical. The latter

contains up to 3% arsenic.

back filling. Process of applying starch, with or

Hazard: Dust is toxic by inhalation.

without other filling or weighting materials, to the

back of a cloth.

Babcock test. A rapid test for butterfat in milk

introduced by Stephen M. Babcock in 1890 and now

Back-Goudsmit effect.

Effect of a weak mag-

in worldwide use in the dairy industry.

netic field on the spectral lines of an element having

a nuclear magnetic moment.

Babinet principle. Identical diffraction pat-

terns of a substance are produced by two diffraction

back-mutation. A mutation that causes a mutant

screens one of which is the exact negative of the gene to revert bacto its wild-type genotype.

other.

bacteria. Microorganisms often composed of a

single cell in the form of straight or curved rods

Babo’s law. The lowering of vapor pressure is

(bacilli), spheres (cocci), or spiral structures. Their

proportional to the mole fraction of nonvolatile so-

chemical composition is primarily protein and nu-

lute in a solution.

cleic acid. Chlorophyll molecules are also present,

enabling bacteria to carry out photosynthesis. Some

BAC. See: (1) Biologically activated C; (2)

types, called anaerobic, are able to live and repro-

blood alcohol concentration; (3) bromacetyl cel-

duce in the absence of oxygen; aerobic types require

lulose; (4) bacterial artificial chromosome.

oxygen. Bacteria that can live either with or without

oxygen are called facultative. Filamentous bacteria

B acid. (1-amino-8-naphthol-3,5-disulfonic

are related to blue-green algae. Molds that yield

acid). C

OH(SO

antibiotics (Actinomycetes) are of this type. Patho-

Derivation: Sulfonation of 1-amino-8-naphthol-3-

genic bacteria are infectious organisms that cause

sulfonic acid.

such diseases as pneumonia, tuberculosis, syphilis,

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

and typhus. The staining of bacteria for microscopic

identification was originated by Koch, a German

bacillomycin. See bacillus subtilis BPN.

physician and bacteriologist (1843–1910). Bacteria

are often classified as Gram-positive or Gram-nega-

bacillus. A type of bacteria characterized by a tive. Food spoilage is often induced by bacterial

rodlike shape. contamination. There are many beneficial types of

116

117 BAFFLE

bacteria in the body, e.g., intestinal flora that aid in

bacteriostat. A substance that prevents or retards

the growth of bacteria. Examples are quaternary

metabolism. Bacteria rich in proteins can be pro-

ammonium salts and hexachlorophene.

duced by fermentation of animal wastes for feed

See antiseptic.

supplements. The outstanding development in this

field is the laboratory modification of bacteria by

gene-splicing techniques. This noteworthy achieve-

baddeleyite. (zirconia). ZrO

. A natural zirconi-

ment has an enormous future potential in the chemi-

um oxide.

cal, agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical indus-

Properties: Black, brown, yellow to colorless; streak

tries. The Supreme Court has ruled it to be a

white, luster submetallic to vitreous to greasy.

patentable invention.

D5.5–6.0, mp 2500–2950C. Highly resistant to

See recombinant DNA; biotechnology.

chemicals.

Use: (1) Fermentation processes used in baking and

Grade: Crude (53%, 73–75%), purified (98%).

the manufacture of alcohol, wine, vinegar, beer

Occurrence: Brazil, Ceylon.

(yeast), and antibiotics (molds). (2) Fixation of at-

Use: Corrosion- and heat-resistant applications,

mospheric nitrogen in the soil. (3) Reaction with

source zirconium.

hydrocarbons (methane and other paraffins) to yield

proteins (yeasts). (4) Purification of sewage sludge

Badische acid. (2-naphthylamine-8-sulfonic

activated by bacteria (see sewage sludge). (5) Reac-

acid). C

tion with cellulose to form biopolymers and high-

Properties: Colorless needles, partially soluble in

protein foodstuffs. (6) Reaction with waste materi-

water and alkalies, slightly soluble in alcohol.

als (coal and cement dusts, gasworks effluent) to

Derivation: Sulfonation of 2-naphthylamine.

release plant nutrients for inexpensive fertilizers

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

(the former U.S.S.R.). (7) Precipitation and concen-

tration of uranium and some other metals by com-

Baekeland (Bakelite) process. Condensa-

pounds obtained from bacteria grown on carbona-

tion of phenol and formaldehyde to o-hydroxyme-

ceous materials such as lignin and cellulose. (8)

thylphenol (Lederer-Manasse), which undergoes

Formation of azo compounds in soil treated with the

further arylation yielding a polymeric structure.

herbicide propanil. (9) Synthesis of hormones by

recombinant DNA methods (E. coli).

See insulin. (10) Miscellaneous reactions, e.g., oxida-

Baekeland, L. H. (1863–1944). Born in

tion of pentaerythritol to tris(hydroxymethyl)acetic

Ghent, Belgium. He did early research in photo-

acid; conversion of the sulfur in gypsum to elemen-

graphic chemistry and invented Velox paper (1893).

tal sulfur via hydrogen sulfide; clean-up of oil spills.

After working for several years in electrolytic re-

See fermentation; virus; enzyme; biotechnology.

search, he undertook fundamental study of the reac-

tion products of phenol and formaldehyde, which

culminated in his discovery in 1907 of phenol-form-

bacterial artificial chromosome. (BAC).

aldehyde polymers originally called “Bakelite.” The

A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-

reaction itself had been investigated by Bayer in

kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli

1872, but Bakeland was the first to learn how to

cells. Based on naturally occurring F-factor plasmid

control it to yield dependable results on a commer-

found in the bacterium E. coli.

cial scale. The Bakelite Co. was founded in 1910 and

See cloning vector.

now is Bakelite AG.

See phenol-formaldehyde resins.

bactericide. (germicide). Any agent that will

kill bacteria, especially those causing disease. Bac-

Baeyer-Drewson indigo synthesis. Forma-

tericides vary greatly in their potency and specifici-

tion of indigos by an aldol addition of o-nitrobenzal-

ty. They may be other organisms (bacteriophages),

dehydes to acetone, pyruvic acid, or acetaldehyde.

chemical compounds, or shortwave radiation.

Of interest mainly as a method of protecting o-nitro-

See virus; antibiotic; biocide.

benzaldehydes.

bacteriophage. A type of virus that attacks and

Baeyer-Villiger reactions. The oxidation of

destroys bacteria by surrounding and absorbing

aromatic, open-chain, and cyclic ketones to esters

them.

and lactones by peracids.

bacteriophage lambda. A virus which infects

E. coli, and which is often used in molecular genet-

baffle. A flow-regulating device consisting of a

ics experiments as a vector, or cloning vehicle. Re- perforated metal plate placed horizontally in liquid-

combinant phages can be made in which certain mixing tanks, distillation columns, and the like to

non-essential DNA is removed and replaced with restrict or divert the passage of liquid, thus provid-

the DNA of interest. The phage can accommodate a ing a uniformly dispersed flow. Baffles are also used

DNA “insert” of about 15-20 kb. Replication of that in open-steam autoclaves to ensure even distribution

virus will thus replicate the investigator’s DNA. of the entering steam.

