␣. See alpha. aberration, spherical. The aberration by

which light passing through the edge of a lens with

spherical surfaces comes to focus in a different im-

A. Abbreviation for absolute temperature.

age plane from that passing through the lens center.

. Abbreviation for A

ngstrom.

abherent. Any substance that prevents adhesion

of a material to itself or to another material. It may be

a. Abbreviation for atto-, a prefix meaning 10

−18

in the form of a dry powder (a silicate such as talc,

unit.

mica, or diatomaceous earth); a suspension (benton-

ite-water); a solution (soap-water); or a soft solid

AAAS. See American Association for the Ad-

(stearic acid, tallow waxes). Abherents are used as

vancement of Science.

dusting agents and mold washes in the adhesives,

rubber, and plastics industries. Fats and oils are used

AATCC. See American Associates of Textile

as abherents in the baking industry. Fluorocarbon

Chemists and Colorists.

resin coatings on metals are widely used on cooking

utensils.

abaca. (Manila hemp). The strongest vegetable

See antiblock agent; dusting agent.

fiber, obtained from the leaves of a tree of the banana

family. The fibers are 4–8 feet long, light in weight,

Abies Siberica oil. See fir needle oil.

soft, lustrous, and nearly white; they do not swell or

lose strength when wet. Denier ranges from 300 to

abietic acid. (abietinic acid; sylvic acid).

500. Combustible, but self-extinguishing.

CAS: 514-10-3. C

COOH (having a phenan-

Source: Philippines, Central America, Sumatra.

threne ring system). A major active ingredient of

Use: Heavy cordage and twine, especially for marine

rosin, where it occurs with other resin acids. The

use; manila paper.

term is often applied to these mixtures, separation of

See hemp.

which is not achieved in technical grade material.

Properties: Yellowish, resinous powder. Mp

abate. (O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate-O,O-

172–175C, optical rotation −106. Soluble in alco-

diester with 4,4

′

-thiodiphenol; temephos).

hol, ether, chloroform, and benzene; insoluble in

CAS: 3383-96-8. [(CH

PSOC

]S.

water. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 30C.

Derivation: Rosin, pine resin, tall oil.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Cholin-

Method of purification: Crystallization.

esterase inhibitor. TLV: 10 mg/m

Grade: Technical.

Use: Pesticide.

Use: Abietates (resinates) of heavy metals as varnish

driers, esters in lacquers and varnishes, fermentation

Abbe´ condenser. Substage two-lens condenser

industries, soaps.

giving numerical aperture of 1:20–1:25. Three-lens

versions give numerical aperture of 1:40.

“Abitol” [Aqualon]. TM for a colorless, tacky,

very viscous liquid; mixture of tetra-, di-, and dehy-

Abbe´ number. (1) The reciprocal of dispersive

droabietyl alcohols made from rosin.

power. (2) The measure of optical dispersion of a

Use: Plasticizers, tackifiers, adhesive modifiers.

glass; the measure of two planes not displacing the

axis.

ablation experiment. An experiment designed

to produce an animal deficient in one or a few cell

Abegg’s rule. The solubility of salts of alkali

types in order to study cell lineage or cell function.

metals decreases in strong acids and increases in

The idea is to make a transgenic mouse with a toxin

weak acids as atomic weight increases. This is an

gene (often a diphtheria toxin) under control of a

empirical rule; sodium chloride is an exception.

specialized promoter which activates only in the

target cell type. When embryo development pro-

Abel-Pensky flash-point apparatus. In-

gresses to the point where it starts to form the target

strument used for the determination of the flash

tissue, the toxin gene is activated, and the target

point of petroleum.

tissue dies. Other tissues are unaffected.

aberration. Deviation from the ideal in an opti- ablative material. Any material that possesses

cal system, the image points being imperfect or a capability for rapidly dissipating heat from a sub-

improperly located. strate. Specialized ceramic tiles developed since

2ABRAM’S LAW

1980 for protection of the space shuttle have proved ing material to the aluminum, with application of

successful. The materials used are of two major heat and pressure.

types: (1) Fibers made from white silica, fused in an

oven, cut into blocks, and coated with borosilicate

abrasive, coated. See abrasive (2).

glass; these are extremely efficient at temperatures

up to 2300F. (2) An all-carbon composite (called

ABS. Abbreviation for (1) alkyl benzene sulfo-

reinforced carbon-carbon) made by laminating and

nate (detergent); (2) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

curing layers of graphite fiber previously coated

copolymer.

with a resin, which is pyrolized to carbon. The re-

See ABS resin.

sulting tile is then treated with a mixture of alumina,

silicon, and silicon carbide. Such composites are

abscisic acid.

used for maximum-temperature (nose-cone) expo-

CAS: 21293-29-8. C

. A plant growth regula-

sure up to 3000F. Both types are undamaged by the

tor that promotes detachment of leaves and fruit.

heat and are reusable. The tiles are adhered to the

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 160C. Sublimes

body of the spacecraft with a silicone adhesive.

at 120C. Soluble in acetone, ether, chloroform;

Ablative materials used on early spaceship trials

slightly soluble in water. Optically active.

were fluorocarbon polymers and glass-reinforced

Occurrence: In plants, fruits, and vegetables from

plastics, but these were wholly or partially decom-

which it can be extracted. Also made synthetically.

posed during reentry.

Use: In orchard sprays to facilitate fruit harvesting,

defoliant, growth inhibitor.

Abram’s law. The strength of concrete depends

on the water/cement ratio.

absinthium. (wormwood). C

. An essen-

tial oil with intensely bitter taste due to presence of

abrasion. Gradual erosion of the surface of a

absinthin.

material both by physical forces (simultaneous cut-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ting, shearing, and tearing) and by chemical degra-

Use: A flavoring in liqueurs, vermouth.

dation, chiefly oxidation. Temperature is a signifi-

cant factor: friction may raise the temperature of the

surface layers to the point where they become sub-

absolute. (1) Free from admixture of other sub-

ject to chemical attack. Abrasion causes deteriora-

stances; pure. Example: absolute alcohol is dehy-

tion of many materials, especially of rubber (tire

drated ethanol, 99% pure. (2) The pure essential oil

treads), where it can be offset by a high percentage

obtained by double solvent extraction of flowers in

of carbon black; other materials subjected to abra-

the manufacture of perfumes.

sion in their service life are textiles (laundering),

See concrete (2). (3) absolute temperature.

leather and plastics (shoe soles, belting), and house

paints and automobile lacquers (airborne dust, grit,

absolute configuration. The configuration of

etc.).

four different substituent groups around an asym-

See abrasive.

metric carbon atom. The absolute configurations of

molecules in biochemistry are compared to the con-

abrasive. A finely divided, hard, refractory mate-

figuration of d- and l-glyceraldehyde.

rial, ranging from 6 to 10 on the Mohs scale, used to

reduce, smooth, clean, or polish the surfaces of oth-

absolute error. The actual difference between

er, less hard substances, such as glass, plastic, stone,

the approximate and the exact value in any calcula-

wood, etc. Natural abrasive materials include dia-

tion.

mond dust, garnet, sand (silica), corundum (alumi-

num oxide, emery), pumice, rouge (iron oxide), and

absolute temperature. The fundamental tem-

feldspar; the more important synthetic types are

perature scale used in theoretical physics and chem-

silicon carbide, boron carbide, cerium oxide, and

istry, and in certain engineering calculations, such as

fused alumina. Abrasive in powder form may be (1)

the change in volume of a gas with temperature.

applied directly to the surface to be treated by me-

Absolute temperatures are expressed either in de-

chanical pressure or compressed-air blast, as in cle-

grees Kelvin or in degrees Rankine, corresponding

aning building stone; (2) affixed to paper or textile

respectively to the centigrade and Fahrenheit scales.

backing after the particles have been coated with an

Temperatures in Kelvins are obtained by adding 273

adhesive; or (3) mixed with a bonding agent such as

to the centigrade temperature (if above 0C) or sub-

sodium silicate or clay, the particles being com-

tracting the centigrade temperature from 273 (if

pressed into a wheel rotated by a power-driven shaft.

below 0C). Degrees Rankine are obtained by sub-

Aluminum grinding wheels are fabricated by bond-

tracting 460 from the Fahrenheit temperature.

ing industrial diamonds with fluorocarbon polymer

(“Teflon”). The process involves reaction of fluo-

rine with the surfaces of the diamonds, chemical

absolute zero. Temperature at which the vol-

bonding of the fluorinated diamonds to the fluoro- ume of a perfect gas theoretically becomes zero and

carbon, and further chemical bonding of the result- all thermal motion ceases: −273.13C or −459.4F.

3 ABUNDANCE

absorbent. (1) Any substance exhibiting the Absorption processes occur throughout the electro-

property of absorption, e.g., absorbent cotton, so magnetic spectrum, ranging from the ␥ region (nu-

clear resonance absorption or the Mossbauer effect)

made by removal of the natural waxes present. (2) A

to the radio region (nuclear magnetic resonance). In

material that does not transmit certain wavelengths

practice, they are limited to those processes that are

of incident radiation.

followed by the emission of radiant energy of great-

See absorption (1); absorption (2).

er intensity than that which was absorbed. All ab-

sorption processes involve absorption of a photon by

absorptiometer. An instrument for determining

the substance being analyzed. If it loses the excess

the solubility of a gas in a liquid.

energy by emitting a photon of less energy than that

absorbed, fluorescence or phosphorescence is said

absorption. (1) In chemical terminology, the

to occur, depending on the lifetime of the excited

penetration of one substance into the inner structure

state. The emitted energy is normally studied. If the

of another, as distinguished from adsorption, in

source of radiant energy and the absorbing species

which one substance is attracted to and held on the

are in identical energy states (in resonance) the ex-

surface of another. Physicochemical absorption oc-

cess energy is often given up by the nondirectional

curs between a liquid and a gas or vapor, as in the

emission of a photon whose energy is identical with

operation known as scrubbing, in which the liquid is

that absorbed. Either absorption or emission may be

called an absorption oil; sulfuric acid, glycerol, and

studied, depending upon the chemical and instru-

some other liquids absorb water vapor from the air

mental circumstances. If the emitted energy is stud-

under certain conditions. Physiological absorption

ied, the term resonance fluorescence is often used.

takes place via porous tissues, such as the skin and

However, if the absorbing species releases the ex-

intestinal walls, which permit passage of liquids and

cess energy in small steps by intermolecular colli-

gases into the bloodstream.

sion or some other process, it is commonly under-

See adsorption; hygroscopic. (2) In physical termi-

stood that this phenomenon falls within the realm of

nology, retention by a substance of certain wave-

absorption spectroscopy. The terms absorption

lengths of radiation incident upon it, followed either

spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and absorptime-

by an increase in temperature of the substance or by

try are often used synonymously. Most absorption

a compensatory change in the energy state of its

spectroscopy is done in the ultraviolet, visible, and

molecules. The UV component of sunlight is ab-

infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

sorbed as the light passes through glass and some

See emission spectroscopy; infrared spectroscopy.

organic compounds, the radiant energy being trans-

formed into thermal energy. The radiation-absorp-

tive capacity of matter is utilized in analytical chem-

absorption tower. (scrubber; Paulson tower).

istry in various types of absorption spectroscopy. (3)

A device used for gas purification by absorption of

In physical chemistry, the ability of some elements

gas impurities in a liquid.

to pick up or “capture” thermal neutrons produced in

nuclear reactors as a result of fission. This is due to

ABS resin. Any of a group of tough, rigid ther-

the capture cross section of their atoms, which is

moplastics that derive their name from the initial

measured in units called barns; elements of particu-

letters of the monomers which produce them.

larly high neutron absorption capability are cadmi-

um and boron.

abstraction reaction. A reaction that removes

an atom from a structure.

absorption (biology). Transport of the prod-

ucts of digestion from the intestinal tract into the

abundance. The relative amount (% by weight)

blood.

of a substance in the earth’s crust, including the

atmosphere and the oceans. (1) The abundance of

absorption band. The range of wavelengths

the elements in the earth’s crust is:

absorbed by a molecule; for example, absorption in

the infrared band from 2.3 to 3.2 ␮m indicates the

Rank Element % by wt.

presence of OH and NH groups, while in the band

from 3.3 to 3.5 indicates aliphatic structure. Atoms

1 Oxygen 49.2

absorb only a single wavelength, producing lines,

2 Silicon 25.7

such as the sodium D line.

3 Aluminum 7.5

See spectroscopy; resonance (2); ultraviolet absorb-

4 Iron 4.7

er; excited state.

5 Calcium 3.4

6 Sodium 2.6

absorption oil. See absorption (1).

7 Potassium 2.4

8 Magnesium 1.9

absorption spectroscopy. An important tech- 9 Hydrogen 0.9

nique of instrumental analysis involving measure- 10 Titanium 0.6

ment of the absorption of radiant energy by a sub- 11 Chlorine 0.2

stance as a function of the energy incident upon it. 12 Phosphorus 0.1

4“ABZOL”

“Accepta” [Accepta]. TM for a rig wash con-

Rank Element % by wt.

centrated detergent miscible with fresh or sea

waters.

13 Manganese 0.1

Use: Cleaning in the shipping industry.

14 Carbon 0.09

15 Sulfur 0.05

“Accepta 3538” [Accepta]. TM for an emul-

16 Barium 0.05

sifying bilge cleaner and degreaser.

all others 0.51

(2) The percentages of inorganic compounds in the

“Accepta 3547” [Accepta]. TM for a water

earth’s crust, exclusive of water, are:

stain and scale remover.

(1) SiO

55 (2) Al

15 (3) CaCO

8.8

Use: For steel, wood, glazed surfaces, toilet bowls,

(4) MgO 1.6 (5) Na

O 1.6 (6) K

O 1.9

baths and terrazo.

(3) The most abundant organic materials are cellu-

lose and its derivatives, and proteins.

acceptability (foods). See organoleptic.

Note: In the universe as a whole, the most abundant

element is hydrogen.

acceptable risk. A concept that has developed

in recent years, especially in connection with toxic

“Abzol” [Albemarle]. TM for a solvent cleaner

substances (insecticides, mercurials, carcinogens),

that can be used in place of chlorinated solvents. The

food additives, air and water pollution, and related

main ingredient is n-propyl bromide and is an ac-

environmental concerns. It may be defined as a level

ceptable substitute for ozone-depleting substances.

of risk at which a seriously adverse result is highly

Use: Electronic equipment and close tolerance metal

unlikely to occur, “but at which one cannot prove

parts.

whether or not there is 100% safety. It means living

with reasonable assurance of safety and acceptable

AC. Abbreviation for allyl chloride.

uncertainty.” (Schmutz, J. F., Chemical and Engi-

neering News, Jan. 16, 1978). Examples of accept-

able risk that might be cited are diagnostic X rays,

Ac. Symbol for actinium; abbreviation for acetate.

fluoridation of water, and ingestion of saccharin in

normal amounts. The acceptability of the risks in-

acacia gum. See arabic gum.

volved in nuclear power generation is controversial.

The weight of the evidence has tended to shift

acaricide. A type of pesticide effective on mites

toward the negative side since 1975 when an official

and ticks (acarides).

safety study estimated the risk of a serious accident

to be 1 in 20,000 years of reactor operation. An

investigation made by the Oak Ridge National Lab-

ACC. See the American Chemistry Council.

oratory based on data collected from 1969 to 1979

concluded that the risk of a major accident is 1 in

accelerator. (1) A compound, usually organic,

1000 years of reactor operation.

that greatly reduces the time required for vulcaniza-

tion of natural and synthetic rubbers, at the same

acceptor. See donor.

time improving the aging and other physical proper-

ties. Organic accelerators invariably contain nitro-

gen, and many also contain sulfur. The latter type are

acceptor control. (electron transport chain).

called ultra-accelerators because of their greater ac-

The regulation of the rate of respiration by the avail-

tivity. The major types include amines, guanidines,

ability of ADP as a phosphate group acceptor.

thiazoles, thiuram sulfides, and dithiocarbamates.

The amines and guanidines are basic, the others

accessory pigments. Visible light-absorbing

acidic. The normal effective concentration of organ-

pigments, such as carotenoids and xanthophyll in

ic accelerators in a rubber mixture is 1% or less

green plants and photosynthetic bacteria that trap

depending on the rubber hydrocarbon present. Zinc

energy from sunlight and pass it on to “special

oxide is required for activation, and in the case of

pairs.”

acidic accelerators, stearic acid is required. The in-

troduction of organic accelerators in the early twen-

“Accosoft” [Stepan]. TM for a product that

ties was largely responsible for the successful devel-

adds softening, lubricity and heat resistance.

opment of automobile tires and mechanical products

Use: In household and commercial textile industries.

for engineering uses. A few inorganic accelerators

are still used in low-grade products, e.g., lime, mag-

“Accuchem” [Accurate]. TM for a series of

nesium oxide, and lead oxide.

research biochemical compounds.

See vulcanization; rubber. (2) A compound added to

a photographic developer to increase its activity,

such as certain quaternary ammonium compounds

“Accudenz” [Accurate]. TM for an autoclava-

and alkaline substances. (3) A particle accelerator. ble, universal centrifugation medium.

5 ACETAL RESIN

“AccuGel” [Norben]. TM for a native pea plosive limits in air 1.65 to 10.4%. Moderately toxic

and narcotic in high concentrations.

starch.

Use: Solvent, cosmetics, organic synthesis, per-

Use: Gives excellent gel strength, improved body and

fumes, flavors.

mouth feel without adding flavors.

See acetal resin.

acenaphthene. (1,8-dihydroacenaphthalene;

acetaldehyde. (acetic aldehyde; aldehyde;

ethylenenaphthalene).

ethanal; ethyl aldehyde).

CAS: 83-32-9. C

(CH

)

(a tricyclic compound).

CAS: 75-07-0. CH

CHO.

Properties: White needles. D 1.024 (99/4C), fp

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent, fruity odor. D

93.6C, bp 277.5C, refr index (100C) 1.6048. Soluble

0.783 (18/4C), bp 20.2C, mp −123.5C, vap press

in hot alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

740.0 mm (20C), flash p −40F (−40C) (OC), specific

Derivation: From coal tar.

heat 0.650, refr index 1.3316 (20C), wt 6.50 lb/gal

Grade: Technical, 98%.

(20C). Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, benzene,

Use: Dye intermediate, pharmaceuticals, insecticide,

gasoline, solvent naphtha, toluene, xylene, turpen-

fungicide, plastics.

tine, and acetone.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of ethylene; (2) vapor

acenaphthenequinone. (1,2-acenapthene-

phase oxidation of ethanol; (3) vapor-phase oxida-

dione). C

(CO)

(a tricyclic compound).

tion of propane and butane; (4) catalytic reaction of

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 261–263C. Insolu-

acetylene and water (chiefly in Germany).

ble in water; soluble in alcohol.

Grade: Technical 99%.

Derivation: By oxidizing acenaphthene, using gla-

Hazard: Highly flammable, toxic (narcotic). Dan-

cial acetic acid and sodium or potassium dichro-

gerous fire, explosion risk, explosive limits in air

mate.

4–57%. TLV: 100 ppm.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Manufacture of acetic acid and acetic anhy-

Use: Dye synthesis.

dride, n-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, peracetic acid, al-

dol, pentaerythritol, pyridines, chloral, 1,3-butylene

acenocoumarin. (3-(␣-acetonyl-4-nitroben-

glycol, and trimethylolpropane; synthetic flavors.

zyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin).

CAS: 152-72-7. C

acetaldehyde ammonia. See aldehyde am-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; tasteless and

monia.

odorless. Mp 197C. Slightly soluble in water and

organic solvents.

acetaldehyde cyanohydrin. See lactonitrile.

Use: Medicine (anticoagulant).

acetal resin. (polyacetal). A polyoxymethylene

acephate. (acetylphosphoramidothioic acid es-

thermoplastic polymer obtained by ionically initiat-

ter).

ed polymerization of formaldehyde + CH

to obtain a

CAS: 30560-19-1. C

PS.

linear molecule of the type

Properties: White crystals. Mp 65C. Soluble in wa-

−O−CH

==CH

−. Single molecules may

ter; slightly soluble in acetone and alcohol.

have over 1500 −CH

− units. As the molecule has no

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

side chains, dense crystals are formed. Acetal resins

Use: Insecticide.

are hard, rigid, strong, tough, and resilient; dielectric

constant 3.7; dielectric strength 1200 volts/mil), 600

ACerS. See American Ceramic Society.

volts/mil (80-mil); dimensionally stable under ex-

posure to moisture and heat; resistant to chemicals,

acetadol. See aldol.

solvents, flexing, and creep, and have a high gloss

and low friction surface. Can be chromium plated,

acetal. (diethylacetal; 1,1-diethoxyethane; ethy- injection-molded, extruded, and blow-molded. Not

lidenediethyl ether). recommended for use in strong acids or alkalies.

CAS: 105-57-7. CH

CH(OC

)

. They may be homopolymers or copolymers.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; agreeable Properties: D 1.425, thermal conductivity 0.13 Btu

odor; nutty aftertaste. D 0.831, bp 103–104C, vap ft/(hr)(sq ft)(degree F), coefficient of thermal ex-

press 20.0 mm (20C), flash p −5F (CC) (−20.5C), pansion 4.5 × 10

−5

/degree F, specific heat 0.35 Btu/

specific heat 0.520, refr index 1.38193 (20C), wt (lb/ (lb)(degree F), water absorption 0.41%/24 hour, ten-

gal) 6.89, autoign temp 446F (230C). Stable to alka- sile strength 10,000 psi, elongation 15%, hardness

lies but readily decomposed by dilute acids. Forms a (Rockwell) R120, impact strength (notched) 1.4 ft-

constant-boiling mixture with ethanol. Soluble in lb/inch, flexural strength 14,100 psi, shear strength

alcohol, ether, and water. 9500 psi. Combustible, but slow burning.

Derivation: Partial oxidation of ethanol, the acetal- Use: An engineering plastic, often used as substitute

dehyde first formed condensing with the alcohol. for metals, as in oil and gas pipes; automotive and

Grade: Technical. appliance parts; industrial parts; hardware; commu-

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk. Ex- nication equipment; aerosol containers for cosmet-

6ACETAMIDE

ics.

4-acetamido-2-etholxbenzoic acid methyl

See “Delrin”; “Celcon.” ester. See ethopabate.

acetamide. (acetic acid amine; ethanamide).

8-acetamido-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

CAS: 60-35-5. CH

CONH

magnesium salt. (acetyl-1,7-Cleve’s acid).

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals; mousy

(CH

CONH)(SO

)]

Mg.

odor. D 1.159, mp 80C, bp 223C, refr index 1.4274

Properties: Brownish-gray paste containing approx-

(78.3C). Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly solu-

imately 80% solids.

ble in ether. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

Derivation: Interaction of ethyl acetate and ammo-

nium hydroxide.

p-acetamidophenol. See p-acetylamino-

Grade: Technical, CP (odorless), intermediate, re-

phenol.

agent.

Hazard: An experimental carcinogen.

“Acetamine” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

Use: Organic synthesis (reactant, solvent, peroxide

azo dyes and developers made for application to

stabilizer), general solvent, lacquers, explosives,

acetate yarn, and especially suited to nylon.

soldering flux, hygroscopic agent, wetting agent,

penetrating agent.

acetamino-. See acetamido-.

acetamidine hydrochloride. C

HCl.

acetaminophen. See p-acetylaminophenol.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Slightly deliquescent.

Mp 166C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

acetone. Keep stoppered.

acetanilide. (N-phenylacetamide).

Derivation: Alcohol solution of acetonitrile + HCl +

CAS: 103-84-4. C

NH(COCH

ammonia.

Properties: White, shining crystalline leaflets or

Hazard: Skin irritant, moderately toxic by ingestion.

white, crystalline powder; odorless; slightly burning

Use: Synthesis of pyrimidines and related groups of

taste. Stable in air. D 1.2105, mp 114–116C, bp

biochemically active compounds.

303.8C. Soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, chloro-

form, acetone, glycerol, and benzene. Flash p 345F

(174C); autoign temp 1015F (545C). Combustible.

acetamido-. Prefix indicating the group

Derivation: Acetylation of aniline with glacial acetic

CONH−. Also called acetamino- or acetylami-

acid.

no-.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

3-acetamido-5-aminobenzoic acid.

Use: Rubber accelerator, inhibitor in hydrogen per-

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of X-ray con-

oxide, stabilizer for cellulose ester coatings, manu-

trast media.

facture of intermediates (p-nitroaniline, p-nitroace-

tanilide, p-phenylenediamine), synthetic camphor,

5-acetamido-8-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic

pharmaceutical chemicals, dyestuffs, precursor in

acid. (acetyl-1,4-naphthalenediamine-7-sul-

penicillin manufacture, medicine (antiseptic), ace-

fonic acid; acetylamino-1,6-Cleve’s acid).

tanisole.

NHCOCH

(NH

)(SO

H). A reddish-brown

See p-methoxyacetophenone.

paste.

Hazard: Toxic.

acetate. (1) A salt of acetic acid in which the

Use: Chemical intermediate, dyes.

terminal hydrogen atom is replaced by a metal, as in

copper acetate, Cu(CH

COO)

. (2) An ester of acetic

8-acetamido-5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic

acid where the substitution is by a radical as in ethyl

acid. (acetyl-1,4-naphthalenediamine-6-sul-

acetate, CH

COOC

. In cellulose acetate the hy-

fonic acid; acetylamino-1,7-Cleve’s acid).

droxyl radicals of the cellulose are involved in the

(NHCOCH)(NH

)(SO

H). A paste.

esterification.

Hazard: Toxic.

See cellulose acetate; vinyl acetate.

Use: Chemical intermediate, dyes.

acetate dye. One group consists of water insolu-

p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride. See

ble azo or anthraquinone dyes that have been highly

N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride.

dispersed to make them capable of penetrating and

dyeing acetate fibers. A second class group com-

((p-acetamidobenzoyl)oxy)tributylstannane.

prises water-insoluble amino azo dyes that are made

See tributyltin-p-acetamidobenzoate.

water soluble by treatment with formaldehyde and

bisulfite. After absorption by the fiber, the resulting

acetamidocyanoacetic ester. See ethyl ace- sulfonic acids hydrolyze and regenerate the insolu-

tamidocyanoacetate. ble dyes.

7 ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

acetate fiber. A manufactured fiber in which the acetic acid. (ethanoic acid; vinegar acid;

fiber-forming substance is cellulose acetate. Where methanecarboxylic acid).

not less than 92% of the hydroxyl groups are acety- CAS: 64-19-7. (CH

COOH). Glacial acetic acid is

lated, the term triacetate may be used as a generic the pure compound (99.8% min), as distinguished

description of the fiber (Federal Trade Commis-

from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid.

sion). This fiber was formerly called acetate rayon or

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; pungent odor.

acetate silk The term rayon is not permissible for this

Mp 16.63C, bp 118C (765 mm Hg), 80C (202

type.

mmHg), d 1.0492 (20/4C), wt/gal (20C) 8.64 lb,

Properties: Thermoplastic; becomes tacky at 350F

viscosity (20C) 1.22 cP, flash p 110F (43C) (OC),

(176C). Moisture absorption 6%. Tenacity 1.4 g/de-

refr index 1.3715 (20C), autoign temp 800F (426C).

nier (dry); about 1 g/denier (wet). Elongation 50%

Combustible. Miscible with water, alcohol, glycer-

dry, 40% wet. Soluble in acetone and glacial acetic

ol, and ether; insoluble in carbon disulfide.

acid; decomposed by concentrated solutions of

Derivation: (a) Liquid- and vapor-phase oxidation of

strong acids and alkalies. Combustible.

petroleum gases (with catalyst), (b) oxidation of

Use: Wearing apparel, industrial fabrics.

acetaldehyde, (c) reaction of methanol and carbon

See cellulose acetate; cellulose triacetate.

monoxide (with catalyst; this is the most cost-effi-

cient method and has been in general use for some

years), (d) fermentative oxidation of ethanol.

acetate fiber, saponified. Regenerated cellu-

Grade: USP (glacial, 99.4 wt %, and dilute, 36–37 wt

lose fibers obtained by complete saponification of

%), CP, technical (80, 99.5%), commercial (6, 28,

highly oriented cellulose acetate fibers.

30, 36, 56, 60, 70, 80, and 99.5%), NF (diluted 6.0 g/

Properties: Tensile strength (psi) 136,000–155,000;

100 mL).

elongation 6%; d 1.5–1.6; moisture regain

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Pure acetic acid is mod-

9.6–10.7%; decomposes at about 149C. Similar to

erately toxic by ingestion and inhalation, but dilute

cotton in chemical resistance, dyeing, and resistance

material is approved by FDA for food use. Strong

to insects and mildew. Combustible.

irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 10 ppm.

Available forms: Available in continuous filament

Use: Manufacturing of acetic anhydride, cellulose

form having a high degree of crystallinity and great

acetate, and vinyl acetate monomer; acetic esters;

strength.

chloroacetic acid; production of plastics, pharma-

Use: Cargo parachutes, typewriter ribbons, belts,

ceuticals, dyes, insecticides, photographic chemi-

webbing, tapes, carpet backing.

cals, etc.; food additive (acidulant); latex coagulant;

oil-well acidizer; textile printing.

acetate film. A durable, highly transparent film

See vinegar.

with nondeforming characteristics produced from

cellulose acetate resin. It is grease, oil, dust, and air

acetic acid amine. See acetamide.

proof and hygienic. Combustible.

Available forms: Rolls and cut-to-size sheets.

acetic acid benzyl ester. See benzyl ace-

Use: Laminates, support for photographic film, docu-

tate.

ment preservation, pressure-sensitive tape, magnet-

ic sound-recording tape, window cartons, envelopes

acetic acid, glacial. See acetic acid.

packaging.

acetic acid, ((octylstannylidyne)trithio)tri-,

acetate of lime. Commercial term for calcium

tris(2-ethylhexyl) ester. See octyltris(2-

acetate made from pyroligneous acid and milk of

ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio)stannane.

lime. There are brown and gray acetates of lime.

See calcium acetate.

acetic acid phenylmethyl ester. See ben-

zyl acetate.

acetate process. See cellulose acetate.

acetic aldehyde. See acetaldehyde.

acetate rayon. The yarn made from refined

wood cellulose by the acetate process.

acetic anhydride. (acetyl oxide; acetic ox-

See acetate fiber

ide).

CAS: 108-24-7. (CH

CO)

acetate rayon process. In this process cellu-

Properties: Colorless, mobile, strongly refractive

lose is combined with acetic anhydride to make

liquid; strong odor. D 1.0830 (20/20C), bp 139.9C,

cellulose acetate, which is dissolved in acetone and

fp −73.1C, flash p 121F (49.4C) (CC), autoign temp

forced through spinnerette holes into a precipitating

732F (385C), wt/gal 9.01 lb (20C). Miscible with

bath.

alcohol, ether, and acetic acid; soluble in cold water;

See acetate fiber.

decomposes in hot water to form acetic acid. Com-

bustible.

acethydrazidepyridinium chloride. See Derivation: (1) Oxidation of acetaldehyde with air or

Girard’s reagent. oxygen with catalyst; (2) by catalyzed thermal de-

8ACETIC ESTER

composition of acetic acid to ketone; (3) reaction of (176.6C) (OC). Almost insoluble in water. Combus-

ethyl acetate and carbon monoxide; (4) from carbon tible.

monoxide and methanol. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

Grade: CP, technical (75, 85, 90–95%).

Hazard: Strong irritant and corrosive; may cause

burns and eye damage. TLV: ceiling 5 ppm. Moder-

acetoacet-p-chloranilide.

ate fire risk.

COCH

CONHC

Cl.

Use: Cellulose acetate fibers and plastics; vinyl ace-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 133C, bp

tate; dehydrating and acetylating agent in produc-

(decomposes), flash p 320F (160C) (OC). Combus-

tion of pharmaceuticals, dyes, perfumes, explosives;

tible. Very slightly soluble in water.

etc., aspirin. Esterifying agent for food starch (5%

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

max).

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

acetic ester. See ethyl acetate.

acetoacetic acid. (acetylacetic acid; diacetic

acid; acetone carboxylic acid).

acetic ether. See ethyl acetate.

COCH

COOH.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Soluble in water,

acetic oxide. See acetic anhydride.

alcohol, and ether; decomposes below 100C into

acetone and carbon dioxide.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

acetin. (monoacetin; glyceryl monoacetate).

Use: Organic synthesis.

CAS: 102-76-1. C

(OH)

OOCCH

. Acetin may

also refer to glyceryl di- or triacetate, also known as

diacetin and triacetin.

acetoacet-p-phenetidide.

Properties: Colorless, thick liquid. Hygroscopic. D

COCH

CONHC

OCH

1.206 (20/4C), bp 158C (165 mm), 130C (3 mm).

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 108.5C, bp (de-

Soluble in water, alcohol; slightly soluble in ether;

composes), d 1.0378 (108.5/20C), flash p 325F

insoluble in benzene. Combustible.

(162.7C) (OC). Combustible.

Derivation: By heating glycerol and strong acetic

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

acid, distilling off the weak acetic acid formed, and

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

again heating with strong acetic acid and distilling.

Method of purification: Rectification.

acetoacet-o-toluidide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic, irritant.

COCH

CONHC

Use: Tanning; solvent for dyes, food additive, gela-

Properties: Fine, white, granular powder. Mp 106C,

tinizing agent in explosives.

bp (decomposes), d 1.062 (106C). Slightly soluble

in water. Flash p 320F (160C). Combustible.

acetoacetanilide. (acetylacetanilide).

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 102-01-2. CH

COCH

CONHC

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 85C, d 1.26,

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of Hansa and

flash p 325F (162.7C). Resembles ethyl acetoace-

benzidine yellows.

tate in chemical reactivity. Slightly soluble in water;

soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide, alcohol, ether,

acetoacet-p-toluidide.

acids, chloroform, and hot benzene. Combustible.

COCH

CONHC

Derivation: By reacting ethyl acetoacetate with ani-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp

line, and eliminating ethanol. Acetoacetanilide may

93.0–96.0C, purity 99% min.

also be prepared from aniline and diketene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Light-fast yellow pigment intermediate; diazo

Use: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs (intermediate in

coupler.

the manufacture of the dry colors generally referred

to as Hansa and benzidine yellows).

acetoacet-m-xylidide. (AAMX).

(CH

)

NHCOCH

COCH

acetoacet-o-anisidide.

Properties: White to light-yellow crystals. Mp

COCH

CONHC

OCH

89–90C, d 1.238 (20C). Water solubility 0.5%

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 86.6C, d

(25C). Flash p 340F (171C); combustible.

1.1320 (86.6/20C), flash p 325F (162.7C) (OC).

Use: Intermediate for yellow pigments.

Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

acetoaminofluorene. A pesticide. May not be

used in food products or beverages (FDA).

acetoacet-o-chloranilide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 93-70-9. CH

COCH

CONHC

Cl.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 107C, bp

(decomposes), d 1.1920 (107/20C), flash p 350F

p-acetoanisole. See p-methoxyacetophenone.

9 ACETONYLACETONE

acetoglyceride. Usually an acetylated monogly- acetone cyanohydrin. (␣-hydroxyisobutyron-

ceride, although commercial acetoglycerides will itrile; 2-methyllactonitrile).

contain di- and triglycerides. CAS: 75-86-5. (CH

)

COHCN.

See acetostearin. Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 82C (23 mm), mp

−20C, d 0.932 (19C), refr index 1.3996 (20C), flash

p 165F (73.9C), autoign temp 1270F (685C). Solu-

acetoin. See acetylmethylcarbinol.

ble in alcohol and ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Condensing acetone with hydrocyanic

acetol. See hydroxy-2-propanone.

acid.

Grade: Technical (97–98% pure).

acetolysis. The procedure whereby acetyl com-

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: CL 4.7 ppm (skin). Readily

pounds are treated with alcoholic or aqueous alka-

decomposes to hydrocyanic acid and acetone.

lies to remove the acetyl groups.

Use: Insecticides; intermediate for organic synthesis,

especially methyl methacrylate.

acetomeroctol.

acetonedicarboxyllic acid. See ␤-ketoglu-

COOHgC

(OH)C(CH

)

C(CH

)

taric acid.

Properties: White solid. Mp 155–157C. Freely solu-

ble in alcohol; soluble in ether, chloroform; sparing-

acetone number. The degree of polymerization

ly soluble in benzene; insoluble in water.

of a bodied vegetable oil, measured by the amount of

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

matter that is insoluble in acetone.

Use: Medicine (antiseptic, solution 1:1000).

acetone oxime. See acetoxime.

acetone. (dimethylketone; 2-propanone).

CAS: 67-64-1. CH

COCH

acetone semicarbazone.

(CH

)

CNNHCONH

. A chemical intermediate.

Properties: White powder. Mp 188C.

acetone sodium bisulfate. See sodium ace-

tone bisulfate.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; sweetish odor.

Mp −94.3C, bp 56.2C, refr index 1.3591 (20C), d

acetonitrile. (methyl cyanide).

0.792 (20/20C), wt/gal 6.64 lb (15C), flash p 15F

CAS: 75-05-8. CH

CN.

(−9.4C) (OC), autoign temp 1000F (537C). Misci-

Properties: Colorless, limpid liquid; aromatic odor.

ble with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and most

D 0.783; mp −41C; bp 82C; flash p 42F (5.56C).

oils.

Soluble in water and alcohol; high dielectric con-

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of cumene; (2) dehydro-

stant; high polarity; strongly reactive.

genation or oxidation of isopropyl alcohol with me-

Derivation: By-product of propylene-ammonia pro-

tallic catalyst; (3) vapor-phase oxidation of butane;

cess for acrylonitrile.

(4) by-product of synthetic glycerol production.

Grade: Technical; nanograde; spectrophotometric.

Grade: Technical; CP; NF; electronic; spectrophoto-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 40

metric.

ppm; toxic action by skin absorption and inhalation.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

Use: Solvent in hydrocarbon extraction processes,

limits in air 2.6–12.8%. TLV: 750 ppm. Narcotic in

especially for butadiene; specialty solvent; interme-

high concentrations. Moderately toxic by ingestion

diate; catalyst; separation of fatty acids from vegeta-

and inhalation.

ble oils; manufacturing of synthetic pharmaceu-

Use: Chemicals (methyl isobutyl ketone; methyl iso-

ticals.

butyl carbinol; methyl methacrylate; bisphenol-A);

paint, varnish, and lacquer solvent; cellulose ace-

acetonylacetone. (1,2-diacetylethane; hexane-

tate, especially as spinning solvent; to clean and dry

dione-2,5; 2,5-diketohexane).

parts of precision equipment; solvent for potassium

CAS: 110-13-4. CH

COCH

iodide and permanganate; delusterant for cellulose

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9734 (20/20C); bp

acetate fibers; specification testing of vulcanized

192.2C; vap press 0.43 mm at 20C; fp −5.4C; flash p

rubber products.

185F (85C); bulk d 8.2 lb/gal (20C). Combustible;

autoign temp 920F (493C). Soluble in water.

acetone bromoform. See tribromo-tert-butyl

Derivation: By-product in the production of acetal-

alcohol.

dehyde from acetylene.

Grade: Technical.

acetonecarboxylic acid. See acetoacetic

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

acid.

Use: Solvent for cellulose acetate, roll-coating inks,

lacquers, stains; intermediate for pharmaceuticals

acetone chloroform. See chlorobutanol. and photographic chemicals; electroplating.

10ACETONYL ALCOHOL

acetonyl alcohol. See hydroxy-2-propanone. acetostearin.

(CH

)

COOCH

OCH

OOCCH

. Acety-

lated glyceryl monostearate. Solid with peculiar

3-(␣-acetonylbenzyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin.

combination of flexibility and nongreasiness. De-

See “Warfarin.”

rived from glyceryl monostearate or mixed glycer-

ides by acetylation with acetic anhydride.

3-(␣-acetonylfurfuryl)-4-hydroxycoumarin.

Use: Protective coating for food and as a plasticizer.

(sodium salt also used). A rodenticide.

Hazard: Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

acetotoluidide. See acetyl-o-toluidine; ace-

tyl-p-toluidine.

3-(␣-acetonyl-4-nitrobenzyl)-4-

hydroxycoumarin. See acenocoumarin.

acetoxime. (acetone oxime; 2-propanone ox-

ime). (CH

)

CNOH.

(s)-acetophan. See sinorphan.

acetophenetidin. (p-acetylphenetidin; aceto-

phenetidide; phenacetin; p-ethoxyacetanilide).

CAS: 62-44-2. CH

CONHC

Properties: White crystals or powder; odorless and

Properties: Colorless crystals; chloral-like odor.

stable in air. Mp 135C. Soluble in alcohol, chloro-

Both basic and acidic in properties. Volatilizes in

form, and ether; slightly soluble in water; has slight-

air. D 0.97 (20/20C), bp 136.3C, mp 61C. Fairly

ly bitter taste.

easily hydrolyzed by dilute acids; soluble in alco-

Derivation: By the interaction of p-phenetidin and

hols, ethers, water. Combustible.

glacial acetic acid or of ethyl bromide and p-acetam-

Derivation: Reaction of hydroxylamine in water so-

inophenol.

lution with acetone, followed by ether extraction.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

Grade: Technical.

Grade: Technical; USP, as phenacetin.

Use: Organic synthesis (intermediate); solvent for

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

cellulose ethers; primer for diesel fuels.

Use: Medicine (analgesic); veterinary medicine.

o-acetoxybenzoic acid. See aspirin.

acetophenone. (phenylmethylketone; hypnone;

acetylbenzene).

acetoxylation. A method of synthesizing ethyl-

CAS: 98-86-2. C

COCH

ene glycol in which ethylene is reacted with acetic

acid in the presence of a catalyst, such as tellurium

bromide, resulting in the formation of mixed mono-

and diacetates; this is followed by hydrolysis to

ethylene glycol and acetic acid, with up to 95% yield

of the glycol. It is thus considerably more efficient

than the ethylene oxide method.

Properties: Colorless liquid; sweet, pungent odor

and taste. Bp 201.7, fp 19.7C, d 1.030 (20/20C), bulk

acetoxydiethylphenylstannane. See diethyl

d 8.56 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.5363 (20C), flash p

phenyltin acetate.

180F (82.2C) (COC). Slightly soluble in water; sol-

uble in organic solvents and sulfuric acid. Combus-

tible.

acetoxydiphenylethylstannane. See ethyldi-

Derivation: (1) Friedel-Crafts process with benzene

phenyltin acetate.

and acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride; (2) by-prod-

uct from the oxidation of cumene; (3) oxidation of

4-(p-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone. See cue-

ethylbenzene.

lure.

Method of purification: Distillation and crystalliza-

tion.

(p-acetoxyphenyl)methyl carbinol. See 4-

Grade: Technical, refined, perfumery.

acetoxyphenyl methyl carbinol-4-acetoxyphenyl

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentrations, hypnotic.

methyl carbinol.

Use: Perfumery; solvent; intermediate for pharma-

ceuticals, resins, etc.; flavoring; polymerization cat-

4-acetoxyphenyl methyl carbinol-4-

alyst; organic synthesis.

acetoxyphenyl methyl carbinol.

CAS: 53744-50-6. mf: C

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. A severe skin irritant.

acetophenone oxime.

Properties: Crystals.

␣-acetoxytoluene. See benzyl acetate.

Use: Antiozonant properties, antioxidant, antiskin-

ning agent, piezoelectric properties, emulsifier-wa-

ter/oleoresinous systems, end blocker, polymeriza-

acetoxytriethylstannane.

tion short stopper. CAS: 1907-13-7. mf: C

Sn.

-ACETYLANTHRANILIC ACID

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/ Soluble in water (acidified by hydrochloric acid);

; STEL 0.2 mg(Sn)/m

(skin). fairly soluble in neutral water, alcohol, chloroform,

ether, benzene, acetone, and glacial acetic acid.

acetoxytriethyltin. See acetoxytriethylstan- Combustible.

nane. Derivation: By condensing ethyl acetate with ace-

tone.

acetoxytrihexylstannane. Hazard: Moderately toxic; moderate fire risk.

CAS: 2897-46-3. mf: C

Sn. Use: Solvent for cellulose acetate, intermediate, che-

lating agent for metals, paint driers, lubricant addi-

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. Moderately toxic

tives, pesticides.

by ingestion. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

3-acetylacrolein. See 4-ketopentenal.

acetoxytrihexyltin. See acetoxytrihexylstan-

nane.

N-acetyl-l-(+)-alanine. See alanine.

acetoxytriisopropylstannane. See triisopro-

acetylamino-. See acetamido-.

pyltin acetate.

p-acetylaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride.

acetoxytrimethylstannane. See trimethyltin

See N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride.

acetate.

o-acetylaminobenzoic acid. See acetylan-

acetoxytripropylstannane. See tripropyltin

thranilic acid.

acetate.

p-acetylaminophenol. (APAP; N-acetyl-p-

acetoxytris(␤,␤-dimethylphenethyl)

aminophenol; acetaminophen; p-acetamidophe-

stannane. See trineophyltin acetate.

nol; p-hydroxyacetanilide).

CAS: 103-90-2. CH

CONHC

OH.

acetozone. See acetylbenzoyl peroxide.

Properties: Crystals; odorless; slightly bitter taste. D

1.293 (21/4C), mp 168C. Slightly soluble in water

“Acetulan” [Dow]. TM for a special fraction of

and ether; soluble in alcohol; pH saturated aqueous

acetylated lanolin alcohols.

solution 5.5–6.5.

Properties: Anhydrous; pale-straw color; nearly

Derivation: Interaction of p-aminophenol and an

odorless, low-viscosity liquid. Miscible with etha-

aqueous solution of acetic anhydride.

nol, mineral oil, and other common formulating

Use: Intermediate for pharmaceuticals and azo dyes,

materials; insoluble in water. Combustible.

stabilizer for hydrogen peroxide, photographic

Use: Hydrophobic penetrant, emollient, plasticizer,

chemicals, medicine (analgesic).

cosolvent, pigment dispersant, cosmetics.

p-acetylaminophenyl salicylate. (phenet-

acetylacetanilide. See acetoacetanilide.

sal). C

(NHCOCH

)OOCC

OH.

Properties: Fine, white, crystal scales; odorless; tas-

acetylacetic acid. See acetoacetic acid.

teless. Mp 187–188C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

hot water; insoluble in light hydrocarbon solvents;

acetylacetonatobis(ethylene)rhodium(1).

decomposed by strong alkalies.

Properties: Orange crystal; air stable. Soluble in

Derivation: By reducing p-nitrophenol salicylate to

chloroform and ether.

p-aminophenol salicylate and acetylating the latter.

Use: Reactive ethylene complex.

Hazard: See aspirin.

Use: Medicine (analgesic).

acetylacetonatodicarbonylrhodium(1).

Properties: Green crystal grades (dichroic red when

p-acetylanisole. See p-methoxyacetophenone.

crushed); air stable. Soluble in acetone, benzene,

and chlorinated solvents.

Use: Homogeneous catalyst for hydroformylation

N-acetylanthranilic acid. (o-acetylamino-

reactions.

benzoic acid). CH

CONHC

COOH.

Properties: Needles, plates, rhombic crystals (from

acetylacetone. (diacetylmethane; pentane- glacial acetic acid). Mp 185C. Slightly soluble in

dione-2,4). water; soluble in hot alcohol, ether, and benzene.

CAS: 123-54-6. CH

COCH

OCCH

. Combustible.

Properties: Mobile, colorless or yellowish liquid. Derivation: Oxidation of o-acetyltoluidine with po-

When cooled, solidifies to lustrous, pearly spangles. tassium permanganate in the presence of magne-

The liquid is affected by light, turning brown and sium sulfate or potassium chloride.

forming resins. Bp 140.5C; d 0.9753 (20/20C); bulk Grade: Technical.

d 8.1 lb/gal; fp −23.5C; flash p 105F (40.5C) (TOC). Use: Chemical (organic synthesis, anthranilic acid).

12ACETYLATED MONOGLYCERIDES

acetylated monoglycerides. (20C), bp 142–144 (30 mm). Partially soluble in

Properties: Esters of glycerin with acetic acid and water. Combustible.

edible fat-forming fatty acids. (FCC III) May be Derivation: Sodium acetoacetate and ethylene oxide

white to pale yellow liquids or solids; bland taste.

in absolute alcohol.

Sol in alc, acetone; insol in water.

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucus mem-

Use: Food additive.

branes.

Use: Organic synthesis.

acetylation. Introduction of an acetyl radical

acetyl carbinol. See hydroxy-2-propanone.

(CH

CO−) into the molecule of an organic com-

pound having OH or NH

groups. The usual reagents

for this purpose are acetic anhydride or acetyl chlo-

acetyl carbromal. (N-acetyl-N-bromodiethy-

ride. Thus, ethanol (C

OH) may be converted to lacetylurea). (C

)

CBrCONHCONHCOCH

ethyl acetate (C

OCOCH

). Cellulose is similarly Properties: Crystals; slightly bitter taste. Mp 109C.

converted to cellulose acetate by treatment with a Slightly soluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol

mix containing acetic anhydride. Acetylation is and ethyl acetate.

commonly used to determine the number of hydrox- Hazard: Overdoses may be fatal.

yl groups in fats and oils. Use: Medicine (sedative).

See acetyl value.

acetyl chloride. (ethanoyl chloride).

CAS: 75-36-5. CH

COCl.

acetylbenzene. See acetophenone.

Properties: Colorless, highly refractive, fuming liq-

uid; strong odor. D 1.1051, mp −112C, bp 51–52C,

acetylbenzoyl aconine. See aconitine.

flash p 40F (4.4C) (CC). Soluble in ether, acetone,

acetic acid.

acetylbenzoyl peroxide. (acetozone; benzo-

Derivation: By mixing glacial acetic acid and phos-

zone).

phorus trichloride in the cold and heating a short

CAS: 644-31-5. C

CO•O

•OCCH

time to drive off hydrochloric acid. The acetyl chlo-

Properties: White crystals. Decomposed by water,

ride is then distilled.

alkaloids, organic matter, and some organic sol-

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes;

vents; decomposes slowly and evaporates when

toxic; strong eye irritant. Flammable, dangerous fire

gently heated, and instantaneously (possibly explo-

risk. Reacts violently with water and alcohol.

sively) if quickly heated, ground, or compressed.

Use: Organic preparations (acetylating agent); dye-

Mp 36.6C; bp 130C (19 mm). Moderately soluble in

stuffs; pharmaceuticals.

ether, chloroform, carbon teteachloride, and water;

slightly soluble in mineral oils and alcohol. The

acetylcholine.

commercial product is mixed with a neutral drying

(acetylethanoltrimethylammonium hydroxide).

powder and contains 50% acetyl benzoyl peroxide.

CAS: 51-84-3.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion. Strong irritant to skin

and mucus membranes. Strong oxidizing agent;

dangerous in contact with organic materials. Moder-

ate explosion risk when shocked or heated.

Use: Medicine (active germicide); disinfectant;

bleaching flour.

A derivative of choline; important because it acts as

the chemical transmitter of nerve impulses in the auto-

acetyl bromide.

nomic system. It has been isolated and identified in

CAS: 506-96-7. CH

COBr.

brain tissue. The enzyme cholinesterase hydrolyzes

Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid; turns yellow in

acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid, and is nec-

air. Bp 81C; mp −96C; d 1.663 (16/4C). Soluble in

essary in the body to prevent acetylcholine poisoning.

ether, chloroform and benzene.

Use: Medicine (as bromide and chloride); biochemi-

Derivation: Interaction of acetic acid and phospho-

cal research.

rus pentabromide.

See nerve gas; cholinesterase inhibitor.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong

acetylcholinesterase. See cholinesterase.

irritant to eyes and skin. Reacts violently with water

or alcohol.

N-acetyl-l-cysteine (USAN).

Use: Organic synthesis, dye manufacture.

HSCH

CH(NHCOCH

)COOH. The N-acetyl de-

rivative of the naturally occurring amino acid,

l-cys-

␣-acetylbutyrolactone. (␣-acetobutyrolac-

teine.

tone).

Use: Medicine, biochemical research.

❘

CH(OCCH

)C(O)

❘

O. ␣-acetyldigitoxin (anhydrous). C

Properties: Liquid; ester-like odor. D 1.18–1.19 Properties: Crystals. Sparingly soluble in water,

13 6-ACETYL-GRAYANOTOXIN I

ether, petroleum ether; soluble in most organic sol-

(acetylenecarbonyloxy)triphenyltin. See

vents.

triphenyltin propiolate.

Derivation: Obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of a

digitalis extract.

acetylene dichloride. See sym-dichloroethy-

Hazard: Toxic.

lene.

Use: Medicine (heart disease).

acetylene hydrocarbon. (alkyne). One of a

class of unsaturated hydrocarbons of the homolo-

3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylfuran.

gous series having the generic formula C

–

and a

CAS: 10599-70-9. mf: C

structural formula containing a triple bond.

Properties: Yellow liquid; strong roasted nutlike

odor. D: 1.027−1.048, refr index: 1.475−1.496 (25°).

acetylene polymer. See polyacetylene;

Sol in alc, propylene glycol, fixed oils; sltly sol in

1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene.

water.

Use: Food additive.

acetylene tetrabromide. (sym-tetrabrometh-

ane).

10-acetyldithranol.

CAS: 79-27-6. CHBr

CHBr

CAS: 117568-24-8. mf: C

Properties: Yellowish liquid. D 2.98–3.00, bp

Hazard: A poison. A skin irritant.

239–242C with decomposition, 151C (54 mm), mp

0.1C, refr index 1.638. Soluble in alcohol and ether,

acetyl dipterex. See chloracetophos.

insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Interaction of acetylene and bromine

acetylene. (ethyne).

and subsequent distillation.

CAS: 74-86-2. HC≡CH.

Method of purification: Rectification.

Properties: Colorless gas; ethereal odor. D 0.91

Grade: Technical.

(air

1), mp −81.8C (890 mm); bp −84C, flash p 0F

Hazard: Irritant by inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 1

(−17.7C) (CC), autoign temp 635F (335C). Soluble

ppm.

in alcohol and acetone; slightly soluble in water. An

Use: Separating minerals by specific gravity; solvent

asphyxiant gas.

for fats, oils, and waxes; fluid in liquid gauges;

Derivation: (a) By the action of water on calcium

solvent in microscopy.

carbide; (b) by cracking petroleum hydrocarbons

with steam (Wulff process), or natural gas by partial

acetylene tetrachloride. See sym-tetrachlo-

oxidation (BASF process); (c) from fuel oil by mod-

roethane.

ified arc process.

Grade: Technical, containing 98% acetylene and not

acetylenogen. Calcium carbide.

more than 0.05% by volume of phosphine or hydro-

gen sulfide; 99.5%.

N-acetylethanolamine. (hydroxyethylacetam-

Hazard: Very flammable, dangerous fire risk; burns

ide). CH

CONHC

OH.

with intensely hot flame; explosive limits in air

Properties: Brown, viscous liquid. D 1.122 (20/

2.5–80%. Forms explosive compounds with silver,

20C); boiling range 150–152C (5 mm); decomposes

mercury, and copper, which should be excluded

(10 mm); bulk d 9.34 lb/gal; refr index 1.4730

from contact with acetylene in transmission sys-

(20C); flash p 350F (176.6C); fp 15.8C. Soluble in

tems. Copper alloys may be used with caution. Pip-

alcohol, ether, and water. Combustible.

ing used should be electrically bonded and

Grade: Technical (75% solution in water).

grounded.

Use: Plasticizer for polyvinyl alcohol and for cellulo-

Use: Manufacture of vinyl chloride; vinylidene chlo-

sic and proteinaceous materials; humectant for pa-

ride; vinyl acetate; acrylates; acrylonitrile; acetalde-

per products, glues, cork, and inks; textile condi-

hyde; per- and trichloroethylene; cyclooctatetraene;

tioner.

1,4-butanediol; carbon black; and welding and cut-

ting metals.

acetylethanoltrimethylammonium

hydroxide. See acetylcholine.

acetylene black. The carbon black resulting

acetylferrocene. (ferrocenyl methyl ketone).

from incomplete combustion of or thermal decom-

FeC

COCH

position of acetylene.

Properties: Orange crystals. Mp 85–86C.

Properties: High liquid adsorption, retention of high

Use: Intermediate.

bulk volume, high electrical conductivity.

See ferrocene.

Use: Dry cell batteries, component of explosives,

reinforcing agent in rubber and in thermal and sound

acetylformic acid. See pyruvic acid.

insulation, gloss suppressor in paints, carburizing

agent in hardening of steel, pigment in printing inks,

filler in electroconductive polymers.

6-acetyl-grayanotoxin i. See grayanotoxin

See carbon black. iii 6,14-diacetate.

14ACETYLIDE

acetylide. A salt-like carbide formed by the reac- acetyl nitrate. CH

COONO

tion of acetylene and an alkali or alkaline-earth met- Properties: Colorless, fuming liquid. Hygroscopic.

al in liquid ammonia, or with silver, copper, and D 1.24.

mercury salts in aqueous solution. The latter are Derivation: Reaction of acetic anhydride and nitro-

explosive when shocked or heated.

gen pentoxide.

See carbide; calcium carbide.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and mucous membranes.

Explodes above 55C (130F) or in presence of mer-

curic oxide.

acetyl iodide.

Use: Nitrating agent for organic compounds.

CAS: 507-02-8. CH

COI.

Properties: Colorless, transparent, fuming liquid;

acetyl oxide. See acetic anhydride.

suffocating odor; turns brown on exposure to air or

moisture. D 1.98; bp 105–108C; refr index 1.55.

10-(acetyloxy)-1,8-dihydroxy-9(10h)-

Soluble in ether and benzene; decomposed by water

anthracenone. See 10-acetyldithranol.

and alcohol.

Derivation: Reaction of acetic acid, iodine, and

4(or 6)-(acetyloxy)-5(or 4)-hexenoic acid.

phosphorus; reaction of acetyl chloride and hydro-

CAS: 83145-58-8. mf: C

gen iodide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

Method of purification: Distillation.

tact. A mild skin and severe eye irritant.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

o-(4-(1-((acetyloxy)imino)ethyl)-3-

Use: Organic synthesis.

methylphenyl) o,o-diethyl-

phosphorothioate.

acetylisoeugenol. (isoeugenol acetate).

CAS: 22936-44-3. mf: C

PS.

(CHCHCH

)(OCH

)(OCOCH

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Properties: White crystals; spicy, clove-like odor.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Congealing point 77C, soluble in 27 parts of 95%

alcohol. Combustible.

acetyl peroxide. (diacetyl peroxide).

Method of purification: Crystallization.

CAS: 110-22-5. (CH

CO)

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 30C. Slightly sol-

Use: Perfumery, particularly for carnation-type

uble in cold water; soluble in alcohol and ether, flash

odors; flavoring.

p 113 (45C) (OC), fp approx −8C, d 1.18 (20C).

Combustible.

acetyl ketene. See diketene.

Available forms: A 25% solution in dimethyl

phthalate.

n-acetylloline.

Hazard: (25% solution) Moderate fire risk; strong

CAS: 4914-36-7. mf: C

irritant to skin and eyes. The pure material is a strong

Hazard: A poison.

oxidizer and severe explosion hazard; should not be

Source: Natural product.

stored after preparation, nor heated above 30C.

Use: Initiator and catalyst for resins.

acetylmethionine. See n-acetyl-l-methionine.

acetylphenetidin. See acetophenetidin.

n-acetyl-l-methionine.

CAS: 65-82-7. mf: C

acetylphenol. See phenyl acetate.

Properties: Colorless or white crystals or powder;

odorless. Sol in water, alc, alkali and mineral acids;

N-acetyl-p-phenylenediamine. See p-ami-

insol in ether.

noacetanilide.

Hazard: A poison.

Use: Food additive; drug.

acetylpropionic acid. See levulinic acid.

acetyl propionyl. (2,3-pentanedione; methyl

acetylmethylcarbinol. (acetoin; 3-hydroxy-2-

ethyl glyoxal; methyl ethyl diketone).

butanone; dimethylketol).

CAS: 600-14-6. CH

COCOCH

CAS: 513-86-0. CH

COCH

OCH

Properties: Yellow liquid. Mp −52C, bp 106–110C,

Properties: Slightly yellow liquid or crystals (di-

d 0.955–0.959 (15/4C). Partly soluble in water.

mer), oxidizes gradually to diacetyl on exposure to

Combustible.

air. D 1.016, bp 140–148C, mp 15C. Soluble in

Grade: 99%.

alcohol; miscible with water; slightly soluble in

Use: Flavors of butterscotch and chocolate type.

ether. Combustible.

Derivation: Reduction of diacetyl.

Grade: Technical, FCC (as acetoin).

2-acetyl pyrazine.

Use: Aroma carrier; preparation of flavors and es- CAS: 22047-25-2. mf: C

sences. Properties: Colorless to pale-yellow crystals or liq-

15 ACETYL VALUE

uid; sweet popcorn-like odor. Mp: 75−78°,d:

acetyl triallyl citrate.

1.100−1.115 @ 20°, refr index: 1.530−1.540 @ 25°.CH

COOC

(COOCH

CH:CH

)

Sol in acids, alc, ether, and water @ 230°. Properties: Liquid. Boiling range 142–143C (0.2

Hazard: A skin and eye irritant. mm), d 1.140 (20C), refr index 1.4665 (25C), flash p

Use: Food additive. 365F (185C). Combustible.

Use: Cross-linking agent for polyesters; monomer

2-acetylpyrrole. for polymerization.

CAS: 1072-83-9. mf: C

NO.

Properties: Light beige to yellow crystals from pe-

acetyl tributyl citrate.

troleum ether; bread-like odor. Mp: 90°, bp: 220°.

COOC

(COOC

)

Sol in acids, alc, ether, water @ 230°.

