␣. See alpha. aberration, spherical. The aberration by

which light passing through the edge of a lens with

spherical surfaces comes to focus in a different im-

A. Abbreviation for absolute temperature.

age plane from that passing through the lens center.

. Abbreviation for A

ngstrom.

abherent. Any substance that prevents adhesion

of a material to itself or to another material. It may be

a. Abbreviation for atto-, a prefix meaning 10

−18

in the form of a dry powder (a silicate such as talc,

unit.

mica, or diatomaceous earth); a suspension (benton-

ite-water); a solution (soap-water); or a soft solid

AAAS. See American Association for the Ad-

(stearic acid, tallow waxes). Abherents are used as

vancement of Science.

dusting agents and mold washes in the adhesives,

rubber, and plastics industries. Fats and oils are used

AATCC. See American Associates of Textile

as abherents in the baking industry. Fluorocarbon

Chemists and Colorists.

resin coatings on metals are widely used on cooking

utensils.

abaca. (Manila hemp). The strongest vegetable

See antiblock agent; dusting agent.

fiber, obtained from the leaves of a tree of the banana

family. The fibers are 4–8 feet long, light in weight,

Abies Siberica oil. See fir needle oil.

soft, lustrous, and nearly white; they do not swell or

lose strength when wet. Denier ranges from 300 to

abietic acid. (abietinic acid; sylvic acid).

500. Combustible, but self-extinguishing.

CAS: 514-10-3. C

COOH (having a phenan-

Source: Philippines, Central America, Sumatra.

threne ring system). A major active ingredient of

Use: Heavy cordage and twine, especially for marine

rosin, where it occurs with other resin acids. The

use; manila paper.

term is often applied to these mixtures, separation of

See hemp.

which is not achieved in technical grade material.

Properties: Yellowish, resinous powder. Mp

abate. (O,O-dimethyl phosphorothioate-O,O-

172–175C, optical rotation −106. Soluble in alco-

diester with 4,4

′

-thiodiphenol; temephos).

hol, ether, chloroform, and benzene; insoluble in

CAS: 3383-96-8. [(CH

PSOC

]S.

water. Combustible.

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 30C.

Derivation: Rosin, pine resin, tall oil.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Cholin-

Method of purification: Crystallization.

esterase inhibitor. TLV: 10 mg/m

Grade: Technical.

Use: Pesticide.

Use: Abietates (resinates) of heavy metals as varnish

driers, esters in lacquers and varnishes, fermentation

Abbe´ condenser. Substage two-lens condenser

industries, soaps.

giving numerical aperture of 1:20–1:25. Three-lens

versions give numerical aperture of 1:40.

“Abitol” [Aqualon]. TM for a colorless, tacky,

very viscous liquid; mixture of tetra-, di-, and dehy-

Abbe´ number. (1) The reciprocal of dispersive

droabietyl alcohols made from rosin.

power. (2) The measure of optical dispersion of a

Use: Plasticizers, tackifiers, adhesive modifiers.

glass; the measure of two planes not displacing the

axis.

ablation experiment. An experiment designed

to produce an animal deficient in one or a few cell

Abegg’s rule. The solubility of salts of alkali

types in order to study cell lineage or cell function.

metals decreases in strong acids and increases in

The idea is to make a transgenic mouse with a toxin

weak acids as atomic weight increases. This is an

gene (often a diphtheria toxin) under control of a

empirical rule; sodium chloride is an exception.

specialized promoter which activates only in the

target cell type. When embryo development pro-

Abel-Pensky flash-point apparatus. In-

gresses to the point where it starts to form the target

strument used for the determination of the flash

tissue, the toxin gene is activated, and the target

point of petroleum.

tissue dies. Other tissues are unaffected.

aberration. Deviation from the ideal in an opti- ablative material. Any material that possesses

cal system, the image points being imperfect or a capability for rapidly dissipating heat from a sub-

improperly located. strate. Specialized ceramic tiles developed since

2ABRAM’S LAW

1980 for protection of the space shuttle have proved ing material to the aluminum, with application of

successful. The materials used are of two major heat and pressure.

types: (1) Fibers made from white silica, fused in an

oven, cut into blocks, and coated with borosilicate

abrasive, coated. See abrasive (2).

glass; these are extremely efficient at temperatures

up to 2300F. (2) An all-carbon composite (called

ABS. Abbreviation for (1) alkyl benzene sulfo-

reinforced carbon-carbon) made by laminating and

nate (detergent); (2) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

curing layers of graphite fiber previously coated

copolymer.

with a resin, which is pyrolized to carbon. The re-

See ABS resin.

sulting tile is then treated with a mixture of alumina,

silicon, and silicon carbide. Such composites are

abscisic acid.

used for maximum-temperature (nose-cone) expo-

CAS: 21293-29-8. C

. A plant growth regula-

sure up to 3000F. Both types are undamaged by the

tor that promotes detachment of leaves and fruit.

heat and are reusable. The tiles are adhered to the

Properties: Colorless crystals. Mp 160C. Sublimes

body of the spacecraft with a silicone adhesive.

at 120C. Soluble in acetone, ether, chloroform;

Ablative materials used on early spaceship trials

slightly soluble in water. Optically active.

were fluorocarbon polymers and glass-reinforced

Occurrence: In plants, fruits, and vegetables from

plastics, but these were wholly or partially decom-

which it can be extracted. Also made synthetically.

posed during reentry.