118BAGASSE

bagasse. A form of cellulose (biomass) derived as Baker-Venkataraman rearrangement.

a by-product of the crushing of sugar cane or guayu-

Base-catalyzed rearrangement of o-acyloxyke-

le plants. Contains a high proportion of hemicellu-

tones to ␤-diketones, important intermediates in the

lose. After pulping with either soda or kraft cooking

synthesis of chromones and flavones.

liquor, it can be made into a low grade of paper. It is

also used in compressed form as an insulating board

“Bake Smart” [Advanced Ingredients].

in construction, as a medium for growth of nutritive

TM for a carb based powder comprised of glu-

bacteria, in animal feeds, in manufacturing of furfu-

cose syrup, dextrose and fiber.

ral; and as on-site fuel for cane-sugar mills. In Ha-

Use: Delivers moisture control, binds moisture in a

waii, it is being used as a fuel for electric power

broad range of foods.

generation.

Hazard: Dust is flammable.

baking finish. A paint or varnish that requires

See biomass.

baking at temperatures greater than 66C for the

development of desired properties (ASTM). Such

baghouse. (bag filter). A large-scale dust-col-

finishes are based on oil-modified alkyd, melamine,

lecting device composed of a series of large cotton

epoxy, nitrocellulose, or urea resins, or combina-

or nylon bags assembled in a heavy metal frame or

tions of these. Baking is often done by infrared

housing. The bags may be as much as 10 ft high,

radiation, producing high-molecular weight coat-

each “bag” being made up of three units sewn to-

ings that are dense and tough.

gether as one element approximately 18 inches in

diameter. Discharge hoppers are located beneath the

baking powder. A synthetic leavening agent

bags. A suction or blower system forces dust-laden

widely used in the baking industry. There are several

air through an inlet port on one side of the frame just

types, all of which are composed of a carbonate, a

above the hopper space. It enters the bags, where it

weak acid or acidic compound, and a filler. A typical

deposits its suspended solids, while the cleaned air is

composition is sodium bicarbonate, tartaric acid or

drawn through and leaves by an outlet port. A motor-

monobasic calcium phosphate, and cornstarch. In-

driven shaker mechanism agitates the bags periodi-

gredients sometimes used are ammonium carbonate

cally, dislodging the accumulated layer of dust,

and potassium bitartrate. Upon contact with mois-

which falls into the hoppers. Installations of this

ture and heat the active ingredients react to evolve

type are often of impressive size, some containing

carbon dioxide, which “raises” the dough in the

over 300 bags.

early minutes of heat exposure, thus producing a

See “Nomex.” [Du Pont]

stable solid foam. Wheat-flour gluten is sufficiently

elastic to retain the bubbles of carbon dioxide.

bait. An insecticide or rodenticide placed in such a

way as to attract the pest. Arsenic compounds and

baking soda. See sodium bicarbonate.

Bordeaux mixture are typical insect baits. All types

are highly toxic.

BAL. Abbreviation for British Anti-Lewisite.

See pesticide.

See 2,3-dimercaptopropanol.

“Bakelite” [Bakelite AG]. TM for polyethyl-

balagrin.

ene, polypropylene, epoxy, phenolic, polystyrene,

CAS: 71330-43-3.

phenoxy, perylene, polysulfone, ethylene copoly-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

mers, ABS, acrylics, and vinyl resins and com-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

pounds.

balance. (1) Exact equality of the number of

Baker-Nathan effect. Effect originally ob-

atoms of various elements entering into a chemical

served in the reaction of p-substituted benzyl bro-

reaction and the number of atoms of those elements

mides with pyridine and other processes in which

in the reaction products. For example, in the reaction

the observed rates are opposite to those predicted by

NaOH + HCl → NaCl + H

O, the atoms in the input

the electron-releasing inductive effect of alkyl

side are H[2], Na[1], O[1], and Cl[1]. Each of these

groups, i.e., CH

>CH

> (CH

)

CH > C(CH

)

is also present in the products, though in different

To explain it, a type of electron delocalization in-

combination. The atoms of catalysts (when present)

volving ⌺ electrons was proposed, termed hyper-

do not enter into reactions and therefore are not

conjugation, which manifests itself in systems in

involved. The balance of chemical reactions follows

which a saturated carbon atom attached to an unsatu-

the law of conservation of mass. The term material

rated carbon or one with an empty orbital bears at

balance is used by chemical engineers in designing

least one hydrogen atom.

processing equipment. It denotes a precise list of all

the substances to be introduced into a reaction and

baker’s yeast extract. all those that will leave it in a given time, the two

Properties: From ruptured cells of Saccharomyces sums being equal.

cerevisiae. Liquid, paste or powder. Water sol. (2) A precision instrument designed for weighing

Use: Food additive. extremely small amounts of material with high accu-

119 BANANA OIL

racy. An analytical balance or microbalance for

Bally-Scholl synthesis. Formation of meso-

weights from about 1 g to 0.1 mg is standard equip- benzanthrones by the action of glycerol or a deriva-

ment in chemical laboratories. Its essential feature is tive, and sulfuric acid on anthraquinones or an-

a one-piece metal beam (lever) pivoted on a knife- thranols.

edge or flexure at its exact center (fulcrum) so that it

is free to oscillate. From it are suspended two scale

balsam. A resinous mixture of varying composi-

pans approximately 2 inches in diameter, each of

tion obtained from several species of evergreen trees

which is also positioned on a knife-edge on the

or shrubs. Contains oleoresins, terpenes, and usually

lower arms of the beam. Exact balance is indicated

cinnamic and benzoic acids. All types are soluble in

by a pointer attached to the beam. Either an alumi-

organic liquids and insoluble in water. Some have a

num rider or a chain and vernier is provided for

penetrating, pleasant odor. They are combustible

maximum accuracy. Highly sophisticated balances

and in general nontoxic. The best-known types are

operating electronically with built-in microproces-

as follows:

sors have become available in recent years.

(1) Peru balsam, from Central America, is a thick,

viscous liquid (d 1.15) containing vanillin. Used in

balata. See rubber, natural (note).

flavoring, chocolate manufacturing, as an ingredient

in expectorants and cough syrups, and as a fragrance

Baldwin rules for ring closure. Set of em-

in shampoos and hair conditioners. A mild allergen.

pirical rules, stereochemical in nature, predicting

Shipped in drums.

the relative facility of ring closure reactions.

(2) Tolu balsam, a plastic solid, is derived from a

related tree in Colombia. Its uses are similar to Peru

Baldwin’s phosphorus. Fused nitrate of lime,

balsam. Source of tolu oil. Odorless.

which emits light for several hours after exposure to

(3) Copaiba balsam from Brazil and Venezuela (d

sunlight.