Properties: Colorless, odorless liquid. Distillation

Use: Food additive.

range 172–174C (1 mm), pour p −60C, d 1.046

(25C), bulk d 8.74 lb/gal (25C), refr index 1.4408

4-acetylresorcinol. (2,4-dihydroxyacetophe- (25C), viscosity 42.7 cP (25C), flash p 400F (204C).

none). C

(OH)

COCH

. Insoluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Light tan crystals. Mp 146–148C. High Derivation: Esterification and acetylation of citric

absorptivity in UV region. Slightly soluble in water; acid.

soluble in most organic solvents except benzene and Grade: Technical.

chloroform. Use: Plasticizer for vinyl resins.

Use: UV absorber in plastics; dye intermediate; fun- See “Citroflex A-4” [Reilly].

gicide; plant growth promoter.

acetyl triethyl citrate.

acetylsalicylic acid. See aspirin. CH

COOC

(COOC

)

Properties: Colorless liquid; odorless. Distillation

range 131–132C (1 mm), pour p −47C, d 1.135

N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride. (p-acetamido-

(25C), bulk d 9.47 lb/gal (25C), refr index 1.4386

benzenesulfonyl chloride; p-acetylaminobenzene-

(25C), viscosity 53.7 cP (25C), flash p 370F (187C).

sulfonyl chloride). (CH

CONH)C

(SO

Cl).

Slightly soluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Light tan to brownish powder or fine

Derivation: Esterification and acetylation of citric

crystals. Mp 149C. Soluble in chloroform and ethyl-

acid.

ene dichloride.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

Use: Plasticizer for cellulosics, particularly ethyl cel-

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of sulfa drugs.

lulose.

See “Citroflex A-2” [Reilly]; “ATEC.” [Reilly].

2-(acetylthioglycolic amide)benzothiazole.

CAS: 63123-39-7. mf: C

acetyl tri-2-ethylhexyl citrate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

COOC

(COOC

)

Properties: Liquid. Bp 225C (1 mm), flash p 430F

2-acetylthiophene. (methyl-2-thienyl ketone).

(222C). Insoluble in water. Combustible.

COC

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Yellowish, oily liquid. Mp 10–11C, bp

Use: Low-volatility plasticizer for vinyl resins.

213.5C, 88–90C (10 mm). Very slightly soluble in

ether.

acetyltri-n-hexyl citrate. See “Citroflex A-

Use: Organic intermediate.

6” [Reilly].

acetyl-o-toluidine. (o-acetotoluidide).

N-acetyltryptophan. Available commercially

CONHC

as N-acetyl-l-tryptophan, mp 185–186C; N-ace-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 110C, bp 296C, d

tyl-dl-triptophan, mp 205C.

1.168 (15C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene,

Use: Nutrition and biochemical research; medicine.

chloroform, glacial acetic acid; slightly soluble in

cold water; insoluble in hot water.

Derivation: By boiling glacial acetic acid with o-

acetyl valeryl. (heptadione-2,3).

toluidine and distilling the product. CH

COCOC

Grade: Technical. Properties: Yellow liquid. Combustible.

Use: Organic synthesis. Grade: 92% pure.

Use: Cheese, butter, and miscellaneous flavors.

acetyl-p-toluidine. (p-acetotoluidide).

CONHC

. acetyl value. The number of milligrams of po-

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 153C, bp 307C, d tassium hydroxide required for neutralization of

1.212 (15/4C). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in acetic acid obtained by the saponification of 1 g of

alcohol, ether, ethyl acetate, glacial acetic acid. acetylated fat or oil sample. Acetylation is carried

Grade: Technical. out by boiling the sample with an equal amount of

Use: Dyes. acetic anhydride, washing, and drying. Saponifica-

16ACGIH

tion values on acetylated and on untreated fat are Mineral acids: sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric, phos-

determined. From the results the acetyl value is phoric.

Hazard: All mineral acids are highly irritant and

calculated. It is a measure of the number of free

corrosive to human tissue.

hydroxyl groups in the fat or oil.

Organic

Carboxylic (contain −COOH group)

ACGIH. See American Conference of Gov-

aliphatic: acetic, formic

ernmental Industrial Hygienists.

aromatic: benzoic, salicylic

Dicarboxylic (contain two −COOH groups)

“Achromycin” [Cytec]. TM for tetracycline

oxalic, phthalic, sebacic, adipic

hydrochloride.

Fatty acids (contain −COOH group)

aliphatic: oleic, palmitic, stearic

acicular. Used to describe needle-shaped crystals

aromatic: phenylstearic

or the particles in powders.

Amino acids: N-containing protein components

See Lewis acid; carboxylic acid; fatty acid;

amino acid; specific compounds.

acid. One of a large class of chemical substances

whose water solutions have one or more of the fol-

lowing properties: sour taste, ability to make litmus

1,2,4-acid. (1-amino-2-naphthol-4-sulfonic

dye turn red and to cause other indicator dyes to acid). C

OHSO

change to characteristic colors, ability to react with Properties: Pinkish-white to gray needles. Soluble in

and dissolve certain metals to form salts, and ability hot water; but almost insoluble in cold water.

to react with bases or alkalies to form salts. All acids Derivation: ␤-naphthol is nitrated to nitroso-␤-

contain hydrogen. In water, ionization or splitting of naphthol by reaction with nitrous acid and the prod-

the molecule occurs so that some or most of this uct treated with sodium bisulfite. Upon acidification

hydrogen forms H

ions (hydronium ions), usual- the free sulfurous acid effects simultaneous reduc-

ly written more simply as H

(hydrogen ion). Acids tion and sulfonation.

are referred to as strong or weak according to the Use: Aniline dye intermediate.

concentration of H

ion that results from ionization.

Hydrochloric, nitric, and sulfuric are strong or high-

1,8,2,4-acid. See Chicago acid.

ly ionized acids; acetic acid (CH

COOH) and car-

bonic acid (H

) are weak acids. Tenth normal

acid amide. See amide.

hydrochloric acid is 100 times as acid (pH

1) as

tenth normal acetic acid (pH

3). The pH range of

acid ammonium sulfate. See ammonium

acids is from 6.9 to 1.

bisulfate.

See pH. When dealing with chemical reactions in

solvents other than water, it is sometimes conve-

acid ammonium tartrate. See ammonium

nient to define an acid as a substance that ionizes to

bitartrate.

give the positive ion of the solvent. The common

definitions of acid have been extended as more de-

tailed studies of chemical reactions have been made.

acid anhydride. An oxide of a nonmetallic ele-

The Lowry-Brønsted definition of an acid as a sub- ment or of an organic radical that is capable of

stance that can give up a proton is more useful in forming an acid when united with water, or which

connection with an understanding of bases (see can be formed by the abstraction of water from the

base). Perhaps the most significant contribution to acid molecule, or can unite with basic oxides to form

the theory of acids was the electron-pair concept salts.

introduced by G. N. Lewis around 1915.

See Lewis electron theory. The terms hard and soft

acid anthraquinone brilliant blue. See

acids and bases refer to the ease with which the

C.I. acid blue 80.

electron orbitals can be disturbed or distorted. Hard

acids have a high positive oxidation state, and their

“AcidAway” [Rectorseal]. TM for a system to

valence electrons are not readily excited; soft acids

neutralize air conditioning and refrigeration systems

and bases have little or no positive charge and easily

that have experienced burnout.

excited valence electrons. Hard acids combine pref-

erentially with hard bases, and soft acids with soft

Acid Black 2.

bases. Soft acids tend to accept electrons and form

Use: Hair color, reagent, biological stain.

covalent bonds more readily than hard acids. For

example, the halogen acids arranged in a series by

acid butyl phosphate. See n-butyl acid

increasing atomic weight (and decreasing chemical

phosphate.

activity) show a progression from hard (HF) to soft

(HI). A brief outline of the major groups of acids is

as follows:

acid calcium phosphate. See calcium phos-

Inorganic phate, monobasic.

17 ACID PRECIPITATION

acid chrome orange gr. See C.I. mordant acid magnesium citrate. See magnesium

orange 6, disodium salt. citrate, dibasic.

acid magnesium phosphate. See magne-

acid dye. An azo, triarylmethane, or anthraqui-

sium phosphate, monobasic.

none dye with acid substituents such as nitro-, car-

boxy-, or sulfonic acid. These dyes are most fre-

acid methyl sulfate. See methylsulfuric

quently applied in acid soluble to wool and silk, and

acid.

no doubt combine with the basic groups of the pro-

teins of those animal fibers. Orange II (CI 15,510),

acid mine drainage. (AMD). Water from

black 10B, and acid alizarine blue B are examples.

both active and inactive coal mines that has become

contaminated with sulfuric acid as a result of hydrol-

acid ethylsulfate. See ethylsulfuric acid.

ysis of ferric sulfate, the oxidation product of pyrite.

This is a factor in water and stream pollution, which

acid fungal protease. (fungal protease en-

can be corrected by use of appropriate ion-exchange

zyme).

resins.

Properties: Highly off-white powder.

Use: As a replacement for pepsin; chill-proofing

acid number. (acid value). Determined by the

agent for beer; in cereal treatment; feed supplement

number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide re-

for baby pigs; rennet extender.

quired for the neutralization of free fatty acids

present in 1 g of fat or oil. Also the measure of free

␥-acid. (2-amino-8-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid;

acids present in a substance.

aminonaphtholsulfonic acid-2,8,6).

acidolysin. See glycoprotease.

acidolysis. A chemical reaction that is compara-

ble to hydrolysis or alcoholysis, in which water or

alcohol is used in place of the acid. It involves the

decomposition of a molecule with the addition of the

elements of an acid to the molecule.

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in alcohol and

ether; slightly soluble in water.

acidosis. A condition in which blood pH de-

Derivation: ␤-naphthylamine sulfate is sulfonated

creases, either for metabolic or respiratory reasons.

with 66% oleum; the precipitate, 2-naphthylamine-

6,8-disulfonic acid, is heated with 65% sodium hy-

acid phosphatase. An enzyme found in blood

droxide solution at 210C and 210 psi.

serum that catalyzes the liberation of inorganic

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

phosphate from phosphate esters. Optimum pH 5; it

is less active than alkaline phosphatase.

Use: Biochemical research.

acid glaucine blue. See peacock blue.

acid phosphate. An acid salt of phosphoric acid

acid, hard. See Lewis electron theory; acid.

such as NaH

, CaHPO

, etc. Also used to refer

specifically to calcium phosphate monobasic,

acid hydrolyzed proteins.

Ca(H

)

, or superphosphate of lime.

Properties: Liquid, paste or powder. Sol in water.

Use: Food additive.

acid potassium oxalate. See potassium bi-

noxalate.

acidic oxide. An oxide of a nonmetal, e.g., SO

,SO

, that forms an acid when combined

acid potassium sulfate. See potassium bi-

with water.

sulfate.

See acid anhydride.

acid precipitation. (acid rain). Any form of

acidimetry. The determination of the concentra-

precipitation (wet deposition) having a pH of 5.6 or

tion of acid solutions or of the quantity of acid in a

less, the most important deleterious components be-

sample or mixture. This is usually done by titration

ing the sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen, either

with a solution of base of known strength (standard

emitted as stack gases in highly industrialized areas

solution); an indicator is used to establish the end

or resulting from volcanic activity. The most sensi-

point.

tive sections of the U.S. are the East and the extreme

See pH.

Northwest; southeastern Canada is also affected.

Acid precipitation is not only destructive to fish and

acid lining. Silica brick lining used in steel-mak- other freshwater life, but also kills certain species of

ing furnaces. trees (especially spruce) and corrodes metal and

18ACID RAIN

cement structures. Industrial use of coal is largely Properties: D 0.907 (25/25C), refr index 1.471

responsible for the incidence of acid rain, especially (20C), flash p 380F (193C) (OC), acid number 192,

in the Northeast. saponification number 194, unsaponifiable matter

See dry deposition. 2.5%, rosin acids 4.5%. Combustible.

Use: Paint and varnish, inks, soaps, disinfectants,

acid rain. See acid precipitation. textile oils, core oils, etc.

acid, soft. See Lewis electron theory; acid. “Aconew” [Reichhold]. TM for pale, distilled

tall oil fatty acids with low rosin acid contents.

acidulant. Any of a number of acids (chiefly

organic) either occurring naturally in fruits and veg-

aconite. (monkshood; wolfsbane; friar’s cowl).

etables or used as additives in food processing. They Hazard: Antipyretic drug, alkaloid poison.

function in the following ways: (1) as bacteriostats

in processed foods; (2) as aids to the sterilization of

aconitic acid. (propene-1,2,3-tricarboxylic

canned foods by lowering the pH; (3) as chelating acid). H(COOH)C:C(COOH)CH

(COOH).

agents for metal ions such as iron and copper, which Properties: White to yellowish, crystalline solid. Mp

catalyze rancidity reactions in fats; (4) as flavor approx 195C (decomposes). Soluble in water and

enhancers by offsetting excessive sweetness by their alcohol. Combustible.

tart taste. Commonly used acidulants are citric, ace- Derivation: (a) By dehydration of citric acid with

tic, fumaric, ascorbic, propionic, lactic, adipic, ma- sulfuric acid; (b) extraction from sugar cane ba-

lic, sorbic, and tartaric acids. gasse, aconitum napellus, and other natural sources.

Use: Preparation of plasticizers and wetting agents;

antioxidant; organic syntheses; itaconic acid manu-

“Acidulin” [Lilly]. TM for glutamic acid hy-

facture; synthetic flavors.

drochloride acid value. The number of milligrams of

potassium hydroxide required to neutralize the free

acids present in 1 g of oil, fat, or wax. The determi-

aconitine. (acetyl benzoyl aconine).

nation is made by titrating the sample in hot 95% CAS: 302-27-2. C

ethanol using phenolphthalein as indicator. Hazard: Highly toxic alkaloid, antipyretic drug,

readily absorbed by skin.

acid value. See acid number.

acquired genetic mutation. See somatic

cell genetic mutation.

Acid Yellow 9. See 4-aminoazobenzene-3,4

′

disulfonic acid.

acquired mutations. See somatic cell genet-

ic mutation.

acifluorfen, sodium salt. (Blazer).

Use: Postemergent herbicide for soybeans, peanuts,

and rice.

“Acrafix” [Lanxess]. TM for a processing

chemical for high quality pigment prints.

“ACL 60” [Occidental]. TM for a product

line of chlorinated isocyanurates that are an effec-

acraldehyde. See acrolein.

tive economical disinfectant, germicide, and algi-

cide.

“Acrawax” [Lonza]. TM for N,N

′

-ethylenebis-

Use: Sanitizing swimming pools and spas.

stearamide.

CAS: 110-30-5.

“Aclar” [General Electric]. TM for a series Grade: Atomized powdered, prilled, and beaded

of fluorohalocarbon films. grades.

Properties: Useful properties from −200 to +198C. Use: In plastics and metal powder lubricants, var-

Use: In packaging applications where a transparent, nishes, lacquers, defoamers, and mar-resistant anti-

vapor, and/or gas barrier is required, as in packaging block paints.

of foods for astronauts. Used in electronic and elec-

trical applications because of insulating and heat-

Acree’s reaction. A test for protein in which a

resistant properties. Extreme chemical resistance

violet ring appears when concentrated sulfuric acid

and ability to seal make it useful as a tank lining, etc.

is introduced below a mixture of the unknown solu-

tion and a formaldehyde solution containing a trace

“A-C-M” [Pfizer]. TM for a balanced mixture of ferric oxide.

of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and citric acid.

Use: As an antioxidant that protects flavor and pre-

acridine (tricyclic).

vents browning of fruits exposed to air. Used in

CAS: 260-94-6. C

home freezing and canning of fresh fruits.

Properties: Small, colorless needles. Sublimes at

100C, mp 111C, bp above 360C. Soluble in alcohol,

“Acofor” [Reichhold]. TM for pale, distilled ether, or carbon disulfide; sparingly soluble in hot

tall oil fatty acids. water.

19 ACRYLAMIDE

Derivation: (a) By extraction with dilute sulfuric

acid from the anthracene fraction from coal tar and

adding potassium dichromate. The acridine chro-

mate precipitated is recrystallized, treated with am-

monia, and recrystallized. (b) Synthetically.

Properties: Colorless or yellowish liquid; disagree-

Hazard: Strong skin irritant.

able, choking odor.Bp 52.7C, mp −87.0C, d 0.8427

Use: Manufacture of dyes; derivatives, especially

(20/20C), bulk d 7.03 lb/gal (20C). Flash p below 0F

acriflavine, proflavine; analytical reagent.

(−17C) (COC), autoign temp 532F (277C). Soluble

in water, alcohol, and ether. Polymerizes readily

acridine orange. (N,N,N

′

-tetramethyl-3,6-

unless inhibitor (hydroquinone) is added. Very reac-

acridinediamine monohydrochloride).

tive.

CAS: 65-61-2. C

•HCl.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of allyl alcohol or propyl-

Hazard: An in vitro mutagen.

ene; (2) by heating glycerol with magnesium sulfate;

Use: Selective biological stain for tumor cells, intra-

(3) from propylene with bismuth-phosphorus-mo-

vitam; causes retardation of tumor growth.

lybdenum catalyst.

Method of purification: Rectification.

2-(1-(9-acridinyl)hydrazino)ethanol

Grade: Technical.

monohydrochloride.

Hazard: Very irritant to eyes and skin. Toxic by

CAS: 28846-44-8. mf: C

O•ClH.

inhalation and ingestion. TLV: 0.1 ppm. Dangerous

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

fire risk. Explosive limits in air 2.8 to 31%.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Use: Intermediate for synthetic glycerol, polyure-

thane and polyester resins, methionine, pharmaceu-

ticals; herbicide; warning agent in gases.

4-(9-acridinyl)-2-methyl-3-

thiosemicarbazide.

acrolein dimer. (2-formyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-

CAS: 28846-37-9. mf: C

pyran).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

❘

CH:CHCH

CHCH

❘

Properties: Liquid. D 1.0775 (20C), bp 151.3C, fp

4-(9-acridinyl)-2-methyl-3-

−100C, flash p 118F (47.7C) (OC), bulk d 8.96lb/gal

thiosemicarbazone acetone.

(20/20C). Soluble in water. Combustible.

CAS: 29023-85-6. mf: C

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate for resins, pharmaceuticals, dye-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

stuffs.

4-(9-acridinyl)-3-thiosemicarbazide.

acrolein test. A test for the presence of glycerine

CAS: 29023-84-5. mf: C

or fats. A sample is heated with potassium bisulfate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Acrolein is released for a positive test.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

“Acronal” [BASF]. TM for dispersions, solu-

acriflavine. C

Cl. A mixture of 3,6-diami-

tions, and solids of acrylate homo- and copolymers.

no-10-methylacridinium chloride and 3,6-diami-

noacridine.

ACR process. Abbreviation for advanced

Properties: Brownish or orange, odorless, granular

cracking reactor.

powder. Soluble in 3 parts of water; incompletely

See ethylene.

soluble in alcohol; nearly insoluble in ether and

chloroform. The aqueous solutions fluoresce green

acrylaldehyde. See acrolein.

on dilution. Also available as the hydrochloride.

Use: Antiseptic and bacteriostat.

acrylamide.

CAS: 79-06-1. CH

CHCONH

Properties: Colorless, odorless crystals. Mp 84.5C,

“Acrilan” [Solutia]. TM for an acrylic fiber.

bp 125C (25 mm), d 1.122 (30C). Soluble in water,

alcohol, acetone; insoluble in benzene, heptane. The

acrinathrin. See 2,2-dimethyl-3-(3-oxo-3-

solid is stable at room temperature but may polymer-

(2,2,2-trifluoro-1-(trifluoromethyl).

ize violently on melting.

Derivation: Reaction of acrylonitrile with sulfuric

acroleic acid. See acrylic acid.

acid (84.5%) and neutralization.

Grade: Technical (approximately 97% pure).

acrolein. (2-propenal; acrylaldehyde; allyl al- Hazard: Toxic by skin absorption. Irritant to skin

dehyde; acraldehyde). and mucous membranes. TLV: 0.03 mg/m

, suspect-

CAS: 107-02-8. CH

CHCHO. ed of carcinogenic potential for humans

20ACRYLAMIDE GELS

Use: Synthesis of dyes, etc., cross-linking agent, ad-

acrylic fiber. A manufactured fiber in which the

fiber-forming substance is any long-chain synthetic

hesives, paper and textile sizes, soil-conditioning

polymer composed of at least 85% (by weight) acry-

agents, flocculants, sewage and waste treatment, ore

lonitrile units −CH

CH(CN)− (U.S. Federal Trade

processing, permanent-press fabrics.

Commission).

Properties: Tensile strength 2–3 g/denier, water ab-

acrylamide gels. A polymer gel used for elec-

sorption 1.5–2.5%, d approx 1.17. Combustible.

trophoresis of DNA or protein to measure their sizes

Hazard: Fumes are toxic.

(in daltons for proteins, or in base pairs for DNA).

Use: Modacrylic fibers; blankets; carpets.

See “Gel Electrophoresis”. Acrylamide gels are es-

See modacrylic fiber; acrylic resin.

pecially useful for high resolution separations of

DNA in the range of tens to hundreds of nucleotides

acrylic polymers. See acrylic resin.

in length.

acrylic resin. (acrylic fiber; nitrile rubber).

p-acrylamidobenzoic acid 2-(diethylamino)

Thermoplastic polymers or copolymers of acrylic

ethyl ester. See procaine acryloyl mo-

acid, methacrylic acid, esters of these acids, or acry-

nomer.

lonitrile. The monomers are colorless liquids that

polymerize readily in the presence of light, heat, or

catalysts such as benzoyl peroxide; they must be

2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic

stored or shipped with inhibitors present to avoid

acid.

spontaneous and explosive polymerization.

CAS: 15214-89-8. mf: C

Properties: Acrylic resins vary from hard, brittle

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

solids to fibrous, elastomeric structures to viscous

liquids, depending on the monomer used and the

acrylate. (1) Any of several monomers used for

method of polymerization. A distinctive property of

the manufacture of thermosetting acrylic surface

cast sheet and extruded rods of acrylic resin is ability

coating resins, e.g., 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA)

to transmit light.

and hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA). (2) Polymer of

Use: Bulk-polymerized: hard, shatterproof, transpar-

acrylic acid or its esters, used in surface coatings,

ent or colored material (glass substitute, decorative

emulsion paints, paper and leather finishes, etc.

illuminated signs, contact lenses, dentures, medical

See acrylic acid; acrylic resin.

instruments, specimen preservation, furniture com-

ponents). Suspension-polymerized: beads and

molding powders (headlight lenses, adsorbents in

acrylate-acrylamide resins.

chromatography, ion-exchange resins). Solution

Use: Food additive.

polymers: coatings for paper, textiles, wood, etc.

Aqueous emulsions: adhesives, laminated struc-

acrylic acid. (acroleic acid; propenoic acid).

tures, fabric coatings, nonwoven fabrics. Com-

CAS: 79-10-7. H

C:CHCOOH.

pounded prepolymers: exterior auto paints, applied

by spray and baked. Acrylonitrile-derived acrylics

are extruded into synthetic fibers and are also the

basis of the nitrile family of synthetic elastomers.

See acrylic acid; acrylonitrile; methyl methacrylate.

Properties: Colorless liquid; acrid odor. Bp 140.9C,

“Acryloid” coating resins [Rohm & Haas].

mp 12.1C, d 1.052 (20/20C), vap press 3.1 mm

TM for acrylic ester polymers in organic solvent

(20C), bulk d 8.6 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4224

solutions or 100% solid forms; water-white and

(20C). Flash p 130F (54.5C) (OC). Polymerizes

transparent. Films range from very hard to very soft.

readily. Miscible with water, alcohol, and ether.

Use: Exceptionally resistant surface coatings, such as

Combustible.

heat-resistant and fumeproof enamels; vinyl and

Derivation: (1) Condensation of ethylene oxide with

plastic printing; fluorescent coatings; clear and pig-

hydrocyanic acid followed by reaction with sulfuric

mented coatings on metals.

acid at 320F; (2) acetylene, carbon monoxide, and

water, with nickel catalyst; (3) propylene is vapor

“Acryloid” Modifiers [Rohm & Haas].

oxidized to acrolein, which is oxidized to acrylic

TM for thermoplastic acrylic polymers in powder

acid at 300C with molybdenum-vanadium catalyst;

form. Various grades facilitate processing or im-

(4) hydrolysis of acrylonitrile.

prove physical properties of rigid or semi-rigid poly-

Grade: Technical (esterification and polymerization

vinyl chloride formulations.

grades), glacial (97%).

Hazard: Irritant and corrosive to skin. Toxic by inha-

lation. May polymerize explosively. TLV: 2 ppm.

“Acryloid” oil additives [Rohm & Haas].

Use: Monomer for polyacrylic and polymethacrylic TM for acrylic polymers supplied in special oil

acids and other acrylic polymers. solution or in diester lubricant.

See acrylic resin. Use: Viscosity-index improvement, pour-point de-

21 ACTH

pression of lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids, Grade: High-, medium-, and low-impact; molding

sludge dispersancy in lubricating and fuel oils.

and extrusion.

Use: Engineering plastics used for automobile body

parts and fittings; telephones; bottles; heels; lug-

“Acrylon” [Borden]. TM for a group of acrylic

gage; packaging; refrigerator door liners; plastic

rubbers outstanding in resistance to oil, grease,

pipe and building panels (subject to local building

ozone, and oxidation.

codes); shower stalls; boats; radiator grills; ma-

Use: Gaskets and rubber parts for contact with oils

chinery housings; business machines. Note: Several

and diester lubricants.

trademarked types are “Cycolac,” “Abson,” “Lus-

tran.”

acrylonitrile. (propenenitrile; vinyl cyanide).

See ABS resin.

CAS: 107-13-1. H

C:CHCN.

Properties: Colorless, mobile liquid; mild odor. Fp

acrylonitrile dimer. See methylene glutaron-

−83C; bp 77.3–77.4C, d 0.8004 (25C), flash p 32F

itrile.

(0C) (TOC). Soluble in all common organic sol-

vents; partially miscible with water.

acrylonitrile-styrene copolymer. A thermo-

Derivation: (1) From propylene oxygen and ammo-

plastic blend of acrylonitrile and styrene monomers

nia with either bismuth phosphomolybdate or a ura-

having good dimensional stability and suitable for

nium-based compound as catalysts; (2) addition of

use in contact with foods. Among its numerous ap-

hydrogen cyanide to acetylene with cuprous chlo-

plications is that of bottles for soft drinks (TM “Cy-

ride catalyst; (3) dehydration of ethylene cyanoh-

clesafe”).

ydrin.

Hazard: FDA regulations limit to 0.3 ppm the

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin absorption. A

amount of acrylonitrile monomer that will be al-

carcinogen. Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explo-

lowed to migrate from the container to the contents.

sive limits in air 3 to 17%. TLV: 2 ppm, suspect of

carcinogenic potential for humans.

Use: Monomer for acrylic and modacrylic fibers and

acryloyl chloride. (acrylyl chloride).

high-strength whiskers; ABS and acrylonitrile sty-

CCHCOCl.

rene copolymers; nitrile rubber; cyanoethylation of

Properties: Liquid. Bp 75C.

cotton; synthetic soil blocks (acrylonitrile polymer-

Use: Monomer, intermediate.

ized in wood pulp); organic synthesis; adiponitrile;

grain fumigant; monomer for a semiconductive

“Acrysol” [Rohm & Haas]. (1) TM for

polymer that can be used like inorganic oxide cata-

aqueous solutions of sodium polyacrylate or other

lysts in dehydrogenation of tert-butanol to isobutyl-

polymeric acrylic salts. (2) TM for polyacrylic acid

ene and water.

and copolymer products in aqueous solutions or

dispersions. Some grades are solutions of sodium

polyacrylate.

acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber. See nitrile

Use: (1) Thickeners in paints, fabric coatings and

rubber.

backings, adhesives. (2) Warp size for synthetic

fibers, cotton and rayon, modifier of starch sizes.

acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin.

Most contemporary ABS resins are true graft

ACS. See American Chemical Society; Ameri-

polymers consisting of an elastomeric polybutadi-

can Carbon Society.

ene or rubber phase, grafted with styrene and acrylo-

nitrile monomers for compatibility, dispersed in a

rigid styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) matrix. Mechani- ACTH. (adrenocorticotropic hormone; cortico-

cal polyblends of elastomeric and rigid copolymers, tropin).

e.g., butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber and SAN, his- CAS: 9002-60-2. One of the hormones secreted by

torically the first ABS resins, are also marketed. the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates

Varying the composition of the polymer by chang- an increase in the secretion of the adrenal cortical

ing the ratios of the three monomers and use of other steroid hormones. It is a polypeptide consisting of a

comonomers and additives results in ABS resins 39-unit chain of amino acids, the sequence varying

with a wide range of properties. in certain positions with the biological species.

Properties: Dimensional stability over temperature ACTH was synthesized in 1960.

range from −40 to +71C. Attacked by nitric and Properties: White powder with molecular weight

sulfuric acids and by aldehydes, ketones, esters, and approximately 3500. Freely soluble in water; solu-

chlorinated hydrocarbons. Insoluble in alcohols, ali- ble in 60–70% alcohol or acetone. Solutions are

phatic hydrocarbons, and mineral and vegetable stable to heat.

oils. Processed by conventional molding and extru- Source: Extracted from whole pituitary glands of

sion methods. D 1.04; tensile strength about 6500 swine, sheep, and oxen. Normally isolated from

psi, flexural strength 10,000 psi, good electrical re- swine.

sistance, water absorption 0.3–0.4%. Combustible Grade: Pure; USP as corticotropin injections. Units:

but slow-burning; flame retardants may be added. based on comparison with USP Corticotropin Refer-

Can be vacuum-metallized or electroplated. ence Standard.

22“ACTI-BROM”

Hazard: May have damaging side effects.

activated alumina. See alumina, activated.

Use: Medicine; biochemical research.

activated carbon. See carbon, activated.

“Acti-Brom” [Nalco]. TM for chemical pro-

activated sludge. See sewage sludge (2).

gram used to control microbiological deposits.

Use: In cooling water systems.

activation. The process of treating a substance or

a molecule or atom by heat or radiation or the pres-

“Acti-dione” [Pfizer]. TM for antibiotic cyclo-

ence of another substance so that the first-mentioned

heximide, an agricultural fungicide.

substance, atom, or molecule will undergo chemical

or physical change more rapidly or completely.

“Actimoist” [Active]. (hyaluronic acid)

Common types of activation are: (1) Processing of

CAS: 9067-32-7. TM for active natural mucopoly-

carbon black, alumina, and other materials to impart

saccharide.

improved adsorbent qualities. Subjecting the mate-

Properties: Clear, colorless, viscous liquid.

rial to steam or carbon dioxide at high temperatures

Use: To help maintain long-lasting moisture balance

is the method usually used.

on the skin.

See alumina, activated; carbon, activated. (2) Heating

or otherwise supplying energy to a substance (for

actin. A protein making up the thin filaments of

example, ultraviolet or infrared radiation) to attain

muscle and cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells.

the necessary level of energy for the occurrence of a

chemical reaction, or for emission of desired light

actinide series. (actinoid series). The group of

waves, as in fluorescence or chemical lasers. The

radioactive elements starting with actinium and end-

term excitation is also used. (3) An important varia-

ing with element 105. All are classed as metals.

tion of (2) is the process of making a material ra-

Those with atomic number higher than 92 are called

dioactive by bombardment with neutrons, protons,

transuranic elements. The series includes the fol-

or other nuclear particles.

lowing elements: actinium, 89; thorium, 90; pro-

See activation analysis; energy, activation. (4) Cata-

toactinium, 91; uranium, 92; neptunium, 93; pluto-

lytic processes in which the energy of activation for

nium, 94; americium, 95; curium, 96; berkelium, 97;

occurrence of a reaction is lowered by the presence

californium, 98; einsteinium, 99; fermium, 100;

of a nonreacting substance.

mendelevium, 101; nobelium, 102; and lawrencium

103. The isotopes of several of these elements are

activation analysis. An extremely sensitive

under study for possible use in such fields as radiog-

technique for identifying and measuring very small

raphy, neutron activation analysis, hydrology, and

amounts of various elements. A sample is exposed

geophysics.

to neutron bombardment in a nuclear reactor, for the

purpose of producing radioisotopes from the stable

actinium. Ac. A radioactive metallic element;

elements. The characteristics of the induced radia-

first member of the actinide series. Similar to lan-

tions are sufficiently distinct that different elements

thanum.

in the sample can be accurately identified. The tech-

Properties: Atomic number 89, aw 227 (most stable

nique is particularly useful when concentration of

isotope), silvery white metal. Mp 1050C, bp (est)

the elements is too small to be measured by ordinary

3200C, oxidation state +3. Eleven radioactive iso-

means. Trace elements have thus been determined in

topes; 227 has half-life of 21.8 years.

drugs, fertilizers, foods, fuels, glass, minerals, dusts,

Derivation: Uranium ores; neutron bombardment of

water, toxicants, etc.

radium. Several compounds have been prepared.

Available commercially at 98% minimum purity.

activation energy. (1) Distinct energy states

Hazard: Radioactive bone-seeking poison.

corresponding to minima of a potential energy sur-

Use: Radioactive tracer (225 isotope).

face in a configuration space. If tunneling is consid-

See lanthanum.

ered, lower energy paths become possible, but an

activation energy can be associated with the reaction

actinomycin. A family of antibiotics produced

(at a given temperature) via the relationship between

by Streptomyces; reported to be active against E.

temperature and reaction rate. (2) The amount of

coli, other bacteria and fungi to have cytostatic and

energy (SI unit of joules) required to convert 1 mole

radiomimetic activity. There are many forms of acti-

of a reactant from the ground state to the transition

nomycin; two of commercial importance are cacti-

state.

nomycin and dactinomycin.

activator. (1) A metallic oxide that promotes

“Actitex” [Pica]. TM for an activated carbon cross-linking of sulfur in rubber vulcanization. By

fiber. far the most widely used is zinc oxide; in rubber

Available forms: Rolls. mixes where no organic accelerator is used, oxides

Use: Removal of pesticides from drinking water and of magnesium, calcium, or lead are effective. (2) A

VOCs from process gases. fatty acid that increases the effectiveness of acidic

23 ADAMS, ROGER

organic accelerators; stearic acid is generally used, order of their tendency to react with water and acids,

especially with thiazoles. (3) A substance necessary so that each metal displaces from solution those

in trace quantities to induce luminescence in certain below it in the series and is displaced by those above

it. The arrangement of the more common metals is:

crystals. Silver and copper are activators for zinc

K Na Mg Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Hg Ag Pt Au.

sulfide and cadmium sulfide.

See initiator.

“Actol” [General Electric]. TM for a series

of polyoxypropylene diols, triols, and polyols.

active amyl alcohol. See 2-methyl-1-butanol.

These vary in molecular weight from approximately

1000 to 3600; the diols and triols are almost insolu-

active carbon. See carbon, activated.

ble in water, but the polyols are completely miscible

with it.

active pharmaceutical ingredient. (API).

Use: Urethane foams, elastomers, and coatings.

The biologically active compound in a drug formu-

tation that imparts the desired therapeutic effect.

“Acumer 1000” [Mid South]. TM for an

acrylic homopolymer.

active site. The region of an enzyme that binds a

Use: For water treatment, scale inhibitor, and as a

substrate molecule and catalytically transforms it,

dispersant.

usually a small portion of the total enzyme molecule

“Acumist” [General Electric]. TM for ho-

active transport. Energy-requiring transport of

mopolymer, and copolymer polyolefin waxes.

a solute across a membrane in the direction of in-

Use: For adhesives, coatings, color concentrates, cos-

creasing concentration. Contrast with passive trans-

metics, inks, lubricants, paints, plastics, rubber, and

port.

textiles.

activin.

acyl. An organic acid group in which the OH of the

CAS: 114949-22-3.

carboxyl group is replaced by some other substituent

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

(RCO−). Examples: acetyl, CH

CO−; benzoyl,

tact. A moderate skin and mild eye irritant.

CO−.

Source: Natural product.

ADA. Abbreviation for acetonedicarboxylic acid.

activity. (1) Chemical activity (thermodynamic

See ␤-ketoglutaric acid.

activity): a quantity replacing actual molar concen-

tration in mathematical expressions for the equilib-

1-adamantanamine hydrochloride. See

rium constant so as to eliminate the effect of concen-

amantadine hydrochloride.

tration on equilibrium constant. (2) Activity

coefficient: a fractional number which when multi-

adamantane. (sym-tricyclodecane). C

. Has

plied by the molar concentration of a substance in

unique molecular structure consisting of four fused

solution yields the chemical activity. This term

cyclohexane rings.

gives an idea of how much interaction exists be-

Properties: White crystals. Mp 270C (sublimes),

tween molecules at higher concentration. (3) Activi-

approximately 99% pure. Derivatives (alkyl ada-

ty of metals or elements: an active element will react

mantanes) have potential uses in imparting heat,

with a compound of a less active element to produce

solvent, and chemical resistance to many basic types

the latter as the free element, and the active element

of plastics. Synthetic lubricants and pharmaceuti-

ends up in a new compound. Thus, magnesium, an

cals are also based on adamantane derivatives. Ada-

active metal, will displace copper from copper sul-

mantane diamine is used to cure epoxy resins.

fate to form magnesium sulfate and free metallic

See “Symmetrel” [Du Pont].

copper; chlorine will liberate iodine from sodium

iodide and sodium chloride is formed. See electro-

motive series. (4) Activity product: the number re-

adamsite. See diphenylamine chloroarsine.

sulting from the multiplication of the activities of

slightly soluble substances. This is frequently called

Adams, Roger. (1889–1971). An American

the solubility product. (5) Catalytic activity: see

chemist, born in Boston; graduated from Harvard,

catalysis. (6) Optical activity: the existence of opti-

where he taught chemistry for some years. After

cal rotation in a substance. (7) Radioactivity activity

studying in Germany, he moved to the University of

coefficient. (8) Biology: The true thermodynamic

Illinois in 1916, where he later became chairman of

activity of a substance, as distinct from its molar

the department of chemistry (1926–1954). During

concentration. Most of the time we call the activity

his prolific career, he made this department one of

equal to the molar concentration and ignore it.

the best in the country, and strongly influenced the

See activity (2).

development of industrial chemical research in the

U.S. His executive and creative ability made him an

activity series. (displacement series; electro- outstanding figure as a teacher, innovator, and ad-

motive series). An arrangement of the metals in the ministrator. Among his research contributions were

24ADDITION POLYMER

development of platinum-hydrogenation catalysts,

adenosine. (adenine riboside; 9-␤-D-ribofura-

and structural determinations of chaulmoogric acid, nosyl-adenine).

gossypol, alkaloids, and marijuana. He held many CAS: 58-61-7. C

•C

. The nucleoside

important offices, including president of the ACS composed of adenine and ribose.

and AAAS, and was a recipient of the Priestley Properties: White, crystalline, odorless powder;

medal. mild, saline, or bitter taste. Mp 229C. Quite soluble

in hot water; practically insoluble in alcohol.

Derivation: Isolation following hydrolysis of yeast

addition polymer. A polymer formed by the

nucleic acid.

direct addition or combination of the monomer mol-

Use: Biochemical research.

ecules with one another. An example is the forma-

tion of polystyrene by stepwise combination of sty-

rene monomer units (approximately 1000 per

macromolecule).

See polymerization.

additive. A nonspecific term applied to any sub-

stance added to a base material in low concentra-

tions for a definite purpose. Additives can be divid-

ed into two groups: (1) those which have an

adenosine diphosphate. (5

′

-adenylphosphor-

auxiliary or secondary function (antioxidants, inhib-

ic acid; ADP; adenosine-5

′

-pyrophosphate;

itors, thickeners, plasticizers, flavoring agents, colo-

adenosine diphosphoric acid).

rants, etc.); and (2) those that are essential to the

CAS: 58-64-0. C

. A nucleotide found in

existence of the end product (leavening agents in

all living cells and important in the storage of energy

bread, curatives in rubber, blowing agents in cellular

for chemical reactions.

plastics, emulsifiers in mayonnaise, polymerization

Derivation: (1) From adenosine triphosphate by hy-

initiators in plastics, and tanning agents in leather).

drolysis with the enzyme adenosinetriphosphatase

It seems logical that the latter group should be re-

from lobster or rabbit muscle; (2) by yeast phospho-

garded less as additives than as base materials, since

rylation of adenosine.

the end products could not exist without them. In any

Use: Biochemical research.

case, a specific functional name is preferable to the

Available forms: Sodium or barium salt of adenosi-

neutral term additive.

nediphosphoric acid.

See food additive.

See adenosine diphosphate.

additive genetic effects. When the combined

adenosine monophosphate. See adenylic

effects of alleles at different loci are equal to the sum

acid.

of their individual effects.

See anticipation.

adenosine phosphate (USAN). (5

′

-adenyl-

diphosphoric acid; ATP; adenosine triphos-

adduct. See inclusion complex.

phate).

CAS: 56-65-5. C

. A nucleotide that

adenine. (6-aminopurine).

serves as a source of energy for biochemical trans-

CAS: 73-24-5. C

formations in plants (photosynthesis) and also for

many chemical reactions in the body, especially

those associated with muscular activity and replica-

tion of cell components.

Properties: White, amorphous powder; odorless;

faint sour taste. Soluble in water; insoluble in alco-

hol, ether, and organic solvents; stable in acidic

solutions; decomposes in alkaline solution.

Derivation: Isolation from muscle tissue; yeast

Properties: White, odorless, microcrystalline pow-

phosphorylation of adenosine.

der; sharp salty taste. Mp 360–365C (decomposes).

Use: Biochemical research.

Very slightly soluble in cold water; soluble in boil-

Available forms: Disodium, dipotassium, and dibar-

ing water, acids, and alkalies; slightly soluble in

ium salts.

alcohol; insoluble in ether and chloroform. Aqueous

solutions are neutral.

Occurrence: Ribonucleic acids and deoxyribonu-

′

-adenylic acid. (yeast adenylic acid).

cleic acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, and many im- C

portant coenzymes. Properties: Crystals. Mp 197C (decomposes). Al-

Derivation: By extraction from tea; by synthesis most insoluble in cold water; slightly soluble in

from uric acid; prepared from yeast ribonucleic acid. boiling water. Gives quantitative yield of furfural

Use: Medicine and biochemical research. when distilled with 20% hydrochloric acid.

25 ADHESIVE, RUBBER-BASED

Derivation: Extracted from nucleic acids of yeast; II. Organic

1. Natural:

also made synthetically.

(a) Animal: hide and bone glue, fish glue,

Use: Biochemical research.

blood and casein glues

(b) Vegetable: soybean starch cellulosics, rub-

ber latex, and rubber-solvent (pressure-

′

-adenylic acid. (adenosine monophosphate;

sensitive); gums, terpene resins (rosin),

AA; adenosine phosphate; AMP; adenosine-

mucilages

phosphoric acid; cAMP).

CAS: 61-19-8. C

P. The monophosphoric

resins

ester of adenosine, i.e., the nucleotide containing

2. Synthetic

adenine, d-ribose, and phosphoric acid. Adenylic

(a) Elastomer-solvent cements

acid is a constituent of many important coenzymes.

(b) Polysulfide sealants

Cyclic adenosine-3

′

-monophosphate is designat-

ed by biochemists as cAMP.

ethylene, isobutylene, polyamides, polyvi-

nyl acetate

(d) Thermosetting resins: epoxy, phenofor-

maldehyde, polyvinyl butyral, cyanoacry-

lates

(e) Silicone polymers and cements

For further information, refer to Case Western Re-

serve University in Cleveland, Ohio, which main-

tains a fundamental research center for adhesives

and coatings.

adhesive, high-temperature. (1) An organic

polymer, e.g., polybenzimidazoles, that retains

Properties: (Muscle adenylic acid) crystalline solid.

bonding strength up to 260C for a relatively long

Mp 196–200C. Readily soluble in boiling water.

time (500–1000 hours); strength drops rapidly

Gives only traces of furfural when boiled with 20%

above 260C, 80% being lost after 10 minutes at

hydrochloric acid.

535C. (2) An inorganic (ceramic), e.g., silica–boric

Derivation: Extracted from muscle tissue; phospho-

acid mixtures or cermets produce bonds having high

rylation of adenosine.

strength above 2000F. Adhesive lap-bond strengths

Use: Biochemical research.

can be over 2000 psi at 1000F. These adhesives are

used largely for aerospace service, and for metal-

metal and glass-metal seals. A silicone cement is

adhesion. The state in which two surfaces are

reported to have been used to adhere tiles to space-

held together by interfacial forces, which may con-

craft.

sist of valence forces or interlocking action, or both.

See RTV.

(ASTM)

adhesive, hot-melt. A solid, thermoplastic ma-

terial that melts quickly upon heating, and then sets

adhesion tension. The decrease in free surface

to a firm bond on cooling. Most other types of

energy that occurs when a unit liquid-solid interface

adhesives set by evaporation of solvent. Hot-melt

is substituted for a unit air-solid interface. It is equal

types offer the possibility of almost instantaneous

to the product of the surface tension of the liquid and

bonding, making them well suited to automated op-

the cosine of the liquid-solid angle of contact.

eration. In general, they are low-cost, low-strength

products, but are entirely adequate for bonding cel-

lulosic materials. Ingredients of hot-melts are poly-

adhesive. Any substance, inorganic or organic,

ethylene, polyvinyl acetate, polyamides, hydrocar-

natural or synthetic, that is capable of bonding other

bon resins, as well as natural asphalts, bitumens,

substances together by surface attachment. A brief

resinous materials, and waxes.

classification by type is as follows:

Use: Rapid and efficient bonding of low-strength

materials, e.g., bookbinding, food cartons, side-

I. Inorganic

seaming of cans, miscellaneous packaging applica-

1. Soluble silicates (water glass)

tions.

2. Phosphate cements

See sealant.

3. Portland cement (calcium oxide–silica)

4. Other hydraulic cements (mortar, gypsum)

5. Ceramic (silica–boric acid)

adhesive, rubber-based. (cement, rubber).

6. Thermosetting powdered glasses (“Pyro-

(1) A solution of natural or synthetic rubber in a

ceram”)

suitable organic solvent, without sulfur or other cur-

26ADHESIVE WORKING LIFE

ing agent; (2) a mixture of rubber (often reclaimed), tylene, which is reacted with 35% sodium cyanide

filler, and tackifier (pine tar, liquid asphalt) applied soluble to yield 1,4-dicyanobutylene, which is hy-

to fabric backing (pressure-sensitive friction tape); drogenated to adiponitrile. Also by electroorganic

(3) a room-temperature curing rubber-solvent-cura- synthesis from acrylonitrile.

tive mixture, often made up in two parts that are Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. TLV:

blended just before use; (4) rubber latex, especially TWA 2 ppm (skin).

for on-the-job repairing of such items as conveyor Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of nylon; or-

belts; (5) silicone rubber cement (see RTV and sili-

ganic synthesis.

cone).

Hazard: Those containing organic solvents, (1) and

adipose tissue. Connective tissue specialized

(3) above, are flammable.

for the storage of large amounts of triacylglycerols.

“Adiprene” [Du Pont]. TM for a polyure-

adhesive working life. (pot life). The length

thane rubber, the reaction product of diisocyanate

of time an adhesive is usable after being mixed.

and polyalkylene ether glycol. In its raw polymer

form, it is a liquid of honey-like color and consisten-

adiabatic. Descriptive of a system or process in

cy, which is compounded chemically (to polymerize

which no gain or loss of heat is allowed to occur.

it further) and converted into products by casting

and other techniques.

adigoside.

See polyurethane.

CAS: 14259-51-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison.

“Adiprene” [Uniroyal]. See “Vibrathane.”

Source: Natural product.

adjuvant. A subsidiary ingredient or additive in a

adipic acid. (hexanedioic acid; 1,4-butanedi-

mixture (medicine, flavoring, perfume, etc.) which

carboxylic acid).

contributes to the effectiveness of the primary ingre-

CAS: 124-04-9.

dient.

Adkins catalyst. A catalyst containing copper

chromite and copper oxide. It is used for the reduc-

tion of organic compounds, usually at high tempera-

COOH(CH

)

COOH.

tures and pressures. It is likewise used as a catalyst

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 152C, bp

for dehydrogenation and for decarboxylation reac-

265C (100 mm), d 1.360 (20/4C), flash p 385F

tions.

(196C) (CC). Slightly soluble in water; soluble in

alcohol and acetone. Relatively stable. Combus-

Adkins-Peterson reaction. Formation of

tible.

formaldehyde by air oxidation of methanol in the

Derivation: Oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclohexa-

vapor phase over metal oxide catalysts. A 40%

nol, or cyclohexanone with air or nitric acid.

aqueous formaldehyde solution is obtained.

Grade: Technical; FCC.

Hazard: TLV: (Proposed: TWA 5 mg/m

)

“ADK STAB” [Ashai Denka]. TM for a

Use: Manufacture of nylon and of polyurethane

line of organic and inorganic industrial chemicals,

foams; preparation of esters for use as plasticizers

synthetic resins, synthetic rubber, high-compound

and lubricants; food additive (acidulant); baking

fertilizers, coating materials, latexes, pharmaceuti-

powders; adhesives.

cal and food additives, explosives, photopolymers

and platemaking systems, separation and ion-ex-

adipocere. The grease material formed when ani-

change membranes, systems, and equipment.

mal fats decompose.

(−)-adlumidine. See l-capnoidine.

“Adipol” [FMC]. TM for a series of adipate

plasticizers.

d-adlumidine.

CAS: 550-49-2. mf: C

adipocyte. An animal cell specialized for the

Hazard: A poison.

storage of triacylglycerols.

Source: Natural product.

“ADMA” [Albemarle]. TM for a group of al-

adiponitrile. (1,4-dicyanobutane).

kyldimethylamines composed of even-numbered

CAS: 111-69-3. NC(CH

)

CN.

carbon chains from C

to C

Properties: Water-white, odorless liquid. Mp 1–3C,

refr index 1.4369 (20C), bp 295C, flash p 200F

(93.3C) (OC). Slightly soluble in water, soluble in

ADME. The four steps a drug goes through when

alcohol and chloroform. Combustible. administered are absorption, dilution, metabolism,

Derivation: Chlorination of butadiene to dichlorobu- excretion.

27 AERATE

admiralty metal. A nonferrous alloy contain- adrenocorticotropic hormone. See ACTH;

corticoid hormone.

ing 70–73% copper, 0.75–1.20% tin, remainder

zinc.

Properties: Offers good resistance to dilute acids and

“Adripene” [Great Lakes/Asia Pacific].

alkalies, seawater, and moist sulfurous atmospheres. TM for a synthetic resin.

D 8.53 (20C), liquidus temp 935C, solidus temp Use: For soles of athletic footwear.

900C.

Use: Condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger

adsorbent. A substance that has the ability to

tubes, plates, and ferrules.

condense or hold molecules of other substances on

its surface. Activated carbon, activated alumina, and

silica gel are examples.

“Admox” [Albemarle]. (lauryl dimethyl-

amine oxide). TM for foam stabilizer and viscosity

adsorption. Adherence of the atoms, ions, or

builder.

molecules of a gas or liquid to the surface of another

Use: In janitorial products.

substance, called the adsorbent. The best-known

examples are gas-solid and liquid-solid systems.

adocain. A mixture of cocaine hydrochloride and

Finely divided or microporous materials presenting

adonidin (a glucoside from Adonis vernalis).

a large area of active surface are strong adsorbents

Use: Heart stimulant and diuretic.

and are used for removing colors, odors, and water

vapor (activated carbon, activated alumina, silica

“Adogen” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for

gel). The attractive force of adsorption is relatively

primary fatty amines.

small, of the order of van der Waals forces. When

Use: Corrosion inhibitors and sludge dispersants for

molecules of two or more substances are present,

lube oil additives, textile intermediates, antistatic

those of one substance may be adsorbed more readi-

agents, down well corrosion inhibitors, and bacteri-

ly than those of the others. This is called preferential

cides.

adsorption.

See absorption; chemisorption.

“Adogen” [Crompton & Knowles]. TM for

adsorption indicator. A substance used in an-

dialkyl dimethyl quaternaries.

alytical chemistry to detect the presence of a slight

Use: Paper debonders, dye retarders, organophilic

excess of another substance or ion in solution as the

clays, antistatic agents, car-wash rinse aids, sugar

result of a color produced by adsorption of the indi-

clarification, fabric softeners, creme rinses. A high

cator on a precipitate present in the solution. Thus, a

performance cationic quaternary fabric softener for

precipitate of silver chloride will turn red in a solu-

retail, industrial, laundry, textile, and paper softener

tion containing even a minute excess of silver ion

applications.

(silver nitrate solution) if fluorescein is present. In

this example, fluorescein is the adsorption indicator.

“Adogen 442” [Crompton & Knowles].

TM for ditallow dimethylammonium chloride,

“Advacide” [AKZO]. TM for TPLA; a free-

dihydrogenated.

flowing powder of triphenyl lead acetate containing

Grade: 75% paste, 96% powder.

10% of a liquid aromatic hydrocarbon mixture.

Use: High-performance cationic quaternary fabric

Use: Antifouling paints.

softener for retail, industrial, laundry, textile, and

paper softener applications.

“Advantage” [International Specialty].

TM for a variety of polymers.

adoMet. See S-adenosylmethionine.

Use: Hair care resins.

ADP. Abbreviation for (1) adenosine diphos-

advection. The transfer of air and its characteris-

phate, (2) ammonium dihydrogen phosphate.

tics by horizontal motion.

See ammonium phosphate, monobasic.

aeolotropic. (eolotropic). Displaying change of

physical properties with change of position or direc-

adrenaline. (epinephrine). C

N. A hor-

tion, as in the change of refractive index on changing

mone having a benzenoid structure. It is obtained by

position of double refracting crystals: not isotropic.

extraction from the adrenal glands of cattle and is

also made synthetically. Its effect on body metabo-

AEPD. Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-

lism is pronounced, causing an increase in blood

propanediol.

pressure and rate of heart beat. Under normal condi-

tions, its rate of release into the system is constant;

but emotional stresses such as fear or anger rapidly

aerate. To impregnate or saturate a material (usu-

increase the output and result in temporarily height- ally a liquid) with air or some similar gas. This is

ened metabolic activity. usually achieved by bubbling the air through the

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and injection. liquid, or by spraying the liquid into air.

28“AERO”

“Aero” [Cytec]. TM; used as a combining form aerozine. A 1:1 mix of hydrazine and uns-dime-

in naming a group of chemical products, e.g., “Aero- thylhydrazine (UDMH).

float.” They include the following: Hazard: Flammable and explosive.

Use: Rocket fuels.

case-hardening mixtures metal heat-treating salts

See hydrazine.

catalysts metallurgical additives

fertilizer additives anticaking agents

AES. Abbreviation for Auger electron spectros-

flotation agents sizing emulsions

copy.

flocculants wetting agents

See spectroscopy.

frothing/foaming agents reinforcing agents

AET. See ␤-aminoethylisothiourea dihydro-

aerobe. An organism that uses oxygen as the

bromide.

terminal electron acceptor in respiration.

AFCF. See ferric ammonium ferrocyanide.

aerobic. Requiring or occurring in the presence of

oxygen.

affected relative pair. Individuals related by

See bacteria.

blood, each of whom is affected with the same trait.

Examples are affected sibling, cousin, and avuncu-

lar pairs.

aerogel. Dispersion of a gas in a solid or a liquid:

See avuncular relationship

the reverse of an aerosol. Flexible and rigid plastic

foams are examples.

affinin. (N-isobutyl-2,6,8-decatrienamide).

See foam; aerosol.

NO.

Properties: Yellowish, oily liquid. Bp 163C (0.5

aerosol. A suspension of liquid or solid particles

mm), mp 23C, refr index 1.52. Soluble in alcohol;

in a gas, the particles often being in the colloidal size

insoluble in alkalies and acids.

range. Fog and smoke are common examples of

Derivation: From Heliopsis longipes or made syn-

natural aerosols; fine sprays (perfumes, insecticides,

thetically.

inhalants, antiperspirants, paints, etc.) are manufac-

Use: Insecticide activator.

tured.

affinity. The tendency of an atom or compound to

aerosols. Suspensions of various kinds may be

react or combine with atoms or compounds of differ-

formed by placing the components together with a

ent chemical constitution. For example, paraffin hy-

compressed gas in a container (bomb). The pressure

drocarbons were so named because they are quite

of the gas causes the mixture to be released as a fine

unreactive, the word paraffin meaning “very little

spray (aerosol) or foam (aerogel) when a valve is

affinity.” The hemoglobin molecule has a much

opened. This technique is used on an industrial scale

greater affinity for carbon monoxide than for oxy-

to spray paints and pesticides. It is also used in

gen. The free energy decrease is a quantitative mea-

consumer items such as perfumes, deodorants, shav-

sure of chemical affinity.

ing cream, whipped cream, and the like. The propel-

lant gas may be a hydrocarbon (propane, isobutane)

affinity constant. The reciprocal of the dissoci-

or dimethyl ether. Admixture of 15% of methyl

ation constant; a measure of the binding energy of a

chloride with the hydrocarbons reduces their fire

ligand in a receptor.

risk; for this purpose water can be used with dimeth-

yl ether. Carbon dioxide generated in situ is a propel-

aflatoxins. A group of polynuclear molds (myco-

lant which does away with the flammability

toxins) produced chiefly by the fungus Aspergillus

problem.

flavus; they are natural contaminants of a wide range

of fruits, vegetables, and cereal grains.

“Aerothene” [Dow]. TM for a group of chlori-

Hazard: Highly toxic to many species of animals,

nated solvents used as vapor pressure depressants,

including fish and birds. The B

and G

strains are

or with compressed gases to replace fluorocarbon

known carcinogens. Aflatoxins fluoresce strongly

propellant systems.

under UV, and are soluble in methanol, acetone, and

chloroform, but only slightly soluble in water and

“Aerothenet TT” [Dow].

hydrocarbon solvents. Prevention of mold growth is

CAS: 71-55-6. TM for 1,1,1-trichloroethane sol-

the most effective protection; removal or inactiva-

vent.

tion is possible by physical or chemical means

Use: Leather and suede cleaning.

(hand-sorting, solvent refining, etc.). Complete

elimination of aflatoxins from foods is not feasible;

aerugidiol. FDA sets an upper limit of 20 ppb in foods and feeds,

CAS: 116425-35-5. mf: C

. and 0.5 ppb in milk.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. See mycotoxin.

29 AGGREGATION TECHNIQUE

afterblow. In the Bessemer process, continuing D), with trace amounts of dioxin. Its use has been

the blast air flow in order to remove phosphorus restricted.

after the removal of carbon.

age-resister. See antioxidant.

after-chromed dye. A dye that is improved in

color or fastness by treatment with sodium dichro-

agglomeration. (1) Combination or aggregation

mate, copper sulfate, or similar materials, after the

of colloidal particles suspended in a liquid into clus-

fabrics are dyed.

ters or “flocs” of approximately spherical shape. It is

usually achieved by neutralization of the electric

after-coppering dye. A dye that is improved in

charges which maintain the stability of the colloidal

color or fastness by treatment with copper sulfate,

suspension. The terms flocculation and coagulation

after the fabrics are dyed.

have a closely similar meaning.

(2) The food industry uses “agglomeration” in the

after cure. Continuing the process of vulcaniz-

sense of increasing the particle size of powdered

ing after the cure has been carried to the proper

food products. Because such powders tend to be

degree and the heat is cut off.

hydrophobic because of the high surface tension of

water, agglomeration causes them to be more readi-

after-flow. The action of the plastic flow in solids

ly dispersible in water––a process known as “instan-

continuing after external forces have stopped.

tizing.” The agglomerates have varying degrees of

open spaces (voids) and are loosely bound, foam-

after-glow. (1) The remaining luminescence in

like structures. They are formed by mechanical

rarefied gas after electrodeless charge has passed

means in chamber spray dryers, tubes, or fluidized

through. (2) The glow that remains after the extin-

beds, usually in the presence of moisture. See

guishing of a flame.

aggregation; agglutination; flocculation; coagula-

tion.

Ag. Symbol for silver.

agglutination. The combination or aggregation

agar. (agar-agar). A phycocolloid derived from

of particles of matter under the influence of a specif-

red algae such as Gelidium and Gracilaria;itisa

ic protein. The term is usually restricted to antigen-

polysaccharide mixture of agarose and agaropectin.

antibody reactions characterized by a clumping to-

Properties: Thin, translucent membranous pieces or

gether of visible cells such as bacteria or

pale buff powder. Strongly hydrophilic, it absorbs

erythrocytes. The antigen is called an agglutinogen,

20 times its weight of cold water with swelling;

and the antibody an agglutinin because of an appar-

forms strong gels at approximately 40C.

ent gluing or sticking action.

Grade: Technical, USP, FCC.

See aggregation.

Use: Microbiology and bacteriology (culture medi-

um); antistaling agent in bakery products, confec-

tionery, meats, and poultry; gelation agent in des-

aggregate. A collective term denoting any mix-

serts and beverages; protective colloid in ice cream,

ture of such particulates as sand, gravel, crushed

pet foods, health foods, laxatives, pharmaceuticals,

stone, or cinders used in Portland cement formula-

dental impressions, laboratory reagents, and photo-

tions, road building, paving compositions, animal

graphic emulsions.

husbandry, trickle filters, horticulture, etc.

See algae; alginic acid.

aggregation. A general term describing the ten-

agarose gels. A polysaccharide gel used to mea-

dency of large molecules or colloidal particles to

sure the size of nucleic acids (in bases or base pairs).

combine in clusters or clumps, especially in solu-

See “Gel Electrophoresis”. The gel of choice for

tion. When this occurs, usually as a result of removal

DNA or RNA in the range of thousands of bases in

of the electric charges by addition of an appropriate

length, or even up to 1 megabase when employing

electrolyte, by the action of heat, or by mechanical

pulsed field gel electrophoresis.

agitation, the aggregates precipitate or separate from

the dissolved state Included in this term are the more

agate-ware. An enameled iron or steel frequently

specific terms agglutination, coagulation, floccula-

used for kitchenware.

tion, agglomeration, and coalescence.

age hardening. The spontaneous hardening of

alloys at room temperature within a of couple days

aggregation technique. A technique used in

after quenching as a result of grain structures.

model organism studies in which embryos at the 8-

cell stage of development are pushed together to

Agent Orange. A toxic herbicide and defoliant yield a single embryo (used as an alternative to

containing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid microinjection).