Use: In orchard sprays to facilitate fruit harvesting,

defoliant, growth inhibitor.

Abram’s law. The strength of concrete depends

on the water/cement ratio.

absinthium. (wormwood). C

. An essen-

tial oil with intensely bitter taste due to presence of

abrasion. Gradual erosion of the surface of a

absinthin.

material both by physical forces (simultaneous cut-

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

ting, shearing, and tearing) and by chemical degra-

Use: A flavoring in liqueurs, vermouth.

dation, chiefly oxidation. Temperature is a signifi-

cant factor: friction may raise the temperature of the

surface layers to the point where they become sub-

absolute. (1) Free from admixture of other sub-

ject to chemical attack. Abrasion causes deteriora-

stances; pure. Example: absolute alcohol is dehy-

tion of many materials, especially of rubber (tire

drated ethanol, 99% pure. (2) The pure essential oil

treads), where it can be offset by a high percentage

obtained by double solvent extraction of flowers in

of carbon black; other materials subjected to abra-

the manufacture of perfumes.

sion in their service life are textiles (laundering),

See concrete (2). (3) absolute temperature.

leather and plastics (shoe soles, belting), and house

paints and automobile lacquers (airborne dust, grit,

absolute configuration. The configuration of

etc.).

four different substituent groups around an asym-

See abrasive.

metric carbon atom. The absolute configurations of

molecules in biochemistry are compared to the con-

abrasive. A finely divided, hard, refractory mate-

figuration of d- and l-glyceraldehyde.

rial, ranging from 6 to 10 on the Mohs scale, used to

reduce, smooth, clean, or polish the surfaces of oth-

absolute error. The actual difference between

er, less hard substances, such as glass, plastic, stone,

the approximate and the exact value in any calcula-

wood, etc. Natural abrasive materials include dia-

tion.

mond dust, garnet, sand (silica), corundum (alumi-

num oxide, emery), pumice, rouge (iron oxide), and

absolute temperature. The fundamental tem-

feldspar; the more important synthetic types are

perature scale used in theoretical physics and chem-

silicon carbide, boron carbide, cerium oxide, and

istry, and in certain engineering calculations, such as

fused alumina. Abrasive in powder form may be (1)

the change in volume of a gas with temperature.

applied directly to the surface to be treated by me-

Absolute temperatures are expressed either in de-

chanical pressure or compressed-air blast, as in cle-

grees Kelvin or in degrees Rankine, corresponding

aning building stone; (2) affixed to paper or textile

respectively to the centigrade and Fahrenheit scales.

backing after the particles have been coated with an

Temperatures in Kelvins are obtained by adding 273

adhesive; or (3) mixed with a bonding agent such as

to the centigrade temperature (if above 0C) or sub-

sodium silicate or clay, the particles being com-

tracting the centigrade temperature from 273 (if

pressed into a wheel rotated by a power-driven shaft.

below 0C). Degrees Rankine are obtained by sub-

Aluminum grinding wheels are fabricated by bond-

tracting 460 from the Fahrenheit temperature.

ing industrial diamonds with fluorocarbon polymer

(“Teflon”). The process involves reaction of fluo-

rine with the surfaces of the diamonds, chemical

absolute zero. Temperature at which the vol-

bonding of the fluorinated diamonds to the fluoro- ume of a perfect gas theoretically becomes zero and

carbon, and further chemical bonding of the result- all thermal motion ceases: −273.13C or −459.4F.