0.94–0.99) is a viscous liquid used in varnishes and

lacquers as an odor fixative and in manufacture of

ball-and-ring method. The melting point of a

photographic paper. It is the source of copaiba oil.

material is determined by filling the aperture of a

(4) Balm of Gilead is from a Middle Eastern shrub

metal ring with the material, placing a metal ball on

and is used in perfumery and medicine.

it, and heating to the temperature at which the mate-

(5) Canada balsam, from the North American bal-

rial softens and is then pushed out of the ring by the

sam fir, is a liquid, d 0.98, used in microscopy, in

weight of the ball. It is used for substances that have

fine lacquers, as a flavoring, and as a fragrance.

no definite melting point, but soften before melting.

(6) Benzoin resin (Benjamin gum). See benzoin

resin.

ball clay. A clay that has good plasticity, strong

bonding power, high refractoriness, and fires to a

balsam fir oil. See fir needle oil, Canadian

white or cream-colored product. Used as bonding

type.

and plasticizing agent or chief ingredient of white-

ware, porcelains, stoneware, terra-cotta, glass ref-

Bamberger’s formula. A structural formula

ractories, and floor and wall tile.

for naphthalene that shows the valences of the ben-

See clay.

zene rings pointing to the centers.

Balling hydrometer. A device for determining

bamboo. A grass native to southeast Asia having

the approximate percentage of sugar in solution at

a rather high cellulose content, which makes possi-

60°F.

ble its use for specialty papers. Its fibers are longer

than those of most other plants of this type and are

ball mill. A jacketed steel cylinder rotating on a

comparable to those of coniferous woods. Has a

horizontal axis and containing steel balls of varying

composition of total cellulose 58%, ␣-cellulose

diameter; the interior walls are usually equipped

35%, pentosans 28%, lignin 23%. Also used for

with baffle bars to impart a rolling and cascading

making light furniture, fishing rods, etc. Combus-

action to the balls. The total weight of the balls may

tible.

be 2000 lb or more. The grinding efficiency depends

on the number of contacts between any two balls;

bambuterol.

thus the greater the number of balls, the more effec-

CAS: 81732-65-2. mf: C

tive the grinding action. The material is introduced

Hazard: A poison.

through an opening in the axis of the cylinder, which

is then hermetically closed. Discharge is by the same

Bamford-Stevens reaction. Formation of

opening after replacement of the cover plate with a

olefins by base-catalyzed decomposition of p-to-

grill to retain the balls. Ball mills can be adapted to

luenesulfonylhydrazones of aldehydes and ketones.

continuous operation in which the feed enters at one

end and is discharged at the other. Products ground

are dry chemicals, paint pigments, etc.

banana oil. (1) (Banana liquid.) A solution of

See pebble mill; jar mill. nitrocellulose in amyl acetate or similar solvent; so

120BANBURY MIXER

termed because of its penetrating banana-like odor.

“Barak” [Du Pont]. TM for dibutylammoni-

(2) Synonym for amyl acetate. um oleate (C

)

COOC

Properties: Translucent, light brown liquid. Com-

bustible.

Banbury mixer. A batch-type internal-mixing

Use: To activate accelerators and improve processing

machine, named after its inventor, that has been

of rubber and synthetic rubbers.

widely used in the rubber industry since 1920 for

high-volume production. It will also accept plastic

molding powders. Its chief feature is an enclosed,

barban. Generic name for 4-chloro-2-butyn-

barrel-shaped chamber in which two rotors with

lyl-m-chlorocarbanilate.

oppositely curved contours rotate rapidly on a hori-

(Cl)NHCOOCH

C:CCH

Cl. Herbicide and

zontal axis, first masticating the rubber and then

plant growth regulator.

efficiently incorporating the dry ingredients. Both

steam and water jacketing are provided. Batches

o-barene. See 1,2-dicarbadodecaborane(12).

may be up to 1000 lb. A plunger at the entrance port

rides on top of the batch to furnish enough pressure

barberite. A nonferrous alloy containing 88.5%

for proper mixing. A hydraulically operated dis-

copper, 5% nickel, 5% tin, 1.5% silicon.

charge gate is located below the mixing chamber.

Properties: D 8.80, mp 1070C. It offers good resis-

tance to sulfuric acid in all dilutions up to 60%,

band, absorption. See absorption band.

seawater, moist sulfurous atmospheres, and mine

waters.

“Bandane” [Velsicol]. TM for polychlorodi-

cyclopentadiene isomers.

Barbier-Wieland degradation. Stepwise

Use: As an herbicide.

carboxylic acid degradation of aliphatic acids (par-

ticularly in sterol side chains) to the next lower

homolog. The ester is converted to a tertiary alcohol

banded iron formation. An iron formation

that is dehydrated with acetic anhydride, and the

that consists of alternating iron-rich and iron-poor

olefin oxidized with chromic acid to a lower homol-

layers. Most rocks of this type are older than about

ogous carboxylic acid.

two billion years.

barbital. (diethylmalonylurea; diethylbarbituric

bandwidth. Difference between limiting fre-

acid; “Veronal”).

quencies of a frequency band.

CAS: 57-44-3. C

banod shift assay. See gel shift assay.

“Banox” [Nalco]. TM for a series of dry, pow-

dered, phosphate-type corrosion inhibitors. No. 1 is

artificially colored. Nos. 1-P and WT are colorless.

Use: Refrigerator cars, refrigeration brine, cooling

towers, and small water systems.

Properties: White crystals or powder; bitter taste;

Banting, Sir Frederick. (1891–1941). A na-

odorless. Stable in air. Mp 187–192C. Soluble in hot

tive of Ontario, Canada, Banting did his most impor-

water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate.

tant work in endocrinology. His brilliant research

Derivation: By the interaction of diethyl ester or

culminated in the preparation of the antidiabetic

diethylmalonic acid and urea.

hormone that he called insulin, derived from the

Grade: Technical, CP.

isles of Langerhans in the pancreas. He received the

Hazard: See barbiturates.

Nobel Prize in medicine for this work together with

Use: Medicine (sedative), stabilizer for hydrogen

MacLeod of the University of Toronto. In 1930, the

peroxide.

Banting Institute was founded in Toronto. He was

See barbiturates.

killed in an airplane crash.

barbiturate. A derivative of barbituric acid that

“Banvel” D [Velsicol]. TM for an herbicide

produces depression of the central nervous system

containing 2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid

and consequent sedation. Used by prescription only

(dimethylamine salt).

for sedative and anesthetic purposes.

Hazard: Habit-forming. Several types, including

BAP. Abbreviation for benzyl-p-aminophenol.

amo-, seco-, and pentabarbital, are under govern-

ment restriction.

“Barafene” [BASF]. TM for coatings used to

prevent permeation of volatile ingredients, oils, and

barbituric acid. (malonylurea; pyrimidine-

oxygen through polyolefin containers. trione; 2,4,6-tri-oxohexahydro pyrimidine).

121 BARIUM BROMIDE

barium-137. Radioactive isotope of barium.

❘

NHCOCH

❘

NH•2H

See cesium-137.

Properties: White crystals; efflorescent; odorless.

Mp 245C with some decomposition. Slightly solu-

barium acetate.

ble in water and alcohol; soluble in ether. Forms

CAS: 543-80-6. Ba(C

)

•H

salts with metals.

Properties: White crystals. D 2.02, mp (decom-

Derivation: By condensing malonic acid ester with

poses). Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.

urea.