(2,4,5-T) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4- See model organisms.

30AGING

aging. (1) Deleterious: gradual deterioration of a Agre, Peter. (1949– ). An American born in

material due to long exposure to the environment. Northfield, Minnesota who won the Nobel Prize for

Aging characteristics of various materials: chemistry in 2003 for his pioneering work concern-

(a) Vulcanized rubber and thermoplastic polymers

ing discoveries about water channels in cell mem-

lose strength and crack due to oxidation, sunlight,

branes. Agre received an undergratuate degree from

heat; this is retarded by antioxidants, e.g., phenyl-␤-

Augsburg College and an M.D. from Johns Hopkins

naphthylamine. For accelerated aging tests see

University, where he continues his research.

bomb.

(b) Foods: spoilage and rancidity due to bacterial

agricultural chemical. (agrichemical). A

contamination, retarded by butylated hydroxyani-

chemical compound or mixture used to increase the

sole and various propionates.

productivity and quality of farm crops. Included are

fertilizers, soil conditioners, fungicides, insecti-

sure to weather and photochemical degradation. Re-

cides, herbicides, nematocides, and plant hormones.

tarded by proper selection of vehicles and pigments.

Accelerated weathering tests are used.

agricultural waste. See biomass; waste con-

(d) Metals: rusting, pitting, and scaling due to corro-

trol; gasohol.

sion, especially in moist acid and alkaline environ-

ments. Avoided by use of alloys in which noncorro-

agrimek. See avermectin b(sub 1).

sive metals are incorporated (stainless steel) or by

plating or cladding the base metal with chromium or

“Agrisel Carbait 5 Insecticide” [Agrisel].

nickel. See corrosion; exposure testing. (2)

TM for a turf insecticide for ornamental and agri-

Beneficial: improvement of flavor by long storage.

cultural grass.

Cheeses develop a “sharp” flavor on ripening for

Use: Controls 120 pests.

9–12 months, wines develop a “bouquet” after two

or more years of storage. Whiskeys stored in oaken

agromet. See n-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-n-(me-

casks for several years modify their flavor by ex-

thoxy)alanine methyl ester.

tracting components of the wood. Tobacco is aged

from 3 to 5 years after curing to remove unpleasant

“Agsolex” [International Specialty]. TM

odors and improve smoking qualities.

for chemical used as an agricultural solvent.

agitator. Any rotating device that induces motion

AHMT (perfume). See: ethanone, 1-(5,6,7,8-

in fluid mixtures over a wide range of viscosities,

tetrahydro-3,5,5,6,8,8-hexamethyl-2-naphthale-

thus effecting uniform dispersion of their compo-

nyl)-.

nents. An important class of agitators comprises

impellers which produce turbulent flow in liquids of

AI3-36161.

low viscosity; their diameter is much less than that

CAS: 108910-63-0.

of the container. They may be either top-entering

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion. Low toxicity

(vertical) or side-entering (at an angle of approxi-

by inhalation. A severe skin and moderate eye irri-

mately 45°); medium-viscosity liquids are agitated

tant.

by paddles attached to a central rotating member.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Pastes and high-viscosity mixtures in which no tur-

bulent flow is possible require agitators that closely

AIC. See American Institute of Chemists.

fit the mixing chamber so as to provide the necessary

shearing and squeezing action throughout the mass.

AIChE. See American Institute of Chemical

These are kneading devices utilizing curved or heli-

Engineers.

cal rotors or sigma blades, either single or double.

Screw-type agitators permit continuous mixing by

air. A mixture (or solution) of gases, the composi-

means of multiple shearing and blending actions.

tion of which varies with altitude and other condi-

So-called ribbon agitators are effective for dry pow-

tions at the collection point. Following is the compo-

ders, slurries, etc. A number of ingenious modifica-

sition of dry air at sea level:

tions and combinations of these types are widely

Substance % by wt. % by vol.

used in the process industries. Most are available in

laboratory sizes.

Nitrogen 75.53 78.00

See impeller; mixing; kneading; screw.

Oxygen 23.16 20.95

Argon 0.93

aglucone. The nonsugarlike portion of a gluco-

Carbon dioxide 0.033*

side molecule.

Neon 0.0018

See glycoside.

Helium 0.0005

Methane 0.0002

aglycone. A nonsugar hydrolytic product of a Krypton 0.0001

glycoside. Nitrous oxide 0.000,05

See glycoside. Hydrogen 0.000,05

31 ALANINE

heating mixtures of aromatic aldehydes and amino

Substance % by wt. % by vol.

acids. No reaction has been observed with tertiary

Xenon 0.000,008

amino groups.

Ozone 0.000,001

“Ajicure” [Ajinomoto]. TM for a line of epoxy

*The CO

content of air has increased 12–15% since

curing agents.

1900 due to combustion of fossil fuels. See

greenhouse effect. The density of dry air is 1.29 g/

“Ajisper” [Ajinomoto]. TM for a pigment dis-

L at 0C and 760 mm Hg. It is noncombustible, but

persing agent.

will support combustion. Liquid air is air that has

been subjected to a series of compression, expan-

aklomide.

sion, and cooling operations until it liquefies.

CAS: 3011-89-0. mf: C

CIN

Use: Source of oxygen, nitrogen, and rare gases;

Properties: Crystals and gray scales from alc. Mp:

coolant; power source (compressed); cryogenic

172°.

agent (liquid); particle classification; blowing agent

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

(asphalt, soap, ice-cream mixes, whipped cream,

etc.); flotation.

“Akroflex” C [Du Pont]. TM for a rubber

antioxidant containing 35% diphenyl-p-phenylene-

air classification. The separation of solid parti-

diamine C

(NHC

)

and 65% phenyl-␣-naph-

cles according to weight and/or size, by suspension

thylamine (“Neozone” A).

in and settling from an air stream of appropriate

Use: To improve the aging and service life of rubbers;

velocity, as in air-floated clays and other particulate

anti-cross-linking agent for SBR (styrene-butadi-

products.

ene-rubber).

airedale brown md. See C.I. direct brown

“Akucell” [Robeco].

CAS: 9004-32-4. TM for anionic water-soluble so-

dium carboxymethylcellulose polymer.

air floatation. See air classification.

Use: As a binder, thickener, and suspension agent in

food and pharmaceuticals.

air gas. See producer gas.

Al. Symbol for aluminum.

air knife. See doctor knife.

alabaster. A fine-grained compact gypsum.

air pollution. (atmospheric pollution). Intro-

duction of substances into the atmosphere that are

“Alamine 304” [Henkel]. (trilaurylamine)

not normally present therein and that have a harmful

TM for organic acid and metal extraction additive.

effect on humans, animals, or plant life. Photosyn-

Use: For paints, plastics, and rubbers.

thesis is significantly inhibited by air pollutants,

especially in urban areas. The worst offenders are

sulfur dioxide (which forms sulfurous acid on con-

“Alanap” [Uniroyal]. TM for N-1-na-

tact with water vapor); automotive emission prod-

phthylphthalamic acid.

ucts; metal dusts from smelters, coal smoke, and

Use: A herbicide.

other particulates; formaldehyde and acrolein; and

radioactive emanations. Control of these is exer-

alanine. (␣-alanine; ␣-aminopropionic acid; 2-

cised by the Environmental Protection Agency. As

aminopropanoic acid). CH

CH(NH

)COOH. A

conventionally used, the term does not apply to

nonessential amino acid.

interior air spaces such as industrial workrooms.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water;

TLVs (Threshold Limit Values) for the latter are

slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether. Opti-

established by the American Conference of Govern-

cally active.

mental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) and by

DL-alanine, mp 295C (decomposes), sublimes at

OSHA.

200C.

See environmental chemistry.

L(+)-alanine, mp 297C (decomposes).

D(−)-alanine, mp 295C (decomposes).

aizen direct deep black eh. See apomine

L(+)-alanine hydrochloride; prisms, mp 204C (de-

black gx.

composes).

L(+)-alanine, N-acetyl-, crystals, mp 116C.

Akabori amino acid reactions. (1) Forma- L(+)-alanine, N-benzoyl-, crystals, mp 152–154C.

tion of aldehydes by oxidative decomposition of ␣- Derivation: Hydrolysis of protein (silk, gelatin,

amino acids when heated with sugars. (2) Reduction zein), organic synthesis.

of ␣-amino acids and esters by sodium amalgam and Grade: Reagent, technical.

ethanolic hydrochloric acid to the corresponding ␣- Use: Microbiological research, biochemical re-

amino aldehydes. (3) Formation of alkamines by search, dietary supplement.

32␤-ALANINE

␤-alanine. (3-aminopropanoic acid; ␤-amino- Alberti furnace. A reverberatory furnace for

propionic acid). NH

COOH. A naturally roasting mercury ores, the mercury being condensed

occurring amino acid not found in protein. in iron tubes and brick chambers.

Properties: White prisms. Mp 198C (decomposes).

Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol, insolu-

Albert-Precht effect. A technique used in pho-

ble in ether. The pH of a 50% solution is 6.0–7.3.

tography to produce a reversed image. The exposed

Hydrochloride plates and leaflets: mp 122.5C. Pla-

surface is immersed in chromic acid. It is then ex-

tinichloride: yellow leaflets, mp 210C (decom-

posed to uniform light and developed over.

poses).

Derivation: Addition of ammonia to ␤-propiolac-

“Albigen” [BASF]. TM for a water-soluble

tone, other processes based on the reaction of am-

polymer used in the textile industry for stripping vat

monia with acrylonitrile, etc.

and other dyestuffs. Has no affinity for the fiber and

Use: Biochemical research, organic synthesis, calci-

promotes the stripping effect of alkaline hydrosul-

um pantothenate production, buffer in electro-

fite solutions.

plating.

“Albone” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of hy-

dl-alanine.

drogen peroxide solutions which vary in hydrogen

CAS: 302-72-7. mf: C

peroxide content from 35 to 90% by weight.

Properties: Needles or prisms, or white crystalline

See hydrogen peroxide.

powder; odorless with a sweet taste. Mp: 295° (de-

comp). Slightly sol in water, insol in Et

albumen. A 66.3 kDa protein comprising most of

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

the protein in serum and largely responsible for

Use: Food additive.

buffering pH and volume of blood. Commercial

term for dried egg white used in the food industry.

alanosine. C

See albumin, egg.

Properties: Finely divided crystals. Decomposes at

190C, optically active. Can be prepared in l-, d-, and

albumin. Any of a group of water-soluble pro-

dl-forms. Insoluble in most organic solvents; slight-

teins of wide occurrence in such natural products as

ly soluble in water.

milk (lactalbumin), blood serum, and eggs (ovalbu-

Derivation: Fermentation of Streptomyces alanosin-

min). They are readily coagulated by heat and hy-

icus; also synthetically.

drolyze to ␣-amino acids or their derivatives.

Use: Inhibitor of insect reproduction, antineoplastic,

antibiotic.

albumin, egg. (ovalbumin). Chief protein oc-

curring in egg white as a viscous, colorless fluid; it

␤-alanylhistidine. See carnosine.

becomes an amorphous solid when dried, which can

be reconstituted with water. It is a heat-sensitive

“Alar” [Uniroyal]. TM for a plant growth regu-

colloidal material that coagulates irreversibly at ap-

lator (succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide) that im-

proximately 60C (140F). The dried product is avail-

proves the color and texture of apples, grapes, and

able in commercial quantities.

tomatoes, and prevents premature dropping; growth

Use: Protective colloid and emulsifying agent in bak-

retardant; multiple-flower stimulator.

ery products (especially angel cake), clarification of

wines, adhesives, paper coatings, pharmaceuticals,

enzyme activation, lithography, analytical reagent,

alarmona. One of a class of cell-growth regulat-

antidote for mercury poisoning, mordant in dyes.

ing metabolites (nucleotides) that enable bacteria to

Note: A recombinant DNA technique has made pos-

respond to metabolic and environmental changes.

sible the formation of ovalbumin by the bacterium

They are thought to act by controlling or affecting

E. coli.

several biochemical reactions simultaneously, but

the exact mechanism of their behavior has not been

elucidated. One such nucleotide, discovered in

albumin, milk. (lactalbumin). A component of

1982, is known as ZTP (5-amino-4-imidazole car-

skim milk protein (2–5%). Can be crystallized. Ex-

boximide riboside-5

′

-triphosphate).

act function is not known, but probably aids in stabi-

See nucleotide.

lization of the fat particles.

See milk.

“Alathon” [Du Pont]. TM for a polyethylene

resin. “Alathon” G-0530, designated as a reinforced

ALCA. See American Leather Chemists’ As-

polyethylene, contains 30% by weight of glass fiber

sociation.

treated with a proprietary coupling agent that opti-

mizes its reinforcing properties.

alchemy. The predecessor of chemistry, prac-

ticed from as early as 500

BC through the 16th centu-

albendazole sulfone. See 5-(propylsulfonyl)- ry. Its two principal goals were transmutation of the

2-benzimidazolecarbamic acid methyl ester. baser metals into gold and discovery of a universal

33 ALCOHOL, WOOD

remedy. Modern chemistry grew out of alchemy by

alcohol, denatured.

gradual stages. CAS: 64-17-5. Ethanol to which another liquid has

been added to make it unfit to use as a beverage

(chiefly for tax reasons). In the U.S., it may be either

alchlor process. To remove the unstable com-

Completely Denatured (CDA) or Specially Dena-

ponents of lubricating oil, this process used alumi-

tured (SDA). At least 50 formulations are officially

num chloride instead of sulfuric acid.

authorized for making denatured alcohol. They in-

clude the following denaturants: SDA 40B must

alcian blue.

contain brucine, brucine sulfate, or quassin plus tert-

Properties: Greenish-black crystals with metallic

butanol; SDA 40A must contain sucrose octaacetate

sheen. Soluble in ethanol, cellosolve, ethylene

plus tert-butyl alcohol; SDA 40B must contain “Bi-

glycol.

trex” [Macfarlan] and tert-butyl alcohol; SDA40C

Use: Gelling agent for lubricating fluids, bacterial

must contain only tert-butyl alcohol. For exact for-

stain for histiocytes and fibroblasts.

mulas, consult 27CFR Part 21 and the Alcohol and

Tobacco Tax Division of IRS, Washington D.C.

“Alcoa Mill Products” [Alcoa Kasei].

Properties: See ethanol.

TM for a wide variety of aluminum sheet and

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk; TLV: 1000

formed products.

ppm.

Use: Manufacture of acetaldehyde and other chemi-

Alcoa process. A more efficient method of pro-

cals, solvents, antifreeze and brake fluids, fuels.

ducing aluminum from bauxite that requires one-

See ethanol.

third less electric power than the Hall process. Alu-

mina is reacted with chlorine, the resulting

alcohol fermentation. The anaerobic conver-

aluminum chloride yielding the metal and chlorine

sion of glucose to ethanol via anaerobic glycolysis.

on electrolysis. No fluorine is required in the pro-

See also fermentation.

cess. Prototype plants are under development.

alcohol, grain. Ethanol made from grain.

“Alcoa Wheel Forged Products” [Alcoa

Kasei]. TM for a wide variety of aluminum

alcohol, industrial. A mixture of 95% ethanol

forged products.

and 5% water, plus additives for denaturing or spe-

cial solvent purposes.

alcohol. A broad class of hydroxyl-containing

See alcohol, denatured.

organic compounds occurring naturally in plants

and made synthetically from petroleum derivatives

alcohols, C8-C10, ethoxylated

such as ethylene. Many are manufactured in tonnage

propoxylated.

quantities.

CAS: 68603-25-8.

I. Monohydric (1 OH group)

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

1. Aliphatic

(a) paraffinic (ethanol)

alcohols, C12-C6, ethoxylated.

(b) olefinic (allyl alcohol)

CAS: 68551-12-2.

2. Alicyclic (cyclohexanol)

Hazard: A moderate eye irritant.

3. Aromatic (phenol, benzyl alcohol)

4. Heterocyclic (furfuryl alcohol)

alcohols, C12-C13, ethoxylated.

5. Polycyclic (sterols)

CAS: 66455-14-9.

II. Dihydric (2 OH groups): glycols and deriva-

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tives (diols)

tact. A moderate skin irritant.

III. Trihydric (3 OH groups): glycerol and deriv-

atives

alcohols, C12-C15, ethoxylated.

IV. Polyhydric (polyols) (3 or more OH groups)

CAS: 68131-39-5.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Use: Organic synthesis for solvents, detergents, bev-

erages, pharmaceuticals, plasticizers, and fuels. For

further information, see monohydric, dihydric, trih-

alcohols, C14-C15, ethoxylated.

ydric, polyol, and specific alcohol.

CAS: 68951-67-7.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

alcohol, absolute. See ethyl alcohol.

alcohols, C16-C18, ethoxylated.

CAS: 68439-49-6.

alcohol dehydrogenase. An enzyme found in

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

animal and plant tissue that acts upon ethanol and

tact. A moderate skin and eye irritant.

other alcohols producing acetaldehyde and other

aldehydes.

Use: Biochemical research.

alcohol, wood. See methyl alcohol.

34ALCOHOLYSIS

alcoholysis. A chemical reaction between an al- Otto Diels in 1950 for a project involving a practical

cohol and another organic compound analogous to method for making ring compounds from chain

hydrolysis. The alcohol molecule decomposes to compounds by forcing them to combine with maleic

anhydride. This is known as the Diels-Alder reac-

form a new compound with the reacting substance

tion and provided a method for synthesis of complex

the other reaction product is water. Both hydrolysis

organic compounds. Alder had degrees from the

and alcoholysis may be considered as forms of sol-

Universities of Berlin and Kiel.

volysis.

See solvolysis.

Alder-Rickert rule. Adducts of 1,3-cyclohex-

adiene derivatives with acetylenedicarboxylic esters

“Alconox” [Alconox]. TM for a powdered pre-

give phthalate ester and ethylene on heating. Similar

cision cleaner.

adducts of cyclopentadiene revert on heating to

Use: For manual and ultrasonic systems for glass-

starting materials (retro-Diels-Alder).

ware, metal, ceramic and other materials in labora-

tories.

Alder-Stein rules. Set of rules governing the

stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder reaction. The

“Aldactazide” [Searle]. TM for a combination

most important are that (1) the stereochemical rela-

of spironolactone and hydrochlorothiazide.

tionship of groups attached to the diene and the

Use: Drug.

dienophile is maintained in the product (cis-addi-

tion); and (2) the product resulting from maximum

“Aldactone” [Searle]. TM for spironolactone.

accumulation of unsaturated centers in the transition

Use: Drug.

state is favored (endo rule).

aldehyde. A broad class of organic compounds

aldicarb. CH

SC(CH

)

HC:NOCONHCH

having the generic formula RCHO, and character-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 100C (212F). Al-

ized by an unsaturated carbonyl group (C==O).

most insoluble in water; slightly soluble in benzene

They are formed from alcohols by either dehydroge-

and xylene; partly soluble in acetone and methylene

nation or oxidation, and thus occupy an intermediate

chloride.

position between primary alcohols and the acids

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

obtained from them by further oxidation. Their

Use: Nematocide, insecticide.

chemical derivation is indicated by the name al(co-

hol) + dehyd(rogenation). Aldehydes are reactive

aldol. (acetaldol; ␤-hydroxybutyraldehyde).

compounds participating in oxidation, reduction,

OCH

CHO.

addition, and polymerization reactions. For specific

Properties: Water-white to pale yellow, syrupy liq-

properties, see individual compounds.

uid. Decomposes into crotonaldehyde and water on

distillation under atmospheric pressure. Miscible

aldehyde ammonia. (acetaldehyde ammonia;

with water, alcohol, ether, organic solvents. D

1-amino-ethanol). CH

ONH

1.1098 (15.6/4C), bp 83C (20 mm), vap press less

than 0.1 mm (20C), specific heat 0.737, bulk d 9.17

lb/gal (20C), fp below 0C. Flash p 150F (65.5C)

(OC), autoign temp 530F (276.6C). Combustible.

Derivation: By condensation of acetaldehyde in so-

dium hydroxide solution.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 97C (partly

Grade: Technical (98%).

decomposes). Stable in closed containers; resinifies

Hazard: Moderate fire risk.

on long exposure to air. Very soluble in water and

Use: Synthesis of rubber accelerators and age resist-

alcohol.

ers, perfumery, engraving, ore flotation, solvent,

Derivation: Action of acetaldehyde on ammonia.

solvent mixtures for cellulose acetate, fungicides,

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin; moderate fire risk.

organic synthesis, printer’s rollers, cadmium plat-

Use: Accelerator for vulcanization of thread rubber,

ing, dyes, drugs, dyeing assistant, synthetic

organic synthesis, source of acetaldehyde and am-

polymers.

monia.

aldolase. (zymohexase). An enzyme present in

aldehyde C-18. See ␦-nonalactone.

muscle involved in glycogenolysis and anaerobic

glycolysis. It catalyzes production of dihydroxyace-

aldehyde collidine. See 2-methyl-5-ethylpyri-

tone phosphate and phosphoglyceric aldehyde from

dine.

fructose-1,6-diphosphate.

Use: Biochemical research.

aldehydine. See 2-methyl-5-ethylpyridine.

aldol condensation. A reaction between two

Alder, Kurt. (1902–1958). A German chemist aldehyde or two ketone molecules in which the posi-

who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry along with tion of one of the hydrogen atoms is changed in such

35 ALGAE

a way as to form a single molecule having one

aldrin. (HHDN).

hydroxyl and one carbonyl group. Since such a mol-

CAS: 309-00-2. C

. The assigned common

ecule is partly an alcohol (OH group) and partly an

name for an insecticidal product containing 95% or

aldehyde (CHO group) and represents a union of

more of 1,2,3,4,10,10-hexachloro-1,4,4a,5,8,8a-

two smaller molecules, the reaction is called an aldol

hexahydro-1,4,5,8-endo,exo-dimethanonaphtha-

condensation. It can be repeated to form molecules

lene.

of increasing molecular weight. The condensation

Properties: Brown to white, crystalline solid. Mp

of formaldehyde to sugars in plants, which on repeti-

104–105.5C. Insoluble in water; soluble in most

tion builds up the more complex carbohydrate struc-

organic solvents. Not affected by alkalies or dilute

tures such as starch and cellulose, is thought to be a

acids, compatible with most fertilizers, herbicides,

reaction of this type. It occurs most effectively in an

fungicides, and insecticides.

alkaline medium.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: TLV: 0.25 mg/m

. Toxic by skin absorp-

tion.

“Aldo MO” [Ashland]. (glycerol mono-

Use: Insecticide.

leate).

See dieldrin; endrin.

CAS: 25496-72-4. TM for antifog agent and disper-

sant.

“Aldyl” [Du Pont]. TM for high-strength

Use: Bath oils, lotions, and creams; emulsifier for

polyethylene pipe composed principally of “Ala-

liquid and paste waxes, polish, and cleaners.

thon.”

aldo-␣-naphthylamine condensate.

ale. See brewing.

Properties: Orange to dark red solid with character-

istic odor. Softens at 64C min, d 1.16. Insoluble in

alendronic acid. See 4-amino-1-hydroxybu-

water, gasoline; slightly soluble in alcohol and pe-

tane-1,1-diyldiphosphonic acid.

troleum hydrocarbons; soluble in acetone, benzene,

chloroform, and carbon disulfide.

aleuritic acid. (9,10,16-trihydroxyhexadeca-

Use: Antioxidant in tire carcasses, tubes, insulating

noic acid).

tape, black soles.

CAS: 533-87-9.

HOCH

(CH

)CH(OHCH(OH)(CH

)COOH.

Use: Perfumes.

aldose. Any of a group of sugars whose molecule

contains an aldehyde group and one or more alcohol

alfin. A catalyst obtained from alkali alcoholates

groups. An example is glyceraldehyde

derived from a secondary alcohol which is a methyl

(HOCH

•CH

O•CHO), specifically called an al-

carbinol and olefins possessing the grouping

dotriose because it contains three carbon atoms.

−CH==CH−CH

−, which may be part of a ring, as in

toluene. The interaction of the alkali alcoholate (so-

aldosterone. (electrocortin). C

dium isopropoxide) with the olefin halide (allyl

chloride) gives a slurry of sodium chloride on which

sodium isopropoxide and allyl sodium are adsorbed.

This slurry is a typical alfin catalyst used to convert

olefins into polyolefins. The elastomers produced

are called alfin rubbers.

alfuzosin hydrochloride. See xatral.

algae. Chlorophyll-bearing organisms occurring

An adrenal cortical steroid hormone that is the most

in both salt- and freshwater; they have no flowers or

powerful mineralocorticoid. Probably the chief regu-

seeds, but reproduce by unicellular spores. They

lator of sodium, potassium, and chlorine metabolism;

range in size from single cells to giant kelp over 100

approximately 30 times as active as deoxycorticoste-

feet long, and include most kinds of seaweed. There

rone.

are four kinds of algae: brown, red, green, and blue-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 108–112C.

green. Blue-green algae are said to be the earliest

Derivation: Isolated from adrenals; has been synthe-

form of life to appear on earth. The photosynthetic

sized.

activity of algae accounts for the fact that over two-

Use: Medicine.

thirds of the world total of photosynthesis takes

place in the oceans. Algae are harvested and used as

aldoxime. The −CH:NOH radical resulting from food supplements (see carrageenan, agar), soil con-

reactions between aldehydes and hydroxylamine or ditioners, animal feeds, and a source of iodine; they

by the oxidation of primary amines by persulfuric also contain numerous minerals, vitamins, proteins,

acid. lipids, and essential amino acids. Alginic acid is

Properties: Colorless. Water soluble. another important derivative. Blue-green algae are

36ALGAE, BROWN

water contaminants and are toxic to fish and other fibers, medicine (first-aid dressings), meat substi-

aquatic life. Phosphorus compounds in detergent tute, high-protein food analogs.

wastes stimulate the growth of algae to such an

extent that overpopulation at the water surface pre-

alginic acid. (C

)

. A polysaccharide com-

vents light from reaching many of the plants; these

posed of ␤,d-mannuronic acid residues linked so

decompose, removing oxygen and releasing carbon

that the carboxyl group of each unit is free, while the

dioxide, thus making the water unsuitable for fish.

aldehyde group is shielded by a glycosidic linkage.

Algae are being used in treatment of sewage and

It is a linear polymer of the mannuronic acid in the

plant effluent in a proprietary flocculation process.

pyranose ring form.

See eutrophication; agar; biomass.

Properties: White to yellow powder possessing

marked hydrophilic colloidal properties for sus-

algae, brown.

pending, thickening, emulsifying, and stabilizing.

Properties: Various seaweeds harvested in coastal

Insoluble in organic solvents, slowly soluble in alka-

waters of the northern Atlantic and the Pacific

line solutions. Absorbs up to 300 times its weight of

oceans.

water.

Use: Food additive.

Grade: Refined (food), technical (commercial), NF

(sodium alginate), FCC.

algae meal, dried.

Use: Food industry as thickener and emulsifier; pro-

Properties: Mixture of algae cells from Spongiococ-

tective colloid in ice cream, toothpaste, cosmetics,

cum, molasses, corn steep liquor, and a maximum of

pharmaceuticals, textile sizing, paper coatings; wa-

0.3% ethoxyquin.

terproofing agent for concrete; boiler water treat-

Use: Food additive.

ment; oil-well drilling muds; storage of gasoline as a

solid.

algae, red.

Properties: Various seaweeds harvested in coastal

alicyclic. A group of organic compounds charac-

waters of Pacific ocean.

terized by arrangement of the carbon atoms in closed

Use: Food additive.

ring structures sometimes resembling boats, chairs,

or even birdcages. These compounds have proper-

alganet.

ties resembling those of aliphatics and should not be

Use: Food additive.

confused with aromatic compounds having the hex-

agonal benzene ring. Alicyclics comprise three sub-

Algar-Flynn-Oyamada reaction. Alkaline

groups: (1) cycloparaffins (saturated); (2) cycloole-

hydrogen peroxide oxidation of o-hydroxyphenyl

fins (unsaturated, with two or more double bonds);

styryl ketones (chalcones) to flavonols via the inter-

and (3) cycloacetylenes (cyclynes) with a triple

mediate dihydroflavonols.

bond. The best-known cycloparaffins (sometimes

called naphthenes) are cyclopropane, cyclohexane,

“Algene” [Huntsman]. TM for quaternary

and cyclopentane; typical of the cycloolefins are

ammonium compounds.

cyclopentadiene and cyclooctatetraene. Most alicy-

Use: As cationic surfactants.

clics are derived from petroleum or coal tar. Many

can be synthesized by various methods.

algestone acetonide. See progesterone

16,17-acetonide.

aliphatic. One of the major groups of organic

compounds, characterized by straight- or branched-

algicide. Chemical agent added to water to de-

chain arrangement of the constituent carbon atoms.

stroy algae. Copper sulfate is commonly employed

Aliphatic hydrocarbons comprise three subgroups:

for large water systems.

(1) paraffins (alkanes), all of which are saturated and

comparatively unreactive, the branched-chain types

algin. A hydrophilic polysaccharide (phycocol-

being much more suitable for gasoline than the

loid or hydrocolloid) found exclusively in the brown

straight-chain; (2) olefins (alkenes or alkadienes),

algae. It is analogous to agar. The seaweed (giant

which are unsaturated and quite reactive; (3) acety-

kelp) is sea harvested, water extracted, and refined.

lenes (alkynes), which contain a triple bond and are

U.S. (California) and Great Britain are the chief

highly reactive. In complex structures, the chains

producers.

may be branched or cross-linked.

See alginic acid; alginate.

See alicyclic; aromatic; chain.

alginate. Any of several derivatives of alginic

aliquot. A part that is a definite fraction of a

acid (e.g., calcium, sodium, or potassium salts or

whole, as in aliquot samples for testing or analysis.

propylene glycol alginate). They are hydrophilic

colloids (hydrocolloids) obtained from seaweed.

Sodium alginate is water soluble but reacts with

alizarin. (1,2-dihydroxyanthraquinone; CI

calcium salts to form insoluble calcium alginate. 58000). C

(CO)

(OH)

. Parent form of many

Use: Food additive (thickener, stabilizer), yarns and dyes and pigments including mordants.

37 “ALKANOL”

cesium, and francium. Except for francium, the al-

kali metals are all soft, silvery metals, which may be

readily fused and volatilized; the melting and boil-

ing points becoming lower with increasing atomic

weight. The density increases with (but less rapidly

than) the atomic weight, the atomic volume there-

fore becoming greater as the series is ascended. The

alkali metals are the most strongly electropositive of

Properties: Orange-red crystals; brownish-yellow

the metals. They react vigorously, at times violently,

powder. Mp 289C, bp 430C (sublimable). Soluble in

with water; within the group itself, the basicity in-

aromatic solvents, hot methanol, and ether; sparing-

creases with atomic weight, that of cesium being the

ly soluble in water; moderately soluble in ethanol.

greatest.

Combustible.

Derivation: Anthracene is oxidized to anthraqui-

alkalimetry. The measurement of the concentra-

none, the sulfonic acid of which is then fused with

tion of bases or of the amount of free base present in

caustic soda and potassium chlorate; the melt is run

a solution by titration or some other means of

into hot water and the alizarin precipitated with

analysis.

hydrochloric acid. Occurs naturally in madder root.

Grade: Technical.

alkaline earth. An oxide of an alkaline earth

Use: Manufacture of dyes, production of lakes, indi-

metal (lime).

cators, biological stain.

alkaline-earth metals. Calcium, barium,

alizarin blue. (CI 67410). C

strontium, and radium (group IIA of the periodic

Properties: Violet crystals. Mp 268C. Insoluble in

table). In general they are white and differ by shades

water, soluble in glacial acetic acid and hot benzene.

of color or casts; are malleable, extrudable, and

Use: Indicator.

machinable; may be made into rods, wire, or plate;

are less reactive than sodium and potassium and

alizarin yellow R. (p-nitrophenylazosalicylate

have higher melting and boiling points.

sodium; CI 14030). O

NNC

OH-

COONa.

alkaloid. A basic nitrogenous organic compound

Properties: Yellow-brown powder. Soluble in

of vegetable origin. Usually derived from the nitro-

water.

gen ring compounds pyridine, quinoline, isoquino-

Use: Acid-base indicator, biological stain.

line, and pyrrole, designated by the ending -ine.

Though some are liquids, they are usually colorless,

alkadiene. See diolefin.

crystalline solids, having a bitter taste, and which

combine with acids without elimination of water.

alkali. Any substance which in water solution is

They are soluble in alcohol, insoluble or sparingly

bitter and is irritating or caustic to the skin and

soluble in water. Examples are atropine, morphine,

mucous membranes, turns litmus blue, and has a pH

nicotine, quinine, codeine, caffeine, cocaine, and

value greater than 7.0. The alkali industry produces

strychnine.

sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate (soda ash),

sodium chloride, salt cake, sodium bicarbonate, and

alkalosis. A metabolic condition in which blood

corresponding potassium compounds.

pH decreases, usually the result of a metabolic con-

See base; pH; alkali metal.

dition or vomiting.

alkali blue. Class name for a group of pigment

alkane. See paraffin (1).

dry powders prepared by the phenylation of p-rosa-

niline or fuchsine, followed by drowning in hydro-

alkanesulfonic acid, mixed. RSO

H(Ris

chloride acid, washing, and sulfonating. Alkali blue

methyl, ethyl, propyl, mixed). Trade designation for

on a weight basis has the highest tinting strength of

a mixture of methane-, ethane-, and propane sulfon-

all blue pigments. The presscake may be “flushed”

ic acids. A strong nonoxidizing, nonsulfonating liq-

with vehicle to replace the water in the pulp.

uid acid which is thermally stable at moderately high

Use: Printing inks, interior paints.

temperatures.

Properties: Light amber liquid; sour odor. Mp below

alkali cellulose. The product formed by steep-

−40C, bp 120–140C (1 mm), d 1.38 (20C), pH (1%

ing wood pulp with sodium hydroxide, the first step

solution) 1.15. Very corrosive. Miscible with water

in the manufacture of viscose rayon and other cellu-

and saturated fatty acids.

lose derivatives.

Use: Catalyst; intermediate, reaction medium.

See carboxymethylcellulose.

“Alkanol” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of fatty

alkali metal. A metal in group IA of the periodic alcohol–ethylene oxide condensation products used

table, i.e., lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, as nonionic surface-active agents in detergents and

38ALKANOLAMINE

dispersing and emulsifying agents in paper, leather,

alkylate. (1) A product of alkylation. (2) A term

and textiles. These include grades OA, OE, OJ, OP, used in the petroleum industry to designate a

and HC. 189-S is a saturated hydrocarbon sodium branched-chain paraffin derived from an isoparaffin

sulfonate. B and BG are sodium alkylnaphthalene and an olefin, e.g., isobutane reacts with ethylene

sulfonates. Sulfur is tetrahydronaphthalene sodium (with catalyst) to form 2,2-dimethylbutane (neohex-

sulfonate.

ane). The product is used as a high-octane blending

component of aviation and civilian gasolines. (3) In

alkanolamine. (alkylolamine). A compound

the detergent industry, the term is applied to the

such as ethanolamine, HOCH

, or triethano-

reaction product of benzene or its homologs with a

lamine, (HOCH

)

N, in which nitrogen is at-

long-chain olefin to form an intermediate, e.g., do-

tached directly to the carbon of an alkyl alcohol. See

decylbenzene, used in the manufacture of deter-

specific compound.

gents. It also designates a product made from a long-

chain normal paraffin that is chlorinated to permit

combination with benzene to yield a biodegradable

alkene. See olefin.

alkylate. The adjectives hard and soft applied to

detergents refer to their ease of decomposition by

alkoxyaluminum hydrides. (H

AlOR

). A

microorganisms.

group of reducing agents especially useful in con-

See biodegradability; detergent.

verting epoxides to alcohols. Derived by reaction of

aluminum hydride with the corresponding alcohol

in tetrahydrofuran.

alkylation. (1) The introduction of an alkyl radi-

cal into an organic molecule. This was one of the

alkyd resin. A thermosetting coating polymer,

early chemical processes used in Germany to furnish

chemically similar to polyester resins, conventional-

intermediates for improved dyes, e.g., dimethylani-

ly made by condensation and polymerization of a

line. Other alkylation products are cumene, dode-

dihydric or polyhydric alcohol (ethylene glycol or

cylbenzene, ethylbenzene, and nonylphenol. (2) A

glycerol) and a polybasic acid (phthalic anhydride),

process whereby a high-octane blending component

usually with a drying oil modifier. The process re-

for gasolines is derived from catalytic combination

quires heating at 230–250C for up to 12 hours. A

of an isoparaffin and an olefin.

new and quite different method utilizes epoxy addi-

See alkylate (2); neohexane.

tion polymerization, in which a mixture of glycidyl

esters and organic acid anhydrides is heated with a

alkylbenzene sulfonate. (ABS). A branched-

metallic catalyst at 100C or less for only two to four

chain sulfonate type of synthetic detergent, usually a

hours. Cost and energy savings and improved appli-

dodecylbenzene or tridecylbenzene sulfonate. Such

cation performance are realized by this process.

compounds are known as “hard” detergents because

Use: Alkyd resins are used as vehicles in exterior

of their resistance to breakdown by microorganisms.

house paints, marine paints, and baking enamels.

They are being replaced by linear sulfonates.

Molded alkyd resins are used for electrical compo-

See alkyl sulfonate; linear molecule; detergent; sodi-

nents, distributor caps, encapsulation, and a variety

um dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

of similar applications.

alkyl diaryl phosphate ester. See “Santi-

alkyl. A paraffinic hydrocarbon group which may

cizer 141” [Solutia].

be derived from an alkane by dropping one hydro-

gen from the formula. Examples are methyl CH

3−

alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride.

ethyl C

5−

, propyl CH

2−

, isopropyl

General name for a quaternary detergent.

(CH

)

3−

. Such groups are often represented in

See benzalkonium chloride.

formulas by the letter R and have the generic formu-

la C

2n+1

alkylene. A phosphated long-chain alcohol.

See aryl.

alkyl fluorophosphate. See diisopropyl

alkyl(C12-C15) alcohol ethoxylated.

fluorophosphate.

CAS: 58391-12-1.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion and skin contact.

alkylolamine. See alkanolamine.

A moderate skin and mild eye irritant.

alkyl sulfonate. (linear alkylate sulfonate;

alkylaryl polyethyleneglycol ether.

LAS). A straight-chain alkylbenzene sulfonate, a

Use: In surface-active agents.

detergent specially tailored for biodegradability.

See isooctylphenoxypolyoxyethylene ethanol for a

The linear alkylates may be normal or iso (branched

typical example of this class of compound.

at the end only), but are C

or longer.

See sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate.

alkylaryl sulfonate. An organic sulfonate of

combined aliphatic and aromatic structure, e.g., al-

kylbenzene sulfonate.

alkyne. See acetylene hydrocarbon.

39 ALLOCHROMATIC

all-trans-anhydroretinol. bloodstream. The ability to produce reagins in re-

sponse to a given allergen is an inherited characteris-

CAS: 1224-78-8. mf: C

tic that differentiates an allergic from a nonallergic

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

person. A reagin is actually an antibody. The speci-

ficity of the allergen-reagin reaction and its depen-

Allan-Robinson reaction. Preparation of fla-

dence on molecular configuration are similar to

vones or isoflavones by condensing o-hydroxyaryl

those of an antigen-antibody reaction.

ketones with anhydrides of aromatic acids and their

The allergen molecule (often a protein such as pol-

sodium salts.

len or wool) may be regarded as a key that precisely

fits the corresponding structural shape of the reagin

allantoin. (glyoxyldiureide; 5-ureidohydan-

molecule. Allergies in the form of contact dermatitis

toin). C

. The end product of purine metabo-

can result from exposure to a wide range of plant

lism in mammals other than humans and other pri-

products, some metals, and a few organic chemicals.

mates; it results from the oxidation of uric acid.

Though they are alike in some ways, antigen-anti-

Properties: White to colorless powder or crystals;

body reactions protect the individual, whereas aller-

odorless; tasteless. Mp 230C (decomposes). 1 g is

gen-reagin reactions are harmful. See antigen-

soluble in 190 cc water or 500 cc alcohol; readily

antibody.

soluble in alkalies. Optically active forms are

known.

Derivation: Produced by oxidation of uric acid. Also

allethrin. C

. Generic name for 2-allyl-4-

present in tobacco seeds, sugar beets, wheat sprouts.

hydroxtcyclopenten-1-one ester of chrysanthe-

Use: Biochemical research, medicine.

mummonocarboxylic acid. A synthetic insecticide

structurally similar to pyrethrin and used in the same

allele. One of two or more types of genes that may

manner. For other synthetic analogs, see barthrin,

occur at a given position on a strand of DNA.

cyclethrin, ethythrin, furethrin. Pyrethrin I differs in

having a 2,4-pentadienyl group in place of the allyl

allelopathic chemical. Any of a wide range of

of allethrin.

natural herbicides of varying toxicity produced by

Properties: Clear, amber-colored, viscous liquid. D

many species of plants, as well as by soil microorga-

1.005–1.015 (20/20C), refr index (20C) 1.5040. In-

nisms (bacteria, fungi). These compounds adversely

soluble in water; incompatible with alkalies; soluble

affect other plants in the vicinity, either inhibiting

in alcohol, carbon tetrachloride, kerosene, and nitro-

germination and growth or killing them outright.

methane. Combustible.

They are extracted from the growing plant by leach-

Derivation: Synthetically (glycerol, acetylene, and

ing of its leaves, root exudates, and decomposition

ethyl acetoacetate are the major raw materials).

of dead tissue. Examples of plants found to be

Grade: 90%, technical (approximately 90% pure

sources of these toxic compounds are sunflowers,

with 10% of isomers or related compounds), 20%

oats, and soybeans. Among the products that have

technical, 2.5% technical.

been identified are amygdalin, caffeine, gallic acid,

Use: Insecticides, synergist.

and arbutin. Many types of chemical structure are

represented. Research is directed toward breeding

“Allianz OPT” [Isp Europe]. TM for a

and cultivation of allelopathic plants to utilize their

polymer that makes sun screens water resistant.

weed-killing ability.

allicin. (C

). An antibacterial substance ex-

allene. (propadiene; dimethylenemethane).

tracted from garlic (allium).

C:C:CH

Properties: Yellow, oily liquid; sharp garlic odor.

Properties: Colorless gas. Unstable. Fp −136.5C, bp

Unstable; decomposes rapidly when heated; slightly

34.5C. Can be readily liquefied.

soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, benzene,

Derivation: (1) Action of zinc dust on 2,3-dichloro-

and ether.

propene; (2) pyrolysis of isobutylene; (3) electroly-

Use: Medicine.

sis of potassium itaconate.

Use: Organic intermediate.

alligatoring. Formation of cracks on the surface

Allen-O’Hara furnace. An horizontal double-

of thick paint layers, the underlying material re-

hearth furnace that is used for calcining sulfide ores.

maining soft.

alleochemical. A substance that inhibits the

allo-. A prefix designating the more stable of two

growth of animals and plants.

geometrical isomers.

See allelopathic chemical.

allergen. Any substance that acts in the manner of allochromatic. (1) Term used to refer to miner-

an antigen on coming into contact with body tissues als whose color is a result of minute inclusions. (2)

by inhalation, ingestion, or skin adsorption. The Term referring to crystals exhibiting photoconduc-

allergen causes a specific reagin to be formed in the tivity.

40ALLOGENEIC

allogeneic. Variation in alleles among members The difference between the forms involves either (1)

crystalline structure; (2) the number of atoms in the

of the same species.

molecule of a gas; or (3) the molecular structure of a

liquid. Carbon is a common example of (1), occur-

allomaleic acid. See fumaric acid.

ring in several crystal forms (diamond, carbon

black, graphite) as well as several amorphous forms.

allomeric. Having the same crystal form but dif-

Diatomic oxygen and triatomic ozone are instances

ferent chemical composition.

of (2); and liquid sulfur and helium of (3). Uranium

has three crystalline forms, manganese four, and

allomerism. A constancy of crystalline form or

plutonium no less than six. A number of other metals

structure with a variation in chemical composition.

also have several allotropic forms which are often

See polyallomer.

designated by Greek letters, e.g., ␣-, ␥-, and ⌬-iron.

allomorphism. A physical change in a mineral

without the gain or loss of components.

allouzarigenin. See 17-␣-uzarigenin.

alloocimene. (2,6-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene).

(CH

)

C(CH)

CCH

CHCH

alloxan. (mesoxalylurea). C

•H

O and

Properties: Clear, almost colorless liquid. Boiling

range (5–95%) 89–91C (20 mm), d 0.824 (15/15C),

Properties: White crystals, become pink on expo-

refr index 1.5278 (20C). Polymerizes and oxidizes

sure to air; colorless aqueous solution which imparts

readily. Combustible.

pink color to skin. Mp 170C (decomposes) (various

Derivation: Pyrolysis of ␣-pinene.

melting points in literature). Soluble in water and

Use: Component of varnishes and a variety of poly-

alcohol.

mers; fragrance.

Derivation: Oxidation of uric acid in acid solution.

Use: Biochemical research, cosmetics, organic syn-

allophanamide. See biuret.

thesis.

allophanate. An unsaturated nitrogenous prod-

uct made by reaction of an alcohol with two moles of

alloxan hydrate. See 5,5-dihydroxy barbitur-

isocyanic acid (a gas). Usually crystals, high-melt-

ic acid.

ing products that are easily isolated. Acid-sensitive

and tertiary alcohols can be converted into allopha-

nates.

alloy. A solid or liquid mixture of two or more

⌬-allose. (␤-d-allopyranose). C

metals, or of one or more metals with certain nonme-

Properties: Crystals. Mp 128C, mw 180.16. Soluble

tallic elements, as in carbon steels. The properties of

in water, insoluble in alcohol.

alloys are often greatly different from those of the

Derivation: Obtained from the leaves of Protea ru-

components. The purpose of an alloy is to improve

bropilosa.

the specific usefulness of the primary compo-

nent––not to adulterate or degrade it. Gold is too soft

allosteric activator. Any molecule which posi-

to use without a small percentage of copper. The

tively modulates the activity of an allosteric en-

corrosion and oxidation resistance of steel is mark-

zyme.

edly increased by incorporation of from 15–18% of

chromium and often a few percent of nickel

allosteric enzyme. A regulatory enzyme, with (stainless steel). The presence of up to 1.5% carbon

catalytic activity modulated by the noncovalent profoundly affects the properties of steels. Similar-

binding of a specific molecule at a site other than the ly, a low percentage of molybdenum improves the

active site. toughness and wear resistance of steel. The hun-

dreds of special alloys available are the results of

designs to meet specific operating conditions.

allosteric site. The specific site on the surface of

Amorphous alloys for use in transformer coils are

an allosteric enzyme molecule (distinct from the

made by quick-quenching the melt.

active site) to which a modulator molecule binds.

See alloy, fusible; amalgam; superalloy.

allothreonine. See threonine.

allotrope. One of several possible forms of a

alloy, fusible. (low-melting alloy; fusible

substance.

metal). An alloy melting in the range of approxi-

See allotropy.

mately 51–260C, usually containing bismuth, lead,

tin, cadmium, or indium. Eutectic alloys are the

allotropy. (polymorphism). The existence of a particular compositions that have definite and mini-

substance in two or more forms which are signifi- mum melting points compared. The compositions of

cantly different in physical or chemical properties. a few fusible alloys are given below:

41 ALLYL GLYCIDYL ETHER

allylamine. (2-propenylamine). C

Eutectic

Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid; strong

System Composition Temperature

ammoniacal odor. Attacks rubber and cork. Bp

(C)

55–58C, d 0.759–0.761 (20/20C), refr index 1.4194

Cd-Bi 60 Bi–40 Cd 144

(22C). Soluble in water, alcohol, ether, and chloro-

In-Bi 33.7 Bi–66.3 In 72

form. Combustible.

67.0 Bi–33 In 109

Grade: CP, technical.

Pb-Bi 56.5 Bi–43.5 Pb 125

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate, organic synthesis.

Sn-Bi 58 Bi–42 Sn 139

Pb-Sn-Bi 52 Bi–16 Sn–32 Pb 96

allyl bromide. (3-bromopropene; bromoally-

Pb-Cd-Bi 52 Bi–8 Cd–40 Pb 92

lene). H

C==CHCH

Br.

Sn-Cd-Bi 54 Bi–20 Cd–26 Sn 102

Properties: Colorless to light yellow liquid; irritat-

In-Sn-Bi 58 Bi–17 Sn–25 In 79

ing, unpleasant odor. D 1.398 (20/4C), mp −199C;

Pb-Sn-Cd-Bi *50 Bi–10 Cd–13.3 70

bp 71.3C, refr index 1.4654, flash p 30F (-1.1C),

Sn–26.7 Pb

autoign temp 563F (295C). Soluble in alcohol,

In-Pb-Sn-Bi 49.4

ether, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, carbon di-

Bi–11.6 Sn–18 57

sulfide; insoluble in water.

Pb–21 In

Grade: Technically pure (95% min purity via bromi-

In-Cd-Pb-Sn- 44.7 Bi–5.3 Cd–8.3 47

um titration).

Bi Sn–22.6 Pb–19.1 In

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and eyes, flammable,

*Wood’s metal.

high fire risk.

Use: Organic syntheses, preparation of resins, per-

fume intermediates.

alloy steel. A steel containing up to 10% of

elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel,

allyl carbamate.

etc., usually with a low percentage of carbon. These

Use: Intermediate for fireproofing compound, emul-

added elements improve hardenability, wear resis-

sion, and solvent polymers.

tance, toughness, and other properties. This term

includes low-alloy steels in which the alloy content

allyl chloride.

does not exceed 5%, but does not include stainless

CAS: 107-05-1. H

C==CHCH

Cl.

steel.

Properties: Colorless liquid with a disagreeable pun-

See steel.

gent odor. D 0.938 at 20C, mw 76.53, vap press 295

at 20C, flash p −25F (CC). Slightly soluble in water;

allylacetone. (5-hexene-2-one).

miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether, and petro-

CHCH

COCH

leum ether.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.846 (20/4C), bulk d

Hazard: TLV: 1 ppm. Skin and eye irritant.

6.99 lb/gal (20C), 5% to 95% distills between

Use: Synthesis of allyl compounds.

127–129C. Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Use: Intermediate in pharmaceutical synthesis, per-

allyl diglycol carbonate. See diethylene

fumes, fungicides, insecticides, fine chemicals.

glycol bis(allyl carbonate).

4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxybenzene. See methyl

allyl acrylate. CH

CHCOOCH

CHCH

. Liq-

eugenol.

uid, bp 122–134C. Used as monomer for resins.

allylene. See methylacetylene.

allyl alcohol. (2-propen-1-ol; propenyl alco-

hol).

2-allyl-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol.

CAS: 107-18-6. CH

==CH

OH.

C(CH

OH)

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent mustardlike

Properties: Off-white solid. Fp 31C, d 0.976 (35C).

odor. Bp 96.9C, mp −129C, d 0.8520 (20/4C), bulk d

Use: Suggested as polymer additive and chemical

7.11 lb/gal (20C), refr index 1.4131, flash p 70F

intermediate.

(21C) (TOC), autoign temp 713F (375C). Miscible

with water, alcohol, chloroform, ether.

Derivation: (1) Hydrolysis of allyl chloride (from

allyl glycidyl ether. (AGE).

propylene) with dilute caustic, (2) isomerization of CAS: 106-92-3.

propylene oxide over lithium phosphate catalyst at Properties: Colorless liquid of pleasant odor. D

230–270C, (3) dehydration of propylene glycol. 0.9698 at 20C, mw 114, fp −100C, bp 153.9C (760

Hazard: TLV: 2 ppm. Toxic by skin absorption. mm), vap press 4.7 mm at 25C, flash p 135F (OC).

Use: Esters for use in resins and plasticizers, interme- Slightly soluble in water.

diate for pharmaceuticals and other organic chemi- Hazard: TLV: 5 ppm. Skin and eye irritant.

cals, manufacture of glycerol and acrolein, military Use: Resin intermediate, stabilizer of chlorinated

poison, herbicide. compounds, vinyl resins, and rubber.

421-ALLYL-4-HYDROXYBENZENE

1-allyl-4-hydroxybenzene. See chavicol. allyl pelargonate. C

OOC(CH

)

. Prop-

erties: Liquid, fruity odor, bp 87–91C (3 mm), refr

allylic rearrangements. Migration of a C==C index 1.4332 (20.5C). Combustible.

double bond in a three-carbon (allylic) system on

Use: Flavors and perfumes, polymers.

treatment with nucleophiles under S

conditions (or

under S

conditions when the nucleophilic attack

2-allylpentanoic acid.

takes place at the ␥-carbon).

CAS: 1575-72-0. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

allyl-␣-ionone. C

O. Yellow liquid with fru-

ity odor. D 0.928–0.935 (25/25C). Stable, soluble in

p-allylphenol. See chavicol.

70% alcohol. Made synthetically.

Properties: Combustible.

allyl phosphite. See phosphorous acid, trial-

Use: A perfume and flavoring.

lyl ester.

5-allyl-5-isobutylbarbituric acid.

allyl propyl disulfide.

CAS: 2179-59-1. CH

==CHCH

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless;

Properties: Liquid with a pungent, irritating odor.

slightly bitter taste. Mp 138–139C. Soluble in alco-

Mw 148.16, d 0.9289 at 15C. Soluble in ether, car-

hol, ether, and chloroform; almost insoluble in

bon disulfide, and chloroform.

water.

Derivation: The chief volatile constituent of onion

Use: Medicine (sedative).

oil.

See barbiturate.

Hazard: TLV: 2 ppm. Eye irritant.

allyl isocyanate. C

NCO.

allyl resin. A special class of polyester resins

Properties: Colorless liquid, turns yellow on stand-

derived from esters of allyl alcohol and dibasic

ing. D 0.935–0.945 (20C), flash p 110F (43.3C), bp

acids. Common monomers are allyl diglycol car-

85.5–86C, fp less than −80C. Combustible.

bonate, also known as diethylene glycol bis(allyl

Grade: Purity, 98% min.

carbonate), diallyl chlorendate, diallyl phthalate, di-

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Toxic.

allyl isophthalate, and diallyl maleate. Polymeriza-

Use: Organic intermediate, cross-linking agent, poly-

tion occurs through the unsaturated allyl double

mer modifier.

bond to form thermosetting resins that are highly

resistant to chemicals, moisture, abrasion, and heat,

allyl isothiocyanate. (allyl isosulfocyanate;

and have low shrinkage and good electrical resis-

mustard oil; 2-propenyl isothiocyanate).

tivity.

C==CHCH

NCS.

Use: As laminating adhesives and coatings, especial-

Properties: Colorless to pale yellow, oily liquid;

ly by impregnation of layered materials with pre-

pungent, irritating odor; sharp, biting taste. D

polymers (called prepregs); allylic glass cloth, var-

1.013–1.016 (25C), bp 152C, flash p 115F (46.1C),

nishes, applications requiring microwave

refr index 1.527; optically inactive. Soluble in alco-

transparency, encapsulation of electronic parts, vac-

hol, ether, carbon disulfide; slightly soluble in wa-

uum impregnation of metal, casting of ceramics,

ter. Combustible.

molding compositions, heat-resistant furniture fin-

Derivation: Distillation of sodium thiocyanate and

ishes.

allyl chloride, or of seed of black mustard.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

allyl sulfide. (diallyl sulfide; thioallyl ether).

Hazard: Toxic via ingestion, inhalation, skin con-

(CH

CHCH

)

tact; fire risk.

Properties: Colorless liquid with garlic odor. Bp

Use: Fumigant, ointments, and mustard plasters.

139C, d 0.888 (27/4C), refr index 1.4877 (27C).

Insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether,

allyl mercaptan. See allyl thiol.

chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. Combustible.

Use: Component of artificial oil of garlic.

allyl methacrylate. CH

C(CH

)COOC

Use: As monomer and intermediate.

allyl thiol. (allyl mercaptan; 2-propene-1-thi-

ol). CH

CHCH

SH.

4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol. See eugenol.

Properties: Water-white liquid (darkens on stand-

ing); strong garlic odor. D 0.925 (23/4C), bp 90C.

4-allyl-1,2-methylenedioxybenzene. See Insoluble in water; soluble in ether and alcohol.

safrole. Combustible.

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate, rubber accelera-

tor intermediate.

2-(3-allyloxyphenyl)imidazo(2,1-

a)isoquinoline.

CAS: 61001-16-9. mf: C

O. allylthiourea. (allylsulfocarbamide; thiosina-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard. mine; allyl sulfourea). C

NHCSNH

43 “ALSILOX”

Properties: White, crystalline solid; slight garlic

alpaca. A natural fiber obtained from a South

odor; bitter taste. D 1.22; mp 78C. Soluble in water, American animal similar to the llama. Properties

ether, and solutions of borax, benzoates, urethane; resemble those of wool. Used for specialty clothing

insoluble in benzene; slightly soluble in 70% al- and also blended with polyester. Combustible.

cohol.

Derivation: Warming a mixture of equal parts of

“Alpha” [Phillips]. TM for olefin (polypropyl-

allyl isothiocyanate and absolute alcohol with an

ene) fiber.

equal amount of 30% ammonia.

Use: Automotive, home furnishings, and apparel.

Use: Medicine, corrosion inhibitor, organic syn-

thesis.

alpha. (␣). (1) A prefix denoting the position of a

substituting atom or group in an organic compound.

allyltrichlorosilane. CH

CHCH

SiCl

The Greek letters ␣, ␤, ␥, etc., are usually not identi-

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent, irritating

cal with the IUPAC numbering system 1, 2, 3, etc.,

odor. Bp 117.5C; d 1.217 (27C); refr index 1.487

since they do not start from the same carbon atom.

(20C); flash p 95F (35C) (COC). Readily hydro-

However, ␣ and ␤ are used with naphthalene ring

lyzed by moisture with the liberation of hydrochlo-

compounds to show the 1 and 2 positions, respec-

ric acid, polymerizes easily. Fire hazard.

tively. ␣, ␤, etc., are also used to designate attach-

Derivation: Reaction of allyl chloride with silicon

ment to the side chain of a ring compound. (2) Both a

(copper catalyst).

symbol and a term used for relative volatility in

Use: Intermediate for silicones, fiberous glass fin-

distillation. (3) Symbol for optical rotation. (4) A

ishes.

form of radiation consisting of helium nuclei.

See alpha particle. (5) The major allotropic form of a

allyltriphenyl stannane. See allyltriphe-

substance, especially of metals, e.g., ␣-iron.

nyltin.

allyltriphenyltin. alpha-cellulose. See cellulose; ␣-cellulose.

CAS: 76-63-1. mf: C

Sn.

Properties: Needle-like crystals from alc. Mp:

Alpha helix. A helical conformation of a poly-

73−74.5°. Sol in most org solvs.

peptide chain, predominantly right-handed, with

Hazard: A poison. TWA 0.1 mg(Sn)/m

; STEL 0.2

maximal intrachain hydrogen bonding of the pep-

mg(Sn)/m

(skin).

tide bonds; one of the most common secondary

structures in proteins.

4-allyl veratrole. See methyl eugenol.

alpha-hydroxy acids. See: ␣-hydroxy acids

almond oil. The volatile essential oil distilled

from ground kernels of bitter almonds.

Use: Cosmetic creams, perfumes, liqueurs, food fla-

alpha particle. (␣ particle). A helium nucleus

vors (hydrocyanic acid-free). emitted spontaneously from radioactive elements

See amygdalin. Note: “Bitter almonds contain amyg- both natural and manufactured. Its energy is in the

dalin together with an enzyme that catalyzes its range of 4–8 MeV and is dissipated in a very short

hydrolysis. When the kernels are ground and mois- path, i.e., in a few centimeters of air or less than

tened, a volatile oil produced by the hydrolysis can 0.005 mm of aluminum. It has the same mass (4) and

be distilled from them consisting mainly of benzal- positive charge (2) as the helium nucleus. Accelerat-

dehyde and hydrocyanic acid. This is the oil of bitter ed in a cyclotron alpha-particles can be used to

almond used in pharmacy as a food flavor after bombard the nuclei of other elements.

removal of the hydrocyanic acid)” (Eckey, Vegeta- See helium; decay; radioactive.

ble Fats and Oils.).

Alrok process. The immersion of aluminum-

alnico. Coined word for an alloy containing chief-

base metals in a hot solution of alkali carbonate and

ly iron, aluminum, nickel, and cobalt which has

chromate in order to form a corrosion-resistant ox-

outstanding properties as a permanent magnet.

ide film on the surface.

aloin. (barbaloin). A mixture of active principles

“Alpha San” [Milliken]. TM for a nylon car-

obtained from aloe. Varies in properties according

pet yarn, polyamide 6 for hospital, child care, and

to variety used.

office locations.

Properties: Yellow crystals; bitter taste; no or slight

Use: Antimicrobial.

odor of aloe. Darkens on exposure to air. Approx

60% soluble in pyridine; slightly soluble in water

and organic solvents.

“Alsilox” [Eagle-Picher]. TM for a fusion

Grade: Technical. product of 1% alumina, 65% litharge, and 34% sili-

Use: Medicine, proprietary laxatives, electroplating ca, used in ceramics. Available in various particle

baths, fermentation. sizes.