3 ABUNDANCE

absorbent. (1) Any substance exhibiting the Absorption processes occur throughout the electro-

property of absorption, e.g., absorbent cotton, so magnetic spectrum, ranging from the ␥ region (nu-

clear resonance absorption or the Mossbauer effect)

made by removal of the natural waxes present. (2) A

to the radio region (nuclear magnetic resonance). In

material that does not transmit certain wavelengths

practice, they are limited to those processes that are

of incident radiation.

followed by the emission of radiant energy of great-

See absorption (1); absorption (2).

er intensity than that which was absorbed. All ab-

sorption processes involve absorption of a photon by

absorptiometer. An instrument for determining

the substance being analyzed. If it loses the excess

the solubility of a gas in a liquid.

energy by emitting a photon of less energy than that

absorbed, fluorescence or phosphorescence is said

absorption. (1) In chemical terminology, the

to occur, depending on the lifetime of the excited

penetration of one substance into the inner structure

state. The emitted energy is normally studied. If the

of another, as distinguished from adsorption, in

source of radiant energy and the absorbing species

which one substance is attracted to and held on the

are in identical energy states (in resonance) the ex-

surface of another. Physicochemical absorption oc-

cess energy is often given up by the nondirectional

curs between a liquid and a gas or vapor, as in the

emission of a photon whose energy is identical with

operation known as scrubbing, in which the liquid is

that absorbed. Either absorption or emission may be

called an absorption oil; sulfuric acid, glycerol, and

studied, depending upon the chemical and instru-

some other liquids absorb water vapor from the air

mental circumstances. If the emitted energy is stud-

under certain conditions. Physiological absorption

ied, the term resonance fluorescence is often used.

takes place via porous tissues, such as the skin and

However, if the absorbing species releases the ex-

intestinal walls, which permit passage of liquids and

cess energy in small steps by intermolecular colli-

gases into the bloodstream.

sion or some other process, it is commonly under-

See adsorption; hygroscopic. (2) In physical termi-

stood that this phenomenon falls within the realm of

nology, retention by a substance of certain wave-

absorption spectroscopy. The terms absorption

lengths of radiation incident upon it, followed either

spectroscopy, spectrophotometry, and absorptime-

by an increase in temperature of the substance or by

try are often used synonymously. Most absorption

a compensatory change in the energy state of its

spectroscopy is done in the ultraviolet, visible, and

molecules. The UV component of sunlight is ab-

infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

sorbed as the light passes through glass and some

See emission spectroscopy; infrared spectroscopy.

organic compounds, the radiant energy being trans-

formed into thermal energy. The radiation-absorp-

tive capacity of matter is utilized in analytical chem-

absorption tower. (scrubber; Paulson tower).

istry in various types of absorption spectroscopy. (3)

A device used for gas purification by absorption of

In physical chemistry, the ability of some elements

gas impurities in a liquid.

to pick up or “capture” thermal neutrons produced in

nuclear reactors as a result of fission. This is due to

ABS resin. Any of a group of tough, rigid ther-

the capture cross section of their atoms, which is

moplastics that derive their name from the initial

measured in units called barns; elements of particu-

letters of the monomers which produce them.

larly high neutron absorption capability are cadmi-

um and boron.

abstraction reaction. A reaction that removes

an atom from a structure.

absorption (biology). Transport of the prod-

ucts of digestion from the intestinal tract into the

abundance. The relative amount (% by weight)

blood.

of a substance in the earth’s crust, including the

atmosphere and the oceans. (1) The abundance of

absorption band. The range of wavelengths

the elements in the earth’s crust is:

absorbed by a molecule; for example, absorption in

the infrared band from 2.3 to 3.2 ␮m indicates the

Rank Element % by wt.

presence of OH and NH groups, while in the band

from 3.3 to 3.5 indicates aliphatic structure. Atoms

1 Oxygen 49.2

absorb only a single wavelength, producing lines,

2 Silicon 25.7

such as the sodium D line.

3 Aluminum 7.5

See spectroscopy; resonance (2); ultraviolet absorb-

4 Iron 4.7

er; excited state.

5 Calcium 3.4

6 Sodium 2.6

absorption oil. See absorption (1).

7 Potassium 2.4

8 Magnesium 1.9

absorption spectroscopy. An important tech- 9 Hydrogen 0.9

nique of instrumental analysis involving measure- 10 Titanium 0.6

ment of the absorption of radiant energy by a sub- 11 Chlorine 0.2

stance as a function of the energy incident upon it. 12 Phosphorus 0.1

4“ABZOL”

“Accepta” [Accepta]. TM for a rig wash con-

Rank Element % by wt.

centrated detergent miscible with fresh or sea

waters.

13 Manganese 0.1

Use: Cleaning in the shipping industry.

14 Carbon 0.09

15 Sulfur 0.05

“Accepta 3538” [Accepta]. TM for an emul-

16 Barium 0.05

sifying bilge cleaner and degreaser.

all others 0.51

(2) The percentages of inorganic compounds in the

“Accepta 3547” [Accepta]. TM for a water

earth’s crust, exclusive of water, are:

stain and scale remover.

(1) SiO

55 (2) Al

15 (3) CaCO

8.8

Use: For steel, wood, glazed surfaces, toilet bowls,

(4) MgO 1.6 (5) Na

O 1.6 (6) K

O 1.9

baths and terrazo.