Derivation: Acetic acid is added to a solution of

Grade: Technical.

barium sulfide. The product is recovered by evapo-

Use: Preparation of barbiturates, polymerization cat-

ration and subsequent crystallization.

alyst, dyes.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Chemical reagent, acetates, textile mordant, cat-

Bardhan-Sengupta phenanthrene synthesis.

alyst manufacturing, paint and varnish driers.

Formation of octahydrophenanthrene derivatives

See barium.

by cyclodehydration of derivatives of 2-(␤-phen-

ethyl)-1-cyclohexanol and consequent dehydration

barium aluminate. 3BaO•Al

to phenanthrenes with selenium.

Properties: Gray, pulverized mass. Soluble in water,

acids.

bar disintegrator. See cage mill.

See barium.

Barff process. The deposition of a rust-resistant

barium azide.

coating on iron-base metals by oxidation with super-

CAS: 18810-58-7. Ba(N

)

. Crystalline solid, d

heated steam.

2.936, loses nitrogen at 120C, soluble in water,

slightly soluble in alcohol.

Barfoed’s reagent. Aqueous solution of cop- Hazard: Explodes when shocked or heated.

per acetate. Use: High explosives.

Use: To distinguish monosaccarides from disaccha- See barium.

rides (red cuprous oxide forms in presence of glu-

cose).

barium binoxide. See barium peroxide.

barium borotungstate. (barium borowolfra-

barite. (BaSO

). Natural barium sulfate, barytes,

mate). 2BaO•B

•9WO

•18H

heavy spar.

Properties: Large, white crystals. Effloresces in air.

Keep well stoppered!! Soluble in water.

barium.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: See barium.

CAS: 7440-39-3. Ba. Alkaline-earth element of

Use: Making borotungstates.

atomic number 56, group IIA of periodic table; aw

137.34; valence 2; 7 stable isotopes.

barium borowolframate. See barium boro-

Properties: Silver-white, somewhat malleable met-

tungstate.

al. D 3.6. Values for melting and boiling points are

reported ranging from 704–850C for mp and from

barium bromate.

1140–1637C for bp (The most acceptable values,

CAS: 13967-90-3. Ba(BrO

)

•H

based on reliable original work, appear to be mp

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder. D

710C and bp 1500C). Extremely reactive, reacts

3.820, decomposes at 260C. Slightly soluble in wa-

readily with water, ammonia, halogens, oxygen, and

ter, insoluble in alcohol.

most acids. Gives green color in flame. Extrudable

Derivation: By passing bromine into a solution of

and machinable.

barium hydroxide; barium bromide and barium bro-

Occurrence: Ores of barite and witherite are found in

mate are formed, which are separated by crystalliza-

Georgia, Missouri, Arkansas, Kentucky, California,

tion.

Nevada, Canada, Mexico.

Grade: Pure, reagent.

Derivation: Reduction of barium oxide with alumi-

Hazard: A poison. Moderate fire risk in contact with

num or silicon in a vacuum at high temperature.

organic materials. TLV: see barium.

Available forms: Rods, wire, plate, powder.

Use: Analytical reagent, oxidizing agent, corrosion

Grade: Technical, pure.

inhibitor.

Hazard: Flammable (pyrophoric) at room tempera-

ture in powder form; store under inert gas, petrole-

um, or other oxygen-free liquid. When heated to

barium bromide. BaBr

•2H

approximately 200C in hydrogen, barium reacts vio- Properties: Colorless crystals. D 3.852, mp (anhy-

lently, forming BaH

. TLV: for all soluble barium drous) 847C. Soluble in water and in alcohol.

compounds, 0.5 mg/m

(as barium). Derivation: Interaction of barium sulfide and hydro-

Use: Getter alloys in vacuum tubes, deoxidizer for bromic acid with subsequent crystallization.

copper, Frary’s metal, lubricant for anode rotors in Grade: Technical, CP.

X-ray tubes, spark-plug alloys. Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium.

122BARIUM CARBONATE

Use: Manufacturing bromides, photographic com- joining compounds, pigment in paints, ceramics,

pounds, phosphors.

fuses, pyrotechnics, metal primers, ignition control

devices.

See chrome pigment.

barium carbonate.

CAS: 513-77-9. BaCO

Properties: White powder; found in nature as the

barium citrate. Ba

)

•H

mineral witherite. D 4.275, mp 174C at 90 atmo-

Properties: Grayish-white crystalline powder. Solu-

spheres, 811C at one atmosphere. Insoluble in wa-

ble in water, hydrochloric, and nitric acids.

ter; soluble in acids (except sulfuric).

Hazard: See barium.

Derivation: Precipitated barium carbonate is made

Use: Manufacture of barium compounds, stabilizer

by reaction of sodium carbonate or carbon dioxide

for latex paints.

with barium sulfide.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent 99.5%.

barium cyanide.

Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium.

CAS: 542-62-1. Ba(CN)

Use: Treatment of brines in chlorine-alkali cells to

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

remove sulfates, rodenticide, production of barium

water and alcohol.

salts, ceramic flux, optical glass, case-hardening

Derivation: By the action of hydrocyanic acid on

baths, ferrites, in radiation-resistant glass for color

barium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

television tubes.

Hazard: TLV: 0.5 mg(Ba)/m

; Not Classifiable as a

Human Carcinogen.

barium chlorate.

Use: Metallurgy, electroplating.

CAS: 13477-00-4. Ba(ClO

)

•H

Properties: Colorless prisms or white powder. D

barium cyanoplatinite. (platinum barium

3.179, mp 414C. Soluble in water. Combustible.

cyanide; barium platinum cyanide).

Derivation: Electrolysis of barium chloride.

BaPt(CN)

•4H

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent.

Properties: Yellow or green crystals. Mp 100C

Hazard: A poison. TLV: see barium. Strong oxidiz-

(loses 2H

O), d 2.08. Soluble in water; insoluble in

er, fire risk in contact with organic materials.

alcohol.

Use: Pyrotechnics, explosives, textile mordant, man-

Grade: CP.

ufacture of other chlorates.

Hazard: See barium and cyanides.

Use: X-ray screens.

barium chloride.

CAS: 10361-37-2. BaCl

•2H2O.

barium cyclohexanesulfamate.

Properties: Colorless, flat crystals. D 3.097, mp

CAS: 64011-64-9.

960C (anhydrous). Soluble in water; insoluble in

Hazard: A poison.

alcohol, Combustible.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: (1) By the action of hydrochloric acid on

barium carbonate or barium sulfide; (2) by heating a

barium dichromate. (barium bichromate).

mixture of barium sulfate, carbon, and calcium chlo-

BaCr

•2H

ride.

Properties: Brownish-red needles or crystalline

Grade: Technical (crystals or powdered), 99%, crys-

masses. Soluble in acids; decomposed by water.

tals, powdered, CP.

Hazard: See barium.

Hazard: Ingestion of 0.8 g may be fatal. TLV: see

barium.

barium dioxide. See barium peroxide.