44ALTERNATING POLYMER

alternating polymer. Polymer in which the Properties: Amorphous structure, excellent resis-

tance to all chemicals except hydrochloric and phos-

molecules of different monomers alternate in the

phoric acids and concentrated alkalies. Available in

chain.

both short and long staple. Low heat conductivity,

high thermal shock resistance. Tensile strength

alternative splicing. Different ways of com-

400,000 psi, elastic modulus 16 million psi, upper

bining a gene’s exons to make variants of the com-

temperature limit in oxidizing atmosphere 800C.

plete protein.

Noncombustible.

Derivation: The short fiber type is made by blasting a

altheine. See asparagine.

stream of molten alumina and silica with a steam jet.

Long staple is spun from a molten mixture of alumi-

Altman, Sidney. (1939– ). Awarded Nobel

na and silica modified with zirconium.

Prize in Chemistry in 1989 jointly with Cech for the

Available forms: Fibers, sheets, blankets.

discovery that RNA acts as a biological catalyst as

Use: Nonwoven fabrics (short staple), woven fabric

well as a carrier of genetic information. Doctorate in

structures, cordage, thermal insulation, repair of fur-

1967 from the University of Colorado.

nace linings, piping molten metals, welding insula-

tion (reusable), insulation for rocket and space ap-

alugan. See

plications. Note: In finely divided form, alumina-

bromomethylhexachlorobicycloheptene.

silica is also used as a catalyst.

alum. See aluminum ammonium sulfate; alu-

alumina trihydrate. (aluminum hydroxide;

minum potassium sulfate, aluminum sulfate.

aluminum hydrate; hydrated alumina; hydrated

aluminum oxide). Al

•3H

O or Al(OH)

alum, burnt. (alum, dried). AlK(SO

)

. Alu-

Properties: White crystalline powder, balls, or gran-

minum ammonium sulfate or aluminum potassium

ules. D 2.42. Insoluble in water; soluble in mineral

sulfate heated just sufficiently to drive off the water

acids and caustic soda. Releases water on heating.

of crystallization.

Derivation: From bauxite. The ore is dissolved in

Properties: White, odorless powder; sweetish taste.

strong caustic and aluminum hydroxide precipitated

Absorbs moisture on exposure to air. Soluble in hot

from the sodium aluminate solution by neutraliza-

water; slowly soluble in cold water; insoluble in

tion (as with carbon dioxide) or by autoprecipitation

alcohol.

(Bayer process).

Use: Medicine (astringent).

Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Glass, ceramics, iron-free aluminum and alumi-

alum, chrome. See chromium potassium sul-

num salts, manufacture of activated alumina, base

fate.

for organic lakes, flame retardants, mattress batting.

Finely divided form (0.1–0.6 microns) used for rub-

alum, chrome ammonium. See chromium

ber reinforcing agent, paper coating, filler, cos-

ammonium sulfate.

metics.

alumina. See aluminum oxide and following

aluminium. British spelling of aluminum.

entries.

aluminon. (aurine tricarboxylic acid, ammo-

alumina, activated. A highly porous, granular

nium salt).

form of aluminum oxide having preferential adsorp-

Properties: Mw 473.44, mp 220.5C (decomposes).

tive capacity for moisture and odor contained in

Use: As a reagent for aluminum in solution.

gases and some liquids. When saturated, it can be

regenerated by heat (176–315C). The cycle of ad-

aluminosilicate. A compound of aluminum sili-

sorption and reactivation can be repeated many

cate with metal oxides or other radicals.

times. Granules range in size from powder (7 mi-

Use: Catalyst in refining petroleum, to soften water,

crons for chromatographic work) to pieces approxi-

and in detergents. The sodium compound,

mately 1.5 inches in diameter. Average density ap-

[(AlO

)

(SiO

)

]

O, is typical.

proximately 50 lb/cu ft.

See zeolite; molecular sieve.

Use: An effective desiccant for gases and vapors in

the petroleum industry. It is also used as a catalyst or

catalyst carrier in chromatography, and in water

aluminum. (Al; aluminium).

purification.

CAS: 7429-90-5. Metallic element of atomic num-

See aluminum oxide.

ber 13; group IIIA of the periodic table; aw

26.98154; valence 3; no stable isotopes. Monova-

alumina, fused. See aluminum oxide.

lent in high-temperature compounds (AlCl and

AlF). Most abundant metal in earth’s crust; third

alumina gel. See aluminum hydroxide gel.

most abundant of all elements. Does not occur free

in nature.

alumina-silica fiber. Properties: Silvery white, crystalline solid. Tensile

45 ALUMINUM ANTIMONIDE

strength (annealed) 6800 psi, cold-rolled 16,000 psi.

aluminum acetate. A salt obtained by reaction

of aluminum hydroxide and acetic acid with subse-

D 2.708, mp 660C, bp 2450C. Forms protective

quent recrystallization. Its neutral form Al(C

)

coating of aluminum oxide approximately 50 A

is a white, water-soluble powder used in solution as

thick, which makes it highly resistant to ordinary

an antiseptic, astringent, and antiperspirant. Its basic

corrosion. Attacked by concentrated and dilute solu-

form is Al(C

)

OH, also known as aluminum

tions of hydrochloric acid, hot concentrated sulfuric

diacetate and aluminum subacetate. It is a crystalline

acid, and perchloric acid. Also violently attacked by

solid, insoluble in water, used as a mordant in textile

strong alkalies. Rapidly oxidized by water at 180C.

dyeing, as a flame retardant and waterproofing

Not attacked by dilute or cold concentrated sulfuric

agent, and in manufacture of lakes and pigments.

acid or concentrated nitric acid. Can ignite violently

See mordant rouge.

in powder form. Electrical conductivity approxi-

mately two-thirds that of copper. Aluminum quali-

aluminum acetylacetonate. Al(C

)

fies as both a light metal and a heavy metal, accord-

Properties: Solid. Mp 189C, bp 315C. Soluble in

ing to their definitions.

benzene and alcohol.

Derivation: From bauxite by Bayer process and sub-

Use: Deposition of aluminum, catalyst.

sequent electrolytic reduction by Hall process.

There are several processes for obtaining ultrapure

aluminum alkyl. (Al trialkyl). Catalyst used

aluminum: (1) electrolytic (three-layer), (2) zone

in the Ziegler process.

refining, and (3) chemical refining. Impurities as

Hazard: Pyrophoric liquid.

low as 0.2 ppm are possible.

See triethylaluminum; triisobutylaluminum.

More efficient processes are the Alcoa and Toth

processes which require much less electric power

aluminum alloy. Aluminum containing vari-

than the Hall process. Another method, using no

able amounts of manganese, silicon, copper, magne-

electricity, involves heating a mixture of aluminum

sium, lead, bismuth, nickel, chromium, zinc, or tin.

ores with a coal-derived fuel in a closed furnace.

A wide range of uses and properties is possible.

Still another process called calsintering, using fly

Alloys may be obtained for casting or working, heat-

ash as a source of alumina, has been described

treatable or non-heat-treatable, with a wide range of

strength, corrosion resistance, machinability, and

(1978). See calsintering.

weldability.

Available forms: Structural shapes of all types,

See duralumin.

plates, rods, wire foil flakes, powder (technical and

USP). Aluminum can be electrolytically coated and

aluminum ammonium chloride. (ammo-

dyed by the anodizing process (see anodic coating);

nium aluminum chloride). AlCl

•NH

Cl.

it can be foamed by incorporating zirconium hydride

Properties: White crystals. Mp 304C. Soluble in

in molten aluminum, and it is often alloyed with

water.

other metals or mechanically combined (fused or

Use: Fur treatment.

bonded) with boron and sapphire fibers or whiskers.

Strengths up to 55,000 psi at 500C have been ob-

aluminum ammonium sulfate. (ammonium

tained in such composites. A vapor-deposition tech-

alum; alum NF). Al

(SO

)

(NH

)

•24H

Oor

nique is used to form a tightly adherent coating from

AlNH

(SO

)

•12H

0.2 to 1 mil thick on titanium and steel.

Properties: Colorless crystals; odorless; strong as-

Hazard: Fine powder forms flammable and explo-

tringent taste. D 1.645, mp 94.5C, bp loses 20 waters

sive mixtures in air. TLV: Metal and Oxide: TWA

at 120C. Soluble in water and glycerol; insoluble in

10 mg/m

(dust), Pyro Powders and Welding Fumes:

alcohol.

TWA 5 mg/m

, Soluble Salts and Alkyls: TWA 2

Derivation: By crystallization from a mixture of

mg/m

ammonium and aluminum sulfates.

Use: Building and construction, corrosion-resistant

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

chemical equipment (desalination plants), die-cast

Grade: Technical, lump, ground, powdered, CP, NF,

auto parts, electrical industry (power transmission

FCC.

lines), photoengraving plates, permanent magnets,

Use: Mordant in dyeing, water and sewage purifica-

cryogenic technology, machinery and accessory

tion, sizing paper, retanning leather, clarifying

equipment, miscible food-processing equipment,

agent, food additive, manufacture of lakes and pig-

tubes for ointments, toothpaste, shaving cream, etc.

ments, and fur treatment.

Also as a powder in paints and protective coatings,

as rocket fuel, as an ingredient of incendiary mix-

aluminum, anodized. See anodic coating.

tures (thermite) and pyrotechnic devices, as a cata-

lyst, and for foamed concrete vacuum metallizing

aluminum antimonide. AlSb.

and coating. Other uses are as foil in packaging,

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 1050C.

cooking, and decorative stamping, and as flakes for

Derivation: Fusion of the elements followed by zone

insulation of liquid fuels.

refining to purify.

See aluminum alloy. Use: Semiconductor technology.

46ALUMINUM ARSENIDE

aluminum arsenide. AlAs. A semiconductor the following grades: litho, molding, printing-ink,

used in rectifiers, transistors, thermistors. and radiator.

Hazard: Poisonous by ingestion.

Use: A pigment in paints and inks.

aluminum-n-butoxide. Al(OC

)

aluminum borate. Al

•B

Properties: Yellow to white crystalline solid. Mp

Properties: White, granular powder; decomposed by

101.5C (pure) and 88–96C (commercial), d 1.0251

water.

(20C), bp 290–310C (30 mm). Soluble in aromatic,

Derivation: Interaction of aluminum hydroxide and

aliphatic, and chlorinated hydrocarbons.

boric oxide.

Use: Ester exchange catalyst, defoamer ingredient,

Grade: Technical, CP.

hydrophobic agent, intermediate.

Use: Glass and ceramic industries, polymerization

catalyst.

aluminum calcium hydride. (calcium alu-

minum hydride). Al

CaH

aluminum boride.

Properties: Grayish solid. Soluble in tetrahydrofu-

Properties: Powder. Apparent bulk density, (fully

ran, insoluble in benzene.

settled, light) 0.6–0.8 g/cc; dense, 1.2–1.4 g/cc; high

Derivation: Reaction of AlCl

and CaH

in tetrahy-

neutron absorption.

drofuran.

Use: Nuclear shielding.

Hazard: Flammable in contact with water and alco-

hols. Spontaneous ignition in moist air: store and

aluminum borohydride. Al(BH

)

handle in nitrogen.

Properties: Volatile, pyrophoric liquid. Bp 44.5C; fp

Use: Versatile reducing agent.

−64.5C.

Derivation: (1) By reaction of sodium borohydride

aluminum calcium silicate.

and aluminum chloride in the presence of a small

Hazard: A nuisance dust.

amount of tributyl phosphate; (2) by reaction of

Use: Food additive.

trimethylaluminum and diborane.

Hazard: Ignites spontaneously in air, reacts violently

with water.

aluminum carbide. Al

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis, jet fuel addi-

Properties: Yellow crystals or powder. D 2.36, sta-

tive, reducing agent.

ble to 1400C. Decomposes in water with liberation

of methane.

Derivation: By heating aluminum oxide and coke in

aluminum brass. An alloy containing 76%

an electric furnace.

copper, 21.5–22.25% zinc, and 1.75–2.50% alu-

Grade: Technical.

minum.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk in contact with mois-

Use: Condenser, evaporator, and heat exchanger

ture.

tubes and ferrules.

Use: Generating methane, catalyst, metallurgy, dry-

ing agent, reducing agent.

aluminum bromide. (1) AlBr

; (2)

AlBr

•6H

aluminum carbonate. A basic carbonate of

Properties: White to yellowish, deliquescent crys-

variable composition; formula sometimes given as

tals. Exists as double molecules Al

in the vapor.

•CO

. White lumps or powder, insoluble in

(1) D 3.01, mp 97.5C, bp 265C; (2) d 2.54, mp 93C

water; dissolves in hot hydrochloric acid or sulfuric

(decomposes). Soluble in alcohol, carbon disulfide,

acid. Formerly used as mild astringent, styptic. Nor-

or ether.

mal aluminum carbonate Al

(CO

)

is not known as

Derivation: (1) By passing bromine over heated alu-

an individual compound.

minum; (2) reaction of hydrogen bromide with alu-

minum hydroxide.

Hazard: The anhydrous form reacts violently with

aluminum chlorate. Al(ClO

)

water; corrosive to skin.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Deliquescent; soluble

Use: Anhydrous: bromination, alkylation, and isom-

in water and alcohol.

erization catalyst in organic synthesis.

Hazard: Powerful oxidizing material: keep out of

contact with combustibles.

Use: Disinfectant, color control of acrylic resins.

aluminum bronze. An alloy containing

88–96.1% copper, 2.3–10.5% aluminum, and small

amounts of iron and tin. Characterized by high

aluminum chloride, anhydrous. AlCl

strength, ductility, hardness, and resistance to Properties: White or yellowish crystals. D 2.44

shock, fatigue, most chemicals, and seawater. (25C), mp 190C (2.5 atm), sublimes readily at 178C.

Grade: Powder that is also called gold bronze pow- The vapor consists of double molecules Al

. Sol-

der. An alloy of 90% copper and 10% aluminum uble in water.

reduced from leaf form to powder, polished me- Derivation: (1) By reaction of purified gaseous chlo-

chanically, and coated with stearic acid. Available in rine with molten aluminum; (2) by reaction of baux-

47 ALUMINUM FORMATE, NORMAL

ite with coke and chlorine at approximately 875C.

aluminum ethylate. (aluminum ethoxide).

(This product is used to make the hydrate). Al(OC

)

Impurities: Ferric chloride-free aluminum, insol- Properties: Colorless liquid which gradually solidi-

ubles. fies. Bp 200C (6 mm), mp 140C. Partly soluble in

high-boiling organic solvents.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

Derivation: Reaction of aluminum with ethanol, cat-

Hazard: Powerful irritant to tissue; moderately toxic

alyzed by iodine and mercuric chloride.

by ingestion. Reacts violently with water, evolving

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

hydrogen chloride gas.

Use: Reducing agent for aldehydes and ketones, po-

Use: Ethylbenzene catalyst, dyestuff intermediate,

lymerization catalyst.

detergent alkylate, ethyl chloride, pharmaceuticals

and organics (Friedel-Crafts catalyst), butyl rubber,

petroleum refining, hydrocarbon resins, nucleating

aluminum ethylhexoate. (aluminum oc-

agent for titanium dioxide pigments.

toate). A metallic salt of 2-ethylhexoic acid.

Use: A gelling agent for liquid hydrocarbons, and a

aluminum chloride hydrate. AlCl

•6H

paint additive.

Properties: White or yellowish, deliquescent, crys-

talline powder; nearly odorless; sweet astringent

aluminum fluoride, anhydrous. AlF

taste. D 2.4, mp (decomposes). Soluble in water and

Properties: White crystals. Sublimes at approxi-

alcohol. The water solution is acid.

mately 1250C, d 2.882. Slightly soluble in water;

Derivation: By crystallizing the anhydrous form

insoluble in most organic solvents.

from hydrochloric acid solution.

Derivation: (1) Action of hydrogen fluoride gas on

Grade: Technical, CP, NF. Aluminum chloride solu-

alumina trihydrate; (2) reaction of hydrogen fluo-

tion 32° Be´ is a special grade consisting of a solution

ride on a suspension of aluminum trihydrate, fol-

containing only 0.005% iron as impurity, and having

lowed by calcining the hydrate formed; (3) reaction

an acid reaction but containing no free acid.

of fluosilicic acid on aluminum hydrate.

Use: Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics (antiperspi-

Grade: Technical.

rants), pigments, roofing granules, special papers,

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

photography, textiles (wool).

Use: Production of aluminum to lower the melting

point and increase the conductivity of the electro-

aluminum chlorohydrate. [Al

(OH)

Cl]

.An

lyte, flux in ceramic glazes and enamels, manufac-

ingredient of commercial antiperspirant and deodor-

ture of aluminum silicate, catalyst.

ant preparations. Also used for water purification

and treatment of sewage and plant effluent.

aluminum fluoride, hydrate. AlF

•3.5H

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Slightly solu-

aluminum dextran. See aluminum monos-

ble in water.

tearate.

Derivation: Action of hydrofluoric acid on alumina

trihydrate and subsequent recovery by crystalliza-

aluminum diacetate. See aluminum acetate.

tion.

Grade: Technical, CP.

aluminum diethyl monochloride. See die-

Hazard: See fluorine.

thylaluminum chloride.

Use: Ceramics (production of white enamel).

aluminum diformate. (aluminum formate,

aluminum fluorosilicate. See aluminum

basic). Al(OH)(CHO

)

•H

hexafluorosilicate.

Properties: White or gray powder. Soluble in water.

Derivation: Aluminum hydroxide is dissolved in

aluminum fluosilicate. (aluminum silico-

formic acid and spray-dried. Solutions are also pre-

fluoride). Al

(SiF

)

pared by treating aluminum sulfate with formic acid,

Properties: White powder. Slightly soluble in cold

followed by lime.

water, readily soluble in hot water.

Grade: Technical, solutions (12–20° Be´).

Grade: Technical.

Use: Waterproofing, mordanting, antiperspirants,

Hazard: See fluorine.

tanning leather, improving wet strength of paper.

Use: Artificial gems, enamels, glass.

aluminum distearate.

aluminum formate. See aluminum trifor-

CAS: 300-92-5. Al(OH)(C

)

mate; aluminum diformate.

Properties: White powder. Mp 145C, d 1.009. Insol-

uble in water, alcohol, ether. Forms gel with aliphat-

aluminum formate, basic. See aluminum

ic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

diformate.

Hazard: TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

Use: Thickener in paints, inks, and greases; water

repellent; lubricant in plastics and cordage; and in

aluminum formate, normal. See aluminum

cement production. triformate.

48ALUMINUM FORMOACETATE

aluminum formoacetate. aluminum iodide. AlI

(anhydrous).

Al(OH)(OOCH)(OOCCH

). Properties: Brown-black, crystalline pieces (white

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water and al- when pure). Mp 191C, bp 385C, d 3.9825. Soluble in

cohol alcohol, ether, carbon disulfide.

Use: Textile water repellents. Derivation: Heating aluminum and iodine in a sealed

tube.

Method of purification: Crystallization.

aluminum hexafluorosilicate.

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 17099-70-6. mf: F

•2Al.

Hazard: Reacts violently with water.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis.

Source: Natural product.

aluminum isopropoxide. See aluminum iso-

aluminum hydrate. See alumina trihydrate.

propylate.

aluminum hydride. AlH

aluminum isopropylate. (aluminum isopro-

Properties: White to gray powder. Decomposes at

poxide). Al(OC

)

160C (100C if catalyzed). Evolves hydrogen on

Properties: White solid. D 1.035 (20C), mp

contact with water.

128–132C, bp 138–148C (10 mm). Soluble in alco-

Hazard: Dangerous fire and explosion risk.

hol and benzene; decomposes in water.

Use: Electroless coatings on plastics, textiles, fibers,

Derivation: From isopropanol and aluminum.

other metals; polymerization catalyst; reducing

Grade: Distilled (purity approximately 100%).

agent.

Use: Dehydrating agent, catalyst, waterproofing tex-

tiles, organic synthesis, paints.

aluminum hydroxide. See alumina trihyd-

rate.

aluminum lactate. C

AlO

Properties: Colorless, water-soluble powder.

aluminum hydroxide gel. (hydrous alumi-

Use: Fire foam.

num oxide; alumina gel). Al

•xH

Properties: White, gelatinous precipitate. Constants

aluminum metaphosphate. Al(PO

)

variable with the composition, d approx 2.4. Insolu-

Properties: White powder. Mp approximately

ble in water and alcohol, soluble in acid and alkali.

1527C. Insoluble in water.

Noncombustible.

Use: As a constituent of glazes, enamels, and glasses,

Derivation: By treating a solution of aluminum sul-

and as a high-temperature insulating cement.

fate or chloride with caustic soda, sodium carbonate,

or ammonia, by precipitation from sodium alumi-

aluminum monobasic stearate. See alumi-

nate solution, by seeding or by acidifying (carbon

num monostearate.

dioxide is commonly used).

Grade: Technical, CP, USP (containing 4% Al

NF (dried containing 50% Al

aluminum monopalmitate. See aluminum

Use: Dyeing mordant, water purification, water-

palmitate.

proofing fabrics, manufacture of lakes, filtering me-

dium, chemicals (aluminum salts), lubricating com-

aluminum monostearate. (aluminum dex-

positions, manufacture of glass, sizing paper,

tran; aluminum monobasic stearate).

ceramic glaze, antacid.

Al(OH)

[OOC(CH

)

]. A complex containing

aluminum and dextran, a chain of molecular weight

aluminum hydroxystearate.

2500, corresponding to a chain of 15 anhydroglu-

Al(OH)[OOC(CH

)

O(CH

)

]

cose units.

Properties: White powder. Mp 155C, d 1.045. Less

Properties: Fine, white to yellowish-white powder;

soluble in nonpolar compounds than other alumi-

faint characteristic odor. Mw 344.48, mp 155C, d

num stearates, and more soluble in polar com-

1.020. Insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Forms

pounds.

a gel with aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Use: Waterproofing of leather and cements; lubricant

Derivation: Mixing solutions of a soluble aluminum

for plastics and ropes; paints and inks.

salt and sodium stearate.

Grade: USP, which describes it as a mixture of the

monostearate and monopalmitate containing

aluminum hypophosphite. AlH

14.5–16.0% Al

Properties: Crystalline solid. Decomposes at 218C.

Hazard: TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

Insoluble in water; soluble in hydrochloric acid,

Use: Paints, inks, greases, waxes, thickening lubri-

weak sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide solution.

cating oils; waterproofing, gloss producer, stabilizer

Derivation: By heating an aluminum salt solution

for plastics, food additive.

with sodium hypophosphite.

Hazard: Decomposes to toxic phosphine.

Use: Finishing agent for polyacrylonitrile fiber.

aluminum naphthenate.

49 ALUMINUM PHOSPHATE

Properties: Yellow substance of rubbery consisten- Properties: Vary according to the method of prepa-

ration. White powder, balls, or lumps of various

cy with high thickening power. Combustible.

mesh. D 3.4–4.0, mp 2030C, insoluble in water,

Derivation: Reaction of an aluminum salt with an

difficultly soluble in mineral acids and strong alkali.

alkali naphthenate in aqueous solution.

Noncombustible.

Use: Paint and varnish drier and bodying agent, de-

Derivation: (1) Leaching of bauxite with caustic

tergent in lube oils, the solution in organic solvents

soda followed by precipitation of a hydrated alumi-

has been proposed for insecticides and siccatives.

num oxide by hydrolysis and seeding of the solution.

See soap (2).

The alumina hydrate is then washed, filtered, and

calcined to remove water and obtain the anhydrous

aluminum nicotinate.

oxide. (2) Aluminum sulfate from coal mine waste-

CAS: 1976-28-9. mf: C

AlN

waters is reduced to alumina.

Properties: Solid.

Grade: Technical, CP, fibers, high purity, fused,

Use: Food additive.

calcined.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of dust. TLV: 10 mg/

aluminum nitrate. Al(NO

)

•9H

Properties: White crystals. Mp 73C, decomposes at

Use: Production of aluminum, manufacture of abra-

150C. Soluble in cold water, alcohol and acetone;

sives, refractories, ceramics, electrical insulators,

decomposes in hot water.

catalyst and catalyst supports, paper, spark plugs,

Derivation: Formed by the action of nitric acid on

crucibles and laboratory wares, adsorbent for gases

aluminum and crystallization.

and water vapors (see alumina, activated), chroma-

Grade: Technical, CP (99.75%)

tographic analysis, fluxes, lightbulbs, artificial

Hazard: Powerful oxidizing agent. Do not store near

gems, heat-resistant fibers, food additive (dispers-

combustible materials.

ing agent).

Use: Textiles (mordant), leather tanning, manufac-

See alumina trihydrate; aluminum hydroxide gel;

ture of incandescent filaments, catalyst in petroleum

alumina, activated.

refining, nucleonics, anticorrosion agent, antiper-

spirant.

aluminum oxide, hydrated. See alumina

aluminum nitride. AlN.

trihydrate.

Properties: Crystalline solid. D 3.10, mp 2150C (4.3

atm), Mohs hardness 9+, decomposes when wet into

aluminum oxide, hydrous. See aluminum

aluminum hydroxide and ammonia.

hydroxide gel.

Derivation: From coal and bauxite when heated in a

stream of nitrogen.

aluminum palmitate. (aluminum monopal-

Use: As semiconductor in electronics; nitriding of

mitate). Al(OH)

steel.

Properties: White powder. Mp 200C, d 1.072. Insol-

uble in alcohol and water; forms gel with hydrocar-

aluminum oleate. Al(C

)

bons. Combustible.

Properties: Yellowish-white, viscous mass. Insolu-

Derivation: By heating aluminum hydroxide and

ble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether, oil,

palmitic acid and water. The resultant mixture is

and turpentine. Combustible.

filtered and dried.

Derivation: By heating aluminum hydroxide, water,

Use: Waterproofing leather, paper, textiles; thicken-

and oleic acid. The resultant mixture is filtered and

ing for lubricating oils; thickening or suspending

dried.

agent in paints and inks; production of high gloss on

Use: Waterproofing, drier for paints, etc.; thickener

leather and paper; ingredient of varnishes; lubricant

for lubricating oils; medicine; as lacquer for metals;

for plastics; food additive.

lubricant for plastics; food additive.

aluminum paste. Aluminum powder ground in

aluminum orthophosphate. See aluminum

oil.

phosphate.

Use: Aluminum paints.

aluminum oxalate. Al

Properties: Finely divided solid (as hydrate), soluble

aluminum phosphate. (aluminum ortho-

in nitric and sulfuric acids, almost insoluble in water

phosphate). AlPO

and alcohol.

Properties: White crystals. D 2.566, mp 1500C. In-

Use: Mordant and dyeing assistant.

soluble in water and alcohol, slightly soluble in

hydrochloric acid and nitric acid.

aluminum oxide. (alumina). Derivation: Interaction of solutions of aluminum

CAS: 1344-28-1. Al

. The mineral corundum is sulfate and sodium phosphate.

natural aluminum oxide, and emery, ruby, and sap- Hazard: Solutions are corrosive to tissue.

phire are impure crystalline varieties. The mixed Use: Ceramics, dental cements, cosmetics, paints and

mineral bauxite is a hydrated aluminum oxide. varnishes, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper.

50ALUMINUM PHOSPHIDE

aluminum phosphide. AlP. Use: Same as for clay.

Properties: Dark gray or dark yellow crystals. D See mullite; kaolin; “Satintone” [Engelhard].

2.85.

Hazard: Dangerous fire risk. It evolves phosphine.

aluminum silicofluoride. See aluminum

Use: Insecticide, fumigant, semiconductor tech-

fluosilicate.

nology.

aluminum silicon. A light-weight alloy avail-

able as ingots or in powder form and used for auto-

aluminum picrate. Al[(NO

)

motive parts, construction, etc. For new manufactur-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation, danger-

ing method, see aluminum derivation.

ous fire risk in contact with combustibles, severe

Hazard: Powder is flammable, dangerous fire risk.

explosion risk when shocked or heated; strong oxi-

dizer.

aluminum soaps. See aluminum oleate; alu-

Use: Explosive compositions.

minum palmitate; aluminum resinate; aluminum

stearate; soap (2).

aluminum potassium sulfate. (potash

alum; alum NF; potassium alum).

aluminum sodium chloride. See sodium

CAS: 7784-24-9. Al

(SO

)

•K

•24H

O, some-

tetrachloroaluminate.

times written AlK(SO

)

•12H

Properties: White; odorless crystals; astringent

aluminum sodium sulfate. (SAS; sodium

taste. D 1.75, mp 92C, bp loses 18 H

O at 64.5C,

aluminum sulfate; soda alum; alum).

anhydrous at 200C. Soluble in water; insoluble in

(SO

)

•Na

•24H

O or AlNa(SO

)

•12H

alcohol. Solutions in water are acid. Noncombust-

Properties: Colorless crystals; saline, astringent

ible.

taste; effloresces in air. D 1.675, mp 61C. Soluble in

Derivation: (1) From alunite, leucite, or similar min-

water, insoluble in alcohol. Noncombustible.

eral. (2) Also derived by crystallization from a solu-

Derivation: By heating a solution of aluminum sul-

tion made by dissolving aluminum sulfate and po-

fate and adding sodium chloride. The solution is

tassium sulfate and mixing.

allowed to cool with constant stirring. The alum

Grade: Technical, lump, ground, powdered, NF,

meal deposited is washed with water and centri-

FCC.

fuged.

Use: Dyeing (mordant), paper, matches, paints, tan-

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

ning agents, waterproofing agents, purification of

Grade: Pure crystals, technical, CP, FCC.

water, aluminum salts, food additive, baking pow-

Use: Textiles (mordant, waterproofing), dry colors,

der, astringent, cement hardener.

ceramics, tanning, paper size precipitant, matches,

inks, engraving, sugar refining, water purification,

aluminum resinate.

medicine, confectionery, baking powders, food ad-

Properties: Brown solid. Insoluble in water; soluble

ditive.

in oils.

Derivation: Heating together soluble aluminum salts

aluminum stearate. (aluminum tristearate).

and rosin.

CAS: 637-12-7 C

105

•Al.

Grade: Technical (fused, prepicitated).

Properties: White powder. D 1.070, mp 115C. Insol-

Use: Drier for varnishes.

uble in water, alcohol, ether; soluble in alkali, petro-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

leum, turpentine oil. Forms gel with aliphatic and

aromatic hydrocarbons.

aluminum rubidium sulfate. (rubidium

Derivation: Reaction of aluminum salts with stearic

alum). AlRb(SO

)

•12H

acid.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in hot water,

Grade: Technical.

insoluble in alcohol. D 1.867, mp 99C.

Hazard: TWA 10 mg/m

Use: Paint and varnish drier, greases, waterproofing

aluminum salicylate. Al(C

OHCOO)

agent, cement additive, lubricants, cutting com-

Properties: Reddish-white powder. Odorless. Solu-

pounds, flatting agent, cosmetics and pharmaceuti-

ble in dilute alkalies; insoluble in water, and alcohol.

cals, defoaming agent in beet sugar and yeast pro-

Decomposed by acid.

cessing.

Use: Medicine.

aluminum subacetate. See aluminum ace-

tate.

aluminum silicate. Any of the numerous types

of clay which contain varying proportions of Al

and SiO

. Made synthetically by heating aluminum aluminum sulfate. (alum; pearl alum; pickle

fluoride at 1000–2000C with silica and water vapor; alum; cake alum; filter alum; papermakers’

the crystals or whiskers obtained are up to 1 cm long, alum; patent alum). (1) Al

(SO

)

; (2)

have high strength, and are used in reinforced Al

(SO

)

•18H

plastics. Properties: White crystals; sweet taste. Noncom-

51 AMALGAM

bustible. Stable in air, d (1) 2.71, (2) 1.62, mp de- Derivation: Castor oil.

composes at 770C. Soluble in water; insoluble in Use: Gelling agent, waterproofing, solvent-resistant

alcohol. lubricants.

Derivation: (1) By treating pure kaolin or aluminum

hydroxide or bauxite with sulfuric acid. The insolu-

aluminum tristearate. See aluminum stea-

ble silicic acid is removed by filtration, and the

rate.

sulfate is obtained by crystallization. (2) Similarly,

from waste coal-mining shale and sulfuric acid.

alum, NF. May be either aluminum ammonium

Grade: Iron-free, technical, CP, USP, FCC. A liquid

sulfate or aluminum potassium sulfate.

form (49.7 H

O) is also available.

Use: Sizing paper, lakes, alums, dyeing mordant

alum, papermakers. See aluminum sulfate.

foaming agent in fire foams, cloth fireproofing,

white leather tannage, catalyst in manufacturing eth-

alum, pearl. Specially prepared aluminum sul-

ane, pH control in paper industry, waterproofing

fate for the papermaking industry.

agent for concrete, clarifier for fats and oils, lubri-

cating compositions, deodorizer and decolorizer in

alum, pickle. Aluminum sulfate prepared to

petroleum refining, sewage precipitating agent and

meet specifications of packers and preservers.

for water purification, food additive.

alum, porous. See aluminum sodium sulfate.

aluminum sulfide. Al

Properties: Yellowish-gray lumps. Odor of hydro-

alum, potash. See aluminum potassium sul-

gen sulfide. Decomposes in moist air to hydrogen

fate.

sulfide and a gray powder. D 2.02, mp 1100C.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and mucous membranes.

alum, soda. See aluminum sodium sulfate.

Use: To prepare hydrogen sulfide.

alunite. (alum stone).

aluminum tartrate. C

CAS: 1344-28-1. KAl

(OH)

(SO

)

. A naturally oc-

Properties: Crystalline powder. Soluble in hot water

curring basic potassium aluminum sulfate usually

and ammonia.

found with volcanic and other igneous rocks.

Use: Textile dyeing auxiliary.

Occurrence: Utah, Arizona, California, Colorado,

Nevada, Washington, Italy, Australia.

aluminum thiocyanate. (aluminum sulfocya-

Use: Production of aluminum potassium compounds,

nate). Al(SCN)

millstones, substitute for bauxite in aluminum man-

Properties: Yellowish powder. Soluble in water; in-

ufacture, decolorizing and deodorizing agent, fertil-

soluble in alcohol and ether.

izer.

Use: Mordant for textile dyeing, manufacturing pot-

tery.

Am. Symbol for americium.

aluminum trialkyl. See triethylaluminum;

“AMA-10” [Vinings].

triisobutylaluminum.

CAS: 6317-18-6. TM for methylene bisthiocyanate.

Grade: 99% dry powder, 10% solution.

aluminum tributyl. See n-tributyl alu-

Available forms: Powder, liquid.

minum.

Use: Pesticide, raw materials for use in paper mills,

cooling towers, petroleum drilling, water treatment,

aluminum triethyl. See triethyl aluminum.

leather processing.

aluminum triformate. (aluminum formate,

Amadori rearrangement. Conversion of N-

normal). Al(HCOO)

•3H

glycosides of aldoses to N-glycosides of the corre-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Soluble in

sponding ketoses by acid or base catalysis.

hot water; slightly soluble in cold water.

Use: Textile (delustering rayon, mordanting, water-

amagat unit. A compressibility factor, equal to

proofing, after-treatment of dyeings), paper (sizing),

pressure in atmospheres times volume under stan-

fur dyeing (mordant), and medicine.

dard conditions.

aluminum trimethyl. See trimethyl alu-

amalgam. A mixture or alloy of mercury with

minum.

any of a number of metals or alloys, including cesi-

um, sodium, tin, zinc, lithium, potassium, gold, and

aluminum triricinoleate. silver as well as with some nonmetals. Dental amal-

Al(C

OHCOO)

. gams are mixtures of mercury with a silver tin alloy.

Properties: Yellowish to brown plastic mass. Mp A sodium amalgam is formed in the preparation of

95C. Limited solubility in most organic solvents. pure sodium hydroxide by electrolysis of brine.

Combustible. Use: Dental fillings, silvering mirrors, catalysis, ana-

52AMANITIN

lytical separation of metals; to facilitate application exchange capacity and porosity, for removing sim-

of active metals such as sodium, aluminum, and zinc ple and complex cations and anions from aqueous

in the preparation of titanium, etc., or in reduction of and nonaqueous solutions. Reversible in action; can

organic compounds. be regenerated.

See sodium amalgam. Grade: Laboratory, liquid, nuclear, mixed bed, phar-

maceutical.

amanitin. (␣)C

S. (␤)C

S. Use: Water conditioning (softening and complete

Toxic principle from a species of mushroom (Ama-

deionization), recovery and concentration of metals,

nita phalloides). The ␤ form has been obtained as

antibiotics, vitamins, organic bases, catalysis, de-

acicular crystals which are soluble in water, metha-

colorization of sugar, manufacture of chemicals,

nol, and ethanol.

neutralization of acid mine-water drainage, analyti-

Hazard: A poison!! Ingestion may be fatal.

cal chemistry, water treatment in nuclear reactors,

pharmaceuticals.

amantadine hydrochloride. (1-adamantana-

mine hydrochloride). C

•HCl. A derivative of

“Amberol” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for male-

adamantane. An anti-viral drug. Also used in treat-

ic-resin and resin-modified and unmodified phenol-

ment of Parkinson’s disease.

formaldehyde-type polymers in solid form. They

See “Symmetrel” [Du Pont].

react with various oils to produce fast-drying, high-

gloss protective coatings and vehicles for printing

amaranth. (FDC Red No. 2; Red Dye No.

inks.

2).

Use: Varnishes, enamels, can liners, nitrocellulose

CAS: 915-67-3.

sanding sealers, printing inks, tackifying and vul-

NaSO

N==NC

(SO

Na)

OH. An azo dye

canization of butyl rubber.

derived from naphthionic and R acids.

Properties: Dark red to purple powder. D approxi-

“Ambien” [Searle]. TM for zolpidem tartrate.

mately 1.50. Soluble in water, glycerol, propylene

Use: Drug.

glycol; insoluble in most organic solvents.

Hazard: An experimental carcinogen. May not be

ambient temperature. The temperature of the

used in foods, drugs, or cosmetics.

environment in which an experiment is conducted or

Use: Formerly a certified food and drug colorant.

in which any physical or chemical event occurs.

(Replaced for some applications by FDC Red No.

See room temperature.

40.) Textile dye, color photography.

ambithion. See fenitrothion-malathion mix-

amatol. An explosive mixture of ammonium ni-

ture.

trate and TNT. The 50:50 mixture can be melted and

poured for filling small shells; the 80% ammonium

“Ambitrol” [Dow]. TM for coolants used in

nitrate mixture is granular.

stationary industrial engines.

Hazard: Highly explosive. A powerful irritant to

mucous membranes and by skin absorption.

amblygonite. Li(AlF)PO

or AlPO

•LiF. A natu-

ral fluorophosphate of aluminum and lithium.

amber. A polymerized fossil resin derived from

Properties: White to grayish-white. Contains up to

an extinct variety of pine. Readily accumulates stat-

10.1% lithia, sometimes with partial replacement by

ic electrical charge by friction; good electrical insu-

sodium. D 3.01–3.09, Mohs hardness 6.

lator.

Occurrence: California, Maine, Connecticut, South

Dakota, Germany, Norway, France.

ambergris. A waxy, opaque mass containing

Use: A source of lithium used in glazes and coatings.

80% cholesterol formed in the intestinal tract of the

sperm whale and found on beaches or afloat in the

ambomycin (USAN). An antibiotic produced

ocean.

by Streptomyces ambofaciens.

Use: A fixative in perfumes, now largely replaced by

synthetic products.

ambrette seed oil.

Properties: Volatile oil from seeds of Abelmoschus

“Amberlac” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for mod-

moschatus Moench, syn. Hibsiscus Abelmoschus L.

ified alkyd-type resins for quick-drying lacquers.

(Fam. Malvaceae). Amber liquid; odor of ambretto-

Use: Metal primers, bottle cap coatings, food can

lide. Sol in fixed oils; insol in glycerin, propylene

coatings, appliance coatings.

glycol.

Use: Food additive.

“Amberlite” [Rohm & Haas]. TM for sev-

eral types of ion-exchange resins. Insoluble cross-

linked polymers of various types in minute bead

ambrettolide. (␻,6-hexadecenlactone; 6-hexa-

form. Strong acid, weak acid, strong base, and weak decenolide; 16-hydroxy-6-hexadecenoic acid; ␻-

base forms, each having various grades differing in lactone). C

53 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS

Properties: Colorless liquid having powerful musk-

American Chemical Society. (ACS).

like odor. Found in ambrette-seed oil. Founded in 1876. It has over 161,000 members. The

Use: Flavoring, perfume fixative. nationally chartered professional society for chem-

ists in the U.S. One of the largest scientific organiza-

tions in the world. Its offices are at 1155 16th St.,

“Amerchol” [Dow]. TM for a series of surface-

NW, Washington DC 20036. For further informa-

active lanolin derivatives; most are soft solids.

tion, see Appendix IIB. Website: http://

Use: Emulsifiers and stabilizers for water and oil

www.acs.org

systems, emollients in pharmaceuticals and cos-

See Chemical Abstracts.

metics.

American Conference of Governmental

American Association for the Advancement

Industrial Hygienists. (ACGIH). Founded

of Science. (AAAS). Founded in 1848. The

in 1938. Over 30,000 members. A society of persons

largest general scientific organization representing

employed by official government units responsible

all fields of science. Membership includes 150,000

for programs of industrial hygiene, education, and

individuals and 300 societies. The interests of this

research. It was founded for the purpose of deter-

association extend into all areas of natural and social

mining standards of exposure to toxic and otherwise

science. Its leading publication is Science, estab-

harmful materials in workroom air. The standards

lished by Thomas Edison in 1880. It also publishes

are revised annually and are available from the Sec-

many symposium volumes based on papers present-

retary, 1330 Kemper Meadow Dr., Suite 600, Cin-

ed at its annual meetings. One of its important activi-

cinnati, OH 45240. Website: http://www.acgih.org

ties in chemistry is sponsorship of the Gordon Re-

See Threshold Limit Value.

search Conferences, which originated in 1931 under

the leadership of Dr. Neil E. Gordon; these have

American Institute of Chemical Engineers.

since been expanded to more than 30 technical con-

(AIChE). Founded in 1908. There are approxi-

ferences attended by chemists from many foreign

mately 70,000 members.The largest society in the

countries. Society headquarters are located at 1200

world devoted exclusively to the advancement and

New York Ave., NW, Washington DC 20005. Web-

development of chemical engineering. Its official

site: http://www/AAAS.org

publication is Chemical Engineering Progress.It

has over 50 local sections and many committees

working in a wide range of activities. Its offices are

American Association of Textile Chemists

located at 3 Park Ave., New York, NY 10016. Web-

and Colorists. (AATCC). Founded in 1921.

site: http://www.aiche.org

It has over 6500 members. A technical and scientific

society of textile chemists and colorists in textile and

American Institute of Chemists. (AIC).

related industries using colorants and chemical fin-

Founded in 1923, it is primarily concerned with

ishes. It is the authority for test methods. It is located

chemists and chemical engineers as professional

at PO Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC

people rather than with chemistry as a science. Spe-

27709. Website: http://aatcc.org

cial emphasis is placed on the scientific integrity of

the individual and on a code of ethics adhered to by

American Carbon Society. (ACS). The

all its members. It publishes a monthly journal, The

American Carbon Society (ACS), formally the

Chemist. It is located at 515 King Street, Suite 420,

American Carbon Committee, was established in

Alexandria, Virginia 22314. Website: http://

1957 with the express purpose of organizing U.S.

www.theaic.org

conferences on carbon. The Society promotes inter-

disciplinary research and technology in the field of

American Leather Chemists’ Association.

carbon science. Moreover, the Society sponsors a

(ALCA). Founded in 1903. This group works to

Biennial Conference on Carbon. The ACS promotes

devise and perfect methods for the analysis and

carbon science and technology through its Graffin

testing of leathers and materials used in leather man-

Lecture series. It publishes CARBON, an interna-

ufacturing. It is located at Texas Tech University PO

tional journal. Its mailing address is 217 Academic

Box 45300, Lubbock, Texas 79409-5300. Website:

Projects Building, University Park, PA 16802 Web-

http://www.leatherchemists.org/

site: http://www.ems.psu.edu/carbon

American National Standards Institute.

American Ceramic Society. (ACerS). (ANSI). Founded in 1918. A federation of trade

Founded 1899. It has 12,000 members. A profes- associations, technical societies, professional

sional society of scientists, engineers, plant opera- groups, and consumer organizations that constitutes

tors, interested in glass, ceramics-metal systems, the U.S. clearinghouse and coordinating body for

cements, refractories, nuclear ceramics, white voluntary standards activity on the national level. It

wares, electronics, and structural clay products. It is eliminates duplication of standards activities and

located at P.O. Box 6136, Westerville, Ohio 43086- combines conflicting standards into single, national-

6136. Website: http://www.ceramics.org/ ly accepted standards. It is the U.S. member of the

54AMERICAN OIL CHEMIST’S SOCIETY

International Organization for Standardization and um is silver-white crystalline, d 13.6, mp approxi-

the International Electrotechnical Commission.

mately 100C. Half-life of

241

Am is 458 years.

Over 1000 companies are members of the ANSI.

Derivation: Multiple neutron capture in plutonium

One of its primary concerns is safety in such fields as

in nuclear reactors, plutonium isotopes yield

241

hazardous chemicals, protective clothing, welding,

and

243

Am on ␤ decay. The metal is obtained by

fire control, electricity and construction operations,

reduction of the trifluoride with barium in a vacuum

blasting, etc. Its address is 1819 L Street, NW,

at 1200C.

Washington, DC 20036. Website: http://

Hazard: A radioactive poison.

www.ansi.org/

Use: Gamma radiography, radiochemical research,

diagnostic aid, electronic devices.

American Oil Chemist’s Society. (AOCS).

“Amerlate” phosphorus [Dow]. TM for the

Founded in 1909. It has over 5000 members. These

isopropyl ester of hydroxy, normal, and branched-

members are chemists, biochemists, chemical engi-

chain acids of lanolin. A light yellow, soft solid that

neers, research directors, plant personnel, and per-

liquefies on contact with the skin. A hydrophilic

sons concerned with animal, marine, and regular oils

emollient, moisturizer, conditioning agent, lubri-

and fats and their extraction, refining, safety, pack-

cant, pigment dispersant, and nonionic auxiliary

aging, quality control, and use. The address is 2211

without emulsifier.

W. Bradley Ave., Champaign, Illinois, 61821-1827.

Website: http://www.aocs.org/

Ames dial. A device used for measuring the

thickness of paint film.

American Petroleum Institute. (API).

Founded in 1919. It has 5500 members. The mem-

Ames test. A simple bacterial test for carcino-

bers are the producers, refiners, marketers, and

gens, based on the assumption that carcinogens are

transporters of petroleum and allied products such as

mutagens. Named after its inventor Bruce Ames.

crude oil, lubricating oil, gasoline, and natural gas.

Somewhat less favored than it used to be, because of

The address is 1212 L Street, N. W., Washington,

the idea that compounds causing cells to grow more

DC, 20005. Website: http://www.api.org/

rapidly will sometimes result in cancer.

American Society for Testing and

amethopterin. See methotrexate.

Materials. (ASTM). This society, organized

in 1898 and chartered in 1902, is a scientific and

ametryn-atrazine mixture. See herbifert.

technical organization formed for “the development

of standards on characteristics and performance of

amiben. Generic name for 3-amino-2,5-dichloro-

materials, products, systems and services, and the

benzoic acid. C

COOH.

promotion of related knowledge.” There are over

Use: Herbicide or plant growth regulator.

31,000 members. It is the world’s largest source of

voluntary consensus standards. The society operates

via more than 125 main technical committees that

amide. A nitrogenous compound related to or

function in prescribed fields under regulations that

derived from ammonia. Reaction of an alkali metal

ensure balanced representation among producers,

with ammonia yields inorganic amides, e.g., sodium

users, and general-interest participants. Headquar-

amide (NaNH

). Organic amides are characterized

ters of the society is at 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West

by an acyl group (−CONH

) usually attached to an

Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Website: http://

organic group (R==CONH

); formamide

www.astm.org

(HCONH

) and carbamide (urea) CO(NH

)

are

common examples.

See polyamide.

American Society of Pharmacology and

Experimental Therapeutics. (ASPET).

amidinomycin. C

O. An antibiotic that

Founded in 1908. It has over 3700 members. It is a

partially inhibits spore-forming bacteria.

scientific society of investigators in pharmacology

and toxicology interested in research and promotion

4-amidino-1-(nitrosaminoamidino)-1-

of pharmacological knowledge and its use among

tetrazene. See tetrazene.

scientists and the public. The address is 9650 Rock-

ville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20814-3995. Website:

http://www.faseb.org

amidol. See 2,4-diaminophenol hydrochloride.

amidopropylamine oxide.

americium. Am. A synthetic radioactive ele-

Use: Foamer, foam booster, foam stabilizer; scour for

ment of atomic number 95, a member of the actinide

household, cosmetic, and industrial applications.

series; Aw 241; 14 isotopes of widely varying half-

life; valence 3, but divalent, tetravalent, and higher

valencies exist. ␣ and ␥ emitter, forms compounds

aminacrine hydrochloride. USAN name for

with oxygen, halides, lithium, etc. Metallic americi- 9-amino-acridine hydrochloride.

55 AMINOACYL-tRNA

amination. The process of making an amine p-aminoacetanilide. (4

′

-aminoacetanilide; N-

(RNH

). The methods commonly used are (1) reduc-

acetyl-p-phenylenediamine). NH

NHCOCH

tion of a nitro compound, and (2) action of ammonia

Properties: Colorless or reddish crystals. Mp 162C,

on a chloro, hydroxy, or sulfonic acid compound.

bp 267C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly solu-

ble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Acetylation of p-phenylenediamine.

amine. A class of organic compounds of nitrogen

Hazard: Moderate toxicity by ingestion.

that may be considered as derived from ammonia

Use: Intermediate for azo dyes and pharmaceuticals.

(NH

) by replacing one or more of the hydrogen

atoms with alkyl groups. The amine is primary,

aminoacetic acid. See glycine.

secondary, or tertiary depending on whether one,

two, or three of the hydrogen atoms are replaced. All

aminoacetophenetidide hydrochloride.

amines are basic in nature and usually combine

See phenocoll hydrochloride.

readily with hydrochloric or other strong acids to

form salts.

amino acid. An organic acid containing both a

See fatty amine.

basic amino group (NH

) and an acidic carboxyl

group (COOH). Amino acids are amphoteric and

exist in aqueous solution as dipolar ions. The 25

amine 220. 2-(8-heptadecenyl)-2-imidazoline-

amino acids that have been established as protein

1-ethanol).

constituents are ␣-amino acids (i.e., the −NH

group

is attached to the carbon atom next to the −COOH

❘

:NC

❘

OH.

group). Many other amino acids occur in the free

Properties: D 0.9330 (20/20C), bulk d 7.76 (20C) lb/

state in plant or animal tissue. At least 22 amino

gal, bp 235C (1 mm), flash p 465F (240C). Combus-

acids with structures identical with those that exist

tible.

today have been identified in pre-Cambrian sedi-

Use: Demulsifier used particularly in the recovery of

mentary rock, indicating an age of at least 3 million

tar from water-gas process emulsions. A powerful

years. Amino acids have been created in the labora-

cationic wetting agent. Useful in flotation processes

tory by passing an electrical discharge through a

involving siliceous minerals and the formation of

mixture of ammonia, methane, and water vapor; it is

emulsions and dispersions under acidic conditions.

believed that a similar reaction may have accounted

for the original synthesis of amino acids on earth.

amine 248. Dark-colored liquid or paste consist-

Amino acids can be obtained by hydrolysis of a

ing of a nonvolatile amine mixture with bis-(hexa-

protein; or they can be synthesized in various ways,

methylene)triamine and its homologs as principal

especially by fermentation of glucose. An essential

components. Disperses readily in water.

amino acid is one that cannot be synthesized by the

Use: Coagulant and flocculating agent, ingredient of

body and is necessary for survival, namely, isoleu-

antistripping agents for asphalt, corrosion inhibitor,

cine phenylalanine, leucine, lysine, methionine,

anchoring agent, for making cationic amine salts.

threonine, tryptophan, and valine. Nonessential

amino acids (alanine, glycine, and about a dozen

others) can be synthesized by the body in adequate

amine absorption process. See Girbotol

quantities. Arginine and histidine are essential dur-

absorption.

ing periods of intensive growth. All the essential and

most of the nonessential amino acids have one or

more asymmetric carbon atoms and are optically

aminimide. Any of a group of nitrogen com-

active. Amino acids are the building blocks of mo-

pounds derived by reaction of 1,1-dimethylhydra-

lecular biology. Various combinations of amino

zine with an epoxide in the presence of an ester of a

acids form the proteins, which are highly complex

carboxylic acid. A number of types of epoxides and

molecules present in all living things. Note: Use of

esters may be used, providing a wide variety of

amino acids as fortification additives to foods is

products, including short- and long-chain aliphatics

restricted by the FDA to foods containing proteins.

and aromatics. Their major uses are in tire-cord dips

See genetic code; deoxyribonucleic acid; chromatin;

to increase adhesion of cord to rubber, in soil-re-

protein; life, origin.

moving detergents (nonionic), in coating formula-

tions, and in cosmetic creams and shampoos. They

amino acid activation. Enzymatic esterifica-

are stated to be biodegradable and without toxic

tion of the carboxyl group of an amino acid to the 3’-

hazard. They also have elastomer and cross-linking

hydroxyl group of its corresponding tRNA which

applications from adhesives, caulks, and sealants to

requires 2 ATP-equivalents of energy.

foams and mechanical goods. As isocyanate precur-

sors, aminimides can be prepared in a large number

amino acid oxidase. See amino oxidase.

of structural variations. Bisaminimides are especial-

ly valuable for producing stable, single-package

prepolymer compositions for in situ generation of

aminoacyl-tRNA. An aminoacyl ester of a

isocyanates in polyurethane applications. tRNA.

56AMINOACYL-tRNA SYNTHETASES

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Enzymes that Properties: Yellowish-white, microscopic needles.

catalyze synthesis of an aminoacyl tRNA at the Barely soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol,

expense of ATP energy. ether, and chloroform.

Derivation: By sulfonating aminoazobenzene.

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen.

aminoamylene glycol. See 2-amino-2-ethyl-

Use: Dyestuff manufacture.

1,3-propanediol.

o-aminoazotoluene. (Solvent Yellow; 3,2-

5-amino-2-aniliobenzenesulfonic acid. See

amino-5-azotoluene; toluazotoluidine).

4-amino-diphenylamine-2-sulfonic acid.

CAS: 97-56-3. CH

Properties: Reddish-brown to yellow crystals. Mp

o-aminoanisole. See o-anisidine.

100–117C. Soluble in alcohol, ether, oils, and fats;

slightly soluble in water.

p-aminoanisole. See p-anisidine.

Derivation: From o-toluidine by treatment with ni-

trite and hydrochloric acid.

aminoanthraquinone. C

(CO)

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen.

Tricyclic: (1) 1-amino, (2) 2-amino.

Use: Dyes, medicine.

Properties: (1) Red, iridescent needles. (2) Red or

orange-brown needles. Soluble in alcohol, chloro-

6,p-(p-aminobenzamido)benzamido-1-

form, benzene, and acetone; insoluble in water. Mp

naphthol-3-sulfonic acid.

(1) 252C, (2) 302C, bp sublimes (both 1 and 2).

CONHC

(OH)(SO

H).

Derivation: By reduction of nitroanthraquinones, or

Gray paste containing approximately 35% solids.

by the substitution of the amino radical direct for the

Use: Intermediate.

sulfonic acid.

Use: Dye and pharmaceutical intermediate.

aminobenzene. See aniline.

4-aminoantipyrine. (4-amino-1,5-dimethyl-2-

p-aminobenzenearsonic acid. See arsanilic

phenyl-3-pyrazolone; 1,5-dimethyl-2-phenyl-4-

acid.

aminopyrazolone). C

Properties: Mp 107–109C.

2-amino-p-benzenedisulfonic acid. (ani-

Use: Analytical reagent.

line-2,5-disulfonic acid). C

(SO

•4H

Properties: Crystals. Very soluble in water and al-

p-aminoazobenzene. (aniline yellow; pheny-

cohol.

lazoaniline).

Derivation: Boiling sodium salt of 4-chloro-3-nitro-

CAS: 60-09-3. C

NNC

benzene sulfonate with sodium sulfite, resulting in

Properties: Yellow to tan crystals. Mp 126–128C, bp

formation of sodium-2-nitrobenzene disulfonate,

above 360C. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly

which is reduced with iron and acetic acid to aniline-

soluble in water.

2,5-disulfonic acid.

Derivation: (1) Heating diazoaminobenzene with

Use: Intermediate.

aniline hydrochloride as catalyst. (2) Diazotization

of a solution of aniline and aniline hydrochloride

4-amino-m-benzenedisulfonic acid. (ani-

with hydrochloric acid and sodium nitrite.

line-2,4-disulfonic acid). C

(SO

•2H

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen.

Properties: Needles decompose when heated above

Use: Dyes (chrysoidine, induline, solid yellow, and

120C. Very soluble in water and alcohol.

acid yellow), insecticide.

Derivation: By heating sulfanilic acid with fuming

sulfuric acid at 170–180C.

4-aminoazobenzene-3,4

′

-disulfonic acid.

Use: Dye intermediate.

(Acid Yellow 9).

(SO

H)NNC

(SO

H).

m-aminobenzenesulfonic acid. See metanil-

Properties: Bright, violet needles.

ic acid.

Use: For synthesizing dyes for dyeing wool.

p-aminobenzenesulfonic acid. See sulfanil-

p-aminoazobenzene hydrochloride. (ami-

ic acid.

noazobenzene salt). C

NNC

•HCl.

Properties: Steel-blue crystals. Soluble in alcohol;

slightly soluble in water.

m-aminobenzoic acid. C

Derivation: By passing dry hydrogen chloride gas CAS: 99-05-8.

into a solution of aminoazobenzene. Properties: Yellowish or reddish crystals, sublimes

Hazard: Suspected carcinogen. easily, sweet taste. Mp 173C–174C. Slightly soluble

Use: Dyes, coloring lacquers, intermediate. in water, alcohol, and ether.

Use: Dye intermediate.

aminoazobenzenemonosulfonic acid.

NNC

H. o-aminobenzoic acid. See anthranilic acid.

57 2-AMINO-4-CHLOROPHENOL

p-aminobenzoic acid. (PABA). −2C, bp 178C (at 10 mm Hg

79–80C), flash p 164F

CAS: 150-13-0. NH

H. Required by many (73.3C), bulk wt 7.85 lb/gal (20C); pH (0.1 M aque-

organisms as a vitamin for growth, active in neutral- ous solution) 11.11, refr index 1.453 (20C). Com-

izing the antibacteriostatic effect of some sulfona-

pletely miscible with water at 20C; soluble in alco-

mide drugs.

hols. Corrosive to copper, brass, aluminum.

Combustible.

Use: Emulsifying agent (in soap form) for oils, fats,

and waxes; absorbent for acidic gases; organic syn-

thesis.

aminobutyric acid. (aminobutanoic acid;

GABA).

CAS: 56-12-2. An unusual amino acid having the

following isomers: ␣:CH

CH(NH

)COOH. Iso-

Properties: Light buff, odorless crystals; white when

lated from a bacterium (Corynebacterium diphtheri-

pure; discolor on exposure to light and air. Mp

ae). The dl form is a crystalline solid, mp 305C,

186–187C. Sparingly soluble in cold water; soluble

soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol, insolu-

in hot water, glacial acetic acid, ethyl acetate. Unsta-

ble in ether. The l(+) form is solid, mp 270C, sweet-

ble to ferric salts and oxidizing agents.

ish taste, soluble in water. ␤:

Derivation: Reduction of p-nitrobenzoic acid. Com-

CH(NH

)CH

COOH. The dl form is a tasteless

mercially available as the calcium, potassium, and

solid, mp 190C, water soluble, insoluble in ether and

sodium salts. Food source: Widely distributed, espe-

alcohol. The d(−) form decomposes at 220C. ␥:

cially in yeast.

(GABA) H

N(CH

)

COOH. Obtained from bacte-

Grade: Technical, NF.

ria, yeast, and plant life. Crystalline solid, mp 202C,

Use: Dye intermediate, pharmaceuticals, nutrition,

soluble in water, insoluble in organic solvents. De-

UV absorber in suntan lotions.

composes to pyrrolidone and water on quick heat-

ing. This substance is reported to be a neurotrans-

2-aminobenzothiazole. C

NC(NH

)S (bicy-

mitter that activates or retards nervous reactions in

clic).

the cells of the brain, including the sense of pain. All

Use: As an azo dye intermediate and in photographic

three isomers have been synthesized by various re-

chemicals.

action sequences, the first reported in 1880.

m-aminobenzotrifluoride.

␣-aminocaproic acid. See norleucine.

CAS: 98-16-8. CF

Properties: Colorless to oily yellow liquid.

aminocaproic lactam. See caprolactam.

Grade: Technical (88% min), purified (98% min).

Use: Pharmaceutical intermediate.

1-(aminocarbonyl)propyl n-

(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)

o-aminobenzoylformic anhydride. See is-

ethanimidothioate.

atin.

CAS: 92065-18-4. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

N-(p-aminobenzoyl)glycine. See p-amino-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

hippuric acid.

aminochlorobenzene. See chloroaniline.

o-aminobiphenyl. (o-phenylaniline; o-biphe-

nylamine).

CAS: 90-41-5. C

. 3-amino-5-chlorobenzoic acid.

Properties: Colorless or purplish crystals. Mp CAS: 21961-30-8. mf: C

ClNO

49.3C, bp 299C. Slightly soluble in water. Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion.

Derivation: Reduction of o-nitrobiphenyl.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin

4-amino-4

′

-chlorodiphenyl. C

ClN.

absorption. A carcinogen.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 128C. Insoluble in

Use: Research, analytical chemistry.

water; soluble in acetone, benzene, glacial acetic

acid, and alcohol.

1-aminobutane. See n-butylamine.

Derivation: Chlorination of 4-nitrodiphenyl and re-

duction of the product with iron and hydrochloric

2-aminobutane. See sec-butylamine. acid in alcohol.