(3) The most abundant organic materials are cellu-

lose and its derivatives, and proteins.

acceptability (foods). See organoleptic.

Note: In the universe as a whole, the most abundant

element is hydrogen.

acceptable risk. A concept that has developed

in recent years, especially in connection with toxic

“Abzol” [Albemarle]. TM for a solvent cleaner

substances (insecticides, mercurials, carcinogens),

that can be used in place of chlorinated solvents. The

food additives, air and water pollution, and related

main ingredient is n-propyl bromide and is an ac-

environmental concerns. It may be defined as a level

ceptable substitute for ozone-depleting substances.

of risk at which a seriously adverse result is highly

Use: Electronic equipment and close tolerance metal

unlikely to occur, “but at which one cannot prove

parts.

whether or not there is 100% safety. It means living

with reasonable assurance of safety and acceptable

AC. Abbreviation for allyl chloride.

uncertainty.” (Schmutz, J. F., Chemical and Engi-

neering News, Jan. 16, 1978). Examples of accept-

able risk that might be cited are diagnostic X rays,

Ac. Symbol for actinium; abbreviation for acetate.

fluoridation of water, and ingestion of saccharin in

normal amounts. The acceptability of the risks in-

acacia gum. See arabic gum.

volved in nuclear power generation is controversial.

The weight of the evidence has tended to shift

acaricide. A type of pesticide effective on mites

toward the negative side since 1975 when an official

and ticks (acarides).

safety study estimated the risk of a serious accident

to be 1 in 20,000 years of reactor operation. An

investigation made by the Oak Ridge National Lab-

ACC. See the American Chemistry Council.

oratory based on data collected from 1969 to 1979

concluded that the risk of a major accident is 1 in

accelerator. (1) A compound, usually organic,

1000 years of reactor operation.

that greatly reduces the time required for vulcaniza-

tion of natural and synthetic rubbers, at the same

acceptor. See donor.

time improving the aging and other physical proper-

ties. Organic accelerators invariably contain nitro-

gen, and many also contain sulfur. The latter type are

acceptor control. (electron transport chain).

called ultra-accelerators because of their greater ac-

The regulation of the rate of respiration by the avail-

tivity. The major types include amines, guanidines,

ability of ADP as a phosphate group acceptor.

thiazoles, thiuram sulfides, and dithiocarbamates.

The amines and guanidines are basic, the others

accessory pigments. Visible light-absorbing

acidic. The normal effective concentration of organ-

pigments, such as carotenoids and xanthophyll in

ic accelerators in a rubber mixture is 1% or less

green plants and photosynthetic bacteria that trap

depending on the rubber hydrocarbon present. Zinc

energy from sunlight and pass it on to “special

oxide is required for activation, and in the case of

pairs.”

acidic accelerators, stearic acid is required. The in-

troduction of organic accelerators in the early twen-

“Accosoft” [Stepan]. TM for a product that

ties was largely responsible for the successful devel-

adds softening, lubricity and heat resistance.

opment of automobile tires and mechanical products

Use: In household and commercial textile industries.

for engineering uses. A few inorganic accelerators

are still used in low-grade products, e.g., lime, mag-

“Accuchem” [Accurate]. TM for a series of

nesium oxide, and lead oxide.

research biochemical compounds.

See vulcanization; rubber. (2) A compound added to

a photographic developer to increase its activity,

such as certain quaternary ammonium compounds

“Accudenz” [Accurate]. TM for an autoclava-

and alkaline substances. (3) A particle accelerator. ble, universal centrifugation medium.

5 ACETAL RESIN

“AccuGel” [Norben]. TM for a native pea plosive limits in air 1.65 to 10.4%. Moderately toxic

and narcotic in high concentrations.

starch.

Use: Solvent, cosmetics, organic synthesis, per-

Use: Gives excellent gel strength, improved body and

fumes, flavors.

mouth feel without adding flavors.

See acetal resin.

acenaphthene. (1,8-dihydroacenaphthalene;

acetaldehyde. (acetic aldehyde; aldehyde;

ethylenenaphthalene).

ethanal; ethyl aldehyde).

CAS: 83-32-9. C

(CH

)

(a tricyclic compound).

CAS: 75-07-0. CH

CHO.

Properties: White needles. D 1.024 (99/4C), fp

Properties: Colorless liquid; pungent, fruity odor. D

93.6C, bp 277.5C, refr index (100C) 1.6048. Soluble

0.783 (18/4C), bp 20.2C, mp −123.5C, vap press

in hot alcohol; insoluble in water. Combustible.

740.0 mm (20C), flash p −40F (−40C) (OC), specific

Derivation: From coal tar.

heat 0.650, refr index 1.3316 (20C), wt 6.50 lb/gal

Grade: Technical, 98%.