Use: Chemicals (artificial barium sulfate, other bari-

um salts), reagents, lubrication oil additives, boiler

barium diphenylamine sulfonate.

compounds, textile dyeing, pigments, manufacture

NHC

)

Ba.

of white leather.

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water.

Hazard: See barium.

barium chromate. (lemon chrome; ultrama-

Use: Indicator in oxidation-reduction titrations.

rine yellow; baryta yellow; Steinbuhl yellow).

CAS: 10294-40-3. BaCrO

barium di-o-phosphate. See barium phos-

Properties: Heavy, yellow, crystalline powder. D

phate, secondary.

4.498. Soluble in acids; insoluble in water. Combus-

tible.

Derivation: Interaction of barium chloride and sodi- barium dithionate. (barium hyposulfate).

um chromate. The precipitate is washed, filtered, BaS

•2H

and dried. Properties: Colorless crystals. D 4.536. Soluble in

Grade: Technical, CP. hot water; slightly soluble in alcohol.

Hazard: TLV: 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed Human Derivation: Action of manganese dithionate on bari-

Carcinogen. um hydroxide.

Use: Safety matches, corrosion inhibitor in metal- Hazard: See barium.

123 BARIUM IODIDE

barium ethylsulfate. Ba(C

)

•2H

O. removal, dehairing agent, catalyst in manufacture of

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water and phenol-formaldehyde resins, insecticide and fungi-

alcohol. Combustible. cide, sulfate-controlling agent in ceramics, purify-

Derivation: Interaction of barium hydroxide and

ing agent for caustic soda, steel carbonizing agent,

ethylsulfuric acid.

glass, refining edible oils, elastomer vulcanization.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Organic preparations.

barium hydroxide, octahydrate. (barium

hydrate; barium octahydrate; caustic baryta).

barium ferrite.

Ba(OH)

•8H

Grade: Powder.

Properties: White powder or crystals. D 2.18, mp

Use: Permanent-magnet material.

78C (losing its water of crystallization), mp (anhy-

drous Ba(OH)

) 408C. Absorbs carbon dioxide from

barium fluoride.

air. Keep well stoppered!! Soluble in water, alcohol,

CAS: 7787-32-8. BaF

and ether.

Properties: White powder. D 4.828, mp 1354C.

Derivation: (1) By dissolving barium oxide in water

Sparingly soluble in water.

with subsequent crystallization, (2) By precipitation

Derivation: Interaction of barium sulfide and hydro-

from an aqueous solution of the sulfide by caustic

fluoric acid, followed by crystallization.

soda, (3) By heating barium sulfide in earthenware

Grade: Technical, CP, single pure crystals, and

retorts into which a current of moist carbonic acid is

99.98%.

passed, after which superheated steam is passed

Hazard: See barium.

over the resulting heated carbonate.

Use: Ceramic flux, carbon brushes for electrical

Impurities: Iron and calcium in commercial grades.

equipment, glass making, manufacture of other flu-

Grade: Technical (crystals or anhydrous powder),

orides, crystals for spectroscopy, electronics, dry-

CP, ACS reagent.

film lubricants.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Organic preparations, barium salts, analytical

barium fluosilicate. (barium silicofluoride). chemistry.

BaSiF

H. See barium hydroxide monohydrate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Insoluble in

water.

barium hydroxide pentahydrate. (barium

Grade: Technical.

pentahydrate). Ba(OH)

•5H

Hazard: See barium.

Properties: Translucent, free-flowing, white flakes.

Use: Ceramics, insecticidal compositions.

Approximately 65 lb/cu ft.

Hazard: See barium.

barium fructose diphosphate. See fruc- Use: Same as the octahydrate.

tose-1,6-diphosphate, calcium, barium salts.

barium hypophosphite. BaH

(PO

)

barium hexafluorogermanate. BaGeF

. Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless.

White crystalline solid, mp approximately 665C, Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

dissociates to barium fluoride and germanium fluo- Hazard: See barium.

ride, d 4.56. Use: Nickel plating.

barium hydrate. See barium hydroxide. barium hyposulfate. See barium dithionate.

barium hydrosulfide. Ba(SH)

. barium hyposulfite. See barium thiosulfate.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Hygroscopic. Soluble

in water.

barium iodate. Ba(IO

)

Hazard: See barium.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 5.23, mp

decomposes at 476C. Slightly soluble in water, hy-

barium hydroxide (anhydrous). Ba(OH)

. drochloric, and nitric acids; insoluble in alcohol.

Available commercially. Hazard: See barium.

See barium hydroxide hydrates.

barium iodide. BaI

•2H

barium hydroxide, monohydrate. (barium Properties: Colorless crystals, decomposes and red-

monohydrate). Ba(OH)

•H

O. dens on exposure to air. D 5.150, mp loses 2H

O and

Properties: White powder. Soluble in dilute acids; melts at 740C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

slightly soluble in water. alcohol.

Hazard: See barium. Derivation: Action of hydriodic acid on barium hy-

Use: Manufacturing of oil and grease additives, bari- droxide or of barium carbonate on ferrous iodide

um soaps, and chemicals. Refining of beet sugar, solution.

alkalizing agent in water softening, sulfate removal Hazard: See barium.

agent in treatment of water and brine, boiler scale Use: Preparation of other iodides.

124BARIUM MANGANATE

barium manganate. (manganese green; Cas- Slightly soluble in water; soluble in dilute nitric or

sel green). BaMnO

. hydrochloric acid.

Properties: Emerald-green powder. D 4.85. Insolu- Hazard: See barium.

Use: Analytical reagent, pyrotechnics.

ble in water; decomposed by acids.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Paint pigment.

barium oxide. (barium monoxide; barium

protoxide; calcined baryta).

CAS: 1304-28-5. BaO.

barium mercury bromide. See mercuric

Properties: White to yellowish-white powder. D

barium bromide.

5.72, mp 1923C. Absorbs carbon dioxide readily

from air. Soluble in acids and water. Reacts violent-

barium mercury iodide. See mercuric bari-

ly with water to form the hydroxide.

um iodide.

Derivation: Decomposition of carbonate at high

temperature in presence of carbon, oxidation of bari-

barium metaphosphate. Ba(PO

)

um nitrate.

Properties: White powder. Slowly soluble in acids;

Grade: Technical (regular grind) 208 lb/cu ft, techni-

insoluble in water.

cal fine grind (175 lb/cu ft), porous, carbide-free,

Hazard: See barium.

and 97%.

Use: Glasses, porcelains, and enamels.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. See barium.

Use: Dehydrating agent for solvents, detergent for

barium metasilicate. See barium silicate.

lubricating oils.

barium molybdate. BaMoO

barium pentahydrate. See barium hydrox-

Properties: White powder. Absolute d 4.7, approxi-

ide pentahydrate.

mate mp 1600C. Slightly soluble in acids and water.

Grade: Crystal, 99.84% pure.

barium perchlorate. Ba(ClO

)

•4H

Hazard: See barium.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.74, mp 505C.

Use: Electronic and optical equipment, pigment in

Soluble in methanol and water.

paints and other protective coatings.