Use: Sulfur determination in various materials, e.g.,

rubber, coal, etc.

aminobutanoic acid. See aminobutyric acid.

2-amino-1-butanol. CH

CHNH

OH. 2-amino-4-chlorophenol. (p-chloro-o-amino-

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.944 at 20/20C, mp phenol). C

OHNH

Cl.

582-AMINO-4-CHLOROTOLUENE

Properties: Light brown crystals. Mp 138C (decom-

p-aminodiethylaniline. (N,N-diethyl-p-phe-

poses). nylenediamine; diethylaminoaniline).

Derivation: Reduction of p-chloro-o-nitrophenol. (C

)

Use: Intermediate. Properties: Liquid. Bp 260–262C. Insoluble in wa-

ter; soluble in alcohol and ether.

Derivation: Treatment of diethylaniline with nitrous

2-amino-4-chlorotoluene. 5-chloro-2-methy-

acid and subsequent reduction.

laniline (NH

1); 4-chloro-o-toluidine (CH

Hazard: See aniline.

1). ClNH

Use: Dye intermediate, source of diazonium com-

Properties: Off-white solid or light brown oil that

pounds in diazo copying process.

tends to darken on storage. Mp 20–22C.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Intermediate.

p-aminodiethylaniline hydrochloride.

•HCl.

Properties: Colorless needles. Soluble in water and

2-amino-5-chlorotoluene. ClNH

alcohol; insoluble in ether.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 26–27C. Sparingly

Hazard: See aniline.

soluble in water; soluble in dilute acids.

Use: Color photography.

Use: Intermediate.

2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypteridine. See xan-

2-amino-6-chlorotoluene. 6-chloro-o-tolui-

thopterin.

dine (CH

1); 3-chloro-2-methylaniline (NH

1). ClNH

Properties: Liquid. Mp 0–2C.

p-aminodimethylaniline. (dimethylaminoani-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion or inhalation.

line; dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine).

Use: Intermediate.

(CH

)

Properties: Colorless; asbestos-like needles; stable

4-amino-2-chlorotoluene. 2-chloro-p-tolui- in air when pure. If impure, the crystals liquefy. Mp

dine (CH

1); 3-chloro-4-methylaniline (NH

41C, bp 257C. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ben-

1). ClNH

. zene.

Properties: Liquid. Mp 21–24C. Derivation: By reduction of p-nitrosodimethylani-

Use: Intermediate. line with zinc dust and hydrochloric acid.

Method of purification: Recrystallization from

mixture of benzene and ligroin.

4-amino-2-chlorotoluene-5-sulfonic acid.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion or inhalation of vapor.

(brilliant toning red amine; permanent red

Use: Base for production of methylene blue, photo-

2B amine). ClNH

developer, reagent for detection of hydrogen sul-

Properties: White to buff powder. Essentially insol-

fide, reagent for cellulose, organic synthesis, re-

uble as free acid; soluble as sodium or ammonium

agent for certain bacteria.

salt.

Grade: 98.5% min purity.

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

3-amino-n-(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl)

naphthalimide. See nafidimide.

5-amino-2-chlorotoluene-4-sulfonic acid.

(lake red carbon amine).

aminodimethylbenzene. See xylidine.

ClNH

Properties: White to pink powder. Essentially insol-

2-amino-4,6-dimethylpyridine.

uble as free acid; soluble as sodium or ammonium

(CH

)

NNH

salt.

Properties: Solid. Mp 65.2–68.5C, bp 235C. Water

Grade: 98.5% min purity.

soluble.

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

Derivation: Prepared from 2-aminopyridine.

Use: Organic intermediate.

m-amino-p-cresol methyl ether. See 5-

methyl-o-anisidine.

2-amino-4,6-dinitrophenol. See picramic

acid.

aminocyclohexane. See cyclohexylamine.

p-aminodiphenyl. (4-aminodiphenyl; p-xeny-

l-amino-dehydrogenase. See amino oxidase.

lamine).

CAS: 92-67-1. C

3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid. See

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mw 169.23, mp 53C,

amiben.

bp 302C.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion, inhalation, skin absorp-

2-amino-4,6-dichlorophenol. See 2,4-di- tion. TLV: confirmed human carcinogen.

chloro-6-aminophenol. Use: Organic research.

59 2-AMINOETHYLSULFURIC ACID

p-aminodiphenylamine. (N-phenyl-p-phenyl- 4-(2-aminoethyl)diethylenetriamine. See

enediamine). NH

NHC

. 2,2

′

′′

-nitrilotris(ethylamine).

Properties: Purple powder. Mp 75C. Insoluble in

water; soluble in alcohol and acetone.

aminoethylethanolamine. See hydroxyethy-

Derivation: Reduction of the coupling product of

lethylenediamine.

diazotized sulfanilic acid and diphenylamine.

Use: Dye intermediate, pharmaceuticals, photo-

4-aminoethylglyoxaline. See histamine.

graphic chemicals.

4-(2-aminoethyl)imidazole. See histamine.

4-aminodiphenylamine-2-sulfonic acid.

(5-amino-2-anilinobenzenesulfonic acid).

2-aminoethylisothiouronium diacetate.

NHC

CAS: 63680-10-4. mf: C

S•2C

Properties: Needle like crystals. Barely soluble in

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

water.

Derivation: From p-nitrodiphenylamine-o-sulfonic

␤-aminoethylisothiourea dihydrobromide.

acid by reduction with iron and hydrochloric acid.

(2-(2-aminoethyl)-2-thiopseudourea dihydro-

Use: Synthesis of dyestuffs.

bromide; AET). C

S•2HBr.

Properties: Crystals, hygroscopic. Mp 194–195C.

aminodithioformic acid. See dithiocarbamic

Derivation: Thiourea is refluxed with 2-bromoethy-

acid.

lamine hydrobromide in isopropanol.

Use: Enzyme activator, free radical detoxifier (be-

aminoethane. See ethylamine.

lieved to offer protection against radiation).

2-aminoethanesulfonic acid. See taurine.

4-(1-aminoethyl)phenol.

CAS: 134855-87-1. mf: C

NO.

2-aminoethanethiol. (cysteamine; mercapta-

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

mine; thioethanolamine).

CAS: 60-23-1. HSCH

N-aminoethylpiperazine.

Properties: Crystals with unpleasant odor. Oxidizes

CAS: 140-31-8.

on contact with air. Mp 97C. Soluble in water. Com-

bustible.

Use: Medicine (believed to offer protection against

❘

NHCH

❘

. An amine combining

radiation).

a primary, secondary, and tertiary amine in one mole-

cule.

Properties: Liquid. D 0.9837, bp 222.0C, flash p

1-aminoethanol. See aldehyde ammonia.

200F (93.3C), fp 17.6C. Soluble in water. Combus-

tible.

2-aminoethanol. See ethanolamine.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Use: Epoxy curing agent, intermediate for pharma-

2-(2-aminoethoxy)ethanol. (“Diglycola-

ceuticals, anthelmintics, surface-active agents, syn-

mine”; DGA). NH

OCH

OH.

thetic fibers.

Properties: Colorless, slightly viscous liquid; mild

amine odor. Bp 221C, d 1.0572 (20/20C), flash p

2-amino-2-ethyl-1,3-propanediol. (AEPD;

260F (126.6C), fp −12.5C. Miscible with water and

aminoamylene glycol).

alcohols. Combustible.

OHC(C

)NH

OH.

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

Properties: Solid or viscous liquid. Mp 38C. Soluble

Use: Removal of acid components from gases, espe-

in water and alcohol.

cially carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from

Use: Emulsifying agent (in soap form) for oils, fats,

natural gas; intermediate.

and waxes, absorbent for acidic gases CO

and H

organic synthesis.

4-amino-n-(6-ethoxy-3-pyridazinyl)benzene-

sulfonamide. See sulfaethoxypyridazine.

s-(2-aminoethyl) phosphorothioate.

CAS: 5746-40-7. mf: C

PS.

aminoethoxyvinylglycine.

Hazard: A reproductive hazard.

Use: Inhibitor of ethylene biosynthesis in plants.

1-[(aminoethyl)amino]-2-propanol. 2-aminoethylsulfuric acid.

O. NH

OSO

Properties: Thick, colorless liquid. Bp 112C (11 mm Properties: White, crystalline powder; noncorro-

Hg), d 0.984, refr index 1.743. Slight odor of am- sive. Mp 274–280C; sinters at 274C and darkens

monia. without complete melting at 280C; d 1.782; bulk d

Use: Curing epoxy resins. 1.007. Soluble in water; insoluble in most organic

603-AMINO-␣-ETHYL

solvents; pH (1% aqueous solution) 4.0 (20C), (5%

␣-amino-␤-hydroxybutyric acid. See thre-

aqueous solution) 3.3 (39C). onine.

Use: Organic synthesis of ethyleneimine and various

other compounds, amination of cotton.

2-amino-2-hydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol.

See tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane.

3-amino-␣-ethyl-2,4,6-triiodohydrocinnamic

␣-amino-␤-hydroxypropionic acid. See

acid. See iopanoic acid.

serine.

4-aminofolic acid. See aminopterin.

6-amino-n-hydroxy-3-pyridinecarboxamide.

See 6-aminonicotinohydroxamic acid.

aminoform. See hexamethylenetetramine.

␣-amino-␤-imidazolepropionic acid. See

amino-G acid. (2-naphthylamine-6,8-disulfon-

histidine.

ic acid; 7-amino-1,3-naphthalene-disulfonic

acid). C

(NH)

(SO

␣-aminoisocaproic acid. See leucine.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in

water.

␣-aminoisovaleric acid. See valine.

Derivation: (1) Form G acid by heating sodium salt

with ammonia and sodium bisulfite solution in an

amino-J acid. (2-naphthylamine-5,7-disulfonic

autoclave under pressure. (2) Sulfonation by ␤-

acid; 6-amino-1,3-naphthalene-disulfonic acid).

naphthylamine.

(NH)

(SO

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

Properties: Crystallizes in white lustrous leaflets

from water and in long needles from hydrochloric

␣-aminoglutaric acid. See glutamic acid.

acid solution.

Derivation: By sulfonation of either 2-naphthyl-

amino-4-guanidovaleric acid. See arginine.

amine-5-sulfonic acid or 2-naphthylamine-7-sul-

fonic acid.

7-aminoheptanenitrile.

Use: Azo dye intermediate.

CAS: 23181-80-8. mf: C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

2-amino-6-mercaptopurine.

Use: Pharmaceutical end product for treatment of

aminohexamethyleneimine.

leukemia.

❘

aminomercuric chloride. See mercury, am-

Properties: Liquid. Bp 170C. Soluble in water and

moniated.

most organic solvents. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for dyes, pharmaceuticals, and

aminomethane. See methylamine.

photographic chemicals.

3-amino-4-methoxybenzanilide.

2-aminohexanoic acid. See norleucine.

(NH

)CONHC

Properties: Gray powder.

6-aminohexanoic acid. See norleucine.

Use: Dyes, pharmaceuticals, and other organic chem-

icals.

p-aminohippuric acid. [N-(p-aminoben-

zoyl)glycine; PAHA].

1-amino-2-methoxy-5-methylbenzene. See

CONHCH

COOH.

5-methyl-o-anisidine.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Discolors on

exposure to light. Soluble in alcohol and most or-

m-(4-amino-3-methoxyphenylazo)

ganic solvents. Very soluble in dilute hydrochloric

benzenesulfonic acid.

acid and alkalies. Forms a water-soluble sodium

(OCH

)NNC

salt. Mp 197–199C.

Properties: Maroon paste containing approximately

Grade: USP.

38% solids.

Use: Medicine (diagnostic agent), intermediate.

Use: Intermediate.

aminohydroxybenzoic acids. See aminosal-

4-aminomethyl-1-benzylpyrrolidin-2-one

icyclic acids.

fumarate (2:1).

CAS: 97205-35-1. mf: C

•C

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

4-amino-1-hydroxybutane-1,1-

diyldiphosphonic acid.

CAS: 66376-36-1. mf: C

. 3-amino-3-methyl-1-butyne. See 2-methyl-

Hazard: A reproductive hazard. 3-butyn-2-amine.

61 6-AMINONICOTINOHYDROXAMIC ACID

4-amino-4

′

-methyldiphenylamine-2-sulfonic Properties: Crystals. Bp 230.9C (115–117C at 11

acid. (aminotoluidinobenzenesulfonic acid).

mm), mp 96–99.0C. Sublimes on slow heating. Sol-

NHC

uble in water and lower alcohols.

Properties: Light to dark gray paste with characteris-

Derivation: Prepared from 2-aminopyridine.

tic odor.

Use: Intermediate, medicine.

Use: Intermediate.

2-amino-5-methylpyridine. (2-amino-5-pico-

4-amino-10-methylfolic acid. See metho-

line).

trexate.

❘

:C(NH

)CH:CHC(CH

❘

CH.

3-amino-5-methylisoxazole.

Properties: Crystals. Bp 227.1C, mp 76.6C. Soluble

Use: Analog of the nucleic acid constituent guanine.

in water.

Derivation: Prepared from 2-aminopyridine.

2-amino-1-methyl-2-oxoethyl-n-(((methyl-

Use: Intermediate.

amino)carbonyl)oxy)ethanimido-

thioate.

2-amino-6-methylpyridine. (2-amino-6-pico-

CAS: 92065-77-5. mf: C

line).

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

❘

:C(NH

)CH:CHCH:

❘

C(CH

Properties: Crystals. Bp 214.4C, mp 43.7C. Soluble

2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid. See iso-

in water.

leucine.

Derivation: Prepared from 2-aminopyridine.

Use: Intermediate.

2-amino-4-methyl-5-phosphono-3-pentenoic

acid.

2-amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid. See

CAS: 137424-81-8. mf: C

methionine.

Hazard: A poison.

2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol.

␣-amino-␤-methylvaleric acid. See isoleu-

(AMPD; aminobutylene glycol; butanediola-

cine.

mine). CH

OCH(CH

)NH

OH.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 110C. Soluble in

␣-amino-␥-methylvaleric acid. See leu-

water and alcohol. Corrosive to copper, brass, and

cine.

aluminum.

Use: Emulsifying agent (in soap form) for oils, fats,

dl-2-amino-3-methylvaleric acid. See dl-

and waxes; absorbent for acidic gases; organic syn-

isoleucine.

thesis; cosmetics.

aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid. See na-

2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol. (isobutanola-

phthylaminesulfonic acid.

mine; AMP). CH

(CH

)NH

OH.

Properties: Solid or viscous liquid. Mp 30C, bp

4-amino-1-naphthol. (4-hydroxy-␣-naphthyl-

165C, d 0.93, refr index 1.45.

amine). C

NO.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Properties: Acicular crystals. Soluble in water.

Use: Emulsifying agent (in soap form) for oils, fats,

Derivation: Rearrangement of ␣-naphthylhydroxy-

and waxes, absorbent for acidic gases, organic syn-

lamine in acetone.

thesis, cosmetics.

Use: Inhibitor of polymerization, chemical interme-

diate. Must be kept dry during storage to avoid

2-amino-3-methylpyridine. (2-amino-3-pico-

oxidation and discoloration.

line).

aminonaphtholsulfonic acid. Any of several

❘

:C(NH

)C(CH

):CHCH:

❘

CH.

sulfonated aromatic acids derived from naphthol or

Properties: Liquid. Bp 221C, mp 29.5–33.3C. Solu-

naphthylamine and used as azo dye intermediates.

ble in water.

Derivation: From 2-aminopyridine.

6-aminonicotinic acid. (6-aminopyridine-3-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

carboxylic acid). C

Use: Intermediate.

Properties: Crystals. Mp decomposes above 300C.

2-amino-4-methylpyridine. (2-amino-4-pico-

6-aminonicotinohydroxamic acid.

line).

CAS: 76706-59-7. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

❘

:C(NH

)CH:C(CH

)CH:

❘

CH. Use: Agricultural chemical.

62AMINO OXIDASE

amino oxidase. (L-amino acid oxidase; D- Use: Dyeing furs and hair; dye intermediate for azo

amino acid oxidase;

L-amino dehydrogenase). and sulfur dyes; pharmaceuticals.

An enzyme that catalyzes the deamination of ␣-ami-

no acids by dehydrogenation to keto acids and am-

p-aminophenol. (p-hydroxyaniline).

monia. Two types are recognized, acting on the

D-

CAS: 123-30-8. C

OH.

and

L-amino acids. Recent emphasis has been on

Properties: White or reddish yellow crystals turn

characterization of the

D-amino oxidase, which is

violet on exposure to light. Mp 184C (decomposes).

known to contain the flavin isoalloxazine as coen-

Soluble in water and alcohol.

zyme. Both types are found in animal tissue, espe-

Derivation: (1) By reduction of p-nitrophenol with

cially in liver and kidney, as well as in snake venom

iron filings and hydrochloric acid; (2) by electrolytic

and certain bacteria.

reduction of nitrobenzene in concentrated sulfuric

acid and treatment with an alkali to free the base.

2-amino-2-oxoethyl-2,2-dimethyl-n-

Also available as the hydrochloride.

(((methylamino)carbonyl)oxy)

Grade: Technical, photographic.

propanimidothioate.

Use: Dyeing textiles, hair, furs, feathers, photograph-

CAS: 92065-91-3. mf: C

ic developer, pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, oil ad-

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ditives.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

4-amino-1-phenol-2,6-disulfonic acid.

2-amino-2-oxoethyl n-(((methylamino)

OHNH

(SO

carbonyl)oxy)ethanimidothioate.

Properties: Fine needles. Soluble in water; slightly

CAS: 92065-82-2. mf: C

soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Derivation: Action of sulfur dioxide on p-nitro-

Use: Agricultural chemical.

phenol.

Use: Dyes.

2-amino-6-oxypurine. See guanine.

2-amino-1-phenol-4-sulfonic acid. (o-ami-

no-phenol-p-sulfonic acid). C

OHNH

1-aminopentane. See n-amylamine.

Properties: Brown crystals, No mp. Decomposes on

heating. Fairly soluble in hot water, very soluble in

2-aminophenetole. See o-phenetidine.

alkaline solution.

Derivation: (1) Sulfonation and nitration of chloro-

4-aminophenetole. See p-phenetidine.

benzene followed by hydrolysis to phenol with caus-

tic soda with subsequent reduction by sodium sul-

m-aminophenol (m-hydroxyaniline).

fide. (2) Sulfonation of o-aminophenol. (3)

CAS: 591-27-5. C

OH.

Sulfonation of phenol followed by nitration and

reduction.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

p-aminophenylarsonic acid. See arsanilic

acid.

m-aminophenylboronic acid hemisulfate.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 122C. Soluble in

(3-aminobenzeneboronic acid).

water, alcohol, and ether.

B(OH)

•1/2H

Derivation: Fusion of m-sulfanilic acid with caustic

Properties: Mw 186, mp above 300C.

soda and subsequent extraction of the melt with

Use: Adsorbant additive for the chromatographic se-

ether.

paration of 3

′

-terminal polynucleotides from RNA.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Dye intermediate, intermediate for p-aminosali-

1-amino-2-phenylethane. See 2-phenylethyl-

cylic acid.

amine.

o-aminophenol. (o-hydroxyaniline).

o-aminophenylglyoxalic lactim. See isatin.

CAS: 95-55-6. C

OH.

Properties: White crystals; turn brown with age. Mp

172–173C, sublimes on further heating. Soluble in

p-aminophenylmercaptoacetic acid.

cold water, alcohol, benzene; freely soluble in ether. NH

SCH

Derivation: By reduction of o-nitrophenol mixed Properties: Mp 186–187C. Insoluble in water, alco-

with aqueous ammonia by means of a stream of hol, benzene, chloroform; soluble in aqueous acid or

hydrogen sulfide. Also available as the hydrochlo- alkali solutions.

ride. Use: Synthetic intermediate for dyes and pharmaceu-

Grade: Technical, 99% min. ticals.

63 ␥-AMINOPROPYLTRIMETHOXYSILANE

2-(p-aminophenyl)-6-methylbenzothiazole. 2-aminopropanoic acid. See alanine.

See dehydrothio-p-toluidine.

3-aminopropanoic acid. See ␤-alanine.

m-aminophenyl methyl carbinol.

CH(OH)CH

1-amino-2-propanol. See isopropanolamine.

Properties: Solid. D 1.12, bp 217.3C (100 min), mp

66.4C, flash p 315F (157C). Soluble in water. Com-

2-amino-1-propanol. (2-aminopropyl alco-

bustible.

hol; ␤-propanolamine). CH

CH(NH

)CH

OH.

Use: Carrier for dyeing synthetic fibers; intermediate

Properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid. Both l

for perfume, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals.

and dl forms are available. dl-Form: fish odor. Bp

173–176C. Freely soluble in water, alcohol, ether. l-

1-(m-aminophenyl)-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone.

Form: refr index 1.4480–1.4495 (26C), distillation

range approximately 114C at 100 mm Hg. Combus-

❘

NNC(CH

)CH

❘

CO.

tible.

Properties: Light tan paste containing approximate-

Use: Organic synthesis and chemical intermediate.

ly 45% solids.

Use: Intermediate.

3-amino-1-propanol. (propanolamine).

NCH

OH.

aminophenylnorharman.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Mp 12.4C, bp

CAS: 219959-86-1. mf: C

184–186C (168C), flash p 175F (79.4C), d 0.9786

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

(30C). Miscible with alcohol, water, acetone, and

chloroform. Combustible.

1-amino-2-phenylpropane. See 2-phenyl- Grade: 99% pure.

propylamine. Hazard: Irritant to tissue.

Use: Organic intermediate.

␣-amino-␤-phenylpropionic acid. See

phenylalanine.

3-aminopropionitrile. H

NCH

CN.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 185C, refr index

1.44. May polymerize if stored in presence of air.

aminopherase. See transaminase.

Derivation: Reaction of acrylonitrile with ammonia.

Use: Production of ␤-alanine and pantothenic acid.

aminophylline. (3,7-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-

purine-2,6-dione compounded with 1,2-ethanedi-

amine (2:1)). C

2-aminopropyl alcohol. See 2-amino-1-pro-

Properties: White or slightly yellowish granular

panol.

powder; slight ammonia odor; bitter taste. Mw

420.44.

N-aminopropylmorpholine. (4-(3-aminopro-

Derivation: Prepared from theophylline and aqueous

pyl)morpholine).

ethylenediamine.

Hazard: Cardiovascular and respiratory collapse.

❘

OCH

❘

Use: Small animal muscle relaxant for heaves in

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.9872 (20/20C), bp

horses, and diuretic in dogs with congestive heart

224.5C, flash p 220F (104.4C) (OC), fp −15C. Solu-

failure.

ble in water and alcohol. Combustible.

Hazard: Strongly irritant to tissue.

aminopicoline. See aminomethylpyridine.

Use: Fiber synthesis; chemical intermediate.

aminoplast resin. (amino resin). A class of

n-(3-aminopropyl)-1,3-propanediamine

thermosetting resins made by the reaction of an

polymer with (chloromethyl)oxirane.

amine with an aldehyde. The only such aldehyde in

CAS: 51961-45-6. mf: (C

•C

ClO)

commercial use is formaldehyde, and the most im-

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

portant amines are urea and melamine.

Use: Molding, adhesives, laminating, textile finishes,

(3-aminopropyl)triethylsilane.

permanent-press fabrics, wash-and-wear apparel

CAS: 17887-09-1. mf: C

NSi.

fabrics, protective coatings, paper manufacture,

Hazard: A poison.

leather treatment, binders for fabrics, foundry sands,

graphite resistors, plaster-of-paris fortification,

foam structures, and ion-exchange resins.

␥-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.

See dimethylol urea; methylol urea; melamine resin;

(CH

)

Si(OCH

)

urea-formaldehyde resin.

Properties: 100% active, water-white liquid. D 1.01;

refr index 1.42.

2-aminopropane. See isopropylamine. Use: Glass fabric sizing, binder, adhesion promoter.

64AMINOPTERIN

aminopterin. (4-aminofolic acid; aminopter- 5-aminosalicylic acid. (m-aminosalicylic

oylglutamic acid). C

•2H

. Differs slight- acid; 5-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid).

ly in structure from folic acid and antagonizes the CAS: 89-57-6. NH

(OH)COOH.

utilization of folic acid by the body, an antimeta- Properties: White crystals, sometimes pinkish. Mp

bolite. 260–280C (decomposes). Soluble in hot water or

Properties: Occurs as clusters of yellow needles that

alcohol.

are soluble in aqueous sodium hydroxide solutions.

Derivation: From the corresponding nitrosalicylic

Use: Medicine, rodenticide.

acid by reduction.

Use: Dyes, intermediate.

aminopteroylglutamic acid. See ami-

nopterin.

␣-aminosuccinamic acid. See asparagine.

l-␣-aminosuccinamic acid. See l-aspara-

6-aminopurine. See adenine.

gine.

2-aminopyridine. (␣-pyridylamine).

aminosuccinic acid. See aspartic acid.

CAS: 504-29-0. C

NNH

Properties: White leaflets or large colorless crystals.

dl-aminosuccinic acid. See dl-aspartic acid.

Fp 58.1C; bp 210.6C. Soluble in water, alcohol,

benzene, ether.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.5 ppm.

aminotetrazole. (5-aminotetrazole; 5-amino-

Use: Intermediate for antihistamines and other phar- 1h-tetrazole; 1h-tetrazol-5-amine).

maceuticals. CAS: 4418-61-5. CH

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 206C (decomp), mw:

85.09.

3-aminopyridine. (␤-pyridylamine).

Hazard: Moderately toxic. An unstable material;

NNH

explodes with KOH.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 64C; bp 250–252C.

Soluble in water, alcohol, benzene, ether.

5-aminotetrazole. See aminotetrazole.

Use: Intermediate in preparation of drugs and dye-

stuffs.

amino-terminal residue. The amino acid resi-

due in a polypeptide chain which has a free alpha-

4-aminopyridine.

amino group.

CAS: 504-24-5. C

NNH

Properties: Crystals. Mp 158.9C, bp 273.5C. Solu-

5-amino-1h-tetrazole. See aminotetrazole.

ble in water.

Derivation: From 2-aminopyridine.

Grade: 95% (minimum).

2-aminothiazole. (2-thiazylamine).

Use: Intermediate. SCHCHNCNH

Properties: Light yellow crystals. Mp 90C, distills at

3 mm without decomposition. Slightly soluble in

3-amino-pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde.

cold water, alcohol, and ether; soluble in hot water

CAS: 143621-35-6. mf: C

and dilute mineral acids.

Hazard: A poison.

Derivation: Chlorination of vinyl acetate and con-

densation with thiourea.

3-aminopyridine-2-carboxaldehyde

Use: Intermediate in synthesis of sulfathiazole, medi-

thiosemicarbazone. See 3-amino-pyridine-

cine (thyroid inhibitor).

2-carboxaldehyde.

␣-amino-␤-thiolpropionic acid. See cys-

4-aminosalicylic acid. (PASA; PAS; p-ami-

teine.

no-salicylic acid; 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic

acid).

aminothiourea. See thiosemicarbazide.

CAS: 65-49-6. NH

(OH)COOH.

Properties: White or nearly white bulky powder.

aminotoluene. See o-toluidine; m-toluidine;

Odorless or has slight acetous odor. Mp 150–151C

p-toluidine; benzylamine.

(decomposes). Affected by light and air. Darkened

solutions should not be used. Soluble in dilute sodi-

aminotransferases. Enzymes that catalyze the

um hydroxide and dilute nitric acid, slightly soluble

transfer of amino groups from a-amino to a-keto

in ether; practically insoluble in benzene. Water

acids; commonly called transaminases.

solutions decompose with evolution of carbon di-

oxide.

6-amino-s-triazine-2,4-diol. See ammelide.

Derivation: From m-aminophenol and potassium bi-

carbonate, soluble under pressure.

Grade: USP.

3-amino-1,2,4-triazole. (amitrole).

Use: Medicine, industrial preservative. CAS: 61-82-5.

65 AMMONIA, ANHYDROUS

ammeline. (4,6-diamino-s-triazine-2-ol; cyan-

❘

HNC(NH

❘

CH.

urdiamide).

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 156–159C.

Soluble in water and alcohol.

❘

C(OH)NC(NH

❘

C(NH

Hazard: Use on food crops not permitted. TLV: 0.2

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp decomposes. In-

mg/m

; suspected human carcinogen.

soluble in water and alcohol. A compound similar to

Use: Herbicide, defoliant.

melamine.

Use: In melamine-type resins and in special high-

4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid. See

temperature lubricants.

picloram.

ammine. A coordination compound formed by

3-(3-amino-2,4,6-triiodophenyl)-2-

the union of ammonia with a metallic substance in

ethylpropanoic acid. See iopanoic acid.

such a way that the nitrogen atoms are linked direct-

ly to the metal. Note the distinction from amines in

aminourea hydrochloride. See semicarba-

which the nitrogen is attached directly to the carbon

zide hydrochloride.

atom.

See cobaltammine; coordination compound.

“Amino Vital Fast Charge” [Ajinomot].

TM for pharmaceutical grade amino acids drink

powders.

ammonia, anhydrous.

CAS: 7664-41-7. NH

“Amino Vital Mix and Shake” [Ajinomot].

Properties: Colorless gas (or liquid); sharp, intense-

TM for pharmaceutical grade amino acids drink

ly irritating odor; lighter than air; easily liquefied by

powders.

pressure. Bp −33.5C, fp −77C, vap press of liquid

8.5 atm (20C), sp vol 22.7 cu ft/lb (70C), d (liquid)

“Amino Vital RTD Drink” [Ajinomot].

0.77 at 0C and 0.6819 at bp. Very soluble in water,

TM for pharmaceutical grade amino acids drink

alcohol, and ether. Autoign temp 1204F (650C).

powders.

Combustible. Note: Ammonia is the first complex

molecule to be identified in interstellar space. It has

“Aminox” [Uniroyal]. TM for a low-tempera-

been observed in galactic dust clouds in the Milky

ture reaction product of diphenylamine and acetone.

Way and is believed to constitute the rings of the

Properties: Light-tan powder. D 1.13, mp 85–95C.

planet Saturn.

Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-

Derivation: From synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon

ride; insoluble in water and gasoline.

monoxide, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

Use: Antioxidant for nylon and light-colored rubber

(from air) obtained by steam reforming or by partial

products.

combustion of natural gas (U.S.), or from the action

of steam on hot coke (Haber-Bosch process). The

aminoxylene. See xylidine.

latter method is used in South Africa. After removal

of the carbon oxides, the gas composition is adjusted

amitrole. Generic name for 3-amino-1,2,4-tria-

to a ratio of 3 parts H

to 1 part N

and passed to the

zole.

synthesis unit over a catalyst at pressures of about

300 atm and temperature of approximately 500C.

amlodipine.

The catalyst most widely used is produced by fusion

CAS: 88150-42-9. mf: C

ClN

of iron oxide (Fe

) containing aluminum oxide

Hazard: Human systemic effects.

and potassium oxide as promoters, followed by re-

duction of the oxide. Chemisorption of the nitrogen

amlure. See propyl 1,4-benzodioxan-2-carbox-

on the catalyst surface is the rate-controlling step.

ylate.

Other methods include use of refinery off-gases,

coke-oven gas, electrolytic hydrogen, and calcium

“Ammate” [Du Pont]. TM for ammonium

cyanimide. Ammonia has been made experimental-

sulfamate in various grades.

ly using solar energy to activate the reaction

Hazard: See ammonium sulfamate.

h␯

Use: Nonselective herbicide.

+3H

O → +2NH

+ 1.5O

TiO

ammelide. (6-amino-s-triazine-2,4-diol; cyanu-

ramide).

Ammonia is formed as an end product of animal

metabolism by decomposition of uric acid.

❘

C(OH)NC(OH)N

❘

C(NH

). Grade: Commercial 99.5%, refrigerant 99.97%.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp (decomposes). In- Hazard: Inhalation of concentrated fumes may be

soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in hot water. fatal. TLV: 25 ppm. Moderate fire risk, explosive

Similar to melamine and suggested for melamine- limits in air 16 to 25%. Forms explosive compounds

type (amino) resins. in contact with silver or mercury.

66AMMONIA, AROMATIC SPIRITS

Use: Fertilizers, either as such or in the form of

ammonium acid fluoride. See ammonium

compounds, e.g., ammonium nitrate; manufacture bifluoride.

of nitric acid, hydrazine hydrate, hydrogen cyanide,

urethane, acrylonitrile, and sodium carbonate (by

ammonium acid methanearsonate.

Solvay process); refrigerant; nitriding of steel; con-

AsO(OH)ONH

. A postemergent herbicide,

densation catalyst; synthetic fibers; dyeing; neutral-

available as “Ansar” 157, a clear solution containing

izing agent in petroleum industry; latex preserva-

9.54% As.

tive; explosives; nitrocellulose; ureaformaldehyde;

nitroparaffins; melamine; ethylenediamine; sulfite

ammonium acid phosphate. See ammo-

cooking liquors; fuel cells; rocket fuel; yeast nutri-

nium phosphate, monobasic.

ent; developing diazo films.

See ammonium hydroxide; Haber, Fritz; synthesis

ammonium alginate. (ammonium polyman-

gas.

nuronate). C

•NH

. A hydrophilic, colloid.

Properties: Filamentous, grainy, granular or pow-

der, colorless or slightly yellow, may have a slight

ammonia, aromatic spirits. A mixture of

characteristic smell and taste. Slowly soluble in wa-

10% of ammonia in alcohol. Strong, suffocating

ter forming a viscous solution. Insoluble in alcohol.

odor.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Hazard: Irritant to mucous membranes. Flammable,

Use: Thickening agent and stabilizer in food prod-

keep tightly sealed.

ucts.

Use: Medicine (respiratory stimulant).

See algin.

ammonia-soda process. See Solvay process.

ammonium alum. See aluminum ammonium

sulfate.

ammoniated glycyrrhizin.

CAS: 1407-03-0.

ammonium aluminum chloride. See alu-

Properties: From roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra.

minum ammonium chloride.

Use: Food additive.

ammonium arsenate.

ammoniated mercury chloride. See mer-

CAS: 7784-44-3. (NH

)

HAsO

cury, ammoniated.

Properties: White crystals or powder efflorescing in

air with loss of ammonia. D 1.99. Soluble in water;

ammoniated ruthenium oxychloride. See

decomposes in hot water.

ruthenium red.

ammonium aurin tricarboxylate.

C(C

OHCOONH

)

(O)COONH

ammoniated superphosphate. Fertilizer pro-

Forms colored lakes with aluminum, chromium,

duced by mixing ammonia with superphosphate in

iron, and beryllium.

the ratio of 5 parts to 100.

ammonium benzenesulfonate. (ammonium

ammonio-cupric sulfate. See copper sul-

sulfonate). C

fate, ammoniated.

Properties: Mp 271C (decomposes), d 1.34.

Grade: 35% solution in kerosene.

ammonio-ferric oxalate. See ferric ammo-

Hazard: Flammable.

nium oxalate.

ammonium benzoate. C

COONH

ammonio-ferric sulfate. See ferric ammo-

Properties: White crystals or powder. Soluble in

nium sulfate.

water, alcohol, and glycerol. Decomposes at 198C, d

1.260, sublimes at 160C.

ammonium acetate.

Use: Medicine, latex preservative.

CAS: 631-61-8. NH

Properties: White, deliquescent, crystalline mass.

ammonium biborate. See ammonium bo-

Mp 114C, d 1.073. Soluble in water and alcohol. Mp

rate.

114C, d 1.073. Combustible.

Derivation: By the interaction of glacial acetic acid

ammonium bicarbonate. (ammonium acid

and ammonia.

carbonate; ammonium hydrogen carbonate).

Use: Reagent in analytical chemistry, drugs, textile

CAS: 1066-33-7. NH

HCO

dyeing, preserving meats, foam rubbers, vinyl plas-

Properties: White crystals. D 1.586, mp (decom-

tics, explosives.

poses at 36–60C). Soluble in water; insoluble in

alcohol. Noncombustible.

ammonium acid carbonate. See ammo- Derivation: By heating ammonium hydroxide with

nium bicarbonate. an excess of carbon dioxide and evaporation.

67 AMMONIUM CARBONATE

Impurities: Ammonium carbonate. of ammonia. Soluble in water. D 2.38–2.95. Non-

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC. combustible.

Hazard: Evolves irritating fumes on heating to 35C. Derivation: Action of ammonium hydroxide on bo-

Use: Production of ammonium salts, dyes; leavening ric acid with subsequent crystallization.

Hazard: Evolves irritating fumes, especially when

agent for cookies, crackers, cream-puff doughs;

heated.

fire-extinguishing compounds; pharmaceuticals;

Use: Fireproofing compounds, electrical condensers,

degreasing textiles; blowing agent for foam rubber;

herbicide.

boiler scale removal; compost treatment.

ammonium bichromate. See ammonium ammonium bromide. NH

Br.

dichromate. Properties: Colorless crystals or yellowish white

powder, soluble in water and alcohol, somewhat

hygroscopic. D 2.43, mp sublimes. Noncombust-

ammonium bifluoride. (ammonium acid

ible.

fluoride; ammonium hydrogen fluoride).

Derivation: Action of hydrobromic acid on ammo-

CAS: 1341-49-7. NH

nium hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

Properties: White crystals. Deliquescent, d 1.211.

Grade: Technical, pure, CP, NF.

Soluble in water and alcohol.

Use: Precipitating silver salts for photographic

Derivation: Action of ammonium hydroxide on hy-

plates, medicine (for its bromide ion), analytical

drofluoric acid with subsequent crystallization.

chemistry, process engraving, textile finishing, fire

Hazard: Corrosive to skin. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

retardant, anticorrosive agents.

Use: Ceramics, chemical reagent, etching glass

(white acid), sterilizer for brewery, dairy, and other

equipment; electroplating processing beryllium,

ammonium cadmium bromide. See cad-

laundry sour.

mium ammonium bromide.

ammonium binoxalate. (NH

)HC

•H

ammonium cadmium chloride.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.556, decomposes

4NH

Cl•CdCl

on heating. Soluble in water.

Properties: Colorless, rhombic crystals. Mw 397.3,

Derivation: Action of ammonium hydroxide on ox-

d 2.01. Soluble in water.

alic acid with subsequent crystallization.

Hazard: A poison and human carcinogen. TLV: 0.05

Use: Analytical reagent, ink removal from fabrics.

mg(Cd)/m

(Proposed: 0.01 mg(Cd)/m

(dust), sus-

pected human carcinogen; 0.002 mg(Cd)/m

(respi-

rable dust), suspected human carcinogen).

ammonium biphosphate. See ammonium

phosphate, monobasic.

ammonium caprylate. (octanoic acid am-

ammonium bisulfate. (acid ammonium sul- monium salt). C

fate; ammonium hydrogen sulfate). NH

HSO

. Properties: Hygroscopic crystals. Decomposed at

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent powder. Mp room temperature, mp approximately 75C. Hydro-

145C; d 1.79. Soluble in water; insoluble in acetone lyzes readily. Soluble in alcohol and glacial acetic

and alcohol. acid; partly soluble in acetone; insoluble in benzene.

Use: Catalyst in organic synthesis, hair wave formu- Use: Pesticide, photographic emulsions, chemical

lation. intermediate.

ammonium bisulfide. See ammonium sul-

ammonium carbamate. NH

fide.

Properties: White, rhombic, crystalline powder;

very volatile; forms urea upon heating. Soluble in

water and alcohol. Sublimes at 60C, decomposes in

ammonium bitartrate. (acid ammonium tar-

air to evolve ammonia.

trate). (NH

)HC

Derivation: Interaction of dry ammonia gas and car-

Properties: White crystals. D 1.636. Soluble in wa-

bon dioxide from ammonia liquor with ammonia

ter, acids, and alkalies; insoluble in alcohol.

and ammonium carbonate.

Derivation: By the action of ammonium hydroxide

Grade: Technical.

on tartaric acid.

Hazard: Evolves irritating fumes when heated.

Use: Baking powder.

Use: Fertilizer.

ammonium boranecarboxylate.

ammonium carbazotate. See ammonium

CAS: 74861-59-9. mf: CH

•H

picrate.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

ammonium borate. (ammonium biborate). ammonium carbonate. (crystal ammonia;

•3H

O. ammonium sesquicarbonate; hartshorn).

Properties: Colorless crystals, efflorescent with loss CAS: 506-87-6. (NH

)HCO

•(NH

)CO

68AMMONIUM CERIC NITRATE

mixture of ammonium acid carbonate and ammo-

ammonium chloroplatinite. (platinous am-

nium carbamate.

monium chloride; platinum ammonium chlo-

Properties: Colorless, crystalline plates or white

ride).

powder; unstable in air, being converted into the

CAS: 16919-58-7. (NH

)

PtCl

bicarbonate. Strong odor of ammonia, sharp ammo-

Properties: Dark ruby-red crystals. Decomposes

niacal taste. Soluble in water, decomposes in hot

140–150C. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

water, yielding ammonia and carbon dioxide. Non-

Use: In photography.

combustible.

Derivation: Ammonium salts are heated with calci-

ammonium chromate. (chromic acid, diam-

um carbonate.

monium salt).

Method of purification: Sublimation.

CAS: 7788-98-9. (NH

)

CrO

Grade: Technical, lumps, cubes, powder, CP, NF,

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.866, mp (decom-

FCC.

poses). Soluble in cold water; insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Evolves irritating fumes when heated.

Derivation: Addition of ammonium hydroxide to a

Use: Ammonium salts, medicine (expectorant), bak-

solution of ammonium bichromate, recovery by

ing powders, smelling-salts, fire-extinguishing

crystallization.

compounds, pharmaceuticals, textiles (mordant),

Impurities: Dichromates.

fermentation accelerator in wine manufacture, or-

Grade: Technical, CP.

ganic chemicals, ceramics, washing wool.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation, strong irritant. TLV:

TWA 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed Human Carcin-

ogen.

ammonium ceric nitrate. See ceric ammo-

Use: Mordant in dyeing; photography (sensitizer for

nium nitrate.

gelatin coatings); analytical reagent; catalyst; corro-

sion inhibitor.

ammonium chlorate.

CAS: 10192-29-7. NH

ClO

ammonium chrome alum. See chromium

Properties: Colorless or white crystals, water sol-

ammonium sulfate.

uble.

Derivation: Reaction of ammonium chloride with

ammonium chromium sulfate. See chro-

sodium chlorate in solution.

mium ammonium sulfate.

Hazard: Spontaneous chemical reaction with reduc-

ing agents. Powerful oxidizer. When contaminated

ammonium citrate, dibasic.

with combustible materials, it can ignite. Shock sen-

(NH

)

sitive; can detonate when exposed to heat or vibra-

Properties: White granules, soluble in water, very

tion, especially when contaminated.

slightly soluble in alcohol.

Use: Explosives.

Use: Pharmaceuticals, rustproofing, cotton printing,

plasticizer, analytical reagent in determination of

phosphate in fertilizer.

ammonium chloride. (sal ammoniac).

CAS: 12125-02-9. NH

Cl.

ammonium cobaltous phosphate. See co-

Properties: White crystals; cool, saline taste; some-

baltous ammonium phosphate.

what hygroscopic. Sublimes at 350C, d 1.54. Solu-

ble in water, glycerol; slightly soluble in alcohol.

ammonium decaborate. See ammonium

Derivation: (1) As a by-product of the ammonia-

pentaborate.

soda process, (2) reaction of ammonium sulfate and

sodium chloride solutions.

ammonium dichromate. (ammonium bi-

Grade: Technical (lumps or granulated), CP, USP,

chromate).

FCC.

CAS: 7789-09-5 (NH

)

Hazard: TLV: 10 mg/m

(fume).

Properties: Orange needles. D 2.152 (25C), decom-

Use: Dry batteries, mordant (dyeing and printing),

poses with slight heating. Soluble in water and al-

soldering flux, manufacturing of various ammonia

cohol.

compounds, fertilizer, pickeling agent in zinc coat-

Derivation: Action of chromic acid on ammonium

ing and tinning, electroplating, washing powders,

hydroxide with subsequent crystallization.

melt-retarding snow treatment, production of urea-

Hazard: Dusts and solutions are toxic, irritating to

formaldehyde resins and adhesives, bakery

eyes and skin; dangerous fire risk. Strong oxidizing

products.

agent may explode in contact with organic materi-

als. TLV: 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; Confirmed Human Car-

ammonium chloroosmate. See ammonium

cinogen.

hexachloroosmate.

Use: Mordant for dyeing, pigments, manufacturing

of alizarin, chrome alum, oil purification, pickling,

ammonium chloroplatinate. See ammo- manufacture of catalysts, leather tanning, synthetic

nium hexachloroplatinate. perfumes, photography, process engraving and li-

69 AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE

thography (sensitizer for photo-chemical insolubili- Use: Analytical chemistry (metal precipitant).

zation of albumin, etc.), chromic oxide, pyro-

technics.

ammonium gluconate. NH

Properties: White powder. Soluble in water, insolu-

ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. See ble in alcohol. Optical rotation +11.6 (in water).

ammonium phosphate monobasic.

Derivation: From gluconic acid by neutralization

with ammonia.

ammonium dimethyldithiocarbamate.

Use: Emulsifying agent for cheese and salad

(CH

)

NCS

dressings.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Soluble in water, de-

composes in air.

ammonium glutamate. (monoammonium

Grade: 42% solution in water.

glutamate).

Use: Fungicide.

See sodium glutamate.

ammonium dinitro-o-cresolate.

ammonium hexachloroosmate. (ammonium

Hazard: Dangerous in contact with combustible ma-

chlorosmate; osmium ammonium chloride).

terials. Strong oxidizing agent. Flammable.

(NH

)

OsCl

Use: Herbicide.

Properties: Red powder. Contains 43.5% osmium.

Soluble in alcohol and water.

ammonium dithiocarbamate. CH

Hazard: See osmium.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 99C (decomposes),

d 1.45. Soluble in water.

ammonium hexachloroplatinate. (ammo-

Derivation: Reaction of ammonia with carbon disul-

nium chloroplatinate; platinic-ammonium chlo-

fide.

ride; platinic sal ammoniac; platinum ammo-

Use: Organic synthesis, especially heterocyclic com-

nium chloride). (NH

)

PtCl

pounds; analytical reagent.

Properties: Orange-red crystals or yellow powder. D

3.06, mp (decomposes). Slightly soluble in water;

ammonium-ferric-cyano-ferrate(II). See insoluble in alcohol.

ferric ammonium ferrocyanide. Grade: Technical, CP.

Use: Plating, platinum sponge.

ammonium fluoride.

ammonium hexafluorogermanate.

CAS: 12125-01-8. NH

(NH

)

GeF

Properties: White crystals. D 1.31, decomposed by

Properties: White crystalline solid. D 2.564, mp

heat. Soluble in cold water.

380C (sublimes). Soluble in cold water; insoluble in

Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and

alcohol.

hydrofluoric acid with subsequent crystallization.

Method of purification: Recrystallization.

Grade: Technical, CP.

ammonium hexanitratocerate. See ceric

Hazard: Corrosive to tissue. TLV: 2.5 mg(F)/m

. ammonium nitrate.

Use: Fluorides, analytical chemistry, antiseptic in

brewing, etching glass, textile mordant, wood pres-

ammonium hydrate. See ammonium hy-

ervation, mothproofing.

droxide.

ammonium fluoroberyllate. ammonium hydrogen carbonate. See am-

CAS: 14874-86-3. mf: BeF

•2H

N. monium bicarbonate.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and inhalation.

ammonium hydrogen fluoride. See ammo-

nium bifluoride.

ammonium fluosilicate. (ammonium silico-

fluoride).

CAS: 16919-19-0. (NH

)

SiF

. ammonium hydrogen sulfate. See ammo-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.01. Solu- nium bisulfate.

ble in alcohol and water.

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin. TLV: 2.5

ammonium hydrosulfide. See ammonium

mg(F)/m

sulfide.

Use: Laundry sours, mothproofing, disinfectant in

brewing industry, glass etching, light metal casting,

ammonium hydroxide. (ammonia solution;

electroplating.

aqua ammonia; ammonium hydrate). NH

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid, strong odor. Concen-

ammonium formate. HCOONH

. tration of solutions range up to approximately 30%

Properties: Deliquescent, crystalline powder. D ammonia.

1.26; mp 115C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Grade: Technical, CP, 16%, 20%, 26%, NF (strong),

Derivation: Reaction of formic acid with ammonia. FCC.

70AMMONIUM HYPOPHOSPHITE

Hazard: Liquid and vapor extremely irritating, espe-

ammonium metavanadate. (ammonium

cially to eyes. vanadate). NH

Use: Textiles, manufacture rayon, rubber, fertilizers, Properties: White crystals. D 2.326, mp decomposes

at 210C. Insoluble in saturated ammonium chloride

refrigeration, condensation polymerization, photog-

solution; slightly soluble in cold water. Nonflamm-

raphy (development of latent images), pharmaceuti-

able.

cals, ammonia soaps, lubricants, fireproofing wood,

Derivation: Alkali solutions of vanadium pentoxide

ink manufacture, explosives, ceramics, ammonium

and precipitation with ammonium chloride.

compounds, saponifying fats and oils, organic syn-

Use: For catalyst as vanadium pentoxide, dyes, var-

thesis, detergents, food additives, household

nishes, indelible inks, drier for paints and inks, pho-

cleanser.

tography, analytical reagent.

ammonium hypophosphite. NH

ammonium molybdate. (molybdic acid

Properties: Deliquescent crystals or white powder,

85%). (NH

)

•4H

decomposes when heated. Soluble in water and al-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. D 2.27, mp

cohol.

decomposes. Soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.

Hazard: Evolves flammable and toxic fumes on

Nonflammable.

heating.

Derivation: Dissolving molybdenum trioxide in

Use: Catalyst in nylon manufacture.

aqueous ammonia.

See phosphine.

Grade: Technical, CP, reagent (contains 85%

MoO

ammonium ichthosulfonate. See

Hazard: Irritant.

ichthammol.

Use: Analytical reagent, pigments, catalyst for dehy-

drogenation and desulfurization in petroleum and

ammonium iodate. NH

coal technology, production of molybdenum metal,

Properties: White, odorless, granular powder.

source of molybdate ions.

Hazard: Fire risk in contact with organic materials.

Use: Oxidizing agent.

ammonium-12-molybdophosphate. (am-

monium phosphomolybdate).

ammonium iodide. NH

(NH

)

•12MoO

•3H

O, or

Properties: White, hygroscopic crystals or powder.

(NH

)

PMo

•xH

D 2.56, mp sublimes with decomposition. Soluble in

Properties: Yellow, crystalline powder. Soluble in

water or alcohol. Affected by light.

alkali; insoluble in alcohol and acids; very slightly

Use: Iodides, medicine (expectorant), photography.

soluble in water. Nonflammable.

Derivation: Interaction of ammonium molybdate

ammonium laurate, anhydrous.

with phosphoric and nitric acids.

COONH

Grade: 91% MoO

Properties: Tan, waxlike material; free from ammo-

Use: Reagent, ion exchange columns, photographic

nia odor. D 0.88 (25C), pH (5% dispersion) 7.6–7.8,

additives, imparting water resistance.

mp 42–56C, neutralization value 120–125. Soluble

in ethanol, methanol, cottonseed oil, mineral oil,

ammonium-12-molybdosilicate. (ammo-

(hot) in naphtha, toluene, and vegetable oil. Com-

nium silicomolybdate). (NH

)

SiMo

•xH

bustible.

Properties: Crystalline, yellow granules; thermally

Use: Production of oil-in-water emulsions with high

stable. Only slightly soluble in water, ethanol, and

oil content; cosmetics.

ethyl acetate. Nonflammable.

Grade: Technical, reagent.

ammonium lignin sulfonate. See lignin

Use: Catalysts, reagents, in atomic energy as precipi-

sulfonate.

tants and inorganic ion-exchangers, in photographic

processes as fixing agents and oxidizing agents, in

ammonium linoleate. C

COONH

plating processes as additive, and in plastics, adhe-

Properties: Yellow paste with ammoniacal odor. D

sives, and cement industries for imparting water

1.1, pH (5% dispersion) 9.5–9.8, total solids 82%.

resistance.

Soluble in water, ethanol and methanol; emulsifies

in naphtha, toluene, mineral oil, and vegetable oil.

ammonium nickel chloride. See nickel

Combustible.

ammonium chloride.

Grade: Technical, 80%.

Use: Emulsifying agent for oils, waxes, and hydro-

ammonium nickel sulfate. See nickel am-

carbon solvents; surface tension reducer; detergent;

monium sulfate.

water-repellent finishes.

ammonium nitrate. (Norway saltpeter).

ammonium magnesium arsenate. See NH

magnesium ammonium arsenate dihydrate. Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.725, mp 169.6C,

71 AMMONIUM PERSULFATE

bp (decomposes at 210C with evolution of nitrous Use: Intermediate for boron chemicals; as a power-

oxide). Soluble in water, alcohol, and alkalies. level control in atomic submarines.

Derivation: Action of ammonia vapor on nitric acid.

Grade: Usually expressed in percent of nitrogen, as

ammonium pentadecafluorooctanoate.

20.5% N, 33.5% N. FGAN is a fertilizer grade,

See ammonium perfluorooctanoate.

prilled and usually coated with kieselguhr. Also

available as an 83% solution. A temperature-stabi-

ammonium perchlorate. (AP; APC).

lized grade is also available that inhibits breakdown

ClO

of prills due to crystalline changes.

Properties: White crystals. D 1.95, mp (decomposes

Hazard: May explode under confinement and high

on heating). Soluble in water.

temperatures, but not readily detonated. Ventilate

Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide,

well. To fight fire, use large amounts of water. The

hydrochloric acid, and sodium chlorate. Recovery

material must be kept as cool as possible and re-

by crystallization.

moved from confinement and flooded with water in

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent; ignites violently

event of fire. Explodes more readily if contaminated

with combustibles. Shocksensitive; may explode

with combustibles. Strong oxidizing agent. May be

when exposed to heat or by spontaneous chemical

made resistant to flame and detonation by propri-

reaction. Sensitive, high explosive when contami-

etary process involving addition of 5–10% ammo-

nated with reducing materials. Skin irritant.

nium phosphate.

Use: Explosives, pyrotechnics, analytical chemistry,

Use: Fertilizer, explosives especially as prills/oil

etching and engraving agent, smokeless rocket and

mixture, pyrotechnics, herbicides and insecticides,

jet propellant.

manufacture of nitrous oxide, absorbent for nitrogen

oxides, ingredient of freezing mixtures, oxidizer in

ammonium perfluorooctanoate. (ammo-

solid rocket propellants, nutrient for antibiotics and

nium pentadecafluorooctanoate).

yeast, catalyst.

CAS: 3825-26-1. C

COONH

See explosives.

Properties: White powder. Mw 431, d 0.6–0.7 g/cc,

bp 125C (sublimes). Highly soluble in water.

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation and skin contact. TLV:

ammonium nitrate-carbonate mixtures.

0.01 mg/m

See calcium ammonium nitrate.

Use: For polymerization of fluorinated monomers.

ammonium nitroso-␤-phenylhydroxyl-

ammonium permanganate. NH

MnO

amine. See cupferron.

Properties: Crystal or powder form, having a metal-

lic sheen in rich violet-brown or dark purple shades,

ammonium oleate. C

COONH

. An am-

soluble in water.

monium soap.

Hazard: May explode on shock or on exposure to

Properties: Yellow to brownish ointmentlike mass;

heat. Toxic by ingestion or by inhalation of dust or

ammonia odor. Decomposes on heating. Soluble in

fume. Powerful oxidizer.

water and hot alcohol. Combustible.

Use: Emulsifying agent, cosmetics.

ammonium peroxychromate. (NH

)

CrO

Properties: Red-brown crystals. Mp @ 40°C (de-

ammonium oxalate. (NH

)

•H

comp), bp: explodes @ 50°C, mw 234.1.

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 1.502, decomposed

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 0.05 mg(Cr)/m

; confirmed

by heat. Soluble in water.

human carcinogen. Moderately flammable by

Use: Analytical chemistry, safety explosives, manu-

chemical reaction with reducing agents. A powerful

facture of oxalates, rust and scale removal.

oxidizer. Moderately explosive when heated.

ammonium palmitate. C

COONH

.An

ammonium perrhenate. NH

ReO4

ammonium soap.

Properties: Colorless, weakly oxidizing solid. Sta-

Properties: Yellowish granules. Mp 20C. Soluble in

ble to heat; decomposes at 365C. Moderately solu-

water, hot alcohols, and benzene. Combustible.

ble in hot water; slightly soluble in cold water.

Derivation: Reaction of palmitic acid and ammo-

Derivation: Liquid ion-exchange.

nium carbonate.

Hazard: Moderate fire risk in contact with reducers.

Use: Thickening agent for petroleum-derived sol-

vents, lubricants, etc.; waterproofing.

ammonium persulfate.

CAS: 7727-54-0. (NH

)

ammonium paratungstate. See ammonium

Properties: White crystals. D 1.98; mp decomposes.

tungstate.

Strong oxidizer. Water soluble.

Derivation: Electrolysis of concentrated solution of

ammonium pentaborate. (ammonium deca- ammonium sulfate. Recovered by crystallization.

borate). (NH

)

•8H

O. Hazard: TLV: 0.1 mg/m

. Fire risk in contact with

Properties: Crystals or powder. Soluble in water. reducers.

72AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE, DIBASIC

Use: Oxidizer, bleaching agent; photography; et- Properties: White powder. Soluble in alkali, insolu-

chant for printed circuit boards, copper; electroplat- ble in acid, sparingly soluble in water.

ing; manufacture of other persulfates; deodorizing Derivation: Interaction of ammonium tungstate, am-

and bleaching oils; aniline dyes; preserving foods;

monium phosphate, and nitric acid.

depolarizer in batteries; washing infected yeast.

Use: Chemical reagent, ion-exchange.

ammonium phosphate, dibasic. (ammo-

ammonium phosphowolframate. See am-

nium phosphate, secondary; diammonium hy-

monium phosphotungstate.

drogen phosphate; diammonium phosphate;

DAP). (NH

)

HPO

ammonium picrate. (ammonium carbazoate;

Properties: White crystals or powder. D 1.619, mild-

ammonium picronitrate).

ly alkaline in reaction. Soluble in water; insoluble in

CAS: 131-74-8. C

(NO

)

ONH

alcohol. Noncombustible.

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.72, mp (decom-

Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and

poses). Slightly soluble in water and alcohol.

phosphoric acid in proper proportions.

Hazard: A high explosive when dry, flammable

Grade: Technical, CP, fertilizer, feed, dentifrice,

when wet.

highly purified for phosphors, FCC.

Use: Pyrotechnics, explosive compositions.

Use: Flameproofing of wood, paper, and textiles;

coating vegetation to retard forest fires; to prevent

ammonium polymannuronate. See ammo-

afterglow in matches and smoking of candle wicks;

nium alginate.

fertilizer (high analysis phosphate type); plant nutri-

ent solutions; manufacture of yeast, vinegar, and

ammonium polyphosphate. See urea-am-

bread improvers; feed additive; flux for soldering

monium polyphosphate; “Poly-N” [Solutia].

tin, copper, brass, zinc; purifying sugar; in ammoni-

ated dentrifices; halophosphate phosphors. 84

ammonium polysulfide. (NH

)

Properties: Known only in solution. Yellow, unsta-

ammonium phosphate, hemibasic.

ble; H

S odor. Decomposed by acids with evolution

•H

of hydrogen sulfide.

Properties: White, crystalline material; somewhat

Derivation: Passing hydrogen sulfide into 28% am-

hygroscopic. Strongly acid in reaction. Soluble in

monium hydroxide and dissolving an excess of sul-

water. Noncombustible.

fur in the resulting solution.

Use: Nutrient for truck gardens, yeast food, buffer for

Hazard: Evolves toxic and flammable gas on contact

adjustment of pH values, metal cleaning.

with acids.

Use: Analytical reagent, insecticide spray.

ammonium phosphate, monobasic. (am-

monium acid phosphate; ammonium biphosp-

ammonium potassium hydrogen

hate; ammonium dihydrogen phosphate; ammo-

phosphate.

nium phosphate, primary). NH

Use: Food additive.

Properties: Brilliant white crystals or powder. D

1.803. Mildly acid in reaction. Moderately soluble

ammonium reineckate. See Reinecke salt.

in water. Noncombustible.

Derivation: Interaction of phosphoric acid and am-

ammonium ricinoleate. C

OHCOONH

monia in proper proportions.

Properties: White paste. Combustible.

Grade: Technical, CP, FCC, single crystals.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Fertilizers; flameproofing agent; to prevent af-

Use: Detergent, emulsifying agent.

terglow in matches; plant nutrient solutions; manu-

facturing of yeast, vinegar, yeast foods, and bread

ammonium saccharin.

improvers; food additive; analytical chemistry.

CAS: 6381-61-9. mf: C

Properties: White crystals or crystalline powder;

ammonium phosphite. (neutral ammonium

intense sweet taste. Sol in water.

phosphite). (NH

)

HPO

•H

Hazard: A severe eye irritant.

Properties: Colorless, crystalline mass. Hygroscop-

Use: Food additive.

ic. Soluble in water.

Grade: Technical.

ammonium salts. Salts formed by neutraliza-

Use: Chemical (reducing agent), lubricating grease

tion of ammonium hydroxide with acids. Usually

(corrosion inhibitor).

white and water soluble; usually decomposed by

heat into ammonia and the corresponding acid,

ammonium phosphomolybdate. See am-

which may also decompose. All ammonium salts

monium-12-molybdophosphate.

liberate ammonia (NH

) when heated with a strong

base, e.g., sodium hydroxide or calcium hydroxide.

ammonium phosphotungstate. (ammonium

phosphowolframate). 2(NH

)

•24WO

•xH

O. ammonium selenate. (NH

)

SeO

73 AMMONIUM TARTRATE

Properties: Colorless crystals. D 2.194. Soluble in ammonia is neutralized with sulfuric acid. (3) By-

water, insoluble in alcohol. product of manufacture of caprolactam. (4) From

Use: Mothproofing agent. gypsum by reaction with ammonia and carbon di-

oxide.