(20C). Miscible with water, alcohol, ether, benzene,

Use: Dye intermediate, pharmaceuticals, insecticide,

gasoline, solvent naphtha, toluene, xylene, turpen-

fungicide, plastics.

tine, and acetone.

Derivation: (1) Oxidation of ethylene; (2) vapor

acenaphthenequinone. (1,2-acenapthene-

phase oxidation of ethanol; (3) vapor-phase oxida-

dione). C

(CO)

(a tricyclic compound).

tion of propane and butane; (4) catalytic reaction of

Properties: Yellow needles. Mp 261–263C. Insolu-

acetylene and water (chiefly in Germany).

ble in water; soluble in alcohol.

Grade: Technical 99%.

Derivation: By oxidizing acenaphthene, using gla-

Hazard: Highly flammable, toxic (narcotic). Dan-

cial acetic acid and sodium or potassium dichro-

gerous fire, explosion risk, explosive limits in air

mate.

4–57%. TLV: 100 ppm.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Manufacture of acetic acid and acetic anhy-

Use: Dye synthesis.

dride, n-butanol, 2-ethylhexanol, peracetic acid, al-

dol, pentaerythritol, pyridines, chloral, 1,3-butylene

acenocoumarin. (3-(␣-acetonyl-4-nitroben-

glycol, and trimethylolpropane; synthetic flavors.

zyl)-4-hydroxycoumarin).

CAS: 152-72-7. C

acetaldehyde ammonia. See aldehyde am-

Properties: White, crystalline powder; tasteless and

monia.

odorless. Mp 197C. Slightly soluble in water and

organic solvents.

acetaldehyde cyanohydrin. See lactonitrile.

Use: Medicine (anticoagulant).

acetal resin. (polyacetal). A polyoxymethylene

acephate. (acetylphosphoramidothioic acid es-

thermoplastic polymer obtained by ionically initiat-

ter).

ed polymerization of formaldehyde + CH

to obtain a

CAS: 30560-19-1. C

PS.

linear molecule of the type

Properties: White crystals. Mp 65C. Soluble in wa-

−O−CH

==CH

−. Single molecules may

ter; slightly soluble in acetone and alcohol.

have over 1500 −CH

− units. As the molecule has no

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

side chains, dense crystals are formed. Acetal resins

Use: Insecticide.

are hard, rigid, strong, tough, and resilient; dielectric

constant 3.7; dielectric strength 1200 volts/mil), 600

ACerS. See American Ceramic Society.

volts/mil (80-mil); dimensionally stable under ex-

posure to moisture and heat; resistant to chemicals,

acetadol. See aldol.

solvents, flexing, and creep, and have a high gloss

and low friction surface. Can be chromium plated,

acetal. (diethylacetal; 1,1-diethoxyethane; ethy- injection-molded, extruded, and blow-molded. Not

lidenediethyl ether). recommended for use in strong acids or alkalies.

CAS: 105-57-7. CH

CH(OC

)

. They may be homopolymers or copolymers.

Properties: Colorless, volatile liquid; agreeable Properties: D 1.425, thermal conductivity 0.13 Btu

odor; nutty aftertaste. D 0.831, bp 103–104C, vap ft/(hr)(sq ft)(degree F), coefficient of thermal ex-

press 20.0 mm (20C), flash p −5F (CC) (−20.5C), pansion 4.5 × 10

−5

/degree F, specific heat 0.35 Btu/

specific heat 0.520, refr index 1.38193 (20C), wt (lb/ (lb)(degree F), water absorption 0.41%/24 hour, ten-

gal) 6.89, autoign temp 446F (230C). Stable to alka- sile strength 10,000 psi, elongation 15%, hardness

lies but readily decomposed by dilute acids. Forms a (Rockwell) R120, impact strength (notched) 1.4 ft-

constant-boiling mixture with ethanol. Soluble in lb/inch, flexural strength 14,100 psi, shear strength

alcohol, ether, and water. 9500 psi. Combustible, but slow burning.

Derivation: Partial oxidation of ethanol, the acetal- Use: An engineering plastic, often used as substitute

dehyde first formed condensing with the alcohol. for metals, as in oil and gas pipes; automotive and

Grade: Technical. appliance parts; industrial parts; hardware; commu-

Hazard: Highly flammable, dangerous fire risk. Ex- nication equipment; aerosol containers for cosmet-

6ACETAMIDE

ics.

4-acetamido-2-etholxbenzoic acid methyl

See “Delrin”; “Celcon.” ester. See ethopabate.

acetamide. (acetic acid amine; ethanamide).

8-acetamido-2-naphthalenesulfonic acid

CAS: 60-35-5. CH

CONH

magnesium salt. (acetyl-1,7-Cleve’s acid).