Hazard: Oxidizer, fire and explosion risk in contact

with organic materials. Toxic by ingestion. See

barium monohydrate. See barium hydrox-

barium.

ide monohydrate.

Use: Manufacture of explosives, experimentally in

rocket fuels.

barium monosulfide. See barium sulfide.

barium permanganate. Ba(MnO

)

barium monoxide. See barium oxide.

Properties: Brownish-violet crystals. Soluble in

water.

barium nitrate.

Hazard: Oxidizing material. Fire and explosion risk

CAS: 10022-31-8. Ba(NO

)

in contact with organic materials. Toxic by inges-

Properties: Lustrous, white crystals. D 3.244, mp

tion.

575C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

See barium.

Derivation: By the action of nitric acid on barium

Use: Strong disinfectant, manufacture of permanga-

carbonate or sulfide.

nates, depolarizing dry cells.

Grade: Technical, crystals, fused mass or powder,

CP.

barium peroxide. (barium binoxide; barium

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent. See barium.

dioxide; barium superoxide).

Use: Pyrotechnics (gives green light), incendiaries,

CAS: 1304-29-6. BaO

and BaO

•8H

chemicals (barium peroxide), ceramic glazes, ro-

Properties: Grayish-white powder. D 4.96, mp

denticide, electronics.

450C, decomposes 800C. Slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: By heating barium oxide in oxygen or air

barium nitrite. Ba(NO

)

•H

at approximately 1000F.

Properties: White to yellowish, crystalline powder.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

D 3.173, decomposes at 217C. Soluble in alcohol,

Hazard: Oxidizing material. Fire and explosion risk

water.

in contact with organic materials. Keep cool and dry.

Hazard: See barium.

Toxic by ingestion, skin irritant.

Use: Diazotization, corrosive inhibitor, explosives.

Use: Bleaching, decolorizing glass, thermal welding

of aluminum, manufacture of hydrogen peroxide,

barium octahydrate. See barium hydroxide

oxidizing agent, dyeing textiles.

octahydrate.

barium phosphate, secondary. (barium

barium oxalate. BaC

•H

O. di-o-phosphate). BaHPO

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.66. Properties: White powder. D 4.16. Soluble in dilute

125 BARIUM SULFITE

nitric acid or dilute hydrochloric acid; slightly solu- cal modulators and optical parametric oscillators.

The crystal undergoes no optical damage from laser

ble in water.

irradiation at high power levels.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Flame retardant, phosphors.

barium stannate. BaSnO

•3H

barium phosphosilicate.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Sparingly

Use: Anticorrosive pigment for solvent-based epox-

soluble in water; readily soluble in hydrochloric

ies and as auxiliary pigment for 1-package zinc-rich

acid.

coatings. Also used in water-based coatings.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Production of special ceramic insulations re-

barium platinum cyanide. See barium cya-

quiring dielectric properties.

noplatinite.

barium stearate. Ba(C

)

barium potassium chromate. (Pigment E).

Properties: White crystalline solid. Mp 160C, d

BaK(CrO

)

1.145. Insoluble in water or alcohol. Combustible.

Properties: Pale-yellow pigment. D 3.65. Compared

Use: Waterproofing agent; lubricant in metalwork-

with other chromate pigments, it has a low chloride

ing, plastics, and rubber; wax compounding; prepa-

and sulfate content and forms stronger, more elastic

ration of greases; heat and light stabilizer in plastics.

paint films.

Derivation: By a kiln reaction at 500C between po-

barium sulfate. (barytes [natural]; blanc fixe

tassium dichromate and barium carbonate.

[artificial, precipitated]; basofor).

Hazard: See barium.

CAS: 7727-43-7. BaSO

Use: Component of anticorrosive paints for use on

Properties: White or yellowish powder; odorless;

iron, steel, and light metal alloys.

tasteless. D 4.25–4.5, particle size 2–25 microns, mp

1580C. Soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid. Non-

barium protoxide. See barium oxide.

combustible.

Derivation: (1) By treating a solution of a barium salt

barium pyrophosphate. Ba

with sodium sulfate (salt cake), (2) by-product in

Properties: White powder. Soluble in acids and am-

manufacture of hydrogen peroxide, (3) occurs in

monium salts; very slightly soluble in water.

nature as the mineral barite (Arkansas, Missouri,

Hazard: See barium.

Georgia, Nevada, Canada, Mexico).

Grade: Technical, dry, pulp, bleached, ground, float-

barium reineckate.

ed, natural, CP, USP, X-ray.

CAS: 22708-05-0. mf: C

CrN

•

⁄

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Weighting mud in oil-drilling, paper coatings,

Use: Agricultural chemical.

paints, filler and delustrant for textiles, rubber, plas-

tics and lithograph inks, base for lake colors, X-ray

barium selenide. BaSe.

photography, opaque medium for gastrointestinal

Properties: Crystalline powder. D 5.0. Decomposes

radiography, in battery plate expanders.

in water.

Hazard: See barium.

barium sulfide. (barium monosulfide; black

Use: Semiconductors, photocells.

ash). BaS.

Properties: Yellowish-green or gray powder or

barium silicate. (barium metasilicate).

lumps. D 4.25. Soluble in water, decomposes to the

BaSiO

hydrosulfide.

Properties: Colorless powder. D 4.4, bp 1604C. In-

Derivation: Barium sulfate (crude barite) and coal

soluble in water; soluble in acids.

are roasted in a furnace. The melt is lixiviated with

Use: In ceramics.

hot water, filtered, and evaporated.

Hazard: See barium.

Impurities: Iron, arsenic.

Hazard: See barium.

barium silicide. BaSi

Use: Dehairing hides, flame retardant, luminous

Properties: Light-gray solid. Evolves hydrogen on

paints, barium salts, generating pure hydrogen sul-

exposure to moisture.

fide.

Hazard: See barium.

Use: Metallurgy to deoxidize steel, etc.

barium sulfite. BaSO

barium silicofluoride. See barium fluosili-

Properties: White powder, decomposed by heat.

cate.

Soluble in dilute hydrochloric acid; insoluble in

water.

barium-sodium niobate. A synthetic electro- Grade: Technical, CP.

optical crystal used to produce coherent green light Hazard: See barium.

in lasers, also to make such devices as electro-opti- Use: Analysis, paper manufacturing.

126BARIUM SULFOCYANIDE

barium sulfocyanide. See barium thiocya- Properties: White powder. Bulk d 118 lb/cu ft, mp

nate. 2800F. Insoluble in water and alkalies; slightly solu-

ble in acids; soluble in hydrofluoric acid.

Use: Production of electrical resistor ceramics, glaze

barium superoxide. See barium peroxide.

opacifiers, and stabilizer for colored ground coat

enamels.

barium tartrate. BaC

Properties: White crystals. D 2.98. Soluble in water;

insoluble in alcohol.

bark. The cellulosic outer layer or cortex of trees

Hazard: See barium.

and other woody plants. The bark of certain species

Use: Pyrotechnics.

such as oak, hemlock, etc., is a source of tannic acid;

medicinal products, e.g., quercitrin and quillaja, are

barium thiocyanate. (barium sulfocyanide).

also derived from barks, especially cinchona, from

Ba(SCN)

•2H

which quinine is obtained. Phenolic-rich bark ex-

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water and in

tracts mixed with epichlorohydrin are reported use-

alcohol. Deliquescent.

ful as adhesive compounds. An unusual form of bark

Derivation: By heating barium hydroxide with am-

is cork from the oak species Quercus suber. In the

monium thiocyanate and subsequent crystallization.

pulp industry, bark is removed from logs with high-

Hazard: See barium.

pressure jets of water.