Method of purification: Recrystallization or subli-

ammonium selenite. (NH

)

SeO

•H

mation.

Properties: Colorless or slightly reddish crystals.

Grade: Commercial, technical, CP, enzyme (no

Keep away from dust or light. Soluble in water.

heavy metals), FCC.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Fertilizers, water treatment, fermentation, fire-

Use: Analysis (test for alkaloids), glass colorant.

proofing compositions, viscose rayon, tanning, food

additive.

ammonium sesquicarbonate. See ammo-

nium carbonate.

ammonium sulfate nitrate.

ammonium silicofluoride. See ammonium

Properties: A double salt of approximately 60%

fluosilicate.

ammonium sulfate and 40% ammonium nitrate,

26% nitrogen content. White to light gray granules,

ammonium silicomolybdate. See ammo-

soluble in water.

nium-12-molybdosilicate.

Hazard: Oxidizer, dangerous in contact with organic

materials.

ammonium soap. A soap resulting from the

reaction of a fatty acid with ammonium hydroxide.

ammonium sulfide.

Has an appreciable vapor pressure of ammonia and

CAS: 12124-99-1. (NH

)

S. The true sulfide is stable

decomposes on continued exposure, leaving the fat-

only in the absence of moisture and below 0C. The

ty acid residue. Usually not sold as detergents, but

ammonium sulfide of commerce is largely ammo-

used in toilet preparations and emulsions.

nium bisulfide or hydrosulfide, NH

HS.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp (decomposes). Sol-

ammonium stearate. (octadecanoic acid;

uble in water, alcohol, and alkalies. Evolves hydro-

ammonium salt).

gen sulfide on contact with acids.

CAS: 1002-89-7. C

COONH

Grade: Technical, CP, liquid, 40–44%.

Properties: Tan, waxlike solid; free from ammonia

Hazard: Strong irritant to skin and mucous mem-

odor. Mw 301.58, d 0.89 (22C), pH (3% dispersion)

branes.

7.6, mp 73–75C, neutralization value 70–80. Solu-

Use: Textile industry, photography (developers), col-

ble in boiling water and hot toluene; partly soluble in

oring brasses, bronzes, iron control in soda ash pro-

hot butyl acetate and ethanol. Combustible.

duction, synthetic flavors.

Grade: Available as anhydrous solid or as paste.

Hazard: A nuisance dust. TLV: TWA 10 mg/m

ammonium sulfite.

Use: Vanishing creams, brushless shaving creams,

CAS: 10192-30-0. (NH

)

•H

other cosmetic products; waterproofing of cements,

Properties: Colorless crystals; acrid, sulfurous taste.

concrete, stucco, paper and textiles, etc.

D 1.41. Hygroscopic, sublimes at 150C with decom-

position. Soluble in water.

ammonium sulfamate.

Use: Chemical (intermediates, reducing agent), med-

CAS: 7773-06-0. NH

OSO

icine, permanent wave solutions, photography, met-

Properties: White, hygroscopic solid. Mp 130C, de-

al lubricants.

composes at 160C. Soluble in water and ammonia

solution. Nonflammable.

ammonium sulfocyanate. See ammonium

Derivation: Hydrolysis of the product obtained

thiocyanate.

when urea is treated with fuming sulfuric acid.

Hazard: Hot acid solutions when enclosed may ex-

ammonium sulfocyanide. See ammonium

plode. TLV: 10 mg/m

thiocyanate.

Use: Flameproofing agent for textiles and certain

grades of paper, weed and brush killer, electroplat-

ammonium sulfonate. See ammonium ben-

ing, generation of nitrous oxide.

zenesulfonate.

ammonium sulfate.

ammonium sulforicinoleate.

CAS: 7783-20-2. (NH

)

Properties: Yellow liquid. Soluble in alcohol. Com-

Properties: Brownish-gray to white crystals accord-

bustible.

ing to degree of purity. D 1.77, mp 513C with de-

Grade: Technical.

composition. Soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol

Use: Medicine, furniture polish.

and acetone. Nonflammable.

Derivation: (1) Ammoniacal vapors from destruc-

tive distillation of coal react with sulfuric acid, fol-

ammonium tartrate.

lowed by crystallization and drying. (2) Synthetic CAS: 3164-29-2. (NH

)

74AMMONIUM TETRA

Properties: White crystals.D 1.601, decomposes on Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water; insolu-

heating. Soluble in water and alcohol. ble in alcohol.

Use: Textile industry, medicine. Derivation: Interaction of ammonium hydroxide and

tungstic acid with subsequent crystallization.

Use: Preparation of ammonium phosphotungstate

ammonium

and tungsten alloys.

tetrathiocyanodiammonochromate. See

See ammonium metatungstate.

Reinecke salt.

ammonium valerate. (pentanoic acid, am-

ammonium tetrathiotungstate. (NH

)

monium salt; valeric acid, ammonium salt).

Properties: Orange-colored, crystalline powder;

sensitive to heat; hydrogen sulfide odor. Mp (de-

Properties: Very hygroscopic crystals. Mp 108C,

composes). Soluble in water, ammoniacal, and

mw 119.16. Very soluble in water, alcohol, and

amine solutions.

ether.

Use: Source of high purity tungsten disulfide for

Grade: Food and flavor codex.

catalysts, lubricants, semiconductors.

Use: Flavoring material.

ammonium thiocyanate. (ammonium sulfo-

ammonium vanadate. See ammonium meta-

cyanide; ammonium sulfocyanate).

vanadate.

CAS: 1762-95-4. NH

SCN.

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals. D

ammonium wolframate. See ammonium

1.3057; mp 149.6C; decomposes at 170C. Soluble in

tungstate.

water, alcohol, acetone, and ammonia.

Derivation: By boiling an aqueous solution of am-

ammonium zirconifluoride. See zirconium

monium cyanide with sulfur or polysulfides, or by

ammonium fluoride.

the reaction of ammonia and carbon disulfide.

Grade: Technical, CP, 50–60% solution.

ammonium zirconyl carbonate.

Use: Analytical chemistry; chemicals (thiourea); fer-

(NH

)

ZrOH(CO

)

•2H

O. D 1.238 (24C). Stable

tilizers; photography; ingredients of freezing solu-

up to approximately 68C; decomposes in dilute

tions, especially liquid rocket propellants; fabric

acids, alkalies.

dyeing; zinc coating; weed killer and defoliant; ad-

Grade: Aqueous solution

hesives; curing resins; pickling iron and steel; elec-

Use: Ingredient in water repellents for paper and

troplating; temporary soil sterilizer; polymerization

textiles, catalyst, stabilizer in latex emulsion paints,

catalyst; separator of zirconium and hafnium, and of

ingredient in floor wax to aid in resistance to deter-

gold and iron.

gents, lubricant in fabrication of glass fibers.

ammonium thioglycolate. HSCH

COONH

ammonobasic mercuric chloride. See

Properties: Colorless liquid, repulsive odor. Evolves

mercury, ammoniated.

hydrogen sulfide. Combustible.

Use: Solutions of various strengths are used for hair

ammonolysis. The procedure that is analogous

waving and for hair removal.

to hydrolysis, with ammonia substituted for water.

ammonium thiosulfate.

ammonotelic. Organisms that excrete excess ni-

CAS: 7783-18-8. (NH

)

trogen in the form of ammonia.

Properties: White crystals decomposed by heat. PH

of 60% solution 6.5–7.0. Very soluble in water.

“Ammo-Phos” [Olin]. TM for high-analysis

Grade: Pure crystals (97%), 60% photographic solu-

ammonium phosphate-containing fertilizers.

tion.

Use: Photographic fixing agent, especially for rapid

amniote egg. The type of egg laid by reptiles and

development; analytical reagent; fungicide; reduc-

birds, having a nutritious yolk and a hard outer shell

ing agent; brightener in silver plating baths; cleaning

to protect the embryo from the dry environment. The

compounds for zinc-base die-cast metals; hair wav-

amniote egg is named for the amnion, a sac that

ing preparations; fog screens.

contains the embryo.

ammonium titanium oxalate. (titanium

amobarbital. (5-ethyl-5-isoamylbarbituric

ammonium oxalate). (NH

)

TiO(C

)

acid). C

Properties: A water-soluble powder

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless with

Use: Mordant in dyeing cellulosic fibers, leather, etc.

bitter taste. Mp 156–161C. Solutions are acid to

litmus. Very slightly soluble in water; soluble in

ammonium tungstate. (ammonium wolfra- alcohol.

mate; ammonium paratungstate). Grade: USP.

(NH

)

•6H

O. Hazard: May be a habit forming drug of abuse.

75 AMPHIPROTIC

Use: Medicine (also as sodium salt), hypnotic. fatigue, corrosion, erosion, wear, and cavitation pit-

ting.

Use: For bushings, bearings, gears, slides, etc.

“Amoco Performance Products” [Amoco

Perfomance Products]. TM for specialty en-

gineering polymers to help reduce pollution.

“Ampcoloy” [Ampco]. TM for a series of in-

dustrial copper alloys including low-iron-aluminum

amodiaquine hydrochloride.

bronzes, nickel-aluminum bronzes, tin bronzes,

Cl•2HCl•2H

manganese bronzes, lead bronzes, beryllium-cop-

Properties: Yellow crystalline solid; odorless; bitter.

per, and high-conductivity alloys.

Mp 150–160C (decomposes), pH (1% solution)

4.0–4.8. Soluble in water; sparingly soluble in alco-

“Ampco-Trode” [Ampco]. TM for a series of

hol; very slightly soluble in benzene, chloroform,

aluminum-bronze arc-welding electrodes and filler

and ether.

rod containing 9.0–15.0% aluminum, 1.0–5.0%

Grade: NF.

iron, balance copper, for joining like or dissimilar

Use: Medicine (antimalarial).

metals and overlaying surfaces resistant to wear,

corrosion, erosion, and cavitation-pitting.

amorphous. Noncrystalline, having no molecu-

lar lattice structure which is characteristic of the

AMPD. Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-

solid state. All liquids are amorphous. Some materi-

propanediol.

als that are apparently solid, such as glasses, or

semisolid, such as some high polymers, rubber, and

amphetamine. (1-phenyl-2-aminopropane;

sulfur allotropes, also lack a definite crystal struc-

methylphenethylamine; “Benzedrine”).

ture and a well-defined melting point. They are con-

CH(NH

)CH

sidered high-viscosity liquids. The cellulose mole-

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; characteristic

cule contains amorphous as well as crystalline areas.

strong odor; slightly burning taste. Bp 200–203C

Carbon derived by thermal decomposition or partial

(decomposes), flash p 80F (26.6C). Soluble in alco-

combustion of coal, petroleum, and wood is amor-

hol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

phous (coke, carbon black, charcoal), though other

Grade: Dextro-, dextrolevo-. Also available as phos-

forms (diamond, graphite) are crystalline. Amor-

phate and sulfate.

phous metallic alloys for transformer coils are made

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Basis of a

by extremely rapid cooling of the molten mixture.

group of hallucinogenic (habit-forming) drugs that

They are composed of iron, nickel, phosphorus, and

affect the central nervous system. Sale and use re-

boron.

stricted to physicians. Production limited by law.

See liquid; liquid crystal; glass, metallic.

Use: Medicine.

amorphous wax. See microcrystalline wax.

amphibole. A type of asbestos.

amosite. A type of asbestos. See asbestos.

See asbestos.

amphibolic pathway. A metabolic pathway

AMP. (1) Abbreviation for 2-amino-2-methyl-1-

used in both catabolism and anabolism.

propanol. (2) Abbreviation for adenosine mono-

phosphate.

amphipathic. Containing both polar and nonpo-

See adenylic acid.

lar domains.

AMP resistance. See Antibiotic resistance.

amphipathy. The simultaneous attraction and

repulsion in a single molecule or ion consisting of

A5MP. Abbreviation for adenosine-5-mono-

one or more groups having an affinity for the phase

phosphoric acid.

in which they are dissolved together with groups that

See 5

′

-adenylic acid.

tend to be expelled by the medium.

“AMP-95” [Angus]. TM for 2-amino-methyl-

amphiphilic. Molecule having a water-soluble

1-propanol.

polar head (hydrophilic) and a water-insoluble or-

Grade: 95% and 99+%.

ganic tail (hydrophobic), e.g., octyl alcohol, sodium

Available forms: Liquid.

stearate. Such molecules are necessary for emulsion

Use: Multifunctional amine, used as codispersant,

formation and for controlling the structure of liquid

solubilizer, stabilizer, neutralizer, buffer, and cata-

crystals.

lyst.

See emulsion; liquid crystal.

“Ampco” [Ampco]. TM for a series of alumi-

num-iron-copper alloys containing 6–15% alumi-

amphiprotic. Capable of donating and accepting

num, 1.5–5.25% iron, balance copper. Resistant to protons, thus able to serve as an acid or a base.

76AMPHOLYTE

ampholyte. A substance that can ionize to form ampule. (ampul; ampulla). A small-sealed glass

either anions or cations and thus may act as either an container used for sterile liquids. It protects contents

acid or a base. An ampholytic detergent is cationic in from air or contamination.

acid media and anionic in base media. Water is an

ampholyte.

amsonic acid. (4,4

′

-diamino-2,2

′

-stilbenedisul-

See amphoteric.

fonic acid). C

Properties: Acicular crystals. Slightly soluble in

amphora catalyst. See catalyst, amphora.

water.

Use: Manufacture of bleaching agents and organic

“Amphosol” [Stepan]. (cocamidopropyl be-

dyes.

taine) TM for chemical used in shampoos, liquid

hand soap, bubble bath, thickeners, and foam en-

amsulosin hydrochloride. See r-(−)-5-(2-

hancers.

((2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl)amino)propyl)-2.

amphoteric. Having the capacity of behaving

amygdalic acid. See mandelic acid.

either as an acid or a base. Thus, aluminum hydrox-

ide neutralizes acids with the formation of alumi-

amygdalin. (mandelonitrile-␤-gentiobioside;

num salts, Al(OH)

+ 3HCl → AlCl

+3H

O, and

amygdaloside). C

CHCNOC

. A glyco-

also dissolves in strongly basic solutions to form

side found in bitter almonds, peaches, and apricots.

aluminates, Al(OH)

+ 3NaOH → Na

AlO

+3H

Properties: White crystals; bitter taste. Mp

Amino acids and proteins are amphoteric, i.e., their

214–216C (anhydrous). Soluble in water and alco-

molecules contain both an acid group (COOH) and a

hol; insoluble in ether.

basic group (NH

). Thus, wool can absorb both acid-

See almond oil (note).

ic and basic dyes.

amyl. The 5-carbon aliphatic group C

, also

amphotericin B. A polyene antifungal antibot-

known as pentyl. Eight isomeric arrangements (ex-

ic. C

clusive of optical isomers) are possible. The amyl

Properties: Pale yellow, semicrystalline powder.

compounds occur (as in fusel oil) or are formed (as

Mp >170C (gradual decomposition). Insoluble in

from the petroleum pentanes) as mixtures of several

water; slightly soluble in methanol; somewhat more

isomers, and, since their boiling points are close and

soluble in dimethylsulfoxide.

their other properties similar, it is neither easy nor

Derivation: Fermentation with Sterptomyces nodo-

usually necessary to purify them.

sus. Commercially available as a deoxycholate com-

See amyl alcohol.

plex.

Grade: USP.

amyl acetate. (amylacetic ester; banana oil;

Hazard: May have undesirable side effects.

pear oil).

Use: Medicine (meningitis treatment).

CAS: 628-63-7. CH

COOC

. Commercial amyl

acetate is a mixture of isomers, the composition and

ampicillin (USAN). (6,D,␣-aminophenyl-acet-

properties depending upon the grade and derivation.

amido penicillanic acid). C

S. A semi-

The main isomers are isoamyl, normal, and secon-

synthetic antibiotic, active against some Gram-neg-

dary amyl acetates.

ative infections.

Properties: Colorless liquid; persistent banana-like

odor. Flash p 65–95F (18.3–35C) (CC) depending

amplification. An increase in the number of cop-

on grade, autoign temp approximately 714F (380C).

ies of a specific DNA fragment; can be in vivo or in

Derivation: Esterification of amyl alcohol (often fu-

vitro.

sel oil) with acetic acid and a small amount of sulfu-

See cloning; polymerase chain reaction

ric acid as catalyst.

Method of purification: Rectification.

amprolium. (1-[(4-amino-2-propyl-5-pyrimi-

Grade: Commercial (85–88%), high test (85–88%),

dinyl)-methyl]-2-picolinium chloride).

technical (90–95%), pure (95–99%), special antibi-

ClN

. A cocidiostat used in veterinary medi-

otic grade. Amyl acetate is also sold by original

cine.

source as from fusel oil, pentane, or Oxo process.

Hazard: Flammable, high fire risk. Explosive limits

amprotropine phosphate. (phosphate of the in air 1.1 to 7.5%.

dl-tropic acirdiethylamino-2,2-dimethyl-l-propa- Use: Solvent for lacquers and paints, extraction of

nol). C

•H

. penicillin, photographic film, leather polishes, nail

Properties: Bitter crystals. Mp 142–144C. Soluble polish, warning odor, flavoring agent, printing and

in water; slightly soluble in alcohol. finishing fabrics, solvent for phosphors in fluores-

Use: Medicine (antispasmodic). cent lamps.

AMPS (sulfonic acid). See 2-acrylamido-2- n-amyl acetate.

methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid. CAS: 628-63-7. CH

COOCH

-AMYLAMINE

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 148.4C, mp −70.8C,

tert-amyl alcohol. (dimethylethylcarbinol; 2-

d 0.879 (20/20C), wt/gal (20C) 7.22 lbs, flash p 77F

methyl-2-butanol; amylene hydrate; tert-penta-

(25C) (CC). Very slightly soluble in water; miscible

nol).

with alcohol and ether. Vapor heavier than air. Aut-

CAS: 75-85-4. (CH

)

C(OH)CH

oign temperature 714F (380C).

Properties: Colorless liquid; camphor odor; burning

Derivation: Esterification of n-amyl alcohol with

taste. D 0.81 (20/20C), fp −11.9C, bp 101.8C, refr

acetic acid.

index 1.4052 (20C), wt/gal 6.76 lbs, flash p 70F

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. TLV: 100

(21.2C) (OC), Autoign temp 819F (437C). Slightly

ppm.

soluble in water; miscible with alcohol and ether.

Use: See amyl acetate.

Solutions neutral to litmus.

Derivation: Fractional distillation of the mixed alco-

hols resulting from the chlorination and alkaline

sec-amyl acetate.

hydroysis of pentanes.

CAS: 626-38-0. CH

Grade: Technical, CP, NF.

Properties: Colorless liquid. May be mixture of sec-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

ondary isomers. Distillation range 123–145C, mild

Use: Solvent, flotation agent, organic synthesis, med-

odor, nonresidual, purity of ester content as amyl

icine (sedative).

acetate 85–88%, d 0.862–0.866 (20/20C), flash p

89F (31.6C) (CC), wt/gal (20C) approximately 7.19

sec-amyl alcohol, active. See 2-pentanol.

lbs.

Derivation: Esterifiction of sec-amyl alcohol and

acetic acid.

amyl alcohol, fermentation. See fusel oil.

Grade: Technical.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk. Toxic. TLV:

amyl alcohol, primary. A mixture of primary

125 ppm.

amyl alcohols made from normal butenes by the

Use: Solvent for nitrocellulose and ethyl cellulose,

Oxo process is sold under this name. It consists of

cements, coated paper, lacquers, leather finishes,

60% primary n-amyl alcohol, 35% 2-methyl-1-buta-

nail enamels, plastic wood, textile sizing, and print-

nol, and 5% 3-methyl-1-butanol.

ing compounds.

Hazard: Flammable, moderate fire risk.

Use: A solvent.

amylacetic ester. See amyl acetate.

n-amyl alcohol, primary. (1-pentanol; n-

butyl carbinol).

amyl acid phosphate. (C

)

HPO

and

CAS: 71-41-0. CH

(CH

)

OH.

. A mixture of primary and amyl iso-

Properties: Colorless liquid; mild odor. Bp 137.8C,

mers. Water-white liquid, d 1.070–1.090, flash p

fp −78.9C, d 0.812–0.819 (20/20C), wt/gal (20C)

245F (118.3C) (COC). Insoluble in water, soluble in

6.9 lbs, flash p 123F (50.5C) (OC). Autoign temp

alcohol. Combustible.

572F (300C). Slightly soluble in water; miscible

Hazard: Strong irritant to tissue.

with alcohol, benzene, and ether. Combustible.

Use: Curing catalyst and accelerator in resins and

Derivation: Fractional distillation of the mixed alco-

coatings, stabilizer, dispersion agent, lubricating

hols resulting from the chlorination and alkaline

and antistatic agent in synthetic fibers.

hydrolysis of pentane.

Grade: Technical, CP, 98%.

amyl alcohol. (amyl hydrate). Eight isomers

Hazard: Lower explosive level in air 1.2% by vol-

of amyl alcohol, C

OH, are possible, exclusive of

ume. Moderate fire risk.

several optical isomers, and six are offered commer-

Use: Raw material for pharmaceutical preparations;

cially. In addition, definite mixtures of the isomers

organic synthesis solvent.

are sold under a variety of names (unfortunately,

some of them identical with the names of the pure

amyl alcohol, primary active. See 2-meth-

isomers) as well descriptive data on the pure iso-

yl-1-butanol.

mers, see: (1) n-amyl alcohol, primary; (2) 2-meth-

yl-1-butanol (active amyl alcohol from fusel oil); (3)

isoamyl alcohol, primary; (4) 2-pentanol; (5) 3-pen-

amyl aldehyde. See n-valeraldehyde.

tanol; (6) tert-amyl alcohol. The other two isomers

not described in detail are (7) sec-isoamyl alcohol;

n-amylamine. (pentylamine; 1-aminopentane).

(8) 2,2-dimethyl-1-propanol. (1), (2), (3), and (8) are

primary alcohols; (4), (5), and (7) are secondary

Properties: Colorless liquid, d 0.75 (20/20C), fp

alcohols; and (6) is a tertiary alcohol. (1), (4), and (5)

−55.0C, bp 104.4C, flash p 45F (7.2C) (OC). Solu-

are normal, and (2), (3), (6), (7), and (8) are

ble in water, alcohol, and ether.

branched-chain compounds. (2), (4), and (7) are

Derivation: Reaction of ammonia and amyl chloride

asymmetric and have optically active forms.

which gives a mixture of mono-, di-, and triamyl

amines.

n-sec-amyl alcohol. See 2- and 3-pentanol. Grade: Technical.

sec

-AMYLAMINE

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Strong irri-

amyl chlorides, mixed.

tant. Properties: Straw- to purple-colored liquid. D 0.88

Use: Chemical intermediate, dyestuffs, rubber chem- (20C), 95% distills between 85 and 109C, wt/gal

7.33 lb, refr index (20C) 1.406. Insoluble in water;

icals, insecticides, synthetic detergents, flotation

water azeotrope at 77–82C approximately 90%

agents, corrosion inhibitors, solvent, gasoline addi-

Cl, miscible with alcohol and ether. Flash p

tive, pharmaceuticals.

38F (3.3C) (OC). Components: 1-chloropentane, bp

107.8C; 2-chloropentane, bp 96.7C; 3-chloropen-

sec-amylamine. (2-aminopentane).

tane, bp 97.3C; 1-chloro-2-methylbutane, bp 99.9C;

(CH

)

CH(CH

)NH

1-chloro-3-methylbutane, bp 98.8C; 3-chloro-2-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 198F, d 0.7; flash p

methylbutane, bp 93.0C; 2-chloro-2-methylbutane,

20F (65.5C).

bp 86.0C.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

Derivation: Vapor phase chlorination of mixed nor-

Use: See n-amylamine.

mal pentane and isopentane.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Explosive

amylase. A class of enzymes which convert

limits in air 1.4–8.6%. May be narcotic in high

starch into sugars. Fungal and bacterial amylases

concentrations.

from specific fungi and bacteria have been suggest-

Use: Synthesis of other amyl compounds, solvent,

ed for commercial fermentation processes.

rotogravure ink vehicles, soil fumigation.

Use: Textile desizing, conversion of starch to glucose

sugar in syrups (especially corn syrups), baking (to

␣-amylcinnamic alcohol. (2-benzylidene-1-

improve crumb softness and shelf life), dry cleaning

heptanol). C

CH:C(CH

OH)C

(to attack food spots and similar stains).

Properties: Yellow liquid; floral odor. D

See amylopsin; diastase; ptyalin.

0.954–0.962 (25/25C). Soluble in 3 parts 70% alco-

hol. Combustible.

n-amylbenzene. (1-phenylpentane).

Derivation: Synthetic.

(CH

)

. Water-white liquid, mild odor,

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

fp −75C, bp 205C, d 0.8585 (20/4C), flash p 150F

(65.5C) (OC). Insoluble in water, soluble in hydro-

␣-amylcinnamic aldehyde. (jasmine alde-

carbons and coal tar solvents. Combustible.

hyde; ␣-pentylcinnamaldehyde).

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes, narcotic in high

CH:C(CHO)C

concentrations. Moderate fire risk.

Properties: Clear, yellow, oily liquid; jasmine-like

odor. D 0.962–0.968, refr index 1.554–1.559. Alde-

sec-amylbenzene. (2-phenylpentane).

hyde content 97%. Soluble in 6 volumes of 80%

CH(C

)CH

alcohol. Combustible.

Properties: Clear liquid. Fp −75C, bp 190.3C, d

Derivation: Synthetic.

0.861 (20/4C).

Grade: Technical, FCC.

Hazard: Moderate fire hazard. Combustible. Irritant

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

to skin and eyes, narcotic in high concentrations.

Grade: Pure, 99.0 mole %, technical, 95.0 mole %.

6,n-amyl-m-cresol. C

Use: Weed control, chemical intermediate.

Properties: Liquid at room temperature. Mp 24C.

Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone and ethanol.

amyl benzoate. See isoamyl benzoate.

Use: Prevention of molds, bactericide.

amyl butyrate. See isoamyl butyrate.

␣,n-amylene. Legal label name for 1-pentene.

amyl carbinol. See hexyl alcohol.

␤,n-amylene. Legal label name for 2-pentene.

amylene dichloride. See dichloropentane.

n-amyl chloride. (1-chloropentane).

CAS: 543-59-9. CH

(CH

)

Cl.

amylene hydrate. See tert-amyl alcohol.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 107.8C, fp −99C, d

0.883 (20/4C), refr index 1.4128 (20C), flash p 54F

n-amyl ether. (diamyl ether). C

(12.2C) (OC). Miscible with alcohol and ether; in-

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 186C, fp −70C, d

soluble in water. Autoign temp 500F (260C).

0.783, flash p 135F (57C), autoign temp 340F

Derivation: (1) Distillation of amyl alcohol with salt

(171C), refr index 1.41. Insoluble in water; soluble

and sulfuric acid, (2) addition of hydrochloric acid

in alcohol and ether.

to ␣-amylene.

Hazard: Narcotic in high concentration.

Grade: Technical.

Use: General solvent for fats, oils, waxes, resins, etc.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk; lower ex-

plosive level 1.4%, upper explosive level 8.6%. May

be narcotic in high concentrations.

amyl formate. HCOOC

Use: Chemical intermediate. Properties: Colorless liquid composed of a mixture

sec

-AMYLPHENOL

of isomeric amyl formates with isoamyl formate in (25C); bp 96–99C; autoign temp 405F (207C). Solu-

predominance. Plum-like odor. Less odoriferous

ble in alcohol; almost insoluble in water. Decom-

and more active solvent than amyl acetate. It also has

poses on exposure to air, light, or water.

both a lower boiling point and a higher rate of evapo-

Derivation: Interaction of amyl alcohol with nitrous

ration. D 0.880–0.885, bp 123.5C, flash p 80F

acid.

(26.6C). Miscible with oils, hydrocarbons, alcohols,

Grade: NF, (75% min), technical.

ketones; slightly soluble in water.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk, a strong

Grade: Technical, FCC.

oxidizer. Vapor may explode if ignited.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Toxic by

Use: Perfumes, diazonium compounds.

ingestion and inhalation.

Use: Solvent for cellulose esters, resins; solvent mix-

amyloglucosidase. An enzyme used commer-

tures; films and coatings; perfume for leather; fla-

cially to convert starches to dextrose.

voring.

amylograph. A device designed to record the

n-amylfuroate. (amyl pyromucate).

action of heat on a mixture of flour and water. It is

OCO

used in measuring diastatic activity through viscosi-

Properties: Colorless oil. Decomposes on standing,

ty change.

d 1.0335 (20/4C), bp 233C. Insoluble in water; solu-

ble in alcohol. Combustible.

amyloid. A gelatinous hydrate that results from

Derivation: Esterification of furoic acid.

diluting a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid and

Use: Perfumes, lacquers.

cellulose with water.

amyl heptanoate. mf: C

amylopectin. The outer, almost insoluble por-

Properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid; fruity

tion of starch granules. It is a hexosan, a polymer of

taste. D: 0.859, refr index: 1.422.

glucose, and is a branched molecule of many glu-

Use: Food additive.

cose units. It stains violet with iodine and forms a

paste with water.

amyl hydrate. See amyl alcohol.

amylopsin. (animal diastase). The starch-dig-

esting enzyme of pancreatic juice, the most power-

amyl hydride. See n-pentane.

ful enzyme of the digestive tract. It is an amylase that

converts starches through the soluble-starch stage to

amyl mercaptan. Legal label name for pentan-

various dextrins and maltose. It acts in neutral,

ethiol.

slightly acid, and slightly alkaline environments,

with an optimum pH of 6.3–7.2. It requires the pres-

tert-amyl mercaptan. See 2-methyl-2-bu-

ence of certain negative ions for activation.

tanethiol.

Use: Biochemical research.

6-amylmercaptopurine. See 6-(pentylthi-

amylose. The inner, relatively soluble portion of

o)purine.

starch granules. Amylose is a hexosan, a polymer of

glucose, and consists of long, straight chains of

amyl methyl alcohol.

glucose units joined by a 1,4-glycosidic linkage. It

CAS: 105-30-6. mf: C

stains blue with iodine. Microcrystalline amylose is

Properties: Liquid. Bp: 130°, flash p: 114°F (CC), d:

available chiefly as a food ingredient and dietary

0.804, vap d: 3.52.

energy source.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con-

tact. A skin and severe eye irritant. Human systemic

irritant by inhalation. A flammable liquid; can react

with oxidizing materials. To fight fire, use CO

, dry

chemical.

amyl nitrate (mixed isomers). C

Properties: Colorless liquid; ethereal odor. Bp

145C, flash p 118F (47.8C), d 0.99 (20C). Flam-

mable.

Hazard: Oxidizing agent, moderate fire risk.

Use: Additive to increase cetane number of diesel

o-sec-amylphenol. C

OH.

fuels.

Properties: Clear, straw-colored liquid. D

0.955–0.971 (30/30C), initial bp over 235.0C, final

amyl nitrite. (isoamyl nitrite). bp below 250.0C, wt/gal 8.0 lbs. Very slightly solu-

CAS: 463-04-7. (CH

)

CHCH

. ble in water; soluble in oil and organic solvents,

Properties: Yellowish liquid; peculiar ethereal, frui- flash p 219F (OC). Combustible.

ty odor; pungent aromatic taste. D 0.865–0.875 Use: Dispersing and mixing agent for paint pastes,

tert

-AMYLPHENOL

antiskinning agent for paint, varnish and oleoresi-

anabasine. (neonicotine; 2-(3-pyri-

nous enamels, organic synthesis. dyl)piperidine). C

. A naturally occurring al-

kaloid.

Properties: Colorless liquid, darkens on exposure to

p-tert-amylphenol. (CH

)

)CC

OH.

air. Bp 270C, fp 9C, d 1.046 (20/20C), refr index

Properties: White crystals. Mp 93C, bp 265–267C

1.5430 (20C). Miscible with water; soluble in alco-

(138C at 15 mm). Slightly soluble in water; soluble

hol and ether.

in alcohol and ether, flash p 232F (111C) (OC).

Derivation: (1) Extraction from Anabasis aphylla

Combustible.

and Nicotiana glauca, (2) synthetic.

Use: Manufacture of oil-soluble resins, chemical in-

Use: Insecticide.

termediate.

anabolism. The phase of intermediary metabo-

p-tert-amylphenyl acetate.

lism concerned with the energy-requiring biosyn-

OOCCH

thesis of cell components from smaller precursors.

Properties: Colorless liquid. D 0.996 (20C), boiling

range 253–272C, fruity odor, flash p 240F (115.5C).

anacardic acid. C

. The chief component

Combustible.

of cashew nutshell oil.

Use: Perfumes, flavorings.

anacardium gum. See cashew gum.

amyl propionate. CH

COOC

. Proba-

bly the isoamyl isomer.

anaerobe. An organism that lives without oxy-

Properties: Colorless, high-boiling liquid; apple-

gen and uses another chemical species as a terminal

like odor. D 0.869–0.873 (20/20C); wt/gal (20C)

electron acceptor. Obligate anaerobes die when ex-

approximately 7.25 lbs; distillation range

posed to oxygen; facultative anaerobes can live in

135–175C; flash p 106F (41.1C) (OC); autoign temp

both aerobic and anaerobic environments.

712F (377C). Miscible with most organic solvents.

Flammable.

Derivation: By reacting amyl alcohol with propionic

anaerobic. Descriptive of a chemical reaction or

acid in the presence of sulfuric acid as a catalyst, a microorganism that does not require the presence

followed by neutralization, drying, and distillation. of air or oxygen. Examples are the fermentation of

Hazard: Fire hazard. sugars by yeast and the decomposition of sewage

Use: Perfumes, lacquers, flavors. sludge by anaerobic bacteria. It is also applied to

certain polymers that solidify when kept out of con-

tact with air.

amyl pyromucate. See n-amyl furoate.

See “Loctite”; bacteria; botulism.

amyl salicylate. See isoamyl salicylate.

anagensis. Evolutionary change along an un-

branching lineage; change without speciation.

amyl sulfide. See diamyl sulfide.

amyltrichlorosilane. C

SiCl

. A mixture of analcite. (analcime). Na

O•Al

•4SiO

•2H

isomers. A mineral, one of the zeolites.

Properties: Colorless to yellow liquid. Bp 168C, d Properties: Colorless, white, sometimes greenish-

1.137 (25/25C), refr index 1.4152 (20C), flash p grayish, yellowish, or reddish white. Hardness

145F (62.8C) (COC). Readily hydrolyzed by mois- 5–5.5; d 2.22–2.29.

ture with the liberation of hydrogen chloride. Com- Occurrence: Europe, U.S., Nova Scotia.

bustible.

Derivation: By Grignard reaction of silicon tetra-

analgin-tempidone mixture. See tempalgin.

chloride and amyl magnesium chloride.

Hazard: Toxic and corrosive.

analytical chemistry. The subdivision of

Use: Intermediate for silicones.

chemistry concerned with identification of materials

(qualitative analysis) and with determination of the

amyl valerate. See isoamyl valerate.

percentage composition of mixtures or the constitu-

ents of a pure compound (quantitative analysis). The

amyl valerianate. See isoamyl valerate.

gravimetric and volumetric (or “wet”) methods

(precipitation, titration, and solvent extraction) are

amyris oil, West Indian type.

still used for routine work; indeed, new titration

Properties: Extracted from Amryris balsamifera L.

methods have been introduced, e.g., cryoscopic

(Fam. Rutaceae). Clear, pale yellow viscous liquid;

methods, pressure-metric methods (for reactions

odor of sandalwood. Sol in mineral oil, propylene

that produce a gaseous product), redox methods, and

glycol; insol in glycerin.

use of an F-sensitive electrode. However, faster and

Use: Food additive.

more accurate techniques (collectively called instru-

mental) have been developed in the last few decades.

“Amytal” [Lilly]. TM for amobarbital (USP). Among these are infrared, ultraviolet, and X-ray

81 ANESTHETIC

spectroscopy, where the presence and amount of a

androsterone. C

. An androgenic steroid,

metabolic product of testosterone. The international

metallic element are indicated by lines in its emis-

unit (IU) of adrogenic activity is defined as 0.1 mg

sion or absorption spectrum; colorimetry, by which

androsterone.

the percentage of a substance in solution is deter-

mined by the intensity of its color, chromatography

of various types, by which the components of a

liquid or gaseous mixture are determined by passing

it through a column of porous material or on thin

layers of finely divided solids, separation of mix-

tures in ion-exchange columns; and radioactive trac-

er analysis. Optical and electron microscopy, mass

spectrometry, microanalysis, nuclear magnetic res-

onance (NMR), and nuclear quadrupole resonance

(NQR) spectroscopy all fall within the area of ana-

Properties: Crystalline solid. Mp 185–185.5C, sub-

lytical chemistry. New and highly sophisticated

limes in high vacuum. Dextrorotatory in solution.

techniques have been introduced in recent years, in

Not precipitated by digitonin. Practically insoluble

many cases replacing traditional methods.

in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

See spectroscopy; nuclear magnetic resonance; nu-

Derivation: Isolation from male urine, synthesis

clear quadrupole resonance spectroscopy; chroma-

from cholesterol.

tography; fiber, optical; supercritical fluid.

Use: Medicine, biochemical research.

anandamide. A fat produced by the brain that

Andrussov oxidation. Ammonia and methane

stimulates the same receptors as THC (1-trans-⌬

are oxidized with air in the presence of platinum

tetrahydrocannabinol), the psychoactive substance

catalyst to form hydrogen cyanide. Side reactions

in marijuana and hashish.

are hydration of methane to carbon dioxide and

See n-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenam-

hydrogen, and oxidation of methane and ammonia

ide (all-z)-.

to carbon monoxide and nitrogen. The reaction is

strongly exothermic. The process has been elabo-

anaphoresis. The migration of dispersed parti-

rated wherever natural gas is abundant.

cles under the influence of an electrical field toward

an anode.

anesthetic. A chemical compound that induces

loss of sensation in a specific part or all of the body.

anaphylaxis. Abnormal reaction to a second in-

A brief classification of the more important agents is

jection of a foreign protein, e.g., penicillin. It is an

as follows:

extreme form of allergy which often has serious

consequences (swelling of tissues) and has been

(A) General

known to be fatal.

(1) Hydrocarbons

(a) Cyclopropane (USP). Effective in pres-

anaplerotic reaction. An enzyme-catalyzed

ence of substantial proportions of oxygen;

reaction that can replenish the supply of intermedi-

flammable.

ates in a metabolic pathway, most commonly the

(b) Ethylene (USP). Rapid anesthesia and rap-

citric acid cycle.

id recovery; flammable.

(2) Halogenated hydrocarbons

anatase. (octahedrite). A natural crystallized

(a) Chloroform. Nonflammable. Its use is be-

form of titanium dioxide, d 3.8, refr index 2.5, mp

ing abandoned because of its high toxicity.

1560C.

(b) Ethyl chloride. A gas at room temperature,

liquefies at relatively low pressure. Ap-

andalusite. Al

OSiO

. A natural silicate of alu-

plied as a stream from container directly

minum.

on tissue. Sometimes used in gaseous form

Properties: Gray, greenish, reddish, or bluish in col-

as inhalation-type general anesthetic.

or. D 3.1–3.2, hardness 7–7.5.

Flammable.

Occurrence: Massachusetts, Connecticut, Califor-

nia, Nevada, Europe, South Africa, Australia.

Used as general anesthetic since 1934.

Use: Constituent of sillimanite refractories, spark-

(3) Ethers

plug insulators, laboratory ware, superrefractories.

(a) Ethyl ether (USP). First anesthetic used in

surgery (1846), now largely replaced with

androgen. A male sex hormone. The androgenic

less dangerous types. Highly flammable,

hormones are steroids and are synthesized in the

explodes in presence of spark or open

body by the testis, the cortex of the adrenal gland,

flame.

and, to a slight extent, by the ovary.

(b) Vinyl ether. A liquid having many of the

physiological properties of ethylene and

ethyl ether. Highly flammable.

androstenolone. See DHEA.

82ANETHOLE

(4) Miscellaneous Soluble in alcohol. Chief known constituents: phel-

(a) Tribromoethanol. Basal anesthetic, sup-

landrene, valeric acid. Combustible.

plemented by an inhalation type when

Derivation: Distilled from the roots and seeds of

general anesthesia is needed. Ingredient of

Angelica archangelica found principally in Europe.

“Avertin.”

Grade: Technical, FCC.

(b) Nitrous oxide. Originally prepared by

Use: Preparation of liqueurs, perfumery.

Priestley in 1772 (laughing gas); first used

as anesthetic by Humphry Davy in 1800.

angelica seed oil.

Used (with oxygen) largely for dental sur-

Properties: Extracted from seeds of Angelica ar-

gery. Nonflammable.

changelica L. A light yellow liquid; sweet taste. Sol

in fixed oils; sltly sol in mineral oil; insol in glycerin,

(B) Local

propylene glycol.

(1) Alkaloids (cocaine)

Use: Food additive.

(2) Synthetic products (procaine group, e.g.,

“Novocain”); alkyl esters of aromatic acids

“Angio-Conray” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for an

(topical).

80% solution of sodium iothalamate used in diag-

(3) Quinine hydrochloride.

nostic medicine.

angiotensin. (angiotonin; hypertensin). A pep-

anethole. (anise camphor; p-methoxypropenyl-

tide found in the blood, important in its effect on

benzene; p-propenylanisole).

blood pressure. Both a decapeptide and an octapep-

CH:CHC

OCH

tide are known. Their amino acid sequences and

Properties: White crystals; sweet taste; odor of oil of

hence the complete structures have been estab-

anise. Affected by light. D 0.983–0.987, refr index

lished.

1.557–1.561, optical rotation 0.08, mp 22–23C, dis-

tillation range 234–237C. Soluble in 8 volumes of

angiotonin. See angiotensin.

80% alcohol, 1 volume of 90% alcohol; almost im-

miscible with water.

Derivation: By crystallization from anise or fennel

ngstrom. (A

). A unit of length almost one one-

oils; synthetically from p-cresol.

hundred millionth (10

−8

) centimeter. The A

ngstrom

Grade: USP, technical, FCC.

is defined in terms of the wavelength of the red line

Use: Perfumes, particularly for dentifrices, flavors,

of cadmium (6438.4696 A

). Used in stating dis-

synthesis of anisic aldehyde, licorice candies, color

tances between atoms, dimensions of molecules,

photography (sensitizer in color-bleaching process),

wavelengths of short-wave radiation, etc.

microscopy.

See nanometer.

Anfinsen, Christian B. (1916–1991). An

anhydride. A chemical compound derived from

American biochemist who won the Nobel Prize for

an acid by elimination of a molecule of water. Thus,

chemistry in 1972. His work involved the molecular

sulfur trioxide (SO

) is the anhydride of sulfuric acid

basis of evolution and the chemistry of enzymes. He

), carbon dioxide (CO

) is the anhydride of

worked with Moore and Stein. His doctorate was

carbonic acid (H

), and phthalic acid

granted from Harvard.

(CO

] minus water gives phthalic anhy-

dride [C

(CO

)O]. Not to be confused with anhy-

drous.

ANFO. A high explosive based on ammonium

nitrate.

anhydrite. CaSO

. A natural calcium sulfate usu-

See explosive, high.

ally occurring as compact granular masses and re-

sembling marble in appearance. Differs from gyp-

angelic acid. (cis-2-methyl-2-butenoic acid;

sum in hardness and lack of hydration.

␣-methyl-crotonic acid). CH

CH:C(CH

)COOH.

The cis isomer of tiglic acid.

8,9-anhydro-4

′′

-deoxy-3

′

-n-desmethyl-3

′

-n-

Properties: Colorless needles or prismatic crystals;

ethylerythromycin b-6,9-hemiacetal.

spicy odor. D 0.9539 (76/4C), mp 45C, bp 185C, refr

CAS: 150785-53-8. mf: C

index 1.4434 (47C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and

Hazard: A poison.

hot water.

Derivation: From the root of Angelica archangelica

anhydroenneaheptitol. (AEH; 4-hydroxy-

or from the oil of Anthemis nobilis by distillation.

2H-pyran-3,3,5,5(4H,6H)tetramethanol).

Use: Flavoring extracts.

angelica oil. O

❘

(CH

OH)

OC(CH

OH)

❘

Properties: Essential oil; strong aromatic odor; spicy Use: Alkyd resins, rosin esters, urethane coatings and

taste. D 0.853–0.918, optical rotation +16 to +41. foams, surfactants, lubricating oil additives.

83 ANILINOPHENOL

anhydrous. Descriptive of an inorganic com- aniline black. A black dye developed on cotton

pound that does not contain water either adsorbed on

and other textiles from a bath containing aniline

its surface or combined as water of crystallization.

hydrochloride, an oxidizing agent (usually chromic

Do not confuse with anhydride.

acid), and a catalyzer (usually a vanadium or copper

salt).

anidex. A synthetic fiber designated by the FTC Hazard: See aniline.

as a cross-linked polyacrylate elastomer.

aniline chloride. See aniline hydrochloride.

anileridine. (ethyl-1-(p-aminophenethyl)-4-

aniline-2,4-disulfonic acid. See 4-amino-m-

phenylisonipecotate). C

Properties: White crystalline powder; odorless. Oxi- benzenedisulfonic acid.

dizes and darkens in air and on exposure to light.

Exhibits polymorphism of two crystalline forms ob-

aniline-2,5-disulfonic acid. See 2-amino-p-

served, one melts at approximately 80C and the

benzene-3,4

′

-disulfonic acid.

other at approximately 89C. Soluble in alcohol and

chloroform; very slightly soluble in water.

aniline dye. Any of a large class of synthetic

Grade: NF.

dyes made from intermediates based on or made

Hazard: Addictive.

from aniline. Most are somewhat toxic and irritating

Use: Medicine (narcotic).

to eyes, skin, and mucous membranes. They are

generally much less toxic than the intermediates

from which they are derived.

aniline. (aniline oil; phenylamine; aminoben-

zene).

aniline hydrochloride. (aniline salt; aniline

CAS: 62-53-3. C

. One of the most important

chloride). C

•HCl.

of the organic bases, the parent substance for many

Properties: White crystals; commercial product fre-

dyes and drugs.

quently greenish in appearance; darkens in light and

air. D 1.2215, mp 198C, bp 245C. Soluble in water,

alcohol, and ether.

Derivation: By (1) passing a current of dry hydrogen

chloride gas into an ethereal solution of aniline, (2)

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid; characteristic odor

neutralizing aniline at 100C with concentrated hy-

and taste; rapidly becomes brown on exposure to air

drochloric acid and subsequent crystallization.

and light. Vapors will contaminate foodstuffs and

Hazard: See aniline.

damage textiles. D 1.0235, solidifies at −6.2C, bp

Use: Intermediates, dyeing and printing, aniline

184.4C, wt/gal 8.52 lbs (20C), refr index 1.5863

black.

(20C), flash p 158F (70C) (CC), autoign temp 1140F

(615C). Soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene; solu-

aniline ink. A fast-drying printing ink used on

ble in water.

kraft paper, cotton fabric, cellophane, polyethylene,

Derivation: By (1) catalytic vapor-phase reduction

etc. The name is due to the fact that original inks for

of nitrobenzene with hydrogen; (2) reduction of

this purpose were solutions of coal tar dyes in organ-

nitrobenzene with iron filings using hydrochloric

ic solvents. Modern inks usually employ pigments

acid as catalyst; (3) catalytic reaction of chloroben-

rather than dyes and are of two types: spirit inks

zene and aqueous ammonia; (4) ammonolysis of

containing organic solvent as the vehicle, and emul-

phenol (Japan).

sion inks in which water is the main vehicle.

Grade: Commercial, CP.

Hazard: An allergen. Toxic if absorbed through the

aniline point. The lowest temperature at which

skin. TLV: 2 ppm. Combustible.

equal volumes of aniline and the test liquid are

Use: Rubber accelerators and antioxidants, dyes and

miscible. Cloudiness occurs on phase separation.

intermediates, photographic chemicals (hydroqui-

Used as a test for components of hydrocarbon fuel

none), isocyanates for urethane foams, pharmaceu-

mixtures.

ticals, explosives, petroleum refining, diphenyl-

amine, phenolics, herbicides, fungicides.

aniline salt. See aniline hydrochloride.

aniline acetate. C

•CH

COOH.

p-anilinesulfonic acid. See sulfanilic acid.

Properties: Colorless liquid, becomes dark with age;

on standing or heating is converted gradually to

aniline yellow. See p-aminoazobenzene.

acetanilide. D 1.070–1.072. Miscible with water and

alcohol. Combustible.

1-anilino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone.

Use: Organic synthesis.

(CO)

(OH)NHC

(tricyclic). A chem-

ical intermediate.

aniline, arsenate. See arsenic acid, aniline

salt.

anilinophenol. See p-hydroxydiphenylamine.

84ANILOPHOS

anilophos. anisic acid. (p-methoxybenzoic acid).

CAS: 64249-01-0. mf: C

ClNO

.CH

COOH.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion and skin con- Properties: White crystals or powder. D 1.385 (4C),

mp 184C, bp 275–280C. Soluble in alcohol and

tact.

ether; almost insoluble in water.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Derivation: Oxidation of anethole.

Use: Repellent and ovicide.

animal black. See bone black.

anisic alcohol. (anisyl alcohol; anise alcohol;

animal diastase. See amylopsin.

p-methoxybenzyl alcohol). CH

OH.

Properties: Solidifies at room temperature; floral

animal oil. See bone oil.

odor. D 1.111–1.114, refr index 1.541–1.545, boil-

ing range 255–265C. Soluble in 1 volume of 50%

animal starch. See glycogen.

alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Derivation: Obtained from anisic aldehyde by re-

anion. An ion having a negative charge, anions in

duction.

a liquid subjected to electric potential collect at the

Grade: Technical, FCC.

positive pole or anode. Examples are hydroxyl, OH

−

;

Use: In perfumery for light floral odors, pharmaceuti-

carbonate, CO

2−

; phosphate, PO

3−

cal intermediate, flavoring.

o-anisaldehyde. (o-methoxybenzaldehyde; o-

anisic aldehyde. See anisaldehyde.

anisic aldehyde).

CAS: 135-02-4. C

(OCH

)CHO.

o-anisidine. (o-methoxyaniline; o-amino-ani-

Properties: White to light tan solid; burned, slightly

sole).

phenolic odor. Bp 238C, mp (two crystalline forms)

CAS: 90-04-0. CH

38–39C and 3C, d (liquid) 1.1274 (25/25C), (solid)

Properties: Reddish or yellowish oil; becomes

1.258 (25/25C), refr index 1.5608 (20C), flash p

brownish on exposure to air, volatile with steam. D

244F (117C). Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol.

1.097 (20C), bp 225C, fp 5C. Soluble in dilute min-

Combustible.

eral acid, alcohol, and ether; insoluble in water.

Grade: 95% (min).

Derivation: (1) Reduction of o-nitroanisole with tin

Use: Intermediate.

or iron and hydrochloric acid; (2) heating o-amino-

phenol with potassium methyl sulfate.

p-anisaldehyde. (aubepine; p-anisic aldehyde;

Method of purification: Steam distillation.

p-methoxybenzaldehyde).

Grade: 99% (1% max moisture).

CAS: 123-11-5. C

(OCH

)CHO.

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

. Toxic

when absorbed through the skin.

Use: Intermediate for azo dyes and for guaiacol.

p-anisidine (p-methoxyaniline; p-aminoani-

sole).

Properties: Colorless to pale yellow liquid; odor of

CAS: 104-94-9. CH

hawthorn. D 1.119–1.122, refr index 1.570–1.572,

Properties: Fused, crystalline mass. Crystallizing

mp OC, bp 248C. Insoluble in water; soluble in 5

point 57.2C (min), d 1.089 (55/55C), bp 242C. Solu-

volumes of 50% alcohol. Combustible.

ble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water.

Derivation: Obtained from anethole or anisole by

Derivation: (1) Reduction of p-nitroanisole with iron

oxidation.

filings and hydrochloric acid; (2) methylation of p-

Grade: Liquid and crystals, the latter being the disul-

aminophenol.

fite compound.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Perfumery, intermediate for antihistamines,

Hazard: Strong irritant. TLV: 0.5 mg/m

. Toxic

electroplating, flavoring.

when absorbed through the skin.

Use: Azo dyestuffs, intermediate.

(−)-anisatin.

CAS: 5230-87-5. mf: C

anisindione. (2,p-anisyl-1,3-indandione).

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Source: Natural product.

Properties: Pale yellow crystals. Mp 156–157C.

Grade: ND.

anise alcohol. See anisic alcohol.

Use: Anticoagulant (blood).

anise camphor. See anethole.

anisole. (methylphenyl ether; methoxyben-

zene).

anise oil. (anise seed oil; aniseed oil). CAS: 100-66-3. C

OCH

See anethole. Properties: Colorless liquid; aromatic odor. D 0.999

85 ANODE

(15/15C), fp −37.8C, bp 155C, refr index 1.5170

p-anisylchlorodiphenylmethane. (p-methox-

ytriphenylmethyl chloride).

(20C), flash p 125F (51.6C) (OC). Soluble in alco-

C(C

)

Cl.

hol and ether; insoluble in water. Combustible.

Properties: Mp 122−124C, mw 308.81.

Derivation: From sodium phenate and methyl chlo-

Grade: Research.

ride, heating phenol with methanol.

Hazard: Skin and eye irritant.

Use: Solvent, perfumery, vermicide, intermediate,

Use: NH

− protecting reagent for amino acids in

flavoring.

oligonucleotide synthesis.

anisomycin. C

anisyl formate. (p-methoxybenzyl formate).

Properties: Needles. Mp 140C. Slightly soluble in

OCOH.

water; soluble in low-molecular weight alcohols,

Properties: Colorless liquid; lilac odor. D

ketones, and chloroform; slightly soluble in organic

1.139–1.141. Soluble in 5.5 volumes of 70% alco-

solvents. Water solutions are stable at room temper-

hol. Combustible.

ature over broad range of pH.

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

Use: Fungus inhibitor, mildew preventive in vege-

tables.

2,p-anisyl-1,3-indandione. See anisindione.

anisotropic. Descriptive of crystals whose index

annatto. C

. Vegetable dye containing eth-

of refraction varies with the direction of the incident

yl bixin.

light. This is true of most crystals, e.g., calcite (Ice-

Derivation: From the seeds of Bixa orellana.

land spar); it is not true of isometric (cubic) crystals,

Occurrence: South America, West Indies, India.

which are isotropic.

Use: (As extract) coloring margarine, sausage cas-

ings, etc.; food-product marking inks. For details,

anisotropy factor. The coefficient by which

see regulations of Meat Inspection Division, USDA

the contribution of one absorption band to the ordi-

and FDA regulations.

nary refraction has to be multiplied in order to obtain

See bixin.

the rotatory contribution of the same band.

anneal. Generally synonymous with “hybridize”.

anisoyl chloride.

CAS: 100-07-2. CH

COCl.

annealing. Maintenance of glass or metal at a

Properties: Clear crystals or amber liquid. Mp 22C,

specified temperature for a specific length of time

bp 262–263C. Soluble in acetone and benzene; de-

(at least three days for plate glass) and then gradual

composed by water or alcohol. Fumes in moist air.

cooling at a predetermined rate. This treatment re-

Use: Intermediate for dyes and medicines.

moves the internal strains resulting from previous

Hazard: Solutions corrosive to tissue. Explosion risk

operations and eliminates distortions and imperfec-

when in closed containers due to pressure caused by

tions. A clearer, stronger, and more uniform materi-

decomposition at room temperature.

al results.

See temper.

n-anisoyl-gaba.

CAS: 72432-14-5. mf: C

annealing point, glass. The temperature at

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

which the internal stress in glass is substantially

relieved within 15 minutes.

anisyl acetate. (p-methoxybenzyl acetate).

COCH

annellation. A chemical reaction in which one

Properties: Colorless liquid; lilac odor. D

cyclic or ring structure is added to another to form a

1.104–1.107, refr index 1.514–1.516. Soluble in 4

polycyclic compound.

volumes of 60% alcohol. Combustible.

Derivation: Reaction of anisic alcohol with acetic

annotation. Adding pertinent information such

anhydride.

as the gene coded for, the amino acid sequence, or

Grade: Technical, FCC.

other commentary to the database entry of raw se-

Use: Perfumery, flavoring.

quence of DNA bases.

See bioinformatics.

anisylacetone. (generic name for 4-(p-me-

thoxyphenyl)-2-butanone).

“Ano” [BASF]. TM for a series of dyestuffs

COCH

used for coloring anodized aluminum.

Properties: A colorless to pale yellow liquid. Mp 8C.

See anodic coating.

Combustible.

Use: In insect attractants, organic synthesis, fla-

anode. The positive electrode of an electrolytic

voring.

cell, to which negatively charged ions travel when

an electric current is passed through the cell. Such

anisyl alcohol. See anisic alcohol. anodes are usually made of graphite or other form of

86ANODE MUD

carbon, although titanium has been successfully in- benzene, 4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)phenol, 4-methoxy-

troduced in the chlor-alkali industry. In a primary phenol, 4,4

′

(1-methylethylidene)bis(phenol) and 4-

cell (battery or fuel cell), the anode is the negative methylphenol.

electrode. Use: Food additive.

See cathode; electrode.

ANPO. Abbreviation for ␣-naphthylphenyloxa-

anode mud. Residue obtained from the bottom zole.

of a copper or other plating bath. In the electrolytic

refining of copper, the anode mud contains the rela-

Anrade’s theory. This states that viscosity is

tively inert metals platinum, silver, and gold and is

the result of transportation of momentum in colli-

usually collected and treated for the recovery of

sions of molecules.

these metals and other rare elements.

ANSI. See American National Standards Insti-

anode process. See electrophoresis.

tute.

anodic coating. (anodizing). The electrolytic

antabuse.

treatment of aluminum, magnesium, and a few other

Use: Drug for treatment of alcoholism.

metals as a result of which heavy, stable films of

See tetraethylthiuram disulfide.

oxides are formed on their surfaces. A thin oxide

film will form on an aluminum surface without spe-

antacid. Any mildly alkaline substance, such as

cial treatment on exposure of the metal to air. This

sodium bicarbonate, taken internally or in water

provides excellent resistance to corrosion. This fact

solution to neutralize excess stomach acidity.

led to the development of electrochemical processes

to produce much thicker and more effective protec-

antagonist, structural. (antimetabolite). An

tive and decorative coatings. The chief electrolytes

organic compound that is structurally related to a

used are sulfuric, oxalic, and chromic acids. The

biologically active substance (enzyme, nucleic acid,

metal acts as the anode. Such anodic coatings are

amino acid, etc.) and that acts as an inhibitor of its

hard and have good electrical insulating properties.

growth and development. Such biological antago-

Their ability to absorb dyes and pigments makes it

nism exists between sulfa drugs and p-aminobenzo-

possible to obtain finishes in a complete range of

ic acids, and also between histamine and a group of

colors, including black. The luster of the underlying

compounds collectively called antihistamines. One

metal gives them a metallic sheen; colorants can be

of the most important of these from an agricultural

used to reproduce the color of any metal with which

standpoint is imidazole, which, together with simi-

the aluminum might be used. Anodized coatings can

lar compounds, is used to “antagonize” the metabo-

be used as preparatory treatments to electroplating;

lism of insects, especially those attacking fabrics; it

copper, nickel, cadmium, silver, and iron have been

is also being used in irrigation waters to protect

successfully deposited over oxide coatings.

plants from pests. Structural antagonists have im-

See aluminum.

portant medical applications in the complex field of

allergic disease.

anodizing. See anodic coating.

See antihistamine; anticoagulant; antigen-antibody.

anomalous dispersion. The inversion of the

“Antarcticine” [Centerchem]. TM for a high

usual change of refractive index with wavelength

molecular weight glycoprotein obtained from an

near an absorption band.

antarctic strain of bacteria.

Use: Provides stability to proteins and lipid mem-

anomer. A special kind of diastereoisomer (or

branes exposed to extreme cold and dryness.

epimer) occurring in some sugars and other sub-

stances having asymmetric carbon atoms.

“Antaron FC-34” [BASF]. TM for a high-

foaming, water-soluble, amphoteric surfactant with

anomeric. Denoting sugar modifications that dif-

soaplike qualities, a complex fatty amido compound

fer only in that the H and OH, or H and OMe on the

40% active.

reducing carbon are reversed.

Use: Fulling agent and detergent for woolen and

worsted fabrics; effective under neutral, acid, and

anomers. Two stereoisomers (␣ and ␤) of a given alkaline conditions; recommended for use in bubble

sugar that differ only in the configuration about the baths, detergents, and in soaps for dedusting pur-

carbonyl (anomeric) carbon atom (carbon 1 for py- poses.

ranoses and carbon 2 for furanoses).

antazoline. C

anoxomer. Properties: White, odorless crystalline powder with

CAS: 60837-57-2. bitter taste. Mp 120C. Sparingly soluble in alcohol

Properties: A polymer consisting of 1,4-benzene- and water; practically insoluble in benzene and

diol, 2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-polymer with diethyl- ether.

87 ANTHRANILIC ACID

Use: Medicine (antihistamine). Available as hydro- Impurities: Phenanthrene, carbazole, and chrysene.

chloride and phosphate. Method of purification: By sublimation with super-

heated steam or by crystallization from benzene

followed by sublimation; for very pure crystals,

anteiso-. Prefix denoting an isomer (usually a

zone melting of solid anthracene.

fatty acid or derivative) that has a single, simple

Grade: Commercial (90–95%), pure crystals.

branching attached at the third carbon from the end

Hazard: A carcinogen.

of a straight chain, in distinction to an iso- com-

Use: Dyes, alizarin, phenanthrene, carbazole, anthra-

pound, where the attachment is to the second carbon

quinone, calico printing, a component of smoke

from the end. For example, isododecanoic acid

screens, scintillation counting crystals, organic

would be CH

CH(CH

)(CH

)

COOH, while anteiso-

semiconductor research.

dodecanoic acid would be

CH(CH

)(CH

)

COOH.

anthracene oil. A coal tar fraction boiling in the

range 270–360C, a source of anthracene and similar

anthelmintic. An agent used in veterinary medi-

aromatics. Also used as a wood preservative and

cine as a vermifuge.

pesticide, except on food crops.