Properties: Colorless, deliquescent crystals; mousy

(CH

CONH)(SO

)]

Mg.

odor. D 1.159, mp 80C, bp 223C, refr index 1.4274

Properties: Brownish-gray paste containing approx-

(78.3C). Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly solu-

imately 80% solids.

ble in ether. Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for dyes.

Derivation: Interaction of ethyl acetate and ammo-

nium hydroxide.

p-acetamidophenol. See p-acetylamino-

Grade: Technical, CP (odorless), intermediate, re-

phenol.

agent.

Hazard: An experimental carcinogen.

“Acetamine” [Du Pont]. TM for a group of

Use: Organic synthesis (reactant, solvent, peroxide

azo dyes and developers made for application to

stabilizer), general solvent, lacquers, explosives,

acetate yarn, and especially suited to nylon.

soldering flux, hygroscopic agent, wetting agent,

penetrating agent.

acetamino-. See acetamido-.

acetamidine hydrochloride. C

HCl.

acetaminophen. See p-acetylaminophenol.

Properties: Crystalline solid. Slightly deliquescent.

Mp 166C. Soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in

acetone. Keep stoppered.

acetanilide. (N-phenylacetamide).

Derivation: Alcohol solution of acetonitrile + HCl +

CAS: 103-84-4. C

NH(COCH

ammonia.

Properties: White, shining crystalline leaflets or

Hazard: Skin irritant, moderately toxic by ingestion.

white, crystalline powder; odorless; slightly burning

Use: Synthesis of pyrimidines and related groups of

taste. Stable in air. D 1.2105, mp 114–116C, bp

biochemically active compounds.

303.8C. Soluble in hot water, alcohol, ether, chloro-

form, acetone, glycerol, and benzene. Flash p 345F

(174C); autoign temp 1015F (545C). Combustible.

acetamido-. Prefix indicating the group

Derivation: Acetylation of aniline with glacial acetic

CONH−. Also called acetamino- or acetylami-

acid.

no-.

Grade: Technical, CP.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

3-acetamido-5-aminobenzoic acid.

Use: Rubber accelerator, inhibitor in hydrogen per-

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of X-ray con-

oxide, stabilizer for cellulose ester coatings, manu-

trast media.

facture of intermediates (p-nitroaniline, p-nitroace-

tanilide, p-phenylenediamine), synthetic camphor,

5-acetamido-8-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic

pharmaceutical chemicals, dyestuffs, precursor in

acid. (acetyl-1,4-naphthalenediamine-7-sul-

penicillin manufacture, medicine (antiseptic), ace-

fonic acid; acetylamino-1,6-Cleve’s acid).

tanisole.

NHCOCH

(NH

)(SO

H). A reddish-brown

See p-methoxyacetophenone.

paste.

Hazard: Toxic.

acetate. (1) A salt of acetic acid in which the

Use: Chemical intermediate, dyes.

terminal hydrogen atom is replaced by a metal, as in

copper acetate, Cu(CH

COO)

. (2) An ester of acetic

8-acetamido-5-amino-2-naphthalenesulfonic

acid where the substitution is by a radical as in ethyl

acid. (acetyl-1,4-naphthalenediamine-6-sul-

acetate, CH

COOC

. In cellulose acetate the hy-

fonic acid; acetylamino-1,7-Cleve’s acid).

droxyl radicals of the cellulose are involved in the

(NHCOCH)(NH

)(SO

H). A paste.

esterification.

Hazard: Toxic.

See cellulose acetate; vinyl acetate.

Use: Chemical intermediate, dyes.

acetate dye. One group consists of water insolu-

p-acetamidobenzenesulfonyl chloride. See

ble azo or anthraquinone dyes that have been highly

N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride.

dispersed to make them capable of penetrating and

dyeing acetate fibers. A second class group com-

((p-acetamidobenzoyl)oxy)tributylstannane.

prises water-insoluble amino azo dyes that are made

See tributyltin-p-acetamidobenzoate.

water soluble by treatment with formaldehyde and

bisulfite. After absorption by the fiber, the resulting

acetamidocyanoacetic ester. See ethyl ace- sulfonic acids hydrolyze and regenerate the insolu-

tamidocyanoacetate. ble dyes.