Use: Making aluminum or potassium thiocyanates,

See hydraulic barking; cork; quinine.

dyeing, photography.

barking, hydraulic. See hydraulic barking.

barium thiosulfate. (barium hyposulfite).

BaS

•H

bark tannage. To tan leather by using vegetable

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 3.5, de-

tannins found in bark, wood, or plant matter instead

composed by heat. Slightly soluble in water; insolu-

of tanning via minerals.

ble in alcohol.

Hazard: See barium.

barn. A unit of measurement equal to 10

−24

Use: Explosives, luminous paints, matches, var-

for the cross-section (target area) of the nucleus of

nishes, photography.

an atom.

barium titanate. BaTiO

Barnett acetylation method. Acetylation of

Properties: Light gray-buff powder. Mp 3010F, d

hydroxy compounds such as cellulose with acid

5.95. Insoluble in water and alkalies; slightly soluble

anhydrides in the presence of chlorine and sulfur

in dilute acids; soluble in concentrated sulfuric and

dioxide. With cellulose, the process yields the diace-

hydrofluoric acids.

tate below 65C and the triacetate above this temper-

Use: Ferroelectric ceramics (single crystals either

ature.

pure or doped with iron) are used in storage devices,

dielectric amplifiers, and digital calculators.

barometric pressure. The pressure of the air at

a particular point on or above the surface of the

barium tungstate. (barium wolframate; bari-

earth. At sea level, this pressure is sufficient to

um white; tungstate white; wolfram white).

support a column of mercury approximately 29.9

BaWO

inches in height (760 mm), equivalent to 14.7 lb/

Properties: White powder. D 5.04. Insoluble in

inch

absolute (psia) or 1 atm.

water.

Use: Pigment and in X-ray photography for manufac-

“Barosperse” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a spe-

turing of intensifying and phosphorescent screens.

cial barium sulfate formulation used in radiographic

examinations of the gastrointestinal tract.

“Barium XA” [Barium]. TM for a product

used by manufacturers of high quality tool steels.

barostat. An instrument for regulation or mainte-

Eliminates chain-type occlusions and degasifies the

nance of pressure at a constant value.

steel.

barium zirconate. BaZrO

barrel finishing. Cleaning, smoothing, and pol-

Properties: Light gray-buff powder. D 5.52, bulk d

ishing of metal or plastic items by mechanical fric-

140 lb/cu ft, mp 4550F. Insoluble in water and alka-

tion obtained by placing them in drums or barrels

lies; slightly soluble in acid.

that rotate on their horizontal axis. An abrasive me-

Use: Manufacture of a white, easily colored silicone

dium and water are usually added. The barrels are

rubber compound having good heat stability at tem-

six- or eight-sided, and often contain vertical divid-

peratures up to 500F; electronics.

ers to make two or more compartments that can be

individually loaded and unloaded. Such treatment is

barium zirconium silicate. A complex of widely used for large-scale cleaning and burnishing

BaO, ZrO

, SiO

. of metal parts, which it finishes to exact dimensional

127 BASE PAIR

tolerances much more economically than is possible

baryta water. A solution of barium hydroxide.

by manual methods.

baryta yellow. See barium chromate.

barrier layer. The electrical double layer

barytes. See barium sulfate.

formed at interface between a metal and a semicon-

ductor or between two metals.

“Basacryl” [BASF]. TM for a series of cation-

ic dyestuffs for the dyeing and printing of polyacry-

barrier, moisture. Any substance that is im-

lonitrile fiber.

pervious to water or water vapor. Most effective are

high-polymer materials such as vulcanized rubber,

basal group. The earliest diverging group with-

phenolformaldehyde resins, polyvinyl chloride, and

in a clade; for instance, to hypothesize that sponges

polyethylene, which are widely used as packaging

are basal animals is to suggest that the lineage(s)

films. The chief factors involved are polarity, crys-

leading to sponges diverged from the lineage that

tallinity, and degree of cross-linking. Water-soluble

gave rise to all other animals.

surfactants and protective colloids increase the sus-

ceptibility of a film to water penetration. Any pig-

basal metabolic rate. The rate of oxygen con-

ments and fillers must be completely wetted by the

sumption by an animal’s body at complete rest under

polymer. Properly formulated paints are effective

fasting conditions.

moisture barriers.

basal metabolism. See metabolism.

barrier substance. A substance applied to skin

for protection against exposure to irritants.

“Basazol” [BASF]. TM for dyes used in print-

ing and dyeing paper composed of cellulosic fibers.

Bartell cell. Displacement cell for determining

adhesion tension between liquids and solids.

base. Any of a large class of compounds with one

or more of the following properties: bitter taste,

barthrin. Generic name for a synthetic analog of

slippery feeling in solution, ability to turn litmus

allethrin described as the 6-chloropiperonyl ester of

blue and to cause other indicators to take on charac-

chrysanthemummonocarboxylic acid.

teristic colors, ability to react with (neutralize) acids

Use: As insecticide with applications similar to al-

to form salts. Included are both hydroxides and ox-

lethrin and other analogs as furethrin, ethythrin, and

ides of metals. Water-soluble hydroxides such as

cyclethrin. Relatively nontoxic to humans.

sodium, potassium, and ammonium hydroxide un-

dergo ionization to produce hydroxyl ion (OH

−

)in

Barton, Derek H. R. (1918–1998). An En-

considerable concentration, and it is this ion that

glish organic chemist who won the Nobel Prize for

causes the previously mentioned properties com-

chemistry in 1969 with Hassel. The field of confor-

mon to bases. Such a base is strong or weak accord-

mational analysis in organic chemistry was initiated

ing to the fraction of the molecules that breaks down

through his research in the terpene and steroid fields.

(ionizes) into positive ion and hydroxyl ion in the

He did extensive research in the area of carbanion

solution. Base strength in solution is expressed by

autoxidations. He was instrumental in research con-

pH. Common strong bases (alkalies) are sodium and

cerning the relationship of molecular rotation to

potassium hydroxides, ammonium hydroxide, etc.

structure in complex organic molecules. His educa-

These are caustic and corrosive to skin, eyes, and

tion took place in London, France, and Ireland.

mucous membranes. The pH range of basic solu-

tions is from 7.1 to 14. Modern chemical terminolo-

Barton reaction. Conversion of a nitrite ester to

gy defines bases in a broader manner. A Lowry-

a ␥-oximino alcohol by photolysis involving the

Brønsted base is any molecular or ionic substance

homolytic cleavage of an N−O bond followed by

that can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion) to

hydrogen abstraction.

form a new compound. A Lewis base is any sub-

stance that provides a pair of electrons for a covalent

Bart reaction. (Scheller modification; Star-

bond with a Lewis acid. Examples of such bases are

key modification). Formation of aromatic arsonic

hydroxyl ion and most anions, metal oxides, and

acids by treating aromatic diazonium compounds

compounds of oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur with

with alkali arsenites in the presence of cupric salts or

nonbonded electron pairs (such as water, ammonia,

powdered silver or copper; in the Scheller modifica-

hydrogen sulfide).

tion, primary aromatic amines are diazotized in the

See Lewis electron theory for hard and soft bases.

presence of arsenious chloride and a trace of cuprous

chloride.

base pair. (bp). Two nitrogenous bases (ade-

nine and thymine or guanine and cytosine) held

baryta, calcined. See barium oxide.

together by weak bonds. Two strands of DNA are

held together in the shape of a double helix by the

baryta, caustic. See barium hydroxide. bonds between base pairs.