Hazard: A carcinogen.

anthelmycin. USAN name for an antibiotic sub-

stance produced by Streptomyces longissimus.

1,8,9-anthracenetriol. See anthralin.

antheridiol. C

anthracite. See coal.

Properties: Colorless, fine crystals. Mp 250C.

Slightly soluble in water; soluble in warm methanol.

anthragallic acid. See anthragallol.

Use: A plant hormone having a specific sex function,

it is secreted by certain water molds. It has been used

anthragallol. (1,2,3-trihydroxyanthraquinone;

to modify plant fertility. Said to be the first plant sex

anthragallic acid). C

(CO)

H(OH)

. Tricyclic.

hormone to be discovered (1942).

Properties: Brown powder. Soluble in alcohol,

ether, and glacial acetic acid; slightly soluble in

anthocyanin. A flavonoid plant pigment that

water and chloroform. Sublimes at 290C.

accounts for most of the red, pink, and blue colors in

Derivation: Product of the reaction of benzoic, gal-

plants, fruits, and flowers. Water soluble.

lic, and sulfuric acids.

See flavonoid.

Use: Dyeing.

anthonaphthol as. See C.I. azoic coupling

“Anthragen” [BASF]. TM for a series of lake

component 2.

colors. Used for printing inks, wallpaper, coated

paper, paint, rubber, and organic plastics.

anthopyllite. (Mg,Fe)

(OH)

. A natural

magnesium-iron silicate.

“Anthralan” [BASF]. TM for a series of acid

See asbestos.

dyestuffs. Used on wool.

anthracene.

anthralin. (1,8,9-anthracenetriol; 1,8-dihydrox-

CAS: 120-12-7. C

(CH)

yanthranol). C

Properties: Yellow crystals with blue fluorescence.

Properties: Odorless, tasteless, yellow powder. Mp

D 1.25 (27/4C), mp 217C, bp 340C, fp 250F (121C)

176–181C. Filtrate from water suspension is neutral

(CC). Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in

to litmus. Soluble in chloroform, acetone, benzene,

water. Combustible. It has semiconducting prop-

and solutions of alkali hydroxide; slightly soluble in

erties.

alcohol, ether, and glacial acetic acid; insoluble in

water. Combustible.

Derivation: By catalytic reduction of 1,8-dihydrox-

yanthraquinone with hydrogen at high pressure.

Grade: NF, 95%.

Hazard: Very irritating. Do not use on scalp or near

eyes.

Use: Medicine (treatment of psoriasis).

Derivation: (1) By salting out from crude anthracene

oil and draining. The crude salts are purified by anthranilic acid. (o-aminobenzoic acid).

pressing and finally phenanthrene and carbazole are CAS: 118-92-3. C

(NH

)(CO

H).

removed by the use of various solvents. (2) By dis- Properties: Yellowish crystals; sweetish taste. Mp

tilling crude anthracene oil with alkali carbonate in 144–146C (sublimes). Soluble in hot water, alcohol,

iron retorts, the distillate contains only anthracene and ether. Combustible.

and phenanthrene. The latter is removed by carbon Derivation: Phthalimide plus an alkaline hypobrom-

disulfide. ite solution.

88ANTHRANOL

Grade: Technical (95–98%), 99% or better. ic acids, which are separated by fractional

Use: Dyes, drugs, perfumes, and pharmaceuticals. crystallization.

Method of purification: Fractional crystallization

from strong sulfuric acid, or in the form of their

anthranol. (9-hydroxyanthracene). C

OH.

alkali salts from either acid or alkaline solutions.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 120C. Soluble in organic

Grade: Technical.

solvents with a blue fluorescence. Changes in solu-

Use: Dyes.

tion to anthrone. Combustible.

Use: Dyes.

anthraquinone dye. C

(CO)

. A dye

whose molecular structure is based on anthraqui-

anthranone. See anthrone.

none. The chromophore groups are ==C==O

−

and

==C==C==. The benzene ring structure is important

in the development of color. CI numbers from 58000

anthrapurpurin. (1,2,7-trihydroxyanthraqui-

to 72999. These are acid or mordant dyes when OH

none; isopurpurin; purpurin red).

or HSO

groups, respectively, are present. The an-

OH(CO)

(OH)

. Tricyclic.

thraquinone dyes that can be reduced to an alkaline

Properties: Orange-yellow needles. Mp 369C, bp

solution leuco (vat) derivative having affinity for

462C. Soluble in alcohol and alkalies; slightly solu-

fibers and that can be reoxidized to the dye are

ble in ether and hot water.

known as anthraquinone vat dyes. They are largely

Derivation: By fusion of anthraquinonedisulfonic

used on cotton, rayon, and silk, and have excellent

acid with caustic soda and potassium chlorate; the

properties of color and fastness.

melt is run into hot water and the anthrapurpurin

precipitated by hydrochloric acid.

Use: Dyeing, organic synthesis.

anthrarufin. See 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone.

anthrone. (anthranone; 9,10-dihydro-9-oxoan-

anthraquinone.

thracene). C

O. The keto is the more stable form

CAS: 84-65-1. C

(CO)

of anthranol.

Properties: Colorless needles. Mp 156C. Insoluble

in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene, and hot sodi-

um hydroxide solutions.

Derivation: Reduction of anthraquinone with tin and

hydrochloric acid.

Use: Rapid determination of sugar in body fluids, and

of animal starch in liver tissue; general reagent for

carbohydrates; organic synthesis.

Properties: Yellow needles. D 1.419–1.438, mp

286C, bp 379–381C, flash p 365F (185C) (CC).

anti-. (1) A prefix used in designating geometrical

Soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone; insoluble in

isomers in which there is a double bond between the

water. Combustible.

carbon and nitrogen atoms. This prevents free rota-

Derivation: (1) By heating phthalic anhydride and

tion, so that two different spatial arrangements of

benzene in the presence of aluminum chloride and

substituent atoms or groups are possible. When a

dehydrating the product; (2) by condensation of 1,4-

given pair of these are on opposite sides of the

naphthoquinone with butadiene.

double bond, the arrangement is called anti-; when

Method of purification: Sublimation.

they are on the same side, it is called syn-, as indicat-

Grade: Sublimed, 30% paste (sold on 100% basis),

ed below:

electrical 99.5%.

Use: Intermediate for dyes and organics, organic in-

hibitor, bird repellent for seeds.

See anthraquinone dye.

These prefixes are disregarded in alphabetizing chem-

anthraquinone-1,5- and 1,8-disulfonic

ical names. (2) A prefix meaning “against” or “op-

acids. (rho acid, chi acid, respectively).

posed to,” as in antibody, antimalarial, etc.

Properties: (in pure state) Slightly yellow to white

antianxiety agent. See psychotropic drug.

crystals. The technical grade is grayish-white. Solu-

ble in water and strong sulfuric acid. The 1,8-isomer

is the more soluble. The 1,5-disulfonic acid melts

antibiotic. A chemical substance produced by

with decomposition at 310–311C. The 1,8-isomer microorganisms that has the capacity in dilute solu-

melts and decomposes at 293–294C. tions to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms

Derivation: Anthraquinone is sulfonated with fum- or destroy them. Only approximately 20 out of sev-

ing sulfuric acid in the presence of mercury or mer- eral hundred known have proved generally useful in

curic oxide to a mixture of the 1,5- and 1,8-disulfon- therapy. Those that are used must conform to FDA

89 ANTIDOTE

requirements. The most important groups of antibi-

anticaking agent. An additive used primarily

otic-producing organisms are the bacteria, lower in certain finely divided food products that tend to be

fungi, or molds, and actinomycetes. These antibiot- hygroscopic to prevent or inhibit agglomeration and

ics belong to very diverse classes of chemical com-

thus maintain a free-flowing condition. Such sub-

pounds. Most of the antibiotics produced by bacteria

stances as starch, calcium metasilicate, magnesium

are polypeptides (such as tyrothricin, bacitracin,

carbonate, silica, and magnesium stearate are used

polymyxin). The penicillins are the only important

for this purpose in table salt, flours, sugar, coffee,

antibiotics produced by fungi. Actinomycetes pro-

whiteners, and similar products.

duce a wide variety of compounds (actinomycin,

streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline). The

anticancer drug. See antineoplastic.

antimicrobial activity (antibiotic spectrum) of anti-

biotics varies greatly; some are active only on bacte-

antichlor. Any product that serves to neutralize

ria, others on fungi, still others on bacteria and fungi;

and remove hypochlorite or free chlorine after a

some are active on viruses, some on protozoa, and

bleaching operation. For many years the term was

some are also active on neoplasms. An organism

considered synonymous with sodium thiosulfate,

sensitive to an antibiotic may, on continued contact

but it may equally be applied to sodium disulfite or

with it, develop resistance and yet remain sensitive

any other product used for the purpose.

to other antibiotics. Certain antibiotics are used as

direct food additives to inhibit growth of bacteria

anticholinergic. A drug or pharmaceutical that

and fungi; among these are nisin, pimaricin, nysta-

inhibits the action of acetylcholine by reactivating

tin, and tylosin. Note: A number of antibiotics have

the cholinesterase. Examples are atropine sulfate

been restricted by FDA, both for direct use by hu-

and pralidoxime iodide.

mans and as additives to animal feeds. Among those

are streptomycin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline,

anticipation. Each generation of offspring has

and penicillin.

increased severity of a genetic disorder; e.g., a

See penicillin; cephalosporin; plasmid; Waksman;

grandchild may have earlier onset and more severe

Fleming.

symptoms than the parent, who had earlier onset

than the grandparent.

See additive genetic effects; complex trait.

antibiotic resistance. Plasmids generally con-

tain genes that confer on the host bacterium the

anticoagulant. A complex organic compound,

ability to survive a given antibiotic. If the plasmid

often a carbohydrate, that has the property of retard-

pBR322 is present in a host, that host will not be

ing the clotting or coagulation of blood. The most

killed by (moderate levels of) ampicillin or tetracy-

effective of these is heparin, which acts by interfer-

cline. By using plasmids containing antibiotic resis-

ing with the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin

tance genes, the researcher can kill off all the bacte-

and by inhibiting the formation of thromboplastin.

ria that have not taken up this plasmid, thus ensuring

In addition to their specific clinical uses, anticoagu-

that the plasmid will be propagated as the surviving

lants have been applied with limited success to ro-

cells divide.

denticides (see warfarin). They are regarded as cu-

mulative poisons, requiring multiple ingestions to

“Antiblaze” [Albermarle]. TM for a trichloro-

be lethal. One type (diaphenadione) has been found

propyl phosphate additive flame retardant.

to reduce blood cholesterol in experimental animals.

Use: On either side of two-component rigid urethane

systems and in rebonded flexible foam, coatings,

anticodon. A specific sequence of three nucleo-

and elastomers.

tides in a tRNA, complementary to a codon for an

amino acid in a mRNA.

antiblock agent. A substance (e.g., a finely

antidepressant. See psychotropic drug.

divided solid of mineral nature) that is added to a

plastic mix to prevent adhesion of the surfaces of

antidote. Any substance that inhibits or counter-

films made from the plastic to each other or to other

acts the effects of a poison which has entered the

surfaces. They are of particular value in polyolefin

body by any route. Mild acids or alkalies (except

and vinyl films. The hard, infusible particles tend to

sodium bicarbonate) exert neutralizing action if cor-

roughen the surface and so maintain a small air

rosive materials have been swallowed; for noncor-

space between adjacent layers of the film, thus pre-

rosive poisons, warm salt water or milk may be

venting adhesion. Silicate minerals are widely used

given to cause vomiting. Activated charcoal in water

for this purpose. Another type of antiblock function

is effective in protecting the throat and stomach

is performed by high-melting waxes, which bloom

linings, except for corrosive poisons. Nothing

to the surface and form a layer that is harder than the

should be administered by mouth if the subject is

plastic.

unconscious. Artificial respiration may be neces-

sary. In no case should alcohol be used as an anti-

antibody. See antigen-antibody. dote. Atropine sulfate and pralidoxime iodide have

90ANTIEMETIC AGENT

been successfully used as antidotes for poisoning by derivatives which are relatively noncorrosive, non-

flammable, have very low evaporation rates, and are

cholinesterase inhibitors.

effective heat-exchange agents. A concentration of

35% protects against freezing to −17.7C. Ethylene

antiemetic agent. A compound usually classed

and propylene glycol antifreezes can be carried in an

as a pharmaceutical that inhibits or prevents nausea.

automotive cooling system for several years without

A well-known type is dimenhydrinate (“Drama-

damage, and are satisfactory coolants at summer

mine”) which is useful to counteract motion

operating temperatures. Methoxypropanol has been

sickness, nausea due to pregnancy, etc. A more re-

introduced as an antifreeze-coolant for diesel en-

cent antiemetic is a benzoquinolizine derivative

gines. (2) Gasoline additive. A proprietary prepara-

used for nausea resulting from anesthesia (“Emete-

tion, TM “Drygas,” consists of methanol, isopropa-

con” [Pfizer]).

nol, or mixtures of these, that lowers the freezing

point of water enough to inhibit ice formation in feed

antienzyme. A substance present in the substrate

lines and carburetors. It is added directly to the

that restricts or negates the catalytic activity of the

gasoline.

enzyme on that substrate.

Hazard: Poisonous. Flammable.

See coolant.

antifertility agent. A synthetic steroid sex hor-

mone of the type normally produced by the body

during pregnancy. Said to act by simulating the

antigen-antibody. An antibody is a blood serum

conditions of pregnancy and thus suppressing ovu-

protein of the globulin fraction that is formed in

lation, which automatically prevents conception.

response to introduction of an antigen. It has a mo-

The hormones used are basically of two kinds: (1)

lecular weight of approximately 160,000. An anti-

progestin (synthetic progesterone) and (2) synthetic

gen is an infective organism (protein) with molecu-

estrogen. There are also several other derivatives, all

lar weight of at least 10,000; it is able to induce

of which are much stronger than natural progester-

formation of an antibody in an organism into which

one and estrogen when taken orally. The chemical

it is introduced (by injection). Thus an animal is able

modifications are necessary for oral potency. Inject-

to resist infections to which it has previously been

able contraceptives that remain effective over much

exposed. The entire science of immunology is based

longer periods than the oral type are also available.

on antigen-antibody reactions, the most outstanding

The active ingredient is medoxyprogesterone ace-

feature of which is their specificity. The antibodies

tate. Experimental work is also being done with

produced in the bloodstream can react only with the

N,N

′

-octaethylenediamine bis(dichloroacetamide)

homologous antigen or with those of a similar mo-

(“Fertilysin”). An estrogen-free type is available in

lecular structure. As a result, the animal can destroy

England (chloromadinone acetate); it is said to be

a particular virus or bacterium and become immune.

less effective, but with less tendency to cause blood

The specificity of antigens is due not so much to the

clotting than estrogenic types.

composition of the molecule as to its configuration.

Hazard: FDA requires that oral contraceptives carry

Certain radicals (polar and quaternary ammonium

a label warning of the tendency of these agents to

groups) seem to “mate” with corresponding comple-

form blood clots. There is also a possibility that they

mentary structures in the antibody molecule. A pre-

have other adverse side effects. Note: Proteins and

cipitate or agglutinate is formed by the reaction

peptides that act as enzyme inhibitors have been

which is analogous to colloidal (catalytic) reactions

identified in the semen of some mammals.

in some respects, e.g., surface configuration.

See immunochemistry; Pasteur; allergen; antagonist,

antifoam agent. See defoaming agent.

structural.

antifouling paint. An organic coating formu-

lated especially for use on the hulls and bottoms of

antiglobulin. An agent used to coagulate glob-

ships, boats, buoys, pilings, and the like to protect

ulin.

them from attack by barnacles, teredos, and other

marine organisms. The chief specific ingredient is a

metallic naphthenate, e.g., copper naphthenate;

antihistamine. A synthetic substance structural-

mercury compounds are also used.

ly analogous to histamine whose presence in minute

amounts prevents or counteracts the action of excess

antifreeze. (1) Water additive. Any compound histamine formed in body tissues. These compounds

that lowers the freezing point of water. Both sodium are usually complex amines of various types and

chloride and magnesium chloride were once used, also have other physiological effects and medical

but their extreme corrosive properties made them a uses. Examples are chloropheniramine maleate, di-

liability in automotive cooling systems. Methanol menhydrinate, diphenhydramine hydrochloride,

requires only 27% by volume for protection to imidazole, pheniramine maleate, pyrilamine male-

−17.7C. Due to its tendency to evaporate rapidly at ate, thonzylamine hydrochloride, tripelennamine

operating temperatures, its flammability, and its low hydrochloride.

boiling point (63.9C), it has been replaced by glycol See antagonist, structural.

91 ANTIMONY-125

antihypertensive agent. An organic com- antimonic acid. See antimony pentoxide.

pound having the property of lowering blood pres-

sure in animals and humans. Among the better-

antimonic anhydride. See antimony pent-

known types are the alkaloid reserpine and its

oxide.

derivative syrosingopine, guanethidine sulfate, ␣-

methyl dopa (␣-methyl-3,4-dihydroxyphenylala-

antimonite. See stibnite.

nine), and hydralazine. They function by various

nerve-blocking mechanisms involving structural

antimonous. (antimonious). Adjective used for

antagonism. They should be taken only by prescrip-

compounds in which antimony has a valence of 3, as

tion.

in antimony tribromide, antimony trichloride, anti-

mony trioxide, antimony trisulfide.

antiinflammatory agent. Any of a number of

drugs that prevent or inhibit inflammation of tissue.

antimonous sulfide. See antimony trisulfide.

Most common of these is aspirin.

antimony.

antiknock agent.

Any of a number of organic

CAS: 7440-36-0. Sb (from Latin stibium). Metallic

compounds that increase the octane number of a

element of atomic number 51, group VA of the

gasoline when added in low percentages by reducing

periodic table, aw 121.75, valences 3, 4, and 5. Two

knock, especially in high-compression engines.

stable isotopes.

Knock is caused by spontaneous oxidation reactions

Properties: Silver-white solid. Mp 630.5C, bp

in the cylinder head, resulting in loss of power and

1635C. Low thermal conductivity, Mohs hardness 3

characteristic ignition noise. Branched-chain hydro-

to 3.5. Oxidized by nitric acid; not attacked by hy-

carbon gasolines ameliorate this problem, and anti-

drochloric acid in absence of air; reacts with sulfuric

knock additives virtually eliminate it. Tetraethyl-

acid and aqua regia. Combustible. A semiconductor.

lead, the most effective of these, has been used for

Available forms: Besides the stable metal, there are

many years, but its contribution to air pollution has

two allotropes: yellow crystals and amorphous

almost eliminated its use in automotive fuels. Lead-

black modifications.

free gasolines are now used in conjunction with

Source: Ores: Stibnite, kermasite, tetrahedrite, liv-

catalytic converters. The antiknock agents used in

ingstonite, jamisonite.

them are nonmetallic compounds such as meth-

Occurrence: Algeria, Bolivia, China, Mexico, South

yl-tert-butyl ether (MTBE) or a mixture of methanol

Africa, Peru, Yugoslavia.

and tert-butyl alcohol.

Derivation: Reduction of stibnite with iron scrap;

See octane number; gasoline.

direct reduction of natural oxide ores. About half the

antimony used in the U.S. is recovered from lead

antilymphocytic serum. (ALS). An immuno-

base battery scrap metal.

logical suppressant for use in organ transplants. It

Grade: Up to 99.999% pure, technical, powder, com-

acts to control the buildup of rejection factors in the

mercial grade in 55-lb cakes 10 × 10 × 2.5 inches.

blood that result from introduction of foreign organs

Hazard: Use with adequate ventilation. Soluble salts

into the body.

are toxic. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

See immunochemistry.

Use: Hardening alloy for lead, especially storage

batteries and cable sheaths; bearing metal; type met-

antimatter. See antiparticle.

al; solder; collapsible tubes and foil; sheet and pipe;

semiconductor technology (99.999% grade); pyro-

antimetabolite. See antagonist, structural; an-

technics.

tihistamine; metabolite.

antimony-124. Radioactive antimony isotope.

antimonate. Salt in which antimony has a va-

Properties: Half-life 60 days, radiation ␤ and ␥. The

lence of 5.

chemical form used is often antimony trichloride

and oxychloride in hydrochloric acid solution.

Use: As a tracer, especially in solid-state studies and

antimonial lead alloy. (hard lead). Lead al-

marker of interfaces between products in pipelines.

loy containing approximately 6–28% antimony.

The ␥ ray has sufficient energy to eject neutrons

Common grades are as follows: (1) 15% antimony,

from beryllium. Convenient portable neutron

resistant to sulfuric acid used in type metal; (2)

sources that may be reactivated in a nuclear reactor

national stock pile specification, 10.7–11.3% anti-

are made by irradiation of an antimony pellet en-

mony; (3) battery grids, 5–11% antimony; (4) bat-

cased in a beryllium shell.

tery terminals, 4% antimony; (5) cable sheaths, 1%

Hazard: Radioactive poison.

antimony.

antimonic. Adjective used for compounds in antimony-125. Radioactive antimony isotope.

which antimony has a valence of 5, e.g., antimony Half-life 2.4 years, emits ␤ and ␥ rays.

pentachloride, pentasulfide, etc. Hazard: Radioactive poison.

92ANTIMONY BLACK

antimony black. Metallic antimony in the form mm). Solidifies by absorption of moisture. Decom-

posed by excess water into hydrochloric acid and

of a fine powder produced by electrolysis or chemi-

antimony pentoxide. Soluble in an aqueous solution

cal action on an antimony salt solution.

of tartaric acid in hydrochloric acid and chloroform.

See antimony trisulfide.

Derivation: Action of chlorine on antimony powder.

Hazard: Corrosive, fumes in moist air, reacts strong-

antimony bromide. See antimony tribro-

ly with organics. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

mide.

Use: Analysis (testing for alkaloids and cesium), dye-

ing intermediates, as chlorine carrier in organic

antimony, caustic. See antimony trichloride.

chlorinations.

antimony chloride. See antimony trichloride.

antimony pentafluoride.

CAS: 7783-70-2. SbF

antimony chloride, basic. See antimony

Properties: Viscous, hygroscopic liquid. D 2.99

oxychloride.

(23C), mp 7C, bp 149.5C, hydrolyzed by water.

Soluble in potassium fluorid, (KF) and liquid sulfur

antimony dichlorotrifluoride. SbCl

dioxide.

thick liquid stored in iron drums. Used as catalyst for

Derivation: Antimony pentachloride and anhydrous

fluorocarbon manufacture.

hydrogen fluoride.

Hazard: Corrosive to skin and tissue. TLV: 0.5

antimony fluoride. See antimony trifluoride.

mg(Sb)/m

Use: Catalyst and/or source of fluorine in fluorina-

antimony hydride. (stibine).

tion reactions.

CAS: 7803-52-3. SbH

Properties: Colorless gas. Mp −88C, bp −17C.

antimony pentasulfide. (antimony red; anti-

Derivation: Action of hydrogen chloride on antimo-

mony persulfide; antimony sulfide golden).

ny-metal compounds such as Zn

; also released

CAS: 1315-04-4. Sb

by reduction of antimony compounds in hydrochlo-

Properties: Orange-yellow powder; odorless. Insol-

ric acid solutions with zinc or other reducing metal.

uble in water; soluble in concentrated hydrochloric

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.1 ppm.

acid with evolution of hydrogen sulfide; soluble in

alkali. Decomposes on heating.

antimony iodide. See antimony triiodide.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk near oxidiz-

ing materials. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

antimonyl. The radical or group SbO which oc-

Use: Red pigment, rubber accelerator.

curs commonly in formulas of antimony com-

pounds. Thus SbOCl is often named antimonyl chlo-

antimony pentoxide. (antimonic anhydride;

ride, and numerous other antimony compounds are

antimonic acid; stibic anhydride).

sometimes named in a similar manner.

CAS: 1314-60-9. Sb

Properties: White or yellowish powder. D 3.78, mp

antimony lactate.

450C, loses oxygen above 300C. Slightly soluble in

CAS: 58164-88-8. Sb(C

)

water; soluble in strong bases forming antimonates;

Properties: Tan-colored mass. Soluble in water.

insoluble in acids except concentrated hydrochloric

Grade: Technical.

acid.

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

Derivation: Action of concentrated nitric acid on the

Use: Mordant in fabric dyeing.

metal or the trioxide.

Use: Preparation of antimonates and other antimony

antimony oxide. See antimony trioxide.

compounds, flame retardant for textiles.

antimony oxychloride. (antimony chloride,

antimony persulfide. See antimony penta-

basic; antimonyl chloride). SbOCl.

sulfide.

Properties: White powder. Mp 170C (decomposes).

Soluble in hydrochloric acid and alkali tartrate solu-

tions; insoluble in alcohol, ether, and water.

antimony potassium tartrate. (tartar emet-

Derivation: Interaction of water and antimony chlo-

ic; potassium antimonyl tartrate; tartrated anti-

ride.

mony). K(SbO)C

•1/2H

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

Properties: Transparent, odorless crystals effloresc-

Use: Antimony salts, flameproofing textiles.

ing on exposure to air or white powder; sweetish

metallic taste. D 2.6, at 100C loses all its water.

antimony pentachloride. (antimony perchlo- Soluble in water, glycerol; insoluble in alcohol.

ride). Aqueous solution is slightly acid.

CAS: 7647-18-9. SbCl

. Derivation: By heating antimony trioxide with a

Properties: Reddish-yellow, oily liquid; offensive solution of potassium bitartrate and subsequent

odor; hygroscopic. Mp 2.8C, d 2.34, bp 92C (30 crystallization.

93 ANTINEUTRON

Grade: Technical, crystals, powdered, CP, USP. decomposes in water with precipitation of oxy-

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

. iodide.

Use: Textile and leather mordant, medicine, insecti- Derivation: Action of iodine on antimony.

cide.

antimony trioxide. (antimony white; antimo-

ny oxide).

antimony salt. (deHaens salt). Mixture of an-

CAS: 1309-64-4. Sb

. Occurs in nature as valen-

timony trifluoride and either sodium fluoride or am-

tinite.

monium sulfate.

Properties: White, odorless, crystalline powder. D

Properties: White crystals. Soluble in water.

5.67; mp 655C. Insoluble in water; soluble in con-

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

centrated hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, strong

Use: Dyeing and printing textiles.

alkalies. Amphoteric.

Derivation: Burning antimony in air, adding ammo-

antimony sodiate. See sodium antimonate.

nium hydroxide to antimony chloride, directly from

low-grade ores.

antimony sulfate. (antimony trisulfate).

Grade: Technical, pigment.

CAS: 7446-32-4. Sb

(SO

)

Hazard: TLV: 0.5 mg/m

for handling and use; sus-

Properties: White powder or lumps. Deliquescent,

pected human carcinogen during production.

decomposes in water. D 3.62 (4C), flammable.

Use: Flameproofing of textiles, paper, and plastics

Hazard: A poison. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

(chiefly polyvinyl chloride); paint pigments; ceram-

Use: Matches, pyrotechnics.

ic opacifier; catalyst; intermediate; staining iron and

copper; phosphors; mordant; glass decolorizer.

antimony tribromide. (antimony bromide).

SbBr

antimony trisulfate. See antimony sulfate.

Properties: Yellow, deliquescent, crystalline mass.

Decomposed by water, d 4.148, mp 96.6C, bp 280C.

antimony trisulfide. (antimony orange;

Soluble in carbon disulfide, hydrobromic acid, hy-

black antimony; antimony needles; antimonous

drochloric acid, ammonia.

sulfide; antimony sulfide).

Hazard: Toxic. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

CAS: 1345-04-6. Sb

Use: Analytical chemistry, mordant, manufacturing

Properties: (1) Black crystals; (2) orange-red crys-

antimony salts.

tals. D 4.562, mp 546C. Insoluble in water; soluble

in concentrated hydrochloric acid and sulfide solu-

antimony trichloride. (antimonous chloride;

tions.

antimony chloride; caustic antimony).

Derivation: (1) Occurs in nature as black crystalline

CAS: 10025-91-9. SbCl

stibnite; (2) As precipitated from solutions of salt of

Properties: Colorless, transparent, very hygroscop-

antimony, the trisulfide is an orange-red precipitate,

ic, crystalline mass. Fumes slightly in air. D 3.14, bp

which is filtered, dried, and ground.

223.6C, mp 73.2C. Soluble in alcohol, acetone,

Grade: Technical.

acids. With water forms antimony oxychloride.

Hazard: Explosion risk in contact with oxidizing

Derivation: Interaction of chlorine and antimony or

materials.

by dissolving antimony sulfide in hydrochloric acid.

Use: Vermilion or yellow pigment, antimony salts,

Grade: Technical, CP.

pyrotechnics, matches, percussion caps, camou-

Hazard: Corrosive liquid or solid. Very irritating to

flage paints (reflects infrared radiation in same way

eyes, skin. TLV: 0.5 mg(Sb)/m

as green vegetation), ruby glass.

Use: Antimony salts, bronzing iron, mordant, manu-

facturing lakes, chlorinating agent in organic syn-

antimycin A

). An antibiotic sub-

thesis, pharmaceuticals, fireproofing textiles, ana-

stance said to have strong fungicidal properties.

lytical reagent.

Properties: Crystals. Mp 139–140C. Soluble in alco-

hol, ether, acetone, and chloroform; slightly soluble

antimony trifluoride. (antimony fluoride).

in benzene, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum

CAS: 7783-56-4. SbF

ether; insoluble in water.

Properties: White to gray hygroscopic crystals. Mp

Derivation: From Streptomyces.

292C, d 4.58. Soluble in water.

Use: Active against a large group of fungi but, in

Grade: 99–100%.

general, not against bacteria; possible insecticide

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin.

and miticide.

Use: Porcelain, pottery, dyeing, fluorinating agent.

antineoplastic. A drug that inhibits the forma-

tion of tumors (neoplasms). Many of these are anti-

antimony triiodide. (antimony iodide). SbI

biotics used in treatment of cancer.

Properties: Red crystals. Volatile at high tempera-

See bleomycin.

tures. D 4.768, mp 167C, bp 420C. Soluble in carbon

disulfide, hydrochloric acid, and solution of potassi-

um iodide; insoluble in alcohol and chloroform;

antineutron. See antiparticle.

94ANTIOXIDANT

antioxidant. An organic compound added to that gives them deodorant properties. The FDA clas-

rubber, natural fats and oils, food products, gasoline, sified them as drugs rather than as cosmetics.

and lubricating oils to retard oxidation, deteriora-

tion, rancidity, and gum formation, respectively.

antiport. Co-transport of two solutes across a

Rubber antioxidants are commonly of an aromatic

membrane in opposite directions.

amine type, such as di-␤-naphthyl-p-phenylenedi-

amine and phenyl-␤-naphthylamine 1% or less

antiprecipitant. Substances that prevent preci-

based on the rubber content of a mixture affords

pitation in chemical processes.

adequate protection. Many antioxidants are substi-

tuted phenolic compounds (butylated hydroxyani-

antiproton. See antiparticle.

sole, di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, and propyl gallate).

Food antioxidants are effective in very low concen-

antipsychotic agent. See psychotropic drug.

tration (not more than 0.01% in animal fats) and not

only retard rancidity but protect the nutritional value

antipyretic.

by minimizing the breakdown of vitamins and es-

Use: Any of a group of drugs that reduce fever or

sential fatty acids. Sequestering agents, such as cit-

inflammation, e.g., aconite.

ric and phosphoric acids, are frequently employed in

antioxidant mixtures to nullify the harmful effect of

antipyrine. (phenazone; 2,3-dimethyl-1-phe-

traces of metallic impurities. Note: Max concentra-

nyl-3-pyrazolin-5-one).

tion of food antioxidants approved by FDA is

CAS: 60-80-0. (CH

)

0.02%.

Properties: Colorless crystals or powder; odorless;

slightly bitter taste. D 1.19, mp 110–113C, bp 319C.

Soluble in water, alcohol, and chloroform; slightly

antiozonant. (antiozidant). A substance used to

soluble in ether.

reverse or prevent the severe oxidizing action of

Derivation: Condensation of methylphenylhydra-

ozone on elastomers both natural and synthetic.

zine and ethyl acetoacetate.

Among antiozonant materials used are petroleum

Method of purification: Crystallization.

waxes, both amorphous and microcrystalline, sec-

Grade: Technical, NF.

ondary aromatic amines (such as N,N-diphenyl-p-

Use: Medicine (analgesic); analytical reagent for ni-

phenylenediamine), quinoline, and furan deriva-

trous acid, nitric acid, and iodine number.

tives.

See ozone.

antipyrine chloral hydrate. See chloral hy-

drate antipyrine.

antiparallel. Describing two linear polymers

that are opposite in polarity or orientation.

antipyrine iodide. See iodophenazone.

antiparticle. (antimatter). Any of several spe-

antirheumatic. Any of various drugs used in the

cies of subatomic particles that are identical in mass

treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Among these are

to ordinary particles, but opposite in electrical

certain gold salts, e.g., disodium aurothiomalate and

charge or (in the case of the neutron) in magnetic

gold sodium thiosulfate. Penicillamine is also re-

moment. Thus, a positron is an electron with a posi-

ported to be effective. Cortisone is no longer widely

tive charge, an antiproton is a proton with a negative

used because of deleterious side effects.

charge, and an antineutron has no charge but has a

magnetic moment opposite to that of a neutron. A

antiscorbutic. Tending to prevent scurvy.

photon is its own antiparticle. When an antiparticle

See ascorbic acid.

collides with its opposite particle (e.g., a collision of

an electron and a positron) both particles are annihi-

antisense. Nucleic acid that has a sequence exact-

lated and their masses are converted to photons of

ly opposite to an mRNA molecule made by the

equivalent energy. The same is true of other suba-

body; binds to the mRNA molecule to prevent a

tomic particles (neutrinos, mesons, etc.) some of

protein from being made.

which are fantastically short-lived (of the order of

See transcription.

billionths of a second).

anti-sense strand. See discussion under “Sense

strand”.

antiperspirant. Any substance having a mild

astringent action that tends to reduce the size of skin

pores and thus restrain the passage of moisture on

antiseptic. A substance applied to humans or

local body areas. The most commonly used antiper- animals that retards or stops the growth of microor-

spirant agent is aluminum chlorohydrate. Use of ganisms without necessarily destroying them, e.g.,

zirconium compounds in antiperspirant sprays has alcohol; boric acid and borates; certain dyes, as

been virtually discontinued because of their suspect- acriflavine; menthol; hydrogen peroxide; hypo-

ed carcinogenicity, though they are permissible in chlorites; iodine; mercuric chloride; and phenol.

creams. Antiperspirants exert a neutralizing action Many of these are corrosive and poisonous, and

95 API

should be used with great caution. Among the newer methods for analyzing fertilizer, foods, feeds, drugs,

antiseptics are hexachlorophene, which is also toxic, pesticides, cosmetics and other products related to

and some quaternary ammonium compounds. agricultural and public health. It is located at 481

North Frederick Avenue, Suite 500, Gaithersburg,

See disinfectant; sanitizer; fumigant.

Maryland 20877-2417.

Website: http://www.aoac.org

antiskinning agent. A liquid antioxidant used

in paints and varnishes to inhibit formation of an

oxidized film on the exposed surface in cans, pails,

AOCS. See American Oil Chemist’s Society.

or other open containers.

AOD process. Injection of a mixture of argon

antistatic agent. The marked tendency of ther-

and oxygen into molten steel to reduce carbon im-

moplastic polymers to accumulate static charges

purities.

which result in adherent particles of dust and other

foreign matter has required study of possible means

AP. Abbreviation for ammonium perchlorate.

of eliminating or reducing this property. The follow-

ing have been tried: (1) Development of more elec-

ap-. A prefix denoting formation from or relation-

trically conductive polymers, e.g., tetracyanoquino-

ship to another compound, e.g., apomorphine.

dimethane. (2) Incorporation of additives that

migrate to the surface of the plastic or fiber and

AP-1 site. The binding site on DNA at which the

modify its electrical properties. (Examples of these

transcription “factor” AP-1 binds, thereby altering

are fatty quaternary ammonium compounds, fatty

the rate of transcription for the adjacent gene. AP-1

amines, and phosphate esters.) Other types of anti-

is actually a complex between c-fos protein and c-

static additives are hygroscopic compounds, such as

jun protein, or sometimes is just c-jun dimers. The

polyethylene glycols and hydrophobic slip addi-

AP-1 site consensus sequence is (C/G)TGACT(C/

tives, that markedly reduce the coefficient of friction

A)A. Also known as the TPA-response element

of the plastic. (3) Copolymerization of an antistatic

(TRE). [TPA is a phorbol ester, tetradecanoyl phor-

resin with the base polymer.

bol acetate, which is a chemical tumor promoter.

“Antistine” phosphate [Novartis]. TM for

APAP. Abbreviation for acetyl-p-amino-phenol.

antazoine phosphate.

See p-acetylaminophenol.

antitussive. A medicinal preparation for sup-

pressing coughs, often containing codeine. Chloro-

apatite. A natural calcium phosphate (usually

form is no longer permitted as an ingredient.

containing fluorine) occurring in the earth’s crust as

phosphate rock. It is also the chief component of the

antizymotic. Property of preventing fermenta-

bony structure of teeth.

tion. A material that prevents fermentation.

Properties: Color variable. D 3.1–3.2, hardness 5,

frequently in hexagonal crystals.

Antonow’s rule. The rule states that the interfa-

Occurrence: Eastern U.S., California, the former

cial tension of two liquids in equilibrium is equal to

U.S.S.R., Canada, Europe.

the difference between the surface tensions.

Use: Source of phosphorus and phosphoric acid,

manufacture of fertilizers, laser crystals.

“Antox” [Du Pont]. TM for rubber antioxi-

See fluoridation.

dant, a condensation product of butyraldehyde-ani-

line. Amber liquid.

APC. Abbreviation for ammonium perchlorate.

“Antron” [Du Pont]. TM for nylon textile

apertomer. A device for measuring the angular

fibers in the form of continuous filament yarns and

aperture of an objective. It was invented by Abbe´.

staple.

apholate. C

. Generic name for

ANTU. (␣-naphthylthiourea).

2,2,4,4,6,6-hexakis(1-aziridinyl)-2,2,4,4,6,6-hex-

CAS: 86-88-4.

ahydro-1,3,5,2,4,6-triazatriphosphorine. Prevents

Hazard: TLV: 0.3 mg/m

reproduction in certain insects by inhibiting forma-

tion of DNA in eggs.

A-number. A number that indicates the amount

Use: Insect sterilant.

of fatty acids precipitated from edible fats.

aphrodine. See yohimbine.

AOAC International. (AOAC) Formerly

called the Association of Official Agricultural

API. See active pharmaceutical ingredient.

Chemists, and the Association of Official Analytical

Chemists. It was founded in 1884. There are 4000

members. These scientists develop, test, and study

API. See American Petroleum Institute.

96APIGENIN 8-c-GLUCOSIDE

apigenin 8-c-glucoside. See 8-␤-d-glucopy- apple acid. See malic acid.

ranosyl-apigenin.

apple oil. See isoamyl valerate.

API gravity. A scale of density measurement

adopted by the API. It runs from 0.0 (equivalent to d

applied research. The experimental investiga-

1.076) to 100.0 (equivalent to d 0.6112). The API

tion of a specific practical problem for the immedi-

values as used in the petroleum industry decrease as

ate purpose of creating a new product, improving an

density increases.

older one, or evaluating a proposed ingredient. The

experimental program is set up to answer the ques-

aplysiatoxin.

tion “What happens?” rather than “Why does it

CAS: 52659-57-1. mf: C

BrO

happen?” Examples are the determination of the

Hazard: A poison. value of a new rubber antioxidant, the substitution of

one drying oil for another in a paint formulation, and

the development of a new synthetic product. While

APO. See triethylenephosphoramide.

applied research has produced the multitude of new

materials that have revolutionized industry, agricul-

apocarotenal. Food color supplied in dark pur-

ture, and medicine in the last 50 years or so, its

plish-black beadlets. Vitamin A activity 120,000

achievements have usually been practical out-

units/g. Dispersible in warm water. Approved for

growths of prior fundamental research.

food use by FDA.

See ␤-apo-8

′

-carotenal.

approved name. The official name for a chemi-

cal adopted by a government bureau, trade, or medi-

␤-apo-8

′

-carotenal.

cal association.

CAS: 1107-26-2. mf: C

Properties: Fine crystalline powder with dark metal-

apramycin.

lic sheen or violet crystals. Mp: 139°. Sol in chloro-

CAS: 37321-09-8. mf: C

form; sltly sol in acetone; insol in water.

Properties: Crystals. Mp: 245−247°. Sol in water;

Use: Food additive.

sltly sol in lower alcs.

Use: Drug (veterinary); food additive.

apoenzyme. The protein portion of an enzyme,

absent any organic or inorganic cofactors or pros-

aprotic solvent. A type of solvent that neither

thetic groups that might be required for catalytic

donates nor accepts protons. Examples: dimethyl-

activity.

formamide, benzene, dimethyl sulfoxide.

apolar adsorption. (homopolar adsorption).

APS. Abbreviation for appearance potential spec-

Adsorption in which molecules of the adsorbed sub-

troscopy.

stance are concentrated at the adsorption layer with-

See spectroscopy.

out any fission.

apomine black gx. aptation. Change in an organism resulting from

CAS: 1937-37-7. mf: C

•2Na. natural selection; a structure which is the result of

Hazard: Confirmed carcinogen. Moderately toxic by such selection.

ingestion and inhalation. An eye irritant.

aqua ammonia. See ammonium hydroxide.

apopino oil. See shiu oil.

“Aquacar” [Dow]. TM for water treatment mi-

apoptosis. Programmed cell death, the body’s

crobiocides that are aqueous solutions of glutaral-

normal method of disposing of damaged, unwanted,

dehyde.

or unneeded cells.

Use: For controlling slime-forming bacteria, sulfate-

See cell.

reducing bacteria, and algae in water cooling towers,

air washers, pasteurizers, and other recirculation

water systems.

apparent density. See density.

See glutaraldehyde.

Appert, Nicolas. (1752–1841). A French pio-

“Aquaclean Alkaline” [Stromme]. TM for

neer in the science of food preservation. Though not

a synthetic detergent hold cleaner.

a chemist, his work on application of heat to food

Use: To remove stains and discoloring after trans-

products led to a form of home preserving that even-

porting coke and coal cargoes.

tually developed into the canning industry. The idea

of destroying bacteria by heat treatment was later

applied more exhaustively by Pasteur.

“Aquaclean Clean Up” [Stromme]. TM

for a cleaning agent.

applaud. See buprofezine. Use: After transport of cargoes where the hold did not

97 ARACHIDIC ACID

have barrier or release agent installed prior to chemical synthesis at Stanford Research Institute,

and later isolated from a fermentation beer of Strep-

tomyces antibioticus.

“Aquaclean HD” [Stromme]. TM for a car-

go hold cleaning material.

arabic gum. (acacia gum).

Use: To clean cargo containers after transport of oily

CAS: 9000-01-5. The dried, water-soluble exudate

cargos.

from the stems of Acacia senegal or related species.

Properties: Thin flakes, powder, granules, or angu-

“Aquaflow” [Hercules, Ltd.]. TM for rheol-

lar fragments; color white to yellowish white; al-

ogy cellulose.

most odorless; mucilaginous consistency. Com-

pletely soluble in hot and cold water, yielding a

“Aquapel” [Hercules]. TM for an alkylketene viscous solution of mucilage; insoluble in alcohol.

dimer that is reactive with alkaline cellulose. The aqueous solution is acid to litmus. Combustible.

Available forms: Liquid. Occurrence: Sudan, West Africa, Nigeria.

Use: For sizing agents. Derivation: A carbohydrate polymer, complex and

highly branched. The central core or nucleus is

D-

galactose and

D-glucuronic acid (actually the calci-

“Aquaprint” [BASF]. TM for a resin-bonded

um, magnesium, and potassium salts), to which are

pigment color for printing on textiles. The vehicle,

attached sugars such as

L-arabinose and L-rhamnose.

an oil-in-water emulsion, contains a water-insoluble

Grade: USP, FCC (both grades of acacia).

binder that adheres to the fibers and anchors the

Use: Pharmaceuticals, adhesives, inks, textile print-

color permanently to the cloth.

ing, cosmetics, thickening agent and colloidal stabi-

lizer in confectionery and food products, binding

aqua regia. (nitrohydrochloric acid; chloroni-

agent in tablets, emulsifier.

trous acid; chlorazotic acid).

Properties: Fuming yellow, volatile, suffocating

liquid.

arabinogalactan. A water-soluble polysaccha-

Derivation: A mixture of nitric and hydrochloric

ride extracted from timber of the western larch trees.

acids, usually 1 part of nitric acid to 3 or 4 parts of

It is a complex, highly branched polymer of arabi-

hydrochloric acid.

nose and galactose.

Grade: Technical.

Properties: Dry, light-tan powder. Readily soluble

Hazard: A powerful oxidizer, toxic, corrosive liquid.

in hot and cold water; both powder and solutions

Use: Metallurgy, testing metals, dissolving metals

fairly stable. Combustible.

(platinum, gold, etc.).

Use: Dispersing and emulsifying agent, lithography.

“Aquarex” [Du Pont]. TM for a series of

arabinose. (pectin sugar; gum sugar).

wetting agents for elastomers. They act as stabilizers

. Both the D- and L-enantiomers occur natu-

and mold lubricants.

rally.

L-Arabinose is common in vegetable gums,

especially arabic.

“Aquasorb” [Hercules, Ltd.]. TM for a cel-

lulose gum.

“Aquasorb AR” [Mallinckrodt]. TM for a

phosphorus pentoxide (P

)-based desiccant.

Hazard: Powerful oxidizer and caustic.

“Aquatreat” [ALCOA]. TM for water-soluble

dithiocarbamate salt bactericides.

Properties: White crystals. Mp 158.5C, d 1.585 (20/

Use: In cooling towers, paper and pulp mills, air

4C). Soluble in water and glycerol; insoluble in

washers, petroleum production, and sugar pro-

alcohol and ether. Combustible.

cessing.

Use: Culture medium.

aqueous tension. Water vapor pressure at a

Ara-C. Abbreviation for cytosine arabinoside.

given temperature over pure water or an aqueous

solution.

arachidic acid. (eicosanoic acid).

Ar. Symbol for argon.

(CH

)

COOH. A widely distributed but minor

component of the fats of peanut oils and related plant

ara-A. (␣-␤-D-arabinofuranosyladenine; vidara- species.

bine). Properties: Shining, white, crystalline leaflets. Mp

CAS: 24356-66-9. A biologically active pharma- 75.4C, d 0.2840 (100/4C), bp 328C (decomposes),

ceutical product having both antitumor and antiviral refr index 1.4250. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble

properties. It was originally prepared (1959) by in alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

98ARACHIDONIC ACID

Derivation: From peanut oil. for 2-(p-tert-butylphenoxy)isopropyl-2-chloroethyl

Grade: Technical, 99%. sulfite.

Use: Organic synthesis, lubricating greases, waxes Properties: Clear, light-colored oil. D 1.148–1.152

and plastics, source of arachidyl alcohol, biochemi- (20C); bp 175C (0.1 mm Hg). Very soluble in com-

cal research. mon organic solvents; insoluble in water. Noncorro-

sive.

Grade: Technical (90% min), wettable powder, em-

arachidonic acid. (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic

ulsifiable concentrate restricted to postharvest ap-

acid).

plication on fruit trees.

CAS: 506-32-1.

Hazard: A carcinogen. Irritant to eyes and skin, toxic

(CH

)

(CH:CHCH

)

(CH

)

COOH. A C

unsat-

by ingestion.

urated fatty acid. Combustible. An essential fatty

Use: Antimicrobial agent, miticide.

acid.

Source: Liver, brain, glandular organs; also made

“Aranox” [Uniroyal]. TM for p-(p-tolysulfo-

synthetically.

nylamido)-diphenylamine.

Use: Biochemical research, source of prostaglandins

NHC

and other pharmacologically active compounds.

Properties: Gray powder. D 1.32; mp 135C (min).

See eicosanoid.

Soluble in acetone, benzene, and ethylene dichlo-

ride; insoluble in gasoline and cold water; slightly

arachidyl alcohol. (1-eicosanol).

soluble in hot water or hot alkaline solutions.

(CH

)

OH. A long-chain saturated fatty al-

Use: Antioxidant for light-colored rubber products.

cohol much like stearyl alcohol.

Properties: White, waxlike solid. Mp 66.5C; bp

“Arasan” [Du Pont]. TM for seed disinfec-

369C (220C at 3 mm Hg); refr index 1.455. Soluble

tants based on thiram.

in hot benzene. Combustible.

Derivation: Ziegler synthesis (trialkylaluminum

process).

“Arazate” [Uniroyal]. TM for zinc dibenzyl

Grade: Technical, 99%.

dithiocarbamate.

Use: Lubricants, rubber, plastics, textiles, research.

arbutin. (ursin). C

. Available commer-

arachin. (arachine). A protein from peanuts, a

cially in both natural and synthetic forms. Pure syn-

globulin containing arginine, histidine, lysine, cys-

thetic arbutin is hydroquinone-␤,

D-glucopyrano-

tine; yellow-green syrup, soluble in water and alco-

side.

hol, insoluble in ether. Combustible.

aragonite. A form of calcium carbonate appear-

ing in pearls.

See nacre.

aragonite needles. Slender crystals of the min-

eral aragonite that constitute most carbonate muds in

the modern ocean. Some of the needles form by

Properties: White powder (pure synthetic). Mp

direct precipitation from seawater, and some by the

199–200C. Soluble in water and alcohol. Stable in

collapse of the skeletons of organisms.

storage.

Derivation: A glucoside found in the leaves of the

aralkonium chloride. C

cranberry, blueberry, and manzanita shrubs, and in

Properties: Water-soluble solid; bitter taste.

the roots, trunks, and leaves of most pear species.

Use: As sanitizer and deodorant.

Pure arbutin can be prepared synthetically from ace-

tobromoglucose and hydroquinone in the presence

aralkyl. See arylalkyl.

of alkali.

Use: Oxidation inhibitor, polymerization inhibitor,

color stabilizer in photography, intermediate.

aramid. Generic name for a distinctive class of

highly aromatic polyamide fibers that are character-

ized by their flame-retardant properties. Some types

arc furnace. A furnace that is heated by an

are also suitable for protective clothing, dust-filter

electric arc with carbon or graphite as one electrode,

bags, tire cord, and bullet-resistant structures. They

and a similar unit, or the furnace charge, as the other

are derived from p-phenylenediamine and tereph-

electrode.

thaloyl chloride.

See “Nomex”; “Kevlar”; polyamide.

archaometry. Application of chemical and

physical analytical methods to archaeology. Among

“Aramite” [Uniroyal]. those used are microanalytical methods, spectro-

(CH

)

OCH

CH(CH

)OSOOC

Cl. TM scopic analysis, X rays, and other types of nonde-

99 ARMSTRONG’S ACID

structive tests. For age determination,

C measure- System. Aw 39.948. Present in atmosphere to 0.94%

ment (chemical dating) is one of the most valuable by volume.

techniques. Properties: Colorless monatomic gas; odorless; tas-

teless. It is not known to combine chemically with

any element, but forms a stable clathrate with ␤-

arene. See aromatic.

hydroquinone. Fp −189.3C, bp −185.8C, d 1.38 (air

1), sp vol 9.7 cu ft/lb (21.1C @ 1 atm). Slightly

Arens–van Dorp synthesis. The preparation

soluble in water. Noncombustible; an asphyxiant

of alkoxyethynyl alcohols from ketones and ethox-

gas.

yacetylene. In the Isler modification, ␤-chlorovinyl

Derivation: (1) By fractional distillation of liquid air.

ether is reacted with lithium amide to give lithium

(2) By the treatment of atmospheric nitrogen with

ethoxyacetylene which is then condensed with the

metals such as magnesium and calcium to form

ketone. This avoids the tedious preparation of ethox-

nitrides. (3) Recovery from natural gas oxidation

yacetylene.

bottoms-steam in ammonia plant. (4) Originally

formed by radioactive decay of

argentite. (silver glance). Ag

S. Lead-gray to

Method of purification: (1) Highly purified argon is

black or blackish-gray mineral. A natural silver sul-

obtained by passing the gas through a bed of titani-

fide. Contains 87.1% silver. Differs from other soft

um at 850C. (2) Synthetic zeolite molecular sieves

black minerals in cutting like wax. Soluble in nitric

separate oxygen from argon to give high purity gas.

acid, d 7.2–7.36, Mohs hardness 2–2.5.

Grade: Technical, highest purity (99.995%).

Occurrence: Nevada, Colorado, Montana, Mexico,

Use: Inert-gas shield in arc welding, furnace brazing,

Chile, Canada.

plasma jet torches (with hydrogen), electric and spe-

Use: An important ore of silver.

cialized light bulbs (neon, fluorescent, sodium va-

por, etc.; titanium and zirconium refining; flushing

argentum. The Latin name for silver, hence the

molten metals (steel) to remove dissolved gases; in

symbol Ag.

Geiger-counter tubes; lasers; inert gas or atmo-

sphere in miscible applications; decarburization of

arginase. An enzyme that produces ornithine and

stainless steel (AOD process).

urea by splitting arginine. It is found in liver.

Use: Biochemical research.

Argyrol. TM for an organic compound of silver

and a protein, used in medicine for its specific anti-

septic and bacteriostatic action.

arginine. (guanidine aminovaleric acid; ami-

no-4-guanidovaleric acid).

“Aridye” [BASF]. TM for a product and pro-

cess for printing colors on textiles using permanent

and insoluble pigments suspended in an organic

vehicle into which water is emulsified to give print-

ing consistency. The vehicle contains a water-insol-

An essential amino acid for rats, occurring naturally

uble binder that adheres to the clot and anchors the

in the

L(+) form. Available as the glutamate and hydro-

color permanently to the fibers.

chloride.

Properties: Prisms from water containing two mole-

aripiprazole.

cules of H

O, anhydrous plates from alcohol solu-

CAS: 129722-12-9. mf: C

tion. Dehydrates at 105C, decomposes at 244C.

Hazard: A poison.

Sparingly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.

Derivation: Widely found in animal and plant pro-

aristolochic acid, sodium salt. See sodium

teins. It is precipitated as the flavianate from gelatin

aristolochate i.

hydrolyzate in industry.

Use: Biochemical research, medicine, pharmaceuti-

arkose. A rock consisting primarily of sand-sized

cals, dietary supplement.

particles of feldspar. Most arkose accumulates close

to the source area of the feldspar, because feldspar

5-l-argininecyanoginosin la.

weathers quickly to clay and seldom travels far.

CAS: 101043-37-2. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and inhalation.

“Armalon” [Du Pont]. TM for TFE-fluoro-

Source: Natural product.

carbon fiber felt and also for TFE-fluorocarbon res-

in-coated glass fabrics, tapes, and laminates.

arginine vasopressin.

CAS: 113-79-1. mf: C

Armstrong’s acid. (naphthalene-1,5-disulfon-

Hazard: A poison.

ic acid). C

(SO

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Soluble in

argon (Ar). A nonmetallic element of atomic water.

number 18, in the noble gas group of the Periodic Derivation: Sulfonation of naphthalene with fuming

100ARNDT-EISTERT SYNTHESIS

sulfuric acid at low temperature followed by separa-

arrest point. The temperature at which a system

tion from the 1,6-isomer.

of more than one component, being heated or cooled

Use: Dye intermediate.

absorbs or yields heat without changing tempera-

ture.

Arndt-Eistert synthesis. Procedure for con-

verting an acid to its next higher homolog.

Arrhenius, Svante. (1859–1927). A native of

Sweden, he won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in

“Arnel” [Celanese]. TM for an acetate fiber

1903. He is best known for his fundamental investi-

made from cellulose triacetate. It has a higher melt-

gations on electrolytic dissociation of compounds in

ing point, and is less soluble than cellulose acetate.

water and other solvents, and for his basic equation

See acetate fiber; cellulose triacetate.

stating the increase in the rate of a chemical reaction

with rise in temperature:

aromatic. (arene). A major group of unsaturated

d ln kA

cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more rings,

dT RT

typified by benzene, which has a 6-carbon ring con-

taining three double bonds. The vast number of

in which k is the specific reaction velocity, T is the

compounds of this important group, derived chiefly

absolute temperature, A is a constant usually re-

from petroleum and coal tar, are rather highly reac-

ferred to as the energy of activation of the reaction,

tive and chemically versatile. The name is due to the

and R is the gas-law constant.

strong and not unpleasant odor characteristic of

most substances of this nature. Certain 5-membered

arrowroot. (maranta). The starch that is ob-

cyclic compounds such as the furan group (hetero-

tained from the roots of the maranta plant, which has

cyclic) are analogous to aromatic compounds. Note:

many uses, including food ingredients, cosmetics,

The term “aromatic” is often used in the perfume

glues, and starches.

and fragrance industries to describe essential oils

that are not aromatic in the chemical sense.

arsacetin. (sodium acetylarsanilate; sodium p-

acetyl aminophenylarsonate).

aromaticity. A stable electron shell configura-

CONHC

AsO(OH)ONa.

tion in organic molecules, especially those related to

Properties: White, crystalline powder; odorless; tas-

benzene.

teless. Free of arsenous or arsenic acid. Solutions

See resonance; orbital theory.

will admit of thorough sterilization. Soluble in cold

water, but more so in warm water.

aromatic oils (hydrocarbons). See aromex.

Use: Medicine (antisyphilitic).

aromatization. See hydroforming.

9-arsafluoreninic acid.

CAS: 5687-22-9. mf: C

AsO

aromex.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

CAS: 78308-32-4.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

arsanilic acid. (atoxylic acid; p-aminoben-

zenearsonic acid; p-aminophenylarsonic acid).

“Arosurf TA100” [Crompton & Knowles].

•C

AsNO

(distearyldimethylammonium chloride)

Properties: White, crystalline powder; practically

CAS: 107-64-2. TM for powder cationic-quaternary

odorless. Mp 232C. Soluble in hot water; slightly

fabric softener.

soluble in cold water, alcohol, and acetic acid; insol-

Use: For retail powdered detergent-softener, indus-

uble in acetone, benzene, chloroform, and ether.

trial laundry and pap-softening formulas, and cos-

Derivation: By condensing aniline with arsenic acid,

metic formulations.

removing the excess of aniline by steam distillation

in alkaline solution, and setting the acid free using

arrack. An oriental distilled liquor which is ob- hydrochloric acid.

tained from palm or rice juice. Hazard: A poison. Yields flammable vapors on heat-

ing above melting point.

Use: Arsanilates, manufacture of arsenical medicinal

arrayed library. Individual primary recombi-

compounds such as arsphenamine, veterinary medi-

nant clones (hosted in phage, cosmid, YAC, or other

cine, grasshopper bait.

vector) that are placed in two-dimensional arrays in

microtiter dishes. Each primary clone can be identi-

fied by the identity of the plate and the clone location

arsenic.

(row and column) on that plate. Arrayed libraries of CAS: 7440-38-2. As. A nonmetallic element of

clones can be used for many applications, including atomic number 33, group Va of periodic table, aw

screening for a specific gene or genomic region of 74.9216, valences of 2, 3, 5; no stable isotopes.

interest. Properties: Silver-gray, brittle, crystalline solid that

See library; genomic library; gene chip technology. darkens in moist air. Allotropic forms: black, amor-

101 ARSENIC TRIBROMIDE

phous solid (␤-arsenic); yellow, crystalline solid, d Properties: Orange-red powder. D 3.4–2.6, mp

5.72 (commercial product ranges from 5.6 to 5.9), 307C. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble in

mp 814C (36 atm), sublimes at 613C (1 atm), Mohs water.

hardness 3.5, insoluble in water and in caustic and Derivation: By roasting arsenopyrite and iron py-

nonoxidizing acids. Attacked by hydrochloric acid rites and sublimation.

in presence of oxidant. Reacts with nitric acid. Low Grade: Technical.

thermal conductivity; a semiconductor. Use: Leather industry, depilatory agent, paint pig-

Derivation: Flue dust of copper and lead smelters ment, shot manufacture, pyrotechnics, rodenticide,

from which it is obtained as white arsenic (arsenic taxidermy.

trioxide) in varying degrees of purity. This is re-

duced with charcoal. The commercial grade is not

arsenic hydride. See arsine.

made in the U.S.

Grade: Technical, crude (90–95%), refined (99%),

arsenic pentafluoride. AsF

. A gas, bp

semiconductor grade (99.999%), single crystals.

−52.8C, fp −79C. Readily hydrolyzed, soluble in

Hazard: Carcinogen and mutagen. OSHA employee

alcohol and benzene.

exposure limit: TWA 0.01 mg(As)/m

; Cancer Haz-

Use: Doping agent in electroconductive polymers.

ard. TLV: TWA 0.2 mg(As)/m

Use: (Metallic form) Alloying additive for metals,

arsenic pentasulfide. As

especially lead and copper as shot, battery grids,

Properties: Yellow or orange powder. Soluble in

cable sheaths, boiler tubes. High-purity (semicon-

nitric acid and alkalies; insoluble in water. Decom-

ductor) grade: used to make gallium arsenide for

poses to sulfur and the trisulfide when heated.

dipoles and other electronic devices; doping agent in

Derivation: By precipitation from arsenic acid in a

germanium and silicon solid state products; special

hydrochloric acid solution with hydrogen sulfide. It

solders; medicine.

is filtered, then dried.