7 ACETIC ANHYDRIDE

acetate fiber. A manufactured fiber in which the acetic acid. (ethanoic acid; vinegar acid;

fiber-forming substance is cellulose acetate. Where methanecarboxylic acid).

not less than 92% of the hydroxyl groups are acety- CAS: 64-19-7. (CH

COOH). Glacial acetic acid is

lated, the term triacetate may be used as a generic the pure compound (99.8% min), as distinguished

description of the fiber (Federal Trade Commis-

from the usual water solutions known as acetic acid.

sion). This fiber was formerly called acetate rayon or

Properties: Clear, colorless liquid; pungent odor.

acetate silk The term rayon is not permissible for this

Mp 16.63C, bp 118C (765 mm Hg), 80C (202

type.

mmHg), d 1.0492 (20/4C), wt/gal (20C) 8.64 lb,

Properties: Thermoplastic; becomes tacky at 350F

viscosity (20C) 1.22 cP, flash p 110F (43C) (OC),

(176C). Moisture absorption 6%. Tenacity 1.4 g/de-

refr index 1.3715 (20C), autoign temp 800F (426C).

nier (dry); about 1 g/denier (wet). Elongation 50%

Combustible. Miscible with water, alcohol, glycer-

dry, 40% wet. Soluble in acetone and glacial acetic

ol, and ether; insoluble in carbon disulfide.

acid; decomposed by concentrated solutions of

Derivation: (a) Liquid- and vapor-phase oxidation of

strong acids and alkalies. Combustible.

petroleum gases (with catalyst), (b) oxidation of

Use: Wearing apparel, industrial fabrics.

acetaldehyde, (c) reaction of methanol and carbon

See cellulose acetate; cellulose triacetate.

monoxide (with catalyst; this is the most cost-effi-

cient method and has been in general use for some

years), (d) fermentative oxidation of ethanol.

acetate fiber, saponified. Regenerated cellu-

Grade: USP (glacial, 99.4 wt %, and dilute, 36–37 wt

lose fibers obtained by complete saponification of

%), CP, technical (80, 99.5%), commercial (6, 28,

highly oriented cellulose acetate fibers.

30, 36, 56, 60, 70, 80, and 99.5%), NF (diluted 6.0 g/

Properties: Tensile strength (psi) 136,000–155,000;

100 mL).

elongation 6%; d 1.5–1.6; moisture regain

Hazard: Moderate fire risk. Pure acetic acid is mod-

9.6–10.7%; decomposes at about 149C. Similar to

erately toxic by ingestion and inhalation, but dilute

cotton in chemical resistance, dyeing, and resistance

material is approved by FDA for food use. Strong

to insects and mildew. Combustible.

irritant to skin and tissue. TLV: 10 ppm.

Available forms: Available in continuous filament

Use: Manufacturing of acetic anhydride, cellulose

form having a high degree of crystallinity and great

acetate, and vinyl acetate monomer; acetic esters;

strength.

chloroacetic acid; production of plastics, pharma-

Use: Cargo parachutes, typewriter ribbons, belts,

ceuticals, dyes, insecticides, photographic chemi-

webbing, tapes, carpet backing.

cals, etc.; food additive (acidulant); latex coagulant;

oil-well acidizer; textile printing.

acetate film. A durable, highly transparent film

See vinegar.

with nondeforming characteristics produced from

cellulose acetate resin. It is grease, oil, dust, and air

acetic acid amine. See acetamide.

proof and hygienic. Combustible.

Available forms: Rolls and cut-to-size sheets.

acetic acid benzyl ester. See benzyl ace-

Use: Laminates, support for photographic film, docu-

tate.

ment preservation, pressure-sensitive tape, magnet-

ic sound-recording tape, window cartons, envelopes

acetic acid, glacial. See acetic acid.

packaging.

acetic acid, ((octylstannylidyne)trithio)tri-,

acetate of lime. Commercial term for calcium

tris(2-ethylhexyl) ester. See octyltris(2-

acetate made from pyroligneous acid and milk of

ethylhexyloxycarbonylmethylthio)stannane.

lime. There are brown and gray acetates of lime.

See calcium acetate.

acetic acid phenylmethyl ester. See ben-

zyl acetate.

acetate process. See cellulose acetate.

acetic aldehyde. See acetaldehyde.

acetate rayon. The yarn made from refined

wood cellulose by the acetate process.

acetic anhydride. (acetyl oxide; acetic ox-

See acetate fiber

ide).

CAS: 108-24-7. (CH

CO)

acetate rayon process. In this process cellu-

Properties: Colorless, mobile, strongly refractive

lose is combined with acetic anhydride to make

liquid; strong odor. D 1.0830 (20/20C), bp 139.9C,

cellulose acetate, which is dissolved in acetone and

fp −73.1C, flash p 121F (49.4C) (CC), autoign temp

forced through spinnerette holes into a precipitating

732F (385C), wt/gal 9.01 lb (20C). Miscible with

bath.

alcohol, ether, and acetic acid; soluble in cold water;

See acetate fiber.

decomposes in hot water to form acetic acid. Com-

bustible.

acethydrazidepyridinium chloride. See Derivation: (1) Oxidation of acetaldehyde with air or

Girard’s reagent. oxygen with catalyst; (2) by catalyzed thermal de-

8ACETIC ESTER

composition of acetic acid to ketone; (3) reaction of (176.6C) (OC). Almost insoluble in water. Combus-

ethyl acetate and carbon monoxide; (4) from carbon tible.

monoxide and methanol. Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

Grade: CP, technical (75, 85, 90–95%).