128BASE SAPONIFICATION NUMBER

base saponification number. The number of weakly basic, do not dissolve or react with water to

any extent, and neutralize only the more strongly

milligrams of KOH equivalent to the amount of acid

acidic substances. There is a gradual transition from

required to neutralize the alkaline constituents

basic to acidic oxides, and certain oxides, such as

present after saponifying 1 g of sample.

aluminum oxide, show both acidic and basic proper-

ties.

base sequence. The order of nucleotide bases in

See base.

a DNA molecule; determines structure of proteins

encoded by that DNA.

basic research. See fundamental research.

base sequence analysis. A method, some-

times automated, for determining the base sequence.

basic salt. A compound belonging in the cate-

gory of both salt and base because it contains OH

BASF process. A process for producing acety-

(hydroxide) or O (oxide) as well as the usual positive

lene by burning a mixture of low-molecular weight

and negative radicals of normal salts. Among the

hydrocarbons (as natural gas) with oxygen to pro-

best examples are bismuth subnitrate, often written

duce a temperature of 1485C. The combustion prod-

BiONO

, and basic copper carbonate, Cu

(OH)

ucts and cracked gases are quickly chilled by scrub-

Most basic salts are insoluble in water, and many are

bing with water, and the acetylene is separated by

of variable composition.

distillation and solvent extraction from ethylene,

carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other reaction

basic slag. A slag produced in the manufacturing

products. The Sachsse process is similar.

of steel. It contains a variable amount of tricalcium

phosphate, calcium silicate, lime, and oxides of iron,

basic. Descriptive of a compound that is more

magnesium, and manganese. Used as a fertilizer for

alkaline than other compounds of the same name,

its phosphorus and lime.

e.g., lead carbonate, basic; basic salt.

See slag.

basic bismuth salicylate. See salicylic acid,

basic yellow 11. See C.I. basic yellow 11.

bismuth basic salt.

basil oil, comoros type.

basic brown 4. See C.I. basic brown 4.

Properties: From steam distillation of Ocimum basi-

licum L. Light yellow liquid; spicy odor. Sol in fixed

basic chemicals. See heavy chemicals.

oils, mineral oil; sltly sol in propylene glycol; insol

in glycerin.

basic dichromate. See bismuth chromate.

Use: Food additive.

basic fuchsin. (CI 42500).

CAS: 569-61-9. A mixture of three parts pararosani-

basis metal. In electroplating, the metal that is

line acetate and one part pararosaniline hydrochlo-

being coated constitutes the cathode. It may be any

ride.

of a large number of metals.

Grade: Certifiable.

Use: For staining Tubercle bacillus and in distin-

“Basogal phosphorus” [BASF]. TM for

guishing between the coli and aerogenes types of

leveling agent for vat dyeing.

bacteria in the Endo medium. Also used in the peri-

odic acid-Schiff (PAS) method, in the Feulgen stain,

bastnasite. An ore from which all nine of the

and in the Gomoris aldehyde-function method for

lanthanide minerals (rare earths) are obtained. The

staining elastic tissue.

only large deposit in the U.S. is in southwest Califor-

nia.

basic lining. A furnace lining containing basic

See monazite.

compounds that decompose under furnace condi-

tions to give basic oxides. The usual basic linings

batch distillation. Distillation in which the en-

contain calcium and magnesium oxides or car-

tire sample of the material to be distilled (the charge)

bonates.

is placed in the still before the process is begun, and

product is withdrawn only from the condenser of the

basic oxide. An oxide that is a base or that forms

apparatus.

a hydroxide when combined with water and/or that

will neutralize acidic substances. Basic oxides are

all metallic oxides, but there is a great variation in

bating. In leather processing, the treatment of

the degree of basicity. Some basic oxides, such as delimed skins with pancreatin or other tryptic en-

those of sodium, calcium, and magnesium, combine zyme to give a softer and smoother-grained product.

with water vigorously or with relative ease and also The extent of bating varies from none for sole leath-

neutralize all acidic substances rapidly and com- er to 10 hours or more for soft kid skins. The chemi-

pletely. The oxides of the heavy metals are only cal mechanism is not clearly defined.

129 BCWL

batrachotoxinin A. C

. An isomeric bauxite. A natural aggregate of aluminum-bear-

component of batrachotoxin; the strongest neuro- ing minerals, more or less impure, in which the

aluminum occurs largely as hydrated oxides. It is

toxin among venoms. It is a steroidal alkaloid. The A

usually formed by prolonged weathering of alumi-

form is only 1/500 as strong as the complete venom,

nous rocks. Contains 30–75% Al

, 9–31% H

but is still as toxic as strychnine. It is found in the so-

3–25% Fe

, 2–9%, SiO

, 1–3% TiO

called poison dart frog of Colombia. Its structure has

Properties: White cream, yellow, brown, gray, or

been elucidated; when synthesized it may prove

red. D 2–2.55, Mohs hardness 1–3. Insoluble in

useful in medicine.

water; decomposed by hydrochloric acid. Noncom-

See snake venom.

bustible.

Occurrence: Australia, Jamaica, France, Guiana,

battery. An electrochemical device that gener-

Guinea, U.S. (Arkansas), Brazil.

ates electric current by converting chemical energy

Use: Most important ore of aluminum, aluminum

to electrical energy. Its essential components are

chemicals, abrasives, aluminous cement, refracto-

positive and negative electrodes made of more or

ries, decolorizing and deodorizing agent, catalysts,

less electrically conductive materials, a separating

filler in rubber, plastics, paints, cosmetics, hydraulic

medium, and an electrolyte. There are four major

fracturing.

types: (1) primary batteries (dry cells), which are not

See Bayer process; Hall process.

reversible and in which the anode (zinc) is the nega-

Note: Due to increasing cost of bauxite the use of

tive plate and the cathode (graphite) is the positive

other aluminum-containing minerals is under active

plate with ammonium chloride as electrolyte; (2)

investigation.

secondary or storage batteries, which are reversible

and can be recharged and in which lead sponge is the

negative plate (anode) and lead oxide the positive

“Baybond” [Bayer Material]. TM for aque-

plate (cathode), with sulfuric acid as electrolyte; (3)

ous polyurethane dispertions.

nuclear and