See arsenic trioxide.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Paint pigments, light filters, other arsenic com-

arsenic acid. (orthoarsenic acid).

pounds.

CAS: 7778-39-4. H

AsO

•1/2H

O. Arsenic pentox-

ide is also sometimes called arsenic acid.

Properties: White, translucent crystals. D 2–2.5, mp

arsenic pentoxide. (arsenic oxide; arsenic

35.5C, bp (loses water at 160C). Soluble in water,

anhydride; arsenic acid).

alcohol, alkali, glycerol.

CAS: 1303-28-2. As

Derivation: By digestion of arsenic with nitric acid.

Properties: White, amorphous solid; deliquescent;

Grade: Pure, technical, CP.

forms arsenic acid in water. D 4.086, mp 315C.

Use: Manufacture of arsenates, glass making, wood

Soluble in water, alcohol.

treating process, defoliant (regulated), desiccant for

Derivation: By action of oxidizing agent, such as

cotton, soil sterilant.

nitric acid, on arsenious oxide.

Use: Arsenates, insecticides, dyeing and printing,

arsenic acid, aniline salt.

weed killer, colored glass, metal adhesives.

CAS: 63957-41-5. mf: C

•AsH

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

arsenic sesquioxide. See arsenic trioxide.

Use: Agricultural chemical.

arsenic sulfide. Legal label name for arsenic

arsenical Babbitt. See Babbitt metal.

disulfide.

arsenical nickel. See niccolite.

arsenic thioarsenate. As(AsS

Properties: Dry, free-flowing yellow powder, stable,

arsenic anhydride. See arsenic pentoxide.

high-melting. Insoluble in water and organic sol-

vents, but soluble in aqueous caustics.

arsenic, black. (␤-arsenic).

Use: Scavenger for certain oxidation catalysts and

See arsenic.

thermal protectant for metal-bonded adhesives and

coating resins.

arsenic bromide. Legal label name for arsenic

tribromide.

arsenic tribromide. (arsenic bromide; arse-

arsenic chloride. See arsenic trichloride.

nious bromide; arsenous bromide).

CAS: 7784-33-0. AsBr

arsenic disulfide. (arsenic monosulfide; ruby Properties: Yellowish-white, hygroscopic crystals.

arsenic; red arsenic glass; red arsenic sulfide; D 3.54 (25C), mp 33C, bp 221C. Decomposed by

red arsenic). water.

CAS: 56320-22-0. As

or AsS. Occurs as the min- Derivation: Direct union of arsenic and bromine.

eral realgar. Use: Analytical chemistry, medicine.

102ARSENIC TRICHLORIDE

arsenic trichloride. (arsenic chloride; arseni- arsine. (arsenic hydride).

ous chloride; arsenous chloride; caustic arsenic CAS: 7784-42-1. AsH

chloride; fuming liquid arsenic). Properties: Colorless gas. Fp −113.5C, bp −62C,

CAS: 7784-34-1. AsCl

. decomposes 230C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble

Properties: Colorless or pale yellow oil. Bp 130.5C, in alcohol and alkalies.

fp −18C, d 2.163 (14/4C). Soluble in concentrated Derivation: Reaction of aluminum arsenide with wa-

hydrochloric acid and most organic solvents, de- ter or hydrochloric acid, electrochemical reduction

composed by water. Fumes in moist air. Noncom- of arsenic compounds in acid solutions.

bustible. Grade: Technical, 99% pure or in mixture with other

Derivation: (1) By action of chlorine on arsenic; (2) gases.

by distillation of arsenic trioxide with concentrated Hazard: Highly poisonous by inhalation. TLV: 0.05

hydrochloric acid. ppm.

Grade: Technical. Use: Organic synthesis, military poison, doping

Hazard: Strong irritant to eyes and skin. agent for solid-state electronic components.

Use: Intermediate for organic arsenicals (pharmaceu-

ticals, insecticides), ceramics.

arsphenamine. A specific for syphilis originally

See arsenic.

developed by Ehrlich, but no longer in use. It was a

derivative of arsenic and benzene.

See Ehrlich.

arsenic trifluoride (arsenious fluoride).

CAS: 7784-35-2. AsF

Properties: Mobile liquid that fumes in air.

“Artic” [Du Pont]. TM for refrigeration grade

Hazard: Extremely toxic. of methyl chloride.

Use: Fluorinating reagent, catalyst, ion implantation

source, and dopant.

artificial cinnabar. See mercuric sulfide,

red.

arsenic trioxide. (crude arsenic; white arse-

nic; arsenious acid; arsenious oxide; arsenous

artificial snow. A copolymer of butyl and iso-

anhydride). butyl methacrylate, often dispersed from an aerosol

CAS: 1327-53-3. As

. bomb or other atomizing device, used in decorative

Properties: White powder; odorless; tasteless. D window displays, etc. Man-made snow is crystal-

3.865. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in acids, lized water vapor made by mechanical means.

alkalies, and glycerol. Sublimes on heating.

Derivation: Smelting of copper and lead concen-

aryl. A compound whose molecules have the ring

trates. Flue dust to which pyrite or galena concentra-

structure characteristic of benzene, naphthalene,

tions are added yields As

vapor. Condensation

phenanthrene, anthracene, etc., (i.e., either the 6-

gives product of varying purity called crude arsenic

carbon ring of benzene or the condensed 6-carbon

(90–95% pure). A higher-purity oxide called white

rings of the other aromatic derivatives). For exam-

arsenic (99+% pure) is obtained by resubliming the

ple, an aryl group may be phenyl C

or naphthyl

crude As

. Such groups are often represented in formulas

Hazard: A human carcinogen.

by “R.”

Use: Pigments, ceramic enamels, aniline colors, de-

See alkyl.

colorizing agent in glass, insecticide, rodenticide,

herbicide, sheep and cattle dip, hide preservative,

arylalkyl. A compound containing both aliphatic

wood preservative, preparation of other arsenic

and aromatic structures, e.g., alkyl benzenesulfo-

compounds.

nate. Also called aralkyl.

arsenic trisulfide. (arsenious sulfide; arsenic

As. Symbol for arsenic.

sulfide [yellow]; arsenous sulfide; arsenic ter-

sulfide).

as-. Abbreviation for asymmetrical, same as uns-.

CAS: 1303-33-9. As

Properties: Yellow crystals or powder, changes to a

ASA. (1) American Standards Association. (2)

red form at 170C. D 3.43, mp 300C. Insoluble in

Abbreviation for acrylic ester-modified styrene ac-

water and hydrochloric acid; dissolves in alkaline

rylonitrile terpolymer.

sulfide solutions and nitric acid.

See “Luran Sulfur.”

Derivation: Occurs in nature as the mineral orpi-

ment. May be precipitated from arsenious acid solu-

asarone. See 2,4,5-trimethoxy-1-propenylben-

tion by the action of hydrogen sulfide.

zene.

Grade: Technical, pigment, single crystals.

Use: Pigment, reducing agent, pyrotechnics, glass

used for infrared lenses, semiconductors, hair re-

asbestine. A soft, fibrous magnesium silicate.

moval from hides. Use: As a filler in paper, rubber, and plastics.

103 “ASIENCE”

asbestos. insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, petroleum

CAS: 1332-21-4. A group of impure magnesium

ether, oils and fats. Stable to air when dry. One

silicate minerals that occur in fibrous form.

international unit is equivalent to 0.05 milligram of

Properties: White, gray, green, brown. D 2.5. Non-

l-ascorbic acid.

combustible. (1) Serpentine asbestos is the mineral

Source: Food source: acerola (West Indian cherry);

chrysotile, a magnesium silicate. The fibers are

citrus fruits; tomatoes; potatoes; green, leafy vegeta-

strong and flexible, so that spinning is possible with

bles. Commercial sources: Synthetic product made

the longer fibers. A microcrystalline form, TM “A-

by fermentation of sorbitol.

vibest,” has been developed. (2) Amphibole asbes-

Grade: USP, FCC.

tos includes various silicates of magnesium, iron,

Use: Nutrition, color fixing, flavoring and preserva-

calcium, and sodium. The fibers are generally brittle

tive in meats and other foods, oxidant in bread

and cannot be spun, but are more resistant to chemi-

doughs, abscission of citrus fruit in harvesting, re-

cals and to heat than serpentine asbestos. (3) Amo-

ducing agent in analytical chemistry. The iron, calci-

site. (4) Crocidolite.

um, and sodium salts are available for biochemical

Occurrence: Vermont, Arizona, California, North

research.

Carolina, Africa, Italy, Yukon, Quebec, Mexico,

Hazard: A carcinogen. Highly toxic by inhalation of

ascorbic acid oxidase. An enzyme found in

dust particles. TLV: (amosite) 0.5 fibers/cc; (chry-

plant tissue that acts upon ascorbic acid in the pres-

sotile) 2 fibers/cc; (crocidolite) 0.2 fibers/cc; (other

ence of oxygen to produce dehydroascorbic acid.

forms) 2 fibers/cc.

Use: Biochemical research.

Use: Fireproof fabrics, brake lining, gaskets, roofing

compositions, electrical and heat insulations, paint

ascorbyl palmitate. C

. A white or yel-

filler, chemical filters, reinforcing agent in rubber

lowish-white powder having a citrus-like odor. Mp

and plastics, component of paper dryer felts, dia-

116–117C; soluble in alcohol and in animal and

phragm cells, cement reinforcement. Note: A prom-

vegetable oils; slightly soluble in water.

ising substitute for asbestos for cement reinforce-

Derivation: Palmitic and l-ascorbic acids.

ment is glass fiber made from slate and limestone.

Grade: FCC.

Use: Antioxidant for fats and oils, source of vitamin

ascaridole. 1,4-peroxido-p-menthene-2).

C, stabilizer, emulsifier.

Properties: A liquid, naturally occurring peroxide.

ascorbyl stearate.

Bp 84C (5 mm), d 1.011 (13/15C), refr index 1.4743

Use: Food additive.

(20C).

Derivation: By vacuum distillation of chenopodium

-ase. A suffix characterizing the names of many

oil.

enzymes, e.g., diastase, cellulase, cholinesterase,

Hazard: Strong oxidizing agent, explodes on heating

etc. However, the names of some enzymes end in -in

to 130C or in contact with organic acids.

(i.e., pepsin, rennin, papain).

Use: Initiator in polymerization, medicine.

asexual reproduction. A type of reproduction

“Ascarite II” [Thomas]. TM for a sodium

involving only one parent that usually produces ge-

hydroxide-nonfibrous silicate formulation.

netically identical offspring. Asexual reproduction

Use: Quantitative absorption of carbon dioxide in the

occurs without meiosis or syngamy, and may hap-

determination of carbon in steel and organic com-

pen through budding, by the division of a single cell,

pounds by direct combustion and other analysis.

or the breakup of an entire organism into two or

more parts.

ascorbic acid. (l-ascorbic acid; vitamin C).

CAS: 50-81-7. C

ash. (1) In analytical chemistry, the residue re-

maining after complete combustion of a material. It

consists of mineral matter (silica, alumina, iron ox-

ide, etc.) the amount often being a specification

requirement. (2) The end product of large-scale coal

combustion as in power plants; now said to be the

sixth most plentiful mineral in the U.S. It consists

A dietary factor that must be present in the diet of

principally of fly ash, bottom ash, and boiler ash.

humans to prevent scurvy. It cures scurvy and in-

Some of its values are recoverable, and there are a

creases resistance to infection. Ascorbic acid pre-

number of industrial uses of fly ash, e.g., in cement

sumably acts as an oxidation-reduction catalyst in

products and road fill.

the cell. It is readily oxidized; citrus juices should

See fly ash.

not be exposed to air for more than a few minutes

before use.

Properties: White crystals (plates or needles). Mp

“Asience” [Kao]. TM for a line of luxurious

192C. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol; hair care products.

104ASKAREL

askarel. A generic descriptive name for synthetic “Aspartame.” [Nutrasweet]. (3-amino-n-(␣-

carboxyphenethyl)succinamic acid n-methyl es-

electrical insulating (dielectric) material which,

ter, stereoisomer; aspartylphenylalanine methyl

when decomposed by the electric arc, evolves only

ester; n-l-␣-aspartyl-l-phenylalanine 1-methyl es-

nonexplosive gases or gaseous mixtures, i.e., chlori-

ter; canderel; dipeptide sweetener; Equal (TM);

nated aromatic derivatives, particularly pentachlo-

methyl aspartylphenylalanate; 1-methyl n-l-␣-as-

rodiphenyl and trichlorobenzene, but also including

partyl-l-phenylalanine; Nutrasweet (TM); sweet

pentachlorodiphenyl oxide, pentachlorophenylben-

dipeptide). C

zoate, hexachlorodiphenylmethane, pentachlorodi-

Properties: White crystalline powder from water or

phenyl ketone, and pentachloroethylbenzene. Non-

alcohol; odorless; sweet taste. Mw: 294.34; mp 190.

flammable.

Slightly soluble in water, alcohol. TM for a synthetic

Use: Insulating medium in transformers, dielectric

nonnutritive sweetener approved by FDA for table-

fluid.

top use and as a packaged food additive. The U.S.,

See dielectric; transformer oil.

Canada, and South Africa permit its use in carbonat-

ed beverages. A combination of aspartic acid and

L-

ASM International. (ASM). Formally orga-

phenylalanine, it is said to be 200 times sweeter than

nized in 1935, this society actually had been active

sugar.

under other names since 1913, when the need for

See sweetener, nonnutritive.

standards of metal quality and performance in the

automobile became generally recognized. Most re-

aspartamic acid. See asparagine.

cient previous name was American Society for Met-

als. ASM International has over 53,000 members

aspartamide. See asparagine.

and publishes Metals Review and the famous Metals

Handbook, as well as research monographs on met-

als. It is active in all phases of metallurgical activity,

aspartic acid. (asparaginic acid; asparagic

metal research, education, and information retrieval.

acid; aminosuccinic acid).

Its headquarters is at 9639 Kinsman Road, Materals

COOHCH

CH(NH

)COOH. A naturally occurring

Park, OH 44073. Website: http://

nonessential amino acid. The common form is

L(+)-

www.asminternational.org

aspartic acid.

asparagic acid. See aspartic acid.

L-asparaginase. (L-asnase; colaspase; elspar).

CAS: 9015-68-3. An enzyme used in the treatment

of certain types of leukemia. Produced by biochemi-

Properties: Colorless crystals. Soluble in water; in-

cal activity of certain bacteria, yeasts, and fungi.

soluble in alcohol and ether. Optically active.

DL-

Yields are in excess of 3500 units/g of source.

aspartic acid. Mp 278–280C (decomposes), d 1.663

(12/12C).

L(+)-aspartic acid. Mp 251C. D(−)-aspar-

asparagine. (␣-aminosuccinamic acid; ␤-as-

tic acid. Mp 269–271C (decomposes), d 1.6613.

paragine; althein; aspartamic acid; aspartamide).

Source: Young sugar cane, sugar beet molasses.

COCH

CH(NH

)COOH. The ␤ amide of aspar-

Derivation: Hydrolysis of asparagine, reaction of

tic acid, a nonessential amino acid, existing in the

ammonia with diethyl fumarate.

D(+)- and L(−)-isomeric forms as well as the DL-race-

Use: Biological and clinical studies, preparation of

mic mixture.

L(−)-asparagine is the most common

culture media, organic intermediate, ingredient of

form.

aspartame, detergents, fungicides, germicides, met-

Properties:

L(−)-Asparagine monohydrate: White

al complexation. Available commercially as

DL(−)-,

crystals. Mp 234–235C. Acid to litmus. Nearly in-

L(+)-, and DL-aspartic acid.

soluble in ethanol, methanol, ether and benzene;

soluble in acids and alkalies.

dl-aspartic acid.

Derivation: Widely distributed in plants and animals

CAS: 617-45-8. mf: C

both free and combined with proteins.

Properties: Colorless to white monoclinic crystals;

Use: Biochemical research, preparation of culture

acid taste. Mp: 280° (decomp). Sltly sol in water;

media, medicine.

insol in alc, ether.

Hazard: Very low toxicity.

l-asparagine.

Use: Food additive.

CAS: 70-47-3. mf: C

•H

Properties: White crystalline powder or rhombic

l-aspartic acid.

hemihedral crystals; sltly sweet taste. Mp: 234°. Sol

CAS: 56-84-8. mf: C

in water; insol in alc, ether.

Properties: Colorless to white crystals or leaflets;

Use: Food additive.

acid taste. Mp: 270°. Sltly sol in water; insol in alc,

ether.

asparaginic acid. See aspartic acid. Hazard: Low toxicity.

105 ASPIRIN

Use: Food additive; drug. Use: Primarily roofing, as diluent in low-grade rub-

ber products and as thickener in oil-based drilling

fluids.

l-aspartic acid, n-acetyl-, dilithium salt.

See dilithium n-acetyl-l-aspartate.

asphalt (cut-back). A liquid petroleum prod-

aspartocin. USAN for antibiotic produced by uct produced by fluxing an asphaltic base with suit-

able distillates. (ASTM).

Streptomyces griseus.

Properties: Flash p 50F(10C) (OC).

Grade: Solution of residue from distillation in car-

aspergillic acid. (2-hydroxy-3-isobutyl-6-(1-

bon tetrachloride, 99.5%.

methylpropyl)pyrazine-1-oxide). C

.An

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire hazard.

antibiotic from strains of Aspergillus flavus.

Use: Road surfaces.

Properties: Yellow crystals. Mp 97C. Insoluble in

cold water; soluble in common organic solvents and

asphaltene. A component of the bitumen in pe-

dilute acids. Hydrochloride melts at 178C and is

troleums, petroleum products, malthas, asphalt ce-

soluble in water.

ments and solid native bitumens. Soluble in carbon

Use: Antibiotic.

disulfide but insoluble in paraffin naphthas.

(ASTM). It is composed of polynuclear hydrocar-

Aspergillus. A genus of small molds and fungi

bons of molecular weight up to 20,000, joined by

used in industry to ferment carbohydrates for pro-

alkyl chains.

ducing citric and other organic acids.

asphalt, liquid. See residual oil; asphalt

ASPET. See American Society of Pharmacol-

(cut-back).

ogy and Experimental Therapeutics.

asphalt. (petroleum asphalt; Trinidad pitch;

asphalt (oxidized). See asphalt (blown).

mineral pitch).

CAS: 8052-42-4. A dark-brown to black cementi-

asphalt paint. Asphaltic base in a volatile sol-

tious material, solid or semisolid in consistency, in

vent with or without drying oils, resins, fillers, and

which the predominating constituents are bitumens

pigments. Ground asbestos was frequently used as a

that occur in nature as such or are obtained as residua

component of heavy asphaltic paints for roofing and

in petroleum refining (ASTM). It is a mixture of

waterproofing purposes.

paraffinic and aromatic hydrocarbons and heterocy-

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk.

clic compounds containing sulfur, nitrogen, and

oxygen.

asphyxiant gas. A gas that has little or no posi-

Properties: Black solid or viscous liquid. D approxi-

tive toxic effect but that can bring about uncon-

mately 1.0. Soluble in carbon disulfide, flash p 450F

sciousness and death by replacing air and thus de-

(132C), autoign temp 900F (482C), solid softens to

priving an organism of oxygen. Among the so-

viscous liquid at approximately 93C, penetration

called asphyxiant gases are carbon dioxide,

value (paving) 40–300, (roofing) 10–40. Good elec-

nitrogen, helium, methane, and other hydrocarbon

trical resistivity. Combustible.

gases.

Occurrence: California, Trinidad, Venezuela, Cuba,

Canada (Athabasca tar sands).

aspidospermine. C

Hazard: Toxic by inhalation of fume. TLV: (fume):

Properties: White to brownish-yellow crystalline

5 mg/m

alkaloid. Mp 208C, bp 220C (1–2 mm Hg), sublimes

Use: Paving and road-coating, roofing, sealing and

at 180C under reduced pressure. Soluble in fats,

joint filling, special paints, adhesive in electrical

fixed oils, absolute alcohol, and ether. Its sulfate and

laminates and hot-melt compositions, diluent in

hydrochloride are soluble in water.

low-grade rubber products, fluid loss control in hy-

Use: Medicine (respiratory stimulant).

draulic fracturing of oil wells, medium for radioac-

tive waste disposal, pipeline and underground cable

aspirin. (acetylsalicylic acid; o-acetoxybenzoic

coating, rust-preventive hot-dip coatings, base for

acid).

synthetic turf, water-retaining barrier for sandy

CAS: 50-78-2. CH

COOC

COOH.

soils, supporter of rapid bacterial growth in convert-

ing petroleum components to protein.

See bacteria; protein; oil sands.

asphalt (blown). (mineral rubber; oxidized

asphalt; hard hydrocarbon).

Properties: Black, friable solid obtained by blowing

air at high temperature through petroleum-derived Properties: White crystals or white, crystalline pow-

asphalt with subsequent cooling. Penetration value der; odorless; slightly bitter taste. Stable in dry air,

10–40, softening point 85 to 121C. Combustible. slowly hydrolyzes in moist air to salicylic and acetic

106“ASSAM MILK TEA”

acids. Mp 132–136C, bp 140C (decomposes). Solu-

association polymer. A polymer formed by

ble in water, alcohol, chloroform, and ether; less simple addition of molecules or by rearrangement of

soluble in absolute ether. Dissolves with decompo- bonds.

sition in solutions of alkali hydroxides and car-

bonates.

A-stage resin. (resole; one-step resin). An

Derivation: Action of acetic anhydride on salicylic

alkaline catalyzed thermosetting phenol-formalde-

acid.

hyde-type resin consisting primarily of partially

Method of purification: Crystallization.

condensed phenol alcohols. At this stage, the prod-

Grade: Technical, USP.

uct is fully soluble in one or more common solvents

Hazard: An allergen; may cause local bleeding espe-

(alcohols, ketones) and is fusible at less than 150C.

cially of the gums; 10-g dose may be fatal. May

On further heating and without use of a catalyst or

cause excessive biosynthesis of prostaglandins.

additive, the resin is eventually converted to the

Dust dispersed in air is serious explosion risk. TLV:

insoluble, infusible, cross-linked form (C-stage).

TWA 5 mg/m

The A-stage resin is a constituent of most commer-

Use: Medicine (analgesic, antiinflammatory, antipy-

cial laminating varnishes and is also used in special

retic).

molding powders.

See B-stage resin; C-stage resin; novolak; phenol-

“Assam Milk Tea” [Chun Chiao]. TM a

formaldehyde resin.

less astringent tea brewed by boiling leaves in milk.

astatine. At. Nonmetallic element of atomic

assay. (1) The quantitative determination by

number 85. Group VIIA of periodic table, aw 211.

chemical analysis of metallic values in an ore. Ores

Heaviest member of the halogen family, has 20

are assayed by heat fractionation. (2) Dry assay

isotopes, all radioactive; derived by ␣-bombard-

refers to the determination of metal values in ores by

ment of bismuth. The two most stable isotopes have

chemical methods not involving the use of solutions.

half-lives of approximately 8 hours. Astatine occurs

(3) Assay value refers to the proportion of precious

in nature to the extent of approximately one ounce in

metal indicated in ounces of metal per ton of ore. (4)

the entire earth’s crust. Like iodine, it concentrates

Wet assay is the chemical determination of metal per

in the thyroid gland. Its use in medicine is still

ton of ore. (5) Pharmaceutical products are assayed

experimental.

to validate the amount of drug present in a given

unit. (6) Assays on organisms (bacteria) to deter-

aster lake. Red lake pigment having high oil

mine their reactions to an antibiotic or insecticide.

absorption properties.

This is called called bioassay. Organic materials are

assayed by solvent extraction and chemical separa-

ASTM. See American Society for Testing

tion

and Materials.

assembly. Putting sequenced fragments of DNA

Aston, Francis William. (1877–1945). This

into their correct chromosomal positions.

noted English chemist and physicist carried out

much of his work with J. J. Thomson at Cambridge.

assimilation. The activity whereby different

He was the pioneer investigator of isotopes, and his

parts of the substrate in a fermentation are changed

method of separating the lighter from the heavier

into cell substance.

atomic nuclei provided the technique that later de-

veloped into the mass spectroscope, which utilizes a

assistant. A term loosely used in the textile indus-

magnetic field for this purpose. Aston received the

try for any chemical compound that aids in a pro-

Nobel Prize for this discovery in 1922, just three

cessing step, e.g., scouring, dyeing, bleaching, fin-

years after Rutherford performed the first transmu-

ishing, etc.

tation of elements. Aston also correctly estimated

See auxiliary; dyeing assistant.

the energy content of a hydrogen atom and predicted

the controlled release of this energy.

association. A reversible chemical combination

due to any of the weaker classes of chemical bond-

“Astracel” [BASF]. TM for a group of fast

ing forces. Thus, the combination of two or more

dyes for union shades on polyester-carbon blended

molecules due to hydrogen bonding, as in the union

fabrics.

of water molecules with one another or of acetic acid

molecules with water molecules, is called associa-

“Astragal” [Lanxess]. TM for dyeing auxil-

tion; also, combination of water or solvent mole-

iaries.

cules with molecules of solute or with ions, i.e.,

Use: In dye processes to ensure level uptake of dyes

hydrate formation or solvation. Formation of com-

and give color fastness.

plex ions or chelates, as copper ion with ammonia or

copper ion with 8-hydroxyquinoline is another ex-

ample. Aqueous solutions of soaps or synthetic de-

astrazon golden yellow gl. See C.I. basic

tergents are often called association colloids. yellow 28.

107 ATM

astrochemistry. Application of radioastronomy At. Symbol for astatine.

(microwave spectroscopy) to determination of the

existence of chemical entities in the gas clouds of

atactic. A type of polymer molecule in which

interstellar space and of elements and compounds in

substitutent groups or atoms are arranged randomly

celestial bodies, including their atmospheres. Such

above and below the backbone chain of atoms when

data are obtained from spectrographic study of the

the latter are all in the same plane, as shown below.

light from the sun and stars, from analysis of meteor-

See polymer, stereospecific.

ites, and from actual samples from the moon. Hydro-

gen is by far the most abundant element in interstel-

lar space, with helium a distant second. Over 25% of

the elements, including carbon, have been identi-

fied, as well as molecules of water, carbon monox-

ide, carbon dioxide, ammonia, ethane, methane,

acetylene, formaldehyde, formic acid, methyl alco-

hol, hydrogen cyanide, and acetonitrile. When ap-

“ATBC” [Reilly]. (acetyltri-n-butyl citrate)

plied to the planets only, the science is called chemi-

CAS: 77-90-7. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-

cal planetology.

cal coatings.

See nucleogenesis.

ATE. Abbreviation for aluminum triethyl.

See triethyl aluminum.

“Astrol” [BASF]. TM for a group of fast aliza-

rin direct blues.

-ate. A suffix having two different meanings. (1)

In inorganic compounds, it indicates a salt whose

“Astro Starch” [Penford]. TM for cationic

metal or radical is in the highest oxidation state, as in

potato starches.

calcium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, etc. (2) In engi-

Use: As an alkaline-size emulsion stabilizer.

neering terminology, it means “result of,” as in pre-

cipitate, condensate, alkylate, distillate, etc.

asulam potassium salt. See potassium as-

ulam.

“ATEC” [Reilly]. (acetyltriethyl citrate)

CAS: 77-89-4. TM for aqueous-based pharmaceuti-

asymmetric carbon atom. One having its

cal coatings.

four valences held by four different groups or atoms.

Compounds possessing asymmetric carbon atoms

atenolol. (1,p-carbamoylmethylphenoxy-3-iso-

have optically active isomers.

propylamino-2-propanol). C

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 147C.

asymmetric induction. The action of a force,

Use: An adrenergic blocker used in treatment of hy-

arising in an optically active molecule, that influ-

pertension. FDA approved.

ences adjacent symmetrical molecules in such a way

that they become asymmetric.

asymmetric syntheses. Processes that produce

optically active compounds from symmetrically

constituted molecules by the intermediate use of

optically active reagents, but without the use of any

ATG or AUG. The codon for methionine; the

of the methods of resolution.

translation initiation codon. Usually, protein trans-

lation can only start at a methionine codon (although

asymmetry. A molecular structure in which an

this codon may be found elsewhere within the pro-

atom having four tetrahedral valences is attached to

tein sequence as well). In eukaryotic DNA, the se-

four different atoms or groups. The commonest

quence is ATG; in RNA it is AUG. Usually, the first

cases involve the carbon atom, though they may

AUG in the mRNA is the point at which translation

exist also with other elements such as nitrogen and

starts, and an open reading frame follows, i.e., the

sulfur, i.e., lactic acid which contains one asymmet-

nucleotides taken three at a time will code for the

ric carbon (indicated by *). In such cases, two opti-

amino acids of the protein, and a stop codon will be

cal isomers (

L and D enantiomers) result that are

found only when the protein coding region is com-

nonsuperposable mirror images of each other.

plete.

atlantic black gac. See apomine black gx.

ATM. Abbreviation for aluminum trimethyl.

See trimethyl aluminum.

108ATMOLYSIS

atmolysis. The separation of admixed gases by wave itself.” Atoms of the various elements differ in

means of a porous partition. Use is made of the

mass (weight), that is, in the number of neutrons and

different speeds at which the gases diffuse.

protons and also in the number of electrons. Atoms

of a given element are identical, except that an ele-

ment may have atoms of different masses, called

atmosphere. (1) The gaseous envelope that sur-

isotopes. Individual atoms of uranium and thorium

rounds the earth. It comprises of four major divi-

have been resolved at 5 A

in the scanning electron

sions: the troposphere (from sea level to approxi-

microscope. Motion pictures of uranium atoms at

mately 10 km), the stratosphere (ozone region)

magnification of 7.5 million times have been made

which extends from approximately 10 to 50 km, the

at the Enrico Fermi Institute at the University of

mesosphere which extends from from approximate-

Chicago. Atoms of the same or different elements

ly 50 to 100 km, and the thermosphere which ranges

combine to form molecules. When the atoms are of

from approximately 100 to 1000 km or more. There

two or more different elements, these molecules are

is no sharp boundary between the layers. The pres-

called compounds. Atoms remain essentially un-

sure drops rapidly as altitude increases (from 1 atm

changed in chemical reactions except that some of

at sea level to 10

−13

atm at 1000 km). The chemical

the outermost electrons may be removed, shared, or

entities and reactions that occur in these spheres are

transferred as occurs in oxidation, ionization, and

the subject of extensive research. (2) The pressure

chemical bonding. A few atomic species disinte-

exerted by the air at sea level (14.696 psi), which

grate as a result of nuclear changes and thus are

will support a column of mercury 760 mm high

radioactive. Heavy unstable atoms such as uranium-

(approximately 30 in.). This is standard barometric

235 and plutonium can be split by bombardment

pressure, though it varies slightly with local meteo-

with high-energy particles yielding tremendous en-

rological conditions. It is often used to indicate

ergy.

working pressures of steam. The accepted abbrevia-

See electron; proton; bonds, chemical; orbital theory;

tion is atm. (3) Any environmental gas or mixture of

ionization; radioactivity; fission.

gases, e.g., an atmosphere of nitrogen or an inert

atmosphere.

atom-cavity microscope.

A technique that traps single atoms in a magneto-

atmosphere (controlled). As used in the tech-

optical trap and are dropped through a high-finesse

nology of food preservation and storage, a gaseous

optical cavity. A laser probe measures atomic mo-

environment in which the concentrations of oxygen,

tions.

carbon dioxide, and nitrogen are held constant at a

Use: Study of atomic-scale motions of single atoms.

specific level, the temperature also being controlled.

See: scanning tunneling microscope; chemical force

Controlled atmosphere storage techniques are used

microscopy.

on a commercial scale in the U.S.

atom form factor. (atomic scattering factor;

atmospheric pollution. See air pollution.

atomic structure factor; f-value). Quantity in the

expression for the intensity of an X-ray beam re-

“Atnul” [ACH]. (glycerol monostearate).

flected by a crystal, whose value is dependent on the

CAS: 31566-31-1. TM for intermediate chemical.

varying configuration of the electrons in the crystal

Use: For food processing and baking, snack goods,

atoms relative to the nuclei, as well as on the incident

pharmaceuticals, plastics, paints, coatings, and cos-

angle and the wave length of the X rays.

metics.

atomic absorption coefficient. Ratio of ab-

atom. The smallest possible unit of an element,

sorption coefficient of an element to the number of

consisting of a nucleus containing one or more pro-

atoms per unit volume.

tons and (except hydrogen) one or more neutrons,

and one or more electrons which revolve around it.

atomic absorption spectroscopy. An ana-

The protons are positively charged, the neutrons

lytical technique in which the substance to be ana-

have no charge, the electrons are negatively

lyzed is converted into an atomic vapor by spraying

charged. As each atom contains the same number of

a solution into an acetylene-air flame. Some types of

protons as electrons, the atom is electrically neutral.

compounds require a reducing flame, such as acety-

Atoms in general are characterized by stability. One

lene–nitrous oxide. The absorbance at a selected

might wonder why the negatively charged electrons

wavelength is measured and compared with that of a

are not attracted into the positively charged nucleus

reference substance. The absorbance measured is

in response to the law of opposite charges, causing

proportional to the concentration.

the atom to collapse on itself. That this does not

occur is due to the nature of the electron, which is not

atomic energy. See nuclear energy.

only a particle but also a standing quantum wave. As

explained by Dr. W. V. Houston, “The normal state

of an atom is balance between the attraction of the

atomic force microscopy.

nucleus for the electron wave and what might be A technique similar to scanning tunneling microsco-

called the elastic resistance to compression of the py employing an instrument that uses a sharply

109 ATTO

tipped electrode in close proximity to a surface. As

ATP. Abbreviation for adenosine triphosphate.

the electrode is moved, the change in electrode sig-

nal relates to the shape of the surface being scanned.

ATPase. An enzyme that hydrolyzes ATP to

Use: Study of atomic-scale structure of surfaces,

yield ADP and phosphate; usually coupled to some

transport of atoms and molecules.

process requiring energy such as the sodium potassi-

See: scanning tunneling microscope; chemical force

um ATPase.

microscopy.

ATP synthase. An enzyme complex that forms

atomic hydrogen welding. A method of

ATP from ADP and phosphate during oxidative

welding in which hydrogen gas is passed through an

phosphorylation in the inner mitochondrial mem-

arc between two tungsten electrodes. The arc breaks

brane or the bacterial plasma membrane, and during

down the molecules to form atomic hydrogen. The

photophosphorylation in chloroplasts. Uses a proton

recombination of the atoms to form molecules and

gradient to chemiosmotically drive the synthesis.

the combustion of the molecular hydrogen in atmo-

spheric oxygen produce a flame temperature of

atranorin.

4000–5000C.

CAS: 479-20-9. mf: C

Hazard: A poison by skin contact. A skin irritant.

atomic number. The number of protons (posi-

tively charged mass units) in the nucleus of an atom,

atrazine. (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropyl-

upon which its structure and properties depend. This

amino-s-triazine).

number represents the location of an element in the

CAS: 1912-24-9.

periodic table. It is normally the same as the number

Hazard: TLV: 5 mg/m

of negatively charged electrons in the shells. Thus,

Use: Herbicide, plant growth regulator, and weed-

an atom is electrically neutral except in an ionized

control agent for corn, etc., and for noncrop and

state, when one or more electrons have been gained

industrial sites. Reported to inhibit photosynthesis

or lost. Atomic numbers range from 1, for hydrogen,

of algae in streams.

to 109 for meitnerium.

See periodic table; atomic weight; mass number.

atropine. (daturine).

CAS: 51-55-8. C

. An alkaloid obtained

atomic radius. One-half the distance between

from species of Atropa, Datura, or Hyoscyamus.

two adjacent atoms in crystals of elements. It varies

Properties: White crystals or powder. Optically in-

according to interatomic forces.

active (but usually contains levorotatory hyoscya-

mine). Mp 114–116C. Soluble in alcohol, ether,

atomic scattering factor. See atom form

chloroform, and glycerol; slightly soluble in water.

factor.

Derivation: By extraction from Datura stramonium

or by synthesis.

atomic structure factor. See atom form

Grade: Technical, NF.

factor.

Use: Medicine (antidote for cholinesterase-inhibiting

compounds, organophosphorus insecticides, nerve

atomic susceptibility. Product of the specific

gases); artificial respiration may also be necessary.

or mass susceptibility of an element and its atomic

weight.

“Attack All” [Kao]. TM for a laundry deter-

gent containing bleach, disinfectant, deodorizer, and

atomic theory. See Dalton, John.

softener in one.

atomic volume. The atomic weight of an ele-

attapulgite. (MgAl)

(OH)

•4H

O. A hyd-

ment divided by its density.

rated aluminum-magnesium silicate, the chief ingre-

dient of fuller’s earth.

atomic weight. (aw). The average weight or

Use: Drilling fluids, decolorizing oils, filter medium.

mass of all the isotopes of an element as determined

See clay.

from the proportions in which they are present in a

given element, compared with the mass of the 12

attar. (otto). An essential oil (fragrance) made by

isotope of carbon (taken as precisely 12.000), which

steam distillation of flowers, especially roses.

is the official international standard. The true atomic

See essential oil; perfume.

weight of carbon when the masses of its isotopes are

averaged is 12.01115; that of oxygen is 15.9994.

attenuator. An RNA sequence involved in regu-

The total mass of any atom is the sum of the masses

lating the expression of some prokaryotic genes.

of all its constituents (protons, neutrons, and elec-

trons). Official atomic weight determinations are

released periodically by the IUPAC.

atto-. (a). Prefix meaning 10

−18

unit (abbreviated

See atomic number; mass number. a), e.g., 1 ag

1 attogram (10

−18

g).

110ATTRITION MILL

attrition mill. (burr mill). A grinding machine Australian bark. See wattle bark.

consisting of two metal plates or discs with small

projections (burrs). One plate may be stationary

autocatalysis. A catalytic reaction induced by a

while the other rotates, or both may rotate in oppo-

product of the same reaction. This occurs in some

site directions. Feed enters through a hopper above

types of thermal decomposition, in autoxidation,

the plates, and ground product emerges at the bot-

and in many biochemical systems, as when an en-

tom. There are numerous variations in design. zyme activates its own precursor.

See autoxidation.

Au. Symbol for gold, from Latin aurum.

autoclave. A chamber, usually of cylindrical

shape, provided with a door or gate at one end which

AUG. See initiation codon.

can be securely closed during operation. It is built

heavily enough to accommodate steam pressures of

auger. See screw.

considerable magnitude. It is used to effect chemical

reactions requiring high temperature and pressure,

Auger electron. Low-energy conversion elec-

such as open-steam vulcanization of rubber. Sizes

tron produced by absorption of X-ray quanta by an

vary from laboratory units to production size, which

electron of an outer shell.

may be over 50 ft long and three or more feet in

See AES; spectroscopy.

diameter. The latter are provided with baffles to

ensure equal distribution of the entering steam. Au-

auramine. [4,4

′

-(imidocarbonyl)bis(N,N-di-

toclaves are also used in certain sterilization pro-

methylaniline)].

cesses.

CAS: 492-80-8.

(CH

)

(C:NH)C

N(CH

)

•HCl.

“Autofloc” [Nalco]. TM for computerized ap-

Properties: Yellow flakes or powder. Soluble in wa-

paratus in mining.

ter, alcohol, and ether.

Use: For monitoring and control of clarification/

Use: Yellow dye for paper, textiles, leather; antisep-

thickening operations.

tic; fungicide.

autohesion. The formation of a bond between

aureolin. See Indian yellow.

two contiguous surfaces of the same material, when

they are pressed together.

“Aureomycin” [Cytec]. TM for chlortetracy-

cline hydrochloride. An antibiotic. Must conform to

autoignition point. (autoignition temperature;

FDA requirements.

autoign temp). The minimum temperature re-

quired to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion

“Auric” [Du Pont]. TM for a ferric oxide

in any substance in the absence of a spark or flame.

brown pigment.

This varies with the test method. Some approximate

autoignition temperatures follow:

auric compounds. See gold compounds.

phenol 715C (1319F)

acetone 537C (1000F)

aurin (p-rosolic acid). (C

OH)

O. A

aniline 537C (1000F)

triphenylmethane derivative.

toluene 537C (1000F)

Properties: Reddish-brown pieces with greenish

magnesium powder 472C (883F)

metallic luster; easily powdered. Insoluble in water,

butane 430C (806F)

benzene, and ether; soluble in alcohol.

amyl acetate 398C (750F)

Use: Indicator, dye intermediate.

pine shavings 265C (507F)

cotton batting 230C (446F)

aurous compounds. See gold compounds.

ethyl ether 180C (356F)

nitrocellulose film 137C (279F)

austenite. A component of steel, a nonmagnetic

carbon disulfide 100C (212F)

solid solution of carbon or ferric carbide in ␥-iron.

Very unstable below its critical temperature, but

See flash point.

may be obtained in high-carbon steels by rapid

quenching from high temperatures. Addition of

autoionization. Spontaneous dissociation of a

manganese and nickel lowers critical transition tem-

molecule.

perature, and stable austenite may be obtained at

room temperature. Characterized by a face-centered

autolysis. Hydrolysis by tissue proteases; self

cubic lattice.

digestion.

austenitic alloys. (austenitic steels). Alloys of autolyte. A substance that conducts an electric

iron, chromium, and nickel noted for their resistance current by itself without requiring a dissolved salt to

to corrosion. carry the current.

111 “AVAILAPHOS”

autolyzed yeast extract. See baker’s yeast high polymers exposed to sunlight for long periods.

extract. See autocatalysis.

automatic control. Maintenance of desired

Auwers-Skita rule. In its original form, the

process conditions (temperature, pressure, etc.) by

rule stated that in cis-trans isomeric hydroaromatic

means of sensing devices that function either elec-

compounds, the cis had the higher density and re-

tromechanically (thermostat) or electronically

fractive index and the lower molecular refractivity.

(feedback). Applicable to many operations and pro-

A more modern statement of the von Auwers-Skita

cesses in the chemical industries, such as petroleum

rule (which has undergone several modifications

refining, evaporation, distillation, heat transfer,

since it was first enunciated) is that, among alicyclic

electroplating, calendering, extrusion, and many

epimers not differing in dipole moment, the isomer

others. Automatic control is not identical with auto-

of highest heat content has the higher density, index

mation.

of refraction, and boiling point.

See instrumentation.

Auwers synthesis. Expansion of coumarones

automation. Substitution of specially designed

to flavonols by treatment of 2-bromo-2-(␣-bromo-

machines for manual labor in such mechanical oper-

benzyl)coumarones with alcoholic alkali.

ations as wrapping, packaging of small units, filling

and capping bottles, sealing cans and containers, and

auxiliary. Any of a number of chemical com-

materials feeding and proportioning. Automated

pounds used in some phase of textile processing.

procedures are much more efficient than manual and

They may be classified as follows: (1) fats, oils, and

effect notable cost savings provided that the ma-

waxes; (2) starches, gums, and glues (sizing); (3)

chinery is reliable. Do not confuse automation with

soaps and detergents; (4) inorganic chemicals

automatic control.

(bleaching, mercerizing); (5) organic solvents; (6)

special-purpose products (flameproofing, mildew-

automotive exhaust emission. See air pol-

proofing, repellent and decorative coatings, and per-

lution.

manent-press resins). They are sometimes also

called assistants.

autoradiography. A technique that uses X-ray

film to visualize radioactively labeled molecules or

auxin. A natural or synthetic plant growth hor-

fragments of molecules.

mone that regulates longitudinal cell structure so as

Use: In analyzing length and number of DNA frag-

to permit bending of the stalk or stem in phototropic

ments after they are separated by gel electropho-

response. The natural materials are formed in small

resis.

amounts in the green tips of growing plants, in root

tips, and on the shaded side of growing shoots. 3-

autosomal dominant. A gene on one of the

Indoleacetic acid is the most important natural aux-

non-sex chromosomes that is always expressed,

in.

even if only one copy is present. The chance of

See plant growth regulator.

passing the gene to offspring is 50% for each preg-

nancy.

auxochrome. A radical or group of atoms whose

See autosome; dominant; gene.

presence is essential in enabling a colored organic

substance to be retained on fibers. The best exam-

autosome. A chromosome not involved in sex

ples are the groups −COOH, −SO

H, −OH, and

determination. The diploid human genome consists

−NH

of a total of 46 chromosomes: 22 pairs of autosomes,

and 1 pair of sex chromosomes (the X and Y chro-

auxotroph. See auxotrophic mutant.

mosomes).

See sex chromosome.

auxotrophic mutant. (auxotroph). A mutant

organism defective in the synthesis of a given biom-

autotroph. An organism that can synthesize its

olecule, which must therefore be supplied for the

own complex molecules from simple carbon and

organism’s growth.

nitrogen sources, such as CO

and NH

“Avadex” [Solutia]. TM for a series of liquid or

autoxidation. (autooxidation). A spontaneous,

granular herbicides containing 2,3-dichloroallyl dii-

self-catalyzed oxidation occurring in the presence of

sopropylthiocarbamate. Widely used to control

air. It usually involves a free-radical mechanism. It

growth of wild oats in agricultural crops.

is initiated by heat, light, metallic catalysts, or free-

Hazard: By ingestion and inhalation.

radical generators. Industrial processes, such as

manufacture of phenol and acetone from cumene,

are based on autoxidation. Other instances are the

“Availaphos” [Occidental]. TM for a mineral

drying of vegetable oils, the spoilage of fats, gum supplement supplying phosphorus and calcium in

formation in lubricating oils, and the degradation of readily available form for animal and poultry feeds.

112“AVANTIA”

“Avantia” [Isp Europe]. TM for a pharma- avocado oil. An edible oil high in unsaturated

ceutical tablet-coating systems.

fatty acids.

Properties: Greenish oil; faint odor, bland taste. D

“Avelox Tabs” [Lapgap]. TM for film coated

0.91, acid value 1–7, saponification value 177–198,

tablets.

iodine value 71–95, fp 7–9C, refr index 1.461–1.465

Use: Treatment of bacterial bronchitis, pneumonia

(40C).

and sinusitis.

Use: Cosmetic creams, hair conditioners, suntan

preparations, salad oils.

avermectin b

CAS: 71751-41-2.

Avogadro’s law. A principle stated in 1811 by

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by

the Italian chemist Amadeo Avogadro (1776–1856)

inhalation and skin contact.

that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature

Use: Agricultural chemical.

and pressure contain the same number of molecules

regardless of their chemical nature and physical

avermectin b

1a.

properties. This number (Avogadro’s number) is

CAS: 65195-55-3. mf: C

. 6.023 × 10

. It is the number of molecules of any gas

Hazard: A poison by ingestion. Moderately toxic by present in a volume of 22.41 L and is the same for the

skin contact. lightest gas (hydrogen) as for a heavy gas such as

Use: Food additive; insecticide; miticide; agricultur- carbon dioxide or bromine. Avogadro’s number is

al chemical. one of the fundamental constants of chemistry. It

permits calculation of the amount of pure substance

in a mole, the basis of stoichiometric relationships. It

aviation gasoline. See gasoline

also makes possible determination of how much

heavier a simple molecule of one gas is than that of

“Avibest” [FMC]. TM for a microcrystalline

another; as a result the relative molecular weights of

form of asbestos.

gases can be ascertained by comparing the weights

of equal volumes. Avogadro’s number (convention-

“Avicel” [FMC]. TM for microcrystalline cel-

ally represented by “N” in chemical calculations) is

lulose, a highly purified particulate form of cellu-

now defined to be the number of atoms present in 12

lose.

grams of the carbon-12 isotope (one mole of carbon-

Properties: Particle size ranges from less than 1 to

12) and can be applied to any type of chemical

150 microns (average varies with grade), density

entity.

1.55 (bulk density 0.3–0.5). Insoluble in dilute

See mole.

acids, organic solvents, oils; swells in dilute alkali.

Dispersible in water to form stable gels or pourable

avuncular relationship. The genetic relation-

suspensions. Adsorbs oily and syrupy materials.

ship between nieces and nephews and their aunts

Use: Aid to stabilization and emulsifiction, ingredi-

and uncles.

ent in foods, suspending agent, binder and hardening

agent in tableting, separatory medium in column and

“Axell” [Accurate]. TM for polyclonal anti-

thin-layer chromatography, pure cellulose raw ma-

bodies.

terial.

“AxellPrep” [Accurate]. TM for products for

avidin. A protein occurring in egg white, where it

the isolation of human mononuclear cells.

constitutes approximately 0.2% of the total protein.

It has the property of combining firmly with biotin

and rendering it unavailable to organisms, since

axis of symmetry. An imaginary line in a crys-

proteolytic enzymes do not destroy the avidin-biotin tal. The crystal, when rotated around this line

complex. Avidin loses its ability to combine with through 360°, shows the same crystal face, at least

biotin when subjected to heat; hence cooked egg twice.

white does not lead to biotin deficiency.

“Axyll” [Accurate]. TM for monoclonal anti-

“Avitene” [FMC]. TM for a microcrystalline bodies.

form of collagen.

aza-. Prefix indicating the presence of nitrogen in

“Avitex” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of textile a heterocyclic ring.

softeners, lubricants, and antistatic agents. Both an-

ionic and cationic types are available.

3-azabicyclo(3,2,2)nonane. C

Properties: White-tan solid. Mp 180C (sublimes).

“Avitone” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of Partly soluble in water; solubility decreases with an

chemical compounds based on hydrocarbon sodium increase in temperature. Readily soluble in alcohol,

sulfonates that are used principally as softening lu- bulk d 4.67 lb/gal (20C).

bricating and finishing agents for textiles, leather, Use: Intermediate for the preparation of pharmaceu-

and paper. ticals and rubber chemicals.

113 AZINPHOS METHYL

1-azabicyclo(2.2.2)octane. See quinuclidine. mixture. The azeotrope or azeotropes thus formed

will have boiling points different from the boiling

points of the original mixture and will permit greater

azabicyclooctanol methyl bromide

ease of separation.

diphenylacetate.

CAS: 69766-47-8. mf: C

•Br.

Hazard: A poison.

azeotropic mixture. (azeotrope). A liquid

mixture of two or more substances which behaves

8-azaguanine. (5-amino-1,4-dihydro-7H-1,2,3-

like a single substance in that the vapor produced by

triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidin-7-1).

partial evaporation of liquid has the same composi-

CAS: 134-58-7. C

tion as the liquid. The constant boiling mixture ex-

Properties: Crystals from dilute aqueous sodium

hibits either a maximum or minimum boiling point

hydroxide. Insoluble in water, alcohol, and ether.

as compared with other mixtures of the same sub-

Grade: Refined.

stances.

Use: Inhibitor of purine synthesis.

azide. Any of a group of compounds having the

azaspiracid.

characteristic formula R(N

)

. R may be almost any

CAS: 214899-21-5. mf: C

metal atom, a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, the

Hazard: A poison by ingestion.

ammonium radical, a complex ([CO(NH

)

[Hg(CN)

M] with M

Cu, Zn, Co, Ni) an organic

2-azaspiro(5.5)undec-7-ene.

radical like methyl, phenyl, nitrophenol, dinitrophe-

CAS: 6671-96-1. mf: C

nol, p-nitrobenzyl, ethyl nitrate, etc., and a variety of

Hazard: A poison by ingestion and skin contact. A

other groups or radicals. The azide group has a chain

severe skin and eye irritant.

structure rather than a ring structure. All the heavy

metal azides, such as hydrogen azide, and most if not

azathioprine. (Imuran). An immunosuppres-

all of the light metal azides (under appropriate con-

sive drug administered for the purpose of inhibiting

ditions) are explosive. They should be handled with

the natural tendency of the body to reject foreign

utmost care and protected from light, shock, and

tissues by one or more types of immunizing reac-

heat. Many of the organic azides are also explosive.

tions, i.e., formation of leucocytes or antibodies. It

See lead azide; hydrazoic azide.

has been used with some success in cases of kidney

and liver transplants.

aziminobenzene. See 1,2,3-benzotriazole.

6-azauridine. (6-azauracil riboside; as-tria-

zine-3,5(2H,4H)dione riboside).

azimino compounds. Stable heterocyclic com-

CAS: 54-25-1. C

pounds having three adjacent nitrogen atoms in one

Derivation: Microbiological fermentation.

ring.

Use: Research on cell formation and cancer.

azimsulfuron.

azelaic acid. (nonanedioic acid; 1,7-heptaned-

CAS: 120162-55-2. mf: C

icarboxylic acid). HOOC(CH

)

COOH.

Hazard: Low toxicity by ingestion, inhalation, and

Properties: Yellowish to white, crystalline powder.

contact. A mild eye irritant.

Mp 106C, bp 365C (decomposes). Soluble in hot

water, alcohol, and organic solvents.

azine dye. A class of dyes derived from phena-

Derivation: Oxidation of oleic acid by ozone.

zine. (C

) (tricyclic). The chromophore

Grade: Technical.

group may be ==C==N−, but the color is more prob-

Use: Organic synthesis, lacquers, product of hydro-

ably due to the characteristic unsaturation of the

tropic salts, alkyd resins, polyamides, polyester ad-

benzene rings. The members of the group are quite

hesives, low-temperature plasticizers, urethane

varied in application. The nigrosines (CI

elastomers.

50415–50440) and safranines (CI 50200–50375)

are examples of this group.

azelaoyl chloride. ClOC(CH

)

COCl.

See dye, synthetic.

Properties: Bp 125–130C (3 mm). Slowly decom-

poses in cold water; soluble in hydrocarbons and

ethers.

azinphos methyl. (O,O-dimethyl-S-4-oxo-

Use: Organic synthesis.

1,2,3-benzotriazin-3(4H)-yl methyl phosphoro-

dithioate; “Guthion”).

azeotrope. See azeotropic mixture.

CAS: 86-50-0. C

Properties: Brown, waxy solid. Mp 73C. Slightly

azeotropic distillation. A type of distillation in soluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.

which a substance is added to the mixture to be Hazard: A poison, cholinesterase inhibitor. Ab-

separated in order to form an azeotropic mixture sorbed by skin. TLV: 0.2 mg/m

with one or more of the components of the original Use: Insecticide for fruit. Use may be restricted.

114AZIRIDINE

aziridine. A compound based on the ring struc- 1,1

′

-azobisformamide. (azodicarbonamide).

ture. H

NCONNCONH

Properties: Yellow powder. D 1.65 (20/20C), mp

above 180C (decomposes). Insoluble in common

❘

solvents; soluble in dimethyl sulfoxide. Hydrolyzes

at high temperatures to nitrogen, carbon dioxide,

See ethyleneimine; ethylethyleneimine; propylenei-

and ammonia.

mine; polypropyleneimine; 1-aziridineethanol.

Derivation: From hydrazine.

Grade: Technical, FCC.

1-aziridineethanol. (N-(2-hydroxyethylethyle-

Use: Blowing agent for plastics and rubbers, matur-

neimine)).

ing agent for flours.

CAS: 1072-52-2. C

NCH

OH.

Properties: Colorless liquid. Bp 167.9C, flash p

2,2

′

-azobisisovaleronitrile.

185F (OC). Combustible. Handling: Inhibited with

CAS: 13472-08-7. mf: C

1–3% dissolved sodium hydroxide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

Hazard: Irritant to skin and eyes.

Use: Chemical intermediate.

azobisisobutyronitrile.

(CH

)

C(CN)NNC(CN)(CH

)

1-aziridinepropionic acid, cinnamyl ester.

Properties: White powder. Mp 105C (decomposes).

CAS: 99900-94-4. mf: C

Insoluble in water; soluble in many organic solvents

Hazard: A poison.

and in vinyl monomers.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

“A-Z Lite” [Nalco]. TM for corrosion inhib-

Use: Catalyst for vinyl polymerizations and for cur-

itor.

ing unsaturated polyester resins, blowing agent for

Use: In cooling tower systems.

plastics.

azlon. Generic name for a manufactured fiber in

azocyclotin. See (1h-1,2,4-triazolyl-1-

which the fiber-forming substance is composed of

yl)tricyclohexylstannane.

any regenerated naturally occurring protein (FTC).

Proteins from corn, peanuts, and milk have been

azodicarbonamide. See 1,1

′

-azobisfor-

used. Azlon fiber has a soft hand, blends well with

mamide.

other fibers, and is used like wood. Combustible.

azodine. (benzeneazonaphthylethylenediamine).

azobenzene. (diphenyldiimide; benzeneazo-

CAS: 136-40-3. C

benzene).

Properties: Red crystals. Mp 107–108C.

CAS: 103-33-3. C

Use: Reagent for rapid determination of penicillin in

Properties: Yellow or orange crystals. Mp 68C, bp

blood, urine, and other media.

297C, d 1.203 (20/4C). Soluble in alcohol and ether;

insoluble in water. Combustible.

“Azodrin” [Shell]. [3-(dimethoxyphosphiny-

Derivation: Reduction of nitrobenzene with sodium

loxy)n-methyl-cis-crotonamide); monocrotophos].

stannite.

CAS: 6923-22-4. TM for dimethylphosphate of 3-

Hazard: Toxic; may cause liver injury.

hydroxy-N-methyl-cis-crotonamide.

Use: Manufacture of dyes and rubber accelerators,

(CH

P(O)OC(CH

):CHC(O)NHCH

fumigant, acaricide.

Properties: Reddish brown solid with a mild ester

odor. Bp 125C. Soluble in water and alcohol; almost

azobenzene-p-sulfonic acid. C

insoluble in kerosene and diesel fuel. Commercially

Properties: Orange crystals. Mp 129C.

available as a water-miscible solution.

Use: Intermediate and reagent chemicals.

Hazard: Flammable, dangerous fire risk. Use may be

restricted. Toxic via ingestion, inhalation, and skin

4,4

′

-azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid).

absorption. TLV: TWA 0.25 mg/m

; Not Classifia-

CAS: 2638-94-0.

ble as a Human Carcinogen.

[==NC(CH

)(CN)CH

Use: Controls certain insects which attack cotton

Properties: Light sensitive. Mp 90C (decomposes),

plants.

mw 280.28.

Grade: 80% solution in water.

azo dye. Any of a broad series of synthetic dyes

Hazard: Toxic.

that have −N==N− as a chromophore group. They

are produced from amino compounds by diazotiza-

azobisdimethylvaleronitrile. tion and coupling. Over half of the commercial dye-

Properties: White, crystalline solid. stuffs are in this general category. By varying the

Use: Initiator for suspension polymerization of vinyl chemical composition it is possible to produce acid,

chloride; solution polmyerization of various mono- basic, direct, or mordant dyes. This general group is

mers such as acrylonitrile, MMA, vinyl acetate. subdivided as monoazo, disazo, trisazo, and tetrazo

115 AZURESIN

according to the number of −N==N− groups in the Soluble in water with an intense red color; practical-

molecule. Examples are Chrysoidine Y, Bismarck

ly insoluble in organic solvents.

Brown 2R, and Direct Green B.

Use: Medicine (antibacterial).

See dye, synthetic; azoic dye.

azote. The French word for nitrogen (a

not, plus

azo dye intermediate. Any of various sulfo-

zoo

alive as in zoon

animal). Nitrogen-bearing

nated aromatic acids derived from ␣- and ␤-naph-

compounds can be recognized by this root word in

thol, naphthalene, and ␣- and ␤-napththylamine.

such terms as azo, azide, azobenzene, carbazole,

Besides their systematic names, some are named

thiazole, etc. The derivation is due to the chemical

after their discoverers, while others have letter de-

inertness of nitrogen.

signations. All have a fused ring structure with ami-

no, hydroxyl, or sulfonic groups at various loca-

tions. For details, see the following entries:

azotic acid. See nitric acid.

1,2,4-acid ␥ acid

amino-G acid J acid

azoxybenzene. (diphenyldiazene oxide).

amino-J acid Kochs acid

CAS: 495-48-7. C

NO==NC

Armstrong’s acid L acid

Properties: Yellow crystals. D 1.16, mp 36C. Solu-

B acid Laurent’s acid

ble in alcohol; insoluble in water.

Broenner’ acid M acid

Use: Intermediate in organic synthesis.

Casella’s acid Neville-Winter acid

Chicago acid (SS acid) peri acid

chromotropic acid R acid

azoxystrobin.

Cleve’s acid R R acid (2R acid)

CAS: 131860-33-8. mf: C

crocein (Bayer’s acid) Schaeffer’s acid

Hazard: Moderately toxic by inhalation.

epsilon acid Schoelkopf’s acid

G acid sultam acid

azoxytoluidine. See diaminoazoxytoluene.

Tobias acid

azulene.

azoic dye. There is no fundamental chromophor-

CAS: 275-51-4. C

. Aromatic hydrocarbon with

ic difference between azo and azoic dyes. The differ-

a 7-carbon ring fused to a 5-carbon ring.

entiation is made to characterize a group of azo

Properties: Blue to greenish-black leaflets. Mw

pigments which are precipitated within the cellulo-

128.19, mp 99-100C, bp 242C, decomposes at

sic fiber by carrying out the dye coupling on the

270C, bp 115–135C at 10 mm Hg. Soluble in alco-

fiber. With the advent of the equally brilliant but

hol, ether, acetone.

more easily applied fiber-reactive dyes, the azoics

have lost some of their importance.

azure blue. See cobalt blue.

azophenylene. See phenazine.

“Azosol” [BASF]. TM for a series of dyestuffs;

azuresin.

soluble in organic solvents.

Properties: Moist, irregular, dark blue or purple

Use: Coloring spirit lacquers and spirit inks.

granules; slightly pungent odor.

Derivation: Carbacrylic cation-exchange resin, in

azosulfamide. (disodium 2-(4

′

-sulfamylpheny- reversible combination with 3-amino-7-dimethy-

lazo)-7-acetamido-1-hydroxynaphthalene-3,6-di- laminophenazathionium chloride (azure A dye).

sulfonate). C

. Grade: NF.

Properties: Dark red powder; odorless; tasteless. Use: Medicine (diagnostic test).