Hazard: Strong irritant and corrosive; may cause

burns and eye damage. TLV: ceiling 5 ppm. Moder-

acetoacet-p-chloranilide.

ate fire risk.

COCH

CONHC

Cl.

Use: Cellulose acetate fibers and plastics; vinyl ace-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 133C, bp

tate; dehydrating and acetylating agent in produc-

(decomposes), flash p 320F (160C) (OC). Combus-

tion of pharmaceuticals, dyes, perfumes, explosives;

tible. Very slightly soluble in water.

etc., aspirin. Esterifying agent for food starch (5%

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

max).

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

acetic ester. See ethyl acetate.

acetoacetic acid. (acetylacetic acid; diacetic

acid; acetone carboxylic acid).

acetic ether. See ethyl acetate.

COCH

COOH.

Properties: Colorless, oily liquid. Soluble in water,

acetic oxide. See acetic anhydride.

alcohol, and ether; decomposes below 100C into

acetone and carbon dioxide.

Hazard: Irritant to eyes and skin.

acetin. (monoacetin; glyceryl monoacetate).

Use: Organic synthesis.

CAS: 102-76-1. C

(OH)

OOCCH

. Acetin may

also refer to glyceryl di- or triacetate, also known as

diacetin and triacetin.

acetoacet-p-phenetidide.

Properties: Colorless, thick liquid. Hygroscopic. D

COCH

CONHC

OCH

1.206 (20/4C), bp 158C (165 mm), 130C (3 mm).

Properties: Crystalline powder. Mp 108.5C, bp (de-

Soluble in water, alcohol; slightly soluble in ether;

composes), d 1.0378 (108.5/20C), flash p 325F

insoluble in benzene. Combustible.

(162.7C) (OC). Combustible.

Derivation: By heating glycerol and strong acetic

Hazard: Moderately toxic by ingestion.

acid, distilling off the weak acetic acid formed, and

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

again heating with strong acetic acid and distilling.

Method of purification: Rectification.

acetoacet-o-toluidide.

Hazard: Moderately toxic, irritant.

COCH

CONHC

Use: Tanning; solvent for dyes, food additive, gela-

Properties: Fine, white, granular powder. Mp 106C,

tinizing agent in explosives.

bp (decomposes), d 1.062 (106C). Slightly soluble

in water. Flash p 320F (160C). Combustible.

acetoacetanilide. (acetylacetanilide).

Grade: Technical.

CAS: 102-01-2. CH

COCH

CONHC

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Properties: White, crystalline solid. Mp 85C, d 1.26,

Use: Intermediate in the manufacture of Hansa and

flash p 325F (162.7C). Resembles ethyl acetoace-

benzidine yellows.

tate in chemical reactivity. Slightly soluble in water;

soluble in dilute sodium hydroxide, alcohol, ether,

acetoacet-p-toluidide.

acids, chloroform, and hot benzene. Combustible.

COCH

CONHC

Derivation: By reacting ethyl acetoacetate with ani-

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp

line, and eliminating ethanol. Acetoacetanilide may

93.0–96.0C, purity 99% min.

also be prepared from aniline and diketene.

Hazard: Moderately toxic.

Grade: Technical.

Use: Light-fast yellow pigment intermediate; diazo

Use: Organic synthesis; dyestuffs (intermediate in

coupler.

the manufacture of the dry colors generally referred

to as Hansa and benzidine yellows).

acetoacet-m-xylidide. (AAMX).

(CH

)

NHCOCH

COCH

acetoacet-o-anisidide.

Properties: White to light-yellow crystals. Mp

COCH

CONHC

OCH

89–90C, d 1.238 (20C). Water solubility 0.5%

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 86.6C, d

(25C). Flash p 340F (171C); combustible.

1.1320 (86.6/20C), flash p 325F (162.7C) (OC).

Use: Intermediate for yellow pigments.

Combustible.

Use: Intermediate for azo pigments.

acetoaminofluorene. A pesticide. May not be

used in food products or beverages (FDA).

acetoacet-o-chloranilide.

Hazard: Toxic by ingestion.

CAS: 93-70-9. CH

COCH

CONHC

Cl.

Properties: White, crystalline powder. Mp 107C, bp

(decomposes), d 1.1920 (107/20C), flash p 350F

p-acetoanisole. See p-methoxyacetophenone.